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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
In 2023, 2022 and 2021, pre-tax income (loss) was attributed to the following jurisdictions: 
 Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)202320222021
Domestic operations$(95,876)$(69,058)$(38,024)
Foreign operations3,622 80,451 54,104 
Total pre-tax income (loss)$(92,254)$11,393 $16,080 

The provision for income taxes charged to operations was as follows: 
 Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)202320222021
Current tax expense:
U.S. federal$23 $573 $2 
State and local44 73 75 
Foreign7,193 8,523 12,386 
Total current7,260 9,169 12,463 
Deferred tax (benefit) expense:
U.S. federal(813)230 584 
State and local(126)36 90 
Foreign(337)1,551 (2,358)
Total deferred(1,276)1,817 (1,684)
Total provision for income taxes$5,984 $10,986 $10,779 
Net deferred tax assets were comprised of the following: 

December 31,
(In thousands)20232022
Deferred tax assets:
Accrued liabilities$3,958 $— 
Accounts receivable— 5,657 
Amortization of intangible assets9,999 5,977 
Capitalized inventory costs3,369 5,060 
Capitalized research & development costs8,035 4,632 
Depreciation4,058 5,067 
Income tax credits19,615 17,234 
Inventory reserves2,154 2,258 
Net operating losses12,053 3,770 
Operating lease obligations4,112 4,212 
Stock-based compensation4,453 4,288 
Total deferred tax assets71,806 58,155 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Accrued liabilities— (5,273)
Accounts receivable(20)— 
Right of use assets(4,385)(4,407)
Other(2,920)(361)
Total deferred tax liabilities(7,325)(10,041)
Net deferred tax assets before valuation allowance64,481 48,114 
Less: Valuation allowance(59,686)(44,596)
Net deferred tax assets$4,795 $3,518 
The provision for income taxes differs from the amount of income tax determined by applying the applicable U.S. statutory federal income tax rate to pre-tax income from operations as a result of the following: 
 Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)202320222021
Tax provision at statutory U.S. rate$(19,373)$2,392 $3,377 
Increase (decrease) in tax provision resulting from:
Distribution of previously taxed foreign earnings and profits(9,450)(16,776)— 
Federal research and development credits(1,043)(715)(1,391)
Foreign permanent benefit(1,426)(1,620)(1,137)
Foreign tax rate differential21,794 15,133 (2,647)
Foreign undistributed earnings, net of credits7,198 6,486 6,902 
Foreign participation exemption(12,571)— — 
Goodwill impairment5,383 — — 
Liquidation of Cayman subsidiary— — 745 
Non-deductible items594 601 1,198 
Non-territorial income(945)(2,323)(2,993)
Provision to return(19)(435)(533)
Sale of Argentina subsidiary— — 2,084 
Sale of intangible asset— (3,385)— 
State and local taxes, net(2,629)(2,408)(1,435)
Stock-based compensation980 693 (616)
Tax rate change1,648 (640)— 
Valuation allowance15,090 12,058 4,632 
Withholding tax1,229 2,188 2,333 
Other(476)(263)260 
Tax provision$5,984 $10,986 $10,779 

At December 31, 2023, we had U.S. federal and state Research and Development ("R&D") income tax credit carryforwards of approximately $5.2 million and $13.5 million, respectively. The federal R&D income tax credits begin expiring in 2039. The state R&D income tax credits do not have an expiration date.

At December 31, 2023, we had U.S. federal, state and local, and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $19.8 million, $76.7 million and $10.3 million, respectively. The U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards do not expire while the state and local and foreign net operating loss carryforwards begin to expire in 2024 and 2027, respectively.

At December 31, 2023, we assessed the realizability of the Company's deferred tax assets by considering whether it is more likely than not some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. We considered the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, tax planning strategies and projected future taxable income in making this assessment. Due to cumulative operating losses for the three years ended December 31, 2023, we have recorded a full valuation allowance against our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets of $34.7 million and $22.8 million, respectively, as we have determined that it is more likely than not that the tax benefits will not be realized in the future. The valuation allowance increased by $15.1 million and $12.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company had an overall deferred tax liability as of December 31, 2022 for U.S. federal and state jurisdictions due to having indefinite lived deferred tax liabilities that could not be used as a source of income to offset deferred tax assets. Due to the goodwill impairment recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023 the deferred tax liability reversed.
Uncertain Tax Positions

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $3.4 million and $3.2 million, respectively, including interest and penalties. In accordance with accounting guidance, we have elected to classify interest and penalties as components of tax expense. Interest and penalties were immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Interest and penalties are included in the unrecognized tax benefits.

Changes to our gross unrecognized tax benefits were as follows: 
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)202320222021
Balance at beginning of period$3,150 $3,001 $3,020 
Additions as a result of tax positions taken during the current year165 149 226 
Foreign currency translation— — (13)
Settlements— — (232)
Balance at end of period$3,315 $3,150 $3,001 

Approximately $3.3 million, $3.2 million and $3.0 million of the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, if not for the U.S. federal and state valuation allowance, would affect the annual effective tax rate, if recognized. We are unaware of any positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase within the next twelve months. We do not anticipate a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months based on federal, state, and foreign statute expirations in various jurisdictions. We have classified uncertain tax positions as non-current income tax liabilities unless expected to be paid within one year.

The Company files U.S. federal, state and foreign income tax returns. As of December 31, 2023, the open statutes of limitations for our significant tax jurisdictions are as follows: U.S. federal for 2020 through 2022, state and local for 2019 through 2022, and foreign for 2017 through 2022.

Indefinite Reinvestment Assertion

Beginning in 2018, the Tax Act generally provides a 100% federal deduction for dividends received from foreign subsidiaries. Nevertheless, companies must still apply the guidance of ASC Topic 740 to account for the tax consequences of outside basis differences and other tax impacts of their investments in foreign subsidiaries, including potential foreign withholding taxes on distributions. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recorded a deferred tax liability of $0.4 million, $0.5 million and $0.9 million, respectively, relating to state tax and foreign tax withholding liabilities on future distributions.

CHIPS and Science Act of 2022

On August 9, 2022, the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 ("CHIPS Act") was enacted in the United States. The CHIPS Act will provide financial incentives to the semiconductor industry which are primarily directed at manufacturing activities within the United States for the qualifying property placed in service after December 31, 2022. As we currently outsource our manufacturing, the CHIPS Act did not have a material impact to our consolidated tax provision for the year ending December 31, 2023.

Inflation Reduction Act of 2022

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA") was signed into law on August 16, 2022. The bill was meant to address the high inflation rate in the United States through various climate, energy, healthcare and other incentives. These incentives are meant to be paid for by the tax provisions included in the IRA, such as a new 15 percent corporate minimum tax, a 1 percent new excise tax on stock buybacks, additional IRS funding to improve taxpayer compliance and others. The IRA provisions are effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. At this time, none of the IRA tax provisions had a material impact to our consolidated tax provision for the year ending December 31, 2023.