(11) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company accounts for fair value measurement in accordance with FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure. FASB ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. FASB ASC 820 does not require any new fair value measurements. The definition of fair value retains the exchange price notion in earlier definitions of fair value. FASB ASC 820 clarifies that the exchange price is the price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability in the market in which the reporting entity would transact for the asset or liability. The definition focuses on the price that would be received to sell the asset or paid to transfer the liability (an exit price), not the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or received to assume the liability (an entry price). FASB ASC 820 emphasizes that fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement and also clarifies the application of fair value measurement in a market that is not active.

FASB ASC 820 describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

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Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

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Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include: quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability; and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

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Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

FASB ASC 820 requires the Company to disclose the fair value of financial assets on both a recurring and non-recurring basis. The assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:

			Category Used for Fair Value Measurement
March 31, 2017	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	3,497	$	3,497	$	—	$	—
U.S. Government agency mortgage-backed securities		252,858		—		252,858		—
Trust preferred securities		10,445		—		—		10,445
Collateralized loan obligations		31,466		—		31,466		—
Other securities		1,236		1,236		—		—
Hedged commercial loans		1,561		—		1,561		—
Interest rate swaps		1,671		—		1,671		—
Liabilities:
Fair value interest rate swaps		146		—		146		—
Interest rate swaps		1,679		—		1,679		—

December 31, 2016
Assets:
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	2,498	$	2,498	$	—	$	—
U.S. Government agency mortgage-backed securities		244,658		—		244,658		—
Trust preferred securities		9,851		—		—		9,851
Collateralized loan obligations		37,319		—		37,319		—
Other securities		1,360		1,360		—		—
Hedged commercial loans		1,634		—		1,634		—
Interest rate swaps		2,077		—		2,077		—
Liabilities:
Fair value interest rate swaps		165		—		165		—
Interest rate swaps		2,087		—		2,087		—

Level 1 Valuation Techniques and Inputs

U.S. Treasury securities. The Company reports U.S. Treasury securities at fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs. These securities are priced using observable quotations for the indicated security.

Other securities. The other securities category is comprised of money market mutual funds. Given the short maturity structure and the expectation that the investment can be redeemed at par value, the fair value of these investments is assumed to be the book value.

Level 2 Valuation Techniques and Inputs

The majority of the Company’s investment securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. Prices of these securities are obtained through independent, third-party pricing services. Prices obtained through these sources include market derived quotations and matrix pricing and may include both observable and unobservable inputs. Fair market values take into consideration data such as dealer quotes, new issue pricing, trade prices for similar issues, prepayment estimates, cash flows, market credit spreads and other factors. The Company reviews the output from the third-party providers for reasonableness by the pricing consistency among securities with similar characteristics, where available, and by comparing values with other pricing sources available to the Company.

In general, the Level 2 valuation process uses the following significant inputs in determining the fair value of the Company’s different classes of investments:

U.S. Government agency mortgage-backed securities. The Company’s agency mortgage-backed securities generally fall into one of two categories, fixed-rate agency mortgage-backed pools or adjustable-rate agency mortgage-backed pools.

Fixed-rate agency mortgage-backed pools are evaluated based on spreads to actively traded To-Be-Announced and seasoned securities, the pricing of which is provided by inter-dealer brokers, broker dealers and other contributing firms active in trading the security class. Further delineation is made by weighted average coupon and weighted average maturity with spreads on individual securities relative to actively traded securities as determined and quality controlled using OAS valuations.

Adjustable-rate agency mortgage-backed pools are valued on a bond equivalent effective margin (“BEEM”) basis obtained from broker-dealers and other contributing firms active in the market. BEEM levels are established for key sectors using characteristics such as month-to-roll, index, periodic and life caps and index margins and convertibility. Individual securities are then evaluated based on how their characteristics map to the sectors established.

Collateralized loan obligations. The fair value measurements for collateralized loan obligations are obtained through quotes obtained from broker/dealers based on similar actively traded securities.

Hedged commercial loans. The hedged commercial loans are one component of a declared hedging relationship as defined under FASB ASC 815. The interest rate swap component of the declared hedging relationship is carried at its fair value and the carrying value of the commercial loans included a similar change in fair values. The fair value of these loans is estimated through discounted cash flow analysis which utilizes available credit and interest rate market data on performance of similar loans.

