485BPOS

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on
February 26, 2021
Registration No. 333-00515
811-07513
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
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FORM N-1A
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REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933	/ X /
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Pre-Effective Amendment No.	/    /
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Post-Effective Amendment No. 354	/ X /
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REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY	/ X /
ACT OF 1940	----
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Amendment No. 353	/ X /
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PUTNAM FUNDS TRUST
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)
100 Federal Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant's Telephone Number, including Area Code
(617) 292-1000
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	It is proposed that this filing will become effective
	(check appropriate box)
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/    /	immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b)
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/ X /	on February 28, 2021 pursuant to paragraph (b)
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/    /	60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)
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/    /	on (date) pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)
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/    /	75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2)
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/    /	on (date) pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 485.
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If appropriate, check the following box:
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/    /	this post-effective amendment designates a new
----	effective date for a previously filed post-effective amendment.
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	ROBERT T. BURNS, Vice President
	PUTNAM FUNDS TRUST
	100 Federal Street
	Boston, Massachusetts 02110
	(Name and address of agent for service)
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	Copy to:
	BRYAN CHEGWIDDEN, Esquire
	ROPES & GRAY LLP
	1211 Avenue of the Americas
	New York, New York 10036
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This Post-Effective Amendment relates solely to the Registrant's Putnam Emerging Markets Equity Fund, Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund, Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund and Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund series. Information contained in the Registrant's Registration Statement relating to any other series of the Registrant is neither amended nor superseded hereby.

Table of contents

Fund summary	2
What are the fund’s main investment strategies and related risks?	9
Who oversees and manages the fund?	18
How does the fund price its shares?	20
How do I buy fund shares?	21
How do I sell or exchange fund shares?	31
Policy on excessive short-term trading	34
Distribution plans and payments to dealers	36
Fund distributions and taxes	38
Financial highlights	40
Appendix	46

Fund summary

Goal

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund seeks positive total return.

Fees and expenses

The following tables describe the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy, hold and sell shares of the fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples below. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $100,000 in Putnam funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in How do I buy fund shares? beginning on page 21 of the fund’s prospectus, in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus, and in How to buy shares beginning on page II-1 of the fund’s statement of additional information (SAI).

Shareholder fees (fees paid directly from your investment)

Share class	Maximum sales charge (load) imposed on purchases (as a percentage of offering price)	Maximum deferred sales charge (load) (as a percentage of original purchase price or redemption proceeds, whichever is lower)
Class A	2.25%	1.00%*
Class B	None	1.00%**
Class C	None	1.00%***
Class P	None	None
Class R	None	None
Class R6	None	None
Class Y	None	None

2          Prospectus

Annual fund operating expenses
(expenses you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)

Share class	Management fees†	Distribution and service (12b-1) fees	Other expenses	Total annual fund operating expenses
Class A	0.53%	0.25%	0.01%	0.79%
Class B	0.53%	0.45%	0.01%	0.99%
Class C	0.53%	1.00%	0.01%	1.54%
Class P	0.53%	—	0.01%	0.54%
Class R	0.53%	0.50%	0.01%	1.04%
Class R6	0.53%	—	0.01%	0.54%
Class Y	0.53%	—	0.01%	0.54%

*   Applies only to certain redemptions of shares bought with no initial sales charge.

**   This charge is phased out over two years.

***   This charge is eliminated after one year.

^†   Management fees are subject to a performance adjustment. The fund’s base management fee is subject to adjustment, up or down, based on the fund’s performance relative to the performance of the ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 300 basis points. For the most recent fiscal year, the fund’s base management fee prior to any performance adjustment was 0.60%.

Example

The following hypothetical example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the fund with the cost of investing in other funds. It assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods indicated and then, except as indicated, redeem all your shares at the end of those periods. It assumes a 5% return on your investment each year and that the fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Your actual costs may be higher or lower.

Share class	1 year	3 years	5 years	10 years
Class A	$304	$472	$654	$1,181
Class B	$201	$315	$547	$1,156
Class B (no redemption)	$101	$315	$547	$1,156
Class C	$257	$486	$839	$1,834
Class C (no redemption)	$157	$486	$839	$1,834
Class P	$55	$173	$302	$677
Class R	$106	$331	$574	$1,271
Class R6	$55	$173	$302	$677
Class Y	$55	$173	$302	$677

Portfolio turnover

The fund pays transaction-related costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when the fund’s shares are held. in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or the above example, affect fund performance. The fund’s turnover rate in the most recent fiscal year was 844%.

Prospectus          3

Investments, risks, and performance

Investments

The fund is designed to pursue a consistent absolute return through a broadly diversified portfolio reflecting uncorrelated fixed-income strategies designed to exploit market inefficiencies across global markets and fixed-income sectors. These strategies include investments in the following asset categories: (a) sovereign debt: obligations of governments in developed and emerging markets; (b) corporate credit: investment-grade debt, below-investment-grade debt (sometimes referred to as “junk bonds”), bank loans, convertible bonds and structured credit; and (c) securitized assets: asset-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities (which may be backed by non-qualified or “sub-prime” mortgages), commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. The fund currently has significant investment exposure to residential and commercial mortgage-backed investments. In pursuing a consistent absolute return, the fund’s strategies are also generally intended to produce lower volatility over a reasonable period of time than has been historically associated with traditional asset classes that have earned similar levels of return over long historical periods. These traditional asset classes might include, for example, bonds with moderate exposure to interest rate and credit risks.

Under normal circumstances, the fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets in fixed-income securities (fixed-income securities include any debt instrument, and may be represented by other investment instruments, including derivatives). This policy may be changed only after 60 days’ notice to shareholders. We may consider, among other factors, credit, interest rate and prepayment risks, as well as general market conditions, when deciding whether to buy or sell investments. We typically use derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions, warrants and swap contracts, for both hedging and non-hedging purposes. Accordingly, we may use derivatives to a significant extent to obtain or enhance exposure to the fixed-income sectors and strategies mentioned above, and to hedge against risk.

Risks

It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

Our allocation of assets among fixed-income strategies and sectors may hurt performance, and our efforts to diversify risk through the use of leverage and allocation decisions may not be successful.

If the quantitative models or data that are used in managing the fund prove to be incorrect or incomplete, investment decisions made in reliance on the models or data may not produce the desired results and the fund may realize losses.

The value of investments in the fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions, investor sentiment and market perceptions, government actions, geopolitical events or changes, and factors related to a specific issuer, geography, industry or sector. These and other factors may lead to increased volatility

4          Prospectus

and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain its spread are likely to negatively affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of the securities and other assets in which the fund invests and exacerbate other risks that apply to the fund. These effects could negatively impact the fund’s performance and lead to losses on your investment in the fund.

Bond investments are subject to interest rate risk, which is the risk that the the value of the fund’s bond investments is likely to fall if interest rates rise. Bond investments also are subject to credit risk, which is the risk that the issuer of the bond may default on payment of interest or principal. Bond investments may be more susceptible to downgrades or defaults during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress. Interest rate risk is generally greater for longer-term bonds, and credit risk is generally greater for below-investment-grade bonds, which may be considered speculative. Mortgage-backed investments, unlike traditional debt investments, are also subject to prepayment risk, which means that they may increase in value less than other bonds when interest rates decline and decline in value more than other bonds when interest rates rise. We may have to invest the proceeds from prepaid investments, including mortgage- and asset-backed investments, in other investments with less attractive terms and yields.

The fund’s investments in mortgage-backed investments, and in certain other securities and derivatives, may be or become illiquid. The fund currently has significant investment exposure to privately issued residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities, which may make the fund’s net asset value more susceptible to economic, market, political and other developments affecting the residential and commercial real estate markets and the servicing of mortgage loans secured by real estate properties. During periods of difficult economic conditions, delinquencies and losses on commercial mortgage-backed investments in particular generally increase, including as a result of the effects of those conditions on commercial real estate markets, the ability of commercial tenants to make loan payments, and the ability of a property to attract and retain commercial tenants.

The value of international investments traded in foreign currencies may be adversely impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates. International investments, particularly investments in emerging markets, may carry risks associated with potentially less stable economies or governments (such as the risk of seizure by a foreign government, the imposition of currency or other restrictions, or high levels of inflation), and may be or become illiquid. Our use of derivatives may increase the risks of investing in the fund by increasing investment exposure (which may be considered leverage) or, in the case of many over-the-counter instruments, because of the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions and the potential failure of the other party to the instrument to meet its obligations.

Prospectus          5

There is no guarantee that the investment techniques, analyses, or judgments that we apply in making investment decisions for the fund will produce the intended outcome or that the investments we select for the fund will perform as well as other securities that were not selected for the fund. We, or the fund’s other service providers, may experience disruptions or operating errors that could negatively impact the fund.

The fund may not achieve its goal, and it is not intended to be a complete investment program. The fund’s efforts to produce lower volatility returns may not be successful. An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

Performance

The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time. The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower. Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results. Monthly performance figures for the fund are available at putnam.com.

Annual total returns for class A shares before sales charges

6          Prospectus

Average annual total returns after sales charges (for periods ended 12/31/20)

Share class	1 year	5 years	10 years
Class A before taxes	-1.68%	2.98%	1.97%
Class A after taxes on distributions	-2.45%	1.56%	0.65%
Class A after taxes on distributions and sale of fund shares	-1.01%	1.64%	0.91%
Class B before taxes	-0.54%	3.25%	2.04%
Class C before taxes	-1.06%	2.69%	1.45%
Class P before taxes*	0.83%	3.74%	2.47%
Class R before taxes	0.32%	3.19%	1.95%
Class R6 before taxes*	0.83%	3.72%	2.48%
Class Y before taxes	0.84%	3.73%	2.47%
ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)	0.74%	1.23%	0.66%
ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 300 basis points (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)	3.74%	4.23%	3.66%
Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)	7.51%	4.44%	3.84%
S&P 500 Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)	18.40%	15.22%	13.88%

*   Performance for class R6 shares prior to their inception (7/2/12) and for class P shares prior to their inception (8/31/16) is derived from the historical performance of class Y shares; had it, returns would have been higher.

ICE BofA Indexes: ICE Data Indices, LLC (“ICE BofA”), used with permission. ICE BofA permits use of the ICE BofA indices and related data on an “as is” basis; makes no warranties regarding same; does not guarantee the suitability, quality, accuracy, timeliness, and/or completeness of the ICE BofA indices or any data included in, related to, or derived therefrom; assumes no liability in connection with the use of the foregoing; and does not sponsor, endorse, or recommend Putnam Investments, or any of its products or services.

After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes. These after-tax returns do not apply if you hold your fund shares through a 401(k) plan, an IRA, or another tax-advantaged arrangement.

Class B share performance reflects conversion to class A shares after eight years.

ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index tracks the performance of U.S. dollar denominated U.S. Treasury bills, which represent obligations of the U.S. Government having a maturity of one year or less, and is intended as an approximate measure of the rate of inflation. ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index + 3.00% is the benchmark and hurdle rate for the performance adjustment component of the fund’s management fee.

The Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index and the S&P 500 Index are broad measures of market performance. Securities in the fund do not match those in the indexes and the performance of the fund will differ.

Prospectus          7

Your fund’s management

Investment advisor

Putnam Investment Management, LLC

Portfolio managers

D. William Kohli
Co-Chief Investment Officer, Fixed
Income, portfolio manager of the fund
since 2008

Michael Salm
Co-Chief Investment Officer, Fixed
Income, portfolio manager of the fund
since 2008

Albert Chan
Portfolio Manager, portfolio manager
of the fund since 2017

Paul Scanlon
Co-Head of Fixed Income, portfolio
manager of the fund since 2008

Sub-advisors

Putnam Investments Limited*

The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC*

*   Though the investment advisor has retained the services of both Putnam Investments Limited (PIL) and The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC (PAC), PIL and PAC do not currently manage any assets of the fund.

Purchase and sale of fund shares

You can open an account, purchase and/or sell fund shares, or exchange them for shares of another Putnam fund by contacting your financial professional or by calling Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581. Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment.

When opening an account, you must complete and mail a Putnam account application, along with a check made payable to the fund, to: Putnam Investments, P.O. Box 219697, Kansas City, MO 64121-9697. The minimum initial investment of $500 is currently waived, although Putnam reserves the right to reject initial investments under $500 at its discretion. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.

Class P shares are only available to other Putnam funds and other accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates.

You can sell your shares back to the fund or exchange them for shares of another Putnam fund any day the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is open. Shares may be sold or exchanged by mail, by phone, or online at putnam.com. Some restrictions may apply.

Tax information

The fund’s distributions will be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains unless you hold the shares through a tax-advantaged arrangement, in which case you will generally be taxed only upon withdrawal of monies from the arrangement.

8          Prospectus

Financial intermediary compensation

If you purchase the fund through a broker/dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank or financial professional), the fund and its related companies may pay that intermediary for the sale of fund shares and related services. Please bear in mind that these payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker/dealer or other intermediary to recommend the fund over another investment. Ask your advisor or visit your advisor’s website for more information.

What are the fund’s main investment strategies and related risks?

This section contains greater detail on the fund’s main investment strategies and the related risks you would face as a fund shareholder. It is important to keep in mind that risk and reward generally go hand in hand; the higher the potential reward, the greater the risk.

The use of the term “absolute return” in the fund’s name is meant to distinguish the fund’s goal and investment strategies from those of most other mutual funds available in the marketplace. Most mutual funds are generally managed with a goal of outperforming an index of securities or an index of competitive funds. As a result, even if such funds are successful in achieving their goals, their investment returns may be positive or negative and will tend to reflect the general direction of the markets. In addition, these other mutual funds can expose investors to significant market volatility and sustained periods of negative performance. Volatility refers to the tendency of investments and markets to fluctuate in value over time. The greater an investment’s or a market’s volatility, the more sharply its value may fluctuate. A mutual fund’s volatility is often measured as the standard deviation of such fund’s monthly returns and expressed as a percentage.

In contrast, the fund’s “absolute return” strategy seeks to earn a positive total return over a reasonable period of time, regardless of market conditions or general market direction, since investment returns will likely fluctuate more over shorter periods of time as market conditions vary, even under an “absolute return” strategy. As a result, if this strategy is successful, investors should expect the fund to outperform the general securities markets during periods of flat or negative market performance, to underperform during periods of strong positive market performance, and typically to produce less volatile returns over a reasonable period of time (a full market cycle, which is generally at least three years but may potentially be significantly longer) than has been historically associated with traditional asset classes that have earned similar levels of return over long historical periods.

The following sections describe the fund’s main investment strategies. As a general matter, the fund has significant flexibility in its choice of strategies. This flexibility enhances the fund’s ability to seek positive total return. This flexibility is also generally expected to result in diversification of the fund’s portfolio across multiple asset classes, although the fund may focus its investments on particular asset classes from

Prospectus          9

time to time. Diversification generally limits market exposure to any asset class and helps to reduce the volatility of returns.

Global bond strategies

Independent global fixed-income investment strategies

We seek to efficiently mix a number of independent global fixed income investment strategies. These strategies may be based on security selection, allocation among sub-sectors of the fixed income market (such as the investment-grade and below-investment-grade sub-sectors within the credit sector), macroeconomic developments (such as those relating to currencies and country-specific developments), and other techniques. By using a number of strategies, the fund may take advantage of today’s global fixed income markets, which are complex, rapidly evolving, and characterized by newly defined instruments, sub-sectors, and derivatives that, we believe, offer substantial opportunities. We may invest without limit in all available global fixed income instruments, including lower-rated debt, to diversify portfolio exposure regardless of market conditions.

Derivatives and investment exposures

When the fund uses derivatives to increase its exposure to investments, the derivatives may create investment leverage. Investment leverage means that, for every $100 invested in the fund, the fund may obtain an exposure to more than $100 of underlying investments after long and short positions are netted against each other. The amounts of investment leverage will vary over time.

Description of risks

The fund may invest in a wide variety of fixed income investments. It may also, on occasion, acquire equity securities. A description of the risks associated with the fund’s investments follows.

Fixed-income investments

• Interest rate risk. The values of bonds and other debt instruments usually rise and fall in response to changes in interest rates. Interest rates can change in response to the supply and demand for credit, government and/or central bank monetary policy and action, inflation rates, and other factors. Declining interest rates generally result in an increase in the value of existing debt instruments, and rising interest rates generally result in a decrease in the value of existing debt instruments. Changes in a debt instrument’s value usually will not affect the amount of interest income paid to the fund, but will affect the value of the fund’s shares. Interest rate risk is generally greater for investments with longer maturities.

Some investments give the issuer the option to call or redeem an investment before its maturity date. If an issuer calls or redeems an investment during a time of declining interest rates, we might have to reinvest the proceeds in an investment offering a lower yield, and therefore the fund might not benefit from any increase in value as a result of declining interest rates.

10          Prospectus

The fund may invest in inflation-protected securities issued by the U.S. Department of Treasury, by non-U.S. governments, or by private issuers. Inflation-protected securities are debt instruments whose principal and/or interest are adjusted for inflation. Inflation-protected securities issued by the U.S. Treasury pay a fixed rate of interest that is applied to an inflation-adjusted principal amount. The principal amount is adjusted based on changes in the Consumer Price Index, a measure of inflation. The principal due at maturity is typically equal to the inflation-adjusted principal amount, or to the instrument’s original par value, whichever is greater. Because the principal amount would be adjusted downward during a period of deflation, the fund will be subject to deflation risk with respect to its investments in these securities. In addition, if the fund purchases inflation-adjusted debt instruments in the secondary market whose principal values have been adjusted upward due to inflation since issuance, the fund may experience a loss if there is a subsequent period of deflation.

• Credit risk. Investors normally expect to be compensated in proportion to the risk they are assuming. Thus, debt of issuers with poor credit prospects usually offers higher yields than debt of issuers with more secure credit. Higher-rated investments generally have lower credit risk.

We may invest without limit in higher-yield, higher-risk debt investments that are below investment-grade, including investments in the lowest rating category of the rating agency, and in unrated investments that we believe are of comparable quality. However, we may invest no more than 15% of the fund’s total assets in debt investments rated below CCC or its equivalent, at the time of purchase, by each rating agency rating such investments, including investments in the lowest rating category of the rating agency, and in unrated investments that we believe are of comparable quality. We will not necessarily sell an investment if its rating is reduced (or increased) after we buy it.

Investments rated below BBB or its equivalent are below investment-grade in quality and may be considered speculative. This rating reflects a greater possibility that the issuers may be unable to make timely payments of interest and principal and thus default. If this happens, or is perceived as likely to happen, the value of the investment will usually be more volatile and is likely to fall. The value of a debt instrument may also be affected by changes in, or perceptions of, the financial condition of the issuer, borrower, counterparty, or other entity, or underlying collateral or assets, or changes in, or perceptions of, specific or general market, economic, industry, political, regulatory, geopolitical, environmental, public health, and other conditions. A default or expected default could also make it difficult for us to sell the investment at a price approximating the value we had previously placed on it. Lower-rated debt usually has a more limited market than higher-rated debt, which may at times make it difficult for us to buy or sell certain debt instruments or to establish their fair value. Credit risk is generally greater for zero coupon bonds and other investments that are issued at less than their face value and that are required to make interest payments only at maturity rather than at intervals during the life of the investment.

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Bond investments may be more susceptible to downgrades or defaults during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress, which can significantly strain the financial resources of debt issuers, including the issuers of the bonds in which the fund invests. This may make it less likely that those issuers can meet their financial obligations when due and may adversely impact the value of their bonds, which could negatively impact the performance of the fund. It is difficult to predict the level of financial stress and duration of such stress issuers may experience.

Credit ratings are based largely on the issuer’s historical financial condition and the rating agencies’ investment analysis at the time of rating. The rating assigned to any particular investment does not necessarily reflect the issuer’s current financial condition, and does not reflect an assessment of the investment’s volatility or liquidity. Although we consider credit ratings in making investment decisions, we perform our own investment analysis and do not rely only on ratings assigned by the rating agencies. Our success in achieving the fund’s goal may depend more on our own credit analysis when we buy lower-rated debt than when we buy investment-grade-debt. We may have to participate in legal proceedings involving the issuer. This could increase the fund’s operating expenses and decrease its net asset value.

Although investment-grade investments generally have lower credit risk, they may share some of the risks of lower-rated investments.

Mortgage-backed securities may be subject to the risk that underlying borrowers will be unable to meet their obligations.

• Prepayment risk. Traditional debt investments typically pay a fixed rate of interest until maturity, when the entire principal amount is due. In contrast, payments on securitized debt instruments, including mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments, typically include both interest and partial payment of principal. Principal may also be prepaid voluntarily or as a result of refinancing or foreclosure. We may have to invest the proceeds from prepaid investments in other investments with less attractive terms and yields.

Compared to debt that cannot be prepaid, mortgage-backed investments are less likely to increase in value during periods of declining interest rates and have a higher risk of decline in value during periods of rising interest rates. These investments may increase the volatility of the fund. Some mortgage-backed investments receive only the interest portion or the principal portion of payments on the underlying mortgages. The yields and values of these investments are extremely sensitive to changes in interest rates and in the rate of principal payments on the underlying mortgages. The market for these investments may be volatile and limited, which may make them difficult to buy or sell. Asset-backed securities are structured like mortgage-backed securities, but instead of mortgage loans or interests in mortgage loans, the underlying assets may include such items as motor vehicle installment sales or installment loan contracts, leases of various types of real and personal property and receivables from credit card agreements. Asset-backed securities are subject to risks similar to those of mortgage-backed securities.

12          Prospectus

• Foreign investments. Foreign investments involve certain special risks, including:

—   Unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates: Foreign investments are typically issued and traded in foreign currencies. As a result, their values may be affected by changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar.

—   Political and economic developments: Foreign investments may be subject to the risks of seizure by a foreign government, direct or indirect impact of sovereign debt default, imposition of economic sanctions or restrictions on the exchange or export of foreign currency, and tax increases.

—   Unreliable or untimely information: There may be less information publicly available about a foreign company than about most publicly-traded U.S. companies, and foreign companies are usually not subject to accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and practices as stringent as those in United States. Foreign securities may trade on markets that are closed when the U.S. markets are open. As a result, accurate pricing information based on foreign market prices may not always be available.

—   Limited legal recourse: Legal remedies for investors may be more limited than the remedies available in the United States.

—   Limited markets: Certain foreign investments may be less liquid (harder to buy and sell) and more volatile than most U.S. investments, which means we may at times be unable to sell these foreign investments at desirable prices. In addition, there may be limited or no markets for bonds of issuers that become distressed. For the same reason, we may at times find it difficult to value the fund’s foreign investments.

—   Trading practices: Brokerage commissions and other fees are generally higher for foreign investments than for U.S. investments. The procedures and rules governing foreign transactions and custody may also involve delays in payment, delivery or recovery of money or investments.

—   Sovereign issuers: The willingness and ability of sovereign issuers to pay principal and interest on government securities depends on various economic factors, including the issuer’s balance of payments, overall debt level, and cash flow from tax or other revenues. In addition, there may be no legal recourse for investors in the event of default by a sovereign government.

The risks of foreign investments are typically increased in countries with less developed markets, which are sometimes referred to as emerging markets. Emerging markets may have less developed economies and legal and regulatory systems, and may be susceptible to greater political and economic instability than developed foreign markets. Countries with emerging markets are also more likely to experience high levels of inflation or currency devaluation, and investments in emerging markets may be more volatile and less liquid than investments in developed markets. For these and other reasons, investments in emerging markets are often considered speculative.

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Certain risks related to foreign investments may also apply to some extent to U.S.-traded investments that are denominated in foreign currencies, investments in U.S. companies that are traded in foreign markets, or investments in U.S. companies that have significant foreign operations.

• Derivatives. We may engage in a variety of transactions involving derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions, warrants and swap contracts. As described above, investments in derivatives are an important component of the fund’s investment strategies. Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value of something else, such as one or more underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies. We may make use of “short” derivatives positions, the values of which typically move in the opposite direction from the price of the underlying investment, pool of investments, index or currency. We may use derivatives both for hedging and non-hedging purposes. For example, we may use derivatives to increase or decrease the fund’s exposure to long-or short-term interest rates (in the United States or abroad) or to a particular currency or group of currencies. We may also use derivatives as a substitute for a direct investment in the securities of one or more issuers. However, we may also choose not to use derivatives, based on our evaluation of market conditions or the availability of suitable derivatives. Investments in derivatives may be applied toward meeting a requirement to invest in a particular kind of investment if the derivatives have economic characteristics similar to that investment. The fund’s investment in derivatives may be limited by its intention to qualify as a regulated investment company.

Derivatives involve special risks and may result in losses. The successful use of derivatives depends on our ability to manage these sophisticated instruments. Some derivatives are “leveraged,” which means they provide the fund with investment exposure greater than the value of the fund’s investment in the derivatives. As a result, these derivatives may magnify or otherwise increase investment losses to the fund. The risk of loss from certain short derivatives positions is theoretically unlimited. The value of derivatives may move in unexpected ways due to the use of leverage or other factors, especially in unusual market conditions, and may result in increased volatility.

Derivatives may create investment leverage, which involves risks. If our judgments about the performance of various asset classes or investments prove incorrect, and the fund’s exposure to underperforming asset classes or investments is increased through the use of leverage, a relatively small market movement may result in significant losses to the fund. In addition, the fund may be unable to obtain its desired exposures to particular fixed income strategies and sectors.

Other risks arise from the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions. A liquid secondary market may not always exist for the fund’s derivatives positions. In fact, many over-the-counter instruments (investments not traded on an exchange) will not be liquid. Over-the-counter instruments also involve the risk that the other party to the derivatives transaction will not meet its obligations. For further information about additional types and risks of derivatives and the fund’s asset segregation policies, see Miscellaneous Investments, Investment Practices and Risks in the SAI.

14          Prospectus

• Liquidity and illiquid investments. We may invest up to 15% of the fund’s assets in illiquid investments, which may be considered speculative and which may be difficult to sell. The sale of many of these investments is prohibited or limited by law or contract. Some investments may be difficult to value for purposes of determining the fund’s net asset value. Certain other investments may not have an active trading market due to adverse market, economic, industry, political, regulatory, geopolitical, environmental, public health, and other conditions, including investors trying to sell large quantities of a particular investment or type of investment, or lack of market makers or other buyers for a particular investment or type of investment. Commercial mortgage-backed securities may be less liquid and exhibit greater price volatility than other types of mortgage- or asset-backed securities. We may not be able to sell the fund’s investments when we consider it desirable to do so, or we may be able to sell them only at less than their value.

• Focused investment risk. Focusing investments in sectors and industries with high positive correlations to one another creates additional risk. The fund currently has significant investment exposure to private issuers of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities, which makes the fund’s net asset value more susceptible to economic, market, political and other developments affecting the residential and commercial real estate markets and the servicing of mortgage loans secured by real estate properties. Factors affecting the residential and commercial real estate markets include the supply and demand of real property in particular markets, changes in the availability, terms and costs of mortgages, changes in tenants’ ability to make loan payments, changes in zoning laws and eminent domain practices, the impact of environmental laws, delays in completion of construction, changes in real estate values, changes in property taxes, levels of occupancy, adequacy of rent to cover operating expenses, changes in government regulations, and local and regional market conditions. Some of these factors may vary greatly by geographic location. The value of these investments also may be affected by changes in interest rates and social and economic trends. Mortgage-backed securities are subject to the risk of fluctuations in income from underlying real estate assets, prepayments, extensions, and defaults by borrowers.

Because the fund currently has significant investment exposure to commercial mortgage-backed securities, the fund may be particularly susceptible to adverse developments affecting those securities. Commercial mortgage-backed securities include securities that reflect an interest in, or are secured by, mortgage loans on commercial real property, such as industrial and warehouse properties, office buildings, retail space and shopping malls, cooperative apartments, hotels and motels, nursing homes, hospitals and senior living centers. Many of the risks of investing in commercial mortgage-backed securities reflect the risks of investing in the real estate securing the underlying mortgage loans. During periods of difficult economic conditions (including periods of significant disruptions to business operations, supply chains, and customer activity and lower consumer demand for goods and services), delinquencies and losses on commercial real estate generally increase, including as a result of the effects of those conditions on commercial real

Prospectus          15

estate markets, the ability of commercial tenants to make loan payments, and the ability of a property to attract and retain commercial tenants. The risk of defaults on residential mortgage-backed securities is generally higher in the case of mortgage-backed investments that include non-qualified mortgages. Litigation with respect to the representations and warranties given in connection with the issuance of mortgage-backed securities can be an important consideration in investing in such securities, and the outcome of any such litigation could significantly impact the value of the fund’s mortgage-backed investments.

Additional risks

• Market risk. The value of investments in the fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions; investor sentiment and market perceptions (including perceptions about monetary policy, interest rates or the risk of default); government actions (including protectionist measures, intervention in the financial markets or other regulation, and changes in fiscal, monetary or tax policies); geopolitical events or changes (including natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics, terrorism and war); and factors related to a specific issuer, geography, industry or sector. Foreign financial markets have their own market risks, and they may be more or less volatile than U.S. markets and may move in different directions. These and other factors may lead to increased volatility and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings. During those periods, the fund may experience high levels of shareholder redemptions, and may have to sell securities at times when it would otherwise not do so, and at unfavorable prices. These risks may be exacerbated during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress.

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain its spread have negatively affected, and are likely to continue to negatively affect, the global economy, the economies of the United States and other individual countries, and the financial performance of individual issuers, sectors, industries, asset classes, and markets in significant and unforeseen ways. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant market volatility, exchange trading suspensions and closures, declines in global financial markets, higher default rates, and economic downturns and recessions, and these effects may continue for an extended period of time and may increase in severity over time. In addition, actions taken by government and quasi-governmental authorities and regulators throughout the world in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including significant fiscal and monetary policy changes, may affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of some securities and other assets. Given the significant uncertainty surrounding the magnitude, duration, reach, costs and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as actions that have been or could be taken by governmental authorities or other third parties, it is difficult to predict its potential impacts on the fund’s investments. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic also are likely to exacerbate other risks that apply to the fund, including the risks disclosed in this prospectus, which could negatively impact the fund’s performance and lead to losses on your investment in the fund.

16          Prospectus

• Model risk. We use proprietary models and data supplied by third parties. We use models and data to, among other things, identify and assess trends and market opportunities and provide risk management insights. We regularly enhance and update our models to reflect developing research, fundamental analysis, and access to new data. If the quantitative models or data used in managing the fund prove to be incorrect or incomplete, investment decisions made in reliance on the models or data may not produce the desired results and may cause the fund to underperform its benchmark or other funds with a similar investment goal, and the fund may realize losses. In addition, models may incorrectly forecast future behavior, leading to potential losses. Use of these models in unforeseen or certain low-probability scenarios (often involving a market disruption of some kind) also may result in losses for the fund.

All models require data. Some of the models that we may use are typically constructed based on historical data, and the success of these models is dependent largely on the accuracy and reliability of the supplied historical data. If incorrect data is entered into a model, the resulting output will be incorrect.

• Management and operational risk. The fund is actively managed and its performance will reflect, in part, our ability to make investment decisions that seek to achieve the fund’s investment objective. There is no guarantee that the investment techniques, analyses, or judgements that will apply in making investment decisions for the fund will produce the intended outcome or that the investments we select for the fund will perform as well as other securities that were not selected for the fund. As a result, the fund may underperform its benchmark or other funds with a similar investment goal and may realize losses. In addition, we, or the fund’s other service providers, may experience disruptions or operating errors that could negatively impact the fund. Although service providers may have operational risk management policies and procedures and take appropriate precautions to avoid and mitigate risks that could lead to disruptions and operating errors, it may not be possible to identify all of the operational risks that may affect the fund or to develop processes and controls to completely eliminate or mitigate their occurrence or effects.

• Other investments. In addition to the main investment strategies described above, the fund may make other types of investments, such as investments in preferred stocks, convertible securities, and common stocks. The fund may also loan its portfolio securities to earn income. These practices may be subject to other risks, as described under Miscellaneous Investments, Investment Practices and Risks in the SAI.

• Temporary defensive strategies. In response to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions, we may take temporary defensive positions, such as investing some or all of the fund’s assets in cash and cash equivalents, that differ from the fund’s usual investment strategies. However, we may choose not to use these temporary defensive strategies for a variety of reasons, even in very volatile market conditions. These strategies may cause the fund to miss out on investment opportunities, and may prevent the fund from achieving its goal. Additionally, while temporary defensive strategies are mainly designed to limit losses, such strategies may not work as intended.

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• Changes in policies. The Trustees may change the fund’s goal, investment strategies and other policies set forth in this prospectus without shareholder approval, except as otherwise provided in the prospectus or SAI.

• Portfolio turnover rate. The fund’s portfolio turnover rate measures how frequently the fund buys and sells investments. A portfolio turnover rate of 100%, for example, would mean that the fund sold and replaced securities valued at 100% of the fund’s assets within a one-year period.

The fund expects to engage in frequent trading.

Funds with high turnover may be more likely to realize capital gains that must be distributed to shareholders as taxable income. High turnover may also cause a fund to pay more brokerage commissions and to incur other transaction costs (including imputed transaction costs), which may detract from performance. The fund’s portfolio turnover rate and the amount of brokerage commissions it pays and transaction costs it incurs will vary over time based on market conditions.

• Portfolio holdings. The SAI includes a description of the fund’s policies with respect to the disclosure of its portfolio holdings. For more specific information on the fund’s portfolio, you may visit the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, where the fund’s top 10 holdings and related portfolio information may be viewed monthly beginning approximately 15 days after the end of each month, and full portfolio holdings may be viewed beginning on the 8th business day after the end of each month. This information will remain available on the website at least until the fund files a Form N-CSR or publicly available Form N-PORT with the SEC for the period that includes the date of the information, after which such information can be found on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

Who oversees and manages the fund?

The fund’s Trustees

As a shareholder of a mutual fund, you have certain rights and protections, including representation by a Board of Trustees. The Putnam Funds’ Board of Trustees oversees the general conduct of the fund’s business and represents the interests of the Putnam fund shareholders. At least 75% of the members of the Putnam Funds’ Board of Trustees are independent, which means they are not officers of the fund or affiliated with Putnam Investment Management, LLC (Putnam Management).

The Trustees periodically review the fund’s investment performance and the quality of other services such as administration, custody, and investor services. At least annually, the Trustees review the fees paid to Putnam Management and its affiliates for providing or overseeing these services, as well as the overall level of the fund’s operating expenses. In carrying out their responsibilities, the Trustees are assisted by an administrative staff, auditors and legal counsel that are selected by the Trustees and are independent of Putnam Management and its affiliates.

18          Prospectus

Contacting the fund’s Trustees
Address correspondence to:
The Putnam Funds Trustees
100 Federal Street
Boston, MA 02110

The fund’s investment manager

The Trustees have retained Putnam Management, which has managed mutual funds since 1937, to be the fund’s investment manager, responsible for making investment decisions for the fund and managing the fund’s other affairs and business.

The basis for the Trustees’ approval of the fund’s management contract and the sub-management and sub-advisory contracts described below is discussed in the fund’s annual report to shareholders dated October 31, 2020.

The fund pays a monthly base management fee to Putnam Management. The base fee is equal to 0.60% of the fund’s average net assets for the month.

The fund’s monthly base fee described above is increased or reduced by a performance adjustment. The amount of the performance adjustment is calculated monthly based on a performance adjustment rate that is equal to 0.04 multiplied by the difference between the fund’s annualized performance (measured by the fund’s class A shares) and the annualized performance of the ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 300 basis points, each measured over the performance period; provided that the performance adjustment rate for the fund may not exceed 0.12% or be less than –0.12%.

The performance period is the thirty-six month period then ended. The performance adjustment rate is multiplied by the fund’s average net assets over the performance period, divided by twelve, and added to, or subtracted from, the base fee for that month.

In return for the management fees, Putnam Management provides the fund investment management and investor servicing and bears the fund’s organizational and operating expenses, excluding performance fee adjustments, distribution and service (12b-1) fees, brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses, extraordinary expenses, and acquired fund fees and expenses. This fee structure is sometimes referred to as an “all in” or “unitary” management fee.

The fund paid Putnam Management a management fee (after any applicable waivers or performance adjustments) of 0.53% of average net assets for the fund’s last fiscal year.

