Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income before Income Taxes and Noncontrolling Interests

The U.S. and non-U.S. components of the Company’s earnings (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interests are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31
	2021		2020		2019
U.S. earnings (loss)	$	(395)	$	(884)	$	(599)
Non-U.S. earnings (loss)	677		(117)		398
Earnings (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interests	$	282	$	(1,001)	$	(201)

Comparative Analysis of Components of Income Tax Expense

The following table is a comparative analysis of the components of income tax expense (benefit):

	Year Ended December 31
	2021		2020		2019
Current —
U.S. federal	$	(4)	$	(11)	$	8
U.S. state and local	1		1		1
Non-U.S.	173		168		161
	170		158		170
Deferred —
U.S. federal	(1)		336		(101)
U.S. state and local	—		35		(13)
Non-U.S.	13		(70)		(37)
	12		301		(151)
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	182	$	459	$	19

Reconciliation of Income Taxes Computed at Statutory U.S. Federal Income Tax Rate to Income Tax Expense

The following table is a reconciliation of income taxes computed at the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate (21% for 2021, 2020 and 2019) to the income tax expense (benefit) reflected in the consolidated statements of income (loss):

	Year Ended December 31
	2021		2020		2019
Income tax expense (benefit) computed at the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate	$	59	$	(210)	$	(42)
Increases (reductions) in income tax expense resulting from:
Non-U.S. income taxed at different rates	17		2		8
U.S. state and local taxes on income, net of U.S. federal income tax benefit	(33)		(26)		(14)
Changes in valuation allowance for tax loss carryforwards and credits	175		605		36
Tax credits and R&D incentives	(21)		(15)		(19)
Non-U.S. earnings subject to U.S. federal income tax	69		18		12
Non-deductible expenses / non-taxable items	24		15		16
Goodwill impairment and other non-deductible impairment	—		65		22
Tax contingencies	(72)		2		(7)
Gains on transfers of subsidiaries	—		—		21
Nonconsolidated affiliates	(11)		(10)		(8)
Other	(25)		13		(6)
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	182	$	459	$	19

Components of Our Net Deferred Tax Assets

The components of the Company’s net deferred tax assets were as follows:

	December 31
	2021		2020
Deferred tax assets —
Tax loss carryforwards:
U.S. federal	$	11	$	—
U.S. state	45		34
Non-U.S.	736		630
Tax credits	305		276
Postretirement benefits other than pensions	19		19
Pensions	80		148
Payroll accruals	33		31
Property, plant and equipment	205		244
Research expense capitalized for tax	121		102
Interest expense carryforward	56		—
Intangibles	25		—
Other accruals	205		216
Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowance	1,841		1,700
Less: Valuation allowance	(1,589)		(1,428)
Total deferred tax assets	252		272
Deferred tax liabilities —
Intangibles	—		11
Other liabilities	91		65
Total deferred tax liabilities	91		76
Net deferred tax assets	$	161	$	196

Reconciliation of Our Uncertain Tax Positions

A reconciliation of the Company’s uncertain tax positions is as follows:

	2021		2020		2019
Uncertain tax positions —
Balance at beginning of period	$	208	$	215	$	224
Gross increases in tax positions in current period	6		4		12
Gross increases in tax positions in prior period	2		14		4
Gross decreases in tax positions in prior period	(67)		(7)		(5)
Gross decreases — settlements	—		—		(12)
Gross decreases — statute of limitations expired	(21)		(18)		(8)
Balance at end of period	$	128	$	208	$	215

Tax Years Open to Examination in Primary Jurisdictions

At December 31, 2021, the Company’s tax years open to examination in primary jurisdictions are as follows:

	Open To  Tax Year
United States	2012
Belgium	2018
Brazil	2017
China	2012
France	2014
Germany	2012
India	2008
Italy	2016
Mexico	2014
Poland	2016
Spain	2017
United Kingdom	2016