Stockholders' Equity

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Equity [Abstract]

Stockholders' Equity

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Stock Repurchase Activity

In February 2016, the Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase up to $5.0 billion of our common stock, with no fixed expiration. There were no repurchases of common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2019 or 2020.

Stock Award Activity

Common shares outstanding plus shares underlying outstanding stock awards totaled 512 million and 513 million as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020. These totals include all vested and unvested stock awards outstanding, including those awards we estimate will be forfeited. Stock-based compensation expense is as follows (in millions):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2020
Cost of sales	$	24	$	41
Fulfillment	234		260
Technology and content	675		961
Marketing	209		332
General and administrative	132		163
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,274	$	1,757

The following table summarizes our restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2020 (in millions):

	Number of Units		Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019	14.3		$	1,458
Units granted	0.9		1,900
Units vested	(1.0	)	893
Units forfeited	(0.4	)	1,406
Outstanding as of March 31, 2020	13.8		1,530

Scheduled vesting for outstanding restricted stock units as of March 31, 2020, is as follows (in millions):

	Nine Months Ended December 31,	Year Ended December 31,
	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	Thereafter	Total
Scheduled vesting—restricted stock units	4.8	5.0	2.3	1.3	0.2	0.2	13.8

As of March 31, 2020, there was $8.3 billion of net unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock-based compensation arrangements. This compensation is recognized on an accelerated basis with approximately half of the compensation expected to be expensed in the next twelve months, and has a weighted-average recognition period of 1.1 years. The estimated forfeiture rate as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020 was 27%. Changes in our estimates and assumptions relating to forfeitures may cause us to realize material changes in stock-based compensation expense in the future.

Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

The following table shows the changes in stockholders’ equity (in millions):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2020
Total beginning stockholders’ equity	$	43,549		$	62,060
Beginning and ending common stock	5			5
Beginning and ending treasury stock	(1,837		)	(1,837		)
Beginning additional paid-in capital	26,791			33,658
Stock-based compensation and issuance of employee benefit plan stock	1,268			1,754
Ending additional paid-in capital	28,059			35,412
Beginning accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,035		)	(986		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	25			(1,077		)
Ending accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,010		)	(2,063		)
Beginning retained earnings	19,625			31,220
Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles (1)	7			—
Net income	3,561			2,535
Ending retained earnings	23,193			33,755
Total ending stockholders’ equity	$	48,410		$	65,272

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(1)

We recorded cumulative effect adjustments related to the new lease standard in Q1 2019 and the new measurement of credit losses standard in Q1 2020.