EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

We sponsor numerous domestic and foreign employee benefit plans, which are discussed below.

Employee Savings Plans. We sponsor various employee savings plans. Our contributions to employer sponsored defined contribution plans were $351 million, $318 million and $356 million for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Our non-union domestic employee savings plan uses an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) for employer matching contributions. External borrowings were used by the ESOP to fund a portion of its purchase of ESOP stock from us. The external borrowings have been extinguished and only re-amortized loans remain between UTC and the ESOP Trust. As ESOP debt service payments are made, common stock is released from an unreleased shares account. ESOP debt may be prepaid or re-amortized to either increase or decrease the number of shares released so that the value of released shares equals the value of plan benefit. We may also, at our option, contribute additional common stock or cash to the ESOP.

Shares of common stock are allocated to employees' ESOP accounts at fair value on the date earned. Cash dividends on common stock held by the ESOP are used for debt service payments. Participants may choose to have their ESOP dividends reinvested or distributed in cash. Common stock allocated to ESOP participants is included in the average number of common shares outstanding for both basic and diluted earnings per share. At December 31, 2017, 26.0 million common shares had been allocated to employees, leaving 10.5 million unallocated common shares in the ESOP Trust, with an approximate fair value of $1.3 billion.

Pension Plans. We sponsor both funded and unfunded domestic and foreign defined benefit pension plans that cover a large number of our employees. Our largest plans are generally closed to new participants. Our plans use a December 31 measurement date consistent with our fiscal year.



(dollars in millions)	2017			2016
Change in Benefit Obligation:
Beginning balance	$	34,923		$	35,428
Service cost	374			383
Interest cost	1,120			1,183
Actuarial loss	1,804			1,831
Total benefits paid	(1,782		)	(1,660		)
Net settlement, curtailment and special termination benefits	(49		)	(1,566		)
Other	609			(676		)
Ending balance	$	36,999		$	34,923

Change in Plan Assets:
Beginning balance	$	30,555		$	31,011
Actual return on plan assets	4,258			3,202
Employer contributions	2,188			384
Benefits paid	(1,782		)	(1,660		)
Settlements	(41		)	(1,632		)
Other	511			(750		)
Ending balance	$	35,689		$	30,555

Funded Status:
Fair value of plan assets	$	35,689		$	30,555
Benefit obligations	(36,999		)	(34,923		)
Funded status of plan	$	(1,310	)	$	(4,368	)

Amounts Recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Consist of:
Noncurrent assets	$	957		$	451
Current liability	(70		)	(72		)
Noncurrent liability	(2,197		)	(4,747		)
Net amount recognized	$	(1,310	)	$	(4,368	)

Amounts Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Consist of:
Net actuarial loss	$	7,238		$	7,941
Prior service cost (credit)	37			(6		)
Net amount recognized	$	7,275		$	7,935

At the end of fiscal 2015, we changed the approach we had used to estimate the service and interest components of net periodic pension cost for our significant pension plans. This change, compared to the previous approach, resulted in a net decrease in the service and interest components of our annual net periodic pension cost of approximately $215 million for 2016. Historically, we estimated the service and interest cost components utilizing a single-weighted average discount rate derived from the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period. We have elected to utilize a full yield curve approach in the estimation of these components by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. We made this change to provide a more precise measurement of service and interest costs by improving the correlation between projected benefit cash flows to the corresponding spot yield curve rates. This change does not materially affect the measurement of our total benefit obligations.

As part of our long-term strategy to de-risk our defined benefit pension plans, we made discretionary contributions of approximately $1.9 billion to our domestic defined benefit pension plans in the quarter ended September 30, 2017. In 2016, we entered into an agreement to purchase a group annuity contract to transfer approximately $768 million of our outstanding pension benefit obligations related to certain U.S. retirees or beneficiaries, which was finalized on October 12, 2016. We also offered certain former U.S. employees or beneficiaries (generally all former U.S. participants not yet in receipt of their vested pension benefits) an option to take a one-time lump-sum distribution in lieu of future monthly pension payments, which reduced our pension benefit obligations by approximately $935 million. These transactions reduced the assets of our defined benefit pension plans by approximately $1.5 billion. As a result of these 2016 transactions, we recognized a one-time pre-tax pension settlement charge of approximately $423 million in the fourth quarter of 2016.

