DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Organization and Business

ANI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries (together, “ANI,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is an integrated specialty pharmaceutical company focused on delivering value to our customers by developing, manufacturing, and marketing high quality branded and generic prescription pharmaceuticals. ANI was organized as a Delaware corporation in April 2001. At our two facilities located in Baudette, Minnesota, we manufacture oral solid dose products, as well as liquids and topicals, controlled substances, and potent products that must be manufactured in a fully-contained environment. We also perform contract manufacturing for other pharmaceutical companies.

On June 19, 2013, BioSante Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“BioSante”) acquired ANIP Acquisition Company (“ANIP”) in an all-stock, tax-free reorganization (the “Merger”), in which ANIP became a wholly-owned subsidiary of BioSante. BioSante was renamed ANI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The Merger was accounted for as a reverse acquisition pursuant to which ANIP was considered the acquiring entity for accounting purposes.

Our operations are subject to certain risks and uncertainties including, among others, current and potential competitors with greater resources, dependence on significant customers, and possible fluctuations in financial results. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates continuity of operations, realization of assets, and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The propriety of using the going-concern basis is dependent upon, among other things, the achievement of future profitable operations, the ability to generate sufficient cash from operations, and potential other funding sources, including cash on hand, to meet our obligations as they become due. We believe the going-concern basis is appropriate for the accompanying consolidated financial statements based on our current operating plan and business strategy for the 12 months following the issuance of this report.

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Certain prior period information has been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

Principles of consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ANI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Foreign Currency

Foreign Currency

The company has a subsidiary located outside of the U.S. The subsidiary currently conducts substantially all its transactions in U.S. dollars, or is otherwise dependent upon the U.S. parent for funding. Accordingly, the subsidiary uses the U.S. dollar as its functional currency. Unless otherwise noted, all references to “$” or “dollar” refer to the U.S. dollar.

Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in the determination of net income.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. In the accompanying consolidated financial statements, estimates are used for, but not limited to, stock-based compensation, allowance for doubtful accounts, accruals for chargebacks, administrative fees and rebates, government rebates, returns and other allowances, allowance for inventory obsolescence, valuation of financial instruments and intangible assets, accruals for contingent liabilities, fair value of long-lived assets, deferred tax assets and liabilities, deferred tax valuation allowance, purchase price allocations, and the depreciable lives of long-lived assets. Because of the uncertainties inherent in such estimates, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive Income

We have no components of other comprehensive income and accordingly, no statement of comprehensive income is included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Credit Concentration

Credit Concentration

Our customers are primarily wholesale distributors, chain drug stores, group purchasing organizations, and other pharmaceutical companies.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, three customers represented approximately 29%, 29%, and 20% of net revenues, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, accounts receivable from these customers totaled 85% of net accounts receivable. During the year ended December 31, 2016, three customers represented approximately 28%, 22%, and 18% of net revenues, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2015, three customers represented approximately 26%, 20%, and 18% of net revenues, respectively.

Vendor Concentration

Vendor Concentration

We source the raw materials for products, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (“API”), from both domestic and international suppliers. Generally, only a single source of API is qualified for use in each product due to the costs and time required to validate a second source of supply. As a result, we are dependent upon our current vendors to supply reliably the API required for ongoing product manufacturing. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we purchased approximately 23% of our inventory from two suppliers. As of December 31, 2017, amounts payable to these suppliers was $0.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we purchased approximately 25% of our inventory from one supplier. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we purchased approximately 33% of our inventory from two suppliers.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized for product sales and contract manufacturing product sales upon passing of risk and title to the customer, when estimates of the selling price and discounts, rebates, promotional adjustments, price adjustments, returns, chargebacks, and other potential adjustments are reasonably determinable, collection is reasonably assured, and we have no further performance obligations. Contract manufacturing arrangements are typically less than two weeks in duration, and therefore the revenue is recognized upon completion of the aforementioned factors rather than using a proportional performance method of revenue recognition. The estimates for discounts, rebates, promotional adjustments, price adjustments, returns, chargebacks, and other potential adjustments reduce gross revenues to net revenues in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, and are presented as current liabilities or reductions in accounts receivable in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets (see “Accruals for Chargebacks, Rebates, Returns, and Other Allowances”). Historically, we have not entered into revenue arrangements with multiple elements.

