Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, RenovaCare Sciences Corp. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. RenovaCare Sciences Corp. was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on June 12, 2013.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results, as determined by future events, may differ from these estimates. Management utilizes various other estimates, including but not limited to, determining the estimated lives of long-lived assets, determining the potential impairment of intangibles, the fair value of warrants issued, the fair value of stock options and other legal claims and contingencies.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents may at times exceed federally insured limits. The Company did not have any cash equivalents as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company accounts for fair value measurements for financial assets and financial liabilities in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements”. The authoritative guidance, which, among other things, defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the exit price, representing the amount that would either be received to sell an asset or be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity can access at the measurement date.

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not have any assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

The Company’s financial statements include cash, other current assets and accounts payable and accrued expenses which are short term in nature and, accordingly, approximate fair value. It is the Company’s policy to measure non-financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (such as evidence of impairment), which if material, are disclosed in the accompanying notes.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718, Stock Based Compensation.  ASC 718 requires all stock-based payments to directors, employees and consultants, including grants of stock options, to be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations based on their fair values. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model (the “Black-Scholes Model”) to determine the weighted-average fair value of options granted and recognizes the compensation expense of stock-based awards on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the award. If a stock-based award contains performance-based conditions, at the point that it becomes probable that the performance conditions will be met, the Company records a cumulative catch-up of the expense from the grant date to the current date, and then amortizes the remainder of the expense over the remaining service period. Management evaluates when the achievement of a performance-based condition is probable based on the expected satisfaction of the performance conditions as of the reporting date.

The determination of the fair value of stock-based payment awards utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the use of the following assumptions: expected volatility of our common stock, which is based on our own calculated historical rate; expected life of the option award, which we elected to calculate using the simplified method; expected dividend yield, which is 0%, as we have not paid and do not have any plans to pay dividends on our common stock; and the risk-free interest rate, which is based on the U.S. Treasury rate in effect at the time of grant with maturities equal to the stock option award’s expected life. The Company evaluates the assumptions used to value the awards at each grant date and if factors change and different assumptions are utilized, stock-based compensation expense may differ significantly from what has been recorded in the past. If there are any modifications or cancellations of the underlying unvested securities, the Company may be required to accelerate, increase or cancel any remaining unearned stock-based compensation expense. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. See “NOTE 6. Equity” for additional information on the Company’s stock-based compensation plan.

Leases

Leases

The Company recognizes their leases with a term of greater than a year on the balance sheet by recording right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Leases can be classified as either operating leases or finance leases. Operating leases will result in straight-line lease expense, while finance leases will result in front-loaded expense. The Company’s lease consists of an operating lease for office space. The Company does not recognize a lease liability or right-of-use asset on the balance sheet for short-term leases. Instead, the Company recognizes short-term lease payments as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. A short-term lease is defined as a lease that, at the commencement date, has a lease term of 12 months or less and does not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise.

Equipment

Equipment

Equipment is carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Major improvements are capitalized, while repair and maintenance are expensed when incurred. Renewals and betterments that materially extend the life of the assets are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in income for the period.

Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives of the related assets. The estimated useful lives of depreciable assets are:

	Estimated Useful Lives
Office equipment	3 - 5 years
Furniture & equipment	5 - 7 years

Patent and Trademark Costs

Patent and Trademark Costs

Costs related to filing and pursuing patent applications are recorded as general and administrative expense and expensed as incurred since recoverability of such expenditures is uncertain.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

The Company expenses research and development expenses to operations as incurred. Research and development expenses consist of (i) regulatory compliance, (ii) pilot-scale manufacturing of the Company’s cell isolations and SkinGun™ spray, (iii) employee-related expenses including salaries, benefits, travel and stock-based compensation, (iv) clinical trials and (v) other research and development costs including consulting fees and stock-based compensation to contract research organizations (CROs) other third parties.

