NOTE 2 — SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Streamline Health Solutions, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Streamline Health, Inc. All significant intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

All amounts in the consolidated financial statements, notes and tables have been rounded to the nearest thousand dollars, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise indicated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments, including those related to stock-based compensation, capitalization of software development costs, intangible assets, allowance for doubtful accounts, and income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash demand deposits. Cash deposits are placed in Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured financial institutions. Cash deposits may exceed FDIC insured levels from time to time. For purposes of the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company considers all highly-liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Receivables

Accounts and contract receivables are comprised of amounts owed to the Company for licensed software, professional services, including coding audit, maintenance services, and software as a service and are presented net of the allowance for doubtful accounts. The timing of revenue recognition may not coincide with the billing terms of the client contract, resulting in unbilled receivables or deferred revenues; therefore certain contract receivables represent revenues recognized prior to client billings. Individual contract terms with clients or resellers determine when receivables are due. For billings where the criteria for revenue recognition have not been met, deferred revenue is recorded until all revenue recognition criteria have been met.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

In determining the allowance for doubtful accounts, aged receivables are analyzed periodically by management. Each identified receivable is reviewed based upon the most recent information available and the status of any open or unresolved issues with the client preventing the payment thereof. Corrective action, if necessary, is taken by the Company to resolve open issues related to unpaid receivables. During these periodic reviews, the Company determines the required allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the unwillingness or inability of its clients or resellers to make required payments. The allowance for doubtful accounts was approximately $345,000 and $349,000 at January 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company believes that its reserve is adequate, however results may differ in future periods.

Bad debt expense for fiscal years 2018 and 2017 was as follows:


	2018		2017
Bad debt expense	$	13,000	$	234,000

Concessions Accrual

In determining the concessions accrual, the Company evaluates historical concessions granted relative to revenue. The concession accrual included in accrued other expenses on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets was $44,000 and $48,000 as of January 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method, over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Estimated useful lives are as follows:


Computer equipment and software		3‑4 years
Office equipment		5 years
Office furniture and fixtures		7 years
Leasehold improvements		Term of lease or estimated useful life, whichever is shorter

Depreciation expense for property and equipment in fiscal 2018 and 2017 was $450,000 and $774,000, respectively.

Normal repair and maintenance is expensed as incurred. Replacements are capitalized and the property and equipment accounts are relieved of the items being replaced or disposed of, if no longer of value. The related cost and accumulated depreciation of the disposed assets are eliminated and any gain or loss on disposition is included in the results of operations in the year of disposal.

Leases

On December 13, 2013, the Company entered into an amended lease obligation to lease 24,335 square feet of office space in Atlanta, Georgia. The lease commenced upon taking possession of the space and was scheduled to end in November 2022. The provisions of the lease provided for rent abatement for the first eight months of the lease term. Upon taking possession of the premises, the rent abatement and the unamortized balance of deferred rent associated with the previously leased premises were aggregated with the total expected rental payments and amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. In the third quarter of fiscal 2018, we assigned our Atlanta office lease and relocated our corporate office to a new space. See Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies for further details on our new shared office arrangement.

In fiscal 2014, the Company entered into a lease obligation to lease 10,350 square feet of office space in New York, New York. The lease commenced upon taking possession of the space and expires in November 2019. The lease agreement provided for rent abatement for the first two months of the lease term. Upon taking possession of the premises, the rent abatement was aggregated with the total expected rental payments and amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. In the second quarter of fiscal 2018, we closed our New York office and subleased the office space for the remaining period of the original lease term. See Note 4 – Operating Leases for further details on the closure of our New York office.

The Company had capital leases to finance office equipment purchases that continued into the third quarter of fiscal 2017. The amortization expense of the leased equipment is included in depreciation expense. As of January 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had no material capital lease obligations.