We record revenue related to marketing and distribution agreements with third parties in which we sell products under Abbreviated New Drug Applications (“ANDAs”) or New Drug Applications (“NDAs”) owned or licensed by these third parties. We have assessed and determined that we are the principal for sales under each of these marketing and distribution agreements and recognize the revenue on a gross basis when risk and title are passed to the customer, when estimates of the selling price and discounts, rebates, promotional adjustments, price adjustments, returns, chargebacks, and other potential adjustments are reasonably determinable, collection is reasonably assured, and we have no further performance obligations. Under these agreements, we pay these third parties a specified percentage of the gross profit earned on sales of the products. These profit-sharing percentages are recognized in cost of sales in our consolidated statements of operations and are accrued in accrued royalties in our consolidated balance sheets until payment has occurred.

Occasionally, we engage in contract services, which include product development services, laboratory services, and royalties on net sales of certain contract manufactured products. For these services, revenue is recognized according to the terms of the agreement with the customer, which sometimes include substantive, measurable risk-based milestones, and when we have a contractual right to receive such payment, the contract price is fixed or determinable, the collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured, and we have no further performance obligations under the agreement.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid instruments with maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. All interest bearing and non-interest bearing accounts are guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250 thousand. The majority of our cash balances are in excess of FDIC coverage. We consider this to be a normal business risk.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable

We extend credit to customers on an unsecured basis. We use the allowance method to provide for doubtful accounts based on our evaluation of the collectability of accounts receivable, whereby we provide an allowance for doubtful accounts equal to the estimated uncollectible amounts. Our estimate is based on historical collection experience and a review of the current status of trade accounts receivable. We determine trade receivables to be delinquent when greater than 30 days past due. Receivables are written off when it is determined that amounts are uncollectible. We determined that no allowance for doubtful accounts was necessary as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.

Accruals for Chargebacks, Rebates, Returns and Other Allowances

Accruals for Chargebacks, Rebates, Returns, and Other Allowances

Our generic and branded product revenues are typically subject to agreements with customers allowing chargebacks, government rebates, product returns, administrative fees and other rebates, and prompt payment discounts. We accrue for these items at the time of sale based on the estimates and methodologies described below. In the aggregate, these accruals exceed 50% of generic and branded gross product sales, reduce gross revenues to net revenues in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, and are presented as current liabilities or reductions in accounts receivable in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Due to our substantial increase in sales from 2016 to 2017, our accruals for chargebacks, government rebates, product returns, administrative fees and other rebates, and prompt payment discounts increased significantly in the year ended December 31, 2017. We anticipate that these accruals will continue to increase in 2018 as we recognize a full year of sales of products launched in 2017, as well as additional products we expect to launch in 2018.

We continually monitor and re-evaluate the accruals as additional information becomes available, which includes, among other things, trade inventory levels, customer product mix, products returned by customers, and trends in government rebates experience. We adjust the accruals at the end of each reporting period, to reflect any such updates to the relevant facts and circumstances. Accruals are relieved upon receipt of payment from or upon issuance of credit to the customer.

Chargebacks

Chargebacks, primarily from wholesalers, result from arrangements we have with indirect customers establishing prices for products which the indirect customer purchases through a wholesaler. Alternatively, we may pre-authorize wholesalers to offer specified contract pricing to other indirect customers. Under either arrangement, we provide a chargeback credit to the wholesaler for any difference between the contracted price with the indirect customer and the wholesaler's invoice price, typically Wholesale Acquisition Cost ("WAC").

Chargeback credits are calculated as follows:

Prior period chargebacks claimed by wholesalers are analyzed to determine the actual average selling price ("ASP") for each product. This calculation is performed by product by wholesaler. ASPs can be affected by several factors such as:

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A change in customer mix

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A change in negotiated terms with customers

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A change in the volume of off-contract purchases

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Changes in WAC

As necessary, we adjust ASPs based on anticipated changes in the factors above.

The difference between ASP and WAC is recorded as a reduction in both gross revenues in the consolidated statements of operations and accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheets, at the time we recognize revenue from the product sale.

To evaluate the adequacy of our chargeback accruals, we obtain on-hand inventory counts from the wholesalers. This inventory is multiplied by the chargeback amount, the difference between ASP and WAC, to arrive at total expected future chargebacks, which is then compared to the chargeback accruals. We continually monitor chargeback activity and adjust ASPs when we believe that actual selling prices will differ from current ASPs.

