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Fixed Assets and Asset Retirement Obligations
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Fixed Assets And Asset Retirement Obligations [Abstract]  
Fixed Assets and Asset Retirement Obligations Fixed Assets, Mineral Leaseholds and Asset Retirement Obligations
Fixed Assets
Fixed assets consisted of the following:
 December 31,
 20222021
Crude oil and natural gas pipelines and related assets$2,844,288 $2,839,443 
Alkali facilities, machinery, and equipment701,313 670,880 
Onshore facilities, machinery, and equipment269,949 269,245 
Transportation equipment22,340 21,106 
Marine vessels1,017,087 1,018,284 
Land, buildings and improvements231,651 227,540 
Office equipment, furniture and fixtures24,271 23,965 
Construction in progress (1)
712,971 350,137 
Other41,168 43,440 
Fixed assets, at cost5,865,038 5,464,040 
Less: Accumulated depreciation(1,768,465)(1,551,855)
Net fixed assets$4,096,573 $3,912,185 
(1)Construction in progress primarily relates to our Granger Optimization Project, which is expected to be completed in 2023, and our offshore growth capital projects, which are expected to be completed in 2024 and 2025.
Mineral Leaseholds
Our Mineral Leaseholds, relating to our Alkali Business, consist of the following:
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Mineral leaseholds$566,019 $566,019 
Less: Accumulated depletion(20,897)(17,014)
Mineral leaseholds, net$545,122 $549,005 
Depreciation expense was $281.4 million, $295.4 million and $276.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Depletion expense was $3.9 million, $3.6 million, and $3.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Asset Sales and Divestitures
On April 29, 2022, we entered into an agreement to sell the Independence Hub platform to a producer group in the Gulf of Mexico for gross proceeds of $40.0 million, of which $8.0 million, or 20% , was attributable and paid to our noncontrolling interest holder. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a gain of $40.0 million recorded in “Loss (gain) on sale of asset” on the Consolidated Statement of Operations, of which $8.0 million, or 20%, is attributable to our noncontrolling interest holder, as the platform asset sold had no book value at the time of the sale.
On October 30, 2020, we reached an agreement with a subsidiary of Denbury Inc. to transfer to it the ownership of our remaining CO2 assets, including the NEJD and Free State pipelines, included within our onshore facilities and transportation segment. As a part of the agreement, we received total consideration of $92.5 million, of which $22.5 million was paid in the fourth quarter of 2020 upon execution of the agreements, and the remaining $70.0 million was paid in equal installments in each quarter during 2021. We recorded a loss of $22.0 million, which represents the difference between the proceeds and the net book value of the assets transferred, and is recorded within “Loss (gain) on sale of assets” on the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Impairment Expense
During the second quarter of 2020, due to the challenging economic environment from the decline in commodity prices (including the collapse in the differential of Western Canadian Select to the Gulf Coast) and Covid-19, crude-by-rail transportation became uneconomic for producers and the demand and outlook for our rail logistics assets declined. Due to these factors, we identified a triggering event that required us to perform an impairment test. For our recoverability test, we utilized
management’s estimates, including current contractual commitments, for our future cash inflows, and our costs and expenses were determined based on the estimated fixed and variable requirements to operate and maintain the related assets. As our rail logistics asset groups did not pass the initial recoverability assessment, we subsequently performed a fair value calculation using a discounted cash flow model under the income approach. As a result of this test, we recognized impairment expense of $277.5 million as of December 31, 2020 associated with the rail logistics assets in our onshore facilities and transportation segment, as the carrying value of our assets exceeded the estimated realizable value. The impairment expense included $272.7 million of net fixed assets and $4.8 million of right of use assets, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value estimates used in the long-lived asset test were primarily based on level 3 inputs of the fair value hierarchy.
In addition to this, we recognized impairment expense of $3.3 million during the third quarter of 2020 primarily associated with the full write-down of a non-core gas platform in our offshore transportation segment due to it not having a future use for our operations.
Asset Retirement Obligations
We record AROs in connection with legal requirements to perform specified retirement activities under contractual arrangements and/or governmental regulations. For any AROs acquired, we record AROs based on the fair value measurement assigned during the preliminary purchase price allocation.
    A reconciliation of our liability for asset retirement obligations is as follows:
December 31, 2020$176,852 
Accretion expense10,038 
Revisions in timing and estimated costs of AROs35,735 
Settlements(4,727)
Acquisitions3,008 
December 31, 2021$220,906 
Accretion expense13,092 
Revisions in timing and estimated costs of AROs11,216 
Settlements(16,641)
December 31, 2022$228,573 
At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, $26.6 million and $36.3 million are included as current in “Accrued liabilities” on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. The remainder of the ARO liability at each period is included in “Other long-term liabilities” on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Revisions in timing and estimated costs during 2022 and 2021 are primarily attributable to the accelerated timing and revised costs associated with the abandonment of certain of our non-core offshore assets in the Gulf of Mexico. Such revisions take into account several factors, including changes to legal or regulatory requirements, changes in our estimated useful lives of the associated asset, and the timing and method of abandonment. As there are significant judgements involved in deriving our estimates, actual costs, including the scope of work once it is approved by the relative regulatory agency or contracted party, may differ from our estimates.
    With respect to our AROs, the following table presents our forecast of accretion expense for the periods indicated:
2023$11,437 
2024$10,721 
2025$10,955 
2026$8,191 
2027$8,701 
Certain of our unconsolidated affiliates have AROs recorded at December 31, 2022 and 2021 relating to contractual agreements and regulatory requirements. In addition, certain entities that we consolidate have non-controlling interest owners that are responsible for their representative share of future costs of the related ARO liability. These amounts are immaterial to our Consolidated Financial Statements.