The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include, among other estimates, assumptions used in the allocation of the transaction price to separate performance obligations, estimates towards the measure of progress of completion on fixed-price service contracts, the determination of fair values and useful lives of both long-lived assets and intangible assets, goodwill, allowance for credit losses for accounts receivable, recoverability of deferred tax assets, recognition of deferred revenue, determination of fair value of equity-based awards, and assumptions used in testing for impairment of long-lived assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements.

The following is a description of principal activities from which the Company generates revenue. As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company must develop assumptions that require judgment to determine the standalone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract. Standalone selling prices are determined based on the prices at which the Company separately sells its services or goods.

For certain software arrangements, the Company hosts the licenses on servers maintained by the Company. Revenue for those arrangements is accounted as Software as a Service over the life of the contract. These arrangements account for a small portion of software revenues of the Company.

Consulting services provided to our clients are generally recognized over time as the contracts are performed and the services are rendered. The Company measures its consulting revenue based on time expended compared to total estimated hours to complete a project. The Company believes the method chosen for its contract revenue best depicts the transfer of benefits to the client under the contracts. Payments are generally due upon invoicing on a net-30 basis, unless other payment terms are negotiated with the client based on client history. Standard industry practices apply.

The Company receives government awards in the form of cash grants that vary in size, duration, and conditions from domestic governmental agencies. Accounting for grant revenue does not fall under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Clients. For government awards in which no specific US GAAP applies, the Company accounts for such transactions as revenue and by analogy to a grant model. The grant revenue is recognized on a gross basis. The grant revenue is recognized over the duration of the program when the conditions attached to the grant are achieved. If conditions are not satisfied, the grants are often subject to reduction, repayment, or termination. The Company classifies the impact of government assistance on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income as services revenue.

The Company received assistance from domestic governmental agencies to provide reimbursement for various costs incurred for research and development. These include direct grant awards and subawards. The grants awarded are currently set to expire at various dates through 2025. The Company recognized $0.7 million, $1.0 million, and $1.1 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively within Services revenues on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income related to such assistance. Amounts that have been earned but not yet funded are included in accounts receivable. Computer equipment allowable by the grants is classified under fixed assets. Subawards due to unrelated entities are classified under accrued expenses.

Sales commissions earned by our sales force and our commissioned sales representatives are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a client. We apply the practical expedient as described in ASC 340-40-25-4 to expense costs as incurred for sales commissions, since the amortization period of the asset that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. This expense is included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income as sales and marketing expense.

The Company extends credit to its clients in the normal course of business. The Company evaluates its allowance for credit losses based on its estimate of the collectability of its trade accounts receivable. As part of this assessment, the Company considers various factors including the financial condition of the individual companies with which it does business, the aging of receivable balances, historical experience, changes in client payment terms, current market conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. In times of economic turmoil, the Company’s estimates and judgments with respect to the collectability of its receivables are subject to greater uncertainty than in more stable periods. Accounts receivable balances will be charged off against the allowance for credit losses after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.

Effective July 11, 2025, Simulations Plus, Inc. holds a $1,000,000 unsecured and subordinated convertible promissory note from Nurocor, Inc., a privately held Delaware corporation. The note bears interest at 10% annually and matures on July 11, 2030, unless converted earlier under specified conditions. As of August 31, 2025, principal and accrued interest income on the unsecured and subordinated convertible promissory note were $1,000,000 and $13,973.

The note is classified as a note receivable under ASC 310 and is carried at amortized cost. Interest income is accrued using the stated rate. The note is subject to periodic credit risk evaluations. As of August 31, 2025, no impairment has been recognized. This is recorded within other long-term assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The note includes multiple conversion features: (i) at the Company’s election into Nurocor Class B Common Stock at $0.15 per share, (ii) automatic conversion into securities issued in a qualified equity financing at the lower of a 20% discount to the financing price or $0.15 per share, and (iii) optional conversion upon a Change of Control. In addition, upon a Liquidation Event, the Company is entitled to repayment of principal, accrued interest, and a 50% premium, or if greater, consideration equivalent to conversion at $0.15 per share.