Government Rebates

Our government rebates reserve consists of estimated payments due to governmental agencies for purchases made by third parties under various governmental programs. The two largest government programs that impact our net revenue and our government rebates reserve are federal and state Medicaid rebate programs and Medicare.

We participate in certain qualifying federal and state Medicaid rebate programs whereby discounts and rebates are provided to participating programs after the final dispensing of the product by a pharmacy to a Medicaid plan participant. Medicaid rebates are typically billed up to 120 days after the product is shipped. Medicaid rebate amounts per product unit are established by law, based on the Average Manufacturer Price (“AMP”), which is reported on a monthly and quarterly basis, and, in the case of branded products, best price, which is reported on a quarterly basis. Our Medicaid reserves are based on expected claims from state Medicaid programs. Estimates for expected claims are driven by patient usage, sales mix, calculated AMP or best price, as well as inventory in the distribution channel that will be subject to a Medicaid rebate. As a result of the delay between selling the products and rebate billing, our Medicaid rebate reserve includes both an estimate of outstanding claims for end-customer sales that have occurred but for which the related claim has not been billed, as well as an estimate for future claims that will be made when inventory in the distribution channel is sold through to plan participants.

Many of our products are also covered under Medicare. We, like all pharmaceutical companies, must provide a discount for any products sold under NDAs to Medicare Part D participants. This applies to all products sold under NDAs, regardless of whether the products are marketed as branded or generic. Our estimates for these discounts are based on historical experience with Medicare rebates for our products. While such experience has allowed for reasonable estimations in the past, history may not always be an accurate indicator of future rebates. Medicare rebates are typically billed up to 120 days after the product is shipped. As a result of the delay between selling the products and rebate billing, our Medicare rebate reserve includes both an estimate of outstanding claims for end-customer sales that have occurred but for which the related claim has not been billed, as well as an estimate for future claims that will be made when inventory in the distribution channel is sold through to Medicare Part D participants.

To evaluate the adequacy of our government rebate reserves, we review the reserves on a quarterly basis against actual claims data to ensure the liability is fairly stated. We continually monitor our government rebate reserve and adjust our estimates if we believe that actual government rebates may differ from our established accruals. Accruals for government rebates are recorded as a reduction to gross revenues in the consolidated statements of operations and as an increase to accrued government rebates in the consolidated balance sheets.

Returns

We maintain a return policy that allows customers to return product within a specified period prior to and subsequent to the expiration date. Generally, product may be returned for a period beginning six months prior to its expiration date to up to one year after its expiration date. Our product returns are settled through the issuance of a credit to the customer. Our estimate for returns is based upon historical experience with actual returns. While such experience has allowed for reasonable estimation in the past, history may not always be an accurate indicator of future returns. We continually monitor our estimates for returns and make adjustments when we believe that actual product returns may differ from the established accruals. Accruals for returns are recorded as a reduction to gross revenues in the consolidated statements of operations and as an increase to the return goods reserve in the consolidated balance sheets.

Administrative Fees and Other Rebates

Administrative fees or rebates are offered to wholesalers, group purchasing organizations and indirect customers. We accrue for fees and rebates, by product by wholesaler, at the time of sale based on contracted rates and ASPs.

To evaluate the adequacy of our administrative fee accruals, we obtain on-hand inventory counts from the wholesalers. This inventory is multiplied by the ASPs to arrive at total expected future sales, which is then multiplied by contracted rates. The result is then compared to the administrative fee accruals. We continually monitor administrative fee activity and adjust our accruals when we believe that actual administrative fees will differ from the accruals. Accruals for administrative fees and other rebates are recorded as a reduction in both gross revenues in the consolidated statements of operations and accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheets.

Prompt Payment Discounts

We often grant sales discounts for prompt payment. The reserve for prompt payment discounts is based on invoices outstanding. We assume, based on past experience, that all available discounts will be taken. Accruals for prompt payment discounts are recorded as a reduction in both gross revenues in the consolidated statements of operations and accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheets.