Putnam Management’s address is 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110.

Putnam Management has retained its affiliate PIL to make investment decisions for such fund assets as may be designated from time to time for its management by Putnam Management. PIL is not currently managing any fund assets. If PIL were to manage any fund assets, Putnam Management (and not the fund) would pay a quarterly sub-management fee to PIL for its services at the annual rate of 0.35% of the

Prospectus          19

average net asset value (NAV) of any fund assets managed by PIL. PIL, which provides a full range of international investment advisory services to institutional clients, is located at 16 St James’s Street, London, England, SW1A 1ER.

Putnam Management and PIL have retained their affiliate PAC to make investment decisions for such fund assets as may be designated from time to time for its management by Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable. PAC is not currently managing any fund assets. If PAC were to manage any fund assets, Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable (and not the fund), would pay a quarterly sub-advisory fee to PAC for its services at the annual rate of 0.35% of the average NAV of any fund assets managed by PAC. PAC, which provides financial services to institutions and individuals through separately-managed accounts and pooled investment vehicles, has its headquarters at 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110, with additional investment management personnel located in Singapore.

Pursuant to these arrangements, Putnam investment professionals who are based in foreign jurisdictions may serve as portfolio managers of the fund or provide other investment services, consistent with local regulations.

• Portfolio managers. The officers of Putnam Management identified below are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the fund’s portfolio.

Portfolio managers	Joined fund	Employer	Positions over past five years
D. William Kohli	2008	Putnam Management 1994 – Present	Co-Chief Investment Officer, Fixed Income Previously, Chief Investment Officer, Fixed Income and Co-Head of Fixed Income
Albert Chan	2017	Putnam Management 2002 – Present	Portfolio Manager Previously, Analyst
Michael Salm	2008	Putnam Management 1997 – Present	Co-Chief Investment Officer, Fixed Income Previously, Co-Head of Fixed Income
Paul Scanlon	2008	Putnam Management 1999 – Present	Co-Head of Fixed Income

The SAI provides information about these individuals’ compensation, other accounts managed by these individuals and these individuals’ ownership of securities in the fund.

How does the fund price its shares?

The price of the fund’s shares is based on its NAV. The NAV per share of each class equals the total value of its assets, less its liabilities, divided by the number of its outstanding shares. Shares are only valued as of the scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE each day the exchange is open.

The fund values its investments for which market quotations are readily available at market value. It values all other investments and assets at their fair value, which may differ from recent market prices. For example, the fund may value a stock traded on a

20          Prospectus

U.S. exchange at its fair value when the exchange closes early or trading in the stock is suspended. It may also value a stock at fair value if recent transactions in the stock have been very limited or if, in the case of a security traded on a market that closes before the NYSE closes, material information about the issuer becomes available after the close of the relevant market.

Market quotations are not considered to be readily available for many debt securities. These securities are generally valued at fair value on the basis of valuations provided by an independent pricing service approved by the fund’s Trustees or dealers selected by Putnam Management. Pricing services and dealers determine valuations for normal institutional-size trading units of such securities using information with respect to transactions in the bond being valued, market transactions for comparable securities and various relationships, generally recognized by institutional traders, between securities. To the extent a pricing service or dealer is unable to value a security or provides a valuation that Putnam Management does not believe accurately reflects the security’s fair value, the security will be valued at fair value by Putnam Management.

The fund translates prices for its investments quoted in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates, which are generally determined as of 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time each day the NYSE is open. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar may affect the fund’s NAV. Because foreign markets may be open at different times than the NYSE, the value of the fund’s shares may change on days when shareholders are not able to buy or sell them. Many securities markets and exchanges outside the U.S. close before the close of the NYSE, and the closing prices for securities in those markets or exchanges may not reflect events that occur after the close but before the scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE. As a result, the fund has adopted fair value pricing procedures, which, among other things, require the fund to fair value foreign equity securities if there has been a movement in the U.S. market, after the close of the foreign securities market, that exceeds a specified threshold that may change from time to time. If events materially affecting the values of the fund’s foreign fixed-income investments occur between the close of foreign markets and the scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE, these investments will also be valued at their fair value. As noted above, the value determined for an investment using the fund’s fair value pricing procedures may differ from recent market prices for the investment.

The fund’s most recent NAV is available on Putnam Investments’ website at putnam.com/individual or by contacting Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581.

How do I buy fund shares?

Opening an account

You can open a fund account and purchase class A, B and C shares by contacting your financial representative or Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581 and obtaining a Putnam account application. Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment. The completed application,

Prospectus          21

along with a check made payable to the fund, must then be returned to Putnam Investor Services at the following address:

Putnam Investments
P.O. Box 219697
Kansas City, MO 64121-9697

You can open a fund account with as little as $500. The minimum investment is waived if you make regular investments weekly, semi-monthly or monthly through automatic deductions from your bank checking or savings account. Although Putnam is currently waiving the minimum, it reserves the right to reject initial investments under the minimum at its discretion.

The fund sells its shares at the offering price, which is the NAV plus any applicable sales charge (class A shares only). Your financial representative or Putnam Investor Services generally must receive your completed buy order before the close of regular trading on the NYSE for your shares to be bought at that day’s offering price.

If you participate in an employer-sponsored retirement plan that offers the fund, please consult your employer for information on how to purchase shares of the fund through the plan, including any restrictions or limitations that may apply.

Class P shares are only available to other Putnam funds and other accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates. Shares of the fund are sold at the NAV per share determined after confirmation of a purchase order by Putnam Investor Services.

Federal law requires mutual funds to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies investors opening new accounts. Investors must provide their full name, residential or business address, Social Security or tax identification number, and date of birth. Entities, such as trusts, estates, corporations and partnerships must also provide additional identifying documentation. For trusts, the fund must obtain and verify identifying information for each trustee listed in the account registration. For certain legal entities, the fund must also obtain and verify identifying information regarding beneficial owners and/or control persons. The fund is unable to accept new accounts if any required information is not provided. If Putnam Investor Services cannot verify identifying information after opening your account, the fund reserves the right to close your account at the then-current NAV, which may be more or less than your original investment, net of any applicable sales charges. Putnam Investor Services may share identifying information with third parties for the purpose of verification subject to the terms of Putnam’s privacy policy.

Also, the fund may periodically close to new purchases of shares or refuse any order to buy shares if the fund determines that doing so would be in the best interests of the fund and its shareholders.

Purchasing additional shares

Once you have an existing account, you can make additional investments at any time in any amount in the following ways:

22          Prospectus

• Through a financial representative. Your representative will be responsible for furnishing all necessary documents to Putnam Investor Services and may charge you for his or her services.

• Through Putnam’s Systematic Investing Program. You can make regular investments weekly, semi-monthly or monthly through automatic deductions from your bank checking or savings account.

• Via the Internet or phone. If you have an existing Putnam fund account and you have completed and returned an Electronic Investment Authorization Form, you can buy additional shares online at putnam.com or by calling Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581.

• By mail. You may also request a book of investment stubs for your account. Complete an investment stub and write a check for the amount you wish to invest, payable to the fund. Return the check and investment stub to Putnam Investor Services.

• By wire transfer. You may buy fund shares by bank wire transfer of same-day funds. Please call Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581 for wiring instructions. Any commercial bank can transfer same-day funds by wire. The fund will normally accept wired funds for investment on the day received if they are received by the fund’s designated bank before the close of regular trading on the NYSE. Your bank may charge you for wiring same-day funds. Although the fund’s designated bank does not currently charge you for receiving same-day funds, it reserves the right to charge for this service. You cannot buy shares for employer-sponsored retirement plans by wire transfer.

Which class of shares is best for me?

This prospectus offers you three classes of fund shares: A, B and C. Employer-sponsored retirement plans may also choose class R or R6 shares, and certain investors described below may also choose class Y or R6 shares. Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment. Class P shares are only available to other Putnam funds and other accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates. Each share class represents investments in the same portfolio of securities, but each class has its own sales charge and expense structure, as illustrated in the Fund summary — Fees and expenses section, allowing you and your financial representative to choose the class that best suits your investment needs. When you purchase shares of a fund, you must choose a share class. Deciding which share class best suits your situation depends on a number of factors that you should discuss with your financial representative, including:

• How long you expect to hold your investment. Class B shares charge a contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC) on redemptions that is phased out over the first two years. Class C shares charge a CDSC on redemptions in the first year.

Prospectus          23

• How much you intend to invest. While investments of less than $100,000 can be made in any share class, class A offers sales charge discounts starting at $100,000, and the fund does not charge an initial sales charge for purchases of class A shares of $500,000 or more.

• Total expenses associated with each share class. As shown in the section entitled Fund summary — Fees and expenses, each share class offers a different combination of up-front and ongoing expenses. Generally, the lower the up-front sales charge, the greater the ongoing expenses.

Here is a summary of the differences among the classes of shares

Class A shares

• Initial sales charge of up to 2.25%

• No initial sales charge for investments of $500,000 or more

• No deferred sales charge (except that a deferred sales charge of 1.00% may be imposed on certain redemptions of shares bought without an initial sales charge)

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class B, C or R shares because of lower 12b-1 fees.

Class B shares

• Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment.

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• Deferred sales charge of up to 1.00% if shares are sold within two years of purchase

• Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A shares because of higher 12b-1 fees

• Convert automatically to class A shares after eight years, thereby reducing future 12b-1 fees.

Class C shares

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• Deferred sales charge of 1.00% if shares are sold within one year of purchase

• Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A or B shares because of higher 12b-1 fees

• Effective March 1, 2021, convert automatically to class A shares after eight years, thereby reducing future 12b-1 fees, provided that Putnam Investor Services or the financial intermediary through which a shareholder purchased class C shares has records verifying that the class C shares have been held for at least eight years, and that class A shares are available for purchase by residents in the shareholder’s jurisdiction. In certain cases, records verifying that the class C shares have been held for at least eight years may not be available (for example, participant level share lot aging may not be tracked by group retirement plan recordkeeping platforms through

24          Prospectus

which class C shares of the fund are held in an omnibus account). If such records are unavailable, Putnam Investor Services or the relevant financial intermediary may not effect the conversion or may effect the conversion on a different schedule determined by Putnam Investor Services or the financial intermediary, which may be shorter or longer than eight years. Investors should consult their financial representative for more information about their eligibility for class C share conversion. Prior to March 1, 2021, class C shares converted to class A shares after ten years.

• Orders for class C shares of one or more Putnam funds, other than class C shares sold to employer-sponsored retirement plans, will be refused when the total value of the purchase, plus existing account balances that are eligible to be linked under a right of accumulation for purchases of class A shares (as described below), is $500,000 or more. Investors considering cumulative purchases of $500,000 or more should consider whether class A shares would be more advantageous and consult their financial representative.

• May be exchanged automatically for class A shares if the shareholder is investing through an account or platform with a financial intermediary, to the extent described in the Appendix, provided that class A shares are available for purchase by residents in the shareholder’s jurisdiction.

Class P shares

Class P shares are only available to other Putnam funds and other accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates.

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• No deferred sales charge

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class A, B, C or R shares because of no 12b-1 fees and lower investor servicing fees.

Class R shares (available only to employer-sponsored retirement plans)

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• No deferred sales charge

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class C shares because of lower 12b-1 fees

• Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A or B shares because of higher 12b-1 fees

• No conversion to class A shares, so no reduction in future 12b-1 fees.

Class R6 shares (available only to investors listed below)

• The following investors may purchase class R6 shares:

—   employer-sponsored retirement plans that are clients of third-party administrators (including affiliates of Putnam) that have entered into agreements with Putnam;

—   investors purchasing shares through an asset-based fee program that is sponsored by a registered broker-dealer or other financial institution;

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—   investors purchasing shares through a commission-based platform of a registered broker-dealer or other financial institution that charges you additional fees or commissions, other than those described in the prospectus and statement of additional information, and that has entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management to offer class R6 shares through such a program;

—   corporations, endowments, foundations and other institutional investors that have been approved by Putnam; and

—   unaffiliated investment companies (whether registered or private) that have been approved by Putnam.

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• No deferred sales charge

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class A, B, C or R shares because of no 12b-1 fees.

Class Y shares (available only to investors listed below)

• The following investors may purchase class Y shares if approved by Putnam:

—   employer-sponsored retirement plans that are clients of third-party administrators (including affiliates of Putnam) that have entered into agreements with Putnam;

—   bank trust departments and trust companies that have entered into agreements with Putnam and offer institutional share class pricing to their clients;

—   corporate individual retirement accounts (IRAs) administered by Putnam, if another retirement plan of the sponsor is eligible to purchase class Y shares;

—   college savings plans that qualify for tax-exempt treatment under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code;

—   other Putnam funds and Putnam investment products;

—   investors purchasing shares through an asset-based fee program that is sponsored by a registered broker-dealer or other financial institution;

—   investors purchasing shares through a commission-based platform of a registered broker-dealer or other financial institution that charges you additional fees or commissions, other than those described in the prospectus and SAI, and that has entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership (PRM) to offer class Y shares through such a program;

—   clients of a financial representative who are charged a fee for consulting or similar services;

—   corporations, endowments, foundations, and other institutional investors that have been approved by Putnam;

—   unaffiliated investment companies (whether registered or private) that have been approved by Putnam;

26          Prospectus

—   current and retired Putnam employees and their immediate family members (including an employee’s spouse, domestic partner, fiancé(e), or other family members who are living in the same household) as well as, in each case, Putnam-offered health savings accounts, IRAs, and other similar tax-advantaged plans solely owned by the foregoing individuals; current and retired directors of Putnam Investments, LLC; current and retired Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Company employees; and current and retired Trustees of the fund. Upon the departure of any member of this group of individuals from Putnam, Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Company, or the fund’s Board of Trustees, the member’s class Y shares convert automatically to class A shares, unless the member’s departure is a retirement, as determined by Putnam in its discretion for employees and directors of Putnam and employees of Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Company and by the Board of Trustees in its discretion for Trustees; provided that conversion will not take place with respect to class Y shares held by former Putnam employees and their immediate family members in health savings accounts where it is not operationally practicable due to platform or other limitations; and

—   personal and family member IRAs of registered representatives and other employees of broker-dealers and other financial institutions having a sales agreement with Putnam Retail Management, if (1) the registered representative or other employee is the broker of record or financial representative for the account, (2) the broker-dealer or other financial institution’s policies prohibit the use of class A shares or other classes of fund shares that pay 12b-1 fees in such accounts to avoid potential prohibited transactions under Internal Revenue Service rules due to the account owners’ status as “disqualified persons” under those rules, and (3) the broker-dealer or other financial institution has an agreement with Putnam Retail Management related to the use of class Y shares in these accounts.

Trust companies or bank trust departments that purchased class Y shares for trust accounts may transfer them to the beneficiaries of the trust accounts, who may continue to hold them or exchange them for class Y shares of other Putnam funds. Defined contribution plans (including corporate IRAs) that purchased class Y shares under prior eligibility criteria may continue to purchase class Y shares.

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• No deferred sales charge

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class A, B, C or R shares because of no 12b-1 fees.

Initial sales charges for class A shares

	Class A sales charge as a percentage of*:
Amount of purchase at offering price ($)	Net amount invested	Offering price**
Under 100,000	2.30%	2.25%
100,000 – 249,999	1.78%	1.75%
250,000 – 499,999	1.27%	1.25%
500,000 and above	NONE	NONE

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*   Because of rounding in the calculation of offering price and the number of shares purchased, actual sales charges you pay may be more or less than these percentages.

**   Offering price includes sales charge.

Reducing your class A sales charge

The fund offers two principal ways for you to qualify for discounts on initial sales charges on class A shares, often referred to as “breakpoint discounts”:

• Right of accumulation. You can add the amount of your current purchases of class A shares of the fund and other Putnam funds to the value of your existing accounts in the fund and other Putnam funds. Individuals can also include purchases by, and accounts owned by, their spouse and minor children, including accounts established through different financial representatives. For your current purchases, you will pay the initial sales charge applicable to the total value of the linked accounts and purchases, which may be lower than the sales charge otherwise applicable to each of your current purchases. Shares of Putnam money market funds, other than money market fund shares acquired by exchange from other Putnam funds, are not included for purposes of the right of accumulation.

To calculate the total value of your existing accounts and any linked accounts, the fund will use the higher of (a) the current maximum public offering price of those shares or (b) if you purchased the shares after December 31, 2007, the initial value of the total purchases, or, if you held the shares on December 31, 2007, the market value at maximum public offering price on that date, in either case, less the market value on the applicable redemption date of any of those shares that you have redeemed.

• Statement of intention. A statement of intention is a document in which you agree to make purchases of class A shares in a specified amount within a period of 13 months. For each purchase you make under the statement of intention, you will pay the initial sales charge applicable to the total amount you have agreed to purchase. While a statement of intention is not a binding obligation on you, if you do not purchase the full amount of shares within 13 months, the fund will redeem shares from your account in an amount equal to the difference between the higher initial sales charge you would have paid in the absence of the statement of intention and the initial sales charge you actually paid.

Account types that may be linked with each other to obtain breakpoint discounts using the methods described above include:

• Individual accounts

• Joint accounts

• Accounts established as part of a retirement plan and IRA accounts (some restrictions may apply)

• Shares of Putnam funds owned through accounts in the name of your dealer or other financial intermediary (with documentation identifying beneficial ownership of shares)

28          Prospectus

• Accounts held as part of a Section 529 college savings plan managed by Putnam Management (some restrictions may apply)

In order to obtain a breakpoint discount, you should inform your financial representative at the time you purchase shares of the existence of other accounts or purchases that are eligible to be linked for the purpose of calculating the initial sales charge. The fund or your financial representative may ask you for records or other information about other shares held in your accounts and linked accounts, including accounts opened with a different financial representative. Restrictions may apply to certain accounts and transactions. Further details about breakpoint discounts can be found on Putnam Investments’ website at putnam.com/individual by selecting Mutual Funds, then Pricing and performance, and then About fund costs, and in the SAI.

• Additional reductions and waivers of sales charges. In addition to the breakpoint discount methods described above for class A shares, the fund may sell the classes of shares specified below without a sales charge or CDSC under the circumstances described below. The sales charge and CDSC waiver categories described below do not apply to customers purchasing shares of the fund through any of the financial intermediaries specified in the Appendix to this prospectus (each, a “Specified Intermediary”).

Different financial intermediaries may impose different sales charges. Please refer to the Appendix for the sales charge or CDSC waivers that are applicable to each Specified Intermediary.

Class A shares

The following categories of investors are eligible to purchase class A shares without payment of a sales charge:

(i)   current and former Trustees of the fund, their family members, business and personal associates; current and former employees of Putnam Management and certain current and former corporate affiliates, their family members, business and personal associates; employer-sponsored retirement plans for the foregoing; and partnerships, trusts or other entities in which any of the foregoing has a substantial interest;

(ii)   clients of administrators or other service providers of employer-sponsored retirement plans (for purposes of this waiver, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, SIMPLE IRAs or SARSEPs) (not applicable to tax-exempt funds);

(iii)   registered representatives and other employees of broker-dealers having sales agreements with Putnam Retail Management; employees of financial institutions having sales agreements with Putnam Retail Management or otherwise having an arrangement with any such broker-dealer or financial institution with respect to sales of fund shares; and their immediate family members (spouses and children under age 21, including step-children and adopted children);

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(iv)   a trust department of any financial institution purchasing shares of the fund in its capacity as trustee of any trust (other than a tax-qualified retirement plan trust), through an arrangement approved by Putnam Retail Management, if the value of the shares of the fund and other Putnam funds purchased or held by all such trusts exceeds $1 million in the aggregate;

(v)   clients of (i) broker-dealers, financial institutions, financial intermediaries or registered investment advisors that charge a fee for advisory or investment services or (ii) broker-dealers, financial institutions, or financial intermediaries that have entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management to offer shares through a retail self-directed brokerage account with or without the imposition of a transaction fee;

(vi)   college savings plans that qualify for tax-exempt treatment under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”); and

(vii)   shareholders reinvesting the proceeds from a Putnam Corporate IRA Plan distribution into a nonretirement plan account.

Administrators and other service providers of employer-sponsored retirement plans are required to enter into contractual arrangements with Putnam Investor Services in order to offer and hold fund shares. Administrators and other service providers of employer-sponsored retirement plans seeking to place trades on behalf of their plan clients should consult Putnam Investor Services as to the applicable requirements.

Class B and class C shares

A CDSC is waived in the event of a redemption under the following circumstances:

(i)   a withdrawal from a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (“SWP”) of up to 12% of the net asset value of the account (calculated as set forth in the SAI);

(ii)   a redemption of shares that are no longer subject to the CDSC holding period therefor;

(iii)   a redemption of shares that were issued upon the reinvestment of distributions by the fund;

(iv)   a redemption of shares that were exchanged for shares of another Putnam fund, provided that the shares acquired in such exchange or subsequent exchanges (including shares of a Putnam money market fund or Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund) will continue to remain subject to the CDSC, if applicable, until the applicable holding period expires; and

(v)   in the case of individual, joint or Uniform Transfers to Minors Act accounts, in the event of death or post-purchase disability of a shareholder, for the purpose of paying benefits pursuant to tax-qualified retirement plans (“Benefit Payments”), or, in the case of living trust accounts, in the event of the death or post-purchase disability of the settlor of the trust.

Additional information about reductions and waivers of sales charges, including deferred sales charges, is included in the SAI. You may consult your financial representative or Putnam Retail Management for assistance.

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How do I sell or exchange fund shares?

You can sell your shares back to the fund or exchange them for shares of another Putnam fund any day the NYSE is open, either through your financial representative or directly to the fund.

If you redeem your shares shortly after purchasing them, your redemption payment for the shares may be delayed until the fund collects the purchase price of the shares, which may be up to 7 calendar days after the purchase date.

Regarding exchanges, not all Putnam funds offer all classes of shares or may be open to new investors. If you exchange shares otherwise subject to a deferred sales charge, the transaction will not be subject to the deferred sales charge. When you redeem the shares acquired through the exchange, however, the redemption may be subject to the deferred sales charge, depending upon when and from which fund you originally purchased the shares. The deferred sales charge will be computed using the schedule of any fund into or from which you have exchanged your shares that would result in your paying the highest deferred sales charge applicable to your class of shares. Class B shares of most other Putnam funds have a higher deferred sales charge than the fund. For purposes of computing the deferred sales charge, the length of time you have owned your shares will be measured from the date of original purchase, unless you originally purchased the shares from another Putnam fund that does not directly charge a deferred sales charge, in which case the length of time you have owned your shares will be measured from the date you exchange those shares for shares of another Putnam fund that does charge a deferred sales charge, and will not be affected by any subsequent exchanges among funds.

• Selling or exchanging shares through your financial representative. Your representative must receive your request in proper form before the close of regular trading on the NYSE for you to receive that day’s NAV, less any applicable deferred sales charge. Your representative will be responsible for furnishing all necessary documents to Putnam Investor Services on a timely basis and may charge you for his or her services.

• Selling or exchanging shares directly with the fund. Putnam Investor Services must receive your request in proper form before the close of regular trading on the NYSE in order to receive that day’s NAV, less any applicable deferred sales charge.

• By mail. Send a letter of instruction signed by all registered owners or their legal representatives to Putnam Investor Services. If you have certificates for the shares you want to sell or exchange, you must return them unendorsed with your letter of instruction.

• By telephone. You may use Putnam’s telephone redemption privilege to redeem shares valued at less than $100,000 unless you have notified Putnam Investor Services of an address change within the preceding 15 days, in which case other requirements may apply. Unless you indicate otherwise on the account application, Putnam Investor Services will be authorized to accept redemption instructions received by telephone. A telephone exchange privilege is currently available. Sale or exchange

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of shares by telephone is not permitted if there are certificates for your shares. The telephone redemption and exchange privileges may be modified or terminated without notice.

• Via the Internet. You may also exchange shares via the Internet at putnam.com/individual.

• Shares held through your employer’s retirement plan. For information on how to sell or exchange shares of the fund that were purchased through your employer’s retirement plan, including any restrictions and charges that the plan may impose, please consult your employer.

• Additional requirements. In certain situations, for example, if you sell shares with a value of $100,000 or more, the signatures of all registered owners or their legal representatives must be guaranteed by a bank, broker-dealer or certain other financial institutions. In addition, Putnam Investor Services usually requires additional documents for the sale of shares by a corporation, partnership, agent or fiduciary, or surviving joint owner. For more information concerning Putnam’s signature guarantee and documentation requirements, contact Putnam Investor Services.

The fund also reserves the right to revise or terminate the exchange privilege, limit the amount or number of exchanges or reject any exchange. The fund into which you would like to exchange may also reject your exchange. These actions may apply to all shareholders or only to those shareholders whose exchanges Putnam Management determines are likely to have a negative effect on the fund or other Putnam funds. Consult Putnam Investor Services before requesting an exchange. Ask your financial representative or Putnam Investor Services for prospectuses of other Putnam funds. Some Putnam funds are not available in all states.

Deferred sales charges for class B, class C and certain class A shares

If you sell (redeem) class B shares within two years of purchase, you will generally pay a deferred sales charge according to the following schedule:

Year after purchase	1	2	3+
Charge	1%	0.50%	0%

A deferred sales charge of 1.00% will apply to class C shares if redeemed within one year of purchase. Class A shares that are part of a purchase of $500,000 or more (other than by an employer-sponsored retirement plan) will be subject to a 1.00% deferred sales charge if redeemed within twelve months of purchase.

Deferred sales charges will be based on the lower of the shares’ cost and current NAV. Shares not subject to any charge will be redeemed first, followed by shares held longest. You may sell shares acquired by reinvestment of distributions without a charge at any time.

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• Payment information. The fund typically expects to send you payment for your shares the business day after your request is received in good order, although if you hold your shares through certain financial intermediaries or financial intermediary programs, the fund typically expects to send payment for your shares within three business days after your request is received in good order. However, it is possible that payment of redemption proceeds may take up to seven days. Under unusual circumstances, the fund may suspend redemptions, or postpone payment for more than seven days, as permitted by federal securities law. Under normal market conditions, the fund typically expects to satisfy redemption requests by using holdings of cash and cash equivalents or selling portfolio assets to generate cash. Under stressed market conditions, the fund may also satisfy redemption requests by borrowing under the fund’s lines of credit or interfund lending arrangements. For additional information regarding the fund’s lines of credit and interfund lending arrangements, please see the Statement of Additional Information.

To the extent consistent with applicable laws and regulations, the fund reserves the right to satisfy all or a portion of a redemption request by distributing securities or other property in lieu of cash (“in-kind” redemptions), under both normal and stressed market conditions. The fund generally expects to use in-kind redemptions only in stressed market conditions or stressed conditions specific to the fund, such as redemption requests that represent a large percentage of the fund’s net assets in order to minimize the effect of the large redemption on the fund and its remaining shareholders. The fund will not use in-kind redemptions for retail investors who hold shares of the fund through a financial intermediary. Any in-kind redemption will be effected through a pro rata distribution of all publicly traded portfolio securities or securities for which quoted bid prices are available, subject to certain exceptions. The securities distributed in an in-kind redemption will be valued in the same manner as they are valued for purposes of computing the fund’s net asset value. Once distributed in-kind to an investor, securities may increase or decrease in value before the investor is able to convert them into cash. Any transaction costs or other expenses involved in liquidating securities received in an in-kind redemption will be borne by the redeeming investor. The fund has committed, in connection with an election under Rule 18f-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, to pay all redemptions of fund shares by a single shareholder during any 90-day period in cash, up to the lesser of (i) $250,000 or (ii) 1% of the fund’s net assets measured as of the beginning of such 90-day period. For information regarding procedures for in-kind redemptions, please contact Putnam Retail Management. You will not receive interest on uncashed redemption checks.

• Redemption by the fund. If you own fewer shares than the minimum set by the Trustees (presently 20 shares), the fund may redeem your shares without your permission and send you the proceeds after providing you with at least 60 days’ notice to attain the minimum. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the fund may also redeem shares if you own more than a maximum amount set by the Trustees. There is presently no maximum, but the Trustees could set a maximum that would apply to both present and future shareholders.

Prospectus          33

Policy on excessive short-term trading

• Risks of excessive short-term trading. Excessive short-term trading activity may reduce the fund’s performance and harm all fund shareholders by interfering with portfolio management, increasing the fund’s expenses and diluting the fund’s NAV. Depending on the size and frequency of short-term trades in the fund’s shares, the fund may experience increased cash volatility, which could require the fund to maintain undesirably large cash positions or buy or sell portfolio securities it would not have bought or sold otherwise. The need to execute additional portfolio transactions due to these cash flows may also increase the fund’s brokerage and administrative costs and, for investors in taxable accounts, may increase taxable distributions received from the fund.

Because the fund invests in foreign securities, its performance may be adversely impacted and the interests of longer-term shareholders may be diluted as a result of time-zone arbitrage, a short-term trading practice that seeks to exploit changes in the value of the fund’s investments that result from events occurring after the close of the foreign markets on which the investments trade, but prior to the later close of trading on the NYSE, the time as of which the fund determines its NAV. If an arbitrageur is successful, he or she may dilute the interests of other shareholders by trading shares at prices that do not fully reflect their fair value.

Because the fund invests in securities that may trade infrequently or may be more difficult to value, such as lower-rated bonds and securities of smaller companies, it may be susceptible to trading by short-term traders who seek to exploit perceived price inefficiencies in the fund’s investments. In addition, the market for these securities may at times show “market momentum,” in which positive or negative performance may continue from one day to the next for reasons unrelated to the fundamentals of the issuer. Short-term traders may seek to capture this momentum by trading frequently in the fund’s shares, which will reduce the fund’s performance and may dilute the interests of other shareholders. Because lower-rated debt and securities of smaller companies may be less liquid than higher-rated debt or securities of larger companies, respectively, the fund may also be unable to buy or sell these securities at desirable prices when the need arises (for example, in response to volatile cash flows caused by short-term trading). Similar risks may apply if the fund holds other types of less liquid securities.

• Fund policies. In order to protect the interests of long-term shareholders of the fund, Putnam Management and the fund’s Trustees have adopted policies and procedures intended to discourage excessive short-term trading. The fund seeks to discourage excessive short-term trading by using fair value pricing procedures to value investments under some circumstances. In addition, Putnam Management monitors activity in those shareholder accounts about which it possesses the necessary information in order to detect excessive short-term trading patterns and takes steps to deter excessive short-term traders.

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• Account monitoring. Putnam Management’s Compliance Department currently uses multiple reporting tools to detect short-term trading activity occurring in accounts for investors held directly with the Putnam funds as well as within accounts held through certain financial intermediaries. Putnam Management measures excessive short-term trading in the fund by the number of “round trip” transactions above a specified dollar amount within a specified period of time. A “round trip” transaction is defined as a purchase or exchange into a fund followed, or preceded, by a redemption or exchange out of the same fund. Generally, if an investor has been identified as having completed two “round trip” transactions with values above a specified amount within a rolling 90-day period, Putnam Management will issue the investor and/or his or her financial intermediary, if any, a written warning. Putnam Management’s practices for measuring excessive short-term trading activity and issuing warnings may change from time to time. Certain types of transactions are exempt from monitoring, such as those in connection with systematic investment or withdrawal plans and reinvestment of dividend and capital gain distributions.

• Account restrictions. In addition to these monitoring practices, Putnam Management and the fund reserve the right to reject or restrict purchases or exchanges for any reason. Continued excessive short-term trading activity by an investor or intermediary following a warning may lead to the termination of the exchange privilege for that investor or intermediary. Putnam Management or the fund may determine that an investor’s trading activity is excessive or otherwise potentially harmful based on various factors, including an investor’s or financial intermediary’s trading history in the fund, other Putnam funds or other investment products, and may aggregate activity in multiple accounts in the fund or other Putnam funds under common ownership or control for purposes of determining whether the activity is excessive. If the fund identifies an investor or intermediary as a potential excessive trader, it may, among other things, require future trades to be submitted by mail rather than by phone or over the Internet, impose limitations on the amount, number, or frequency of future purchases or exchanges, or temporarily or permanently bar the investor or intermediary from investing in the fund or other Putnam funds. The fund may take these steps in its discretion even if the investor’s activity does not fall within the fund’s current monitoring parameters.

• Limitations on the fund’s policies. There is no guarantee that the fund will be able to detect excessive short-term trading in all accounts. For example, Putnam Management currently does not have access to sufficient information to identify each investor’s trading history, and in certain circumstances there are operational or technological constraints on its ability to enforce the fund’s policies. In addition, even when Putnam Management has sufficient information, its detection methods may not capture all excessive short-term trading.

In particular, many purchase, redemption and exchange orders are received from financial intermediaries that hold omnibus accounts with the fund. Omnibus accounts, in which shares are held in the name of an intermediary on behalf of multiple beneficial owners, are a common form of holding shares among retirement plans and financial intermediaries such as brokers, advisers and third-party

Prospectus          35

administrators. The fund is generally not able to identify trading by a particular beneficial owner within an omnibus account, which makes it difficult or impossible to determine if a particular shareholder is engaging in excessive short-term trading. Putnam Management monitors aggregate cash flows in omnibus accounts on an ongoing basis. If high cash flows or other information indicate that excessive short-term trading may be taking place, Putnam Management will contact the financial intermediary, plan sponsor or recordkeeper that maintains accounts for the beneficial owner and attempt to identify and remedy any excessive trading. However, the fund’s ability to monitor and deter excessive short-term traders in omnibus accounts ultimately depends on the capabilities and cooperation of these third-party financial firms. A financial intermediary or plan sponsor may impose different or additional limits on short-term trading.

Distribution plans and payments to dealers

Putnam funds are distributed primarily through dealers (including any broker, dealer, bank, bank trust department, registered investment advisor, financial planner, retirement plan administrator, and any other institution having a selling, services, or any similar agreement with Putnam Retail Management or one of its affiliates). In order to pay for the marketing of fund shares and services provided to shareholders, the fund has adopted distribution and service (12b-1) plans, which increase the annual operating expenses you pay each year in certain share classes, as shown in the table of annual fund operating expenses in the section Fund summary — Fees and expenses. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates also make additional payments to dealers that do not increase your fund expenses, as described below.

• Distribution and service (12b-1) plans. The fund’s 12b-1 plans provide for payments at annual rates (based on average net assets) of up to 0.35% on class A shares and 1.00% on class B, class C and class R shares. The Trustees currently limit payments on class A, class B and class R shares to 0.25%, 0.45% and 0.50% of average net assets, respectively. Because these fees are paid out of the fund’s assets on an ongoing basis, they will increase the cost of your investment. The higher fees for class B, class C and class R shares may cost you more over time than paying the initial sales charge for class A shares. Because class R shares, unlike class B and class C shares, do not convert to class A shares, class R shares may cost you more over time than class B and class C shares. Class P, class R6 and class Y shares, for shareholders who are eligible to purchase them, will be less expensive than other classes of shares because they do not bear sales charges or 12b-1 fees.

• Payments to dealers. If you purchase your shares through a dealer, your dealer generally receives payments from Putnam Retail Management representing some or all of the sales charges and distribution and service (12b-1) fees, if any, shown in the tables under Fund summary — Fees and expenses at the front of this prospectus.

Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates also pay additional compensation to selected dealers in recognition of their marketing support and/or program servicing (each of which is described in more detail below). These payments may create an

36          Prospectus

incentive for a dealer firm or its representatives to recommend or offer shares of the fund or other Putnam funds to its customers. These additional payments are made by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates and do not increase the amount paid by you or the fund as shown under Fund summary — Fees and expenses.

The additional payments to dealers by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates are generally based on one or more of the following factors: average net assets of a fund attributable to that dealer, sales or net sales of a fund attributable to that dealer, or reimbursement of ticket charges (fees that a dealer firm charges its representatives for effecting transactions in fund shares), or on the basis of a negotiated lump sum payment for services provided.

Marketing support payments are generally available to most dealers engaging in significant sales of Putnam fund shares. These payments are individually negotiated with each dealer firm, taking into account the marketing support services provided by the dealer, including business planning assistance, educating dealer personnel about the Putnam funds and shareholder financial planning needs, placement on the dealer’s preferred or recommended fund company list, access to sales meetings, sales representatives and management representatives of the dealer, market data, as well as the size of the dealer’s relationship with Putnam Retail Management. Although the total amount of marketing support payments made to dealers in any year may vary, on average, the aggregate payments are not expected, on an annual basis, to exceed 0.085% of the average net assets of Putnam’s retail mutual funds attributable to the dealers.