The conversion features were evaluated under ASC 815 and determined not to meet the definition of a derivative requiring bifurcation. The Company also holds related governance rights, including a board observer seat and access to financial statements rights, which do not affect the accounting classification but are disclosed as part of the overall investment terms.

The Company may invest excess cash balances in short-term and long-term marketable debt securities. Investments may consist of certificates of deposit, money market accounts, government-sponsored enterprise securities, corporate bonds, and/or commercial paper within the parameters of our investment policy and guidelines. The Company accounts for its investments in marketable debt securities in accordance with ASC 320, Investments – Debt and Equity Securities. This statement requires debt securities to be classified into three categories:

Held-to-maturity—Debt securities that the entity has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are measured at amortized cost and are presented at the net amount expected to be collected. Any change in the allowance for credit losses during the period is reflected in earnings. Discounts and premiums to par value of the debt securities are amortized to interest income/expense over the term of the security.

Available-for-Sale (“AFS”)—Debt securities not classified as either securities held-to-maturity or trading securities are reported at fair value. For AFS debt securities in an unrealized-loss position, we evaluate as of the balance sheet date whether the unrealized losses are attributable to a credit loss or other factors. The portion of unrealized losses related to a credit loss is recognized in earnings, and the portion of unrealized loss not related to a credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). For AFS debt securities, the unrealized gains and losses are included in other comprehensive income until realized, at which time they are reported through net income.

We classify our investments in marketable debt securities based on the facts and circumstances present at the time of purchase of the securities. We reassess the appropriateness of that classification at each reporting date. As of August 31, 2025 and 2024, all of our investments were classified as AFS.

R&D activities include both enhancement of existing products and development of new products. Development of new products and adding functionality to existing products are capitalized in accordance with FASB ASC 985-20, “Costs of Software to Be Sold, Leased, or Marketed.” R&D expenditures, which primarily relate to both capitalized and expensed salaries, R&D supplies, and R&D consulting, were $9.8 million during the fiscal year ended 2025, of which $3.0 million was capitalized. R&D expenditures were $9.0 million during fiscal year 2024, of which $3.3 million was capitalized. R&D expenditures during fiscal year 2023 were $7.8 million, of which $3.3 million was capitalized.

The establishment of technological feasibility and the ongoing assessment for recoverability of capitalized software development costs require considerable judgment by management with respect to certain external factors including, but not limited to, technological feasibility, anticipated future gross revenue, estimated economic life, and changes in software and hardware technologies. Capitalized software development costs are comprised primarily of salaries and direct payroll-related costs.

Amortization of capitalized software development costs is calculated on a product-by-product basis on the straight-line method over the estimated economic life of the products (not to exceed five years). Amortization of software development costs amounted to $3.1 million, $2.1 million, and $1.5 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. We expect future amortization expense to vary due to increases in capitalized computer software development costs.

The Company assesses capitalized computer software development costs for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. In connection with the identified triggering event mentioned below as of May 31, 2025, the Company performed, prior to the goodwill impairment test, a quantitative assessment of its long-lived assets and concluded that its long-lived assets were impaired at certain reporting units. The Company recorded impairment charges for its capitalized computer software development costs of $1.2 million at the Clinical Operations reporting unit. Such charges are recorded in impairments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Property and equipment are recorded at cost, or fair market value for property and equipment acquired in business combinations, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives as follows:

We have capitalized certain internal use software costs in accordance with ASC 350-40, which are included in intangible assets. The amortization of such costs is classified as general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income. Maintenance of and minor upgrades to internal use software are also classified as general and administrative expenses as incurred.

ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we generally use our incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing over a similar term of the lease payments at the commencement date. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made at or before the commencement date and excludes lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

We perform valuations of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on each acquisition accounted for as a business combination and recognize the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition-date fair value. Acquired intangible assets include client relationships, software, trade names, and noncompete agreements. We determine the appropriate useful life of intangible assets by performing an analysis of expected cash flows based on historical experience of the acquired businesses. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method, which approximates the pattern in which the majority of the economic benefits are expected to be consumed. Finite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable.