The following table summarizes activity in the consolidated balance sheets for accruals and allowances for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015:

	Accruals for Chargebacks, Returns, and Other Allowances
							Administrative		Prompt
			Government				Fees and Other		Payment
(in thousands)	Chargebacks		Rebates		Returns		Rebates		Discounts
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	6,865	$	2,264	$	1,445	$	1,487	$	471
Accruals/Adjustments		51,933		6,719		2,808		6,136		2,744
Credits Taken Against Reserve		(47,417)		(4,352)		(1,605)		(5,970)		(2,541)
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	11,381	$	4,631	$	2,648	$	1,653	$	674
Accruals/Adjustments		114,433		9,671		10,271		12,747		5,517
Credits Taken Against Reserve		(99,029)		(8,411)		(7,163)		(10,850)		(4,637)
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	26,785	$	5,891	$	5,756	$	3,550	$	1,554
Accruals/Adjustments		179,297		12,237		12,184		24,037		8,126
Credits Taken Against Reserve		(177,852)		(10,198)		(9,666)		(22,361)		(7,846)
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	28,230	$	7,930	$	8,274	$	5,226	$	1,834

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories consist of raw materials, packaging materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods. Inventories are stated at the lower of standard cost or net realizable value. We periodically review and adjust standard costs, which generally approximate weighted average cost.

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives as follows:

Buildings and improvements	20 - 40 years
Machinery, furniture, and equipment	3 - 10 years

Construction in progress consists of multiple projects, primarily related to new equipment to expand our manufacturing capability as our product lines continue to grow. Construction in progress includes the cost of construction and other direct costs attributable to the construction, along with capitalized interest. Depreciation is not recorded on construction in progress until such time as the assets are placed in service.

We review property and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the long-lived asset is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets. No impairment loss related to property and equipment was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015. Assets held for disposal are reportable at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell. No assets were held for disposal as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets were acquired as part of the Merger and several asset purchase transactions. These assets include ANDAs for a total of 54 previously marketed generic products we acquired in 2014 and 2015, NDAs and product rights for our branded products Atacand, Atacand HCT, Arimidex, Casodex, Lithobid, Vancocin, Inderal LA, Inderal XL, InnoPran XL, and Cortrophin, acquired marketing and distribution rights, a non-compete agreement, and fully amortized product rights for Reglan and a generic product. These intangible assets were originally recorded at fair value for business combinations and at relative fair value based on the purchase price for asset acquisitions and are stated net of accumulated amortization.

The ANDAs, NDAs and product rights, marketing and distribution rights, and non-compete agreement are amortized over their remaining estimated useful lives, ranging from four to 10 years, based on the straight-line method. Management reviews definite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable, in a manner similar to that for property and equipment. We recognized impairment charges of $0.9 million and $6.7 million in relation to our testosterone gel NDA asset during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively (Note 5). No impairment losses related to intangible assets were recognized in the year ended December 31, 2015.

Goodwill

Goodwill

Goodwill relates to the Merger and represents the excess of the total purchase consideration over the fair value of acquired assets and assumed liabilities, using the purchase method of accounting. Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to periodic review for impairment. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment annually, as of October 31, and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the goodwill might not be recoverable. We perform our review of goodwill on our one reporting unit.

Before employing detailed impairment testing methodologies, we first evaluate the likelihood of impairment by considering qualitative factors relevant to our reporting unit. When performing the qualitative assessment, we evaluate events and circumstances that would affect the significant inputs used to determine the fair value of the goodwill. Events and circumstances evaluated include: macroeconomic conditions that could affect us, industry and market considerations for the generic pharmaceutical industry that could affect us, cost factors that could affect our performance, our financial performance (including share price), and consideration of any company-specific events that could negatively affect us, our business, or the fair value of our business. If we determine that it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired, we will then apply detailed testing methodologies. Otherwise, we will conclude that no impairment has occurred.

As of January 1, 2017, we adopted the Financial Accounting and Standards Board (“FASB”) guidance regarding goodwill, which changed the manner in which we perform impairment testing. Detailed impairment testing involves comparing the fair value of our one reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. Fair value reflects the price a market participant would be willing to pay in a potential sale of ANI. If the fair value exceeds carrying value, then it is concluded that no goodwill impairment has occurred. If the carrying value of the reporting unit were to exceed its fair value, we would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeded the reporting unit’s fair value. The loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The adoption of the guidance regarding goodwill did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. No impairment loss related to goodwill was recognized in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015.

Collaborative Arrangements

Collaborative Arrangements

At times, we have entered into arrangements with various commercial partners to further business opportunities. In collaborative arrangements such as these, when we are actively involved and exposed to the risks and rewards of the activities and are determined to be the principal participant in the collaboration, we classify third party costs incurred and revenues in the consolidated statements of operations on a gross basis. Otherwise, third party revenues and costs generated by collaborative arrangements are presented on a net basis. Payments between us and the other participants are recorded and classified based on the nature of the payments.

