﻿<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<InstanceReport xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
  <Version>2.2.0.7</Version>
  <hasSegments>false</hasSegments>
  <ReportName>Summary of Significant Accounting Policies</ReportName>
  <ReportLongName>0201 - Disclosure - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies</ReportLongName>
  <DisplayLabelColumn>true</DisplayLabelColumn>
  <ShowElementNames>false</ShowElementNames>
  <RoundingOption />
  <HasEmbeddedReports>false</HasEmbeddedReports>
  <Columns>
    <Column>
      <LabelColumn>false</LabelColumn>
      <Id>1</Id>
      <Labels>
        <Label Id="1" Label="6 Months Ended" />
        <Label Id="2" Label="Jun. 30, 2010" />
      </Labels>
      <CurrencyCode>USD</CurrencyCode>
      <FootnoteIndexer />
      <hasSegments>false</hasSegments>
      <hasScenarios>false</hasScenarios>
      <Segments />
      <Scenarios />
      <Units>
        <Unit>
          <UnitID>USD</UnitID>
          <UnitType>Standard</UnitType>
          <StandardMeasure>
            <MeasureSchema>http://www.xbrl.org/2003/iso4217</MeasureSchema>
            <MeasureValue>USD</MeasureValue>
            <MeasureNamespace>iso4217</MeasureNamespace>
          </StandardMeasure>
          <Scale>0</Scale>
        </Unit>
        <Unit>
          <UnitID>Shares</UnitID>
          <UnitType>Standard</UnitType>
          <StandardMeasure>
            <MeasureSchema>http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance</MeasureSchema>
            <MeasureValue>shares</MeasureValue>
            <MeasureNamespace>xbrli</MeasureNamespace>
          </StandardMeasure>
          <Scale>0</Scale>
        </Unit>
      </Units>
      <CurrencySymbol>$</CurrencySymbol>
    </Column>
  </Columns>
  <Rows>
    <Row>
      <Id>2</Id>
      <Label>Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]</Label>
      <Level>0</Level>
      <ElementName>me_SummaryOfSignificantAccountingPoliciesAbstract</ElementName>
      <ElementPrefix>me</ElementPrefix>
      <IsBaseElement>false</IsBaseElement>
      <BalanceType>na</BalanceType>
      <PeriodType>duration</PeriodType>
      <ShortDefinition>Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.</ShortDefinition>
      <IsReportTitle>false</IsReportTitle>
      <IsSegmentTitle>false</IsSegmentTitle>
      <IsSubReportEnd>false</IsSubReportEnd>
      <IsCalendarTitle>false</IsCalendarTitle>
      <IsTuple>false</IsTuple>
      <IsAbstractGroupTitle>true</IsAbstractGroupTitle>
      <IsEquityPrevioslyReportedAsRow>false</IsEquityPrevioslyReportedAsRow>
      <IsEquityAdjustmentRow>false</IsEquityAdjustmentRow>
      <IsBeginningBalance>false</IsBeginningBalance>
      <IsEndingBalance>false</IsEndingBalance>
      <IsReverseSign>false</IsReverseSign>
      <PreferredLabelRole />
      <IsEPS>false</IsEPS>
      <FootnoteIndexer />
      <Cells>
        <Cell>
          <Id>1</Id>
          <ShowCurrencySymbol>false</ShowCurrencySymbol>
          <IsNumeric>false</IsNumeric>
          <IsRatio>false</IsRatio>
          <DisplayZeroAsNone>false</DisplayZeroAsNone>
          <NumericAmount>0</NumericAmount>
          <RoundedNumericAmount>0</RoundedNumericAmount>
          <NonNumbericText />
          <NonNumericTextHeader />
          <FootnoteIndexer />
          <hasSegments>false</hasSegments>
          <hasScenarios>false</hasScenarios>
          <DisplayDateInUSFormat>false</DisplayDateInUSFormat>
        </Cell>
      </Cells>
      <OriginalInstanceReportColumns />
      <ElementDataType>xbrli:stringItemType</ElementDataType>
      <SimpleDataType>string</SimpleDataType>
      <ElementDefenition>Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.</ElementDefenition>
      <IsTotalLabel>false</IsTotalLabel>
    </Row>
    <Row>
      <Id>3</Id>
      <Label>Summary of Significant Accounting Policies</Label>
      <Level>1</Level>
      <ElementName>us-gaap_SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock</ElementName>
      <ElementPrefix>us-gaap</ElementPrefix>
      <IsBaseElement>true</IsBaseElement>
      <BalanceType>na</BalanceType>
      <PeriodType>duration</PeriodType>
      <ShortDefinition>No definition available.</ShortDefinition>
      <IsReportTitle>false</IsReportTitle>
      <IsSegmentTitle>false</IsSegmentTitle>
      <IsSubReportEnd>false</IsSubReportEnd>
      <IsCalendarTitle>false</IsCalendarTitle>
      <IsTuple>false</IsTuple>
      <IsAbstractGroupTitle>false</IsAbstractGroupTitle>
      <IsEquityPrevioslyReportedAsRow>false</IsEquityPrevioslyReportedAsRow>
      <IsEquityAdjustmentRow>false</IsEquityAdjustmentRow>
      <IsBeginningBalance>false</IsBeginningBalance>
      <IsEndingBalance>false</IsEndingBalance>
      <IsReverseSign>false</IsReverseSign>
      <PreferredLabelRole>verboselabel</PreferredLabelRole>
      <IsEPS>false</IsEPS>
