XML 34 R19.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.6.0.2
Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2016
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Valuation Methodologies
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., an exit price) in an orderly transaction between willing market participants at the measurement date. The Company has an established and documented process for determining fair value for financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. When available, quoted market prices are used to determine fair value. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuation techniques that use, where possible, current market-based or independently sourced parameters, such as yield curves, foreign exchange rates, credit spreads, commodity prices, and implied volatilities. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure the financial instruments are recorded at fair value. These adjustments include amounts that reflect counterparty credit quality and that consider the Company's own creditworthiness in determining the fair value of its trading assets and liabilities.
Fair Value Hierarchy
In determining fair value, the Company maximizes the use of observable market inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market-derived or market-based information obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company's estimate about market data. Based on the observability of the significant inputs used, the Company classifies its fair value measurements in accordance with the three-level hierarchy as defined by GAAP. This hierarchy is based on the quality, observability, and reliability of the information used to determine fair value.
Level 1:    Valuations are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Since the valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily available in an active market, they do not entail a significant degree of judgment.
Level 2:    Valuations are based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-based valuations for which all significant assumptions are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3:    Valuations are based on at least one significant unobservable input that is supported by little or no market activity and is significant to the fair value measurement. Values are determined using pricing models and discounted cash flow models that include management judgment and estimation, which may be significant.
In assigning the appropriate levels, the Company performs a detailed analysis of the assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. The level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Therefore, an item may be classified in Level 3 even though there may be many significant inputs that are readily observable.
Valuation Processes. The Company has established a valuation committee to oversee its valuation framework for measuring fair value and to establish valuation policies and procedures. The valuation committee's responsibilities include reviewing fair value measurements and categorizations within the fair value hierarchy and monitoring the use of pricing sources, mark-to-model valuations, dealer quotes, and other valuation processes. The valuation committee reports to the Company's Disclosure & Accounting Committee and meets at least quarterly.
Independent price verification is performed periodically by the Company to test the market data and valuations of substantially all instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis. As part of its independent price verification procedures, the Company compares pricing sources, tests data variances within certain thresholds and performs variance analysis, utilizing third party valuations and both internal and external models. Results are formally reported on a quarterly basis to the valuation committee.
A description of the valuation methodologies used for certain financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value is as follows:
Recurring Fair Value Measurements:
Trading Account Assets:    Trading account assets are recorded at fair value and primarily consist of securities and derivatives held for trading purposes. See discussion below on securities available for sale, which utilize the same valuation methodology as trading account securities. See also discussion below on derivatives valuation.
Securities Available for Sale:    Securities available for sale are recorded at fair value based on readily available quoted market prices, if available. When available, these securities are classified as Level 1 and include exchange traded equities. If such quoted market prices are not available, management utilizes third-party pricing services and broker quotations from dealers in the specific instruments. These securities are classified as Level 2 and include U.S. Treasuries, U.S. government-sponsored agencies, RMBS and CMBS, CLOs, and certain other debt securities. If no market prices or broker quotes are available, internal pricing models are used. To the extent possible, these pricing model valuations utilize observable market inputs obtained for similar securities. Typical inputs include LIBOR and U.S. Treasury yield curves, benchmark yields, consensus prepayment estimates and credit spreads. When pricing model valuations use significant unobservable inputs, the securities are classified as Level 3. These other debt securities primarily include direct bank purchase bonds. The valuation of these securities is based upon a return on equity method, which incorporates a market-required return on capital, probability of default and loss severity.
Mortgage Servicing Rights: The fair value of the Company's mortgage servicing rights asset is determined using a discounted cash flow model with significant unobservable inputs, primarily influenced by forecasted future servicing revenues and prepayment speed assumptions. Mortgage servicing rights assets that are adjusted to fair value are classified as Level 3.
Other Assets:    Other assets include interest rate hedging contracts and other risk management derivatives; see discussion below on derivatives.