Debt Issuance Costs

Costs related to the issuance of debt are capitalized and amortized to interest expense on a straight-line basis, which is not materially different from the effective interest method, over the term of the related debt. Deferred financing costs are presented on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the non-current portion of our term loan.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews the carrying value of long-lived assets for impairment whenever facts and circumstances exist that would suggest that assets might be impaired or that the useful lives should be modified. Among the factors the Company considers in making the evaluation are changes in market position and profitability. If facts and circumstances are present which may indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable, the Company will prepare a projection of the undiscounted cash flows of the specific asset or asset group and determine if the long-lived assets are recoverable based on these undiscounted cash flows. If impairment is indicated, an adjustment will be made to reduce the carrying amount of these assets to their fair values.

Capitalized Software Development Costs

Software development costs associated with the planning and designing phase of software development, including coding and testing activities necessary to establish technological feasibility, are classified as research and development and are expensed as incurred. Once technological feasibility has been determined, a portion of the costs incurred in development, including coding, testing and quality assurance, are capitalized and subsequently reported at the lower of unamortized cost or net realizable value. The Company capitalized such costs, including interest, of $3,003,000 and $1,836,000 in fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Amortization for the Company’s software systems is provided on a solution-by-solution basis over the estimated economic life of the software, typically three to five years, using the straight-line method. Amortization commences when a solution is available for general release to clients. Acquired internally-developed software from acquisitions is amortized using the straight-line method.

Amortization expense on all internally-developed software was $1,160,000 and $2,113,000 in fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively, and was included in the consolidated statements of operations as follows:


	Fiscal Year
	2018		2017
Amortization expense on internally-developed software included in:
Cost of systems sales	$	768,000	$	1,914,000
Cost of software as a service		379,000		186,000
Cost of audit services		13,000		13,000
Total amortization expense on internally-developed software	$	1,160,000	$	2,113,000

Research and development expense was $4,261,000 and $5,352,000 in fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The FASB’s authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosure about fair value measurements. This guidance enables the reader of the financial statements to assess the inputs used to develop those measurements by establishing a hierarchy for ranking the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values. Under this guidance, assets and liabilities carried at fair value must be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value based on the short-term maturity of these instruments. Cash and cash equivalents are classified as Level 1. The carrying amount of the Company’s long-term debt approximates fair value since the variable interest rates being paid on the amounts approximate the market interest rate. Long-term debt is classified as Level 2.

The table below provides information on our liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:


			Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Total Fair		Active Markets		Observable Inputs		Unobservable Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
At January 31, 2019
Royalty liability (1) (3)	$	905,000	$	—	$	—	$	905,000

At January 31, 2018
Royalty liability (1) (2)	$	2,469,000	$	—	$	—	$	2,469,000

(1)

The initial fair value of royalty liability was determined by management with the assistance of an independent third-party valuation specialist, and by management thereafter. Fair value adjustments are included within miscellaneous expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

(2)

The fair value of the royalty liability was determined based on the probability-weighted revenue scenarios for the Streamline Health® Clinical Analytics solution licensed from Montefiore Medical Center (discussed in Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies).

(3)

Following the modification of the Royalty Agreement in the second quarter of fiscal 2018 (discussed in Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies), the royalty liability was significantly reduced as a result of the commitment to fulfill a portion of our obligation by providing incremental maintenance services. The fair value of the royalty liability was determined based on the portion of the modified royalty commitment payable in cash.

In fiscal 2018, the Company determined that its strategic focus on serving the middle of the revenue cycle and the resulting decrease in the customer base for our Clinical Analytics solution constituted a triggering event for impairment analysis. We assessed the fair value of long-lived assets associated with our Clinical Analytics solution based on expected future cash flows from this solution, including the royalty liability, and determined that related intangible assets and capitalized software development costs classified as Level 3 were fully impaired, therefore had zero value as of December 31, 2018. For further details on the impairment loss and royalty liability associated with our Clinical Analytics solution, see Note 6 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets and Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

We derive revenue from the sale of internally-developed software, either by licensing for local installation or by a software as a service (“SaaS”) delivery model, through our direct sales force or through third-party resellers. Licensed, locally-installed clients on a perpetual model utilize our support and maintenance services for a separate fee, whereas term-based locally installed license fees and SaaS fees include support and maintenance. We also derive revenue from professional services that support the implementation, configuration, training and optimization of the applications, as well as audit services provided to help clients review their internal coding audit processes. Additional revenues are also derived from reselling third-party software and hardware components.

