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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
For interim tax reporting we estimate our annual effective tax rate and apply it to our year to date ordinary income. Jurisdictions where no tax benefit can be recognized due to a valuation allowance are excluded from the estimated annual effective tax rate. The impact of including these jurisdictions on the quarterly effective rate calculation could result in a higher or lower effective tax rate during a particular quarter due to the mix and timing of actual earnings versus annual projections. The tax effects of certain unusual or infrequently occurring items, including changes in judgment about valuation allowances and effects of changes in tax laws or rates, are excluded from the estimated annual effective tax rate calculation and recognized in the interim period in which they occur.
We reported income tax expense of $16 million and income tax benefit of $70 million in the three month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The tax expense recorded in the third quarter of 2017 included a net tax benefit of $12 million primarily relating to valuation allowance releases. The tax benefit recorded in the third quarter of 2016 included a net tax benefit of $105 million primarily relating to recognizing a U.S. tax benefit for foreign taxes. During the third quarter of 2016, we completed a detailed analysis of our ability to recognize and utilize foreign tax credits within the carryforward period. As a result, we amended our U.S. federal tax returns for years 2006 to 2012 to claim foreign tax credits in lieu of deducting foreign taxes paid. The U.S. foreign tax credit law provides for a credit against U.S. taxes otherwise payable for foreign taxes paid with regards to dividends, interest and royalties paid to us in the U.S.
We reported income tax expense of $41 million and $3 million in the nine month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The tax expense recorded in the first nine months of 2017 included a net tax benefit of $12 million primarily relating to valuation allowance releases. In addition, the tax expense included a $50 million reduction related to an antitrust settlement accrual. The tax expense recorded in the first nine months of 2016 included a net tax benefit of $106 million primarily relating to recognizing a U.S. tax benefit for foreign taxes as described above.
We believe it is reasonably possible that up to $5 million in unrecognized tax benefits related to the expiration of foreign statute of limitations and the conclusion of income tax examinations may be recognized within the next twelve months.