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Income Taxes
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
We utilize our estimated annual effective tax rate to determine our provision for income taxes for interim periods. The income tax provision is computed by taking the estimated annual effective tax rate and multiplying it by the year-to-date pre-tax book income.
We recorded an income tax benefit of $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 as a result of incurring a loss, a favorable foreign tax ruling that resulted in the reversal of a reserve approximating $0.2 million, and the recognition of $0.1 million of excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, we recorded income tax expense of $0.8 million which represented an effective tax rate of 21.5%.
At March 31, 2017, we had gross unrecognized tax benefits of $3.8 million, including interest and penalties, of which $3.5 million would affect the annual effective tax rate if these tax benefits are realized. Further, we are unaware of any positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change within the next twelve months. However, based on federal, state and foreign statute expirations in various jurisdictions, we anticipate a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $0.1 million within the next twelve months. We have classified uncertain tax positions as non-current income tax liabilities unless expected to be paid within one year.
We have elected to classify interest and penalties as a component of tax expense. Accrued interest and penalties of $0.3 million and $0.3 million at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, are included in our unrecognized tax benefits.