The amounts included in "Other" in the above table primarily reflect the impact of foreign exchange translation, primarily for plans in the U.K. and Canada.

As approved in 2016, effective January 1, 2017, a voluntary lump-sum option is available for the frozen final average earnings benefits of certain U.S. salaried employees upon termination of employment after 2016. This option provides participants with the choice of electing to receive a lump-sum payment in lieu of receiving a future monthly pension benefit. This plan change reduced the projected benefit obligation by $170 million.

Qualified domestic pension plan benefits comprise approximately 74% of the projected benefit obligation. Benefits for union employees are generally based on a stated amount for each year of service. For non-union employees, benefits for service up to December 31, 2014 are generally based on an employee's years of service and compensation through December 31, 2014. Benefits for service after December 31, 2014 are based on the existing cash balance formula that was adopted in 2003 for newly hired non-union employees and for other non-union employees who made a one-time voluntary election to have future benefit accruals determined under this formula. Certain foreign plans, which comprise approximately 25% of the projected benefit obligation, are considered defined benefit plans for accounting purposes. Nonqualified domestic pension plans provide supplementary retirement benefits to certain employees and are not a material component of the projected benefit obligation.

We made $1.9 billion of cash contributions to our domestic defined benefit pension plans and made $212 million of cash contributions to our foreign defined benefit pension plans in 2017. In 2016, we made $100 million of cash contributions to our domestic defined benefit pension plans and made $203 million of cash contributions to our foreign defined benefit pension plans.

Information for pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:



(dollars in millions)	2017		2016
Projected benefit obligation	$	22,360	$	32,732
Accumulated benefit obligation	22,159		32,095
Fair value of plan assets	20,438		27,943

The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $36.2 billion and $34.2 billion at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The components of the net periodic pension (benefit) cost are as follows:



(dollars in millions)	2017			2016			2015
Pension Benefits:
Service cost	$	374		$	383		$	493
Interest cost	1,120			1,183			1,399
Expected return on plan assets	(2,215		)	(2,202		)	(2,264		)
Amortization of prior service credit	(36		)	(33		)	(11		)
Recognized actuarial net loss	575			572			882
Net settlement, curtailment and special termination benefits loss	3			498			150
Net periodic pension (benefit) cost - employer	$	(179	)	$	401		$	649

Net settlement and curtailment losses for pension benefits includes curtailment losses of approximately $109 million related to, and recorded in, discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2015. In addition, total net periodic pension cost includes approximately $98 million related to, and recorded in, discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive loss in 2017 are as follows:



(dollars in millions)
Current year actuarial gain	$	(239	)
Amortization of actuarial loss	(575		)
Current year prior service cost	4
Amortization of prior service credit	36
Net settlement and curtailment loss	(11		)
Other	125
Total recognized in other comprehensive loss	$	(660	)
Net recognized in net periodic pension (benefit) cost and other comprehensive loss	$	(839	)

The amount included in "Other" in the above table primarily reflects the impact of foreign exchange translation, primarily for plans in the U.K. and Canada.