We recognize revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), the new revenue recognition standard established by ASU 2014‑09. The core principle of ASC 606 is that an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

We commence revenue recognition (Step 5 below) in accordance with that core principle after applying the following steps:

Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer

Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract

Step 3: Determine the transaction price

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation

We follow the accounting revenue guidance under ASC 606 to determine whether contracts contain more than one performance obligation. Performance obligations are the unit of accounting for revenue recognition and generally represent the distinct goods or services that are promised to the customer. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers and subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

If we determine that we have not satisfied a performance obligation, we will defer recognition of the revenue until the performance obligation is deemed to be satisfied. Maintenance and support and SaaS agreements are generally non-cancelable or contain significant penalties for early cancellation, although clients typically have the right to terminate their contracts for cause if we fail to perform material obligations. However, if non-standard acceptance periods, non-standard performance criteria, or cancellation or right of refund terms are required, revenue is recognized upon the satisfaction of such criteria.

Significant judgment is required to determine the standalone selling price (“SSP”) for each performance obligation, the amount allocated to each performance obligation and whether it depicts the amount that the Company expects to receive in exchange for the related product and/or service. As the selling prices of the Company’s software licenses are highly variable, the Company estimates SSP of its software licenses using the residual approach when the software license is sold with other services and observable SSPs exist for the other services. The Company estimates the SSP for maintenance, professional services, and audit services based on observable standalone sales.

Contract Combination

The Company may execute more than one contract or agreement with a single customer. The Company evaluates whether the agreements were negotiated as a package with a single objective, whether the amount of consideration to be paid in one agreement depends on the price and/or performance of another agreement, or whether the goods or services promised in the agreements represent a single performance obligation. The conclusions reached can impact the allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation and the timing of revenue recognition related to those arrangements.

The Company has utilized the portfolio approach as the practical expedient. We have applied the revenue model to a portfolio of contracts with similar characteristics where we expected that the financial statements would not differ materially from applying it to the individual contracts within that portfolio.

Systems Sales

The Company’s software license arrangements provide the customer with the right to use functional intellectual property. Implementation, support, and other services are typically considered distinct performance obligations when sold with a software license unless these services are determined to significantly modify the software. Revenue is recognized at a point in time. Typically, this is upon shipment of components or electronic download of software.

Maintenance and Support Services

Our maintenance and support obligations include multiple discrete performance obligations, with the two largest being unspecified product upgrades or enhancements, and technical support, which can be offered at various points during a contract period. We believe that the multiple discrete performance obligations within our overall maintenance and support obligations can be viewed as a single performance obligation since both the unspecified upgrades and technical support are activities to fulfill the maintenance performance obligation and are rendered concurrently. Maintenance and support agreements entitle clients to technology support, version upgrades, bug fixes and service packs. We recognize maintenance and support revenue over the contract term.

Software-Based Solution Professional Services

The Company provides various professional services to customers with software licenses. These include project management, software implementation and software modification services. Revenues from arrangements to provide professional services are generally distinct from the other promises in the contract and are recognized as the related services are performed. Consideration payable under these arrangements is either fixed fee or on a time-and-materials basis.

Software as a Service

SaaS-based contracts include use of the Company’s platform, implementation, support and other services which represent a single promise to provide continuous access to its software solutions. The Company recognizes revenue over time for the life of the contract.

We defer the direct costs, which include salaries and benefits, for professional services related to SaaS contracts. These deferred costs will be amortized over the identical term as the associated revenues. As of January 31, 2019 and 2018, we had deferred costs of $251,000 and $471,000, respectively, net of accumulated amortization of $399,000 and $312,000, respectively. Amortization expense of these costs was $346,000 and $270,000 in fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Audit Services

The Company provides technology-enabled coding audit services to help clients review and optimize their internal clinical documentation and coding functions across the applicable segment of the client’s enterprise. Audit services are a separate performance obligation. We recognize revenue over time as the services are performed.