Program servicing payments, which are paid in some instances to dealers in connection with investments in the fund through dealer platforms and other investment programs, are not expected, with certain limited exceptions, to exceed 0.20% of the total assets in the program on an annual basis. These payments are made for program or platform services provided by the dealer, including shareholder recordkeeping, reporting, or transaction processing, as well as services rendered in connection with dealer platform development and maintenance, fund/investment selection and monitoring, or other similar services.

You can find a list of all dealers to which Putnam made marketing support and/or program servicing payments in 2020 in the SAI, which is on file with the SEC and is also available on Putnam’s website at putnam.com. You can also find other details in the SAI about the payments made by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates and the services provided by your dealer. Your dealer may charge you fees or commissions in addition to those disclosed in this prospectus. You can also ask your dealer about any payments it receives from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates and any services your dealer provides, as well as about fees and/or commissions it charges.

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• Other payments. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates may make other payments (including payments in connection with educational seminars or conferences) or allow other promotional incentives to dealers to the extent permitted by SEC and NASD (as adopted by FINRA) rules and by other applicable laws and regulations. The fund’s transfer agent may also make payments to certain financial intermediaries in recognition of subaccounting or other services they provide to shareholders or plan participants who invest in the fund or other Putnam funds through their retirement plan. See the discussion in the SAI under Management — Investor Servicing Agent for more details.

Fund distributions and taxes

The fund normally distributes any net investment income monthly. You may choose to reinvest distributions from net investment income, capital gains or both in additional shares of your fund or other Putnam funds, or you may receive them in cash in the form of a check or an electronic deposit to your bank account. If you do not select an option when you open your account, all distributions will be reinvested. If you choose to receive distributions in cash, but correspondence from the fund or Putnam Investor Services is returned as “undeliverable,” the distribution option on your account may be converted to reinvest future distributions in the fund. You will not receive interest on uncashed distribution checks.

For shares purchased through your employer’s retirement plan, the terms of the plan will govern how the plan may receive distributions from the fund.

For federal income tax purposes, distributions of net investment income are generally taxable to you as ordinary income. Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the fund owned (or is deemed to have owned) the investments that generated them, rather than by how long you have owned (or are deemed to have owned) your shares. Distributions that the fund properly reports to you as gains from investments that the fund owned for more than one year are generally taxable to you as long-term capital gains includible in net capital gain and taxed to individuals at reduced rates. Distributions of gains from investments that the fund owned for one year or less and gains on the sale of or payment on bonds characterized as market discount are generally taxable to you as ordinary income. Distributions that the fund properly reports to you as “qualified dividend income” are taxable at the reduced rates applicable to your net capital gain provided that both you and the fund meet certain holding period and other requirements. Distributions are taxable in the manner described in this paragraph whether you receive them in cash or reinvest them in additional shares of this fund or other Putnam funds.

Distributions by the fund to retirement plans that qualify for tax-advantaged treatment under federal income tax laws will not be taxable. Special tax rules apply to investments through such plans. You should consult your tax advisor to determine the suitability of the fund as an investment through such a plan and the tax treatment of distributions (including distributions of amounts attributable to an investment in the fund) from such a plan.

38          Prospectus

Unless you are investing through a tax-advantaged retirement account (such as an IRA), you should consider avoiding a purchase of fund shares shortly before the fund makes a distribution because doing so may cost you money in taxes. Distributions are taxable to you even if they are paid from income or gains earned by the fund before your investment (and thus were included in the price you paid). Contact your financial representative or Putnam to find out the distribution schedule for your fund.

The fund’s investments in certain debt obligations may cause the fund to recognize taxable income in excess of the cash generated by such obligations. Thus, the fund could be required at times to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements.

The fund’s investments in foreign securities, if any, may be subject to foreign withholding or other taxes. In that case, the fund’s return on those investments would be decreased. Shareholders generally will not be entitled to claim a credit or deduction with respect to these foreign taxes. In addition, the fund’s investments in foreign securities or foreign currencies may increase or accelerate the fund’s recognition of ordinary income and may affect the timing or amount of the fund’s distributions.

The fund’s investments in derivative financial instruments, including investments by which the fund seeks exposure to assets other than securities, are subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. Moreover, the fund’s intention to qualify as a “regulated investment company” and receive favorable treatment under the federal income tax rules may limit its ability to invest in such instruments. The applicable tax rules could affect whether gains and losses recognized by the fund are treated as ordinary or capital, accelerate the recognition of income or gains to the fund, defer or possibly prevent the recognition or use of certain losses by the fund and cause adjustments in the holding periods of the fund’s securities, thereby affecting, among other things, whether capital gains and losses are treated as short-term or long-term. The rules could, in turn, affect the amount, timing and character of the income distributed to shareholders by the fund and, therefore, may increase the amount of taxes payable by shareholders. In addition, because the application of these rules may be uncertain under current law, an adverse determination or future Internal Revenue Service guidance with respect to these rules (which determination or future guidance may be retroactive) may affect whether the fund has made sufficient distributions and otherwise satisfied the relevant requirements to maintain its qualification as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax.

Any gain resulting from the sale or exchange of your shares generally also will be subject to tax.

The above is a general summary of the tax implications of investing in the fund. Please refer to the SAI for further details. You should consult your tax advisor for more information on your own tax situation, including possible foreign, state and local taxes.

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Information about the Summary Prospectus, Prospectus, and SAI

The summary prospectus, prospectus, and SAI for a fund provide information concerning the fund. The summary prospectus, prospectus, and SAI are updated at least annually and any information provided in a summary prospectus, prospectus, or SAI can be changed without a shareholder vote unless specifically stated otherwise. The summary prospectus, prospectus, and the SAI are not contracts between the fund and its shareholders and do not give rise to any contractual rights or obligations or any shareholder rights other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.

Financial highlights

The financial highlights tables are intended to help you understand the fund’s recent financial performance. Certain information reflects financial results for a single fund share. Effective November 25, 2019, all class M shares of the fund were converted to class A shares of the fund. The total returns represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost on an investment in the fund, assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions. Information for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2020 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, and information for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016 through October 31, 2019 was audited by the fund’s previous independent public accounting firm. The Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s report and the fund’s financial statements are included in the fund’s annual report to shareholders, which is available upon request.

40          Prospectus

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Prospectus          41

Financial highlights (For a common share outstanding throughout the period)

	INVESTMENT OPERATIONS				LESS DISTRIBUTIONS					RATIOS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
Period ended	Net asset value, beginning of period	Net investment income (loss) a	Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments	Total from investment operations	From net investment income	From return of capital	Total distributions	Net asset value, end of period	Total return at net asset value (%) b	Net assets, end of period (in thousands)	Ratio of expenses to average net assets (%) c	Ratio of net investment income (loss) to average net assets (%)	Portfolio turnover (%) d
Class A
October 31, 2020	$9.83	.29	(.36)	(.07)	(.23)	(.13)	(.36)	$9.40	(.67)	$139,880	.78	3.05	844
October 31, 2019	9.73	.34	.22	.56	(.46)	—	(.46)	9.83	5.93	151,339	.86	3.49	632
October 31, 2018	10.06	.38	(.13)	.25	(.58)	—	(.58)	9.73	2.59	160,939	.79	3.87	532
October 31, 2017	9.76	.36	.23	.59	(.29)	—	(.29)	10.06	6.24	169,580	.70	3.61	742
October 31, 2016	10.18	.38	(.35)	.03	(.45)	—	(.45)	9.76	.36	226,657	.70	3.92	428
Class B
October 31, 2020	$9.80	.28	(.37)	(.09)	(.22)	(.12)	(.34)	$9.37	(.91)	$1,033	.98	2.97	844
October 31, 2019	9.70	.32	.21	.53	(.43)	—	(.43)	9.80	5.69	1,699	1.06	3.37	632
October 31, 2018	10.00	.36	(.13)	.23	(.53)	—	(.53)	9.70	2.42	2,841	.99	3.68	532
October 31, 2017	9.71	.34	.23	.57	(.28)	—	(.28)	10.00	5.96	5,269	.90	3.43	742
October 31, 2016	10.12	.36	(.34)	.02	(.43)	—	(.43)	9.71	.22	7,014	.90	3.75	428
Class C
October 31, 2020	$9.79	.22	(.36)	(.14)	(.19)	(.10)	(.29)	$9.36	(1.44)	$24,205	1.53	2.37	844
October 31, 2019	9.70	.27	.20	.47	(.38)	—	(.38)	9.79	5.04	40,918	1.61	2.76	632
October 31, 2018	9.96	.30	(.11)	.19	(.45)	—	(.45)	9.70	1.92	54,654	1.54	3.11	532
October 31, 2017	9.65	.28	.24	.52	(.21)	—	(.21)	9.96	5.43	67,174	1.45	2.87	742
October 31, 2016	10.06	.30	(.34)	(.04)	(.37)	—	(.37)	9.65	(.42)	86,726	1.45	3.18	428
Class P
October 31, 2020	$9.86	.31	(.35)	(.04)	(.25)	(.14)	(.39)	$9.43	(.42)	$188,742	.53	3.30	844
October 31, 2019	9.76	.36	.22	.58	(.48)	—	(.48)	9.86	6.18	162,120	.61	3.73	632
October 31, 2018	10.11	.41	(.13)	.28	(.63)	—	(.63)	9.76	2.88	138,235	.54	4.14	532
October 31, 2017	9.79	.39	.23	.62	(.30)	—	(.30)	10.11	6.54	76,710	.45	3.90	742
October 31, 2016 †	9.69	.07	.03	.10	—	—	—	9.79	1.03*	56,131	.08*	.76*	428
Class R
October 31, 2020	$9.88	.26	(.35)	(.09)	(.22)	(.12)	(.34)	$9.45	(.91)	$355	1.03	2.77	844
October 31, 2019	9.78	.31	.22	.53	(.43)	—	(.43)	9.88	5.64	388	1.11	3.20	632
October 31, 2018	10.09	.36	(.13)	.23	(.54)	—	(.54)	9.78	2.36	196	1.04	3.59	532
October 31, 2017	9.77	.33	.24	.57	(.25)	—	(.25)	10.09	5.96	213	.95	3.36	742
October 31, 2016	10.14	.36	(.35)	.01	(.38)	—	(.38)	9.77	.13	278	.95	3.69	428
Class R6
October 31, 2020	$9.86	.31	(.35)	(.04)	(.25)	(.14)	(.39)	$9.43	(.42)	$10,989	.53	3.29	844
October 31, 2019	9.76	.36	.22	.58	(.48)	—	(.48)	9.86	6.17	9,865	.61	3.74	632
October 31, 2018	10.11	.41	(.13)	.28	(.63)	—	(.63)	9.76	2.87	9,091	.54	4.13	532
October 31, 2017	9.82	.39	.23	.62	(.33)	—	(.33)	10.11	6.45	6,412	.45	3.91	742
October 31, 2016	10.24	.41	(.35)	.06	(.48)	—	(.48)	9.82	.65	5,426	.45	4.25	428

See notes to financial highlights at the end of this section.

42      Prospectus Prospectus    43

Financial highlights (Continued)

	INVESTMENT OPERATIONS				LESS DISTRIBUTIONS					RATIOS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
Period ended	Net asset value, beginning of period	Net investment income (loss) a	Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments	Total from investment operations	From net investment income	From return of capital	Total distributions	Net asset value, end of period	Total return at net asset value (%) b	Net assets, end of period (in thousands)	Ratio of expenses to average net assets (%) c	Ratio of net investment income (loss) to average net assets (%)	Portfolio turnover (%) d
Class Y
October 31, 2020	$9.83	.32	(.36)	(.04)	(.25)	(.14)	(.39)	$9.40	(.42)	$143,770	.53	3.38	844
October 31, 2019	9.74	.37	.20	.57	(.48)	—	(.48)	9.83	6.08	194,904	.61	3.77	632
October 31, 2018	10.09	.41	(.13)	.28	(.63)	—	(.63)	9.74	2.89	192,459	.54	4.15	532
October 31, 2017	9.79	.39	.24	.63	(.33)	—	(.33)	10.09	6.57	133,695	.45	3.92	742
October 31, 2016	10.22	.40	(.35)	.05	(.48)	—	(.48)	9.79	.55	143,069	.45	4.18	428

*   Not annualized.

†   For the period August 31, 2016 (commencement of operations) to October 31, 2016.

^a   Per share net investment income (loss) has been determined on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period.

^b   Total return assumes dividend reinvestment and does not reflect the effect of sales charges.

^c   Includes amounts paid through expense offset and/or brokerage/service arrangements, if any. Also excludes acquired fund fees and expenses, if any.

^d   Portfolio turnover includes TBA purchase and sale commitments.

44     Prospectus Prospectus   45

Appendix

Financial intermediary specific sales charge waiver information

As described in the prospectus, class A shares may be subject to an initial sales charge and class B and C shares may be subject to a CDSC. Certain financial intermediaries may impose different initial sales charges or waive the initial sales charge or CDSC in certain circumstances. This Appendix details the variations in sales charge waivers by financial intermediary. Not all financial intermediaries specify financial intermediary-specific sales charge waiver categories for every share class. For information about sales charges and waivers available for share classes other than those listed below, please see the section “Additional reductions and waivers of sales charges” in the prospectus. You should consult your financial representative for assistance in determining whether you may qualify for a particular sales charge waiver.

AMERIPRISE FINANCIAL

Class A Shares Front-End Sales Charge Waivers Available at Ameriprise Financial

The following information applies to class A share purchases if you have an account with or otherwise purchase fund shares through Ameriprise Financial:

Shareholders purchasing fund shares through an Ameriprise Financial account are eligible for the following front-end sales charge waivers, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this fund’s prospectus or SAI:

• Employer-sponsored retirement plans (e.g., 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans). For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs or SAR-SEPs.

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing shares of the same Fund (but not any other fund within the same fund family).

• Shares exchanged from Class C shares of the same fund in the month of or following the 7-year anniversary of the purchase date. To the extent that this prospectus elsewhere provides for a waiver with respect to exchanges of Class C shares or conversion of Class C shares following a shorter holding period, that waiver will apply.

• Employees and registered representatives of Ameriprise Financial or its affiliates and their immediate family members.

• Shares purchased by or through qualified accounts (including IRAs, Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, 401(k)s, 403(b) TSCAs subject to ERISA and defined benefit plans) that are held by a covered family member, defined as an Ameriprise financial advisor and/or the advisor’s spouse, advisor’s lineal ascendant (mother, father, grandmother, grandfather, great grandmother, great grandfather), advisor’s lineal descendant (son, step-son, daughter, step-daughter, grandson, granddaughter, great grandson, great granddaughter) or any spouse of a covered family member who is a lineal descendant.

46          Prospectus

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales load (i.e. Rights of Reinstatement).

D.A. DAVIDSON & CO. (“D.A. DAVIDSON”)

Effective December 30, 2020, shareholders purchasing fund shares including existing fund shareholders through a D.A. Davidson platform or account, or through an introducing broker-dealer or independent registered investment advisor for which D.A. Davidson provides trade execution, clearance, and/or custody services, will be eligible for the following sales charge waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and contingent deferred, or back-end, sales charge waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this prospectus or SAI.

Front-End Sales Charge Waivers on Class A Shares available at D.A. Davidson

• Shares purchased within the same fund family through a systematic reinvestment of capital gains and dividend distributions.

• Shares purchased by employees and registered representatives of D.A. Davidson or its affiliates and their family members as designated by D.A. Davidson.

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales charge (known as Rights of Reinstatement).

• A shareholder in the Fund’s Class C shares will have their shares converted at net asset value to Class A shares of the Fund if the shares are no longer subject to a CDSC and the conversion is consistent with D.A. Davidson’s policies and procedures.

CDSC Waivers on Classes A and C shares available at D.A. Davidson

• Death or disability of the shareholder.

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in this prospectus.

• Return of excess contributions from an IRA Account.

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA or other qualifying retirement accounts pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code.

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement.

Front-end sales charge discounts available at D.A. Davidson: breakpoints, rights of accumulation and/or letters of intent

• Breakpoints as described in this prospectus.

• Rights of accumulation which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at D.A. Davidson. Eligible fund family assets not held at D.A. Davidson may be included in the calculation of rights of accumulation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

Prospectus          47

• Letters of intent which allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases within a fund family, over a 13-month time period. Eligible fund family assets not held at D.A. Davidson may be included in the calculation of letters of intent only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

EDWARD D. JONES & CO., L.P. (“EDWARD JONES”)

Policies Regarding Transactions Through Edward Jones

The following information has been provided by Edward Jones:

Effective on or after March 1, 2021, the following information supersedes prior information with respect to transactions and positions held in fund shares through an Edward Jones system. Clients of Edward Jones (also referred to as “shareholders”) purchasing fund shares on the Edward Jones commission and fee-based platforms are eligible only for the following sales charge discounts (also referred to as “breakpoints”) and waivers, which can differ from discounts and waivers described elsewhere in the mutual fund prospectus or statement of additional information (“SAI”) or through another broker-dealer. In all instances, it is the shareholder’s responsibility to inform Edward Jones at the time of purchase of any relationship, holdings of fund family, or other facts qualifying the purchaser for discounts or waivers. Edward Jones can ask for documentation of such circumstance. Shareholders should contact Edward Jones if they have questions regarding their eligibility for these discounts and waivers.

Breakpoints

• Breakpoint pricing, otherwise known as volume pricing, at dollar thresholds as described in the prospectus.

Rights of Accumulation (“ROA”)

• The applicable sales charge on a purchase of Class A shares is determined by taking into account all share classes (except certain money market funds and any assets held in group retirement plans) of the mutual fund family held by the shareholder or in an account grouped by Edward Jones with other accounts for the purpose of providing certain pricing considerations (“pricing groups”). If grouping assets as a shareholder, this includes all share classes held on the Edward Jones platform and/or held on another platform. The inclusion of eligible fund family assets in the ROA calculation is dependent on the shareholder notifying Edward Jones of such assets at the time of calculation. Money market funds are included only if such shares were sold with a sales charge at the time of purchase or acquired in exchange for shares purchased with a sales charge.

• The employer maintaining a SEP IRA plan and/or SIMPLE IRA plan may elect to establish or change ROA for the IRA accounts associated with the plan to a plan-level grouping as opposed to including all share classes at a shareholder or pricing group level.

• ROA is determined by calculating the higher of cost minus redemptions or market value (current shares x NAV).

48          Prospectus

Letter of Intent (“LOI”)

• Through a LOI, shareholders can receive the sales charge and breakpoint discounts for purchases shareholders intend to make over a 13-month period from the date Edward Jones receives the LOI. The LOI is determined by calculating the higher of cost or market value of qualifying holdings at LOI initiation in combination with the value that the shareholder intends to buy over a 13-month period to calculate the front-end sales charge and any breakpoint discounts. Each purchase the shareholder makes during that 13-month period will receive the sales charge and breakpoint discount that applies to the total amount. The inclusion of eligible fund family assets in the LOI calculation is dependent on the shareholder notifying Edward Jones of such assets at the time of calculation. Purchases made before the LOI is received by Edward Jones are not adjusted under the LOI and will not reduce the sales charge previously paid. Sales charges will be adjusted if LOI is not met.

• If the employer maintaining a SEP IRA plan and/or SIMPLE IRA plan has elected to establish or change ROA for the IRA accounts associated with the plan to a plan-level grouping, LOIs will also be at the plan-level and may only be established by the employer.

Sales Charge Waivers

Sales charges are waived for the following shareholders and in the following situations:

• Associates of Edward Jones and its affiliates and their family members who are in the same pricing group (as determined by Edward Jones under its policies and procedures) as the associate. This waiver will continue for the remainder of the associate’s life if the associate retires from Edward Jones in good-standing and remains in good standing pursuant to Edward Jones’ policies and procedures.

• Shares purchased in an Edward Jones fee-based program.

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment.

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redeemed shares of the same fund family so long as the following conditions are met: 1) the proceeds are from the sale of shares within 60 days of the purchase, and 2) the sale and purchase are made in the same share class and the same account or the purchase is made in an individual retirement account with proceeds from liquidations in a non-retirement account.

• Shares exchanged into Class A shares from another share class so long as the exchange is into the same fund and was initiated at the discretion of Edward Jones. Edward Jones is responsible for any remaining CDSC due to the fund company, if applicable. Any future purchases are subject to the applicable sales charge as disclosed in the prospectus.

• Exchanges from Class C shares to Class A shares of the same fund, generally, in the 84^th month following the anniversary of the purchase date or earlier at the discretion of Edward Jones.

Prospectus          49

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge (“CDSC”) Waivers

If the shareholder purchases shares that are subject to a CDSC and those shares are redeemed before the CDSC is expired, the shareholder is responsible to pay the CDSC except in the following conditions:

• The death or disability of the shareholder.

• Systematic withdrawals with up to 10% per year of the account value.

• Return of excess contributions from an Individual Retirement Account (IRA).

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts if the redemption is taken in or after the year the shareholder reaches qualified age based on applicable Internal Revenue Service regulations.

• Shares sold to pay Edward Jones fees or costs in such cases where the transaction is initiated by Edward Jones.

• Shares exchanged in an Edward Jones fee-based program.

• Shares acquired through NAV reinstatement.

• Shares redeemed at the discretion of Edward Jones for Minimum Balances, as described below.

Other Important Information Regarding Transactions Through Edward Jones

Minimum Purchase Amounts

• Initial purchase minimum: $250

• Subsequent purchase minimum: none

Minimum Balances

• Edward Jones has the right to redeem at its discretion fund holdings with a balance of $250 or less. The following are examples of accounts that are not included in this policy:

—   A fee-based account held on an Edward Jones platform

—   A 529 account held on an Edward Jones platform

—   An account with an active systematic investment plan or LOI

Exchanging Share Classes

• At any time it deems necessary, Edward Jones has the authority to exchange at NAV a shareholder’s holdings in a fund to Class A shares of the same fund.

JANNEY MONTGOMERY SCOTT LLC (“JANNEY”)

Effective May 1, 2020, if you purchase fund shares through a Janney brokerage account, you will be eligible for the following load waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and contingent deferred sales charge (“CDSC”), or back-end sales charge, waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this fund’s Prospectus or SAI.

50          Prospectus

Front-end sales charge* waivers on Class A shares available at Janney

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing shares of the same fund (but not any other fund within the fund family).

• Shares purchased by employees and registered representatives of Janney or its affiliates and their family members as designated by Janney.

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within ninety (90) days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales load (i.e., right of reinstatement).

• Employer-sponsored retirement plans (e.g., 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans). For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs, SAR-SEPs or Keogh plans.

• Class C shares that are no longer subject to a contingent deferred sales charge and are converted to class A shares of the same fund pursuant to Janney’s policies and procedures.

CDSC waivers on Class A and C shares available at Janney

• Shares sold upon the death or disability of the shareholder.

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in the fund’s Prospectus.

• Shares purchased in connection with a return of excess contributions from an IRA account.

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts if the redemption is taken in or after the year the shareholder reaches qualified age based on applicable IRS regulations.

• Shares sold to pay Janney fees but only if the transaction is initiated by Janney.

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement.

• Shares exchanged into the same share class of a different fund will not be subject to the deferred sales charge. When you redeem the shares acquired through the exchange, the redemption may be subject to the deferred sales charge, depending upon when and from which fund you originally purchased the shares.

Front-end sales charge* discounts available at Janney: breakpoints, rights of accumulation, and/or letters of intent

• Breakpoints as described in the fund’s Prospectus.

• Rights of accumulation (“ROA”), which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts, will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at Janney. Eligible fund family assets not held at Janney may be included in the ROA calculation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

Prospectus          51

• Letters of intent which allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases within a fund family, over a 13-month time period. Eligible fund family assets not held at Janney may be included in the calculation of letters of intent only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

*   Also referred to as an “initial sales charge.”

MERRILL LYNCH

Shareholders purchasing fund shares through a Merrill Lynch platform or account held at Merrill Lynch will be eligible only for the following sales charge waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and CDSC waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in the fund’s prospectus or SAI. It is your responsibility to notify your financial representative at the time of purchase of any relationship or other facts qualifying you for sales charge waivers or discounts.

Front-end Sales Charge Waivers on Class A Shares available through Merrill Lynch

• Employer-sponsored retirement, deferred compensation and employee benefit plans (including health savings accounts) and trusts used to fund those plans, provided that the shares are not held in a commission-based brokerage account and shares are held for the benefit of the plan

• Shares purchased by a 529 plan (does not include 529 Plan units or 529-specific share classes or equivalents)

• Shares purchased through a Merrill Lynch-affiliated investment advisory program

• Shares exchanged due to the holdings moving from a Merrill Lynch affiliated investment advisory program to a Merrill Lynch brokerage (non-advisory) account pursuant to Merrill Lynch’s policies relating to sales load discounts and waivers

• Shares purchased by third party investment advisors on behalf of their advisory clients through Merrill Lynch’s platform

• Shares of funds purchased through the Merrill Edge Self-Directed platform

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing shares of the fund (but not any other Putnam fund)

• Shares exchanged from class C (i.e. level-load) shares of the same fund pursuant to Merrill Lynch’s policies relating to sales load discounts and waivers

• Employees and registered representatives of Merrill Lynch or its affiliates and their family members

• Trustees of the fund, and employees of Putnam Management or any of its affiliates, as described in the fund’s prospectus

• Eligible shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions from a Putnam fund, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales charge (known as Rights of Reinstatement). Automated transactions (i.e. systematic purchases and withdrawals) and purchases made after shares are automatically sold to pay Merrill Lynch’s account maintenance fees are not eligible for reinstatement

52          Prospectus

CDSC Waivers on A, B and C Shares available through Merrill Lynch

• Death or disability of the shareholder

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in the fund’s prospectus

• Return of excess contributions from an IRA Account

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code

• Shares sold to pay Merrill Lynch fees but only if the transaction is initiated by Merrill Lynch

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement

• Shares held in retirement brokerage accounts that are exchanged for a share class with lower operating expenses due to transfer to certain fee-based accounts or platforms (applicable to A and C shares only)

• Shares received through an exchange due to the holdings moving from a Merrill Lynch affiliated investment advisory program to a Merrill Lynch brokerage (non-advisory) account pursuant to Merrill Lynch’s policies relating to sales load discounts and waivers

Front-end Sales Charge Discounts available through Merrill Lynch: Breakpoints, Rights of Accumulation & Letters of Intent

• Breakpoints as described in the fund’s prospectus and SAI

• Rights of Accumulation (ROA), which entitle you to breakpoint discounts, as described in the fund’s prospectus, will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts (including 529 program holdings, where applicable) within your household at Merrill Lynch. Eligible Putnam fund assets not held at Merrill Lynch may be included in the ROA calculation only if you notify your financial representative about such assets

• Letters of Intent (LOI), which allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases of Putnam funds, through Merrill Lynch, over a 13-month period

MORGAN STANLEY WEALTH MANAGEMENT

Effective July 1, 2018, shareholders purchasing fund shares through a Morgan Stanley Wealth Management transactional brokerage account will be eligible only for the following front-end sales charge waivers with respect to class A shares, which may differ from and may be more limited than those disclosed elsewhere in this fund’s Prospectus or SAI.

Front-end Sales Charge Waivers on class A Shares available at Morgan Stanley Wealth Management:

• Employer-sponsored retirement plans (e.g., 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans). For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs, SAR-SEPs or Keogh plans

Prospectus          53

• Morgan Stanley employee and employee-related accounts according to Morgan Stanley’s account linking rules

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of dividends and capital gains distributions when purchasing shares of the same fund

• Shares purchased through a Morgan Stanley self-directed brokerage account

• Class C (i.e., level-load) shares that are no longer subject to a contingent deferred sales charge and are converted to class A shares of the same fund pursuant to Morgan Stanley Wealth Management’s share class conversion program

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (i) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (ii) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (iii) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales charge

OPPENHEIMER & CO. INC. (“OPCO”)

Effective September 1, 2020, shareholders purchasing Fund shares through an OPCO platform or account are eligible only for the following load waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and contingent deferred, or back-end, sales charge waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this Fund’s prospectus or SAI.

Front-end Sales Load Waivers on Class A Shares available at OPCO

• Employer-sponsored retirement, deferred compensation and employee benefit plans (including health savings accounts) and trusts used to fund those plans, provided that the shares are not held in a commission-based brokerage account and shares are held for the benefit of the plan

• Shares purchased through an OPCO affiliated investment advisory program

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing shares of the same fund (but not any other fund within the fund family)

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales load (known as Rights of Reinstatement).

• A shareholder in the Fund’s class C shares will have their shares converted at net asset value to class A shares of the Fund if the shares are no longer subject to a CDSC and the conversion is in line with the policies and procedures of OPCO

• Employees and registered representatives of OPCO or its affiliates and their family members

CDSC Waivers on A, B and C Shares available at OPCO

• Death or disability of the shareholder

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in this prospectus

• Return of excess contributions from an IRA Account

54          Prospectus

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts due to the shareholder reaching the qualified age based upon applicable IRS regulations as described in the prospectus

• Shares sold to pay OPCO fees but only if the transaction is initiated by OPCO

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement

Front-end Sales Charge Discounts Available at OPCO: Breakpoints & Rights of Accumulation

• Breakpoints as described in this prospectus.

• Rights of Accumulation (ROA), which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts, will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holdings of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at OPCO. Eligible fund family assets not held at OPCO may be included in the ROA calculation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets

RAYMOND JAMES & ASSOCIATES, INC., RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND EACH ENTITY’S AFFILIATES (“RAYMOND JAMES”)

Effective March 1, 2019, shareholders purchasing fund shares through a Raymond James platform or account, or through an introducing broker-dealer or independent registered investment adviser for which Raymond James provides trade execution, clearance, and/or custody services, will be eligible only for the following load waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and contingent deferred, or back-end, sales charge waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this fund’s prospectus or SAI.

Front-end sales load waivers on Class A shares available at Raymond James

• Shares purchased in an investment advisory program.

• Shares purchased within the same fund family through a systematic reinvestment of capital gains and dividend distributions.

• Employees and registered representatives of Raymond James or its affiliates and their family members as designated by Raymond James.

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales load (known as Rights of Reinstatement).

• A shareholder in the Fund’s class C shares will have their shares converted at net asset value to class A shares (or the appropriate share class) of the Fund if the shares are no longer subject to a CDSC and the conversion is in line with the policies and procedures of Raymond James.

CDSC Waivers on Classes A, B and C shares available at Raymond James

• Death or disability of the shareholder.

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in the fund’s prospectus.

• Return of excess contributions from an IRA Account.

Prospectus          55

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts due to the shareholder reaching the qualified age based on applicable IRS regulations as described in the fund’s prospectus.

• Shares sold to pay Raymond James fees but only if the transaction is initiated by Raymond James.

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement.

Front-end load discounts available at Raymond James: breakpoints, rights of accumulation, and/or letters of intent

• Breakpoints as described in this prospectus.

• Rights of accumulation which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at Raymond James. Eligible fund family assets not held at Raymond James may be included in the calculation of rights of accumulation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

• Letters of intent which allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases within a fund family, over a 13-month time period. Eligible fund family assets not held at Raymond James may be included in the calculation of letters of intent only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

ROBERT W. BAIRD & CO. (“BAIRD”)

Effective September 1, 2020, shareholders purchasing fund shares through a Baird brokerage account will only be eligible for the following sales charge waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and CDSC waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this prospectus or the SAI.

Front-End Sales Charge Waivers on Class A shares Available at Baird

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing share of the same fund

• Shares purchased by employees and registered representatives of Baird or its affiliate and their family members as designated by Baird

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same accounts, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales charge (known as rights of reinstatement)

• A shareholder in the fund’s class C Shares will have their shares converted at net asset value to class A shares of the fund if the shares are no longer subject to CDSC and the conversion is in line with the policies and procedures of Baird

56          Prospectus

• Employer-sponsored retirement plans or charitable accounts in a transactional brokerage account at Baird, including 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans. For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs or SAR-SEPs

CDSC Waivers on Class A and C shares Available at Baird

• Shares sold due to death or disability of the shareholder

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in this prospectus

• Shares bought due to returns of excess contributions from an IRA Account

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code

• Shares sold to pay Baird fees but only if the transaction is initiated by Baird

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement

Front-End Sales Charge Discounts Available at Baird: Breakpoints and/or Rights of Accumulation

• Breakpoints as described in this prospectus

• Rights of accumulation, which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts, will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at Baird. Eligible fund family assets not held at Baird may be included in the rights of accumulation calculation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets

• Letters of Intent (LOI) allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases within a fund family through Baird, over a 13-month period of time

STIFEL, NICOLAUS & COMPANY, INCORPORATED (“STIFEL”)

Effective September 1, 2020, shareholders purchasing Fund shares through a Stifel platform or account or who own shares for which Stifel or an affiliate is the broker-dealer of record are eligible for the following additional sales charge waiver.

Front-end Sales Charge Waiver on Class A Shares

Class C shares that have been held for more than seven (7) years will be converted to class A shares of the same Fund pursuant to Stifel’s policies and procedures. All other sales charge waivers and reductions described elsewhere in this prospectus or SAI will continue to apply for eligible shareholders.

Class A Sales Charge Waivers Available Only Through Specified Intermediaries

As described in the prospectus, class A shares may be purchased at net asset value without payment of a sales charge through a broker-dealer, financial institution, or financial intermediary that has entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management to offer shares through a retail self-directed brokerage account with or without the imposition of a transaction fee.

Prospectus          57

The following intermediaries have entered into such an agreement:

National Financial Services LLC
Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
TD Ameritrade, Inc. and TD Ameritrade Clearing, Inc.
Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC
Interactive Brokers LLC
Vanguard Marketing Corporation

58          Prospectus

Make the most of your Putnam privileges

The following services are available to you as a Putnam mutual fund shareholder.

Systematic investment plan

Invest as much as you wish. The amount you choose will be automatically transferred weekly, semi-monthly or monthly from your checking or savings account.

Systematic withdrawal

Make regular withdrawals monthly, quarterly, semiannually, or annually from your Putnam mutual fund account.

Systematic exchange

Transfer assets automatically from one Putnam account to another on a regular, prearranged basis.

Exchange privilege

Exchange money between Putnam funds. The exchange privilege allows you to adjust your investments as your objectives change. A signature guarantee is required for exchanges of more than $500,000 and shares of all Putnam funds may not be available to all investors.

Investors may not maintain, within the same fund, simultaneous plans for systematic investment or exchange (into the fund) and systematic withdrawal or exchange (out of the fund). These privileges are subject to change or termination.

Many of these services can be accessed online at putnam.com.

For more information about any of these services and privileges, call your financial representative or a Putnam customer service representative toll-free at 1-800-225-1581.

Prospectus          59

For more information about Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund

The fund’s SAI and annual and semiannual reports to shareholders include additional information about the fund. The SAI is incorporated by reference into this prospectus, which means it is part of this prospectus for legal purposes. The fund’s annual report discusses the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the fund’s performance during its last fiscal year. You may get free copies of these materials, request other information about any Putnam fund, or make shareholder inquiries, by contacting your financial representative, by visiting Putnam’s website at putnam.com/individual, or by calling Putnam toll-free at 1-800-225-1581. You may access reports and other information about the fund on the EDGAR Database on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s website at http://www.sec.gov. You may get copies of this information, with payment of a duplication fee, by electronic request at the following E-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov. You may need to refer to the fund’s file number.

Putnam Investments
100 Federal Street
Boston, MA 02110
1-800-225-1581

Address correspondence to:

Putnam Investments
P.O. Box 219697
Kansas City, MO 64121-9697

putnam.com

File No. 811-07513 SP109 324630 2/21

FUND	CLASS	CLASS	CLASS	CLASS	CLASS	CLASS	CLASS
SYMBOLS	A	B	C	P	R	R6	Y
	PTRNX	PTRBX	PTRGX	--	PTRKX	PTREX	PYTRX

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

A Series of Putnam Funds Trust 

FORM N-1A 

PART B 

STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (SAI) 

2/28/21 

This SAI is not a prospectus. If the fund has more than one form of current prospectus, each reference to the prospectus in this SAI includes all of the fund's prospectuses, unless otherwise noted. The SAI should be read together with the applicable prospectus. For a free copy of the fund's annual report or a prospectus dated 2/28/21, as revised from time to time, call Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581, visit Putnam's website at putnam.com or write Putnam Investments, PO Box 219697, Kansas City, MO 64121-9697.