Derivatives:    The Company's derivatives are primarily traded in over-the-counter markets where quoted market prices are not readily available. The Company values its derivatives using pricing models that are widely accepted in the financial services industry with inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived from or corroborated by observable market data. These models reflect the contractual terms of the derivatives including the period to maturity and market observable inputs such as yield curves and option volatility. Valuation adjustments are made to reflect counterparty credit quality and to consider the creditworthiness of the Company. These derivatives, which are included in trading account assets, trading account liabilities, other assets and other liabilities are generally classified as Level 2. Trading account assets and trading account liabilities include Level 3 derivatives comprised of embedded derivatives contained in market-linked CDs and matched over-the-counter options, whose fair value is obtained through unadjusted third party broker quotes, which incorporate significant unobservable inputs.
Trading Account Liabilities:    Trading account liabilities are recorded at fair value and primarily consist of securities sold, not yet purchased and derivatives. See discussion above on derivatives valuation. Securities sold, not yet purchased consist of U.S. Treasury, U.S. government-sponsored agencies, state and municipal, sovereign government obligations, corporate bonds, ABS and equities and are classified as Level 2, which utilize the same valuation methodology as securities available for sale.
Other Liabilities:    The fair value of the Company's FDIC clawback liability is determined using a discounted cash flow model with significant unobservable inputs, which include probability of default and loss severity. The FDIC clawback liability is classified as Level 3. Other liabilities also includes interest rate hedging contracts and other risk management derivatives; see discussion above on derivatives.
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements:
Individually Impaired Loans:    Individually impaired loans are valued at the time the loan is identified as impaired based on the present value of the remaining expected cash flows. Because the discount factor applied is based on the loan's original effective yield rather than a current market rate, that present value does not represent fair value. However, as a practical expedient, an impaired loan may be measured based on a loan's observable market price or the underlying collateral securing the loan (provided the loan is collateral dependent), which does approximate fair value. Collateral may be real estate or business assets, including equipment. The value of collateral is determined based on independent appraisals. Appraised values may be adjusted based on management's historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of valuation, and management's knowledge of the client and the client's business. The loan's market price is determined using market pricing for similar assets, adjusted for management judgment. Impaired loans are reviewed and evaluated at least quarterly for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly. Impaired loans that are adjusted to fair value based on underlying collateral or the loan's market price are classified as Level 3.
Loans Held for Sale:    Residential mortgage and commercial loans held for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value of fixed-rate residential loans is based on whole loan forward prices obtained from GSEs. These loans are classified as Level 2. The fair value of commercial loans held for sale may be based on secondary market offerings for loans with similar characteristics or a valuation methodology utilizing the appraised value to outstanding loan balance ratio. These loan values are classified as Level 3.
Private Equity Investments:    Private equity investments are recorded either at cost or using the equity method and are evaluated for impairment. The valuation of these investments requires significant management judgment due to the absence of quoted market prices, lack of liquidity and the long-term nature of these assets. When required, the fair value of the investments was estimated using the net asset value or based on the investee's business model, current and projected financial performance, capital needs and our exit strategy. Private equity investments are generally classified as Level 3.
Other Real Estate Owned:    OREO represents collateral acquired through foreclosure and is initially recorded at fair value as established by a current appraisal, adjusted for disposition costs. Subsequently, OREO is measured at lower of cost or fair value. OREO values are reviewed on an ongoing basis and any subsequent decline in fair value is recorded as a foreclosed asset expense in the current period. The value of OREO is determined based on independent appraisals and is generally classified as Level 3.
Premises and Equipment:    Premises and equipment are valued at the time they are identified as impaired. Fair value is determined using market pricing for similar assets, adjusted for management judgment. Premises and equipment that are adjusted to fair value are classified as Level 3.
Intangible Assets: Intangible assets are valued at the time they are identified as impaired. Fair value is determined using market pricing for similar assets, adjusted for management judgment. Intangible assets that are adjusted to fair value are classified as Level 3.
Software: Software is valued at the time it is identified as impaired. Fair value is determined using market pricing for similar assets, adjusted for management judgment. Software that is adjusted to fair value is classified as Level 3.
            Consolidated LIHC VIE: The fair value of consolidated LIHC VIE investments was determined using a discounted cash flow analysis. Consolidated LIHC VIE are generally classified as Level 3.
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
The following tables present financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, by major category and by valuation hierarchy level.
 