Interest rate swaps. The Company’s interest rate swaps, including fair value interest rate swaps and small exposures in interest rate caps and floors, are reported at fair value utilizing models provided by an independent, third-party and observable market data. When entering into an interest rate swap agreement, the Company is exposed to fair value changes due to interest rate movements, and also the potential nonperformance of our contract counterparty. Interest rate swaps are evaluated based on a zero coupon LIBOR curve created from readily observable data on LIBOR, interest rate futures and the interest rate swap markets. The zero coupon curve is used to discount the projected cash flows on each individual interest rate swap. In addition, the Company has developed a methodology to value the nonperformance risk based on internal credit risk metrics and the unique characteristics of derivative instruments, which include notional exposure rather than principal at risk and interest payment netting. The results of this methodology are used to adjust the base fair value of the instrument for the potential counterparty credit risk. Interest rate caps and floors are evaluated using industry standard options pricing models and observed market data on LIBOR and Eurodollar option and cap/floor volatilities.

Level 3 Valuation Techniques and Inputs

Trust preferred securities. The trust preferred securities are evaluated on a quarterly basis based on whether the security is an obligation of a single issuer or part of a securitization pool. For single issuer obligations, the Company uses discounted cash flow models which incorporate the contractual cash flow for each issue adjusted as necessary for any potential changes in amount or timing of cash flows. The cash flow model of a pooled issue incorporates anticipated loss rates and severities of the underlying collateral as well as credit support provided within the securitization. At least quarterly, the Company’s Treasury personnel review the modeling assumptions which include default assumptions, discount and forward rates. Changes in those assumptions could potentially have a significant impact on the fair value of the trust preferred securities.

The cash flow model for the pooled issue owned by the Company at March 31, 2017 assumes no recovery on defaulted collateral, no recovery on securities in deferral and an additional 3.6% future default rate assumption on the remaining performing collateral every three years with no recovery rate.

For trust preferred securities, projected cash flows are discounted at a rate based on a trading group of similar securities quoted on the New York Stock Exchange or over-the-counter markets which is reviewed for market data points such as credit rating, maturity, price and liquidity. The Company indexes the securities to a comparable maturity interest rate swap to determine the market spread, which is then used as the discount rate in the cash flow models. As of the reporting date, the market spreads were 2.75% for the pooled security and 5.25% for the single issuer. An increase or decrease of three percentage points in the discount rate on the pooled issue would result in a decrease of $1.8 million or an increase of $2.3 million in the security fair value, respectively. An increase or decrease of three percentage points in the discount on the single issuer would result in a decrease of $0.9 million or an increase of $1.5 million in the security fair value, respectively.

The following provides details of the Level 3 fair value measurement activity for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016:

Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs-Level 3

Investment Securities

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2017		2016
Balance, beginning of period	$	9,851	$	10,175
Total gains, realized/unrealized:
Included in earnings		1		—
Included in accumulated other comprehensive income		594		(456	)
Purchases		—		—
Maturities		—		—
Prepayments		—		—
Calls		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3		—		—
Balance, end of period	$	10,446	$	9,719

There were no transfers between the three levels for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016. The Company evaluates its hierarchy on a quarterly basis to ensure proper classification.

Certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). The Company measures impaired loans, loans held-for-sale, bank properties and equipment and bank properties transferred to other real estate owned at fair value on a non-recurring basis. At March 31, 2017 and 2016, these assets were valued in accordance with GAAP and, except for impaired loans included in the following table, did not require fair value disclosure under the provisions of FASB ASC 820. The related changes in fair value for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:

			Category Used for Fair Value Measurement						Total Losses Or Changes in Net Assets /
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Liabilities
March 31, 2017
Assets:
Impaired loans	$	1,679	$	—	$	—	$	1,679	$	(53	)

March 31, 2016
Assets:
Impaired loans	$	577	$	—	$	—	$	577	$	(74	)

Under FASB ASC 310, the fair value of collateral dependent impaired loans is based on the fair value of the underlying collateral, typically real estate, which is based on valuations. It is the policy of the Company to obtain a current appraisal or evaluation when a loan has been identified as non-performing. The type of appraisal obtained will be commensurate with the size and complexity of the loan. The resulting value will be adjusted for the potential cost of liquidation and decline of values in the market. New appraisals are obtained on an annual basis until the loan is repaid in full, liquidated, or returns to performing status.

While the loan policy dictates that a loan be assigned to the special assets department when it is placed on non-accrual status, there is a need for loan officers to consistently and accurately determine collateral values when a loan is initially designated as criticized or classified. The most effective means of determining the fair value of real estate collateral at a point in time is by obtaining a current appraisal or evaluation of the property. In anticipation of the receipt of a current appraisal or evaluation, the Company will provide for an alternative and interim means of determining the fair value of the real estate collateral, such as broker pricing.