Part I of this SAI contains specific information about the fund. Part II includes information about the fund and the other Putnam funds.

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Table of Contents
PART I
FUND ORGANIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION	I-3
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS	I-4
CHARGES AND EXPENSES	I-6
PORTFOLIO MANAGERS	I-17
SECURITIES LENDING ACTIVITIES	I-19
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM AND FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS	I-19
PART II
HOW TO BUY SHARES	II-1
DISTRIBUTION PLANS	II-13
MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISKS	II-20
TAXES	II-81
MANAGEMENT	II-97
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE	II-116
INVESTOR SERVICES	II-118
SIGNATURE GUARANTEES	II-123
REDEMPTIONS	II-123
POLICY ON EXCESSIVE SHORT-TERM TRADING	II-123
SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY	II-124
DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO INFORMATION	II-124
INFORMATION SECURITY RISKS	II-127
PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES	II-128
SECURITIES RATINGS	II-128
APPENDIX A - PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES OF THE PUTNAM FUNDS	II-134
APPENDIX B - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	II-163

2 

SAI

PART I 

FUND ORGANIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund is a diversified series of Putnam Funds Trust, a Massachusetts business trust organized on January 22, 1996 (the "Trust"). A copy of the Trust's Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust (the "Agreement and Declaration of Trust"), which is governed by Massachusetts law, is on file with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Prior to April 30, 2018, the fund was known as Putnam Absolute Return 300 Fund.

The Trust is an open-end management investment company with an unlimited number of authorized shares of beneficial interest. The Trustees may, without shareholder approval, create two or more series of shares representing separate investment portfolios. Any series of shares may be divided without shareholder approval into two or more classes of shares having such preferences and special or relative rights and privileges as the Trustees determine. The fund offers classes of shares with different sales charges and expenses.

Each share has one vote, with fractional shares voting proportionally.

Shares of all series and classes will vote together as a single class on all matters except (i) when required by the Investment Company Act of 1940 or when the Trustees have determined that a matter affects one or more series or classes materially differently, shares are voted by individual series or class; and (ii) when the Trustees determine that such a matter affects only the interests of a particular series or class, then only shareholders of that series or class are entitled to vote. The Trustees may take many actions affecting the fund without shareholder approval, including under certain circumstances merging your fund into another Putnam fund. Shares are freely transferable, are entitled to dividends as declared by the Trustees, and, if the fund were liquidated, would receive the net assets of the fund.

The fund may suspend the sale of shares at any time and may refuse any order to purchase shares. Although the fund is not required to hold annual meetings of its shareholders, shareholders holding at least 10% of the outstanding shares entitled to vote have the right to call a meeting to elect or remove Trustees, or to take other actions as provided in the Agreement and Declaration of Trust.

Information about the Summary Prospectus, Prospectus, and SAI

The fund has entered into contractual arrangements with an investment adviser, administrator, distributor, shareholder servicing agent, and custodian who each provide services to the fund. Unless expressly stated otherwise, shareholders are not parties to, or intended beneficiaries of these contractual arrangements, and these contractual

3 

arrangements are not intended to create any shareholder right to enforce them against the service providers or to seek any remedy under them against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the fund.

Under the Trust's Agreement and Declaration of Trust, any claims asserted against or on behalf of the Putnam Funds, including claims against Trustees and Officers, must be brought in courts of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS

As fundamental investment restrictions, which may not be changed without a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of a fund created under the Trust, the fund may not and will not:

(1) With respect to 75% of its total assets, invest in securities of any issuer if, immediately after such investment, more than 5% of the total assets of the fund (taken at current value) would be invested in the securities of such issuer; provided that this limitation does not apply to obligations issued or guaranteed as to interest or principal by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities or to securities issued by other investment companies.

(2) With respect to 75% of its total assets, acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any issuer.

(3) Borrow money in excess of 33 1/3% of the value of its total assets (not including the amount borrowed) at the time the borrowing is made.

(4) Make loans, except by purchase of debt obligations in which the fund may invest consistent with its investment policies (including without limitation debt obligations issued by other Putnam funds), by entering into repurchase agreements, or by lending its portfolio securities.

(5) Purchase or sell real estate, although it may purchase securities of issuers which deal in real estate, securities which are secured by interests in real estate, and securities which represent interests in real estate, and it may acquire and dispose of real estate or interests in real estate acquired through the exercise of its rights as a holder of debt obligations secured by real estate or interests therein.

(6) Purchase or sell commodities, except as permitted by applicable law.

(7) Underwrite securities issued by other persons except to the extent that, in connection with the disposition of its portfolio investments, it may be deemed to be an underwriter under certain federal securities laws.

4 

(8) Purchase securities (other than securities of the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities) if, as a result of such purchase, more than 25% of the fund's total assets would be invested in any one industry.

(9) Issue any class of securities which is senior to the fund’s shares of beneficial interest, except for permitted borrowings.

The Investment Company Act of 1940 provides that a "vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities" of a fund means the affirmative vote of the lesser of (1) more than 50% of the outstanding fund shares, or (2) 67% or more of the shares present at a meeting if more than 50% of the outstanding fund shares are represented at the meeting in person or by proxy.

For purposes of the fund’s fundamental policy on industry concentration (#8 above), Putnam Investment Management, LLC ("Putnam Management"), the fund’s investment manager, determines the appropriate industry categories and assigns issuers to them, informed by a variety of considerations, including relevant third party categorization systems. Industry categories and issuer assignments may change over time as industry sectors and issuers evolve. Portfolio allocations shown in shareholder reports and other communications may use broader investment sectors or narrower sub-industry categories.

The following non-fundamental investment policy may be changed by the Trustees without shareholder approval:

The fund will not acquire any securities of registered open-end investment companies or registered unit investment trusts in reliance on Sections 12(d)(1)(F) or (G) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

All percentage limitations on investments will apply at the time of the making of an investment and shall not be considered violated unless an excess or deficiency occurs or exists immediately after and as a result of such investment.

The Trust has filed an election under Rule 18f-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 committing each fund that is a series of the Trust to pay all redemptions of fund shares by a single shareholder during any 90-day period in cash, up to the lesser of (i) $250,000 or (ii) 1% of such fund's net assets measured as of the beginning of such 90-day period.

5 

CHARGES AND EXPENSES

Management fees

Under the fund’s management contract with Putnam Management effective February 27, 2014 (the “Management Contract”), the fund pays to Putnam Management, on a monthly basis, a base fee plus or minus a performance adjustment. The monthly base fee is equal to 0.60% of the monthly average of the fund's net asset value ("Average Net Assets"), determined at the close of each business day during the month. In return for this fee, Putnam Management provides investment management and investor servicing to the fund and bears the fund's organizational and operating expenses, excluding performance fee adjustments, distribution and service (12b-1) fees, brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses, extraordinary expenses, and acquired fund fees and expenses.

The performance adjustment is a dollar amount added to or subtracted from the fund’s base fee each month based on the fund’s performance relative to its benchmark index. The performance adjustment is determined based on performance over the thirty-six month period then ended. Each month, the performance adjustment is calculated by multiplying the performance adjustment rate and the fund’s average net assets over the performance period and dividing the result by twelve. The performance adjustment rate is equal to 0.04 multiplied by the difference, positive or negative, during the performance period between the fund’s annualized performance (measured by the performance of the fund’s class A shares) and the sum of the hurdle described below and the annualized performance of the benchmark indices described below; provided that the performance adjustment rate for the fund may not exceed 0.12% or be less than –0.12%.

The monthly base fee is determined based on the fund’s average net assets for the month, while the performance adjustment is determined based on the fund’s average net assets over the thirty-six month performance period. This means it is possible that, if the fund underperforms significantly over the performance period, and the fund’s assets have declined significantly over that period, the negative performance adjustment may exceed the base fee. In this event, Putnam Management would make a payment to the fund.

The application of an expense limitation, if any, will have a positive effect on a fund’s performance and may result in an increase in the performance adjustment. It is possible that the cumulative dollar amount of additional compensation ultimately payable to Putnam Management may, under some circumstances, exceed the cumulative dollar amount of management fees waived by Putnam Management.

6 

Base fee

0.600% of Average Net Assets

Benchmark	Hurdle	Maximum
		performance
		adjustment rate
ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index (G0BA)*	3.00%	0.12%
	(300 basis points)

*ICE BofA Indexes: ICE Data Indices, LLC (“ICE BofA”), used with permission. ICE BofA permits use of the ICE BofA indices and related data on an “as is” basis; makes no warranties regarding same; does not guarantee the suit ability, quality, accuracy, timeliness, and/or completeness of the ICE BofA indices or any data included in, related to, or derived therefrom; assumes no liability in connection with the use of the foregoing; and does not sponsor, endorse, or recommend Putnam Management, or any of its products or services.

For the past three fiscal years, pursuant to the Management Contract, the fund incurred the following fees:

Fiscal	Management
year	fee paid
2020	$2,824,787
2019	$3,397,168
2018	$2,728,467

Brokerage commissions

The following table shows brokerage commissions paid during the fiscal years indicated:

7 

	Brokerage
Fiscal year	commissions
2020	$21,297
2019	$11,690
2018	$5,061

The brokerage commissions for the fund’s 2020 fiscal year were higher than the brokerage commissions for the fund’s 2019 fiscal year due, in part, to higher portfolio turnover in 2020.

The portfolio turnover rate for the fund’s 2020 fiscal year was higher than the portfolio turnover rate for the fund’s 2018 and 2019 fiscal years due to increased market volatility in 2020.

Please see the Financial highlights section of the fund’s most recent shareholder report for further information about the fund’s portfolio turnover over recent periods.

At the end of fiscal 2020, the fund held the following securities of its regular broker-dealers (or affiliates of such broker-dealers):

Broker-dealer or affiliate	Value of securities held
Bank of America Corp.	$2,644,342
Citigroup, Inc.	$1,152,659
Credit Suisse AG	$1,221,923
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The)	$1,342,518
JPMorgan Chase & Co.	$1,351,798
Morgan Stanley	$1,379,363

Administrative expense reimbursement

The fund compensates Putnam Management for administrative services through its management fee, as described above.

8 

Trustee responsibilities and fees

The Trustees are responsible for generally overseeing the conduct of fund business. Subject to such policies as the Trustees may determine, Putnam Management furnishes a continuing investment program for the fund and makes investment decisions on its behalf. Subject to the control of the Trustees, Putnam Management also manages the fund's other affairs and business.

The table below shows the value of each Trustee's holdings in the fund and in all of the Putnam Funds as of December 31, 2020.

		Aggregate dollar
	Dollar range of	range of shares
Name of Trustee	Putnam Fixed	held in all of the
	Income Absolute	Putnam funds
	Return Fund shares	overseen by
	owned	Trustee
Independent Trustees
Liaquat Ahamed	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Ravi Akhoury	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Barbara M. Baumann	$50,001-$100,000	over $100,000
Katinka Domotorffy	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Catharine Bond Hill	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Paul L. Joskow	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Kenneth R. Leibler	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
George Putnam, III	$10,001-$50,000	over $100,000
Manoj P. Singh	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
*Mona K. Sutphen	none	none
Interested Trustee
** Robert L. Reynolds	over $100,000	over $100,000

*Appointed to the Board of Trustees on April 1, 2020.

** Trustee who is an "interested person" (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940) of the fund and Putnam Management. Mr. Reynolds is deemed an "interested person" by virtue of his positions as an officer of the fund and Putnam Management. Mr. Reynolds is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments, LLC and President of your fund and each of the other Putnam funds. None of the other Trustees is an "interested person".

9 

Each Independent Trustee of the fund receives an annual retainer fee and an additional fee for each Trustee meeting attended. Independent Trustees also are reimbursed for expenses they incur relating to their services as Trustees. All of the current Independent Trustees of the fund are Trustees of all the Putnam funds and receive fees for their services.

The Trustees periodically review their fees to ensure that such fees continue to be appropriate in light of their responsibilities as well as in relation to fees paid to trustees of other mutual fund complexes. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee, which consists solely of Independent Trustees of the fund, estimates that committee and Trustee meeting time, together with the appropriate preparation, requires the equivalent of at least four business days per regular Trustee meeting. The standing committees of the Board of Trustees, and the number of times each committee met during your fund’s most recently completed fiscal year, are shown in the table below:

Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee	11
Board Policy and Nominating Committee	8
Brokerage Committee	5
Contract Committee	9
Executive Committee	1
Investment Oversight Committees
Investment Oversight Committee A	7
Investment Oversight Committee B	7
Pricing Committee	6

The following table shows the year each Trustee was first elected a Trustee of the Putnam funds, the fees paid to each Trustee by the fund for fiscal 2020, and the fees paid to each Trustee by all of the Putnam funds for services rendered during calendar year 2020.

10 

	COMPENSATION TABLE
		Pension or	Estimated
		retirement	annual	Total
	Aggregate	benefits	benefits from	compensation
Trustee/Year	compensation	accrued as	all Putnam	from all
	from the fund	part of fund	funds upon	Putnam
		expenses	retirement(1)	funds(2)
Independent Trustees
Liaquat Ahamed/2012(3)	$3,181	N/A	N/A	$335,000
Ravi Akhoury/2009	$3,181	N/A	N/A	$335,000
Barbara M.	$3,419	N/A	N/A	$353,750
Baumann/2010(3)(4)
Katinka Domotorffy/2012(3)	$3,181	N/A	N/A	$335,000
Catharine Bond	$3,181	N/A	N/A	$335,000
Hill/2017(3)
Paul L. Joskow/1997(3)	$3,181	$0	$113,417	$335,000
Kenneth R. Leibler/2006(5)	$4,342	N/A	N/A	$455,000
Robert E.	$2,604	$0	$106,542	$205,000
Patterson/1984(6)
George Putnam, III/1984(7)	$3,419	$0	$130,333	$360,000
Manoj P. Singh/2017(4)	$3,181	N/A	N/A	$341,250
Mona K. Sutphen/2020(8)	$1,625	N/A	N/A	$226,250
Interested Trustee
Robert L.
Reynolds/2008(9)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

(1) Estimated benefits for each Trustee are based on Trustee fee rates for calendar years 2003, 2004 and 2005.

(2) As of December 31, 2020, there were 97 funds in the Putnam family.

(3) Certain Trustees are also owed compensation deferred pursuant to a Trustee Compensation Deferral Plan.

As of October 31, 2020, the total amounts of deferred compensation payable by the fund, including income earned on such amounts, to these Trustees were: Mr. Ahamed -$2,954; Ms. Baumann - $3,992; Ms. Domotorffy - $3,906; Dr. Hill - $1,390; and Dr. Joskow - $17,777.

(4) Includes additional compensation to Ms. Baumann for service as Chair of the Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee through September 30, 2020, and to Mr. Singh for

11 

service as Chair of the Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee beginning October 1, 2020.

(5) Includes additional compensation to Mr. Leibler for service as Chair of the Trustees of the Putnam funds.

(6) Mr. Patterson retired from the Board of Trustees effective June 30, 2020.

(7) Includes additional compensation to Mr. Putnam for service as Chair of the Contract Committee.

(8) Ms. Sutphen was appointed to the Board of Trustees on April 1, 2020.

(9) Mr. Reynolds is an "interested person" of the fund and Putnam Management.

Under a Retirement Plan for Trustees of the Putnam funds (the "Plan"), each Trustee who retires with at least five years of service as a Trustee of the funds is entitled to receive an annual retirement benefit equal to one-half of the average annual attendance and retainer fees paid to such Trustee for calendar years 2003, 2004 and 2005. This retirement benefit is payable during a Trustee's lifetime, beginning the year following retirement, for the number of years of service through December 31, 2006. A death benefit, also available under the Plan, ensures that the Trustee and his or her beneficiaries will receive benefit payments for the lesser of an aggregate period of (i) ten years, or (ii) such Trustee's total years of service.

The Plan Administrator (currently the Board Policy and Nominating Committee) may terminate or amend the Plan at any time, but no termination or amendment will result in a reduction in the amount of benefits (i) currently being paid to a Trustee at the time of such termination or amendment, or (ii) to which a current Trustee would have been entitled had he or she retired immediately prior to such termination or amendment. The Trustees have terminated the Plan with respect to any Trustee first elected to the Board after 2003.

For additional information concerning the Trustees, see "Management" in Part II of this SAI.

12 

Share ownership

At January 31, 2021, the officers and Trustees of the fund as a group owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of each class of the fund except class Y, of which they owned 2.47%, and, except as noted below, no person owned of record or to the knowledge of the fund beneficially 5% or more of any class of shares of the fund.

	Shareholder name	Percentage
Class	and address	owned
A	NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR
	CUSTOMERS
	499 WASHINGTON BLVD
	ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL
	JERSEY CITY NJ, 07310-1995	18.42%
A	PERSHING, LLC
	1 PERSHING PLZ
	JERSEY CITY NJ, 07399-0001	10.83%
A	WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES, LLC
	SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE
	EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER
	2801 MARKET ST
	SAINT LOUIS MO, 63103-2523	5.30%
B	AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC
	707 2ND AVE S
	MINNEAPOLIS MN, 55402-2405	21.06%
B	PERSHING, LLC
	1 PERSHING PLZ
	JERSEY CITY NJ, 07399-0001	11.58%
B	MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF ITS
	CUSTOMERS
	1 NEW YORK PLAZA FL 12
	NEW YORK NY, 10004-1965	5.61%
C	PERSHING, LLC
	1 PERSHING PLZ
	JERSEY CITY NJ, 07399-0001	17.33%
C	LPL FINANCIAL
	--OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT--
	ATTN: LINDSAY O'TOOLE
	4707 EXECUTIVE DRIVE
	SAN DIEGO CA, 92121-3091	12.71%
C	WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES, LLC
	SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE
	EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER
	2801 MARKET ST
	SAINT LOUIS MO, 63103-2523	10.37%

13 

C	NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR
	CUSTOMERS
	499 WASHINGTON BLVD
	ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL
	JERSEY CITY NJ, 07310-1995	10.15%
C	RAYMOND JAMES
	OMNIBUS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS
	ATTN: COURTNEY WALLER
	880 CARILLON PKWY
	ST PETERSBURG FL, 33716-1100	6.01%
P*	RETIREMENT INCOME FUND
	MATURITY CLASS Y FUND 19517 SHATTUCK RD
	ANDOVER MA 01810-2450	44.33%
P*	RETIREMENT READY
	2025 FUND CLASS Y FUND 19557 SHATTUCK RD
	ANDOVER MA 01810-2450	13.26%
P*	RETIREMENT READY
	2030 FUND CLASS Y FUND 1956
	7 SHATTUCK RD
	ANDOVER MA 01810-2450	12.35%
P*	RETIREMENT READY
	MATURITY CLASS A FUND 1517 SHATTUCK RD
	ANDOVER MA 01810-2450	5.01%
R	DANIEL LANIER TTEE FBO
	GEOSCIENCE EARTH & MARINE SERVICES
	C/O FASCORE LLC
	8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2
	GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80111-5002	26.04%
R	MID ATLANTIC TRUST COMPANY FBO
	IMAGE ONE UNIFORMS, INC 401(K) PROF
	1251 WATERFRONT PLACE, SUITE 525
	PITTSBURGH PA 15222-4228	14.80%
R	FIIOC FBO
	E-VOLVE TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS, INC. 40
	1(K) PROFIT SHARING PLAN AND TRUST
	100 MAGELLAN WAY
	COVINGTON KY 41015-1987	13.54%
R	E ROBERT ROSKIND TTEE FBO
	LCP GROUP 401K
	C/O FASCORE LLC
	8515 E ORCHARD RD # 2T2
	GREENWOOD VLG CO 80111-5002	11.92%
R	PAI TRUST COMAPNY INC
	CENTRAL OAHU PHYSICAL THERAPY SPEC.
	1300 ENTERPRISE DR
	DE PERE WI 54115-4934	7.49%
R6**	MERCER TRUST COMPANY TTEE
	AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION MEMBERS
	MTC COLLECTIVE TRUST FBO
	1 INVESTORS WAY
	NORWOOD MA 02062-1599	83.15%

14 

R6	GREAT WEST TR CO LLC FBO PFTC FBO
	THE PUTNAM RETIREMENT PLAN
	C/O FASCORE LLC
	8515 E ORCHARD RD # 2T2
	GREENWOOD VLG CO 80111-5002	10.01%
Y	NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF
	OUR CUSTOMERS
	499 WASHINGTON BLVD
	ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL
	JERSEY CITY NJ, 07310-1995	31.72%
Y	CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC
	SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCOUNT FBO THEIR
	CUSTOMERS
	ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS
	211 MAIN ST
	SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94105-1905	13.42%
Y	UBS WM USA
	OMNI ACCOUNT M/F
	SPEC CDY A/C EXCL BEN CUST UBSFSI
	1000 HARBOR BLVD
	WEEHAWKEN NJ 07086-6761	9.48%
Y	PERSHING, LLC
	1 PERSHING PLZ
	JERSEY CITY NJ, 07399-0001	6.26%
Y	CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC
	SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCOUNT FBO THEIR
	CUSTOMERS
	ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS
	211 MAIN ST
	SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94105-1905	6.12%

* The address for the name listed is: c/o Putnam Investments, 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110.

** The address for the name listed is: c/o Mercer Trust Company, as trustee or agent, Investors Way, Norwood, MA 02062.

Distribution fees*

During fiscal 2020, the fund paid the following 12b-1 fees to Putnam Retail Management:

Class A	Class B	Class C	Class R
$361,888	$6,167	$324,212	$1,976

15 

*Effective November 25, 2019, all class M shares were converted to class A shares.

Class A sales charges and contingent deferred sales charges*

Putnam Retail Management received sales charges with respect to class A shares in the following amounts during the periods indicated:

		Sales
		charges
		retained by
		Putnam
	Total	Retail	Contingent
	front-end	Management	deferred
	sales	after dealer	sales
Fiscal year	charges	concessions	charges
2020	$57,689	$8,780	$0
2019	$93,062	$11,329	$0
2018	$94,031	$846	$38

*Effective November 25, 2019, all class M shares were converted to class A shares.

Class B contingent deferred sales charges

Putnam Retail Management received contingent deferred sales charges upon redemptions of class B shares in the following amounts during the periods indicated:

	Contingent
	deferred sales
Fiscal year	charges
2020	$0
2019	$82
2018	$44

16 

Class C contingent deferred sales charges

Putnam Retail Management received contingent deferred sales charges upon redemptions of class C shares in the following amounts during the periods indicated:

	Contingent
	deferred
	sales
Fiscal year	charges
2020	$270
2019	$388
2018	$976

Investor servicing fees

During the 2020 fiscal year, the fund did not incur fees for investor servicing provided by Putnam Investor Services, Inc. These fees are being paid by Putnam Management under the terms of the management contract.

PORTFOLIO MANAGERS

Other accounts managed

The following table shows the number and approximate assets of other investment accounts (or portions of investment accounts) that the fund's portfolio managers managed as of the fund's most recent fiscal year-end. The other accounts may include accounts for which the individuals were not designated as a portfolio manager. Unless noted, none of the other accounts pays a fee based on the account's performance.

17 

					Other accounts (including
					separate accounts,
					managed account
			Other accounts that pool		programs and single-
	Other SEC-registered		assets from more than one		sponsor defined
Portfolio	open-end and closed-end		client		contribution plan
managers	funds				offerings)
	Number		Number		Number
	of		of		of
	accounts	Assets	accounts	Assets	accounts	Assets
D. William Kohli	14*	$6,759,200,000	17	$4,289,000,000	17**	$13,592,000,000
Albert Chan	14*	$7,055,300,000	14	$2,576,100,000	7	$725,300,000
Michael Salm	31***	$29,767,800,000	36	$13,220,700,000	28**	$4,755,400,000
Paul Scanlon	21***	$8,453,400,000	26	$10,525,300,000	32	$15,569,000,000

* 2 accounts, with total assets of $2,220,300,000, pay an advisory fee based on account performance.

** 1 account, with total assets of $542,000,000, pays an advisory fee based on account performance.

*** 1 account, with total assets of $205,000,000, pays an advisory fee based on account performance.

See “Management—Portfolio Transactions—Potential conflicts of interest in managing multiple accounts” in Part II of this SAI for information on how Putnam Management addresses potential conflicts of interest resulting from an individual’s management of more than one account.

Compensation of portfolio managers

Portfolio managers are evaluated and compensated across the group of specified products they manage, in part, based on their performance relative to peers or performance ahead of the applicable benchmark, depending on the product, based on a blend of 3-year and 4-year performance. In addition, evaluations take into account individual contributions and a subjective component.

Each portfolio manager is assigned an industry-competitive incentive compensation target consistent with this goal and evaluation framework. Actual incentive compensation may be higher or lower than the target, based on group, individual, and subjective performance, and may also reflect the performance of Putnam as a firm.

18 

Incentive compensation includes a cash bonus and may also include grants of deferred cash, stock or options. In addition to incentive compensation, portfolio managers receive fixed annual salaries typically based on level of responsibility and experience.

One or more of the portfolio managers of the fund receive a portion of the performance fee payable by several private funds managed by Putnam (the “Private Funds”) in connection with their service as members of the Private Funds’ portfolio management team. See “Management—Portfolio Transactions—Potential conflicts of interest in managing multiple accounts” in Part II of this SAI for information on how Putnam Management addresses potential conflicts of interest resulting from an individual’s management of more than one account.

For this fund, Putnam evaluates performance based on the fund’s pre-tax return relative to its benchmark, ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index.

Ownership of securities

The dollar range of shares of the fund owned by each portfolio manager at the end of the fund’s last fiscal year, including investments by immediate family members and amounts invested through retirement and deferred compensation plans, was as follows:

Portfolio manager(s)	Dollar range of shares owned
D. William Kohli	$500,001-$1,000,000
Albert Chan	none
Michael Salm	none
Paul Scanlon	none

SECURITIES LENDING ACTIVITIES

The fund did not participate in any securities lending activities during the most recent fiscal year.

19 

INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 101 Seaport Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, is the fund’s independent registered public accounting firm providing audit services, tax return review and other tax consulting services and assistance and consultation in connection with the review of various Securities and Exchange Commission filings. The Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, financial highlights and financial statements included in the fund’s Annual Report for the fund’s most recent fiscal year are included as Appendix B to this SAI. Information for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2020 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, and information for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016 through October 31, 2019 was audited by the fund’s previous independent public accounting firm. The financial highlights included in the prospectus and this SAI and the financial statements included in this SAI (which is incorporated by reference into the prospectus) have been so included in reliance upon the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, given on their authority as experts in auditing and accounting.

20 

   THE PUTNAM FUNDS

STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (“SAI”)

PART II

HOW TO BUY SHARES

Each prospectus or private placement memorandum of a fund (collectively, a “prospectus”) describes briefly how investors may buy shares of the fund and identifies the share classes offered by that prospectus. For a fund that offers multiple classes of shares, the investment performance of the classes will vary because of different sales charges and expenses. This section of the SAI contains more information on how to buy shares. For more information, including your eligibility to purchase certain classes of shares, contact your investment dealer or Putnam Investor Services, Inc., the funds’ investor servicing agent (“Putnam Investor Services”), at 1-800-225-1581. Investors who purchase shares at net asset value through employer-sponsored retirement plans (including, for example, 401(k) plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, and 457 plans, as well as “non-qualified” deferred compensation plans) should also consult their employer for information about the extent to which the matters described in this section and in the sections that follow apply to them.

Except as set forth below, the fund does not accept new accounts or additional investments (including by way of exchange from another fund) into existing accounts held in the name of persons or entities that do not have both a residential or business address within the United States (including APO/FPO addresses) and a valid U.S. tax identification number. Any existing account that is updated to reflect a non-U.S. address will also be restricted from making additional investments. Individuals resident in the European Economic Area (“EEA”), in particular, should take note that the fund’s shares are not offered for sale in the EEA.

Non-U.S. institutional clients may invest in a fund, provided that the client is acting for its own account and is not a financial institution (e.g., a broker-dealer purchasing shares on behalf of its customers), and has provided Putnam with documentation (i) that is appropriate to the type of entity seeking to establish the account and (ii) sufficient to enable Putnam Investor Services to determine that the investment would not violate any applicable securities laws or regulations, including non-U.S. laws and regulations.

In addition, class M shares are only available (1) to certain employer-sponsored retirement plans investing in George Putnam Balanced Fund and (2) for Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund, and Putnam Income Fund for public offering in Japan through certain Japanese registered broker-dealers with whom Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership has an agreement. All other class M shares of the Putnam funds were converted into class A shares effective November 25, 2019, except that class M shares of Putnam Global Income Trust and Putnam Mortgage Securities Fund held in Japan were liquidated effective December 9, 2019.

In addition, the fund does not accept new accounts or additional investments (including by way of exchange from another fund) into existing accounts by entities that Putnam Investor Services has reason to believe are involved in the sale or distribution of marijuana, even if such sale or distribution is licensed by a state.

General Information

The fund is currently making a continuous offering of its shares. The fund receives the entire net asset value of shares sold. The fund will accept unconditional orders for shares to be executed at the current offering price based on the net asset value per share next determined after the order is placed. In the case of class A shares, class M shares and class N shares, the offering price is the net asset value plus the applicable sales charge, if any. (The offering price is thus calculable by dividing the net asset value by 100% minus the sales charge, expressed as a percentage.) No sales charge is included in the offering price of other classes of shares. In the case of orders for purchase of shares placed through dealers, the offering price will be based on the net asset value determined on the day the order is placed, but only if the dealer or a registered transfer agent or

February 28, 2021 II-1 

registered clearing agent receives the order, together with all required identifying information, before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”). If the dealer or registered transfer agent or registered clearing agent receives the order after the close of the NYSE, the price will be based on the net asset value next determined. If funds for the purchase of shares are sent directly to Putnam Investor Services, they will be invested at the offering price based on the net asset value next determined after all required identifying information has been collected. Payment for shares of the fund must be in U.S. dollars; if made by check, the check must be drawn on a U.S. bank.

Initial purchases are subject to the minimums stated in the prospectus, except that (i) individual investments under certain employer-sponsored retirement plans or Tax Qualified Retirement Plans may be lower, and (ii) the minimum investment is waived for investors participating in systematic investment plans or military allotment plans. Information about these plans is available from investment dealers or Putnam Investor Services. Currently Putnam is waiving the minimum for all initial purchases, but reserves the right to reject initial purchases under the minimum in the future, except as noted in the first sentence of this paragraph.

Systematic investment plan. As a convenience to investors, shares (other than shares of Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio) may be purchased through a systematic investment plan. Pre-authorized periodic (e.g., monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually) bank drafts for a fixed amount ($200,000 or less) are used to purchase fund shares at the applicable offering price next determined after Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership (“Putnam Retail Management”) receives the proceeds from the draft. A shareholder may choose any day of the month for these investments; however, if the selected date falls on a weekend or holiday, the investment will be processed on the next business day. For February, April, June, September and November, if the selected date does not occur (the 29^th, 30^th, or 31^st, as applicable), the investment will be processed the prior business day. Further information and application forms are available from the investment dealers or from Putnam Retail Management.

Reinvestment of distributions. Distributions to be reinvested are reinvested without a sales charge in shares of any Putnam fund the shareholder is eligible to invest in under the shareholder's account as of the ex-dividend date using the net asset value determined on that date, and are credited to a shareholder's account on the payment date. Dividends for Putnam money market funds are credited to a shareholder's account on the payment date. Distributions for all other funds that declare a distribution daily are reinvested without a sales charge as of the last day of the period for which distributions are paid using the net asset value determined on that date, and are credited to a shareholder's account on the payment date.

Purchasing shares with securities (“in-kind” purchases). In addition to cash, the fund will consider accepting securities as payment for fund shares at the applicable net asset value. Generally, the fund will only consider accepting securities to increase its holdings in a portfolio security, or if Putnam Investment Management, LLC (“Putnam Management”) determines that the offered securities are a suitable investment for the fund and in a sufficient amount for efficient management.

While no minimum has been established, it is expected that the fund would not accept securities with a value of less than $100,000 per issue as payment for shares. The fund may reject in whole or in part any or all offers to pay for purchases of fund shares with securities, may require partial payment in cash for such purchases to provide funds for applicable sales charges, and may discontinue accepting securities as payment for fund shares at any time without notice. The fund will value accepted securities in the manner described in the section "Determination of Net Asset Value" for valuing shares of the fund. The fund will only accept securities that are delivered in proper form. The fund will not accept certain securities, for example, options or restricted securities, as payment for shares. The acceptance of securities by certain funds in exchange for fund shares is subject to additional requirements. For federal income tax purposes, a purchase of fund shares with securities will be treated as a sale or exchange of such securities on which the investor will generally realize a taxable gain or loss. The processing of a purchase of fund shares with securities involves certain delays while the fund considers the suitability of such securities and while other requirements are satisfied. For information regarding procedures for payment in securities, contact Putnam Retail Management. Investors should not send

February 28, 2021 II-2 

securities to the fund except when authorized to do so and in accordance with specific instructions received from Putnam Retail Management.

Sales Charges and Other Share Class Features—Retail Investors

This section describes certain key features of share classes offered to retail investors and retirement plans that do not purchase shares at net asset value. Much of this information addresses the sales charges, including initial sales charges and contingent deferred sales charges (“CDSCs”) imposed on the different share classes and various commission payments made by Putnam to dealers and other financial intermediaries facilitating shareholders’ investments. This information supplements the descriptions of these share classes and payments included in the prospectus.

Initial sales charges, dealer commissions and CDSCs on shares sold outside the United States may differ from those applied to U.S. sales.

Initial sales charges for class A, class M and class N shares. The offering price of class A, class M and class N shares is the net asset value plus a sales charge that varies depending on the size of your purchase (calculable as described above). The fund receives the net asset value. The tables below indicate the sales charges applicable to purchases of class A, class M and class N shares of the funds by style category.

The sales charge for class A, class M and class N shares is allocated between your investment dealer and Putnam Retail Management as shown in the tables below, except when Putnam Retail Management, in its discretion, allocates the entire amount to your investment dealer.

The underwriter's commission, or dealer reallowance, is the sales charge shown in the prospectus less any applicable dealer discount. Putnam Retail Management will give dealers ten days' notice of any changes in the dealer discount.

Putnam Retail Management retains the entire sales charge on any retail sales made by it. The Putnam Funds require that a broker-dealer be associated with every account (a “broker-dealer of record”). In instances where the registered account owner has not designated a broker-dealer of record, Putnam Retail Management will be defaulted as the broker-dealer of record for the account. Putnam Retail Management is not a full service broker-dealer, and does not provide investment advice. As default broker-dealer of record, Putnam Retail Management will not be able to provide services that are typically offered by a brokerage firm, such as assisting with financial planning or providing recommendations, or otherwise assisting with investment decisions. Where Putnam Retail Management is listed as the default broker-dealer of record for an account, it will receive all applicable sales charges and service fees associated with the account.

For purchases of class A shares by retail investors that qualify for the highest sales charge breakpoint described in the prospectus, Putnam Retail Management pays commissions on sales during the one-year period beginning with the date of the initial purchase qualifying for that breakpoint. Each subsequent one-year measuring period for these purposes begins with the first qualifying purchase following the end of the prior period. For all funds, except for purchases of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund on or after January 1, 2021,

these commissions are paid at the rate of 1.00% of the amount of qualifying purchases up to $4 million, 0.50% of the next $46 million of qualifying purchases and 0.25% of qualifying purchases thereafter. For purchases of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund on or after January 1, 2021, these commissions are paid at the rate of 0.75% of the amount of qualifying purchases up to $4 million, 0.50% of the next $46 million of qualifying purchases and 0.25% of qualifying purchases thereafter.

