	As of December 31,
	2021						2020
	Current		Non-current		Total		Current		Non-current		Total
	US$’000		US$’000		US$’000		US$’000		US$’000		US$’000
Employee benefit liabilities
Pension-Defined benefit plans		1,387		8,467		9,854		1,384		9,916		11,300
Long service leave		600		126		726		566		111		677
Total		1,987		8,593		10,580		1,950		10,027		11,977

Our Company has several defined contribution plans covering its employees in Australia, PRC, Singapore, Thailand, and Taiwan. Contributions to the plan are made monthly. Total charges for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, were $1,200, $966, and $1,160, respectively.

The defined benefit liability recognized in the consolidated balance sheet in respect to defined benefit plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period, together with adjustments for past service costs and actuarial gains or losses. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows using future actuarial assumptions about demographic and financial variables that affect the determination of the amount of such benefits.

In accordance with the Thailand labor law, Charoong Thai and its subsidiaries are obliged to make payment to retiring employees, at rates of 1 to 13 times of their final month’s salary rate, depending on the length of service. In addition, Charoong Thai also has the extra benefit plan to make payment to qualified retiring employees, at rates of 1 to 26 times of final month's salary. The plan is not funded. Our Company pays to settle the obligations as and when employees retire.

The following tables summaries the components of net benefit expense recognized in the income statement and the funded status and amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet for the plan:

	For the year ended December 31,
Net benefit cost	2021		2020		2019
	US$’000		US$’000		US$’000
Current service cost		519		562		546
Past service cost		—		—		121
Interest cost on benefit obligation		127		147		254
Net benefit cost		646		709		921

	For the year ended December 31,
Other comprehensive income	2021			2020			2019
	US$’000			US$’000			US$’000
Actuarial loss / (gain) – experience		140			(328	)		494
Actuarial (gain) / loss – demographic assumption		(23	)		(1	)		18
Actuarial (gain) / loss – financial assumption		(676	)		130			1,215
Actuarial (gain) / loss		(559	)		(199	)		1,727

	For the year ended December 31,
Change in the defined obligation	2021			2020			2019
	US$’000			US$’000			US$’000
Defined benefit obligation at January 1		11,300			11,742			9,016
Current service cost		519			562			546
Past service cost		—			—			121
Interest cost on benefit obligation		127			147			254
Benefits paid directly by our Company		(746	)		(954	)		(535	)
Actuarial (gain) / loss in other comprehensive income		(559	)		(199	)		1,727
Exchange differences		(787	)		2			613
Defined benefit obligation at December 31		9,854			11,300			11,742

The significant assumptions used in determining the actuarial present value of the defined benefit obligations for the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

	2021		2020
	%		%
Discount rate		1.9	1.2-1.4
Rate of salary increase	5.0~6.0		5.0~6.0
Pre-retirement mortality	* Thailand TMO17 Tables		* Thailand TMO17 Tables
* TMO represented as Thailand Mortality Ordinary Tables

The following pension benefit payments are expected payments to be made in the future years out of the defined benefit plan obligation:

	As of December 31,
	2021		2020
	US$’000		US$’000
Within the next 12 months (next annual reporting period)		1,387		1,384
Between 2 and 5 years		1,770		2,040
Between 6 and 10 years		4,345		4,568
Beyond 10 years		13,893		17,114
Total expected payments		21,395		25,106

Weighted average duration of defined benefit obligation	9 years		9~10 years

A one-percentage point change in the assumed rates would have yielded the following effects:

	2021			2020
	US$’000			US$’000
Discount rate – 1% increase		(817	)		(984	)
Discount rate – 1% decrease		960			1,159
Rate of salary increase – 1% increase		912			1,095
Rate of salary increase – 1% decrease		(796	)		(953	)

The sensitivity result above determines their individual impact on the plan’s year-end defined benefit obligation. In reality, the plan is subject to multiple external experience items which may move the defined benefit obligation in similar or opposite directions, while the plan’s sensitivity to such changes can vary over time.

The liability for long service leave is recognized in the provision for employee benefits and measured as present value of expected future payments to be made in respect of services provided by employees up to the reporting date using the projected unit credit method. Consideration is given to expected future wage and salary levels, experience of employee departures, and periods of service. Expected future payments are discounted using market yields at the reporting date on high quality corporate bond with terms to maturity and currencies that match, as closely as possible, the estimated future cash outflows. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the amount of long service leave obligation was $726 and $677, respectively.