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the fair value of the acquired net assets. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment on the last day of the fiscal year or when events or circumstances change that would indicate that they might be impaired. Events or circumstances that could trigger an impairment review include, but are not limited to, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, a loss of key personnel, significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business, significant negative industry or economic trends, or significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future results of operations.

The company announced the reorganization of its internal structure at the end of the third quarter of fiscal 2025, and reorganized the internal structure to align products and services into integrated solution areas. The Company changed the composition of our reporting units under ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other as part of our Q4 2025 reorganization. Because each former reporting unit moved in its entirety into a single new reporting unit, the related carrying amounts, including goodwill, were carried forward without reallocation. Consistent with ASC 350, we evaluated goodwill immediately before and immediately after the change and assessed the fair value to be the same.

Prior to the reorganization, the Company had nine reporting units, Cheminformatics ("CHEM") software, Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics ("PBPK") software, PBPK services, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics ("CPP") software, CPP services, Quantitative Systems Pharmacology ("QSP") software, QSP Services, Adaptive Learning & Insights ("ALI") software, and Medical Communications ("MC") services. Following the reorganization, management began to review operating performance and allocate resources based on two new reporting units, Software and Services.

The Company performed a qualitative assessment immediately before the reorganization and determined that indicators of impairment existed and a quantitative assessment was needed. As detailed below, the Company recognized $51.6 million in impairment charges in the third quarter of fiscal 2025.

When evaluating these assets for impairment, we may first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit is impaired, known as Step 0. If we do not perform a qualitative assessment, or if we determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, we would calculate the estimated fair value of the reporting unit using discounted cash flows or a combination of discounted cash flow and market approaches. The Company performed a qualitative assessment immediately after the reorganization and determined that no indicators of impairment existed.

During the third quarter of 2025, the Company identified the underperformance of revenue at various reporting units relative to forecasts utilized in the purchase price allocation and the significant stock price decline in relative terms and in comparison to peers as a triggering event (the "triggering event") as of May 31, 2025, indicating goodwill may be impaired. Accordingly, the Company conducted a quantitative impairment test of its goodwill as of May 31, 2025 for all reporting units. The Company estimated the implied fair value of its reporting units using an income and market approach. As a result of the quantitative impairment test performed, the Company determined that goodwill was impaired for its Software and Services reporting units and recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $15.7 million and $35.9 million, respectively, during the period ended May 31, 2025. Such charges are recorded in impairments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

The income approach was based upon projected future cash flows that were discounted to present value. The key underlying assumptions included forecasted revenues, gross profit and operating expenses, terminal growth rate, as well as an applicable discount rate for each reporting unit. The key assumptions in the market approach were the earnings multiple and market participant acquisition premium. Fair-value estimates are based on a complex series of judgments about future events and rely heavily on estimates and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by the Company. Changes in the estimates or assumptions used in the quantitative impairment test could materially affect the determination of fair value of the Company’s reporting units and the associated goodwill impairment assessment. Potential events and circumstances that could have an adverse impact on our estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, lower than expected bookings growth, increases in costs, and other macroeconomic factors.


(in thousands)	Software		Services		Total
Balance, August 31, 2023	$	3,598	$	9,323	$	12,921
Addition	34,197		48,960		83,157

Balance, August 31, 2024	$	37,795	$	58,283	$	96,078
Addition	—		—		—
Measurement period adjustment*	(290)		(439)		(729)
Impairments	(15,704)		(35,928)		(51,632)
Balance, August 31, 2025	$	21,801	$	21,916	$	43,717

*The Company had measurement period adjustments due to additional knowledge gained since June 11, 2024. The adjustments included a net working capital & excess cash settlement ($0.2 million) and deferred taxes related to the Pro-ficiency acquisition ($1.0 million). These have been allocated to the Software and Services reporting units.