For purchases of class N shares over $250,000, Putnam Retail Management pays commissions on sales during the one-year period beginning with the date of the initial purchase. Each subsequent one-year measuring period for these purposes begins with the first qualifying purchase following the end of the prior period. Commissions

February 28, 2021 II-3 

for these purchases are paid at the rate of 0.25% of the amount of qualifying purchases up to $4 million, 0.15% of the next $46 million of qualifying purchases and 0.10% of qualifying purchases thereafter.

For Growth Funds, Blend Funds, Value Funds, Asset Allocation Funds (excluding George Putnam Balanced Fund, Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy, Putnam PanAgora Market Neutral Fund and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund), Global Sector Funds, Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds (excluding Putnam Retirement Advantage Maturity Fund) and RetirementReady® Funds (excluding Putnam RetirementReady Maturity Fund) only:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	5.75%	5.00%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.50	3.75
100,000 but under 250,000	3.50	2.75
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00
500,000 but under 1,000,000	2.00	1.75
1,000,000 and above	NONE	NONE

For Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy, Putnam PanAgora Market Neutral Fund, Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund and Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund only:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	5.75%	5.00%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.50	3.75
100,000 but under 250,000	3.50	2.75
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00
500,000 and above	NONE	NONE

February 28, 2021 II-4 

For Putnam Retirement Advantage Maturity Fund, Putnam RetirementReady Maturity Fund, Taxable Income Funds (except for Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund and Putnam Income Fund) and Tax-Exempt Funds (except for Money Market Funds, Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund, Putnam Floating Rate Income Fund, and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund):

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	4.00%	3.50%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.00	3.50
100,000 but under 250,000	3.25	2.75
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00
500,000 and above	NONE	NONE

For Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund and Putnam Floating Rate Income Fund only:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 100,000	2.25%	2.00%
100,000 but under 250,000	1.75%	1.50%
250,000 but under 500,000	1.25%	1.00%
500,000 and above	NONE	1.00%

For purchases of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund prior to January 1, 2021 and Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund only:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 100,000	2.25%	2.00%
100,000 – 249,999	1.25%	1.00%
250,000 and above	NONE	1.00%

February 28, 2021 II-5 

For purchases of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund on or after January 1, 2021:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 100,000	2.25%	2.00%
100,000 – 249,999	1.25%	1.00%
250,000 and above	NONE	0.75%

For George Putnam Balanced Fund only:

	CLASS A		CLASS M
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	5.75%	5.00%	3.50%	3.00%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.50	3.75	2.50	2.00
100,000 but under 250,000	3.50	2.75	1.50	1.00
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00	1.00	1.00
500,000 but under 1,000,000	2.00	1.75	1.00	1.00
1,000,000 and above	NONE	NONE	N/A	N/A

For Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund and Putnam Income Fund only:

	CLASS A		CLASS M
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	4.00%	3.50%	3.25%	3.00%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.00	3.50	2.25	2.00
100,000 but under 250,000	3.25	2.75	1.25	1.00
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00	1.00	1.00
500,000 and above	NONE	NONE	N/A*	N/A*

*The funds will not accept purchase orders for class M shares (other than by employer-sponsored retirement plans) where the total of the current purchase, plus existing account balances that are eligible to be linked under a right of accumulation (as described below) is $500,000 or more.

February 28, 2021 II-6 

For all Putnam funds that offer class N shares:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	1.50%	1.25%
50,000 but under 100,000	1.25%	1.00%
100,000 but under 250,000	1.00%	0.75%
250,000 and above	NONE	0.25%

Purchases of class A and class N shares without an initial sales charge. Class A shares of any Putnam fund (other than Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund, Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund, and Putnam Money Market Fund) purchased by retail investors that are not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 1.00% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the twelve-month anniversary of that purchase occurs. Class A shares of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund purchased prior to January 1, 2021 and class A shares of Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund purchased by retail investors that are not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 1.00% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the nine-month anniversary of that purchase occurs. Class A shares of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund purchased on or after January 1, 2021 by retail investors that are not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 0.75% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the nine-month anniversary of that purchase occurs. Class A shares of Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund purchased by retail investors by exchanging shares from another Putnam fund that were not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 1.00% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the twelve-month anniversary of the original purchase occurs. Class N shares of any Putnam fund purchased by retail investors that are not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 0.25% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the nine-month anniversary of that purchase occurs.

The CDSC assessed on redemptions of fewer than all of an investor's class A shares or class N shares subject to a CDSC will be based on the amount of the redemption minus the amount of any appreciation on the investor's CDSC-subject shares since the purchase of such shares. The CDSC assessed on full redemptions of CDSC-subject shares will be based on the lower of the shares' cost and current NAV. Class A shares that are exchanged between Putnam funds will maintain the CDSC time period for the fund in which the initial purchase was made. Putnam Retail Management will retain any CDSC imposed on redemptions of such shares to compensate it for the up-front commissions paid to financial intermediaries for such share sales.

Purchases of class A shares for rollover IRAs. Purchases of class A shares for a Putnam Rollover IRA or a rollover IRA of a Putnam affiliate, from a retirement plan for which an affiliate of Putnam Management or a business partner of such affiliate is the administrator, including subsequent contributions, are not subject to an initial sales charge or CDSC. Putnam Retail Management may pay commissions or finders’ fees of up to 1.00% of the proceeds for such Putnam Rollover IRA purchases to the dealer of record or other third party.

February 28, 2021 II-7 

Commission payments and CDSCs for class B and class C shares. Except in the case of Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Retail Management will pay a 4% commission on sales of class B shares of the fund only to those financial intermediaries who have entered into service agreements with Putnam Retail Management. For tax-exempt funds, this commission includes a 0.20% pre-paid service fee (except for Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund and Putnam Strategic Intermediate Municipal Fund, each of which has a 0.25% pre-paid service fee). For Putnam Floating Rate Income Fund, Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund, Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund and Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund, Putnam Retail Management will pay a 1.00% commission to financial intermediaries selling class B shares of the fund.

Except in the case of Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Retail Management pays financial intermediaries a 1.00% commission on sales of class C shares of a fund.

Putnam Retail Management will retain any CDSC imposed on redemptions of class B and class C shares to compensate it for the cost of paying the up-front commissions paid to financial intermediaries for class B or class C share sales.

Conversion of class B shares into class A shares. Class B shares will automatically convert to class A shares during the month eight years after the purchase date (for Putnam Small Cap Value Fund, during the month six years after the purchase date, and for Putnam Sustainable Future Fund, during the month five years after the purchase date). Class B shares acquired by exchanging class B shares of another Putnam fund will convert to class A shares based on the time of the initial purchase, and the holding period of the fund of initial purchase will apply. Any CDSC for such shares will be calculated using the schedule of the fund into or from which shares have been exchanged that would result in the highest CDSC applicable to such shares. Class B shares acquired through reinvestment of distributions will convert to class A shares based on the date of the initial purchase to which such shares relate. For this purpose, class B shares acquired through reinvestment of distributions will be attributed to particular purchases of class B shares in accordance with such procedures as the Trustees may determine from time to time. The conversion of class B shares to class A shares is subject to the condition that such conversions will not constitute taxable events for federal tax purposes. Shareholders should consult with their tax advisers regarding the state and local tax consequences of the conversion of class B shares to class A shares, or any other exchange or conversion of shares. Average annual total return performance information for class B shares shown in the fund's prospectus assumes conversion to class A shares after the applicable period described in the fund’s prospectus.

Conversion of class C shares into class A shares. Effective March 1, 2021, Class C shares will automatically convert to class A shares during the month eight years after the purchase date, provided that Putnam Investor Services, or the financial intermediary through which a shareholder purchased class C shares has records verifying that the class C shares have been held for at least eight years, and that class A shares are available for purchase by residents in the shareholder’s jurisdiction. In certain cases, records verifying that the class C shares have been held for at least eight years may not be available (for example, participant level share lot aging may not be tracked by group retirement plan recordkeeping platforms through which class C shares of the fund are held in an omnibus account). If such records are unavailable, Putnam Investor Services or the relevant financial intermediary may not effect the conversion or may effect the conversion on a different schedule determined by Putnam Investor Services or the financial intermediary, which may be shorter or longer than eight years. Class C shares acquired by exchanging class C shares of another Putnam fund will convert to class A shares based on the time of the initial purchase. Any CDSC for such shares will be calculated using the schedule of the fund into or from which shares have been exchanged that would result in the highest CDSC applicable to such shares. Class C shares acquired through reinvestment of distributions will convert to class A shares based on the date of the initial purchase to which such shares relate. For this purpose, class C shares acquired through reinvestment of distributions will be attributed to particular purchases of class C shares in accordance with such procedures as the Trustees may determine from time to time. The conversion

February 28, 2021 II-8 

of class C shares to class A shares is subject to the condition that such conversions will not constitute taxable events for federal tax purposes. Shareholders should consult with their tax advisers regarding the state and local tax consequences of the conversion of class C shares to class A shares, or any other exchange or conversion of shares. Prior to March 1, 2021, class C shares converted to class A shares after ten years.

Sales without sales charges or contingent deferred sales charges

In addition to the categories of investors eligible to purchase fund shares without a sales charge or CDSC set forth in the fund’s prospectus, in connection with settlements reached between certain firms and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and/or Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding sales of class B and class C shares in excess of certain dollar thresholds, the fund will permit shareholders who are clients of these firms (and applicable affiliates of such firms) to redeem class B and class C shares of the fund and concurrently purchase class A shares (in an amount to be determined by the dealer of record and Putnam Retail Management in accordance with the terms of the applicable settlement) without paying a sales charge.

The fund may issue its shares at net asset value without an initial sales charge or a CDSC in connection with the acquisition of substantially all of the securities owned by other investment companies or personal holding companies. The CDSC will be waived on redemptions to pay premiums for insurance under Putnam’s insured investor program.

In the case of certain sales charge waivers described in the prospectus to (i) current and former Trustees of the fund, their family members, business and personal associates; current and former employees of Putnam Management and certain current and former corporate affiliates, their family members, business and personal associates; employer-sponsored retirement plans for the foregoing; and partnerships, trusts or other entities in which any of the foregoing has a substantial interest and (ii) shareholders reinvesting the proceeds from a Putnam Corporate IRA Plan distribution into a nonretirement plan account, the availability of shares at NAV has been determined to be appropriate because involvement by Putnam Retail Management and other brokers in purchases by these investors is typically minimal.

As described in the prospectus, specific sales charge waivers may be available through your particular financial intermediary. Please see the prospectus for additional information about financial intermediary-specific waivers.

Application of CDSC to Systematic Withdrawal Plans (“SWP”). The SWP provisions relating to CDSC waivers described below do not apply to customers purchasing shares of the fund through a Specified Intermediary, unless otherwise specified in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus. Please refer to the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus for the SWP provisions that are applicable to each Specified Intermediary.

Investors who set up a SWP for a share account (see "INVESTOR SERVICES — Plans Available to Shareholders -- Systematic Withdrawal Plan") may withdraw through the SWP up to 12% of the net asset value of the account (calculated as set forth below) each year without incurring any CDSC. Shares not subject to a CDSC (such as shares representing reinvestment of distributions) will be redeemed first and will count toward the 12% limitation. If there are insufficient shares not subject to a CDSC, shares subject to the lowest CDSC liability will be redeemed next until the 12% limit is reached. The 12% figure is calculated on a pro rata basis at the time of the first payment made pursuant to an SWP and recalculated thereafter on a pro rata basis at the time of each SWP payment. Therefore, shareholders who have chosen an SWP based on a percentage of the net asset value of their account of up to 12% will be able to receive SWP payments without incurring a CDSC. However, shareholders who have chosen a specific dollar amount (for example, $100 per month from the fund that pays income distributions monthly) for their periodic SWP payment should be aware that the amount of that payment not subject to a CDSC may vary over time depending on the net asset value of their account. For example, if the net asset value of the account is $10,000 at the time

February 28, 2021 II-9 

of payment, the shareholder will receive $100 free of the CDSC (12% of $10,000 divided by 12 monthly payments). However, if at the time of the next payment the net asset value of the account has fallen to $9,400, the shareholder will receive $94 free of any CDSC (12% of $9,400 divided by 12 monthly payments) and $6 subject to the lowest applicable CDSC. This SWP privilege may be revised or terminated at any time.

Other exceptions to application of CDSC. For purposes of the waiver categories set forth in subparagraphs (ii) – (iv) of the fund’s prospectus under the sub-section Additional reductions and waivers of sales charges – Class B and class C shares, shares not subject to a CDSC are redeemed first in determining whether the CDSC applies to each redemption.

For purposes of the waiver categories set forth in subparagraph (v) of the fund’s prospectus under the sub-section Additional reductions and waivers of sales charges – Class B and class C shares, Benefit Payments currently include, without limitation, (1) distributions from an IRA due to death or post-purchase disability, (2) a return of excess contributions to an IRA or 401(k) plan, and (3) distributions from retirement plans qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code or from a 403(b) plan due to death, disability, retirement or separation from service. These waivers may be changed at any time.

Ways to Reduce Initial Sales Charges—Class A, Class M and Class N Shares

There are several ways in which an investor may obtain reduced sales charges on purchases of class A shares, class M shares and class N shares. These provisions may be altered or discontinued at any time. The breakpoint discounts described below do not apply to customers purchasing shares of the fund through any of the financial intermediaries specified in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus (each, a “Specified Intermediary”). Please refer to the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus for the breakpoint discounts that are applicable to each Specified Intermediary.

Right of accumulation. A purchaser of class A shares, class M shares or class N shares may qualify for a right of accumulation discount by combining all current purchases by such person with the value of certain other shares of any class of Putnam funds already owned. The applicable sales charge is based on the total of:

(i) the investor's current purchase(s); and

(ii) the higher of (x) the maximum offering price (at the close of business on the previous day) or (y) the initial value of total purchases (less the value of shares redeemed on the applicable redemption date) of:

(a) all shares held in accounts registered to the investor and other accounts eligible to be linked to the investor’s accounts (as described below) in all of the Putnam funds (except closed-end and money market funds, unless acquired as described in (b) below); and

(b) any shares of money market funds acquired by exchange from other Putnam funds.

For shares held on December 31, 2007, the initial value will be the value of those shares at the maximum offering price on that date.

The following persons may qualify for a right of accumulation discount:

(i) an individual, or a "company" as defined in Section 2(a)(8) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”) (which includes corporations which are corporate affiliates of each other);

February 28, 2021 II-10 

(ii) an individual, his or her spouse and their children under age 21, purchasing for his, her or their own account;

(iii) a trustee or other fiduciary purchasing for a single trust estate or single fiduciary account (including a pension, profit-sharing, or other employee benefit trust created pursuant to a plan qualified under Section 401 of the Code and Simplified Employer Pension Plans (SEPs) created pursuant to Section 408(k) of the Code);

(iv) tax-exempt organizations qualifying under Section 501(c)(3) of the Code, (not including tax-exempt organizations qualifying under Section 403(b)(7) (a "403(b) plan") of the Code; and

(v) employer-sponsored retirement plans of a single employer or of affiliated employers, other than 403(b) plans.

A combined purchase currently may also include shares of any class of other continuously offered Putnam funds (other than money market funds, Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio, and class A shares of Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund) purchased at the same time, if the dealer places the order for such shares directly with Putnam Retail Management.

For individual investors, Putnam Investor Services automatically links accounts the registrations of which are under the same last name and address. Account types eligible to be linked for the purpose of qualifying for a right of accumulation discount include the following (in each case as registered to the investor, his or her spouse and his or her children under the age of 21):

(i) individual accounts;

(ii) joint accounts;

(iii) accounts established as part of a plan established pursuant to Section 403(b) of the Code (“403(b) plans”) or an IRA other than a SIMPLE IRA, SARSEP or SEP IRA;

(iv) shares owned through accounts in the name of the investor’s (or spouse’s or minor child’s) dealer or other financial intermediary (with documentation identifying to the satisfaction of Putnam Investor Services the beneficial ownership of such shares); and

(v) accounts established as part of a Section 529 college savings plan managed by Putnam Management.

Shares owned by a plan participant as part of an employer-sponsored retirement plan of a single employer or of affiliated employers (other than 403(b) plans) or a single fiduciary account opened by a trustee or other fiduciary (including a pension, profit-sharing, or other employee benefit trust created pursuant to a plan qualified under Section 401 of the Code) are not eligible for linking to other accounts attributable to such person to qualify for the right of accumulation discount, although all current purchases made by each such plan may be combined with existing aggregate balances of such plan in Putnam funds for purposes of determining the sales charge applicable to shares purchased at such time by the plan.

To obtain the right of accumulation discount on a purchase through an investment dealer, when each purchase is made the investor or dealer must provide Putnam Retail Management with sufficient information to verify that the purchase qualifies for the privilege or discount. The shareholder must furnish this information to Putnam Investor Services when making direct cash investments. Sales charge discounts under a right of accumulation apply only to current purchases. No credit for right of accumulation purposes is given for any higher sales charge paid with respect to previous purchases for the investor’s account or any linked accounts.

Statement of Intention. Investors may also obtain the reduced sales charges for class A, class M or class N shares shown in the prospectus for investments of a particular amount by means of a written Statement of Intention (also referred to as a Letter of Intention), which expresses the investor's intention to invest that amount (including certain "credits," as described below) within a period of 13 months in shares of any class of

February 28, 2021 II-11 

the fund or any other continuously offered Putnam fund (excluding Putnam money market funds, Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio, and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund), including through an account established as part of a Section 529 college savings plan managed by Putnam Management. Each purchase of class A shares, class M shares or class N shares under a Statement of Intention will be made at the lesser of (i) the offering price applicable at the time of such purchase and (ii) the offering price applicable on the date the Statement of Intention is executed to a single transaction of the total dollar amount indicated in the Statement of Intention.

An investor may receive a credit toward the amount indicated in the Statement of Intention equal to the maximum offering price as of the close of business on the previous day of all shares he or she owns, or which are eligible to be linked for purposes of the right of accumulation described above, on the date of the Statement of Intention which are eligible for purchase under a Statement of Intention (plus any shares of money market funds and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund acquired by exchange of such eligible shares, and any class N shares of Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund). Investors do not receive credit for shares purchased by the reinvestment of distributions. Investors qualifying for the "combined purchase privilege" (see above) may purchase shares under a single Statement of Intention.

The Statement of Intention is not a binding obligation upon the investor to purchase the full amount indicated. The minimum initial investment under a Statement of Intention is 5% of such amount, and must be invested immediately. Class A shares, class M shares or class N shares purchased with the first 5% of such amount will be held in escrow to secure payment of the higher sales charge applicable to the shares actually purchased if the full amount indicated is not purchased. When the full amount indicated has been purchased, the escrow will be released. If an investor desires to redeem escrowed shares before the full amount has been purchased, the shares will be released from escrow only if the investor pays the sales charge that, without regard to the Statement of Intention, would apply to the total investment made to date.

If an investor purchases more than the dollar amount indicated on the Statement of Intention and qualifies for a further reduced sales charge, the sales charge will be adjusted for the entire amount purchased at the end of the 13-month period, upon recovery by Putnam Retail Management from the investor's dealer of its portion of the sales charge adjustment. Once received from the dealer, which may take a period of time or may never occur, the sales charge adjustment will be used to purchase additional shares at the then current offering price applicable to the actual amount of the aggregate purchases. These additional shares will not be considered as part of the total investment for the purpose of determining the applicable sales charge pursuant to the Statement of Intention. No sales charge adjustment will be made unless and until the investor's dealer returns to Putnam Retail Management any excess commissions previously received.

If an investor purchases less than the dollar amount indicated on the Statement of Intention within the 13-month period, the sales charge will be adjusted upward for the entire amount purchased at the end of the 13-month period. This adjustment will be made by redeeming shares from the account to cover the additional sales charge, the proceeds of which will be paid to the investor's dealer and Putnam Retail Management. Putnam Retail Management will make a corresponding downward adjustment to the amount of the reallowance payable to the dealer with respect to purchases made prior to the investor’s failure to fulfill the conditions of the Statement of Intention. If the account exceeds an amount that would otherwise qualify for a reduced sales charge, that reduced sales charge will be applied. Adjustments to sales charges and dealer reallowances will not be made in the case of the shareholder’s death prior to the expiration of the 13-month period.

Statements of Intention are not available for certain employer-sponsored retirement plans.

Statement of Intention forms may be obtained from Putnam Retail Management or from investment dealers. In addition, shareholders may complete the applicable portion of the fund’s standard account application. Interested investors should read the Statement of Intention carefully.

February 28, 2021 II-12 

Commissions on Sales to Employee Retirement Plans

Purchases of class A and class R shares. On sales of class A shares at net asset value to certain employer-sponsored retirement plans and health reimbursement accounts and sales of class R shares, Putnam Retail Management may, at its discretion, pay commissions to the dealer of record on net monthly purchases up to the following rates for purchases before April 1, 2017: 1.00% of the first $1 million, 0.75% of the next $1 million and 0.50% thereafter. Effective April 1, 2017, Putnam Retail Management no longer makes such payments.

For commission payments made by Putnam Retail Management to dealers and other financial intermediaries with respect to other classes of shares offered to employer-sponsored retirement plans and other tax-favored plan investors, see the corresponding sub-heading under “—Sales Charges and Other Share Class Features—Retail Investors.”

DISTRIBUTION PLANS

If the fund or a class of shares of the fund has adopted a distribution (12b-1) plan, the prospectus describes the principal features of the plan. This SAI contains additional information which may be of interest to investors.

Continuance of a plan is subject to annual approval by a vote of the Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the fund and who have no direct or indirect interest in the plan or related arrangements (the "Qualified Trustees"), cast in person at a meeting called for that purpose. All material amendments to a plan must be likewise approved by the Trustees and the Qualified Trustees. No plan may be amended in order to increase materially the costs which the fund may bear for distribution pursuant to such plan without also being approved by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the fund or the relevant class of the fund, as the case may be. A plan terminates automatically in the event of its assignment and may be terminated without penalty, at any time, by a vote of a majority of the Qualified Trustees or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the fund or the relevant class of the fund, as the case may be.

The fund makes payments under each plan to Putnam Retail Management to compensate Putnam Retail Management for services provided and expenses incurred by it for purposes of promoting the sale of the relevant class of shares, reducing redemptions of shares or maintaining or improving services provided to shareholders by Putnam Retail Management and investment dealers.

Putnam Retail Management compensates qualifying dealers (including, for this purpose, certain financial institutions) for sales of shares and the maintenance of shareholder accounts.

Putnam Retail Management may suspend or modify its payments to dealers. The payments are also subject to the continuation of the relevant distribution plan, the terms of the service agreements between the dealers and Putnam Retail Management and any applicable limits imposed by FINRA. Unless noted below or where Putnam Retail Management and the applicable dealer have agreed otherwise, these payments commence in the first year after purchase.

Financial institutions receiving payments from Putnam Retail Management as described above may be required to comply with various state and federal regulatory requirements, including among others those regulating the activities of securities brokers or dealers.

Except as otherwise agreed between Putnam Retail Management and a dealer, for purposes of determining the amounts payable to dealers for shareholder accounts for which such dealers are designated as the dealer of record, "average net asset value" means the product of (i) the average daily share balance in such account(s) and (ii) the average daily net asset value of the relevant class of shares over the quarter.

February 28, 2021 II-13 

Class A shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at up to the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class A shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record) except as described below. No payments are made during the first year after purchase on shares purchased at net asset value by shareholders that invest at least the amount required to be eligible for the highest sales charge breakpoint as disclosed in the fund’s prospectus, unless, in the case of dealers of record for an employer-sponsored retirement plan investing at least $1 million, where such dealer has agreed to a reduced sales commission. In addition, no payments are made during the first year after purchase for shares purchased prior to April 1, 2017 where PRM has paid a commission as described above in “Commissions on Sales to Employee Retirement Plans.”

Rate*	Fund
Effective July 1, 2020:
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class A distribution plan, except for those listed below
0.10%	Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund
0.00%	Putnam Government Money Market Fund Putnam Money Market Fund
Prior to July 1, 2020:
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class A distribution plan, except for those listed below
0.20% for shares purchased before 3/21/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 3/21/05**	Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund
0.20% for shares purchased before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam Strategic Intermediate Municipal Fund
0.20% for shares purchased on or before 12/31/89; 0.25% for shares purchased after 12/31/89	Putnam Convertible Securities Fund George Putnam Balanced Fund Putnam Global Equity Fund Putnam Global Health Care Fund
0.20% for shares purchased on or before 3/31/90; 0.25% for shares purchased after 3/31/90	Putnam Mortgage Securities Fund
0.20% for shares purchased on or before 1/1/90; 0.25% for shares purchased after 1/1/90	Putnam Equity Income Fund
0.20% for shares purchased on or before 3/31/91; 0.25% for shares purchased after 3/31/91;	Putnam Income Fund
0.10%	Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund
0.20% for shares purchased after 3/6/92 but before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam Minnesota Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Ohio Tax Exempt Income Fund
0.15% for shares purchased on or before 5/11/92; 0.20% for shares purchased after 5/11/92 but before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam Massachusetts Tax Exempt Income Fund

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0.15% for shares purchased on or before 12/31/92; 0.20% for shares purchased after 12/31/92 but before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New Jersey Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund
0.15% for shares purchased on or before 7/8/93; 0.20% for shares purchased after 7/8/93 but before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam Pennsylvania Tax Exempt Income Fund
0.00%	Putnam Government Money Market Fund Putnam Money Market Fund

*For purposes of this table, shares are deemed to be purchased on date of settlement (i.e., once purchased and paid for). Shares issued in connection with dividend reinvestments are considered to be purchased on the date of their issuance, not the issuance of the original shares.

**Shares of Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund issued in connection with the merger of Putnam Municipal Income Fund into that fund pay a commission at the annual rate of 0.20% or 0.25%, based on the date of the original purchase of the shareholder’s corresponding shares of Putnam Municipal Income Fund, as set forth below: 0.20% for shares purchased on or before 5/7/92; 0.25% for shares purchased after 5/7/92.

Class B shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class B shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record).

Rate	Fund
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class B distribution plan, except for those listed below
0.25%, except that the first years’ service fees of 0.25% are prepaid at time of sale	Putnam Strategic Intermediate Municipal Fund Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund
0.20%, except that the first years’ service fees of 0.20% are prepaid at time of sale	Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Massachusetts Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Minnesota Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New Jersey Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Ohio Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Pennsylvania Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund
0.50%	Putnam Government Money Market Fund* Putnam Money Market Fund* Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund

* Effective as of the close of business on March 31, 2017, Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund limit the 12b-1 fees payable by class B shares to 0.00% of the average net asset value of class B shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record.

February 28, 2021 II-15 

Class C shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class C shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record). No payments are made during the first year after purchase unless the shares were initially purchased without a CDSC, except that payments for Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund will be made beginning in the first year.

Rate	Fund
1.00%	All funds currently making payments under a class C distribution plan, except for those listed below
0.50%	Putnam Government Money Market Fund * Putnam Money Market Fund* Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund

* Effective as of the close of business on March 31, 2017, Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund limit the 12b-1 fees payable by class C shares to 0.00% of the average net asset value of class C shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record.

Different rates may apply to shares sold outside the United States.

Class M shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class M shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record).

Rate	Fund
0.65%	George Putnam Balanced Fund
0.40%	Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund and Putnam Income Fund

Putnam Retail Management’s payments to dealers for plans investing in class M shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record may equal up to the annual rate of 0.75% of the average net asset value of such class M shares for George Putnam Balanced Fund and up to the annual rate of 0.50% of the average net asset value of such class M shares for Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam Global Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund, Putnam Income Fund, and Putnam Mortgage Securities Fund.

Different rates may apply to shares sold outside the United States.

February 28, 2021 II-16 

Class N shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rate set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class N shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record).

Rate	Fund
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class N distribution plan

Class R shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at up to the annual rate set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class R shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record). No payments are made to dealers during the first year after purchase, with respect to shares purchased before April 1, 2017, if Putnam Retail Management paid a commission to the dealer at purchase as described above in “Commissions on Sales to Employee Retirement Plans.”

Rate	Fund
0.50%	All funds currently making payments under a class R distribution plan*

* Effective as of the close of business on March 31, 2017, Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund limit the 12b-1 fees payable by class R shares to 0.00% of the average net asset value of class R shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record.

A portion of the class R distribution fee payable to dealers may be paid to third parties who provide services to plans investing in class R shares, and participants in such plans.

Class R3 shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at up to the annual rate set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class R3 shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record).

Rate	Fund
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class R3 distribution plan

A portion of the class R3 distribution fee payable to dealers may be paid to third parties who provide services to plans investing in class R3 shares and participants in such plans.

Additional Dealer Payments

As described earlier in this section, dealers may receive different commissions, sales charge reallowances and other payments with respect to sales of different classes of shares of the funds. These payments may include servicing payments to retirement plan administrators and other institutions up to the same levels as described above. For purposes of this section the term “dealer” includes any broker, dealer, bank, bank trust department,

February 28, 2021 II-17 

registered investment advisor, financial planner, retirement plan administrator and any other institution having a selling, services, or any similar agreement with Putnam Retail Management or one of its affiliates.

Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates pay additional compensation to selected dealers under the categories described below. These categories are not mutually exclusive, and a single dealer may receive payments under all categories. These payments may create an incentive for a dealer firm or its representatives to recommend or offer shares of the fund or other Putnam funds to its customers. These additional payments are made pursuant to agreements with dealers and do not change the price paid by investors for the purchase of a share or the amount a fund will receive as proceeds from such sales or the distribution (12b-1) fees and the expenses paid by the fund as shown under the heading “Fees and Expenses” in the prospectus.

Marketing Support Payments. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates make payments to certain dealers for marketing support services. These payments are individually negotiated with each dealer firm, taking into account the marketing support services provided by the dealer, including business planning assistance, educating dealer personnel about the Putnam funds and shareholder financial planning needs, placement on the dealer’s preferred or recommended fund company list, access to sales meetings, sales representatives and management representatives of the dealer, market data, as well as the size of the dealer’s relationship with Putnam Retail Management. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates compensate dealers differently depending upon, among other factors, the level and/or type of marketing support provided by the dealer. Payments are generally based on one or more of the following factors: average net assets of Putnam’s retail mutual funds attributable to that dealer, gross or net sales of Putnam’s retail mutual funds attributable to that dealer, reimbursement of ticket charges (fees that a dealer firm charges its representatives for effecting transactions in fund shares) or a negotiated lump sum payment for services rendered. In addition, payments typically apply to retail sales and assets, but may not, in certain situations, apply to other specific types of sales or assets, such as to retirement plans or fee-based advisory programs.

Although the total of marketing support payments made to dealers in any year may vary, on average, the aggregate payments are not expected, on an annual basis, to exceed 0.085% of the average assets of Putnam’s retail mutual funds attributable to the dealers.

The following dealers (and such dealers’ respective affiliates) received marketing support payments from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates during the calendar year ended December 31, 2020:

American Enterprise Investment Services Inc.	LPL Financial LLC
Ascensus, Inc.	Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company
Avantax Investment Services, Inc.	Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc.
AXA Advisors, LLC	Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC
Cambridge Investment Research, Inc.	OneAmerica Securities, Inc.
Cetera Advisor Networks LLC	Raymond James & Associates, Inc.
Cetera Advisors LLC	Raymond James Financial Services, Inc.
Cetera Financial Specialists LLC	RBC Capital Markets, LLC
Cetera Investment Services LLC	Resources Investment Advisors, LLC
Citigroup Global Markets Inc.	Retirement Plan Advisory Group
Commonwealth Equity Services	Royal Alliance Associates
First Allied Securities, Inc.	SagePoint Financial, Inc.
FSC Securities Corporation	Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated
HUB International Limited	Summit Brokerage Services, Inc.
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC	TD Ameritrade, Inc.
Janney Montgomery Scott LLC	TD Ameritrade Clearing, Inc.
John Hancock Retirement Plan Services, LLC	UBS Financial Services, Inc.
Kestra Investment Services, LLC	Vanguard Marketing Corporation
Lincoln Financial Advisors Corp.	Voya Financial Advisors, Inc.

February 28, 2021 II-18 

Lincoln Financial Distributors, Inc.	Wells Fargo Clearing Services, LLC
Lincoln Financial Securities Corporation	Woodbury Financial Services, Inc.

Additional dealers may receive marketing support payments in 2021 and in future years. Any additions, modifications or deletions to the list of dealers identified above that have occurred since December 31, 2020 are not reflected. You can ask your dealer about any payments it receives from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates.

Program Servicing Payments. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates also make payments to certain dealers that sell Putnam fund shares through dealer platforms and other investment programs to compensate dealers for a variety of services they provide. A dealer may perform program services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform program services. In addition to shareholder recordkeeping, reporting, or transaction processing, program services may include services rendered in connection with dealer platform development and maintenance, fund/investment selection and monitoring, or other similar services. Payments by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates for program servicing support to any one dealer are not expected, with certain limited exceptions, to exceed 0.20% of the total assets in the program on an annual basis. In addition, Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates make one-time or annual payments to selected dealers receiving program servicing payments in reimbursement of printing costs for literature for shareholders, account maintenance fees or fees for establishment of Putnam funds on the dealer’s system. The amounts of these payments may, but will not normally (except in cases where the aggregate assets in the program are small), cause the aggregate amount of the program servicing payments to such dealer on an annual basis to exceed the amounts set forth above.

The following dealers (and such dealers’ respective affiliates) received program servicing payments from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates during the calendar year ended December 31, 2020:

Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.	Pershing LLC
GWFS Equities, Inc.	RBC Capital Markets, LLC
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc.	Transamerica Advisors Life Insurance Company
National Financial Services LLC

Additional or different dealers may also receive program servicing payments in 2021 and in future years. Any additions, modifications or deletions to the list of dealers identified above that have occurred since December 31, 2020 are not reflected. You can ask your dealer about any payments it receives from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates.

Other Payments. From time to time, Putnam Retail Management, at its expense, may provide additional compensation to dealers which sell or arrange for the sale of shares of the fund to the extent not prohibited by laws or the rules of any self-regulatory agency, such as FINRA. Such compensation provided by Putnam Retail Management may include financial assistance to dealers that enables Putnam Retail Management to participate in and/or present at dealer-sponsored conferences or seminars, sales or training programs for invited registered representatives and other dealer employees, dealer entertainment, and other dealer-sponsored events, and travel expenses, including lodging incurred by registered representatives and other employees in connection with prospecting, retention and due diligence trips. Putnam Retail Management makes payments for entertainment events it deems appropriate, subject to Putnam Retail Management’s internal guidelines and applicable law. These payments may vary upon the nature of the event.

Sub-accounting payments. Certain dealers or other financial intermediaries also receive payments from Putnam Investor Services or its affiliates in recognition of sub-accounting or other services they provide to shareholders or plan participants who invest in the fund or other Putnam funds through their retirement plan. The amount paid for these services varies depending on the share class selected and by dealer or other financial intermediary, and may also take into account the extent to which the services provided by the dealer replace services that Putnam Investor Services or its affiliates would otherwise have to provide. Payments in respect of

February 28, 2021 II-19 

class R3 and class R4 shares are generally made at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of a fund’s average net assets attributable to such class of shares held by a dealer or other financial intermediary. Payments in respect of class R5 shares are generally made at an annual rate of up to 0.10% of a fund’s average net assets attributable to class R5 shares held by a dealer or other financial intermediary, except that an annual rate of up to 0.07% of a fund’s average net assets attributable to class R5 shares held by a dealer or other financial intermediary applies to Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Conservative Fund, Putnam Global Income Trust, Putnam Income Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund. There are no such payments in respect of class R6 shares. Payments for other classes vary. See the discussion under the heading “MANAGEMENT – Investor Servicing Agent” for more details.

You can ask your dealer for information about payments it receives from Putnam Retail Management or its affiliates and the services it provides for those payments.

MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISKS

As noted in the prospectus, in addition to the main investment strategies and the principal risks described in the prospectus, the fund may employ other investment practices and may be subject to other risks, which are described below. Because the following is a combined description of investment strategies of all of the Putnam funds, certain matters described herein may not apply to your fund. Unless a strategy or policy described below is specifically prohibited or limited by the investment restrictions discussed in the fund’s prospectus or in this SAI, or by applicable law, the fund may engage in each of the practices described below without limit. This section contains information on the investments and investment practices listed below. With respect to funds for which Putnam Investments Limited (“PIL”), The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC (“PAC”) and/or PanAgora Asset Management, Inc. (“PanAgora”) serve as sub-adviser (as described in the fund’s prospectus), references to Putnam Management in this section include PIL, PAC and/or PanAgora, as appropriate.