      <FootnoteIndexer />
      <Cells>
        <Cell>
          <Id>1</Id>
          <ShowCurrencySymbol>false</ShowCurrencySymbol>
          <IsNumeric>false</IsNumeric>
          <IsRatio>false</IsRatio>
          <DisplayZeroAsNone>false</DisplayZeroAsNone>
          <NumericAmount>0</NumericAmount>
          <RoundedNumericAmount>0</RoundedNumericAmount>
          <NonNumbericText>&lt;!--DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd" --&gt;
   &lt;!-- Begin Block Tagged Note 1 - us-gaap:SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock--&gt;
   &lt;!-- xbrl,ns --&gt;
   &lt;!-- xbrl,nx --&gt;
   &lt;div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif"&gt;
   &lt;div align="center" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
   &lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;div align="left"&gt;
   &lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;div align="center" style="font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;div align="left" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 12pt"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies&lt;/b&gt;
   &lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;div align="left" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 6pt"&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;i&gt;Operations &amp;#8212; &lt;/i&gt;Mariner Energy, Inc. (&amp;#8220;Mariner&amp;#8221; or &amp;#8220;the Company&amp;#8221;) is an independent oil and gas
   exploration, development and production company with principal operations in the Permian Basin,
   Gulf Coast and in the Gulf of Mexico, both shelf and deepwater. Unless otherwise indicated,
   references to &amp;#8220;Mariner&amp;#8221;, &amp;#8220;the Company&amp;#8221;, &amp;#8220;we&amp;#8221;, &amp;#8220;our&amp;#8221;, &amp;#8220;ours&amp;#8221; and &amp;#8220;us&amp;#8221; refer to Mariner Energy, Inc.
   and its subsidiaries collectively.
   &lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;div align="left" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 6pt"&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;i&gt;Interim Financial Statements &amp;#8212; &lt;/i&gt;The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial
   statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange
   Commission (&amp;#8220;SEC&amp;#8221;). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial
   statements prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United
   States of America (&amp;#8220;GAAP&amp;#8221;) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations.
   In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of a normal and recurring nature)
   considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for interim
   periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire year.
   These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included herein should be read in
   conjunction with the Financial Statements and Notes included in the Company&amp;#8217;s Annual Report on Form
   10-K for the year ended December&amp;#160;31, 2009.
   &lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;div align="left" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 6pt"&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;i&gt;Use of Estimates &amp;#8212; &lt;/i&gt;The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in
   conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported
   amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates
   of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting
   periods. The Company&amp;#8217;s most significant financial estimates are based on remaining proved natural
   gas and oil reserves. Estimates of proved reserves are key components of Mariner&amp;#8217;s depletion rate
   for natural gas and oil properties, its unevaluated properties and its full cost ceiling test. In
   addition, estimates are used in computing taxes, preparing accruals of operating costs and
   production revenues, asset retirement obligations, fair value and effectiveness of derivative
   instruments and fair value of stock options and the related compensation expense. Because of the
   inherent nature of the estimation process, actual results could differ materially from these
   estimates.
   &lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;div align="left" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 6pt"&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;i&gt;Principles of Consolidation &amp;#8212; &lt;/i&gt;Mariner&amp;#8217;s condensed consolidated financial statements as of and
   for the period ended June&amp;#160;30, 2010 and consolidated financial statements as of and for the period
   ended December&amp;#160;31, 2009 include its accounts and the accounts of its subsidiaries. All
   inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated.