(in thousands)	Amortization Period	Acquisition Value		Accumulated Amortization		Impairment		Net Book Value
Trade names	Indefinite	$	12,610	$	—	$	5,660	$	6,950
Covenants not to compete	Straight line 2 to 3 years	100		53		47		—
Other internal use software	Straight line 3 to 13 years	988		110		270		608
Customer relationships	Straight line 8 to 14 years	10,540		3,693		3,873		2,974
ERP	Straight line 15 years	2,528		543		621		1,364

		$	26,766	$	4,399	$	10,471	$	11,896

The Company reviews indefinite-lived intangible assets, consisting of trade names in accordance with ASC 350 Intangibles - Goodwill and other, for impairment annually or when an event occurs that may indicate potential impairment. In connection with the identified triggering event as of May 31, 2025, the Company performed, prior to the goodwill impairment test, a quantitative assessment of its indefinite-lived assets by comparing discounted future cash flows to the net carrying value of the underlying assets, and concluded that its indefinite-lived intangible assets were impaired. The Company recorded impairment charges for its indefinite-lived intangible assets for its Software and Services reporting units of $4.9 million and $0.8 million, respectively, during the period ended May 31, 2025. Such charges are recorded in impairments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

During the third quarter of fiscal 2025, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $77.2 million. Subsequent to the quarter-end, the Company refined the allocation of this impairment between goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets as the valuation was finalized. The total impairment charge remains unchanged.


(in thousands)	Amortization Period	Acquisition Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value
Trade names	Indefinite	$	12,610	$	—	$	12,610
Covenants not to compete	Straight line 2 to 3 years	100		23		77
Other internal use software	Straight line 3 to 13 years	608		47		561
Customer relationships	Straight line 8 to 14 years	10,540		2,726		7,814
ERP	Straight line 15 years	2,529		381		2,148
		$	26,387	$	3,177	$	23,210

The Company accounts for the impairment and disposition of long-lived assets in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for events or changes in circumstances that indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company measures recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to the expected future undiscounted net cash flows generated by the asset. If the Company determines that the asset may not be recoverable, or if the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future undiscounted cash flows, it recognizes an impairment charge to the extent of the difference between the fair value and the asset's carrying amount. In connection with the identified triggering event as of May 31, 2025, the Company performed, prior to the goodwill impairment test, a quantitative assessment of its long-lived assets and concluded that its long-lived assets were impaired at certain reporting units. The Company recorded impairment charges for its long-lived assets for its Software and Services reporting units of $15.7 million and $4.2 million, respectively, during the period ended May 31, 2025. Such charges are recorded in impairments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income. No impairment losses were recorded for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024.


Level Input:						Input Definition:
Level I						Inputs that are unadjusted, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets at the measurement date.
Level II						Inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level I, that are observable for the asset or liability through corroboration with market data at the measurement date.
Level III						Unobservable inputs that reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date.

The Company invests a portion of excess cash in short-term debt securities. Short-term debt securities investments as of August 31, 2025 and 2024, consisted of corporate bonds and term deposits with maturities remaining of less than 12 months. In addition, under the fair-value hierarchy, the fair market values of the Company’s cash equivalents and investments are Level I. The Company may also invest excess cash in certificates of deposit, money market accounts, government-sponsored enterprise securities, and/or commercial paper. The Company accounts for its investments in accordance with ASC 320, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities. As of August 31, 2025 and 2024 all investments were classified as AFS securities. Unrealized losses on investments as of August 31, 2025, and August 31, 2024, were primarily caused by rising interest rates rather than changes in credit quality; thus, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses.


	August 31, 2025

(in thousands)	Amortized cost		Unrealized gains		Unrealized losses		Fair value
Level 1:
Term deposits (due within one year)	$	3,500	$	—	$	—	$	3,500
Money Market	13,159		—		—		13,159
Total Level 1	16,659		—		—		16,659
Level 2:	—		—		—		—
Level 3:	—		—		—		—
Total securities	$	16,659	$	—	$	—	$	16,659


	August 31, 2024

(in thousands)	Amortized cost		Unrealized gains		Unrealized losses		Fair value
Level 1:
Term deposits (due within one year)	$	1,500	$	—	$	—	$	1,500