Bank Loans, Loan Participations, and Assignments	Market Risk
Borrowing and Other Forms of Leverage	Master Limited Partnerships (MLPs)
Collateralized Debt and Loan Obligations	Money Market Instruments
Commodities and Commodity-Related Investments	Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities
Derivatives	Options on Securities
ESG Considerations	Preferred Stocks and Convertible Securities
Exchange-Traded Notes	Private Placements and Restricted Securities
Floating Rate and Variable Rate Demand Notes	Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
Foreign Currency Transactions	Redeemable Securities
Foreign Investments and Related Risks	Repurchase Agreements
Forward Commitments and Dollar Rolls	Securities Loans
Futures Contracts and Related Options	Securities of Other Investment Companies
Hybrid Instruments	Short Sales
Illiquid Investments	Short-Term Trading
Inflation-Protected Securities	Special Purpose Acquisition Companies
Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)	Structured Investments
Interfund Borrowing and Lending	Swap Agreements
Inverse Floaters	Tax-exempt Securities
Investments in Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries	Temporary Defensive Strategies
Legal and Regulatory Risk Relating to Investment Strategy	Warrants
London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)	Zero-coupon and Payment-in-kind Bonds
Lower-rated Securities

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Bank Loans, Loan Participations, and Assignments

The fund may invest in bank loans. Bank loans are typically senior debt obligations of borrowers (issuers) and, as such, are considered to hold a senior position in the capital structure of the borrower. These may include loans that hold the most senior position, that hold an equal ranking with other senior debt, or loans that are, in the judgment of Putnam Management, in the category of senior debt of the borrower. This capital structure position generally gives the holders of these loans a priority claim on some or all of the borrower’s assets in the event of a default. Many loans are either partially or fully secured by the assets of the borrower, and most impose restrictive covenants which must be met by the borrower. Loans are typically made by a syndicate of banks, represented by an agent bank which has negotiated and structured the loan and which is responsible generally for collecting interest, principal, and other amounts from the borrower on its own behalf and on behalf of the other lending institutions in the syndicate, and for enforcing its and their other rights against the borrower. Each of the lending institutions, including the agent bank, lends to the borrower a portion of the total amount of the loan, and retains the corresponding interest in the loan.

By purchasing a loan, the fund acquires some or all of the interest of a bank or other lending institution in a loan to a particular borrower. The fund may acquire a loan interest directly by acting as a member of the original lending syndicate. The fund may also invest in a loan in other ways, including through novations, assignments and participating interests. In a novation, the fund assumes all of the rights of a lending institution in a loan, including the right to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts directly from the borrower and to enforce its rights as a lender directly against the borrower. The fund assumes the position of a co-lender with other syndicate members. In an assignment, the fund purchases a portion of a lender’s interest in a loan. In this case, the fund may be required generally to rely upon the assigning bank to demand payment and enforce its rights against the borrower, but would otherwise be entitled to all of such bank’s rights in the loan. The fund may also purchase a participating interest in a portion of the rights of a lending institution in a loan. Participation interests typically result in a contractual relationship only with the lending institution, not with the borrower. In such case, the fund will be entitled to receive payments of principal, interest and premium, if any, but will not generally be entitled to enforce its rights directly against the agent bank or the borrower, and must rely for that purpose on the lending institution. In addition, with a participation interest, the fund generally will have no rights of set-off against the borrower, and the fund may not directly benefit from the collateral supporting the loan in which it has purchased the participation.

The fund’s ability to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts in connection with loan interests held by it will depend primarily on the financial condition of the borrower (and, in some cases, the lending institution from which it purchases the loan). Adverse changes in the creditworthiness of the borrower may affect the borrower’s ability to pay principal and interest, and borrowers that are in bankruptcy or restructuring may never pay off their indebtedness, or may pay only a small fraction of the amount owed. The value of collateral, if any, securing a loan can decline, or may be insufficient to meet the borrower’s obligations or difficult to liquidate. In addition, the fund’s access to collateral may be limited by bankruptcy or other insolvency laws. The failure by the fund to receive scheduled interest or principal payments on a loan would adversely affect the income of the fund and would likely reduce the value of its assets, which would be reflected in a reduction in the fund’s net asset value. Banks and other lending institutions generally perform a credit analysis of the borrower before originating a loan or participating in a lending syndicate. In selecting the loan interests in which the fund will invest, however, Putnam Management will not rely solely on that credit analysis, but will perform its own investment analysis of the borrowers. Putnam Management’s analysis may include consideration of the borrower’s financial strength and managerial experience, debt coverage, additional borrowing requirements or debt maturity schedules, changing financial conditions, and responsiveness to changes in business conditions and interest rates. Putnam Management will generally not have access to non-public information to which other investors in syndicated loans may have access. Because loans in which the fund may invest are not generally rated by independent credit rating agencies, a decision by the fund to invest in a particular loan will depend almost exclusively on Putnam Management’s, and the original lending institution’s, credit analysis of the borrower. Investments in loans may be of any quality, including “distressed” loans, and will be subject to the fund’s credit quality policy. The loans in which the fund may invest include

February 28, 2021 II-21 

those that pay fixed rates of interest and those that pay floating rates – i.e., rates that adjust periodically based on a known lending rate, such as a bank’s prime rate. To the extent an applicable interest rate is based on LIBOR, the fund will be exposed to certain additional risks. See “London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)” below for more information.

The fund will in many cases be required to rely upon the lending institution from which it purchases the loan interest to collect and pass on to the fund such payments and to enforce the fund’s rights under the loan. This may subject the fund to greater delays, expenses, and risks than if the fund could enforce its rights directly against the borrower. For example, an insolvency, bankruptcy or reorganization of the lending institution may delay or prevent the fund from receiving principal, interest and other amounts with respect to the underlying loan. When the fund is required to rely upon a lending institution to pay to the fund principal, interest and other amounts received by it, Putnam Management will also evaluate the creditworthiness of the lending institution.

The borrower of a loan in which the fund holds an interest may, either at its own election or pursuant to terms of the loan documentation, prepay amounts of the loan from time to time. The rate of such prepayments may be affected by, among other things, general business and economic conditions, as well as the financial status of the borrower. Prepayment would cause the actual duration of a loan to be shorter than its stated maturity. There is no assurance that the fund will be able to reinvest the proceeds of any loan prepayment at the same interest rate or on the same terms as those of the original loan.

Corporate loans in which the fund may invest are generally made to finance internal growth, mergers, acquisitions, stock repurchases, leveraged buy-outs and other corporate activities. A significant portion of the corporate loan interests purchased by the fund may represent interests in loans made to finance highly leveraged corporate acquisitions, known as “leveraged buy-out” transactions, leveraged recapitalization loans and other types of acquisition financing. The highly leveraged capital structure of the borrowers in such transactions may make such loans especially vulnerable to adverse changes in economic or market conditions.

The market for bank loans may not be highly liquid. In addition, loan interests generally are subject to restrictions on transfer, and only limited opportunities may exist to sell such interests in secondary markets. As a result, the fund may be unable to sell loan interests at a time when it may otherwise be desirable to do so or may be able to sell them only at a price that is less than their fair market value. The fund may hold investments in loans for a very short period of time when opportunities to resell the investments that Putnam Management believes are attractive arise.

Certain of the loan interests acquired by the fund may involve letters of credit, revolving credit facilities, or other standby financing commitments obligating the fund to make additional loans upon demand by the borrower pursuant to the terms specified in the loan documentation. This obligation may have the effect of requiring the fund to increase its investment in a borrower at a time when it would not otherwise have done so. To the extent that the fund is committed to make additional loans under the loan documentation, it will at all times set aside on its books liquid assets in an amount sufficient to meet such commitments.

Certain of the loan interests acquired by the fund may also involve loans made in foreign (i.e., non-U.S.) currencies. The fund’s investment in such interests would involve the risks of currency fluctuations described in this SAI with respect to investments in the foreign securities.

With respect to its management of investments in bank loans, Putnam Management will normally seek to avoid receiving material, non-public information (“Confidential Information”) about the issuers of bank loans being considered for acquisition by the fund or held in the fund’s portfolio. In many instances, borrowers may offer to furnish Confidential Information to prospective investors, and to holders, of the issuer’s loans. Putnam Management’s decision not to receive Confidential Information may place Putnam Management at a disadvantage relative to other investors in loans (which could have an adverse effect on the price the fund pays or receives when buying or selling loans). Also, in instances where holders of loans are asked to grant amendments, waivers or consent, Putnam Management’s ability to assess their significance or desirability may be adversely affected. For these and other reasons, it is possible that Putnam Management’s decision not to

February 28, 2021 II-22 

receive Confidential Information under normal circumstances could adversely affect the fund’s investment performance.

Notwithstanding its intention generally not to receive material, non-public information with respect to its management of investments in loans, Putnam Management may from time to time come into possession of material, non-public information about the issuers of loan interests that may be held in the fund’s portfolio. Possession of such information may in some instances occur despite Putnam Management’s efforts to avoid such possession, but in other instances Putnam Management may choose to receive such information (for example, in connection with participation in a creditors’ committee with respect to a financially distressed issuer). As, and to the extent, required by applicable law, Putnam Management’s ability to trade in these loan interests for the account of the fund could potentially be limited by its possession of such information. Such limitations on Putnam Management’s ability to trade could have an adverse effect on the fund by, for example, preventing the fund from selling a loan interest that is experiencing a material decline in value. In some instances, these trading restrictions could continue in effect for a substantial period of time.

In some instances, other accounts managed by Putnam Management or an affiliate may hold other securities issued by borrowers in whose loans the fund may hold an interest. These other securities may include, for example, debt securities that are subordinate to the loan interests held in the fund’s portfolio, convertible debt or common or preferred equity securities. In certain circumstances, such as if the credit quality of the issuer deteriorates, the interests of holders of these other securities may conflict with the interests of the holders of the issuer’s loans. In such cases, Putnam Management may owe conflicting fiduciary duties to the fund and other client accounts. Putnam Management will endeavor to carry out its obligations to all of its clients (including the fund) to the fullest extent possible, recognizing that in some cases certain clients may achieve a lower economic return, as a result of these conflicting client interests, than if Putnam Management’s client accounts collectively held only a single category of the issuer’s securities.

The settlement period (the period between the execution of the trade and the delivery of cash to the purchaser) for some bank loan transactions may be significantly longer than the settlement period for other investments, and in some cases longer than seven days. Requirements to obtain the consent of the borrower and/or agent can delay or impede the fund’s ability to sell bank loan interests and can adversely affect the price that can be obtained. It is possible that sale proceeds from bank loan transactions will not be available to meet redemption obligations, in which case the fund may be required to utilize other sources to meet the redemption obligations, such as cash balances or proceeds from the sale of its more liquid investments or investments with shorter settlement periods.

Some loan interests may not be considered “securities” for certain purposes under the federal securities laws, and, as a result, purchasers, such as the fund, may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.

If legislation or federal or state regulators impose additional requirements or restrictions on the ability of financial institutions to make loans that are considered highly leveraged transactions, the availability of bank loans for investment by a fund may be adversely affected. In addition, such requirements or restrictions could reduce or eliminate sources of financing for certain borrowers. This would increase the risk of default. If legislation or federal or state regulators require financial institutions to dispose of bank loans that are considered highly leveraged transactions or subject such bank loans to increased regulatory scrutiny, financial institutions may determine to sell such bank loans. If a fund attempts to sell a bank loan at a time when a financial institution is engaging in such a sale, the price a fund could get for the bank loan may be adversely affected.

February 28, 2021 II-23 

Borrowing and Other Forms of Leverage

The fund may borrow money to the extent permitted by its investment policies and restrictions and by Section 18 of the 1940 Act. When the fund borrows money, it must pay interest and other fees, which will reduce the fund’s returns if such costs exceed the returns on the portfolio securities purchased or retained with such borrowings. In addition, if the fund makes additional investments while borrowings are outstanding, this may be considered a form of leverage.

Each Putnam fund (other than Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, Putnam RetirementReady® Funds, and Putnam Short-Term Investment Fund) participates in a committed line of credit provided by State Street Bank and Trust Company and an uncommitted line of credit provided by State Street Bank and Trust Company. These lines of credit are intended to provide a temporary source of cash in extraordinary or emergency circumstances, such as unexpected shareholder redemption requests. The fund may pay a commitment or other fee to maintain a line of credit, in addition to the stated interest rate. Each participating fund in the committed line of credit is required to maintain a specified asset coverage ratio.

In addition to borrowing money from banks, the fund may engage in certain other investment transactions that may be viewed as forms of financial leverage – for example, using dollar rolls, investing collateral from loans of portfolio securities, entering into when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward commitment transactions or using derivatives such as swaps, futures, forwards, and options. Because the fund either (1) sets aside cash (or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees) on its books in respect of such transactions during the period in which the transactions are open or (2) otherwise “covers” its obligations under the transactions, such as by holding offsetting investments, the fund does not consider these transactions to be borrowings for purposes of its investment restrictions or “senior securities” for purposes of the 1940 Act. In some cases (e.g., with respect to futures, options, forwards and certain swaps such as total return swaps that are contractually required to “cash-settle”), the fund is permitted under relevant guidance from the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or SEC staff to set aside assets with respect to an investment transaction in the amount of its net (marked-to-market) obligations thereunder, rather than the full notional amount of the transaction. By setting aside assets equal only to its net (marked-to-market) obligations, the fund will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if it set aside assets equal to the notional amount of the transaction, which may increase the risk associated with such investments. When the fund is a seller of credit protection under a credit default swap, the fund will set aside the full notional amount of the swap transaction.

Leveraging tends to exaggerate the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of the fund’s holding. When the fund borrows money or otherwise leverages its portfolio, the value of an investment in the fund will be more volatile and other investment risks will tend to be compounded. Leveraging also may require that the fund liquidate portfolio securities when it may not be advantageous to do so, to satisfy its obligations or to meet segregation requirements. Leveraging may expose the fund to losses in excess of the amounts invested. Furthermore, if the fund uses leverage through purchasing derivative instruments, the fund has the risk that losses may exceed the net assets of the fund.

Collateralized Debt and Loan Obligations.

The fund may invest in collateralized debt obligations ("CDOs"). CDOs are types of asset-backed securitized instruments and include collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) and other similarly structured securities. Although certain CDOs may benefit from credit enhancement in the form of a senior-subordinate structure, overcollateralization or bond insurance, such enhancement may not always be present, and may fail to protect a fund against the risk of loss on default of the collateral. CDOs may charge management and administrative fees, which are in addition to those of a fund. CDOs may be less liquid than other types of securities.

February 28, 2021 II-24 

The risks of an investment in a CDO largely depend on the type of underlying collateral securities and the tranche in which a fund invests. CDOs are subject to the typical risks associated with debt instruments and fixed income and/or asset-backed securities discussed elsewhere in the prospectus and in this SAI, including interest rate risk (which may be exacerbated if the interest rate payable on a structured financing changes based on multiples of changes in interest rates or inversely to changes in interest rates), prepayment risk, credit risk (including adverse credit spread moves), liquidity risk and market risk. , CDOs carry additional risks including, but not limited to: (i) the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments and one or more tranches may be subject to up to 100% loss of invested capital; (ii) the possibility that the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default, due to factors such as the availability of any credit enhancement, the level and timing of payments and recoveries on and the characteristics of the underlying receivables, loans, or other assets that are being securitized, remoteness of those assets from the originator or transferor, the adequacy of and ability to realize upon any related collateral, and the capability of the servicer of the securitized assets (particularly where the underlying collateral in a loan portfolio is not individually assessed prior to purchase); (iii) market and illiquidity risks affecting the price of a structured finance investment, if required to be sold, at the time of sale; and (iv) if the particular structured product is invested in a security in which a fund is also invested, this would tend to increase the fund’s overall exposure to the credit of the issuer of such securities, at least on an absolute, if not on a relative basis. In addition, due to the complex nature of a CDO, an investment in a CDO may not perform as expected. An investment in a CDO also is subject to the risk that the issuer and the investors may interpret the terms of the instrument differently, giving rise to disputes.

A CLO is an obligation of a trust or other special purpose vehicle typically collateralized by a pool of loans, which may include, among others, domestic and foreign senior secured loans, senior unsecured loans, and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade or equivalent unrated loans. CLOs may charge management and other administrative fees. Payments of principal and interest are passed through to investors in a CLO and divided into several tranches of rated debt securities, which vary in risk and yield, and typically at least one tranche of unrated subordinated securities, which may be debt or equity (“CLO Securities”). CLO Securities generally receive some variation of principal and/or interest installments and, with the exception of certain subordinated securities, bear different interest rates. If there are defaults or if a CLO’s collateral otherwise underperforms, scheduled payments to senior tranches typically take priority over less senior tranches.

CLO Securities may be privately placed and thus subject to restrictions on transfer to meet securities law and other legal requirements. In the event that any fund does not satisfy certain of the applicable transfer restrictions at any time that it holds CLO Securities, it may be forced to sell the related CLO Securities and may suffer a loss on sale. CLO Securities may be considered illiquid investments in the event there is no secondary market for the CLO Securities. CLOs are also subject to the same risks associated with CDOs, as described above.

Commodities and Commodity-Related Investments

Some funds may gain exposure to commodity markets by investing in physical commodities or commodity-related instruments directly or indirectly. Such instruments include, but are not limited to, futures contracts, swaps, options, forward contracts, and structured notes and equities, debt securities, convertible securities, and warrants of issuers in commodity-related industries.

Commodity prices can be extremely volatile and may be directly or indirectly affected by many factors, including changes in overall market movements, real or perceived inflationary trends, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates or currency exchange rates, population growth and changing demographics, and factors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, or other weather conditions or natural disasters, livestock disease, trade embargoes, economic sanctions, competition from substitute products, transportation bottlenecks or shortages, fluctuations in supply and demand, tariffs, and international regulatory, political, and economic developments (e.g., regime changes and changes in economic activity

February 28, 2021 II-25 

levels). In addition, some commodities are subject to limited pricing flexibility because of supply and demand factors, and others are subject to broad price fluctuations as a result of the volatility of prices for certain raw materials and the instability of supplies of other materials.

Actions of and changes in governments, and political and economic instability, in commodity-producing and -exporting countries may affect the production and marketing of commodities. In addition, commodity-related industries throughout the world are subject to greater political, environmental, and other governmental regulation than many other industries. Changes in government policies and the need for regulatory approvals may adversely affect the products and services of companies in the commodities industries. For example, the exploration, development, and distribution of coal, oil, and gas in the United States are subject to significant federal and state regulation, which may affect rates of return on coal, oil, and gas and the kinds of services that the federal and state governments may offer to companies in those industries. In addition, compliance with environmental and other safety regulations has caused many companies in commodity-related industries to incur production delays and significant costs. Government regulation also may impede the development of new technologies. The effect of future regulations affecting commodity-related industries cannot be predicted.

The value of commodity-related derivatives fluctuates based on changes in the values of the underlying commodity, commodity index, futures contract, or other economic variable to which they are related. Additionally, economic leverage will increase the volatility of these instruments as they may increase or decrease in value more quickly than the underlying commodity or other relevant economic variable. See “Derivatives,” “Forward Commitments and Dollar Rolls,” “Futures Contracts and Related Options,” “Hybrid Instruments,” “Investments in Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries,” “Short Sales,” “Structured Investments,” “Swap Agreements” and “Warrants” herein for more information on the fund’s investments in derivatives, including commodity-related derivatives such as swap agreements, commodity futures contracts, and options on commodity futures contracts.

In order for a fund to qualify as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) the fund must derive at least 90 percent of its gross income each taxable year from certain sources of “qualifying income” specified in the Code. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s investment in a wholly-owned foreign subsidiary is expected to provide the fund with exposure to the commodities markets within the limitations of the federal income tax requirements of Subchapter M of the Code. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s pursuit of its investment strategy may be limited by the fund’s intention to qualify for treatment as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. See the “Investments in Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries” and “Taxes” sections for more information.

Derivatives

Certain of the instruments in which the fund may invest, such as futures contracts, certain foreign currency transactions, options, warrants, hybrid instruments, forward contracts, swap agreements and structured investments, are considered to be “derivatives.” Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value or other attributes of one or more underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies. Investments in derivatives may be applied toward meeting a requirement to invest in a particular kind of investment if the derivatives have economic characteristics similar to that investment.

The value of derivatives may move in unexpected ways due to unanticipated market movements, the use of leverage, imperfect correlation between the derivatives instrument and the reference asset, or other factors, especially in unusual market conditions, and may result in increased volatility. Derivatives may be difficult to value and may increase the fund’s transactions costs. The successful use of derivatives depends on the ability to manage these sophisticated instruments. There is no assurance that the fund’s use of derivative instruments will enable the fund to achieve its investment objective or that Putnam Management will be able to predict correctly the direction of securities prices, interest rates, currency exchange rates and other economic factors.

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The fund’s use of derivatives may cause the fund to recognize higher amounts of short-term capital gains, which are generally taxed to individual shareholders at ordinary income tax rates, and higher amounts of ordinary income, and more generally may affect the timing, character and amount of a fund’s distributions to shareholders. The fund’s use of commodity-linked derivatives can be limited by the fund’s intention to qualify as a “regulated investment company” under the Code or bear adversely on the fund’s ability to so qualify, as discussed in “Taxes” below.

The fund’s use of certain derivatives may in some cases involve forms of financial leverage, which means they provide the fund with investment exposure greater than the value of the fund’s investment in the derivatives. The use of leverage involves risk and may increase the volatility of the fund’s net asset value. See “Borrowing and Other Forms of Leverage.”

In its use of derivatives, the fund may take both long positions (the values of which move in the same direction as the prices of the underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies), and short positions (the values of which move in the opposite direction from the prices of the underlying investments, pools of investments indexes or currencies). Short positions may involve greater risks than long positions, as the risk of loss may be theoretically unlimited (unlike a long position, in which the risk of loss may be limited to the amount invested). The fund may use derivatives that combine “long” and “short” positions in order to capture the difference between underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies.

Some derivatives transactions are required to be centrally cleared, and a party to a cleared derivatives transaction is subject to the credit risk of the clearing house and the clearing member through which it holds its cleared position. Credit risk of market participants with respect to derivatives that are centrally cleared is concentrated in a few clearing houses, and it is not clear how an insolvency proceeding of a clearing house would be conducted and what impact an insolvency of a clearing house would have on the financial system or on the fund’s ability to exercise remedies. Also, the fund is subject to risk if it enters into a derivatives transaction that is required to be cleared, and no clearing member is willing or able to clear the transaction on the fund’s behalf.

Some derivative contracts may be privately negotiated in the over-the-counter market. These contracts also involve exposure to credit risk, since contract performance depends in part on the financial condition of the counterparty, and counterparty risk, since the counterparty may be unable or unwilling to perform its obligations under the contract for reasons unrelated to its financial condition, such as operational issues, business interruptions or contract disputes. If a privately negotiated over-the-counter contract calls for payments by the fund, the fund must be prepared to make the payments when due. If a counterparty’s creditworthiness declines or the counterparty is otherwise unable or unwilling to perform its obligations under the contract, the fund may not receive payments owed under the contract, or the payments may be delayed and the value of the agreements with the counterparty may decline, potentially resulting in losses to the fund.

Derivatives also are subject to the risk that the fund may be delayed or prevented from recovering margin or other amounts deposited with a clearinghouse, futures commission merchant or other counterparty. If the fund has insufficient cash, it may have to sell securities to meet daily variation margin requirements at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so.

To the extent the fund is required to segregate or “set aside” (often referred to as “asset segregation”) liquid assets or otherwise cover open positions with respect to certain derivative instruments, the fund may be required to sell portfolio instruments to meet these asset segregation requirements. There is a possibility that segregation involving a large percentage of the fund’s assets could impede portfolio management or the fund’s ability to meet redemption requests or other current obligations.

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Other risks arise from the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions. A liquid secondary market may not always exist for the fund’s derivatives positions. In fact, some over-the-counter instruments may be considered illiquid, and it may not be possible for the fund to liquidate a derivative position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses.

Legislation and regulation of derivatives in the U.S. and other countries, including asset segregation, margin, clearing, trading and reporting requirements, and leveraging and position limits, may make derivatives more costly and/or less liquid, limit the availability of certain types of derivatives, cause the Fund to change its use of derivatives, or otherwise adversely affect a Fund’s use of derivatives.

Further information about these instruments and the risks involved in their use is included elsewhere in the prospectus and in this SAI.

Combined Positions

A fund may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts, options on futures contracts, indexed securities, swap agreements or other derivative instruments, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of its overall position. For example, a fund may purchase a put option and write a call option on the same underlying instrument, in order to construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract. Another possible combined position would involve writing a call option at one strike price and buying a call option at a lower price, in order to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.

ESG Considerations

A fund may integrate environmental, social, or governance (“ESG”) considerations into its research process and/or investment decision-making. Putnam Management believes that ESG considerations, like other, more traditional subjects of investment analysis such as market position, growth prospects, and business strategy, have the potential to impact risk and returns. The relevance and materiality of ESG considerations in a fund’s process will differ from strategy to strategy, from sector to sector, and from portfolio manager to portfolio manager, and, in some cases (such as where Putnam Management lacks relevant ESG data), ESG considerations may not represent a material component of a fund’s investment process. Other than in the case of Putnam Sustainable Future Fund and Putnam Sustainable Leaders Fund, the consideration of ESG factors as part of a fund’s investment process does not mean that a fund pursues a specific “ESG” or “sustainable” investment strategy, and, depending on the fund, Putnam Management may sometimes make investment decisions other than on the basis of relevant ESG considerations.

Exchange-Traded Notes

The fund may invest in exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”). An ETN is a type of senior, unsecured, unsubordinated debt security whose returns are linked to the performance of a particular market index or other reference assets less applicable fees and expenses. ETNs are listed on an exchange and traded in the secondary market. Investors may hold the ETN until maturity, at which time the issuer is obligated to pay a return linked to the performance of the relevant market index less applicable fees and expenses. ETNs typically do not make periodic interest payments and principal typically is not protected.

The market value of an ETN may be influenced by, among other things, time to maturity, level of supply and demand of the ETN, economic, legal, political or geographic events that affect the reference assets, volatility and lack of liquidity in the reference assets, changes in the applicable interest rates, the current performance of the market index to which the ETN is linked, and the credit rating of the ETN issuer. The market value of an ETN may differ from the performance of the applicable market index, and there may be times when an ETN

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trades at a premium or discount. This difference in price may be due to the fact that the supply and demand in the market for ETNs at any point in time is not always identical to the supply and demand in the market for the securities underlying the market index that the ETN seeks to track. A change in the issuer’s credit rating may also impact the value of an ETN despite the underlying market index remaining unchanged.

ETNs are also subject to tax risk. No assurance can be given that the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) will accept, or a court will uphold, how the fund characterizes and treats ETNs for tax purposes.

An ETN that is tied to a specific market index may not be able to replicate and maintain exactly the composition and relative weighting of securities, commodities or other components in the applicable market index. ETNs also incur certain expenses not incurred by their applicable market index, and the fund would bear a proportionate share of any fees and expenses borne by the ETN in which it invests.

The fund’s ability to sell its ETN holdings may be limited by the availability of a secondary market. In addition, although an ETN may be listed on an exchange, the issuer may not be required to maintain the listing, and there can be no assurance that a secondary market will exist for an ETN. Some ETNs that use leverage in an effort to amplify the returns of an underlying market index can, at times, be relatively illiquid and may therefore be difficult to purchase or sell at a fair price. Leveraged ETNs may offer the potential for greater return, but the potential for loss and speed at which losses can be realized also are greater. The extent of the fund’s investment in commodity-linked ETNs, if any, is limited by tax considerations. For more information regarding the tax treatment of commodity-linked ETNs, please see “Taxes” below.

ETNs are generally similar to structured investments and hybrid instruments. For discussion of these investments and the risks generally associated with them, see “Hybrid Instruments” and “Structured Investments” in this SAI.

Floating Rate and Variable Rate Demand Notes

The fund may purchase taxable or tax-exempt floating rate and variable rate demand notes for short-term cash management or other investment purposes. Floating rate and variable rate demand notes are debt instruments that provide for periodic adjustments in the interest rate. The interest rate on these instruments may be reset daily, weekly or on some other reset period and may have a floor or ceiling on interest rate changes. The interest rate of a floating rate instrument may be based on a known lending rate, such as a bank’s prime rate, and is reset whenever such rate is adjusted. The interest rate on a variable rate demand note is reset at specified intervals at a market rate. To the extent an applicable interest rate is based on LIBOR, the fund will be exposed to certain additional risks. See “London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)” below for more information.

Interest rate adjustments are designed to help stabilize the instrument’s price or maintain a fixed spread to a predetermined benchmark. While this feature may protect against a decline in the instrument’s market price when interest rates or benchmark rates rise, it lowers the fund’s income when interest rates or benchmark rates fall. The fund’s income from its floating rate and variable rate investments also may increase if interest rates rise. Floating rate and variable rate obligations are less effective than fixed rate instruments at locking in a particular yield. Nevertheless, such obligations may fluctuate in value in response to interest rate changes if there is a delay between changes in market interest rates and the interest reset date for the obligation, or for other reasons.

The fund’s ability to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts in connection with loans held by it will depend primarily on the financial condition of the issuer. The failure by the fund to receive scheduled interest or principal payments on a loan would adversely affect the income of the fund and would likely reduce the value of its assets, which would be reflected in a reduction in the fund’s NAV.

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Floating rate and variable rate demand notes and bonds may have a stated maturity in excess of one year, but may have features that permit a holder to demand payment of principal plus accrued interest upon a specified number of days’ notice. Frequently, such obligations are secured by letters of credit or other credit support arrangements provided by banks. If these obligations are not secured by letters of credit or other credit support arrangements, the fund’s right to demand payment will be dependent on the ability of the issuer to pay principal and interest on demand. In addition, these obligations frequently are not rated by credit rating agencies and may involve heightened risk of default by the issuer. The issuer of such obligations normally has a corresponding right, after a given period, to prepay in its discretion the outstanding principal of the obligation plus accrued interest upon a specific number of days notice to the holders. There is no assurance that the fund will be able to reinvest the proceeds of any prepayment at the same interest rate or on the same terms as those of the original instrument.

The absence of an active secondary market for floating rate and variable rate demand notes could make it difficult for the fund to dispose of the instruments, and the fund could suffer a loss if the issuer defaults or during periods in which the fund is not entitled to exercise its demand rights. When a reliable trading market for the floating rate and variable rate instruments held by the fund does not exist and the fund may not demand payment of the principal amount of such instruments within seven days, the instruments may be deemed illiquid and therefore subject to the fund’s limitation on investments in illiquid securities.

Foreign Currency Transactions

The fund may engage in foreign currency exchange transactions, including purchasing and selling foreign currency, foreign currency options, foreign currency forward contracts and foreign currency futures contracts and related options. The fund may engage in these transactions for a variety of reasons, including to manage the exposure to foreign currencies inherent in the fund’s investments, to increase its returns, and to offset some of the costs of hedging transactions. Foreign currency transactions involve costs, and, if unsuccessful, may reduce the fund’s return.

Generally, the fund may engage in both “transaction hedging” and “position hedging” (the sale of forward currency with respect to portfolio security positions). The fund may also engage in foreign currency transactions for non-hedging purposes, subject to applicable law. When it engages in transaction hedging, the fund enters into foreign currency transactions with respect to specific receivables or payables, generally arising in connection with the fund’s purchase or sale of portfolio securities. The fund will engage in transaction hedging when it desires to “lock in” the U.S. dollar price of a security it has agreed to purchase or sell, or the U.S. dollar equivalent of a dividend or interest payment in a foreign currency. By transaction hedging, the fund will attempt to protect itself against a possible loss resulting from an adverse change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and the applicable foreign currency during the period between the date on which the security is purchased or sold, or on which the dividend or interest payment is earned, and the date on which such payments are made or received. The fund may also engage in position hedging, in which the fund enters into foreign currency transactions on a particular currency with respect to portfolio positions denominated or quoted in that currency. By position hedging, the fund attempts to protect against a decline in the value relative to the U.S. dollar of the currencies in which its portfolio securities are denominated or quoted (or an increase in the value of the currency in which securities the fund intends to buy are denominated or quoted). While such a transaction would generally offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, such currency transactions would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors.

The fund may purchase or sell a foreign currency on a spot (i.e., cash) basis at the prevailing spot rate in connection with the settlement of transactions in portfolio securities denominated in that foreign currency or for other hedging or non-hedging purposes. If conditions warrant, for hedging or non-hedging purposes, the fund may also enter into contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies at a future date (“forward contracts”) and purchase and sell foreign currency futures contracts. The fund may also purchase or sell exchange-listed and over-the-counter call and put options on foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies.

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A foreign currency futures contract is a standardized exchange-traded contract for the future delivery of a specified amount of a foreign currency at a price set at the time of the contract. Foreign currency futures contracts traded in the United States are designed by and traded on exchanges regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”), such as the New York Mercantile Exchange, and have margin requirements.

A foreign currency forward contract is a negotiated agreement to exchange currency at a future time, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract as agreed by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. The contract price may be higher or lower than the current spot rate. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. For example, the maturity date of a forward contract may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, rather than a predetermined date in a given month. Forward contracts may be in any amount agreed upon by the parties rather than predetermined amounts. In addition, forward contracts are traded in the interbank market conducted directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers, so that no intermediary is required. A forward contract generally has no deposit requirement, and no commissions are charged at any stage for trades.

At the maturity of a forward or futures contract, the fund either may accept or make delivery of the currency specified in the contract, or at or prior to maturity enter into a closing transaction involving the purchase or sale of an offsetting contract. Closing transactions with respect to forward contracts are usually effected with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract. Closing transactions with respect to futures contracts may be effected only on a commodities exchange or board of trade which provides a secondary market in such contracts; a clearing corporation associated with the exchange assumes responsibility for closing out such contracts.

Positions in foreign currency futures contracts may be closed out only on an exchange or board of trade that provides a secondary market in such contracts or options. Although the fund intends to purchase or sell foreign currency futures contracts only on exchanges or boards of trade where there appears to be an active secondary market, there is no assurance that a secondary market on an exchange or board of trade will exist for any particular contract or at any particular time. In such event, it may not be possible to close a futures position and, in the event of adverse price movements, the fund would continue to be required to make daily cash payments of variation margin on its futures positions.

The precise matching of the amounts of foreign currency exchange transactions and the value of the portfolio securities involved will not generally be possible since the future value of such securities in foreign currencies will change as a consequence of market movements in the value of those securities between the dates the currency exchange transactions are entered into and the dates they mature. It is also impossible to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, it may be necessary for the fund to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot market (and bear the expense of such purchase) if the market value of the security or securities being hedged is less than the amount of foreign currency the fund is obligated to deliver and a decision is made to sell the security or securities and make delivery of the foreign currency. Conversely, it may be necessary to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency received upon the sale of the portfolio security or securities if the market value of such security or securities exceeds the amount of foreign currency the fund is obligated to deliver.

As noted above, the fund may purchase or sell exchange-listed and over-the-counter call and put options on foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies. A put option on a futures contract gives the fund the right to assume a short position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A put option on a currency gives the fund the right to sell the currency at an exercise price until the expiration of the option. A call option on a futures contract gives the fund the right to assume a long position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A call option on a currency gives the fund the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the expiration of the option.

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Options on foreign currencies operate similarly to options on securities, and are traded primarily in the over-the-counter market, although options on foreign currencies are also listed on several exchanges. Options are traded not only on the currencies of individual nations, but also on the euro, the joint currency of most countries in the European Union.

The fund will only purchase or write foreign currency options when Putnam Management believes that a liquid secondary market exists for such options. There can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for a particular option at any specific time. Options on foreign currencies may be affected by all of those factors which influence foreign exchange rates and investments generally.

The fund’s currency hedging transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency and may at times not involve currencies in which its portfolio securities are then denominated. Putnam Management will engage in such “cross hedging” activities when it believes that such transactions provide significant hedging opportunities for the fund. Cross hedging transactions by the fund involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies to which such transactions relate and changes in the value of the currency or other asset or liability which is the subject of the hedge.

Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that the fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange which one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, although these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency, they involve costs to the fund and tend to limit any potential gain which might result from the increase in value of such currency.

The fund may also engage in non-hedging currency transactions. For example, Putnam Management may believe that exposure to a currency is in the fund’s best interest but that securities denominated in that currency are unattractive. In this situation, the fund may purchase a currency forward contract or option in order to increase its exposure to the currency. In accordance with SEC regulations, the fund will set aside liquid assets on its books to cover forward contracts used for non-hedging purposes.

In addition, the fund may seek to increase its current return or to offset some of the costs of hedging against fluctuations in current exchange rates by writing covered call options and covered put options on foreign currencies. The fund receives a premium from writing a call or put option, which increases the fund’s current return if the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a net profit. The fund may terminate an option that it has written prior to its expiration by entering into a closing purchase transaction in which it purchases an option having the same terms as the option written.

The value of any currency, including U.S. dollars and foreign currencies, may be affected by complex political and economic factors applicable to the issuing country. In addition, the exchange rates of foreign currencies (and therefore the values of foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts) may be affected significantly, fixed, or supported directly or indirectly by U.S. and foreign government actions. Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces. The value of a foreign currency option, forward contract or futures contract reflects the value of an exchange rate, which in turn reflects relative values of two currencies -- the U.S. dollar and the foreign currency in question. Although foreign exchange dealers do not charge a fee for currency conversion, they do realize a profit based on the difference (the “spread”) between prices at which they are buying and selling various currencies. Thus, a dealer may offer to sell a foreign currency to the fund at one rate, while offering a lesser rate of exchange should the fund desire to resell that currency to the dealer. Because foreign currency transactions occurring in the interbank market involve substantially larger amounts than those that may be involved in the exercise of foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, the fund may be disadvantaged by having to deal in an odd-lot market for the underlying foreign currencies in connection with options at prices that are less favorable than for round lots. Foreign governmental restrictions or taxes could result in adverse changes in the cost of acquiring or disposing of foreign currencies.

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There is no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies and there is no regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis. Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the interbank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable. The interbank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that options markets are closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, significant price and rate movements may take place in the underlying markets that cannot be reflected in the options markets.

Numerous regulatory changes related to foreign currency transactions are expected to occur over time and could materially and adversely affect the ability of the fund to enter into foreign currency transactions or could increase the cost of foreign currency transactions. In the future, certain foreign currency transactions may be required to be subject to initial as well as variation margin requirements. Foreign currency transactions that are not centrally cleared are subject to the creditworthiness of the counterparty to the foreign currency transaction (usually large commercial banks), and their values may decline substantially if the counterparty’s creditworthiness deteriorates. In a cleared foreign currency transaction, performance of the transaction will be effected by a central clearinghouse rather than by the original counterparty to the transaction. Foreign currency transactions that are centrally cleared will be subject to the creditworthiness of the clearing member and the clearing organization involved in the transaction.

The decision as to whether and to what extent the fund will engage in foreign currency exchange transactions will depend on a number of factors, including prevailing market conditions, the composition of the fund’s portfolio and the availability of suitable transactions. There can be no assurance that suitable foreign currency transactions will be available for the fund at any time or that the fund will engage in foreign currency exchange transactions at any time or under any circumstances even if suitable transactions are available to it.

Successful use of currency management strategies will depend on Putnam Management’s skill in analyzing currency values. Currency management strategies may increase the volatility of the fund’s returns and could result in significant losses to the fund if currencies do not perform as Putnam Management anticipates. There is no assurance that Putnam Management’s use of currency management strategies will be advantageous to the fund or that it will hedge at appropriate times.

Foreign Investments and Related Risks

Foreign securities are normally denominated and traded in foreign currencies. As a result, the value of the fund’s foreign investments and the value of its shares may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. In addition, the fund is required to compute and distribute its income in U.S. dollars. Therefore, if the exchange rate for a foreign currency declines after a fund’s income has been earned and translated into U.S. dollars (but before payment), the fund could be required to liquidate portfolio securities to make such distributions. Similarly, if an exchange rate declines between the time a fund incurs expenses in U.S. dollars and the time such expenses are paid, the amount of such currency required to be converted into U.S. dollars in order to pay such expenses in U.S. dollars will be greater than the equivalent amount in any such currency of such expenses at the time they were incurred.

There may be less information publicly available about a foreign issuer than about a U.S. issuer, and foreign issuers may not be subject to accounting, auditing, custody, disclosure and financial reporting standards and practices comparable to those in the United States. In addition, there may be less (or less effective) regulation of exchanges, brokers and listed companies in some foreign countries. The securities of some foreign issuers are less liquid and at times more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. issuers. Foreign brokerage commissions, custodial expenses and other fees are also generally higher than in the United States.

Foreign settlement procedures and trade regulations may be more complex and involve certain risks (such as delay in payment or delivery of securities or in the recovery of the fund’s assets held abroad) and expenses not present in the settlement of investments in U.S. markets. For example, settlement of transactions involving

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foreign securities or foreign currencies (see below) may occur within a foreign country, and the fund may accept or make delivery of the underlying securities or currency in conformity with any applicable U.S. or foreign restrictions or regulations, and may pay fees, taxes or charges associated with such delivery. In addition, local market holidays or other factors may extend the time for settlement of purchases and sales of the Fund’s investments in securities that trade on foreign markets. Such investments may also involve the risk that an entity involved in the settlement may not meet its obligations. Extended settlement cycles or other delays in settlement may increase the fund’s liquidity risk and require the fund to employ alternative methods (e.g., through borrowings) to satisfy redemption requests during periods of large redemption activity in Fund shares.

In addition, foreign securities may be subject to the risk of nationalization or expropriation of assets, imposition of economic sanctions or embargoes (whether imposed by the United States. or another country or other governmental or non-governmental organization), currency exchange controls, foreign withholding or other taxes or restrictions on the repatriation of foreign currency, confiscatory taxation, political, social or financial instability and diplomatic developments which could affect the value of the fund’s investments in certain foreign countries. Such actions could result in the devaluation of a country’s currency or a decline in the value and liquidity of securities of issuers in that country. In some cases (including in the case of sanctions), such actions also could result in a freeze on an issuer’s securities which would prevent the fund from selling securities it holds. Governments of many countries have exercised and continue to exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector through the ownership or control of many companies, including some of the largest in these countries. As a result, government actions in the future could have a significant effect on economic conditions which may adversely affect prices of certain portfolio securities. There is also generally less government supervision and regulation of stock exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States. Moreover, foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. Dividends or interest on, or proceeds from the sale of, foreign securities may be subject to foreign withholding or other taxes, and special U.S. tax considerations may apply.

Note on MSCI indices. Due to the potential for foreign withholding taxes, MSCI, Inc. (MSCI) publishes two versions of its indices reflecting the reinvestment of dividends using two different methodologies: gross dividends and net dividends. While both versions reflect reinvested dividends, they differ with respect to the manner in which taxes associated with dividend payments are treated. In calculating the net dividends version, MSCI incorporates reinvested dividends applying the withholding tax rate applicable to foreign non-resident institutional investors that do not benefit from double taxation treaties. Putnam Management believes that the net dividends version of MSCI indices better reflects the returns U.S. investors might expect were they to invest directly in the component securities of an MSCI index.

Many foreign countries are heavily dependent upon exports, particularly to developed countries, and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be adversely affected by trade barriers, managed adjustments in relative currency values, and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the United States and other countries with which they trade. These economies also have been and may continue to be negatively impacted by economic conditions in the United States and other trading partners, which can lower the demand for goods produced in those countries.

Legal remedies available to investors in certain foreign countries may be more limited than those available with respect to investments in the United States or in other foreign countries.

The laws of some foreign countries may limit the fund’s ability to invest in securities of certain issuers organized under the laws of those foreign countries. These restrictions may take the form of prior governmental approval requirements, limits on the amount or type of securities held by foreigners and limits on the types of companies in which foreigners may invest (e.g., limits on investment in certain industries). Some countries also limit the investment of foreign persons to only a specific class of securities of an issuer that may have less advantageous terms or rights or preferences than securities of the issuer available for

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purchase by domestic parties (and such securities may be less liquid than other classes of securities of an issuer), or may directly limit foreign investors’ rights (such as voting rights). Although securities subject to such restrictions may be marketable abroad, they may be less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. Foreign laws may also impact the availability of derivatives or hedging techniques relating to a foreign country’s government securities. In each of these situations, the funds’ ability to invest significantly in desired issuers, or the terms of such investments, could be negatively impacted as a result of the relevant legal restriction. Sanctions imposed by the United States government on other countries or persons or issuers operating in such countries could restrict the fund’s ability to buy affected securities or to sell any affected securities it has previously purchased, which may subject the fund to greater risk of loss in those securities. Foreign countries may have reporting requirements with respect to the ownership of securities, and those reporting requirements may be subject to interpretation or change without prior notice to investors. No assurance can be given that the fund will satisfy applicable foreign reporting requirements at all times.

For purposes of some foreign holding limits or disclosure thresholds, all positions owned or controlled by the same person or entity, even if in different accounts, may be aggregated for purposes of determining whether the applicable limits or thresholds have been exceeded. Thus, even if the fund does not intend to exceed applicable limits, it is possible that different clients managed by Putnam Management and its affiliates (including separate affiliates owned by Power Corporation of Canada outside the Putnam Investments group) may be aggregated for this purpose. These limits may adversely affect the fund’s ability to invest in the applicable security.

The risks described above, including the risks of nationalization or expropriation of assets, typically are increased in connection with investments in developing countries, also known as “emerging markets.” For example, political and economic structures in these countries may be in their infancy and developing rapidly, and such countries may lack the social, political and economic stability characteristic of more developed countries. In such a dynamic environment, there can be no assurance that any or all of these capital markets will present viable investment opportunities for the fund. Certain of these countries have in the past failed to recognize private property rights and have at times nationalized and expropriated the assets of private companies. In such an event, it is possible that the fund could lose the entire value of its investments in the affected market. High rates of inflation or currency devaluations may adversely affect the economies and securities markets of such countries. In addition, the economies of certain developing or emerging market countries may be dependent on a single industry or limited group of industries, which may increase the risks described above and make those countries particularly vulnerable to global economic and market changes. Investments in emerging markets may be considered speculative.

The currencies of certain emerging market countries have experienced devaluations relative to the U.S. dollar, and future devaluations may adversely affect the value of assets denominated in such currencies. Many emerging market countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation for many years, and future inflation may adversely affect the economies and securities markets of such countries. When debt and similar obligations issued by foreign issuers are denominated in a currency (e.g., the U.S. dollar or the Euro) other than the local currency of the issuer, the subsequent strengthening of the non-local currency against the local currency will generally increase the burden of repayment on the issuer and may increase significantly the risk of default by the issuer.

In addition, unanticipated political or social developments may affect the value of investments in emerging markets and the availability of additional investments in these markets. The small size, limited trading volume and relative inexperience of the securities markets in these countries may make investments in securities traded in emerging markets illiquid and more volatile than investments in securities traded in more developed countries, and the fund may be required to establish special custodial or other arrangements before making investments in securities traded in emerging markets. There may be little financial or accounting information available with respect to issuers of emerging market securities, and it may be difficult as a result to assess the value or prospects of an investment in such securities. In certain countries with emerging capital markets, reporting standards vary widely. As a result, traditional investment measurements used in the United States, such as price/earnings ratios, may not be applicable.

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Practices in relation to settlement of securities transactions in emerging markets involve higher risks than those in developed markets, in part because the fund may need to use brokers and counterparties that are less well capitalized, and custody and registration of assets in some countries may be unreliable. The possibility of fraud, negligence, undue influence being exerted by the issuer, or refusal to recognize ownership exists in some emerging markets, and, along with other factors, could result in ownership registration being completely lost. The fund would absorb any loss resulting from such registration problems and may have no successful claim for compensation.

American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. The underlying shares are held in trust by a custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. However, ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing in foreign securities.

Certain of the foregoing risks may also apply to some extent to securities of U.S. issuers that are denominated in foreign currencies or that are traded in foreign markets, or securities of U.S. issuers having significant foreign operations or other exposure to foreign markets. If the fund invests in securities issued by foreign issuers, the fund may be subject to the risks described above even if all of the fund’s investments are denominated in U.S. dollars, especially with respect to issuers whose revenues are principally earned in a foreign currency but whose debt obligations have been issued in U.S. dollars or other hard currencies.

Investing through Stock Connect. The fund may, directly or indirectly (through, for example, participation notes or other types of equity-linked notes), purchase shares in mainland China-based companies that trade on Chinese stock exchanges such as the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (“China A-Shares”) through the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect (“Stock Connect”), or that may be available in the future through additional stock connect programs, a mutual market access program designed to, among other things, enable foreign investment in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) via brokers in Hong Kong.

There are significant risks inherent in investing in China A-Shares through Stock Connect. The underdeveloped state of PRC’s investment and banking systems subjects the settlement, clearing, and registration of China A-Shares transactions to heightened risks. Stock Connect can only operate when both PRC and Hong Kong markets are open for trading and when banking services are available in both markets on the corresponding settlement days. As such, if either or both markets are closed on a U.S. trading day, the fund may not be able to dispose of its China A-Shares in a timely manner, which could adversely affect the fund’s performance. Because Stock Connect is relatively new, its effects on the market for trading China A-shares are uncertain. In addition, the trading, settlement and information technology (“IT”) systems required to operate Stock Connect are relatively new and continuing to evolve. In the event that the relevant systems do not function properly, trading through Stock Connect could be disrupted.

PRC regulations require that, in order to sell its China A-Shares, the fund must pre-deliver the China A-Shares to a broker. If the China A-Shares are not in the broker’s possession before the market opens on the day of sale, the sell order will be rejected. This requirement could also limit the fund’s ability to dispose of its China A-Shares purchased through Stock Connect in a timely manner. Additionally, Stock Connect is subject to daily quota limitations on purchases of China A Shares. Once the daily quota is reached, orders to purchase additional China A-Shares through Stock Connect will be rejected. The fund’s investment in China A-Shares may only be traded through Stock Connect and is not otherwise transferable. Stock Connect utilizes an omnibus clearing structure, and the fund’s shares will be registered in its custodian’s name on the Central Clearing and Settlement System. This may limit the ability of Putnam Management to effectively manage the

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fund, and may expose the fund to the credit risk of its custodian or to greater risk of expropriation. Investment in China A-Shares through Stock Connect may be available only through a single broker that is an affiliate of the fund’s custodian, which may affect the quality of execution provided by such broker. Stock Connect restrictions could also limit the ability of the fund to sell its China A-Shares in a timely manner, or to sell them at all. Further, different fees, costs and taxes are imposed on foreign investors acquiring China A-Shares acquired through Stock Connect, and these fees, costs and taxes may be higher than comparable fees, costs and taxes imposed on owners of other securities providing similar investment exposure.

Stock Connect trades are settled in Renminbi (“RMB”), the official currency of PRC, and investors must have timely access to a reliable supply of RMB in Hong Kong, which cannot be guaranteed.

Investing through Bond Connect: Chinese debt instruments trade on the China Interbank Bond Market (“CIBM”) and may be purchased through a market access program that is designed to, among other things, enable foreign investment in the PRC (“Bond Connect”). There are significant risks inherent in investing in Chinese debt instruments, similar to the risks of investing in other fixed-income securities in emerging markets. The prices of debt instruments traded on the CIBM may fluctuate significantly due to low trading volume and potential lack of liquidity. The rules to access debt instruments that trade on the CIBM through Bond Connect are relatively new and subject to change, which may adversely affect the fund’s ability to invest in these instruments and to enforce its rights as a beneficial owner of these instruments. Trading through Bond Connect is subject to a number of restrictions that may affect the fund’s investments and returns. In addition, securities offered through Bond Connect may lose their eligibility for trading through the program at any time. If Bond Connect securities lose their eligibility for trading through the program, they may be sold but can no longer be purchased through Bond Connect. There can be no assurance as to the program’s continued existence or whether future developments regarding the program may restrict or adversely affect the fund’s investments or returns.

Investments made through Bond Connect are subject to order, clearance and settlement procedures that are relatively untested in China, which could pose risks to the fund. CIBM does not support all trading strategies (such as short selling) and investments in Chinese debt instruments that trade on the CIBM are subject to the risks of suspension of trading without cause or notice, trade failure or trade rejection and default of securities depositories and counterparties. Furthermore, Chinese debt instruments purchased via Bond Connect will be held via a book entry omnibus account in the name of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority Central Money Markets Unit (“CMU”) maintained with a China-based depository (either the China Central Depository & Clearing Co. (“CDCC”) or the Shanghai Clearing House (“SCH”)). The fund’s ownership interest in these Chinese debt instruments will not be reflected directly in book entry with CSDCC or SCH and will instead only be reflected on the books of the fund’s Hong Kong sub-custodian. Therefore, the fund’s ability to enforce its rights as a bondholder may depend on CMU’s ability or willingness as record-holder of the bonds to enforce the fund’s rights as a bondholder. Additionally, the omnibus manner in which Chinese debt instruments are held could expose the fund to the credit risk of the relevant securities depositories and the fund’s Hong Kong sub-custodian. While the fund holds a beneficial interest in the instruments it acquires through Bond Connect, the mechanisms that beneficial owners may use to enforce their rights are untested. In addition, courts in China have limited experience in applying the concept of beneficial ownership. Moreover, Chinese debt instruments acquired through Bond Connect generally may not be sold, purchased or otherwise transferred other than through Bond Connect in accordance with applicable rules.

The fund’s investments in Chinese debt instruments acquired through Bond Connect are generally subject to a number of regulations and restrictions, including Chinese securities regulations and listing rules, loss recovery limitations and disclosure of interest reporting obligations. The fund will not benefit from access to Hong Kong investor compensation funds, which are set up to protect against defaults of trades, when investing through Bond Connect.

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Bond Connect can only operate when both China and Hong Kong markets are open for trading and when banking services are available in both markets on the corresponding settlement days. In addition, the trading, settlement and IT systems required for non-Chinese investors in Bond Connect are relatively new. In the event of systems malfunctions or extreme market conditions, trading via Bond Connect could be disrupted. The rules applicable to taxation of Chinese debt instruments acquired through Bond Connect remain subject to further clarification. Uncertainties in the Chinese tax rules governing taxation of income and gains from investments via Bond Connect could result in unexpected tax liabilities for the fund, which may negatively affect investment returns for shareholder.

Bond Connect trades are settled in RMB, and investors must have timely access to a reliable supply of RMB in Hong Kong, which cannot be guaranteed.

Forward Commitments and Dollar Rolls

The fund may enter into contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time (“forward commitments”) if the fund sets aside on its books liquid assets in an amount sufficient to meet the purchase price, or if the fund enters into offsetting contracts for the forward sale of other securities it owns. In the case of to-be-announced (“TBA”) purchase commitments, the unit price and the estimated principal amount are established when the fund enters into a contract, with the actual principal amount being within a specified range of the estimate. Forward commitments may be considered securities in themselves, and involve a risk of loss if the value of the security to be purchased declines prior to the settlement date, which risk is in addition to the risk of decline in the value of the fund’s other assets. Where such purchases are made through dealers, the fund relies on the dealer to consummate the sale. The dealer’s failure to do so may result in the loss to the fund of an advantageous yield or price. Although the fund will generally enter into forward commitments with the intention of acquiring securities for its portfolio or for delivery pursuant to options contracts it has entered into, the fund may dispose of a commitment prior to settlement if Putnam Management deems it appropriate to do so. The fund may realize short-term profits or losses upon the sale of forward commitments.

The fund may enter into TBA sale commitments to hedge its portfolio positions, to sell securities it owns under delayed delivery arrangements, or to take a short position in mortgage-backed securities. Proceeds of TBA sale commitments are not received until the contractual settlement date. During the time a TBA sale commitment is outstanding, either equivalent deliverable securities or an offsetting TBA purchase commitment deliverable on or before the sale commitment date are held as “cover” for the transaction, or other liquid assets in an amount equal to the notional value of the TBA sale commitment are segregated. Where the fund purchases or sells an option, which is to be settled in cash, to buy or sell a TBA sale commitment, the fund will segregate cash or liquid assets in an amount equal to the current “mark-to-market” value of the option. Unsettled TBA sale commitments are valued at current market value of the underlying securities. If the TBA sale commitment is closed through the acquisition of an offsetting purchase commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss on the commitment without regard to any unrealized gain or loss on the underlying security. If the fund delivers securities under the commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss from the sale of the securities based upon the unit price established at the date the commitment was entered into.

The fund may enter into dollar roll transactions (generally using TBAs) in which it sells a fixed income security for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts to purchase similar securities (for example, same type, coupon and maturity) at an agreed upon future time. By engaging in a dollar roll transaction, the fund foregoes principal and interest paid on the security that is sold while the dollar roll is outstanding, but receives the difference between the current sales price and the forward price for the future purchase. In addition, the fund may reinvest the cash proceeds of the sale while the dollar roll is outstanding in an effort to enhance returns. The reinvestment of such proceeds may be considered a form of investment leverage and may increase the fund’s risk and volatility. If the income and capital gains from the investment of the cash from the initial sale do not exceed the income, capital appreciation and gain or loss that would have been realized on the securities sold as part of the dollar roll, the use of this technique will result in a lower

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return than would have been realized without the use of the dollar rolls. The fund accounts for dollar rolls as purchases and sales. Because cash (or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees) in the amount of the fund’s commitment under a dollar roll is set aside on the fund’s books, the fund does not consider these transactions to be borrowings for purposes of its investment restrictions.

Purchases of securities on a forward commitment basis may involve more risk than other types of purchases. The obligation to purchase securities on a specified future date involves the risk that the market value of the securities that the fund is obligated to purchase may decline below the purchase price. In addition, when entering into a forward commitment transaction, the fund will rely on the other party to consummate the transaction. In the event that the other party files for bankruptcy, becomes insolvent or defaults on its obligation, the fund may be adversely affected. For example, the other party’s failure to complete the transaction may result in the loss to the fund of an advantageous yield or price.

Futures Contracts and Related Options

Subject to applicable law, the fund may invest in futures contracts and related options for hedging and non-hedging purposes, such as to manage the effective duration of the fund’s portfolio or as a substitute for direct investment. A futures contract sale creates an obligation by the seller to deliver the type of financial instrument called for in the contract in a specified delivery month for a stated price. A futures contract purchase creates an obligation by the purchaser to take delivery of the type of financial instrument called for in the contract in a specified delivery month at a stated price. The specific instruments delivered or taken, respectively, at settlement date are not determined until on or near that date. The determination is made in accordance with the rules of the exchange on which the futures contract sale or purchase was made. Futures contracts are traded in the United States only on commodity exchanges or boards of trade -- known as “contract markets” -- approved for such trading by the CFTC, and must be executed through a futures commission merchant or brokerage firm which is a member of the relevant contract market. Examples of futures contracts that the fund may use include, without limitation, U.S. Treasury futures, index futures, corporate or municipal bond futures, U.S. Government agency futures, interest rate futures, commodities futures, futures contracts on sovereign debt, and Eurodollar futures. In addition, as described elsewhere in this SAI, the fund may use foreign currency futures.

The value of a futures contract tends to increase and decrease in tandem with the value of its underlying instrument. Therefore, purchasing futures contracts will tend to increase the fund’s exposure to positive and negative price fluctuations in the underlying instrument, much as if it had purchased the underlying instrument directly. When the fund sells a futures contract, by contrast, the value of its futures position will tend to move in a direction contrary to the market for the underlying instrument. Selling futures contracts, therefore, will tend to offset both positive and negative market price changes, much as if the underlying instrument had been sold.

When the fund enters into a futures contract, the fund is required to deliver to the futures broker an amount of liquid assets known as “initial margin.” The nature of initial margin in futures transactions is different from that of margin in security transactions in that futures contract margin does not involve the borrowing of funds to finance the transactions. Rather, initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit in that it is returned to the fund upon termination of the futures contract, assuming all contractual obligations have been satisfied. Initial margin requirements are established by the exchanges on which futures contracts trade and may, from time to time, change. Futures contracts also involve brokerage costs. Subsequent payments, called “variation margin” or “maintenance margin,” to and from the broker are made on a daily basis as the value of the futures contract fluctuates, a process known as “marking to the market.” For example, if the fund purchases a futures contract on an underlying security and the price of that security rises, the value of the futures contract will increase and the fund will receive from the broker a variation margin payment based on that increase in value. Conversely, if the price of the underlying security declines, the value of the futures contract will decrease and the fund will be required to make a variation margin payment to the broker based on

February 28, 2021 II-39 

that decrease in value. Upon the closing of a futures contract, the fund will receive or be required to pay additional cash based on a final determinations of variation margin.

Although futures contracts (other than index futures and futures based on the volatility or variance experienced by an index) by their terms call for actual delivery or acceptance of commodities or securities, in most cases the contracts are closed out before the settlement date without the making or taking of delivery. Index futures and futures based on the volatility or variance experienced by an index do not call for actual delivery or acceptance of commodities or securities, but instead require cash settlement of the futures contract on the settlement date specified in the contract. Such contracts may also be closed out before the settlement date. The fund may close some or all of its futures positions at any time prior to their expiration. Closing out a futures contract sale is effected by purchasing a futures contract for the same aggregate amount of the specific type of financial instrument or commodity with the same delivery date. If the price of the initial sale of the futures contract exceeds the price of the offsetting purchase, the seller is paid the difference and realizes a gain. Conversely, if the price of the offsetting purchase exceeds the price of the initial sale, the seller realizes a loss. If the fund is unable to enter into a closing transaction, the amount of the fund’s theoretical loss is unlimited. The closing out of a futures contract purchase is effected by the purchaser’s entering into a futures contract sale. If the offsetting sale price exceeds the purchase price, the purchaser realizes a gain, and if the purchase price exceeds the offsetting sale price, he realizes a loss. Such closing transactions involve additional commission costs.

A portion of any capital gains from futures contracts in which the fund invests directly will be treated for federal income tax purposes as short-term capital gains that, when distributed to taxable shareholders, will be taxable as ordinary income. The fund’s investments in futures may cause the fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make the distributions necessary to qualify and be eligible for treatment as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax. The fund may therefore need to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, to meet its distribution requirement.

Each of the funds and subsidiaries set forth below is a commodity pool under the Commodity Exchange Act (the “CEA”), and each of Putnam Management and PanAgora is registered as a “commodity pool operator” under the CEA with respect to each such fund. PanAgora is also registered as a “commodity trading advisor” under the CEA. Since Putnam Management, PanAgora, and the funds and subsidiaries set forth below are subject to regulation by the CFTC under the CEA, they are required to comply with applicable CFTC disclosure, reporting, and recordkeeping requirements. The disclosure, reporting and, recordkeeping requirements associated with registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” would ordinarily be in addition to those requirements already imposed onto the funds, Putnam Management, and PanAgora by the SEC. In August 2013, the CFTC issued a rule that permits a registered investment company to elect to comply with certain CFTC obligations by agreeing to comply with certain SEC disclosure, reporting, and recordkeeping requirements. The funds listed below have elected to comply with certain CFTC disclosure, reporting, and recordkeeping requirements by agreeing to comply with applicable SEC requirements.

Fund	Subsidiary
Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy	Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy, Ltd.
Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund	Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund, Ltd.

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As a result, additional CFTC-mandated disclosure, reporting and recordkeeping obligations apply to these funds and their respective subsidiaries (listed above), and compliance with the CFTC’s regulatory requirements could increase fund expenses, adversely affecting a fund’s total return. With respect to each other Putnam fund, Putnam Management has claimed an exclusion from the definition of the term “commodity pool operator” under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 (the “exclusion”). Accordingly, Putnam Management (with respect to these funds) is not subject to registration or regulation as a “commodity pool operator” under the CEA. To remain eligible for the exclusion, each of these funds will be limited in its ability to use commodity interests, including futures, options on futures and certain swaps. In the event that a fund’s investments in commodity interests are not within the thresholds set forth in the exclusion, Putnam Management may be required to register as a “commodity pool operator” with the CFTC with respect to that fund. Putnam Management’s eligibility to claim the exclusion with respect to a fund will be based upon, among other things, the level and scope of the fund’s investment in commodity interests, the purposes of such investments and the manner in which the fund holds out its use of commodity interests. A fund’s ability to invest in commodity interests is limited by Putnam Management’s intention to operate the fund in a manner that would permit Putnam Management to continue to claim the exclusion under Rule 4.5, which may adversely affect the fund’s total return. In the event the fund’s investments in commodity interests require Putnam Management to register with the CFTC as a commodity pool operator with respect to a fund, the fund’s expenses may increase, adversely affecting that fund’s total return.

Index futures. An index futures contract is a contract to buy or sell units of an index at a specified future date at a price agreed upon when the contract is made. Entering into a contract to buy units of an index is commonly referred to as buying or purchasing a contract or holding a long position in the index. Entering into a contract to sell units of an index is commonly referred to as selling a contract or holding a short position. A unit is the current value of the index. The fund may enter into stock index futures contracts, debt index futures contracts, or other index futures contracts appropriate to its objective(s). The fund may also purchase and sell options on index futures contracts.

For example, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Price Index (“S&P 500”) is composed of 500 selected U.S. common stocks. The S&P 500 assigns relative weightings to the common stocks that comprise the index, and the value of the index fluctuates with changes in the market values of those common stocks. In the case of the S&P 500, contracts are currently to buy or sell 250 units. Thus, if the value of the S&P 500 were $150, one contract would be worth $37,500 (250 units x $150). The stock index futures contract specifies that no delivery of the actual stocks making up the index will take place. Instead, settlement in cash must occur upon the termination of the contract, with the settlement being the difference between the contract price and the actual level of the stock index at the expiration of the contract. For example, if the fund enters into a futures contract to buy 250 units of the S&P 500 at a specified future date at a contract price of $150 and the S&P 500 is at $154 on that future date, the fund will gain $1,000 (250 units x gain of $4). If the fund enters into a futures contract to sell 250 units of the stock index at a specified future date at a contract price of $150 and the S&P 500 is at $152 on that future date, the fund will lose $500 (250 units x loss of $2).

Options on futures contracts. The fund may purchase and write call and put options on futures contracts it may buy or sell and enter into closing transactions with respect to such options to terminate existing positions. Options on futures contracts possess many of the same characteristics as options on securities and indices. An option on a futures contract gives the holder the right, in return for the premium paid to assume a long position (call) or short position (put) in a futures contract at a specified exercise price at any time during the period of the option (in the case of an American-style option) or on the expiration date (in the case of European-style option). After entering into a put or call option on a futures contract, the fund will be required to deposit initial margin and variation margin as described above for futures contracts.

When a call option on a futures contract is exercised, the holder acquires a long position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite short position. When a put option on a futures contract is exercised, the holder acquires a short position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite long position. When an option is exercised, the delivery of the futures position by the writer of the option to the holder of the option will be accompanied by delivery of the accumulated balance in the writer’s futures margin account, which represents the amount by which the market price of the futures contract, at exercise, exceeds (in the case

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of a call) or is less than (in the case of a put) the exercise price of the option on the future. If an option is exercised on the last trading day prior to its expiration date, the settlement will be made entirely in cash equal to the difference between the exercise price of the option and the closing level of the underlying asset on which the future is based on the expiration date. Purchasers of options who fail to exercise their options prior to the exercise date suffer a loss of the premium paid. The holder or writer of an option on a futures contract may terminate its position by selling or purchasing an offsetting option on the same financial instrument (subject to the availability of a liquid market).

The fund may use options on futures contracts in lieu of purchasing or writing options directly on the underlying instruments or purchasing and writing the underlying futures contracts. For example, to hedge against a possible decrease in the value of its portfolio securities, the fund may purchase put options or write call options on futures contracts rather than selling futures contracts. Similarly, the fund may purchase call options or write put options on futures contracts as a substitute for the purchase of futures contracts to hedge against a possible increase in the price of securities that the fund expects to purchase. Such options generally operate in the same manner, and involve the same risks, as options purchased or written directly on the underlying investments. As an alternative to purchasing or writing call and put options on index futures, the fund may purchase and write call and put options on the underlying indices themselves. Such options would be used in a manner identical to the use of options on index futures.

Compared to the purchase or sale of futures contracts, the purchase of call or put options on futures contracts generally involves less potential risk to the fund because the maximum amount at risk is the premium paid for the options (plus transaction costs). However, there may be circumstances when the purchase of a call or put option on a futures contract would result in a loss to the fund when the purchase or sale of a futures contract would not, such as when there is no movement in the prices of the hedged investments.

The writing of an option on a futures contract involves risks similar to those relating to the sale of futures contracts (which are described below). In addition, by writing a call option, the fund becomes obligated to sell a futures contract if the option is exercised, which may have a value higher than the exercise price. Similarly, by writing a put option, the fund becomes obligated to purchase a futures contract if the option is exercised, which may have a value lower than the exercise price. The writing of an option on a futures contract generates a premium, which may partially offset an increase (in the case of a written call option) or decrease (in the case of a written put option) in the value of the underlying futures contract. However, the loss incurred by the fund in writing options on futures contracts is potentially unlimited and may exceed the amount of the premium received. The fund will also incur transaction costs in connection with the writing of options on futures contracts.

Risks of transactions in futures contracts and related options. Successful use of futures contracts and options on futures contracts by the fund is subject to Putnam Management’s ability to predict movements in various factors affecting securities markets, including interest rates and market movements, and, in the case of index futures and futures based on the volatility or variance experienced by an index, Putnam Management’s ability to predict the future level of the index or the future volatility or variance experienced by an index. For example, it is possible that, where the fund has sold futures contracts to hedge its portfolio against a decline in the market, the index on which the futures contracts are written may advance and the value of securities held in the fund’s portfolio, which may differ from those that comprise the index, may decline. If this occurred, the fund would lose money on the futures contracts and experience a decline in value in its portfolio securities. It is also possible that, if the fund has hedged against the possibility of a decline in the market adversely affecting securities held in its portfolio and securities prices increase instead, the fund will lose part or all of the benefit of the increased value of those securities it has hedged because it will have offsetting losses in its futures positions.

The use of futures and options strategies also involves the risk of imperfect correlation among movements in the prices of the securities or other assets underlying the futures contracts and options purchased and sold by the fund, of the options and futures contracts themselves, and, in the case of hedging transactions, of the

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securities which are the subject of a hedge. In addition to the possibility that there may be an imperfect correlation, or no correlation at all, between movements in the futures contracts used by the fund and the portion of the portfolio being hedged, the prices of futures contracts may not correlate perfectly with movements in the underlying asset due to certain market distortions. First, all participants in the futures market are subject to margin deposit and maintenance requirements. Rather than meeting additional margin deposit requirements, investors may close futures contracts through offsetting transactions which could distort the expected relationship between the underlying asset and futures markets. Second, margin requirements in the futures market are less onerous than margin requirements in the securities market, and as a result the futures market may attract more speculators than the securities market does. Increased participation by speculators in the futures market may also cause temporary price distortions. Due to the possibility of price distortions in the futures market and also because of the imperfect correlation between movements in the underlying asset and movements in the prices of related futures, even a correct forecast of general market trends by Putnam Management may still not result in a profitable position. In addition, in the case of hedging transactions, an incorrect correlation could result in a loss on both the hedged securities in the fund and the hedging vehicle, so that the portfolio return might have been greater had hedging not been attempted.

The risk of a position in a futures contract may be very large compared to the relatively low level of margin a fund is required to deposit. In many cases, a relatively small price movement in a futures contract may result in immediate and substantial loss or gain to the fund relative to the size of a required margin deposit. In addition, if the fund has insufficient cash, it may have to sell securities to meet daily variation margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so. The fund will typically be required to post margin with its futures commission merchant in connection with its transactions in futures contracts. In the event of an insolvency of the futures commission merchant, the fund may not be able to recover all (or any) of the margin it has posted with the futures commission merchant, or to realize the value of any increase in the price of its positions. The fund also may be delayed or prevented from recovering margin or other amounts deposited with a futures commission merchant or futures clearinghouse.