   &lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;div align="left" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 6pt"&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;i&gt;Income Taxes &amp;#8212; &lt;/i&gt;The Company&amp;#8217;s provision for taxes includes both federal and state taxes. The
   Company records its federal income taxes using an asset and liability approach which results in the
   recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of
   temporary differences between the book carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and
   liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to
   apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences and carryforwards are
   expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change
   in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation
   allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount more likely
   than not to be recovered.
   &lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;div align="left" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 6pt"&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;The Company had no uncertain tax positions during the six months ended June&amp;#160;30, 2010 or for
   the year ended December&amp;#160;31, 2009.
   &lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;div align="left" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 6pt"&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;i&gt;Recent Accounting Pronouncements &amp;#8212; &lt;/i&gt;In July&amp;#160;2010, the Financial Accounting Standards Board
   (FASB)&amp;#160;issued authoritative guidance which requires an entity to provide a greater level of
   disaggregated information about the credit quality of its financing receivables and its allowance
   for credit losses. In addition, an entity is required to disclose credit quality indicators, past
   due information, and modifications of its financing receivables. These disclosures are intended to
   help financial statement users assess an entity&amp;#8217;s credit risk exposures and evaluate the adequacy
   of its allowance for credit losses. The guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting
   periods ending on or after December&amp;#160;15, 2010. The Company is currently evaluating the potential
   impact of adopting the guidance.
   &lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;!-- Folio --&gt;
   &lt;!-- /Folio --&gt;
   &lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;!-- PAGEBREAK --&gt;
   &lt;div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif"&gt;
   &lt;div align="left" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 6pt"&gt;Mariner will begin complying with the disclosure requirements in its annual report on Form
   10-K for the year ended December&amp;#160;31, 2010.
   &lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;div align="left" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 6pt"&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;In April&amp;#160;2010, the FASB issued authoritative guidance which provides clarification that an
   employee share-based payment award with an exercise price denominated in the currency of a market
   in which a substantial portion of the entity&amp;#8217;s equity securities trade should not be considered to
   contain a condition that is not a market, performance or service condition. Therefore, the award
   would be classified as an equity award if it otherwise qualifies as equity. The guidance is
   effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning on or after December&amp;#160;15, 2010. The
   Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting the guidance.
   &lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;div align="left" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 6pt"&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;In February&amp;#160;2010, the FASB issued authoritative guidance which requires additional information
   to be disclosed principally in respect of Level 3 fair value measurements and transfers to and from
   Level 1 and Level 2 measurements. In addition, enhanced disclosure is required concerning inputs
   and valuation techniques used to determine Level 2 and Level 3 fair value measurements. The
   guidance is generally effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December
   15, 2009; however, the requirements to disclose separately purchases, sales, issuances, and
   settlements in the Level 3 reconciliation are effective for fiscal years beginning after December
   15, 2010 (and for interim periods within such years). The Company adopted the standard effective
   January&amp;#160;1, 2010. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company&amp;#8217;s consolidated
   financial position, cash flows or results of operations.
   &lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;/div&gt;
</NonNumbericText>
          <NonNumericTextHeader>&lt;!--DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd" --&gt;
   &lt;!-- Begin Block Tagged Note</NonNumericTextHeader>
          <FootnoteIndexer />
          <hasSegments>false</hasSegments>
          <hasScenarios>false</hasScenarios>
          <DisplayDateInUSFormat>false</DisplayDateInUSFormat>
        </Cell>
      </Cells>
      <OriginalInstanceReportColumns />
      <ElementDataType>us-types:textBlockItemType</ElementDataType>
      <SimpleDataType>textblock</SimpleDataType>
      <ElementDefenition>This element may be used to describe all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity.</ElementDefenition>
      <ElementReferences>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef
 -Publisher AICPA
 -Name Accounting Principles Board Opinion (APB)
 -Number 22
 -Paragraph 8

</ElementReferences>
      <IsTotalLabel>false</IsTotalLabel>
    </Row>
  </Rows>
  <Footnotes />
  <NumberOfCols>1</NumberOfCols>
  <NumberOfRows>2</NumberOfRows>
  <HasScenarios>false</HasScenarios>
  <MonetaryRoundingLevel>UnKnown</MonetaryRoundingLevel>
  <SharesRoundingLevel>UnKnown</SharesRoundingLevel>
  <PerShareRoundingLevel>UnKnown</PerShareRoundingLevel>
  <HasPureData>false</HasPureData>
  <SharesShouldBeRounded>true</SharesShouldBeRounded>
</InstanceReport>
