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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
We utilize our estimated annual effective tax rate to determine our provision for income taxes for interim periods. The income tax provision is computed by taking the estimated annual effective tax rate and multiplying it by the year-to-date pre-tax book income.
We recorded income tax expense of $1.8 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and our effective tax rate was 51.4% and 5.1% during the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We recorded income tax expense of $2.9 million and $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and our effective tax rate was 31.1% and 14.7% during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The higher effective tax rate in both periods was primarily due to the nondeductibility of certain transactions in the PRC as a result of the pending sale of our Guangzhou factory (Note 10). In addition, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, we received tax refunds from the Chinese government totaling $1.8 million for various tax incentives relating to fiscal year 2015.
At September 30, 2017, we had gross unrecognized tax benefits of $3.8 million, including interest and penalties, of which $3.5 million, if not for the state Research and Experimentation income tax credit valuation allowance, would affect the annual effective tax rate if these tax benefits are realized. Further, we are unaware of any positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change within the next twelve months. However, based on federal, state and foreign statute expirations in various jurisdictions, we anticipate a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $0.1 million within the next twelve months. We have classified uncertain tax positions as non-current income tax liabilities unless expected to be paid within one year.
We have elected to classify interest and penalties as a component of tax expense. Accrued interest and penalties of $0.3 million and $0.3 million at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, are included in our unrecognized tax benefits.