Comparative GAAP Financials

The adoption of the new standard has the following impact to the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations for the year ended January 31, 2019:


	Year Ended January 31, 2019
	As reported under ASC 606		Balances without adoption of ASC 606		Adjustments due to ASC 606
Revenues
Systems sales	$	2,472,000	$	2,322,000	$	150,000
Maintenance and support		12,586,000		12,590,000		(4,000)


	As of January 31, 2019
	As reported under ASC 606		Balances without adoption of Topic 606		Adjustments due to ASC 606
Assets
Contract receivables, current	$	1,263,000	$	803,000	$	460,000
Contract receivables, noncurrent		407,000		27,000		380,000

Liabilities
Deferred revenues, current		8,338,000		9,084,000		(746,000)

Shareholders' Equity
Accumulated deficit	$	(76,550,000)	$	(78,136,000)	$	1,586,000

The adoption of ASC 606 resulted in a decrease in deferred revenues and an increase in contract receivables driven by upfront recognition of revenue, rather than over the contract period, from certain multi-year term software license agreements that include both software licenses and software support and maintenance. Revenues related to SaaS-based offerings, hardware sales, maintenance and support, and audit services remain substantially unchanged.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue by type and nature of revenue stream:


	Year Ended January 31, 2019
	Recurring Revenue		Non-recurring Revenue		Total
Systems sales	$	899,000	$	1,573,000	$	2,472,000
Professional services		—		1,336,000		1,336,000
Audit services		—		1,118,000		1,118,000
Maintenance and support		12,586,000		—		12,586,000
Software as a service		4,853,000		—		4,853,000
Total revenue:	$	18,338,000	$	4,027,000	$	22,365,000

Contract Receivables and Deferred Revenues

The Company receives payments from customers based upon contractual billing schedules. Contract receivables include amounts related to the Company’s contractual right to consideration for completed performance obligations not yet invoiced. Deferred revenues include payments received in advance of performance under the contract. Our contract receivables and deferred revenue are reported on an individual contract basis at the end of each reporting period. Contract receivables are classified as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when we expect to bill the customer. Deferred revenue is classified as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when we expect to recognize revenue. In the year ended January 31, 2019, we recognized $9,449,000 in revenue from deferred revenues outstanding as of January 31, 2018.

The cumulative effect of changes related to the adoption of ASC 606 are reflected in the opening balance of accumulated deficit as shown below:


	As Reported January 31, 2018		Adjustments due to ASC 606		As Adjusted February 1, 2018
ASSETS
Contract receivables, current	$	224,000	$	283,000	$	507,000
Contract receivables, noncurrent		—		468,000		468,000

LIABILITIES
Deferred revenues, current		9,482,000		(689,000)		8,793,000

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Accumulated deficit	$	(72,125,000)	$	1,440,000	$	(70,685,000)

Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations

Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue that will be recognized in future periods, which is comprised of deferred revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods. Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations was $27 million as of January 31, 2019, of which the Company expects to recognize approximately 65% over the next 12 months and the remainder thereafter.

Deferred commissions costs (contract acquisition costs)

Contract acquisition costs, which consist of sales commissions paid or payable, is considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Sales commissions for initial and renewal contracts are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit, which the Company has determined to be the customer life. As a practical expedient, we expense sales commissions as incurred when the amortization period of related deferred commission costs would have been one year or less.

Deferred commissions costs paid and payable are included on the consolidated balance sheets within prepaid assets and other current assets, respectively, and totaled $185,000 and $114,000, respectively, as of January 31, 2019. As of January 31, 2018, deferred commissions costs paid and payable totaled $136,000 and $116,000, respectively. In fiscal 2018, $145,000 in amortization expense associated with deferred sales commissions was included in selling, general and administrative expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Concentrations

Financial instruments, which potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of accounts receivable. The Company’s accounts receivable are concentrated in the healthcare industry. However, the Company’s clients typically are well-established hospitals, medical facilities or major health information systems companies that resell the Company’s solutions that have good credit histories. Payments from clients have been received within normal time frames for the industry. However, some hospitals and medical facilities have experienced significant operating losses as a result of limits on third-party reimbursements from insurance companies and governmental entities and extended payment of receivables from these entities is not uncommon.

