Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Following is a summary of the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022:


	Goodwill		Other Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets
Balance — December 31, 2021 (1)	$	2,124.1	$	641.5
Additions	93.8		66.6
Disposals	(1.9)		(3.7)

Foreign currency translation	(61.3)		(13.5)
Balance — December 31, 2022 (1)	$	2,154.7	$	690.9
Additions	95.9		51.3
Disposals	—		(0.1)
Impairment	(40.7)		—
Foreign currency translation	25.0		6.1
Balance — December 31, 2023 (2)	$	2,234.9	$	748.2
____________________
(1)Net of accumulated goodwill impairment losses of $606.3 million recorded prior to December 31, 2012
(2)Net of accumulated goodwill impairment losses of $647.0 million

Following is a summary of the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment during the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022:


	Retail Automotive		Retail Commercial Truck		Other		Total
Balance — December 31, 2021	$	1,622.2	$	422.3	$	79.6	$	2,124.1
Additions	49.9		43.9		—		93.8
Disposals	(1.9)		—		—		(1.9)
Foreign currency translation	(52.6)		(3.9)		(4.8)		(61.3)
Balance — December 31, 2022	$	1,617.6	$	462.3	$	74.8	$	2,154.7
Additions	64.3		29.9		1.7		95.9
Disposals	—		—		—		—
Impairment	(40.7)		—		—		(40.7)
Foreign currency translation	22.8		2.1		0.1		25.0
Balance — December 31, 2023	$	1,664.0	$	494.3	$	76.6	$	2,234.9

For reporting units within our Retail Automotive, Retail Commercial Truck, and Other reportable segments, we prepared a quantitative assessment of the carrying value of goodwill. We estimated the fair value of our reporting units using an income approach. The income approach measures fair value by discounting expected future cash flows at a weighted average cost of capital. We also validate the fair value for each reporting unit using the income approach by calculating a cash earnings multiple and determining whether the multiple was reasonable compared to recent market transactions completed by the Company or in the industry. As part of that assessment, we also reconcile the estimated aggregate fair values of our reporting units to our market capitalization. We believe this reconciliation process is consistent with a market participant perspective. This consideration would also include a control premium that represents the estimated amount an investor would pay for our equity securities to obtain a controlling interest and other significant assumptions, including revenue growth, terminal growth rates, EBITDA margin, and the weighted average cost of capital.

Based on our assessment as of October 1, 2023, and in conjunction with our fourth quarter annual forecasting process for 2024 which impacts key assumptions used in our goodwill impairment assessment, we determined the carrying value of goodwill related our Used Vehicle Dealerships International reporting unit was greater than the fair value of the reporting unit. As a result, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $40.7 million to reduce the carrying value to fair value.

We had no impairment charges relating to our intangible assets with respect to the sale or closure of certain franchised dealerships during 2023 and 2022. There is no goodwill recorded in our Non-Automotive Investments reportable segment.