Royalties

Royalties

We have entered profit-sharing arrangements with third parties in which we sell products under ANDAs or NDAs owned or licensed by these third parties. Under these agreements, we pay these third parties a specified percentage of the gross profit earned on sales of the products. These profit-sharing percentages are recorded in cost of sales in our consolidated statements of operations when the associated revenue is recognized and are recorded in accrued royalties in our consolidated balance sheets when the associated revenue is recognized and until payment has occurred.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and primarily consist of expenses relating to product development. Research and development costs totaled $9.1 million, $2.9 million, and $2.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

We have a stock-based compensation plan that includes stock options and restricted stock, which are awarded in exchange for employee and non-employee director services. Stock-based compensation cost for stock options is determined at the grant date using an option pricing model and stock-based compensation cost for restricted stock is based on the closing market price of the stock at the grant date. The value of the award is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the employee’s requisite service period. In addition, in July 2016, we commenced administration of our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). We recognize the estimated fair value of stock-based compensation awards and classify the expense where the underlying salaries are classified. We incurred $6.1 million, $6.1 million, and $3.9 million of non-cash, stock-based compensation cost for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, of which $68 thousand and $25 thousand of the 2017 and 2016 expense related to the ESPP, respectively.

As of January 1, 2017, we adopted the FASB guidance related to stock-based compensation. Pursuant to the adoption requirements for excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies, we no longer recognize excess tax benefits or tax deficiencies in Additional Paid in Capital (“APIC”); rather, we recognize them prospectively as a component of our current period provision for income taxes. We did not reverse our APIC pool, which was $3.1 million as of December 31, 2016, and we presented the impact of classifying excess tax benefits as an operating activity in the statement of cash flows on a prospective basis. We now account for forfeitures as they occur rather than using an estimated forfeiture rate; as a result of the change in accounting, we recorded a $14 thousand cumulative-effect adjustment increasing our accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2017. The adoption of the remaining amendments did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Valuation of stock awards requires us to make assumptions and to apply judgment to determine the fair value of the awards. These assumptions and judgments include estimating the future volatility of our stock price and dividend yields. Changes in these assumptions can affect the fair value estimate.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that such tax rate changes are enacted. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which was enacted on December 22, 2017, includes a number of changes to existing U.S. tax laws, most notably the reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, beginning in 2018. We measure our deferred tax assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates that we believe will apply in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or paid. As a result, we remeasured our deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities to reflect the reduction in the enacted U.S. corporate income tax rate, resulting in a $13.4 million increase in income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 (Note 9). The measurement of a deferred tax asset is reduced, if necessary, by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized.

We use a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. We have not identified any uncertain income tax positions that could have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements. We are subject to taxation in various jurisdictions in the U.S. and remain subject to examination by taxing jurisdictions for the years 1998 and all subsequent periods due to the availability of net operating loss carryforwards.

We recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax exposures as a component of income tax expense. We did not have any such amounts accrued as of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015.

We consider potential tax effects resulting from discontinued operations and record intra-period tax allocations, when those effects are deemed material.

Earnings per Share

Earnings (Loss) per Share

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period.

For periods of net income, and when the effects are not anti-dilutive, we calculate diluted earnings (loss) per share by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding plus the impact of all potential dilutive common shares, consisting primarily of common stock options, shares to be purchased under our ESPP, unvested restricted stock awards, stock purchase warrants, and any conversion gain on the Notes, using the treasury stock method. For periods of net loss, diluted loss per share is calculated similarly to basic loss per share because the impact of all dilutive potential common shares is anti-dilutive.

Our unvested restricted shares and certain of our outstanding warrants contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends, and therefore are considered to be participating securities; in periods of net income, the calculation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share excludes from the numerator net income (but not net loss) attributable to the unvested restricted shares and to the participating warrants, and excludes the impact of those shares from the denominator.

