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Acquisitions, Goodwill, and Acquired Intangible Assets (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Business Combinations [Abstract]  
Allocation of Aggregate Purchase Price of Acquisitions
The aggregate purchase price of these acquisitions was allocated as follows (in millions):
 
December 31,
 
2016
 
2017
 
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
Purchase Price
 
 
 
 
 
Cash paid, net of cash acquired
$
81

 
$
13,859

 
$
1,618

Indemnification holdback
22

 
104

 
31

 
$
103

 
$
13,963

 
$
1,649

Allocation
 
 
 
 
 
Goodwill
$
60

 
$
9,501

 
$
1,228

Intangible assets (1):
 
 
 
 
 
Marketing-related
2

 
1,987

 
186

Contract-based
1

 
440

 
13

Technology-based
53

 
166

 
285

Customer-related
1

 
54

 
193

 
57

 
2,647

 
677

Property and equipment
3

 
3,810

 
11

Deferred tax assets
17

 
117

 
174

Other assets acquired
10

 
1,858

 
282

Long-term debt
(5
)
 
(1,165
)
 
(176
)
Deferred tax liabilities
(18
)
 
(961
)
 
(159
)
Other liabilities assumed
(21
)
 
(1,844
)
 
(388
)
 
$
103

 
$
13,963

 
$
1,649

 ___________________
(1)
Intangible assets acquired in 2016, 2017, and 2018 have estimated useful lives of between one and seven years, one and twenty-five years, and two and seven years, with weighted-average amortization periods of five years, twenty-one years, and six years.
Summary of Goodwill Activity
The following summarizes our goodwill activity in 2017 and 2018 by segment (in millions):
 
North
America
 
International
 
AWS
 
Consolidated
Goodwill - January 1, 2017
$
2,044

 
$
694

 
$
1,046

 
$
3,784

New acquisitions (1)
9,115

 
368

 
18

 
9,501

Other adjustments (2)
6

 
46

 
13

 
65

Goodwill - December 31, 2017
11,165

 
1,108

 
1,077

 
13,350

New acquisitions (1)
1,031

 
177

 
20

 
1,228

Other adjustments (2)
(5
)
 
(15
)
 
(10
)
 
(30
)
Goodwill - December 31, 2018
$
12,191

 
$
1,270

 
$
1,087

 
$
14,548

 ___________________
(1)
Primarily includes the acquisition of Whole Foods Market in the North America segment and Souq in the International segment in 2017 and the acquisitions of Ring and PillPack in the North America segment in 2018.
(2)
Primarily includes changes in foreign exchange rates.
Schedule of Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets by Major Class
Acquired intangible assets, included within “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets, consist of the following (in millions):
 
 
December 31,
 
 
 
2017
 
2018
 
 
  
Acquired
Intangibles,
Gross (1)
 
Accumulated
Amortization (1)
 
Acquired
Intangibles,
Net
 
Acquired
Intangibles,
Gross (1)
 
Accumulated
Amortization (1)
 
Acquired
Intangibles,
Net
 
Weighted
Average Life
Remaining
Marketing-related
$
2,486

 
$
(418
)
 
$
2,068

 
$
2,542

 
$
(431
)
 
$
2,111

 
21.2
Contract-based
1,013

 
(213
)
 
800

 
1,430

 
(224
)
 
1,206

 
12.3
Technology- and content-based
640

 
(252
)
 
388

 
941

 
(377
)
 
564

 
4.6
Customer-related
283

 
(168
)
 
115

 
437

 
(208
)
 
229

 
4.4
Acquired intangibles (2)
$
4,422

 
$
(1,051
)
 
$
3,371

 
$
5,350

 
$
(1,240
)
 
$
4,110

 
15.4
 ___________________
(1)
Excludes the original cost and accumulated amortization of fully-amortized intangibles.
(2)
Intangible assets have estimated useful lives of between one and twenty-five years.
Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Future Amortization Expense
Expected future amortization expense of acquired intangible assets as of December 31, 2018 is as follows (in millions):
 
Year Ended December 31,
2019
$
511

2020
412

2021
355

2022
323

2023
270

Thereafter
2,217

 
$
4,088