To date, the Company has relied on a limited number of clients and remarketing partners for a substantial portion of its total revenues. The Company expects that a significant portion of its future revenues will continue to be generated by a limited number of clients and its remarketing partners.

The Company currently buys all of its hardware and some major software components of its healthcare information systems from third-party vendors. Although there are a limited number of vendors capable of supplying these components, management believes that other suppliers could provide similar components on comparable terms.

Business Combinations

The assets acquired, liabilities assumed and contingent consideration are recorded at their fair value on the acquisition date with subsequent changes recognized in earnings. These estimates are inherently uncertain and are subject to refinement. Management develops estimates based on assumptions as a part of the purchase price allocation process to value the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the business combination date. As a result, the Company may recognize adjustments to provisional amounts of assets acquired or liabilities assumed in operating expenses in the reporting period in which the adjustments are determined.

The Company records acquisition and transaction related expenses in the period in which they are incurred. Acquisition and transaction-related expenses primarily consist of legal, banking, accounting and other advisory fees of third parties associated with potential acquisitions.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill and other intangible assets were recognized in conjunction with the Interpoint, Meta, CLG and Opportune IT acquisitions, as well as the Unibased acquisition (prior to divestiture of such assets). Identifiable intangible assets include purchased intangible assets with finite lives, which primarily consist of internally-developed software, client relationships, non-compete agreements and license agreements. Finite-lived purchased intangible assets are amortized over their expected period of benefit, which generally ranges from one to 10 years, using the straight-line and undiscounted expected future cash flows methods.

The Company assesses the useful lives and possible impairment of intangible assets when an event occurs that may trigger such a review. Factors considered important which could trigger a review include:

significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results;

significant changes in the manner of use of the acquired assets or the strategy for the overall business;

identification of other impaired assets within a reporting unit;

disposition of a significant portion of an operating segment;

significant negative industry or economic trends;

significant decline in the Company’s stock price for a sustained period; and

a decline in the market capitalization relative to the net book value.

Determining whether a triggering event has occurred involves significant judgment by the Company.

The Company assesses goodwill annually (as of November 1), or more frequently when events and circumstances, such as the ones mentioned above, occur indicating that the recorded goodwill may be impaired. During the years ended January 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company did not note any of the above qualitative factors, which would be considered a triggering event for goodwill impairment. In assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company assesses relevant events and circumstances that may impact the fair value and the carrying amount of a reporting unit. The identification of relevant events and circumstances and how these may impact a reporting unit’s fair value or carrying amount involve significant judgments by management. These judgments include the consideration of macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, events which are specific to the Company and trends in the market price of the Company’s common stock. Each factor is assessed to determine whether it impacts the impairment test positively or negatively, and the magnitude of any such impact.

The two-step goodwill impairment test requires the Company to identify its reporting units and to determine estimates of the fair values of those reporting units as of the impairment testing date. Reporting units are determined based on the organizational structure the entity has in place at the date of the impairment test. A reporting unit is an operating segment or component business unit with the following characteristics: (a) it has discrete financial information, (b) segment management regularly reviews its operating results (generally an operating segment has a segment manager who is directly accountable to and maintains regular contact with the chief operating decision maker to discuss operating activities, financial results, forecasts or plans for the segment), and (c) its economic characteristics are dissimilar from other units (this contemplates the nature of the products and services, the nature of the production process, the type or class of customer for the products and services and the methods used to distribute the products and services).

The Company determined that it has one operating segment and one reporting unit.

To conduct a quantitative two-step goodwill impairment test, the fair value of the reporting unit is first compared to its carrying value. If the reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, the Company performs the second step and records an impairment loss to the extent that the carrying value of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting unit using a blend of market and income approaches. The market approach consists of two separate methods, including reference to the Company’s market capitalization, as well as the guideline publicly traded company method. The market capitalization valuation method is based on an analysis of the Company’s stock price on and around the testing date, plus a control premium. The guideline publicly traded company method was made by reference to a list of publicly traded software companies providing services to healthcare organizations, as determined by management. The market value of common equity for each comparable company was derived by multiplying the price per share on the testing date by the total common shares outstanding, plus a control premium. Selected valuation multiples are then determined and applied to appropriate financial statistics based on the Company’s historical and forecasted results. The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting unit using the income approach, via discounted cash flow valuation models which include, but are not limited to, assumptions such as a “risk-free” rate of return on an investment, the weighted average cost of capital of a market participant and future revenue, operating margin, working capital and capital expenditure trends. Determining the fair value of reporting unit and goodwill includes significant judgment by management, and different judgments could yield different results.

