Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

Effective August 1, 2018, we adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”). Under Topic 606, revenue is recognized at an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer. This principle is applied using the following 5-step process:

1.	Identify the contract with the customer
2.	Identify the performance obligations in the contract
3.	Determine the transaction price
4.	Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract
5.	Recognize revenue when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied

Under Topic 606, we recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control of the promised goods or services to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.

Our technology platform is based on patented stabilized ionic silver, and our initial products contain silver dihydrogen citrate, or SDC. SDC is a broad-spectrum, non-toxic antimicrobial agent, which offers 24-hour residual protection and formulates well with other compounds. We sell various configurations and dilutions of SDC direct to customers and through distributors. We currently offer PURE^® Hard Surface as a food contact surface sanitizer and disinfectant to restaurant chains, food processors and food transportation companies. We also offer PURE Control^® as a direct food contact processing aid.

Contract terms for unit price, quantity, shipping and payment are governed by sales agreements and purchase orders which we consider to be a customer’s contract in all cases. The unit price is considered the observable stand-alone selling price for the arrangements. Any promotional or sales discounts are applied evenly to the units sold for purposes of calculating standalone selling price.

Product sales generally consist of a single performance obligation that we satisfy at a point in time. We recognize product revenue when the following events have occurred: (a) we have transferred physical possession of the products, (b) we have a present right to payment, (c) the customer has legal title to the products, and (d) the customer bears significant risks and rewards of ownership of the products.

Our direct customer and distributor sales are invoiced based on received purchase orders. Our payment terms on invoiced direct customer and distributor sales range between 30 and 90 days after we satisfy our performance obligation. The majority of our customers are on 30 day payment terms. We currently offer no right of return on invoiced sales and maintain no allowance for sales returns.

Shipping and handling are treated as activities to fulfill promises to customers and any amounts billed to a customer, if applicable, represent revenues earned for the goods provided. Costs related to such shipping and handling billings are classified as cost of sales.

We do not have significant categories of revenue that may impact how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

A summary of our revenue by product type for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

	October 31,
	2023		2022
PURE Hard Surface	$	718,000	$	446,000
SILVÉRION		—		21,000
	$	718,000	$	467,000

Variable Consideration

We record revenue from customers in an amount that reflects the transaction price we expect to be entitled to after transferring control of those goods or services. From time to time, we offer sales promotions on our products such as discounts. Variable consideration is estimated at contract inception only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue will not occur.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements, and the disclosures made in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Those estimates and assumptions include estimates for reserves of uncollectible accounts, inventory obsolescence, depreciable lives of property and equipment, analysis of impairments of recorded long-term tangible and intangible assets, realization of deferred tax assets, accruals for potential liabilities and assumptions made in valuing stock instruments issued for services.

Net Loss Per Share

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per common share is computed as net loss divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Our diluted net loss per common share is the same as our basic net loss per common share because we incurred a net loss during each period presented, and the potentially dilutive securities from the assumed exercise of all outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, and warrants would have an anti-dilutive effect. As of October 31, 2023 and 2022, stock options, shares issuable upon the conversion of debt, and shares issuable under restricted stock unit awards of 21,250,985 and 9,226,625, respectively, have been excluded from the computation of diluted shares outstanding.

	October 31,
	2023		2022
Common stock options		8,355,625		8,014,125
Restricted stock units		712,500		1,212,500
Shares issuable upon the conversion of debt		12,182,860		—
Total		21,250,985		9,226,625

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded net of allowances for doubtful accounts. We evaluate the collectability of our trade accounts receivable based on a number of factors. In circumstances where we become aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations to the Company, a specific reserve for bad debts is estimated and recorded, which reduces the recognized receivable to the estimated amount the Company believes will ultimately be collected. In addition to specific customer identification of potential bad debts, bad debt charges are recorded based on our historical losses and an overall assessment of past due trade accounts receivable outstanding. Management determined no allowance for doubtful accounts was necessary at October 31, 2023 and July 31, 2023.

Inventory

Inventory

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, and net of a valuation allowance for potential excess or obsolete material. Cost is determined using the average cost method. Depreciation related to manufacturing is systematically allocated to inventory produced, and expensed through cost of goods sold at the time inventory is sold.

Inventories consist of the following:

	October 31, 2023		July 31, 2023
Raw materials	$	15,000	$	11,000
Finished goods		89,000		77,000
	$	104,000	$	88,000

Inventories at October 31, 2023 and July 31, 2023, are net of a reserve for inventory obsolescence of $259,000.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-Based Compensation

We periodically issue stock options and restricted stock awards to employees and non-employees in non-capital raising transactions for services and for financing costs. We account for such grants issued and vesting to employees based on ASC 718, whereby the value of the award is measured on the date of grant and recognized as compensation expense on the straight-line basis over the vesting period.

We estimate the fair value of share-based payment awards at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The Black-Scholes option valuation model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including price volatility of the underlying stock, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, and expected life of the option. Share-based compensation expense is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, and therefore is reduced by expected forfeitures.

Concentrations

Concentrations

Gross product sales. For the three months ended October 31, 2023, one individual customer accounted for 41% of our net product sales. No other individual customer accounted for 10% or more of our net product sales. All of our net product sales occurred in the United States. For the three months ended October 31, 2022, two individual customers accounted for 19% and 10% of our net product sales. No other individual customer accounted for 10% or more of our net product sales. All of our net product sales occurred in the United States.

Accounts receivable. As of October 31, 2023, we had accounts receivable from one customer that comprised 39%, of total accounts receivable. As of October 31, 2022, we had accounts receivable from two customers that comprised 23% and 16% of total accounts receivable, respectively.

Purchases. For the three months ended October 31, 2023, two vendors accounted for 18% and 15% of our purchases. For the three months ended October 31, 2022, one vendor accounted for 23% of our purchases.

Accounts payable. As of October 31, 2023, two vendors accounted for 15% and 12% of the total trade accounts payable. As of October 31, 2022, two vendors accounted for 29% and 11% of the total trade accounts payable.

Segments

Segments

We operate in one segment for the manufacture and distribution of our products. In accordance with the “Segment Reporting” Topic of the ASC, our chief operating decision maker has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer and President, who reviews operating results to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the entire Company. Existing guidance, which is based on a management approach to segment reporting, establishes requirements to report selected segment information quarterly and to report annually entity-wide disclosures about products and services, major customers, and the countries in which the entity holds material assets and reports revenue. All material operating units qualify for aggregation under “Segment Reporting” due to their similar customer base and similarities in: economic characteristics; nature of products and services; and procurement, manufacturing and distribution processes. Since the Company operates in one segment, all financial information required by “Segment Reporting” can be found in the accompanying financial statements.