The domestic and foreign components of income (loss) before income taxes were as follows (in millions):

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020			2019			2018
Domestic	$	(2,169	)	$	(4,501	)	$	(168	)
Foreign		(610	)		(1,961	)		209
	$	(2,779	)	$	(6,462	)	$	41

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020			2019			2018
Current:
Federal	$	(279	)	$	(7	)	$	(5	)
State		(4	)		4			(3	)
Foreign		106			60			134
Total current income tax provision		(177	)		57			126
Deferred:
Federal		7			(344	)		11
State		—			(18	)		—
Foreign		(72	)		(64	)		(74	)
Total deferred income tax provision		(65	)		(426	)		(63	)
Total income tax provision	$	(242	)	$	(369	)	$	63

The difference between the effective tax rate reflected in the provision for income taxes and the U.S. federal statutory rate was as follows (in millions):

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020			2019			2018
Federal income tax at U.S. statutory rate	$	(584	)	$	(1,357	)	$	9
Foreign income tax rate differential		(30	)		(40	)		(3	)
Goodwill impairment		271			666			—
Reduction of FTC carryforwards		184			—			—
Tax Benefit from CARES Act		(83	)		—			—
Change in deferred tax valuation allowance		(83	)		218			49
Nondeductible expenses		44			61			20
Foreign dividends, net of foreign tax credits		28			163			27
Change in uncertain tax positions		20			(60	)		(5	)
Prior years taxes		(6	)		3			(13	)
State income taxes - net of federal benefit		(4	)		(16	)		(3	)
Other		1			(7	)		(18	)
Total income tax provision	$	(242	)	$	(369	)	$	63

The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2020 was 8.7%, compared to 5.7% for 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2020 the effective tax rate was negatively impacted by the impairment of nondeductible goodwill and the establishment of additional valuation allowances for current year losses and other tax attributes, partially offset by the release of valuation allowance as a result of (a) the carryback of $591 million of US net operating losses from 2019 to 2014 as a result of the CARES Act and (b) the filing of an amended US tax return to deduct foreign tax credits and carryback the resulting $287 million US net operating loss from 2016 to 2014. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the effective tax rate was negatively impacted by the impairment of nondeductible goodwill and the establishment of additional valuation allowance partially offset by the reduction in uncertain tax positions due to settlements.

Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows (in millions):

	December 31,
	2020			2019
Deferred tax assets:
Allowances and operating liabilities	$	318		$	395
Net operating loss carryforwards		387			270
Stock Compensation		61			69
Tax credit carryforwards		411			702
Other		122			60
Valuation allowance		(1,093	)		(1,175	)
Total deferred tax assets		206			321
Deferred tax liabilities:
Tax over book depreciation		60			115
Capital leases		80			86
Intangible assets		49			110
Deferred income		47			65
Accrued tax on unremitted earnings		33			33
Other		15			52
Total deferred tax liabilities		284			461
Net deferred tax liability	$	78		$	140

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in millions):

	2020			2019			2018
Unrecognized tax benefit at beginning of year	$	38		$	98		$	132
Gross increase for current period tax positions		—			—			15
Gross increase for tax positions in prior years		25			10			31
Gross decrease for tax positions in prior years		(2	)		(60	)		(10	)
Cash Settlements		(1	)		(3	)		(69	)
Lapse of statute of limitations		(3	)		(7	)		(1	)
Unrecognized tax benefit at end of year	$	57		$	38		$	98

The balance of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $57 million, $38 million and $98 million, respectively. Accruals related to prior year domestic and foreign jurisdiction issues resulted in uncertain tax position increases of $25 million in 2020. Resolutions of domestic and foreign jurisdiction audits resulted in a $4 million and $60 million decrease in uncertain tax provisions for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Substantially all of the unrecognized tax benefits, if ultimately realized, would be recorded as a benefit to the effective tax rate. The Company does not anticipate any material change within the next twelve months due to settlements and conclusions of tax examinations. To the extent penalties and interest would be assessed on any underpayment of income tax, such accrued amounts have been classified as a component of income tax expense in the financial statements consistent with the Company’s policy. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we recorded income tax expense of $2 million, nil and nil, respectively, for interest and penalty related to unrecognized tax benefits. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had accrued $11 million and $12 million, respectively, of interest and penalty relating to unrecognized tax benefits.

The Company is subject to taxation in the United States as well as various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Company has significant operations in the United States, Norway, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France and Denmark. Tax years that remain subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions vary by legal entity, but are generally open in the U.S. for tax years ending after 2013 and outside the U.S. for tax years ending after 2015.

Net operating loss carryforwards by jurisdiction and expiration as of December 31, 2020 were as follows (in millions):

	Federal			State			Foreign			Total
2020 - 2024 Expiration	$	6		$	2		$	148		$	156
2025 - 2039 Expiration		45			303			428			776
Unlimited Expiration		368			—			557			925
Total Net Operating Loss (NOL)	$	419		$	305		$	1,133		$	1,857
Tax Effected NOL	$	88		$	17		$	282		$	387
Valuation Allowance (VA)		(88	)		(17	)		(279	)		(384	)
Tax Effected NOL Net of VA	$	—		$	—		$	3		$	3

The Company has $404 million of excess foreign tax credits in the United States as of December 31, 2020, of which $141 million, $145 million, $95 million, and $23 million will expire in 2022, 2027, 2028 and 2030 respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the Company has remaining tax-deductible goodwill of $118 million, resulting from acquisitions. The amortization of this goodwill is deductible over various periods ranging up to 10 years.

After considering the impact of losses incurred in 2020, the Company has determined that it no longer has net undistributed earnings subject to a permanent reinvestment assertion.