The estimated amount that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic pension (benefit) cost in 2018 is as follows:



(dollars in millions)
Net actuarial loss	$	402
Prior service credit	(41		)
	$	361

Major assumptions used in determining the benefit obligation and net cost for pension plans are presented in the following table as weighted-averages:



	Benefit Obligation				Net Cost
	2017		2016		2017		2016		2015
Discount rate
PBO	3.4	%	3.8	%	3.8	%	4.1	%	3.8	%
Interest cost¹	—		—		3.3	%	3.4	%	—
Service cost¹	—		—		3.6	%	3.8	%	—
Salary scale	4.2	%	4.1	%	4.1	%	4.2	%	4.2	%
Expected return on plan assets	—		—		7.3	%	7.3	%	7.6	%


Note 1	The 2017 and 2016 discount rates used to measure the service cost and interest cost applies to our significant plans. The PBO discount rate is used for the service cost and interest cost measurements for non-significant plans.

In determining the expected return on plan assets, we consider the relative weighting of plan assets, the historical performance of total plan assets and individual asset classes, and economic and other indicators of future performance. In addition, we may consult with and consider the opinions of financial and other professionals in developing appropriate capital market assumptions. Return projections are also validated using a simulation model that incorporates yield curves, credit spreads and risk premiums to project long-term prospective returns.

The plans' investment management objectives include providing the liquidity and asset levels needed to meet current and future benefit payments, while maintaining a prudent degree of portfolio diversification considering interest rate risk and market volatility. Globally, investment strategies target a mix of 50% to 55% of growth seeking assets and 45% to 50% of income generating and hedging assets using a wide diversification of asset types, fund strategies and investment managers. The growth seeking allocation consists of global public equities in developed and emerging countries, private equity, real estate and multi-asset class strategies. Growth assets include an enhanced alpha strategy that invests in publicly traded equity and fixed income securities, derivatives and foreign currency. Investments in private equity are primarily via limited partnership interests in buy-out strategies with smaller allocations to distressed debt funds. The real estate strategy is principally concentrated in directly held U.S. core investments with some smaller investments in international, value-added and opportunistic strategies. Within the income generating assets, the fixed income portfolio consists of mainly government and broadly diversified high quality corporate bonds.

The plans have continued their pension risk management techniques designed to reduce the plans' interest rate risk. More specifically, the plans have incorporated liability hedging programs that include the adoption of a risk reduction objective as part of the long-term investment strategy. Under this objective the interest rate hedge is dynamically increased as funded status improves. The hedging programs incorporate a range of assets and investment tools, each with ranging interest rate sensitivity. As result of the improved funded status of the plans due to favorable asset returns and funding of the plans, the interest rate hedge increased significantly during 2017. The investment portfolios are currently hedging approximately 55% to 60% of the interest rate sensitivity of the pension plan liabilities.

As a result of the shift in the target asset mix to higher income generating and hedging assets and lower growth seeking assets, we will reduce the expected return on plan assets assumption for 2018 including the assumption of a 7% return on plan assets for our qualified domestic pension plans.

The fair values of pension plan assets at December 31, 2017 and 2016 by asset category are as follows:



(dollars in millions)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets For Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Not Subject to Leveling		Total
Asset Category:
Public Equities
Global Equities	$	3,129	$	3	$	—	$	—	$	3,132
Global Equity Commingled Funds¹	—		1,084		—		—		1,084
Enhanced Global Equities²	213		819		—		—		1,032
Global Equity Funds at net asset value⁸	—		—		—		7,599		7,599
Private Equities^3,8	—		—		46		1,170		1,216
Fixed Income Securities
Governments	1,445		69		—		—		1,514
Corporate Bonds	—		10,929		—		—		10,929
Fixed Income Securities⁸	—		—		—		3,519		3,519
Real Estate^4,8	—		15		1,446		396		1,857
Other^5,8	—		287		—		2,509		2,796
Cash & Cash Equivalents^6,8	—		79		—		498		577
Subtotal	$	4,787	$	13,285	$	1,492	$	15,691	35,255
Other Assets & Liabilities⁷									434
Total at December 31, 2017									$	35,689
Public Equities
Global Equities	$	4,682	$	3	$	—	$	—	$	4,685
Global Equity Commingled Funds¹	—		367		—		—		367
Enhanced Global Equities²	168		1,494		—		—		1,662
Global Equity Funds at net asset value ⁸	—		—		—		7,090		7,090
Private Equities^3,8	—		—		122		1,239		1,361
Fixed Income Securities
Governments	260		54		—		—		314
Corporate Bonds	—		7,637		—		—		7,637
Fixed Income Securities⁸	—		—		—		2,788		2,788
Real Estate^4,8	—		17		1,285		513		1,815
Other^5,8	—		289		—		1,819		2,108
Cash & Cash Equivalents^6,8	100		75		—		121		296
Subtotal	$	5,210	$	9,936	$	1,407	$	13,570	30,123
Other Assets & Liabilities⁷									432
Total at December 31, 2016									$	30,555