The most recent appraisal or reported value of the collateral securing a loan, net of a discount for the estimated cost of liquidation, is the Company’s basis for determining fair value.

The following table summarizes the Company’s appraisal approach based upon loan category.

Loan Category Used for Impairment Review		Method of Determining the Value

Loans less than $1 million		Evaluation report or restricted use appraisal

Loans $1 million or greater
Existing appraisal 18 months or less		Restricted use appraisal
Existing appraisal greater than 18 months		Summary form appraisal

Commercial loans secured primarily by residential real estate
Loans less than $1 million		Automated valuation model
Loans $1 million or greater		Summary form appraisal

Non-commercial loans secured primarily by residential real estate
Loans less than $250,000		Automated valuation model or summary form appraisal
Loans $250,000 or greater		Summary form appraisal

An evaluation report, as defined by the OCC, is a written report prepared by an appraiser that describes the real estate collateral, its condition, current and projected uses and sources of information used in the analysis, and provides an estimate of value in situations when an appraisal is not required.

A restricted use appraisal is defined as a written report prepared under the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (“USPAP”). A restricted use appraisal is for the Company’s use only and contains a brief statement of information significant to the determination of the value of the collateral under review. This report can be used for ongoing collateral monitoring.

A summary form appraisal is defined as a written report prepared under the USPAP which contains a detailed summary of all information significant to the determination of the collateral valuation. This report is more detailed than a restricted use report and provides sufficient information to enable the user to understand the rationale for the opinions and conclusions in the report.

An automated valuation model is an internal computer program that estimates a property’s market value based on market, economic, and demographic factors.

On a quarterly basis, or more frequently as necessary, the Company will review the circumstances of each collateral dependent loan and real estate owned property. A collateral dependent loan is defined as one that relies solely on the operation or the sale of the collateral for repayment. Adjustments to any specific reserve relating to a collateral shortfall, as compared to the outstanding loan balance, will be made if justified by appraisals, market conditions or current events concerning the credit.

All appraisals received which are utilized to determine valuations for criticized and classified loans or properties placed in real estate owned are provided under an “as is” value. Partially charged off loans are measured for impairment upon receipt of an updated appraisal based on the relationship between the remaining balance of the charged down loan and the discounted appraised value. Such loans will remain on non-accrual status unless performance by the borrower warrants a return to accrual status. Recognition of non-accrual status occurs at the time a loan can no longer support principal and interest payments in accordance with the original terms and conditions of the loan documents. When impairment is determined, a specific reserve reflecting any calculated shortfall between the value of the collateral and the outstanding balance of the loan is recorded. Subsequent adjustments, prior to receipt of a new appraisal, to any related specific reserve will be made if justified by market conditions or current events concerning the loan. If an internal discount-based evaluation is being used, the discount percentage may be adjusted to reflect market changes, changes to the collateral value of similar credits or circumstances of the individual loan itself. The amount of the charge-off is determined by calculating the difference between the current loan balance and the current collateral valuation, plus estimated cost to liquidate.

Impaired loan fair value measurements are based upon unobservable inputs, and therefore, are categorized as a Level 3 measurement. There were no impaired loans with specific reserves at both March 31, 2017 and 2016. There were no charge-offs recorded on impaired loans with a specific reserve during both the three months ended March 31, 2017, and 2016. Impaired loans held-for-investment with an aggregate carrying amount of $1.7 million and $577 thousand at March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, did not include specific reserves as the value of the underlying collateral was not below the carrying amount. However, these loans did include charge-offs of $53 thousand, none of which related to loans that were fully charged off at March 31, 2017 and $74 thousand, none of which related to loans that were fully charged off at March 31, 2016.

Once a loan is determined to be uncollectible, the underlying collateral is repossessed and reclassified as other real estate owned. The balance of other real estate owned can also include bank properties transferred from operations. These assets are carried at the lower of cost or fair value of the collateral, less cost to sell. In some cases, adjustments are made to the appraised values for various factors including age of the appraisal, age of comparable properties included in the appraisal, and known changes in the market and the collateral. During the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company did not record a decrease in fair value on either commercial or consumer properties.

In accordance with ASC 825-10-50-10, Fair Value of Financial Instruments, the Company is required to disclose the fair value of its financial instruments. The fair value of a financial instrument is the current amount that would be exchanged between willing parties, other than in a distressed sale. Fair value is best determined using observable market prices; however, for many of the Company’s financial instruments, no quoted market prices are readily available. In instances where quoted market prices are not readily available, fair value is determined using cash flow models or other techniques appropriate for the particular instrument. These techniques involve some degree of judgment and, as a result, are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company would realize in a current market exchange. Utilizing different assumptions or estimation techniques may have a material effect on the estimated fair value.