The Company performed its annual assessment of goodwill during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018, using the two-step approach described above. The first step of the goodwill impairment test, used to identify potential impairment, compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. Based on the analysis performed for step one, the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill, and, therefore, a goodwill impairment loss was not recognized. As the Company passed step one of the analysis, step two was not required.

In fiscal 2018, long-lived assets associated with our Clinical Analytics solution were deemed impaired and their corresponding balance was fully written off (see Note 6 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets to our consolidated financial statements included herein).

Equity Awards

The Company accounts for share-based payments based on the grant-date fair value of the awards with compensation cost recognized as expense over the requisite service period. The Company incurred total annual compensation expense related to stock-based awards of $629,000 and $1,109,000 in fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The fair value of the stock options granted in fiscal 2018 and 2017 was estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. Option pricing model input assumptions such as expected term, expected volatility and risk-free interest rate impact the fair value estimate. Further, the forfeiture rate impacts the amount of aggregate compensation. These assumptions are subjective and are generally derived from external (such as, risk-free rate of interest) and historical data (such as, volatility factor, expected term and forfeiture rates). Future grants of equity awards accounted for as stock-based compensation could have a material impact on reported expenses depending upon the number, value and vesting period of future awards.

The Company issues restricted stock awards in the form of Company common stock. The fair value of these awards is based on the market close price per share on the grant date. The Company expenses the compensation cost of these awards as the restriction period lapses, which is typically a one- to four-year service period to the Company. In fiscal 2018 and 2017, 37,249 and 32,033 shares of common stock were surrendered to the Company to satisfy tax withholding obligations totaling $62,000 and $42,000, respectively, in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards. Shares surrendered by the restricted stock award recipients in accordance with the applicable plan are deemed canceled, and therefore are not available to be reissued. The Company awarded 501,666 and 220,337 shares of restricted stock to officers and directors of the Company in fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and for tax credit and loss carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. In assessing net deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company establishes a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized. See Note 7 - Income Taxes for further details.

The Company provides for uncertain tax positions and the related interest and penalties based upon management’s assessment of whether certain tax positions are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. At January 31, 2019, the Company believes it has appropriately accounted for any uncertain tax positions. The Company has recorded $275,000 and $295,000 in reserves for uncertain tax positions and corresponding interest and penalties, respectively, as of January 31, 2019 and 2018.

Net Loss Per Common Share

The Company presents basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) data for its common stock. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders of the Company by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is calculated based on the profit or loss attributable to common stockholders and the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding adjusted for the effects of all potential dilutive common stock issuances related to options, unvested restricted stock, and convertible preferred stock. Potential common stock dilution related to outstanding stock options and unvested restricted stock is determined using the treasury stock method, while potential common stock dilution related to Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is determined using the “if converted” method.

The Company’s unvested restricted stock awards and Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are considered participating securities under ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, which means the security may participate in undistributed earnings with common stock. The Company’s unvested restricted stock awards are considered participating securities because they entitle holders to non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents during the vesting term. The holders of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock would be entitled to share in dividends, on an as-converted basis, if the holders of common stock were to receive dividends, other than dividends in the form of common stock. In accordance with ASC 260, a company is required to use the two-class method when computing EPS when a company has a security that qualifies as a “participating security.” The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating security according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. In determining the amount of net earnings to allocate to common stockholders, earnings are allocated to both common and participating securities based on their respective weighted-average shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS for the Company’s common stock is computed using the more dilutive of the two-class method or the if-converted method.

