Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Equity [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense is as follows (in millions):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2019		2018		2019
Cost of sales	$	19	$	39	$	52	$	106
Fulfillment	269		301		834		895
Marketing	201		298		552		813
Technology and content	719		966		2,137		2,719
General and administrative	142		175		426		491
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,350	$	1,779	$	4,001	$	5,024

Nonvested Restricted Stock Units Activity

The following table summarizes our restricted stock unit activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 (in millions):

	Number of Units		Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2018	15.9		$	1,024
Units granted	5.8		1,811
Units vested	(4.6	)	793
Units forfeited	(1.3	)	1,179
Outstanding as of September 30, 2019	15.8		1,367

Scheduled Vesting Restricted Stock Unit Activity

Scheduled vesting for outstanding restricted stock units as of September 30, 2019, is as follows (in millions):

	Three Months Ended December 31,	Year Ended December 31,
	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	Thereafter	Total
Scheduled vesting—restricted stock units	2.0	6.0	5.0	1.8	0.8	0.2	15.8

Changes in Stockholders Equity

The following table shows the changes in stockholders’ equity (in millions):

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2019			2018			2019
Total beginning stockholders’ equity	$	34,995		$	53,061		$	27,709		$	43,549
Beginning and ending common stock	5			5			5			5
Beginning and ending treasury stock	(1,837		)	(1,837		)	(1,837		)	(1,837		)
Beginning additional paid-in capital	24,028			30,035			21,389			26,791
Stock-based compensation and issuance of employee benefit plan stock	1,347			1,782			3,986			5,026
Ending additional paid-in capital	25,375			31,817			25,375			31,817
Beginning accumulated other comprehensive loss	(934		)	(960		)	(484		)	(1,035		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(100		)	(469		)	(550		)	(394		)
Ending accumulated other comprehensive loss	(1,034		)	(1,429		)	(1,034		)	(1,429		)
Beginning retained earnings	13,733			25,818			8,636			19,625
Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles (1)	—			—			934			7
Net income	2,883			2,134			7,046			8,320
Ending retained earnings	16,616			27,952			16,616			27,952
Total ending stockholders’ equity	$	39,125		$	56,508		$	39,125		$	56,508

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(1)

We recorded cumulative effect adjustments related to the new revenue and income tax standards in Q1 2018 and the new lease standard in Q1 2019. See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 1 — Accounting Policies — Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted” for additional information.