Carrying Amounts and Estimated Fair Values of Financial Assets and Liabilities

	March 31, 2017				December 31, 2016
	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value
Assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	20,737	$	20,737	$	19,645	$	19,645
Interest-earning bank balances		108,155		108,155		114,563		114,563
Restricted cash		1,000		1,000		5,000		5,000
Investment securities available-for-sale		299,502		299,502		295,686		295,686
Investment securities held-to-maturity		250		250		250		250
Loans receivable, net		1,593,198		1,576,654		1,592,743		1,575,818
Hedged commercial loans⁽¹⁾		1,561		1,561		1,634		1,634
Restricted equity investments		15,806		15,806		15,791		15,791
Interest rate swaps		1,671		1,671		2,077		2,077

Liabilities:
Demand deposits	$	1,079,666	$	1,050,609	$	1,095,012	$	1,070,680
Savings deposits		244,405		236,876		241,754		235,216
Time deposits		409,917		416,972		404,597		412,903
Advances from FHLBNY		85,367		85,866		85,416		85,703
Junior subordinated debentures		92,786		64,478		92,786		64,282
Fair value interest rate swaps		146		146		165		165
Interest rate swaps		1,679		1,679		2,087		2,087

(1)	Includes positive market value adjustment of $146 thousand and $165 thousand at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, which is equal to the change in value of related interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges of these hedged loans in accordance with FASB ASC 815.

Cash and cash equivalents. For cash and cash equivalents, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. This is a Level 1 fair value input.

Restricted cash. For restricted cash, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. This is a Level 1 fair value input.

Investment securities. For investment securities, fair values are based on a combination of quoted prices for identical assets in active markets, quoted prices for similar assets in markets that are either actively or not actively traded and price models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques that may contain unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and require significant judgment. The fair value of available-for-sale securities is measured utilizing Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 inputs. The fair value of held-to-maturity securities is measured utilizing Level 2 inputs.

Loans receivable, net. The fair value of loans receivable is estimated using discounted cash flow analysis. Projected future cash flows are calculated using loan characteristics, and assumptions of voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds. For performing loans, Level 2 inputs are utilized as the cash flow analysis is performed using available market data on the performance of similar loans. Projected cash flows are prepared using discount rates believed to represent current market rates. In the second quarter of 2016, an assumption change was made by the Company to the cash flow analysis to utilize loan spreads on loans for comparable banks in its local market as compared to national markets which was used previously. For non-performing loans, the cash flow assumptions are considered Level 3 inputs as market data is not readily available.

Hedged commercial loans. The hedged commercial loans are one component of a declared hedging relationship as defined under FASB ASC 815. The interest rate swap component of the declared hedging relationship is carried at its fair value and the carrying value of the commercial loans includes a similar change in fair values. The fair value of these loans is measured utilizing Level 2 inputs.

Restricted equity securities. Ownership in equity securities of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia (the “Federal Reserve Bank”), FHLBNY and Atlantic Central Bankers Bank is restricted and there is no established market for their resale. The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. The fair value is based on Level 2 inputs.

Interest rate swaps and fair value interest rate swaps. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are not exchange-traded and therefore are valued utilizing models with the primary input being readily observable market parameters, specifically the LIBOR swap curve. In addition, the Company incorporates a qualitative fair value adjustment related to credit quality variations between counterparties as required by FASB ASC 820. This is a level 2 input.

Demand deposits, savings deposits and time deposits. The fair value of demand deposits and savings deposits is determined by projecting future cash flows using an estimated economic life based on account characteristics, a Level 2 input. The resulting cash flow is discounted using rates available on alternative funding sources. The fair value of time deposits is estimated using the rate and maturity characteristics of the deposits to estimate their cash flow. This cash flow is discounted at rates for similar term wholesale funding.

Junior subordinated debentures. The fair value was estimated by discounting approximate cash flows of the borrowings by yields estimating the fair value of similar issues. The valuation model considers current market spreads, known and anticipated credit issues of the underlying collateral, term and reinvestment period and market transactions of similar issues, if available. This is a Level 3 input under the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value estimates presented herein are based on pertinent information available to management as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. Although management is not aware of any factors that would significantly affect the estimated fair value amounts, such amounts have not been comprehensively revalued for purposes of these condensed consolidated financial statements since those dates and, therefore, current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amount presented herein.