Note 1	Represents commingled funds that invest primarily in common stocks.


Note 2	Represents enhanced equity separate account and commingled fund portfolios. A portion of the portfolio may include long-short market neutral and relative value strategies that invest in publicly traded, equity and fixed income securities, as well as derivatives of equity and fixed income securities and foreign currency.


Note 3	Represents limited partner investments with general partners that primarily invest in debt and equity.


Note 4	Represents investments in real estate including commingled funds and directly held properties.


Note 5	Represents insurance contracts and global balanced risk commingled funds consisting mainly of equity, bonds and some commodities.


Note 6	Represents short-term commercial paper, bonds and other cash or cash-like instruments.


Note 7	Represents trust receivables and payables that are not leveled.

Note 8

In accordance with ASU 2015-07, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented for the total pension benefits plan assets.

Derivatives in the plan are primarily used to manage risk and gain asset class exposure while still maintaining liquidity. Derivative instruments mainly consist of equity futures, interest rate futures, interest rate swaps and currency forward contracts.

Our common stock represents approximately 1% of total plan assets at both December 31, 2017 and 2016. We review our assets at least quarterly to ensure we are within the targeted asset allocation ranges and, if necessary, asset balances are adjusted back within target allocations. We employ a broadly diversified investment manager structure that includes diversification by active and passive management, style, capitalization, country, sector, industry and number of investment managers.

The fair value measurement of plan assets using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) changed due to the following:



(dollars in millions)	Private Equities			Real Estate		Total
Balance, December 31, 2015	$	182		$	1,165	$	1,347
Realized gains	46			19		65
Unrealized gains relating to instruments still held in the reporting period	5			18		23
Purchases, sales, and settlements, net	(111		)	83		(28		)
Balance, December 31, 2016	122			1,285		1,407
Realized gains	61			31		92
Unrealized (losses) gains relating to instruments still held in the reporting period	(47		)	17		(30		)
Purchases, sales, and settlements, net	(90		)	113		23
Balance, December 31, 2017	$	46		$	1,446	$	1,492

Quoted market prices are used to value investments when available. Investments in securities traded on exchanges, including listed futures and options, are valued at the last reported sale prices on the last business day of the year or, if not available, the last reported bid prices. Fixed income securities are primarily measured using a market approach pricing methodology, where observable prices are obtained by market transactions involving identical or comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings. Mortgages have been valued on the basis of their future principal and interest payments discounted at prevailing interest rates for similar investments. Investment contracts are valued at fair value by discounting the related cash flows based on current yields of similar instruments with comparable durations. Real estate investments are valued on a quarterly basis using discounted cash flow models which consider long-term lease estimates, future rental receipts and estimated residual values. Valuation estimates are supplemented by third-party appraisals on an annual basis.

Private equity limited partnerships are valued quarterly using discounted cash flows, earnings multiples and market multiples. Valuation adjustments reflect changes in operating results, financial condition, or prospects of the applicable portfolio company. Over-the-counter securities and government obligations are valued at the bid prices or the average of the bid and ask prices on the last business day of the year from published sources or, if not available, from other sources considered reliable, generally broker quotes. Temporary cash investments are stated at cost, which approximates fair value.

