14. Income Taxes

Consolidated income before provision for income taxes consists of the following for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 (U.S. dollars in thousands):

	2013		2014		2015

U.S.	$	307,994	$	184,476	$	134,473
Foreign		248,946		114,031		77,486
Total	$	556,940	$	298,507	$	211,959

NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The provision for current and deferred taxes for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 consists of the following (U.S. dollars in thousands):

	2013			2014			2015
Current
Federal	$	81,871		$	37,402		$	6,328
State		361			2,095			1,483
Foreign		148,310			48,904			50,403
		230,542			88,401			58,214
Deferred
Federal		(2,831	)		(380	)		16,556
State		551			444			(674	)
Foreign		(36,210	)		20,866			4,817
		(38,490	)		20,930			20,699
Provision for income taxes	$	192,052		$	109,331		$	78,913

The Company's foreign taxes paid are high relative to foreign operating income and the Company's U.S. taxes paid are low relative to U.S. operating income due largely to the flow of funds among the Company's Subsidiaries around the world. As payments for services, management fees, license arrangements and royalties are made from the Company's foreign affiliates to its U.S. corporate headquarters, these payments often incur withholding and other forms of tax that are generally creditable for U.S. tax purposes. Therefore, these payments lead to increased foreign effective tax rates and lower U.S. effective tax rates. Variations occur in the Company's foreign and U.S. effective tax rates from year to year depending on several factors. These factors include the impact of global transfer prices, the timing and level of remittances from foreign affiliates, profits and losses in various markets, the valuation of deferred tax assets or liabilities, or changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles, or interpretations thereof.

NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The principal components of deferred taxes are as follows (U.S. dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2014			2015
Deferred tax assets:
Inventory differences	$	12,362		$	5,222
Foreign tax credit and other foreign benefits		116,603			86,729
Stock-based compensation		17,211			13,842
Accrued expenses not deductible until paid		48,189			46,597
Foreign currency exchange		10,774			8,976
Net operating losses		17,530			10,994
Capitalized research and development		3,362			1,632
Exchange gains and losses		41,542			55,643
Other		841			964
Gross deferred tax assets		268,414			230,599
Deferred tax liabilities:
Intangibles step-up		15,106			13,607
Overhead allocation to inventory		10,781			5,101
Amortization of intangibles		18,374			18,733
Foreign outside basis in controlled foreign corporation		100,016			84,434
Other		48,187			35,257
Gross deferred tax liabilities		192,464			157,132
Valuation allowance		(35,999	)		(49,271	)
Deferred taxes, net	$	39,951		$	24,196

At December 31, 2015, the Company had foreign operating loss carryforwards of $34.7 million for tax purposes, which will be available to offset future taxable income. If not used, $15.0 million of carryforwards will expire between 2016 and 2025, while $19.7 million do not expire. A valuation allowance has been placed on foreign operating loss carryforwards of $28.4 million.

The valuation allowance primarily represents amounts for foreign operating loss carryforwards and unrealized foreign exchange losses for which it is more likely than not some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In making such determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary difference, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations. When the Company determines that there is sufficient taxable income to utilize the net operating losses, the valuation will be released which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The deferred tax asset valuation adjustments for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 are as follows (U.S. dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015

Balance at the beginning of period	$	10,522		$	10,803		$	35,999
Additions charged to cost and expenses		278			28,687			12,948
Decreases		(165	)⁽¹⁾		(3,546	)⁽¹⁾		(2,943	)⁽¹⁾
Adjustments		168	⁽²⁾		55	⁽²⁾		3,267	⁽²⁾
Balance at the end of the period	$	10,803		$	35,999	⁽³⁾	$	49,271	⁽³⁾

⁽¹⁾

Decreases in valuation allowance due to lapse in statute of limitation of the net operating losses carryforward which had no impact to the income statement.

⁽²⁾

Represents the net currency effects of translating valuation allowances at current rates of exchange.

⁽³⁾

The increase was due primarily to the deferred tax assets created by the unrealized loss in Venezuela for which the Company set up a full valuation allowance.

The components of deferred taxes, net on a jurisdiction basis are as follows (U.S. dollars in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2014		2015
Net current deferred tax assets	$	40,840	$	─
Net noncurrent deferred tax assets		15,128		40,373
Total net deferred tax assets		55,968		40,373

Net current deferred tax liabilities	─		─
Net noncurrent deferred tax liabilities		16,017		16,177
Total net deferred tax liabilities		16,017		16,177
Deferred taxes, net	$	39,951	$	24,196

Effective December 31, 2015, the Company elected to early adopt ASU 2015-17, which requires entities to classify deferred tax liabilities and assets as noncurrent. This guidance has been applied prospectively for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company has not adjusted the balances for the year ended December 31, 2014.

The Company is subject to regular audits by federal, state and foreign tax authorities. These audits may result in proposed assessments that may result in additional tax liabilities.

The actual tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 compared to the statutory U.S. Federal tax rate is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015

Income taxes at statutory rate		35.00	%		35.00	%		35.00	%
Foreign tax rate differential		(0.76	)	─				.92
Non-deductible expenses		0.12			0.12			0.09
Controlled foreign corporation losses	─				1.48			1.09
Other		0.12			0.03			0.13
		34.48	%		36.63	%		37.23	%

The lower effective tax rate in 2013 compared to 2014 and 2015 was primarily attributable to indefinitely invested earnings of non-U.S. Subsidiaries. The effective tax rate in 2014 was also impacted by the foreign currency charge relating to Venezuela, for which a valuation allowance was recognized, offset by the re-measurement of Venezuela's books due to the highly inflationary accounting treatment under U.S. GAAP. The year-over-year increase in the effective tax rate for 2015 was due largely to the lower than anticipated profits in China caused by the charge to inventory. Consequently, a deferred tax asset associated with China could not be recognized, thereby impacting the annual effective tax rate.

The cumulative amount of undistributed earnings of the Company's non-U.S. Subsidiaries held for indefinite reinvestment is approximately $50.0 million, $50.0 million and $70.0 million at December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. If this amount were repatriated to the United States, the amount of incremental taxes would be approximately $3.4 million.