 
December 31, 2016
(Dollars in millions)
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Netting
Adjustment (1)
 
Fair Value
Assets
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Trading account assets:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

U.S. Treasury securities
 
$

 
$
1,730

 
$

 
$

 
$
1,730

U.S. government-sponsored agency securities
 

 
73

 

 

 
73

State and municipal securities
 

 
18

 

 

 
18

Commercial Paper
 

 
1

 

 

 
1

Other sovereign government obligations
 

 
16

 

 

 
16

Corporate bonds
 

 
841

 

 

 
841

Asset-backed securities
 

 
106

 

 

 
106

Mortgage-backed securities
 

 
5,221

 

 

 
5,221

Equities
 
85

 

 

 

 
85

Interest rate derivative contracts
 
7

 
1,065

 
2

 
(343
)
 
731

Commodity derivative contracts
 

 
144

 
1

 
(106
)
 
39

Foreign exchange derivative contracts
 
1

 
215

 
1

 
(138
)
 
79

Equity derivative contracts
 
1

 

 
164

 
(163
)
 
2

Total trading account assets
 
94

 
9,430

 
168

 
(750
)
 
8,942

Securities available for sale:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

U.S. Treasury
 

 
2,505

 

 

 
2,505

Residential mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

U.S. government and government-sponsored agencies
 

 
6,695

 

 

 
6,695

Privately issued
 

 
327

 

 

 
327

Privately issued - commercial mortgage-backed securities
 

 
664

 

 

 
664

Collateralized loan obligations
 

 
2,218

 

 

 
2,218

Other
 

 
7

 

 

 
7

Other debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Direct bank purchase bonds
 

 

 
1,613

 

 
1,613

Other
 

 
82

 
25

 

 
107

Equity securities
 
5

 

 

 

 
5

Total securities available for sale
 
5

 
12,498

 
1,638

 

 
14,141

Other assets:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Mortgage servicing rights
 


 


 
23

 


 
23

Interest rate hedging contracts
 


 
22

 

 
(20
)
 
2

Other derivative contracts
 


 
2

 
1

 


 
3

Total other assets
 

 
24

 
24

 
(20
)
 
28

Total assets
 
$
99

 
$
21,952

 
$
1,830

 
$
(770
)
 
$
23,111

Percentage of total
 
%
 
95
%
 
8
%
 
(3
)%
 
100
%
Percentage of total Company assets
 
%
 
15
%
 
1
%
 
(1
)%
 
15
%
Liabilities
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Trading account liabilities:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Securities sold, not yet purchased:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury
 

 
1,973

 

 

 
1,973

Other sovereign government obligations
 

 
11

 

 

 
11

Corporate bonds
 

 
298

 

 

 
298

Equities
 
47

 

 

 

 
47

Trading derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Interest rate derivative contracts
 
1

 
987

 

 
(718
)
 
270

Commodity derivative contracts
 

 
111

 
1

 
(68
)
 
44

Foreign exchange derivative contracts
 
1

 
129

 
1

 
(33
)
 
98

Equity derivative contracts
 

 

 
164

 

 
164

Total trading account liabilities
 
49

 
3,509

 
166

 
(819
)
 
2,905

Other liabilities:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

FDIC clawback liability
 

 

 
115

 

 
115

Interest rate hedging contracts
 

 
199

 

 
(199
)
 

Other derivative contracts
 

 
84

 
6

 
(29
)
 
61

Total other liabilities
 

 
283

 
121

 
(228
)
 
176

Total liabilities
 
$
49

 
$
3,792

 
$
287

 
$
(1,047
)
 
$
3,081

Percentage of total
 
2
%
 
123
%
 
9
%
 
(34
)%
 
100
%
Percentage of total Company liabilities
 
%
 
3
%
 
%
 
(1
)%
 
2
%
 
 
(1)
Amounts represent the impact of legally enforceable master netting agreements between the same counterparties that allow the Company to net settle all contracts.
 
 
December 31, 2015
(Dollars in millions)
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Netting
Adjustment (1)
 
Fair Value
Assets
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Trading account assets:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

U.S. Treasury securities
 
$

 
$
1,429

 
$

 
$

 
$
1,429

U.S. government-sponsored agency securities
 

 
363

 

 

 
363

State and municipal securities
 

 
5

 

 

 
5

Commercial paper
 

 
25

 

 

 
25

Other sovereign government obligations
 

 
5

 

 

 
5

Corporate bonds
 

 
828

 

 

 
828

Asset-backed securities
 

 
133

 

 

 
133

Equities
 
30

 

 

 

 
30

Interest rate derivative contracts
 

 
998

 
4

 
(163
)
 
839

Commodity derivative contracts
 

 
408

 
1

 
(384
)
 