For purposes of determining diluted earnings (loss) per share, we have elected a policy to assume that the principal portion of our 3.0% Convertible Senior Notes due December 1, 2019 (the “Notes,” Note 2) is settled in cash. As such, the principal portion of the Notes has no effect on either the numerator or denominator when determining diluted earnings (loss) per share. Any conversion gain is assumed to be settled in shares and is incorporated in diluted earnings (loss) per share using the treasury method. The warrants issued in conjunction with the issuance of the Notes are considered to be dilutive when they are in-the-money relative to our average stock price during the period; the bond hedge purchased in conjunction with the issuance of the Notes is always considered to be anti-dilutive.

The numerator for earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 are calculated for basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share as follows:

	Basic						Diluted
	Year Ended December 31,						Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share amounts)	2017		2016		2015		2017		2016		2015
Net (loss)/income	$	(1,076)	$	3,934	$	15,375	$	(1,076)	$	3,934	$	15,375
Net income allocated to restricted stock		-		(21)		(85)		-		(21)		(84)
Net (loss)/income allocated to common shares	$	(1,076)	$	3,913	$	15,290	$	(1,076)	$	3,913	$	15,291

Basic Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding		11,547		11,445		11,370		11,547		11,445		11,370
Dilutive effect of stock options and ESPP								-		128		187
Diluted Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding								11,547		11,573		11,557

(Loss)/Earnings per share	$	(0.09)	$	0.34	$	1.34	$	(0.09)	$	0.34	$	1.32

The number of anti-dilutive shares, which have been excluded from the computation of diluted earnings (loss) per share, including the shares underlying the Notes, were 4.8 million, 4.5 million, and 4.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Due to the net loss in the year ended December 31, 2017, all dilutive potential common shares were also excluded from the diluted loss per share calculation, as the impact of those potential common shares is anti-dilutive in the case of a net loss. Anti-dilutive shares consist of out-of-the-money Class C Special stock, out-of-the-money common stock options, common stock options that are anti-dilutive when calculating the impact of the potential dilutive common shares using the treasury stock method, underlying shares related to out-of-the-money bonds issued as convertible debt, and out-of-the-money warrants exercisable for common stock.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Our consolidated balance sheets include various financial instruments (primarily cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other current liabilities) that are carried at cost and that approximate fair value. The fair value of our long-term indebtedness is estimated based on the quoted prices for the same or similar issues, or on the current rates we have been offered for debt of the same remaining maturities. Fair value is the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability assuming an orderly transaction in the most advantageous market at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP establishes a hierarchical disclosure framework which prioritizes and ranks the level of observability of inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include:

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Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to Level 1 inputs.

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Level 2—Observable market-based inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

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Level 3—Unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available. The fair value hierarchy gives the lowest priority to Level 3 inputs.

See Note 6 for additional information regarding fair value.

Segment Information

Segment Information

We currently operate in a single reportable segment.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In May 2017, the FASB issued guidance clarifying when modification accounting should be used for changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. The guidance does not change the accounting for modifications, but clarifies that modification accounting guidance should only be applied if there is a change to the value, vesting conditions, or award classification and would not be required if the changes are considered non-substantive. The guidance is effective for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The guidance must be adopted on a prospective basis. We will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance with respect to measuring credit losses on financial instruments, including trade receivables. The guidance eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold that was previously required prior to recognizing a credit loss on financial instruments. The credit loss estimate can now reflect an entity's current estimate of all future expected credit losses. Under the previous guidance, an entity only considered past events and current conditions. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of certain amendments of this guidance must be applied on a modified retrospective basis and the adoption of the remaining amendments must be applied on a prospective basis. We currently expect that the adoption of this guidance will likely change the way we assess the collectability of our receivables and recoverability of other financial instruments. We have not yet begun to evaluate the specific impacts of this guidance nor have we determined the manner in which we will adopt this guidance.

In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance for accounting for leases. The guidance requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities related to long-term leases on the balance sheet and expands disclosure requirements regarding leasing arrangements. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. The guidance must be adopted on a modified retrospective basis and provides for certain practical expedients. We will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2019. We are currently reviewing our leases and other contracts to determine if the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We currently expect that the adoption of this guidance will likely change the way we account for our operating leases and will likely result in recording the future benefits of those leases and the related minimum lease payments on our consolidated balance sheets.