As a result of the $1.9 billion contribution, we are not required to make additional contributions to our domestic defined benefit pension plans through the end of 2028. We expect to make total contributions of approximately $100 million to our global defined benefit pension plans in 2018. Contributions do not reflect benefits to be paid directly from corporate assets.

Benefit payments, including amounts to be paid from corporate assets, and reflecting expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid as follows: $2,044 million in 2018, $1,903 million in 2019, $1,952 million in 2020, $2,004 million in 2021, $2,054 million in 2022, and $10,710 million from 2023 through 2027.

Postretirement Benefit Plans. We sponsor a number of postretirement benefit plans that provide health and life benefits to eligible retirees. Such benefits are provided primarily from domestic plans, which comprise approximately 85% of the benefit obligation. The postretirement plans are unfunded.



(dollars in millions)	2017			2016
Change in Benefit Obligation:
Beginning balance	$	805		$	890
Service cost	2			3
Interest cost	29			34
Actuarial gain	(4		)	(48		)
Total benefits paid	(87		)	(97		)
Other	22			23
Ending balance	$	767		$	805

Change in Plan Assets:
Beginning balance	$	—		$	—
Employer contributions	71			80
Benefits paid	(87		)	(97		)
Other	16			17
Ending balance	$	—		$	—

Funded Status:
Fair value of plan assets	$	—		$	—
Benefit obligations	(767		)	(805		)
Funded status of plan	$	(767	)	$	(805	)

Amounts Recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Consist of:
Current liability	$	(72	)	$	(78	)
Noncurrent liability	(695		)	(727		)
Net amount recognized	$	(767	)	$	(805	)

Amounts Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Consist of:
Net actuarial gain	$	(143	)	$	(152	)
Prior service credit	(10		)	(5		)
Net amount recognized	$	(153	)	$	(157	)

The components of net periodic benefit cost are as follows:



(dollars in millions)	2017			2016			2015
Other Postretirement Benefits:
Service cost	$	2		$	3		$	3
Interest cost	29			34			34
Amortization of prior service credit	(1		)	—			—
Recognized actuarial net gain	(9		)	(4		)	(4		)
Net settlement and curtailment gain	—			—			(1		)
Net periodic other postretirement benefit cost	$	21		$	33		$	32

Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive loss in 2017 are as follows:



(dollars in millions)
Current year actuarial gain	$	(2	)
Current year prior service credit	(6		)
Amortization of prior service credit	1
Amortization of actuarial net gain	9
Other	2
Total recognized in other comprehensive loss	$	4
Net recognized in net periodic other postretirement benefit cost and other comprehensive loss	$	25

The estimated amounts that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic benefit cost in 2018 include actuarial net gains of $10 million and prior service credits of $3 million.

Major assumptions used in determining the benefit obligation and net cost for postretirement plans are presented in the following table as weighted-averages:



	Benefit Obligation				Net Cost
	2017		2016		2017		2016		2015
Discount rate	3.4	%	3.8	%	3.8	%	4.0	%	3.8	%

Assumed health care cost trend rates are as follows:



	2017		2016
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year	7.0	%	6.5	%
Rate that the cost trend rate gradually declines to	5.0	%	5.0	%
Year that the rate reaches the rate it is assumed to remain at	2026		2022

Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plans. A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects:



	2017 One-Percentage-Point
(dollars in millions)	Increase		Decrease
Effect on total service and interest cost	$	2	$	(2	)
Effect on postretirement benefit obligation	40		(35		)

Benefit payments, including net amounts to be paid from corporate assets and reflecting expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid as follows: $72 million in 2018, $67 million in 2019, $64 million in 2020, $59 million in 2021, $54 million in 2022, and $225 million from 2023 through 2027.