25

Foreign exchange derivative contracts
 
1

 
115

 
1

 
(70
)
 
47

Equity derivative contracts
 

 

 
222

 
(217
)
 
5

Total trading account assets
 
31

 
4,309

 
228

 
(834
)
 
3,734

Securities available for sale:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

U.S. Treasury
 

 
594

 

 

 
594

Residential mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

U.S government and government-sponsored agencies
 

 
7,201

 

 

 
7,201

Privately issued
 

 
151

 

 

 
151

Privately issued - commercial mortgage-backed securities
 

 
1,546

 

 

 
1,546

Collateralized loan obligations
 

 
3,233

 

 

 
3,233

Other
 

 
22

 

 

 
22

Other debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Direct bank purchase bonds
 

 

 
1,572

 

 
1,572

Other
 

 
1

 
31

 

 
32

Equity securities
 
8

 

 

 

 
8

Total securities available for sale
 
8

 
12,748

 
1,603

 

 
14,359

Other assets:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Interest rate hedging contracts
 

 
75

 

 
(71
)
 
4

Other derivative contracts
 

 
13

 
1

 
(4
)
 
10

Total other assets
 

 
88

 
1

 
(75
)
 
14

Total assets
 
$
39

 
$
17,145

 
$
1,832

 
$
(909
)
 
$
18,107

Percentage of total
 
%
 
95
%
 
10
%
 
(5
)%
 
100
%
Percentage of total Company assets
 
%
 
11
%
 
1
%
 
 %
 
12
%
Liabilities
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Trading account liabilities:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Securities sold, not yet purchased:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury
 
$

 
$
2,469

 
$

 
$

 
$
2,469

Other sovereign government obligations
 

 
16

 

 

 
16

Corporate bonds
 

 
412

 

 

 
412

Equities
 
42

 

 

 

 
42

Trading derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate derivative contracts
 
1

 
947

 

 
(775
)
 
173

Commodity derivative contracts
 

 
368

 
1

 
(61
)
 
308

Foreign exchange derivative contracts
 
1

 
91

 
1

 
(22
)
 
71

Equity derivative contracts
 

 

 
221

 

 
221

Total trading account liabilities
 
44

 
4,303

 
223

 
(858
)
 
3,712

Other liabilities:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

FDIC clawback liability
 

 

 
112

 

 
112

Interest rate hedging contracts
 

 
16

 

 
(14
)
 
2

Other derivative contracts
 

 

 
2

 

 
2

Total other liabilities
 

 
16

 
114

 
(14
)
 
116

Total liabilities
 
$
44

 
$
4,319

 
$
337

 
$
(872
)
 
$
3,828

Percentage of total
 
1
%
 
113
%
 
9
%
 
(23
)%
 
100
%
Percentage of total Company liabilities
 
%
 
3
%
 
%
 
(1
)%
 
2
%
 
 
(1)
Amounts represent the impact of legally enforceable master netting agreements between the same counterparties that allow the Company to net settle all contracts.
The following tables present a reconciliation of the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Level 3 available for sale securities at December 31, 2016 primarily consist of direct bank purchase bonds. The Company's policy is to recognize transfers in and out of Level 1, 2 and 3 as of the end of a reporting period.
 
 
For the Year Ended
 
 
December 31, 2016
(Dollars in millions)
 
Trading
Assets
 
Securities
Available for
Sale
 
Other
Assets
 
Trading
Liabilities
 
Other
Liabilities
Asset (liability) balance, beginning of period
 
$
228

  
$
1,603

  
$
1

 
$
(223
)
 
$
(114
)
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
Included in income before taxes
 
31

 

  
3

 
(32
)
 
(7
)
Included in other comprehensive income
 

 
(13
)
 

 

 

Purchases/additions
 

  
286

  
7

 

 

Settlements
 
(91
)
 
(238
)
 

 
89

 

Transfers in (out) of level 3
 

 

 
13

 

 

Asset (liability) balance, end of period
 
$
168

 
$
1,638

 
$
24

 
$
(166
)
 
$
(121
)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in income before taxes for assets and liabilities still held at end of period
 
$
31

 
$

 
$
3

 
$
(32
)
 
$
(7
)
 
 
For the Year Ended
 
 
December 31, 2015
(Dollars in millions)
 