Corporate debt securities (due within one year)	8,448		—		(4)		8,444
Money Market	1,975		—		—		1,975
Total Level 1	11,923		—		(4)		11,919
Level 2:	—		—		—		—
Level 3:	—		—		—		—
Total securities	$	11,923	$	—	$	(4)	$	11,919

During fiscal 2025, the Company completed the final payment of $1.6 million related to the holdback liability from the acquisition of Immunetrics, Inc. (“Immunetrics”). Additionally, based on earned revenue for Immunetrics during the second earnout measurement period, the Company has assessed the fair value of the earnout liability to be zero. As of August 31, 2024, the Company had a liability for contingent consideration related to its acquisition of Immunetrics. The fair value measurement of the contingent consideration obligations is determined using Level 3 inputs. The fair value of contingent consideration obligations is based on a discounted cash flow model using a probability-weighted income approach. These fair value measurements represent Level 3 measurements as they are based on significant inputs not observable in markets. Significant judgment is employed in determining the appropriateness of these assumptions as of the acquisition date and for each subsequent period. Accordingly, changes in assumptions could have a material impact on the amount of contingent consideration expense the Company records in any given period. Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration obligations are presented in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

As of August 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had a liability for contingent consideration related to its acquisition of Immunetrics. The fair value measurement of the contingent consideration obligations is determined using Level 3 inputs. The fair value of contingent consideration obligations is based on a discounted cash flow model using a probability-weighted income approach. These fair value measurements represent Level 3 measurements as they are based on significant inputs not observable in markets. Significant judgment is employed in determining the appropriateness of these assumptions as of the acquisition date and for each subsequent period. Accordingly, changes in assumptions could have a material impact on the amount of contingent consideration expense the Company records in any given period. Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration obligations are recorded in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

The acquisition method of accounting for business combinations requires us to use significant estimates and assumptions, including fair-value estimates, as of the business combination date and to refine those estimates as necessary during the measurement period (defined as the period, not to exceed one year, in which we may adjust the provisional amounts recognized for a business combination).

Under the acquisition method of accounting, we recognize separately from goodwill the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interests in an acquiree, generally at the acquisition-date fair value. We measure goodwill as of the acquisition date as the excess of consideration transferred, which we also measure at fair value, over the net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Costs that we incur to complete the business combination, such as investment banking, legal, and other professional fees, are not considered part of the consideration, and we recognize such costs as general and administrative expenses as they are incurred. We also account for acquired-company restructuring activities that we initiate separately from the business combination.

Should the initial accounting for a business combination be incomplete by the end of a reporting period that falls within the measurement period, we report provisional amounts in our consolidated financial statements. During the measurement period, we adjust the provisional amounts recognized at the acquisition date to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the measurement of the amounts recognized as of that date, and we record those adjustments to our financial statements. We apply those measurement-period adjustments that we determine to be material retrospectively to comparative information in our financial statements, including adjustments to depreciation and amortization expense.

Under the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations, if we identify changes to acquired deferred-tax asset valuation allowances or liabilities related to uncertain tax positions during the measurement period, and they relate to new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date, those changes are considered a measurement-period adjustment and we record the offset to goodwill. We record all other changes to deferred-tax asset valuation allowances and liabilities related to uncertain tax positions in current-period income tax expense. This accounting applies to all our acquisitions regardless of acquisition date.

During the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, the Company recorded mergers and acquisitions expense of zero, $2.6 million, and $3.3 million, respectively. The Company deducted $0.1 million from the final settlement of the holdback liability in connection with the Immunetrics acquisition. The Company records mergers and acquisition expenses in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences in future years of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each year-end based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. The provision for income taxes represents the tax payable for the period and the change during the period in deferred tax assets and liabilities.

In June 2017, as part of the acquisition of DILIsym, the Company acquired certain developed technologies associated with drug-induced liver disease (“DILI”). These technologies were valued at $2.9 million and are being amortized over 9 years under the straight-line method.


