Fair Value of Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

A three-level valuation hierarchy, based upon observable and unobservable inputs, is used for fair value measurements. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions based on the best evidence available. A financial instrument’s categorization within the hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The fair value hierarchy definition prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value into the following levels:


Level 1	—	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2	—	Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly.

Level 3	—	Unobservable inputs based on the Company's own assumptions.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents assets and liabilities included in the Company's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 that are recognized at fair value on a recurring basis, and indicate the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair value:


		December 31, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Fair value hierarchy	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Derivative asset (liability) instruments:
Swap agreements(a)	Level 2	$	1	$	1	$	(1)	$	(1)
Commodity contracts	Level 2	$	3	$	3	$	—	$	—

(a) Cash collateral amounts were $7 million and $3 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, which are included in “Prepayments and other current assets” in the consolidated balance sheets.

Asset and Liability Instruments

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short and long-term receivables, accounts payable, and short-term debt approximates fair value.

Cash-Settled Share and Index Swap Agreements

The Company's stock price is used as an observable input in determining the fair value of the cash-settled share swap agreement. The S&P 500 index ETF price is used as an observable input in determining the fair value of this swap agreement.

Commodity Contracts and Foreign Currency Contracts

The Company calculates the fair value of its commodity contracts and foreign currency contracts using commodity forward rates and currency forward rates, to calculate forward values, and then discounts the forward values. The discount rates for all derivative contracts are based on bank deposit rates. The fair value of the Company's foreign currency forward contracts was a net asset position of $3 million at December 31, 2020 and less than $1 million at December 31, 2019.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

In addition to items measured at fair value on a recurring basis, assets may be measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets include long-lived assets and intangible assets which may be written down to fair value as a result of impairment.

Long-Lived Assets

The Company evaluates its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate the value of these long-lived asset groups are not recoverable. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company concluded certain impairment triggers had occurred for certain long-lived asset groups as a result of the effects of the COVID-19 global pandemic on the Company's projected financial information. After failing the undiscounted cash flow recoverability test, the Company estimated the fair values of these long-lived asset groups and compared them to their net carrying values. The fair value measurements related to these long-lived asset groups rely primarily on Company-specific inputs and the Company's assumptions about the use of the assets, as observable inputs are not available (level 3). To determine the fair value of the long-lived asset groups, the Company utilized an asset-based approach. The Company believes the assumptions and estimates used to determine the estimated fair values of the long-lived asset groups are reasonable; however, these estimates and assumptions are subject to a high degree of uncertainty. Due to the many variables inherent in estimating fair value, differences in assumptions could have a material effect on the results of the analyses.

As the net carrying values of the long-lived asset groups exceeded their fair values, the Company recorded long-lived asset impairment charges consisting of $65 million of definite-lived intangible assets and $455 million of property, plant, and equipment, during the year ended December 31, 2020. Refer to Note 4, “Restructuring Charges, Net and Asset Impairments” for additional information on asset impairments and refer to Note 7, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” for additional information on the definite-lived intangible asset impairments.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

The Company evaluates the carrying value of its goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate these assets might be impaired. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company concluded it was more likely than not that the fair values of certain of its reporting units and its indefinite-lived intangible assets had declined to below their carrying values as a result of the effects of the COVID-19 global pandemic on the Company's projected financial information. The Company completed analyses to estimate the fair values of these reporting units and its trade names and trademarks. These fair value measurements require the Company to make significant assumptions and estimates that are Company specific, as observable inputs are not available (level 3). The Company believes the assumptions and estimates used to determine the estimated fair value are reasonable; however, these estimates and assumptions are subject to a high degree of uncertainty. Due to the many variables inherent in estimating fair value, differences in assumptions could have a material effect on the results of the analyses. Refer to Note 7, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” for additional information on the most significant inputs to the fair value estimates of reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets.

During the first quarter of 2020, it was determined the carrying values of certain reporting units, and the Company's trade names and trademarks exceeded their fair values. As a result, the Company recognized $267 million in non-cash impairment charges related to its goodwill and $51 million in non-cash impairment charges related to its indefinite-lived intangible assets during the year ended December 31, 2020.

The Company also recorded goodwill and other indefinite lived asset impairment charges during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 of $241 million and $3 million.

Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

Estimated fair value of the Company's outstanding debt is as follows:


		December 31, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Fair value hierarchy	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Long-term debt (including current maturities):
Term loans and senior notes	Level 2	$	5,153	$	5,138	$	5,179	$	5,113

The fair value of the Company's public senior notes and private borrowings under its senior credit facility is based on observable inputs, and its borrowings on the revolving credit facility approximate fair value. The Company also had $180 million and $192 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019 in other debt whose carrying value approximates fair value, which consists primarily of foreign debt with maturities of one year or less.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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