Trading
Assets
 
Securities
Available for
Sale
 
Other
Assets
 
Trading
Liabilities
 
Other
Liabilities
Asset (liability) balance, beginning of period
 
$
311

  
$
1,790

  
$
2

 
$
(305
)
 
$
(107
)
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
Included in income before taxes
 
(29
)
 

  
(1
)
 
27

 
(7
)
Included in other comprehensive income
 

 
1

 

 

 

Purchases/additions
 
2

  
148

  

 

 

Sales
 

 

 

 
(2
)
 

Settlements
 
(56
)
 
(324
)
 

 
57

 

Transfers in (out) of level 3
 
$

 
$
(12
)
 
$

 
$

 
$

Asset (liability) balance, end of period
 
$
228

 
$
1,603

 
$
1

 
$
(223
)
 
$
(114
)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in income before taxes for assets and liabilities still held at end of period
 
$
(29
)
 
$

 
$
(1
)
 
$
27

 
$
(7
)

The following table presents information about significant unobservable inputs related to the Company's significant Level 3 assets and liabilities at December 31, 2016.
 
 
December 31, 2016
(Dollars in millions)
 
Level 3
Fair Value
 
Valuation Technique
 
Significant Unobservable
Input(s)
 
Range of Inputs
 
Weighted
Average
Securities available for sale:
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Direct bank purchase bonds
 
$
1,613

 
Return on equity
 
Market-required return on capital
 
8.0 - 10.0
%
9.7
%
 
 
 

 
 
 
Probability of default
 
0.0 - 25.0
%
0.3
%
 
 
 

 
 
 
Loss severity
 
10.0 - 60.0
%
28.9
%

The direct bank purchase bonds use a return on equity valuation technique. This technique uses significant unobservable inputs such as market-required return on capital, probability of default and loss severity. Increases (decreases) in any of these inputs in isolation would result in a lower (higher) fair value measurement.

Fair Value Measurement on a Nonrecurring Basis
Certain assets may be measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets are subject to fair value adjustments that result from the application of the lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets. For assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 that were still held on the consolidated balance sheet as of the respective periods ended, the following tables present the fair value of such assets by the level of valuation assumptions used to determine each fair value adjustment.
 
 
December 31, 2016
 
Gain (Loss) For the Year Ended December 31, 2016
(Dollars in millions)
 
Fair
Value
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Loans:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Impaired loans
 
$
181

 
$

 
$

 
$
181

 
$
(249
)
Other assets:
 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Loans held for sale
 
25

 

 

 
25

 

OREO
 
1

 

 

 
1

 
(1
)
Private equity investments
 
10

 

 

 
10

 
(12
)
Software
 
13

 

 

 
13

 
(5
)
Intangible assets
 

 

 

 

 
(1
)
Consolidated LIHC VIE
 
112

 

 

 
112

 
(35
)
Total
 
$
342

 
$

 
$

 
$
342

 
$
(303
)

 
 
December 31, 2015
 
Gain (Loss) For the Year Ended December 31, 2015
(Dollars in millions)
 
Fair
Value
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Loans:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Impaired loans
 
$
154

 
$

 
$

 
$
154

 
$
(95
)
Premises and equipment
 

 

 

 

 
(6
)
Other assets:
 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Loans held for sale
 
18

 

 

 
18

 
(3
)
OREO
 
6

 

 

 
6

 
(2
)
Private equity investments
 
7

 

 

 
7

 
(5
)
Intangible assets
 
2

 

 

 
2

 
(4
)
Total
 
$
187

 
$

 
$

 
$
187

 
$
(115
)