Multiemployer Benefit Plans. We contribute to various domestic and foreign multiemployer defined benefit pension plans. The risks of participating in these multiemployer plans are different from single-employer plans in that assets contributed are pooled and may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers. If a participating employer stops contributing to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers. Lastly, if we choose to stop participating in some of our multiemployer plans, we may be required to pay those plans a withdrawal liability based on the underfunded status of the plan.

Our participation in these plans for the annual periods ended December 31 is outlined in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, the most recent Pension Protection Act (PPA) zone status available in 2017 and 2016 is for the plan's year-end at June 30, 2016, and June 30, 2015, respectively. The zone status is based on information that we received from the plan and is certified by the plan's actuary. Our significant plan is in the green zone which represents a plan that is at least 80% funded and does not require a financial improvement plan (FIP) or a rehabilitation plan (RP). An extended amortization provision of ten years is utilized to recognize investment gains or losses for our significant plan.



(dollars in millions)		Pension Protection Act Zone Status		FIP/ RP Status	Contributions
Pension Fund	EIN/Pension Plan Number	2017	2016	Pending/ Implemented	2017		2016		2015		Surcharge Imposed	Expiration Date of Collective-Bargaining Agreement
National Elevator Industry Pension Plan	23-2694291	Green	Green	No	$	114	$	100	$	88	No	July 8, 2022
Other funds					31		31		32
					$	145	$	131	$	120

For the plan years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, we were listed in the National Elevator Industry Pension Plan's Forms 5500 as providing more than 5% of the total contributions for the plan. At the date these financial statements were issued, Forms 5500 were not available for the plan year ending June 30, 2017.

In addition, we participate in several multiemployer arrangements that provide postretirement benefits other than pensions, with the National Elevator Industry Health Benefit Plan being the most significant. These arrangements generally provide medical and life benefits for eligible active employees and retirees and their dependents. Contributions to multiemployer plans that provide postretirement benefits other than pensions were $19 million, $17 million and $15 million for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Stock-based Compensation. UTC's long-term incentive plan authorizes various types of market and performance based incentive awards that may be granted to officers and employees. Our Long-Term Incentive Plan (LTIP) was last amended on February 5, 2016. Since the LTIP's inception in 2005, a total of 149 million shares have been authorized for issuance pursuant to awards under the LTIP. All equity-based compensation awards are made exclusively through the LTIP. As of December 31, 2017, approximately 29 million shares remain available for awards under the LTIP. The LTIP does not contain an aggregate annual award limit. We expect that the shares awarded on an annual basis will range from 1.0% to 1.5% of shares outstanding. The LTIP will expire after all authorized shares have been awarded or April 30, 2020, whichever is sooner.

Under the LTIP and predecessor long-term incentive plans, the exercise price of awards is set on the grant date and may not be less than the fair market value per share on that date. Generally, stock appreciation rights and stock options have a term of ten years and a minimum three-year vesting period. In the event of retirement, awards held for more than one year may become vested and exercisable subject to certain terms and conditions. LTIP awards with performance-based vesting generally have a minimum three-year vesting period and vest based on performance against pre-established metrics. In the event of retirement, vesting for awards held more than one year does not accelerate but may vest as scheduled based on actual performance relative to target metrics. We have historically repurchased shares of our common stock in an amount at least equal to the number of shares issued under our equity compensation arrangements and will continue to evaluate this policy in conjunction with our overall share repurchase program.

We measure the cost of all share-based payments, including stock options, at fair value on the grant date and recognize this cost in the Consolidated Statement of Operations as follows:



(dollars in millions)	2017		2016		2015
Continuing operations	$	192	$	152	$	158
Discontinued operations	—		1		17
Total compensation cost recognized	$	192	$	153	$	175

The associated future income tax benefit recognized was $38 million, $49 million and $57 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The amounts related to 2017 have been provisionally adjusted for the impact of the TCJA. Please refer to Note 11 for additional detail.