The Company accounts for nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development as expenses when the services have been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

The Company’s intangible asset consists primarily of the CellMist^TM System technology that the Company acquired in 2013 and is recorded at cost. At the time of acquisition, the technology had not reached technological feasibility. The amount capitalized is accounted for as an indefinite-lived intangible asset, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment. Upon successful completion, a determination will be made as to the then useful life of the intangible asset, generally determined by the period in which substantially all of the cash flows are expected to be generated and begin amortization. The Company tests the intangible asset for impairment at least annually or more frequently if impairment indicators exist after performing a qualitative analysis. Management has multiple criteria that it considers when performing the qualitative analysis. The results of this review are then weighed and prioritized. If the totality of the relevant events and circumstances indicate that the intangible asset is not impaired, additional impairment tests are not necessary.

The Company assessed the following qualitative factors that could affect any change in the fair value of the intangible asset: analysis of the technology's current phase, additional testing necessary to bring the technology to market, development of competing products, changes in projections caused by delays, changes in regulations, changes in the market for the technology and changes in cost projections to bring the technology to market. Based on a qualitative assessment, management concluded that a positive assertion can be made from the qualitative assessment that it is more likely than not that the intangible asset related to the CellMist^TM System is not impaired.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributed to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and tax credits and loss carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences and carry-forwards are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts expected to be realized. The Company reports a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain income tax positions, if any, taken or expected to be taken in an income tax return. Estimated interest and penalties are recorded as a component of interest expense or other expense, respectively.

Segment Reporting

Segment Reporting

The Company’s business is considered to be operating in one segment based upon the Company’s organizational structure, the way in which the operations are managed and evaluated, the availability of separate financial results and materiality considerations.

Net Loss Per Share

Net Loss Per Share

The computation of basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is based on the weighted average number of shares that were outstanding during the period, including shares of common stock that are issuable at the end of the reporting period. The computation of diluted EPS is based on the number of basic weighted-average shares outstanding plus the number of common shares that would be issued assuming the exercise of all potentially dilutive common shares outstanding using the treasury stock method. The computation of diluted net income per share does not assume conversion, exercise or contingent issuance of securities that would have an antidilutive effect on earnings per share. Therefore, when calculating EPS if the Company experienced a loss, there is no inclusion of dilutive securities as their inclusion in the EPS calculation is antidilutive. Furthermore, options and warrants will have a dilutive effect under the treasury stock method only when the average market price of the common stock during the period exceeds the exercise price of the options or warrants (they are in the money).

Following is the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2021			2020
Basic and Diluted EPS Computation
Numerator:
Loss available to common stockholders	$	(4,471,723	)	$	(9,548,336	)
Denominator:
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding		87,352,364			87,352,364
Basic and diluted EPS	$	(0.05	)	$	(0.11	)

The shares listed below were not included in the computation of diluted losses per share because to do so would have been antidilutive for the periods presented:

Stock options	3,139,999	5,895,570
Warrants	11,712,496	12,296,912
Total shares not included in the computation of diluted losses per share	14,852,495	18,192,482

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions

A related party is generally defined as (i) any person who holds 10% or more of the Company's securities and their immediate families; (ii) the Company's management; (iii) someone who directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the Company; or (iv) anyone who can significantly influence the financial and operating decisions of the Company. A transaction is a related party transaction when there is a transfer of resources or obligations between related parties. See “Note 9. Related Party Transactions” for further discussion.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash. The Company maintains deposits in an accredited financial institution in excess of federally insured limits. The Company deposits its cash in a financial institution that it believes has high credit quality and has not experienced any losses on such account and does not believe it is exposed to any unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships.

Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Pronouncements

We evaluate all Accounting Standards Updates (ASUs) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) for consideration of their applicability. ASUs not included in our disclosures were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are not expected to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

None.

Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes – Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The guidance removes certain exceptions for recognizing deferred taxes for equity method investments, performing intra period allocation, and calculating income taxes in interim periods. The ASU also adds guidance to reduce complexity in certain areas, including recognizing deferred taxes for goodwill and allocating taxes to members of a consolidated group, among others. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption of the standard is permitted, including adoption in interim or annual periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued. The transition requirements are dependent upon each amendment within this update and will be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company adopted ASU 2019-12 effective January 1, 2021 with no impact on its Financial Statements.