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Disclosures
In addition to financial instruments recorded at fair value in the Company's financial statements, the disclosure of the estimated fair value of financial instruments that are not carried at fair value is also required. Excluded from this disclosure requirement are lease financing arrangements, investments accounted for under the equity method, employee pension and other postretirement obligations and all nonfinancial assets and liabilities, including goodwill and other intangible assets such as long-term customer relationships. The fair values presented are estimates for certain individual financial instruments and do not represent an estimate of the fair value of the Company as a whole.
Certain financial instruments that are not recognized at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet are carried at amounts that approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. These financial instruments include cash and due from banks, interest bearing deposits in banks, federal funds sold and purchased, securities purchased under resale agreements, securities sold under repurchase agreements and commercial paper. In addition, the fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as noninterest bearing demand deposits, interest bearing checking, and market rate and other savings are deemed to equal their carrying amounts.
Financial instruments for which their carrying amounts do not approximate fair value include securities held to maturity, loans, interest bearing deposits with stated maturities, certain other short-term borrowings, long-term debt, off-balance sheet instruments and securities borrowed/loaned or purchased under resale agreements.
Securities Held to Maturity:    The fair value of U.S. Treasury, U.S. government agency and government-sponsored agencies securities, including RMBS and CMBS classified as held to maturity are based on unadjusted third party pricing service prices.
Loans:    The fair value of purchased credit-impaired loans was estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology that considered factors including the type of loan and related collateral, risk classification, term of loan, performance status and current discount rates. The fair values of mortgage loans were estimated based on quoted market prices for loans with similar credit and interest rate risk characteristics. The fair values of other loans were estimated based upon the type of loan and maturity and were determined by discounting the future expected cash flows using the current origination rates for similar loans made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and include adjustments for liquidity premiums.
Interest Bearing Deposits:    The fair values of savings accounts and certain money market accounts were based on the amounts payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair value of fixed maturity CDs was estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies current interest rates being offered on certificates with similar maturities.
Commercial Paper and Other Short-Term Borrowings:    The fair values of Federal Reserve Bank term borrowings, FHLB borrowings and term federal funds purchased were estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies current market rates for applicable maturities. The carrying amounts of other short-term borrowed funds were assumed to approximate their fair value due to their limited duration.
Long-Term Debt:    The fair value of senior and subordinated debt was estimated using either a discounted cash flow analysis based on current market interest rates for debt with similar maturities and credit quality or estimated using market quotes. The fair value of junior subordinated debt payable to trusts was estimated using market quotes of similar securities.
Off-Balance Sheet Instruments:    Commitments to extend credit and issued standby and commercial letters of credit are instruments that generate ongoing fees, which are recognized over the term of the commitment period. The Company maintains an allowance for losses on unfunded credit commitments. A reasonable estimate of the fair value of these instruments is the carrying amount of deferred fees plus the related reserve.
Securities Borrowed/Loaned or Purchased/Sold Under Resale Agreements: The carrying amounts of securities borrowed/loaned or purchased under resale agreement were assumed to approximate their fair value due to their limited duration.
The tables below present the carrying amount and estimated fair value of certain financial instruments, classified by valuation hierarchy level as of December 31, 2016 and 2015.
 
 
December 31, 2016
(Dollars in millions)
 
Carrying
Amount
 
Fair
Value
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
Assets
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
5,753

 
$
5,753

 
$
5,753

 
$

 
$

Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements
 
19,747

 
19,747

 

 
19,747

 

Securities held to maturity
 
10,337

 
10,316

 

 
10,316

 

Loans held for investment (1)
 
75,112

 
76,257

 

 

 
76,257

Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deposits
 
$
86,947

 
$
86,930

 
$

 
$
86,930

 
$

Commercial paper and other short-term borrowings
 
2,360

 
2,360

 

 
2,360

 

Securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements
 
24,616

 
24,616

 

 
24,616

 

Long-term debt
 
11,410

 
11,411

 

 
11,411

 

Off-Balance Sheet Instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit
 
$
221

 
$
221

 
$

 
$

 
$
221

 
 
(1)
Excludes lease financing. The carrying amount is net of the allowance for loan and lease losses.
 
 
December 31, 2015
(Dollars in millions)
 
Carrying
Amount
 
Fair
Value
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
Assets
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
4,807

 
$
4,807

 
$
4,807

 
$

 
$

Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements
 
31,072

 
31,072

 

 
31,072

 

Securities held to maturity
 
10,158

 
10,207

 

 
10,207

 

Loans held for investment (1)
 
76,634

 
78,124

 

 

 
78,124

Other assets
 
16

 
17

 

 

 
17

Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deposits
 
$
84,300

 
$
84,335

 
$

 
$
84,335

 
$

Commercial paper and other short-term borrowings
 
3,425

 
3,425

 

 
3,425

 

Securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements
 
29,141

 
29,141

 

 
29,141

 

Long-term debt
 
13,648

 
13,650

 

 
13,650

 

Off-Balance Sheet Instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit
 
$
243

 
$
243

 
$

 
$

 
$
243

 
 
(1)
Excludes lease financing. The carrying amount is net of the allowance for loan and lease losses.