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the amount of cash received from the exercise of stock options was $29 million, $17 million and $41 million, respectively, with an associated tax benefit realized of $100 million, $69 million and $89 million, respectively. In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the associated tax benefit realized from the vesting of performance share units and other restricted awards was $12 million, $17 million and $48 million, respectively. In 2016, we adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-09, "Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting." As part of that adoption, we elected to apply the prospective transition method and therefore, did not revise prior years' disclosures. As such, for the year ended December 31, 2015, based on existing guidance prior to the issuance of ASU 2016-09, $64 million of certain tax benefits have been reported as operating cash outflows with corresponding cash inflows from financing activities.

At December 31, 2017, there was $175 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested equity awards granted under long-term incentive plans. This cost is expected to be recognized ratably over a weighted-average period of 3.3 years.

A summary of the transactions under all long-term incentive plans for the year ended December 31, 2017 follows:



	Stock Options				Stock Appreciation Rights				Performance Share Units				Other Incentive Shares/Units
(shares and units in thousands)	Shares		Average Price*		Shares		Average Price*		Units		Average Price**		Other Incentive Shares/Units
Outstanding at:
December 31, 2016	2,023		$	89.72	36,413		$	87.18	1,967		$	107.05	2,033
Granted	231		110.81		3,464		110.91		614		110.83		1,006
Exercised / earned	(369	)	77.17		(6,770	)	72.86		(2	)	107.78		(441	)
Cancelled	(103	)	102.00		(720	)	95.23		(699	)	112.16		(123	)
Other	(37	)	$	94.30	335		$	92.54	(4	)	$	106.38	(293	)
December 31, 2017	1,745		$	94.35	32,722		$	92.54	1,876		$	106.38	2,182


*	weighted-average exercise price


**	weighted-average grant stock price

The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options and stock appreciation rights granted during 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $17.22, $14.02 and $18.69, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value of performance share units, which vest upon achieving certain performance metrics, granted during 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $111.00, $91.63 and $120.36, respectively. The total fair value of awards vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $138 million, $165 million and $247 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value (which is the amount by which the stock price exceeded the exercise price on the date of exercise) of stock options and stock appreciation rights exercised during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $320 million, $214 million and $281 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value (which is the stock price at vesting) of performance share units and other restricted awards vested was $49 million, $61 million and $151 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The following table summarizes information about equity awards outstanding that are vested and expected to vest and equity awards outstanding that are exercisable at December 31, 2017:



	Equity Awards Vested and Expected to Vest						Equity Awards That Are Exercisable
(shares in thousands; aggregate intrinsic value in millions)	Awards	Average Price*		Aggregate Intrinsic Value		Remaining Term**	Awards	Average Price*		Aggregate Intrinsic Value		Remaining Term**
Stock Options/Stock Appreciation Rights	34,183	$	91.85	$	1,221	5.5 years	21,990	$	84.34	$	951	4.2 years
Performance Share Units/Restricted Stock	3,462	—		442		2.1 years


*	weighted-average exercise price per share


**	weighted-average contractual remaining term in years

The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using a binomial lattice model. The following table indicates the assumptions used in estimating fair value for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Lattice-based option models incorporate ranges of assumptions for inputs; those ranges are as follows:



	2017		2016		2015
Expected volatility	19	%	20%		20% - 23%
Weighted-average volatility	19	%	20	%	21	%
Expected term (in years)	6.5		6.5		6.0 - 6.8
Expected dividend yield	2.4	%	2.7	%	2.2	%
Risk-free rate	0.5% - 2.5%		0.2% - 2.6%		0.0% - 2.2%

Expected volatilities are based on the returns of our stock, including implied volatilities from traded options on our stock for the binomial lattice model. We use historical data to estimate equity award exercise and employee termination behavior within the valuation model. Prior to 2016, separate employee groups and equity award characteristics were considered separately for valuation purposes. The expected term represents an estimate of the period of time equity awards are expected to remain outstanding. The risk-free rate is based on the term structure of interest rates at the time of equity award grant.