In accordance with ASC 260, securities are deemed not to be participating in losses if there is no obligation to fund such losses. For the years ended January 31, 2019 and 2018, the unvested restricted stock awards and the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock were deemed not to be participating since there was a net loss. As of January 31, 2019 and 2018, there were 2,895,464 and 2,949,995 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock outstanding, respectively, each share being convertible into one share of the Company’s common stock. For the years ended January 31, 2019 and 2018, 169,959 and 293,568, respectively, unvested restricted shares of common stock were excluded from the diluted EPS calculation as their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

The following is the calculation of the basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock:


	Fiscal Year
	2018		2017
Net earnings (loss)	$	(5,865,000)	$	(3,099,000)
Weighted average shares outstanding - Basic		19,540,980		19,090,899
Stock options, Restricted stock and Series A Convertible Preferred Stock		—		—
Weighted average shares outstanding - Diluted		19,540,980		19,090,899
Basic net earnings (loss) per share of common stock	$	(0.30)	$	(0.16)
Diluted net earnings (loss) per share of common stock	$	(0.30)	$	(0.16)

Diluted net loss per share excludes the effect of stock options as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. As of January 31, 2019 and 2018, there were 1,580,657 and 2,173,156 outstanding stock options, respectively.

Loss Contingencies

We are subject to the possibility of various loss contingencies arising in the course of business. We consider the likelihood of the loss or impairment of an asset or the incurrence of a liability as well as our ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss in determining loss contingencies. An estimated loss contingency is accrued when it is probable that a liability has been incurred or an asset has been impaired and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. We regularly evaluate current information available to us to determine whether to accrue for a loss contingency and adjust any previous accrual.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014‑09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Topic 606 (“ASC 606”), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014‑09 defines a five-step process to achieve this principle and, in doing so, it is possible more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than required under existing GAAP, including identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. The ASU also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. In July 2016, the FASB delayed the effective date by one year and the guidance became effective for us on February 1, 2018. The new revenue recognition guidance permits two methods of adoption: retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented (full retrospective method), or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application as an adjustment to retained earnings (modified retrospective method). We adopted the standard effective February 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method.

We have completed our assessment of our systems, available data and processes affected by the implementation of this new revenue recognition guidance. The Company’s formal accounting policies have been established. As a result of the implementation of this standard, the Company recorded an adjustment to reduce accumulated deficit as of February 1, 2018 by $1.4 million, related primarily to the timing of revenue. The most significant impact relates to our accounting for term software license revenue. Revenues related to SaaS-based offerings, hardware sales, maintenance and support, and audit services remain substantially unchanged. For arrangements which include both software license and maintenance and support components, we expect to recognize the revenue attributed to license upfront at a point in time rather than over the term of the contract. We also expect to recognize license revenues upfront rather than be restricted to payment amounts due under extended payment term contracts as required under the previous guidance. Additionally, the new revenue recognition guidance requires the capitalization of all incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer that an entity expects to recover. We had already been capitalizing sales commissions associated with new and renewal contracts. We did not identify any other costs that would be eligible for capitalization under the new guidance. As a result, we did not record any additional deferral for such costs upon adoption of the new guidance on February 1, 2018.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016‑02, Leases (Topic 842), to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The update became effective for us on February 1, 2019. Early adoption of the update is permitted. We currently expect to record right of use assets of approximately $175,000 and additional lease liability of approximately $175,000 upon the adoption of ASU 2016-02. We do not anticipate any material changes to our operating results or liquidity as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-12.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016‑15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, to clarify how certain cash receipts and cash payments should be presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The ASU should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. The standard became effective for us on February 1, 2018. The adoption of this ASU did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017‑01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, to clarify the definition of a business to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The standard became effective for us on February 1, 2018. For the periods included in this report, there was no impact on our financial position or results of operations as a result of the adoption of this update.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017‑04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which removes Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. The standard will be effective for us on February 1, 2020. Early adoption of this update is permitted. We do not expect that the adoption of this ASU will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017‑09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718), Scope of Modification Accounting, to clarify which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. The update became effective for us on February 1, 2018. For the periods included in this report, there was no impact on our financial position or results of operations as a result of the adoption of this update.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. The update specifies that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in its own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. ASU 2018-07 also clarifies that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under ASC 606. The standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption of the update is permitted. We adopted the ASU early effective February 1, 2018. The adoption of this ASU did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.