(in thousands)	Amortization Period	Acquisition Value		Accumulated Amortization		Impairment		Net Book Value


Developed technologies–DILIsym acquisition	Straight line 9 years	$	2,850	$	2,610	$	—	$	240
Intellectual rights of Entelos Holding Company	Straight line 10 years	50		36		—		14
Developed technologies–Lixoft acquisition	Straight line 16 years	8,010		2,670		—		5,340
Developed technologies–Immunetrics acquisition	Straight line 5 years	1,080		477		—		603
Developed technologies–Pro-ficiency acquisition	Straight line 5 years	16,630		3,228		13,402		—
		$	28,620	$	9,021	$	13,402	$	6,197

In connection with the identified triggering event as of May 31, 2025, the Company performed, prior to the goodwill impairment test, a quantitative assessment of its long-lived assets and concluded that its long-lived assets were impaired at certain reporting units. We measure recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to the expected future undiscounted net cash flows generated by the asset. If we determine that the asset may not be recoverable, or if the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future undiscounted cash flows, we recognize an impairment charge to the extent of the difference between the fair value and the asset's carrying amount. Developed technologies related to the Pro-ficiency acquisition were determined to be impaired. Such charges of $13.4 million are recorded in impairments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.


(in thousands)	Amortization Period	Acquisition Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value


Developed technologies–DILIsym acquisition	Straight line 9 years	$	2,850	$	2,294	$	556
Intellectual rights of Entelos Holding Company	Straight line 10 years	50		30		20
Developed technologies–Lixoft acquisition	Straight line 16 years	8,010		2,173		5,837
Developed technologies–Immunetrics acquisition	Straight line 5 years	1,080		261		819
Developed technologies–Pro-ficiency acquisition	Straight line 5 years	16,630		732		15,898
		$	28,620	$	5,490	$	23,130

Total amortization expense for intellectual property agreements was $3.5 million, $2.2 million, and $1.4 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, August 31, 2024, and August 31, 2023, respectively. The Company records these in Cost of revenues - software on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

We report earnings per share in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is computed similarly to basic earnings per share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potential common shares had been issued and if the additional common shares were dilutive. However, potential dilutive securities are not reflected in the diluted loss per share because such shares are anti-dilutive. The components of basic and diluted earnings per share for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows:


	Years ended August 31,


(in thousands)	2025		2024		2023
Numerator
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders	$	(64,718)	$	9,954	$	9,961

Denominator
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period	20,101		19,987		20,075
Dilutive effect of stock options	—		314		390
Common stock and common-stock equivalents used for diluted earnings per share	20,101		20,301		20,465

Compensation costs related to stock options are determined in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. Compensation cost is calculated based on the grant-date fair value estimated using the Black-Scholes pricing model and then amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Stock-based compensation costs related to stock options, not including shares issued to directors for services, were $6.1 million, $6.0 million, and $4.3 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, 1,736,277 shares were not considered in the computation of diluted earnings per common share because the Company recorded net losses. For the fiscal years ended August 31, 2024 and 2023, 175,780 and 21,304 shares were not considered in the computation of diluted earnings per common share because their inclusion would result in an anti-dilutive effect on per-share amounts.

In October 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-06 - Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative (“ASU 2023-06”). ASU 2023-06 incorporates 14 of the 27 disclosure requirements published in SEC Release No. 33-10532 - Disclosure Update and Simplification into various topics within the ASC. ASU 2023-06's amendments represent clarifications to, or technical corrections of, current requirements. For SEC registrants, the effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC removes that related disclosure from its rules. Early adoption is prohibited. The Company does not expect ASU 2023-06 to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements as the updates are incremental to existing disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued a new standard (ASU 2023-09) to improve income tax disclosures. The guidance requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid, prescribes standardized categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation, and modifies other income-tax-related disclosures. The amendments will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. Retrospective application is permitted. The Company does not expect ASU 2023-09 to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements as the additional incremental disclosures information is available to the Company.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires companies to disclose additional information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The new standard requires tabular disclosure of specified natural expenses in certain expense captions, a qualitative description of amounts that are not separately disaggregated, and disclosure of the Company's definition and total amount of selling expenses. The ASU should be applied prospectively for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, with retrospective application and early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts of this guidance on the Company's consolidated financial statements.