In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance for revenue recognition for contracts, superseding the previous revenue recognition requirements, along with most existing industry-specific guidance. The guidance requires an entity to review contracts in five steps: 1) identify the contract, 2) identify performance obligations, 3) determine the transaction price, 4) allocate the transaction price, and 5) recognize revenue. The new standard will result in enhanced disclosures regarding the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue arising from contracts with customers. In August 2015, the FASB issued guidance approving a one-year deferral, making the standard effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted only for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance to clarify the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations for reporting revenue gross rather than net, with the same deferred effective date. In April 2016, the FASB issued guidance to clarify the implementation guidance on identifying performance obligations and the accounting for licenses of intellectual property, with the same deferred effective date. In May 2016, the FASB issued guidance rescinding SEC paragraphs related to revenue recognition, pursuant to two SEC Staff Announcements at the March 3, 2016 Emerging Issues Task Force meeting. In May 2016, the FASB also issued guidance to clarify the implementation guidance on assessing collectability, presentation of sales tax, noncash consideration, and contracts and contract modifications at transition, with the same effective date. In September 2017, the FASB issued guidance amending and rescinding prior SEC staff announcements and observer comments related to revenue recognition, pursuant to the SEC Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 Emerging Issues Task Force meeting. We have performed a comprehensive review of our existing revenue arrangements as of December 31, 2017 following the five-step model. Our analysis indicates that there will be no significant changes to how the amount and timing of revenue will be recognized under the new guidance as compared to existing guidance. Additionally, our analysis indicates that there will be no significant changes to how costs to obtain and fulfill our customer contracts will be recognized under the new guidance as compared to existing guidance. We will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method and we expect that the impact of adoption on our consolidated balance sheet, statement of operations, statement of changes in stockholders’ equity and statement of cash flows will not be material. The adoption of the new guidance will impact the way we analyze, document, and disclose revenue recognition under customer contracts beginning on January 1, 2018 and will result in additional disclosures in our financial statements.

We have evaluated all other issued and unadopted Accounting Standards Updates and believe the adoption of these standards will not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated statements of operations, balance sheets, or cash flows.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance to simplify the measurement of goodwill. The guidance eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Instead, under the amendments in this guidance, an entity should perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, an entity should consider income tax effects from any tax-deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss. The guidance also eliminates the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment and, if it fails that qualitative test, to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. An entity is required to disclose the amount of goodwill allocated to each reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount of net assets. The guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed for testing dates after January 1, 2017. We adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2017, effective as of January 1, 2017, on a prospective basis. The adoption of this new guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance clarifying the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions or disposals of assets or businesses. The guidance provides a screen to determine when an integrated set of assets and activities is not a business, provides a framework to assist entities in evaluating whether both an input and substantive process are present, and narrows the definition of the term output. The guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The guidance must be adopted on a prospective basis. We adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2017, effective as of January 1, 2017, on a prospective basis. The adoption of this new guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued guidance to reduce diversity in practice that exists in the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. The revised guidance requires that amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of period and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If an entity adopted the guidance in an interim period, any adjustments should have been reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The guidance must be adopted on a retrospective basis. We adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2017, effective as of January 1, 2017, on a retrospective basis, and all periods have been presented under this guidance. The adoption of this new guidance resulted in the inclusion of our $5.0 million of restricted cash in the cash and cash equivalents balance in our consolidated statement of cash flows for all reporting periods presented in 2017 and onward.

In August 2016, the FASB issued guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows, including those related to debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance, and distributions received from equity method investees. The guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and for interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If an entity adopts the guidance in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The guidance must be adopted on a retrospective basis and must be applied to all periods presented, but may be applied prospectively if retrospective application would be impracticable. We adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2017, effective as of January 1, 2017, on a retrospective basis. The adoption of this new guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance simplifying the accounting for and financial statement disclosure of stock-based compensation awards, consisting of changes in the accounting for excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies, and changes in the accounting for forfeitures associated with share-based awards, among other things. We adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2017, effective as of January 1, 2017. Pursuant to the adoption requirements for excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies, we no longer recognize excess tax benefits or tax deficiencies in APIC; rather, we recognize them prospectively as a component of our current period provision for income taxes. We did not reverse our current APIC pool, which was $3.1 million as of December 31, 2016, and we presented the impact of classifying excess tax benefits as an operating activity in the statement of cash flows on a prospective basis. Pursuant to the adoption requirements for forfeitures, we now account for forfeitures as they occur rather than using an estimated forfeiture rate; as a result of the change in accounting, we recorded a $14 thousand cumulative-effect adjustment increasing our accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2017. The adoption of the remaining amendments did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.