There is no assurance that higher than anticipated trading activity or other unforeseen events might not, at times, render certain market clearing facilities inadequate, and thereby result in the institution by exchanges of special procedures that may interfere with the timely execution of customer orders. For example, futures exchanges may limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in certain futures contract prices during a single trading day. The daily limit establishes the maximum amount that the price of a futures contract may vary either up or down from the previous day’s settlement price at the end of the current trading session. Once the daily limit has been reached in a futures contract subject to the limit, no more trades may be made on that day at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a particular trading day and therefore does not limit potential losses because the limit may work to prevent the liquidation of unfavorable positions. Futures prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days with little or no trading, thereby preventing prompt liquidation of positions and subjecting some holders of futures contracts to substantial losses.

To reduce or eliminate a position held by the fund, the fund may seek to close out such position. The ability to establish and close out positions will be subject to the development and maintenance of a liquid secondary market. It is not certain that this market will develop or continue to exist for a particular futures contract or option. Reasons for the absence of a liquid secondary market on an exchange include the following: (i) there may be insufficient trading interest in certain contracts or options; (ii) restrictions may be imposed by an exchange on opening transactions or closing transactions or both; (iii) trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions may be imposed with respect to particular classes or series of contracts or options, or underlying securities; (iv) unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations on an exchange; (v) the facilities of an exchange or a clearing corporation may not at all times be adequate to handle current trading volume; or (vi) one or more exchanges could, for economic or other reasons, decide or be compelled at some future date to discontinue the trading of contracts or options (or a particular class or series of contracts or options), in which event the secondary market on that exchange for such contracts or options (or in the class or series of contracts or options) would cease to exist, although outstanding contracts or options on the exchange

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that had been issued by a clearing corporation as a result of trades on that exchange would continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms. If the fund were unable to liquidate a futures contract or an option on a futures contract due to the absence of a liquid secondary market, the imposition of price limits or otherwise, it could incur substantial losses. The fund would continue to be subject to market risk with respect to the position. Also, except in the case of purchased options, the fund would continue to be required to make daily variation margin payments and might be required to maintain a position being hedged by the futures contract or option or to maintain cash or securities in a segregated account.

Hybrid Instruments

Hybrid instruments are generally considered derivatives and include indexed or structured securities and combine the elements of futures contracts or options with those of debt, preferred equity, commodity or a depository instrument. A hybrid instrument may be a debt security, preferred stock, warrant, convertible security, certificate of deposit or other evidence of indebtedness on which a portion of or all interest payments, and/or the principal or stated amount payable at maturity, redemption or retirement is determined by reference to prices, changes in prices, or differences between prices, of securities, currencies, intangibles, goods, articles or commodities (collectively, “underlying assets”), or by another objective index, economic factor or other measure, including interest rates, currency exchange rates, or commodities or securities indices (collectively, “benchmarks”).

Hybrid instruments can be an efficient means of creating exposure to a particular market, or segment of a market, with the objective of enhancing total return. For example, a fund may wish to take advantage of expected declines in interest rates in several European countries but avoid the transaction costs associated with buying and currency-hedging the foreign bond positions. One solution would be to purchase a U.S. dollar-denominated hybrid instrument whose redemption price is linked to the average three-year interest rate in a designated group of countries. The redemption price formula would provide for payoffs of less than par if rates were above the specified level. Furthermore, a fund could limit the downside risk of the security by establishing a minimum redemption price so that the principal paid at maturity could not be below a predetermined minimum level if interest rates were to rise significantly. The purpose of this arrangement, known as a structured security with an embedded put option, would be to give the fund the desired European bond exposure while avoiding currency risk, limiting downside market risk, and lowering transaction costs. Of course, there is no guarantee that the strategy will be successful, and the fund could lose money if, for example, interest rates do not move as anticipated or credit problems develop with the issuer of the hybrid instrument.

The risks of investing in hybrid instruments reflect a combination of the risks of investing in securities, options, futures and currencies. An investment in a hybrid instrument may entail significant risks that are not associated with a similar investment in a traditional debt instrument that has a fixed principal amount, is denominated in U.S. dollars or pays interest either at a fixed rate or a floating rate determined by reference to a common, nationally published benchmark. The risks of a particular hybrid instrument will depend upon the terms of the instrument but may include the possibility of significant changes in the benchmark(s) or the prices of the underlying assets to which the instrument is linked. Such risks generally depend upon factors unrelated to the operations or credit quality of the issuer of the hybrid instrument, which may not be foreseen by the purchaser, such as economic and political events, the supply and demand of the underlying assets and interest rate movements. In addition, the various benchmarks and prices for underlying assets can be highly volatile.

Hybrid instruments are potentially more volatile and carry greater market risks than traditional debt instruments. Depending on the structure of the particular hybrid instrument, changes in a benchmark may be magnified by the terms of the hybrid instrument and have an even more dramatic and substantial effect upon the value of the hybrid instrument. Also, the prices of the hybrid instrument and the benchmark or underlying asset may not move in the same direction or at the same time.

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Hybrid instruments may bear interest or pay preferred dividends at below market (or even relatively nominal) rates. Alternatively, hybrid instruments may bear interest at above market rates but bear an increased risk of principal loss (or gain). The latter scenario may result if “leverage” is used to structure the hybrid instrument. Leverage risk occurs when the hybrid instrument is structured so that a given change in a benchmark or underlying asset is multiplied to produce a greater value change in the hybrid instrument, thereby magnifying the risk of loss as well as the potential for gain.

If the fund attempts to use a hybrid instrument as a hedge against, or as a substitute for, a portfolio investment, the hybrid instrument may not correlate as expected with the portfolio investment, resulting in losses to the fund. While hedging strategies involving hybrid instruments can reduce the risk of loss, they can also reduce the opportunity for gain or even result in losses by offsetting favorable price movements in other fund investments.

Hybrid instruments may also carry liquidity risk since the instruments are often “customized” to meet the portfolio needs of a particular investor, and therefore, the number of investors that are willing and able to buy such instruments in the secondary market may be smaller than that for more traditional debt securities. Under certain conditions, the redemption value of such an investment could be zero. In addition, because the purchase and sale of hybrid investments could take place in an over-the-counter market without the guarantee of a central clearing organization, or in a transaction between the fund and the issuer of the hybrid instrument, the creditworthiness of the counterparty of the issuer of the hybrid instrument would be an additional risk factor the fund would have to consider and monitor, and the value of the hybrid instrument may decline substantially if the issuer’s creditworthiness deteriorates. In addition, uncertainty regarding the tax treatment of hybrid instruments may reduce demand for such instruments. Hybrid instruments also may not be subject to regulation by the CFTC, which generally regulates the trading of commodity futures by U.S. persons, the SEC, which regulates the offer and sale of securities by and to U.S. persons, or any other governmental regulatory authority.

Illiquid Investments

Each Putnam money market fund will not invest in (a) securities which are not readily marketable, (b) securities restricted as to resale (excluding securities determined by the Trustees of the fund (or the person designated by the Trustees of the fund to make such determinations) to be readily marketable), and (c) repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days, if, as a result, more than 10% of the fund’s net assets (taken at current value) would be invested in securities described in (a), (b) and (c). Rule 22e-4 under the 1940 Act provides that mutual funds (other than money market funds) may not acquire any illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. The term “illiquid investment” for this purpose means any investment that a fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment.

A fund’s illiquid investments may be considered speculative and may be difficult to sell. The sale of many of these investments may be prohibited or limited by law or contract. Illiquid investments may be difficult to value for purposes of calculating a fund’s net asset value. A fund may not be able to sell illiquid investments when Putnam Management considers it desirable to do so, or a fund may be able to sell them only at less than their value. The larger size of certain fund holdings and the lack of liquidity in securities markets may limit a fund’s ability to sell illiquid investments, or to sell them at appropriate prices, thereby negatively impacting the fund.

Inflation-Protected Securities

The fund may invest in U.S. Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (“U.S. TIPS”), which are fixed income securities issued by the U.S. Department of Treasury, the principal amounts of which are adjusted daily based upon changes in the rate of inflation or deflation. The fund may also invest in other inflation-protected

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securities issued by non-U.S. governments or by private issuers. Two structures are common. While the U.S. Treasury and some other issuers use a structure that accrues inflation/deflation into the principal value of the bond, many other issuers adjust the coupon accruals for inflation-related changes.

U.S. TIPS pay interest on a semi-annual basis, equal to a fixed percentage of the inflation-adjusted principal amount. The interest rate on these securities is fixed at issuance, but over the life of the security this interest may be paid on an increasing or decreasing principal value that has been adjusted for inflation. U.S. TIPS currently are issued with maturities of five, ten, or thirty years, although it is possible that securities with other maturities will be issued in the future.

Repayment of the original principal upon maturity (as adjusted for inflation) is guaranteed for U.S. TIPS, even during a period of deflation. However, because the principal amount of U.S. TIPS would be adjusted downward during a period of deflation, the fund will be subject to deflation risk with respect to its investments in these securities. In addition, the current market value of U.S. TIPS is not guaranteed, and will fluctuate. If the fund purchases U.S. TIPS in the secondary market whose principal values have been adjusted upward due to inflation since issuance, the fund may experience a loss if there is a subsequent period of deflation. The fund may also invest in other inflation-related securities which may or may not provide a guarantee of principal. If a guarantee of principal is not provided, the adjusted principal value of the security repaid at maturity may be less than the original principal amount.

In addition, inflation-indexed securities do not protect holders from increases in interest rates due to reasons other than inflation (such as changes in currency exchange rates). The periodic adjustment of U.S. TIPS is currently tied to the Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers (“CPI-U”), which is calculated by the U.S. Department of Treasury. The CPI-U is a measurement of changes in the cost of living, made up of components such as housing, food, transportation and energy. Inflation-protected securities issued by a non-U.S. government are generally adjusted to reflect a comparable inflation index, calculated by that government. There can no assurance that the CPI-U or any non-U.S. inflation index will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services. If interest rates rise due to reasons other than inflation (for example, due to changes in currency exchange rates), investors in these securities may not be protected to the extent that the increase is not reflected in the security’s inflation measure, which could result in losses to the fund. In addition, there can be no assurance that the rate of inflation in a non-U.S. country will be correlated to the rate of inflation in the United States.

Although inflation-indexed bonds securities may protect their holders from long-term inflationary trends, short-term increases in inflation may result in a decline in value. In general, the value of inflation-protected securities is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in real interest rates, which are in turn tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. Therefore, if inflation were to rise at a faster rate than nominal interest rates, real interest rates might decline, leading to an increase in value of inflation-protected securities. In contrast, if nominal interest rates increased at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates might rise, leading to a decrease in value of inflation-protected securities. If inflation is lower than expected during the period the fund holds the security, the fund may earn less on the security than on a conventional bond.

Any increase in principal value is taxable in the year the increase occurs, even though holders do not receive cash representing the increase at that time. As a result, when the fund invests in inflation-protected securities, it could be required at times to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements as a regulated investment company and to eliminate any fund-level income tax liability under the Code.

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Initial Public Offerings

The fund may purchase debt or equity securities in initial public offerings (“IPOs”). These securities, which are often issued by unseasoned companies, may be subject to many of the same risks of investing in companies with smaller market capitalizations. Securities issued in an IPO frequently are very volatile in price (and may, therefore, involve greater risk) due to factors such as market psychology prevailing at the time of the IPO, the absence of a prior public market, unseasoned trading, the small number of shares available for trading, and limited availability of information about the issuer. Because of the price volatility of IPO securities, the fund may hold securities purchased in an IPO for a very short period of time. As a result, the fund’s investments in IPOs may increase portfolio turnover, which increases brokerage and administrative costs and may result in taxable distributions to shareholders.

There can be no assurance that investments in IPOs will be available to the funds or improve a fund’s performance. At any particular time or from time to time the fund may not be able to invest in securities issued in IPOs, or invest to the extent desired because, for example, only a small portion (if any) of the securities being offered in an IPO may be made available to the fund. In addition, under certain market conditions a relatively small number of companies may issue securities in IPOs. Similarly, to the extent that the number of Putnam funds to which IPO securities are allocated increases, the number of securities issued to any one fund may decrease. The investment performance of the fund during periods when it is unable to invest significantly or at all in IPOs may be lower than during periods when the fund is able to do so. When a fund’s asset base is small, a significant portion of the fund’s performance could be attributable to investments in IPOs because such investments would have a magnified impact on the fund. As the fund increases in size, the impact of IPOs on the fund’s performance will generally decrease.

Interfund Borrowing and Lending

To satisfy redemption requests or to cover unanticipated cash shortfalls, the fund has entered into an Amended and Restated Master Interfund Lending Agreement by and among each Putnam fund and Putnam Management (the “Interfund Lending Agreement”) under which a Putnam fund may lend or borrow money (Putnam money market funds may lend, but not borrow) for temporary purposes directly to or from another Putnam fund (an “Interfund Loan”), subject to meeting the conditions of an SEC exemptive order dated April 10, 2002 (the “Putnam Exemptive Order”) granted to the fund permitting such Interfund Loans. All Interfund Loans would consist only of uninvested cash reserves that the lending fund otherwise would invest in short-term repurchase agreements or other short-term instruments. At this time, Putnam Short-Term Investment Fund is the only Putnam fund expected to make its uninvested cash reserves available for Interfund Loans.

On March 23, 2020, the SEC issued a temporary exemptive order (the “Temporary Order”) granting relief to funds in response to the market impacts of COVID-19. The Temporary Order permitted the Putnam funds to deviate from certain terms and conditions of the Putnam Exemptive Order permitting the Putnam funds to participate in an interfund lending facility, including with respect to the maximum term of an interfund loan and the maximum percentage of a lending fund’s assets that may be loaned. Under the Temporary Order, a fund may lend up to 25% of its net assets notwithstanding provisions in the Putnam Exemptive Order that limit the aggregate loans to all borrowing funds to 15% of the lending fund’s net assets. A maximum term of 60 days for any interfund loan made in reliance on the Temporary Order is permitted.

If the fund has outstanding borrowings, any Interfund Loans to the fund (a) would be at an interest rate equal to or lower than that of any outstanding bank loan, (b) would be secured at least on an equal priority basis with at least an equivalent percentage of collateral to loan value as any outstanding bank loan that requires collateral, and (c) would have a maturity no longer than any outstanding bank loan (and in any event not over seven days). In addition, if an event of default were to occur under any agreement evidencing an outstanding bank loan to the fund, the event of default would automatically (without need for action or notice by the

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lending fund) constitute an immediate event of default under the Interfund Lending Agreement entitling the lending fund to call the Interfund Loan (and exercise all rights with respect to any collateral, if any). Such a call would be deemed made if a lending bank exercises its right to call its loan under its agreement with the borrowing fund.

The fund may make an unsecured borrowing under the Interfund Lending Agreement if its outstanding borrowings from all sources immediately after the interfund borrowing total 10% or less of its total assets; provided, that if the fund has a secured loan outstanding from any other lender, including but not limited to another Putnam fund, the fund’s Interfund Loan would be secured on at least an equal priority basis with at least an equivalent percentage of collateral to loan value as any outstanding loan secured by collateral. If (i) the fund’s total outstanding borrowings immediately after an interfund borrowing would be greater than 10% of its total assets,(ii) the fund’s total outstanding borrowings exceed 10% of its total assets for any reason (such as a decline in net asset value or because of shareholder redemptions), or (iii) the fund has outstanding secured Interfund Loans, the fund may borrow through the Interfund Lending Agreement on a secured basis only. All secured Interfund Loans would be secured by the pledge of segregated collateral with a market value equal to at least 102% of the outstanding principal value of the Interfund Loan. The fund may not borrow from any source if its total outstanding borrowings immediately after the borrowing would exceed the limits imposed by Section 18 of the 1940 Act or the fund’s fundamental investment restrictions.

The fund may not lend to another Putnam fund under the Interfund Lending Agreement if the Interfund Loan would cause its aggregate outstanding Interfund Loans to exceed 15% of the fund’s current net assets (25% under the Temporary Order) at the time of the Interfund Loan. The fund’s Interfund Loans to any one fund may not exceed 5% of the lending fund’s net assets. The duration of Interfund Loans would be limited to the time required to receive payment for securities sold, but in no event may the duration exceed seven days (60 days if the Interfund Loan is made in reliance on the Temporary Order). Interfund Loans effected within seven days of each other would be treated as separate loan transactions for purposes of this condition. Each Interfund Loan may be called on one business day’s notice by a lending fund and may be repaid on any day by a borrowing fund.

The limitations detailed above and the other conditions of the SEC exemptive order permitting interfund lending are designed to minimize the risks associated with interfund lending for both the lending fund and the borrowing fund. However, no borrowing or lending activity is without risk. If the fund borrows money from another fund, there is a risk that the Interfund Loan could be called on one business day’s notice or not renewed, in which case the fund may have to borrow from a bank at higher rates if an Interfund Loan were not available from another fund. A delay in repayment to a lending fund could result in a lost opportunity or additional lending costs, and interfund loans are subject to the risk that the borrowing fund could be unable to repay the loan when due. In the case of a default by a borrowing fund and to the extent that the loan is collateralized, the lending fund could take possession of collateral that it is not permitted to hold and, therefore, would be required to dispose of such collateral as soon as possible, which could result in a loss to the lending fund. Because Putnam Management provides investment management services to both the lending fund and the borrowing fund, Putnam Management may have a potential conflict of interest in determining whether an Interfund Loan is appropriate for the lending fund and the borrowing fund. The funds and Putnam Management have adopted policies and procedures that are designed to manage potential conflicts of interest, but the administration of the Interfund Program may be subject to such conflicts.

Inverse Floaters

Inverse floating rate debt securities (or “inverse floaters”) are debt securities structured with variable interest rates that reset in the opposite direction from the market rate of interest to which the inverse floater is indexed. An inverse floater may be considered to be leveraged to the extent that its interest rate varies by a magnitude that exceeds the magnitude of the change in the index rate of interest. As a result, inverse floaters may be more

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volatile and more sensitive to interest rate changes than other types of debt securities with comparable maturities. Inverse floaters may be subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale and therefore may be less liquid than other types of securities. Certain inverse floaters may be illiquid.

Investments in Wholly Owned Subsidiaries

Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund may invest up to 25% of its total assets in its wholly-owned and controlled subsidiary, organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company (each, a “Subsidiary” and collectively, the “Subsidiaries”) in order to gain exposure to the commodities markets within the limitations of the federal tax laws, rules and regulations that apply to regulated investment companies.

Generally, each Subsidiary will invest primarily in commodity futures, and, in the case of Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund, swaps on commodity futures, but each Subsidiary may also invest in other commodity-related instruments (such as financial futures, option and swap contracts). Each Subsidiary may also have exposure to equity and fixed income securities, cash and cash equivalents, pooled investment vehicles (including those that are not registered pursuant to the 1940 Act) and other investments, either as investments or to serve as margin or collateral for the Subsidiary’s derivative positions. Unlike a fund, a Subsidiary may invest without limitation in commodity-linked derivatives. By investing in a Subsidiary, each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund is indirectly exposed to the risks associated with the Subsidiary’s investments. Except as described below, the Subsidiaries are not registered under the 1940 Act and are not subject to all of the investor protections of the 1940 Act. Changes in the laws of the United States and/or the Cayman Islands could result in the inability of the fund and/or the Subsidiary to operate as described in the prospectus and could adversely affect the fund and its shareholders.

The Chief Compliance Officer of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund oversees implementation of each Subsidiary’s policies and procedures, and makes periodic reports to the Board regarding each Subsidiary’s compliance with its policies and procedures. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund test for compliance with investment restrictions on a consolidated basis with its Subsidiary, except that with respect to its investments in certain securities that may involve leverage, each Subsidiary complies with asset segregation requirements to the same extent as the applicable fund.

PanAgora provides investment management and other services to each Subsidiary. PanAgora does not receive increased compensation by virtue of providing each Subsidiary with investment management or administrative services. However, Putnam Management pays PanAgora based on each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s assets, including the assets invested in the applicable Subsidiary. Each Subsidiary will also enter into separate contracts for the provision of custody and audit services with the same or with affiliates of the same service providers that provide those services to the applicable fund.

The financial statements of each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund will be consolidated with the financial statements of the applicable Subsidiary in the fund’s Annual and Semi-Annual Reports. The fund’s Annual and Semi-Annual Reports are distributed to shareholders, and copies of the reports are provided without charge upon request as indicated on the back cover of the prospectus.

In order for the fund to qualify as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code the fund must derive at least 90 percent of its gross income each taxable year from certain sources of “qualifying income” specified in the Code. Income from certain commodity-linked derivative instruments in which the fund might invest may not be considered qualifying income. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s investment in a Subsidiary is expected to provide the fund with exposure to the commodities markets within the limitations of the federal income tax requirements of

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Subchapter M of the Code. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s pursuit of its investment strategy may be limited by the fund’s intention to qualify for treatment as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. If a net loss is realized by a Subsidiary, such loss is generally not available to offset income or capital gain generated from the fund’s other investments. In addition, a Subsidiary is not permitted to carry forward any net ordinary losses it realizes in a taxable year to offset ordinary income it realizes in subsequent taxable years.

Legal and Regulatory Risks Relating to Investment Strategy

The fund may be adversely affected by new (or revised) laws or regulations that may be imposed by the Internal Revenue System or Treasury Department, the CFTC, the SEC, the U.S. Federal Reserve or other banking regulators, or other governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise the financial markets. These agencies are empowered to promulgate a variety of rules pursuant to financial reform legislation in the United States. The fund may also be adversely affected by changes in the enforcement or interpretation of existing statutes and rules by these governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations. It is impossible to predict what, if any, changes in regulations may occur, but any regulation that restricts the ability of the fund to trade in securities or otherwise execute its investment strategy could have a material adverse impact on the fund’s performance.

The regulatory environment for funds is evolving, and changes in regulation may adversely affect the value of the investments held by the fund and the ability of the fund to execute its investment strategy. In addition, the securities and futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations and margin requirements. The CFTC, the SEC, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, other regulators and self-regulatory organizations and exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of market emergencies. The regulation of securitization and derivatives transactions and funds that engage in such transactions is an evolving area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action.

In October 2016, the SEC adopted a liquidity risk management rule, Rule 22e-4 under the 1940 Act (the “Liquidity Rule”) that requires each fund (other than Putnam money market funds) to establish a liquidity risk management program. The funds have implemented a liquidity risk management program, and the fund’s Board of Trustees has appointed Putnam Management to administer the program. Under the liquidity risk management program, the liquidity risk of each fund is assessed, managed, and periodically reviewed and each portfolio investment held by each fund is classified as a “highly liquid investment,” “moderately liquid investment,” “less liquid investment” or “illiquid investment.” The Liquidity Rule defines “liquidity risk” as the risk that a fund could not meet requests to redeem shares issued by the fund without significant dilution of the remaining investors’ interest in the fund. The liquidity of a fund’s portfolio investments is determined based on relevant market, trading and investment-specific considerations under the fund’s liquidity risk management program. The impact the Liquidity Rule will have on the funds, and on the open-end fund industry in general, is not yet fully known, but the rule could impact a fund’s performance and its ability to achieve its investment objective(s). Please see “Illiquid Investments” above for more information.

The U.S. government has enacted legislation that provides for new regulation of the derivatives market, including clearing, margin, reporting and registration requirements. The CFTC, SEC, and other federal regulators have adopted and continue to develop rules and regulations enacting the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”). The European Union (“EU”) and some other countries have implemented and are in the process of implementing similar requirements that affect the fund when it enters into derivatives transactions with a counterparty organized in that country or otherwise subject to that country’s derivatives regulations. For example, the U.S. government, the EU and certain other jurisdictions have adopted mandatory minimum margin requirements for bilateral derivatives.

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New variation margin requirements became effective in 2017 and new initial margin requirements are expected to become effective for swaps between swap dealers and many buy-side entities in the near future. Such requirements could increase the amount of margin the fund needs to provide in connection with its derivatives transactions and, therefore, make derivatives transactions more expensive.

In addition, in October 2020, the SEC adopted Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act (the “Derivatives Rule”), regulating the use by registered investment companies of derivatives and many related instruments (e.g. reverse repurchase agreements). The compliance date for the Derivatives Rule is expected to be on or about August 19, 2022. The Derivatives Rule requires, among other things, that certain entities adopt a derivatives risk management program, comply with limitations on leverage-related risk based on a “value-at-risk” test and update reporting and disclosure procedures. Funds that use derivative instruments in a limited amount will not be subject to the full requirements of the Derivatives Rule. In connection with the adoption of the Derivatives Rule, funds will no longer be required to comply with the asset segregation framework arising from prior SEC guidance for covering certain derivative instruments and related transactions. As the funds come into compliance, the approach to asset segregation and coverage requirements described in this SAI will be impacted.

Regulatory changes also may affect counterparty risk. For example, new regulatory requirements may limit the ability of the fund to protect its interests in the event of an insolvency of a derivatives counterparty. In the event of a counterparty’s (or its affiliate’s) insolvency, the fund’s ability to exercise remedies, such as the termination of transactions, netting of obligations and realization on collateral, could be stayed or eliminated under new special resolution regimes adopted in the United States, the EU and various other jurisdictions. Such regimes provide government authorities with broad authority to intervene when a financial institution is experiencing financial difficulty. In particular, with respect to counterparties who are subject to such proceedings in the EU, the liabilities of such counterparties to the fund could be reduced, eliminated, or converted to equity in such counterparties (sometimes referred to as a “bail in”).

The CFTC and domestic exchanges have established speculative position limits, referred to as “position limits,” on the maximum speculative positions which any person, or group of persons acting in concert, may hold or control in particular futures and options on futures contracts. All positions owned or controlled by the same person or entity, even if in different accounts, must be aggregated for purposes of determining whether the applicable position limits have been exceeded. Thus, even if the fund does not intend to exceed applicable position limits, it is possible that different clients managed by Putnam Management and its affiliates may be aggregated for this purpose. Any modification of trading decisions or elimination of open positions that may be required to avoid exceeding such limits may adversely affect the profitability of the fund. In addition, the CFTC recently adopted rules that, once effective, will materially expand the scope of contracts subject to federal limits to include additional futures and options on futures and certain swaps. Such regulations may adversely affect the fund’s ability to hold positions in certain futures contracts and related options and swaps.

The SEC has in the past adopted interim rules requiring reporting of all short positions above a certain de minimis threshold and may adopt rules requiring monthly public disclosure in the future. In addition, other non-U.S. jurisdictions where the fund may trade have adopted reporting requirements. If the fund’s short positions or its strategy become generally known, the fund’s ability to implement its investment strategy could be adversely affected. In particular, other investors could cause a “short squeeze” in the securities held short by the fund forcing the fund to cover its positions at a loss. Such reporting requirements may also limit the fund’s ability to access management and other personnel at certain companies where the fund seeks to take a short position. In addition, if other investors engage in copycat behavior by taking positions in the same issuers as the fund, the cost of borrowing securities to sell short could increase drastically and the availability of such securities to the fund could decrease drastically. Such events could make a fund unable to execute its investment strategy. Short sales are also subject to certain SEC regulations. If the SEC were to adopt additional restrictions on short sales, they could restrict the fund’s ability to engage in short sales in certain circumstances. The SEC and regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions may adopt (and in certain cases, have adopted) bans on new or increases in short sales of certain securities, including short positions on such securities acquired through swaps, in response to market events. Bans on short selling and such short positions

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may make it impossible for the fund to execute certain investment strategies and may have a material adverse effect on the fund’s ability to generate returns.

In October 2020, the SEC adopted certain regulatory changes and took other actions related to the ability of an investment company to invest in another investment company. These changes include, among other things, amendments to Rule 12d1-1, the rescission of Rule 12d1-2, the adoption of Rule 12d1-4, and the rescission of certain exemptive relief issued by the SEC permitting such investments in excess of statutory limits. These regulatory changes may adversely impact each fund’s investment strategies and operations.

Rules implementing the credit risk retention requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act for asset-backed securities require the sponsor of certain securitization vehicles to retain, and to refrain from transferring, selling, conveying to a third party, or hedging 5% of the credit risk in assets transferred, sold, or conveyed through the issuance of such vehicle, subject to certain exceptions. These requirements may increase the costs to originators, securitizers, and, in certain cases, collateral managers of securitization vehicles in which the fund may invest, which costs could be passed along to the fund as an investor in such transactions.

Some EU-regulated institutions (banks, certain investment firms, and authorized managers of alternative investment funds) are currently restricted from investing in securitizations (including U.S.-related securitizations), unless, in summary: (i) the institution is able to demonstrate that it has undertaken certain due diligence in respect of various matters, including its investment position, the underlying assets, and (in the case of authorized managers of alternative investment funds) the sponsor and the originator of the securitization; and (ii) the originator, sponsor, or original lender of the securitization has explicitly disclosed to the institution that it will retain, on an ongoing basis, a net economic interest of not less than five percent of specified credit risk tranches or asset exposures related to the securitization. In the future, EU insurance and reinsurance undertakings and UCITS funds are expected to become subject to similar restrictions. Although the requirements do not apply to the fund directly, the costs of compliance, in the case of any securitization within the EU risk retention rules in which the fund has invested or is seeking to invest, could be indirectly borne by the fund and the other investors in the securitization.

The regulations described in this SAI as well as other new or evolving regulations could, among other things, further restrict the fund’s ability to engage in, or increase the cost to the fund of, derivatives transactions, and the fund may be unable to execute its investment strategy as a result. Because these requirements are new and evolving, their ultimate impact on the fund and the financial system is not yet known. While the new rules and regulations and central clearing of some derivatives transactions are designed to reduce systemic risk (i.e., the risk that the interdependence of large derivatives dealers could cause them to suffer liquidity, solvency or other challenges simultaneously), there is no assurance that they will achieve that result, and in the meantime, the requirements can expose the fund to new kinds of costs and risks.

London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)

On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, announced a desire to phase out the use of LIBOR by the end of 2021. On December 4, 2020, the administrator of LIBOR published a consultation seeking market input on a proposal to delay the phase out of a majority of the U.S. dollar LIBOR publications until June 30, 2023, with the remainder of LIBOR publications to still end at the end of 2021. As a result of these developments, it remains unclear if, how and in what form, LIBOR will continue to exist. LIBOR has historically been a common benchmark interest rate index used to make adjustments to variable-rate loans. It is used throughout global banking and financial industries to determine interest rates for a variety of financial instruments and borrowing arrangements. Actions by regulators have resulted in the establishment of alternative reference rates to LIBOR in most major currencies. Various

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financial industry groups have begun planning for the transition from LIBOR, but there are obstacles to converting certain longer-term securities and transactions to new reference rates. Markets are developing slowly and questions around liquidity in these rates and how to appropriately adjust these rates to mitigate any economic value transfer at the time of transition remain a significant concern. Neither the effect of the transition process nor its ultimate success can yet be known. The transition process might lead to increased volatility and illiquidity in markets that currently rely on LIBOR to determine interest rates. It could also lead to a reduction in the value of some LIBOR-based investments and reduce the effectiveness of new hedges placed against existing LIBOR-based investments. While some LIBOR-based instruments may contemplate a scenario where LIBOR is no longer available by providing for an alternative rate-setting methodology, not all may have such provisions and there may be significant uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of any such alternative methodologies. Since the usefulness of LIBOR as a benchmark could deteriorate during the transition period, these effects could occur prior to the end of 2021.

Lower-rated Securities

The fund may invest in lower-rated fixed-income securities (commonly known as “junk bonds”) and may hold fixed-income securities that are downgraded to a lower rating after the time of purchase by the fund. Compared to higher-rated fixed-income securities, lower-rated securities generally offer the potential for higher investment returns but subject holders to greater credit, market and liquidity risk, including the possibility of default or bankruptcy. The lower ratings reflect a greater possibility that adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer or in general economic conditions, or both, or an unanticipated rise in interest rates, may impair the ability of the issuer to make payments of interest and principal. The inability (or perceived inability) of issuers to make timely payment of interest and principal would likely make the values of securities held by the fund more volatile and could limit the fund’s ability to sell its securities at prices approximating the values the fund had placed on such securities. The market price of lower-rated securities also generally responds to short-term corporate and market developments to a greater extent than do the price and liquidity of higher-rated securities because such developments are perceived to have a more direct relationship to the ability of an issuer of lower-rated securities to meet its ongoing debt obligations. In addition, the market may be less liquid for lower-rated securities than for higher-rated securities. In the absence of a liquid trading market for securities held by it, the fund at times may be unable to establish the fair value of such securities.

Securities ratings are based largely on the issuer’s historical financial condition and the rating agencies’ analysis at the time of rating. Consequently, the rating assigned to any particular security is not necessarily a reflection of the issuer’s current financial condition, which may be better or worse than the rating would indicate. In addition, the rating assigned to a security by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. or Standard & Poor’s (or by any other nationally recognized securities rating agency) does not reflect an assessment of the volatility of the security’s market value or the liquidity of an investment in the security. See “SECURITIES RATINGS.”

Like those of other fixed-income securities, the values of lower-rated securities fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates. A decrease in interest rates will generally result in an increase in the value of the fund’s fixed-income assets. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the value of the fund’s fixed-income assets will generally decline. The values of lower-rated securities may often be affected to a greater extent than higher-rated securities by changes in general economic conditions and business conditions affecting the issuers of such securities and their industries. Negative publicity or investor perceptions may also adversely affect the values of lower-rated securities, whether or not justified by fundamental factors. Changes by nationally recognized securities rating agencies in their ratings of any fixed-income security, changes in the ability of an issuer to make payments of interest and principal or regulation that limits the ability of certain categories of financial institutions to invest in lower-rated securities may also affect the value of these investments. Changes in the value of portfolio securities generally will not affect income derived from these securities, but will affect the fund’s net asset value. The fund will not necessarily dispose of a security when its rating is reduced below its rating at the time of purchase. However, Putnam Management will monitor the investment to determine whether its retention will assist in meeting the fund’s goal(s).

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Lower-rated securities may contain redemption, call or prepayment provisions which permit the issuer of such securities to, at its discretion, redeem the securities. During periods of falling interest rates, issuers of these securities are likely to redeem or prepay the securities and refinance them with debt securities with a lower interest rate. To the extent an issuer is able to refinance the securities, or otherwise redeem them, the fund may have to replace the securities with a lower yielding security, which would result in a lower return.

Issuers of lower-rated fixed-income securities may be (i) in poor financial condition, (ii) experiencing poor operating results, (iii) having substantial capital needs or negative net worth, or (iv) facing special competitive or product obsolescence problems, and may include companies involved in bankruptcy or other reorganizations or liquidation proceedings. Issuers of lower-rated securities are also often highly leveraged, and their relatively high debt-to-equity ratios increase the risk that their operations may not generate sufficient cash flow to service their debt obligations, especially during an economic downturn or during sustained periods of rising interest rates. Such issuers may not have more traditional methods of financing available to them and may be unable to repay outstanding obligations at maturity by refinancing. The risk of loss due to default in payment of interest or repayment of principal by issuers of lower-rated securities is significantly greater than for issuers of higher-rated securities because such securities frequently are unsecured and subordinated to the prior payment of senior indebtedness.

At times, a substantial portion of the fund’s assets may be invested in an issue of which the fund, by itself or together with other funds and accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates, holds all or a major portion. Although Putnam Management generally considers such securities to be liquid because of the availability of an institutional market for such securities, it is possible that, under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the fund could find it more difficult to sell these securities when Putnam Management believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell the securities only at prices lower than if they were more widely held. Under these circumstances, it may also be more difficult to determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of computing the fund’s net asset value. In order to enforce its rights in the event of a default, the fund may be required to participate in various legal proceedings or take possession of and manage assets securing the issuer’s obligations on such securities. This could increase the fund’s operating expenses and adversely affect the fund’s net asset value. In the case of tax-exempt funds, any income derived from the fund’s ownership or operation of such assets would not be tax-exempt. The ability of a holder of a tax-exempt security to enforce the terms of that security in a bankruptcy proceeding may be more limited than would be the case with respect to securities of private issuers. In addition, the fund’s intention to qualify as a “regulated investment company” under the Code may limit the extent to which the fund may exercise its rights by taking possession of such assets.

To the extent the fund invests in lower-rated securities, the achievement of the fund’s goals is more dependent on Putnam Management’s investment analysis than would be the case if the fund were investing in higher-rated securities

Market Risk

The value of securities in a fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions, investor sentiment and market perceptions (including perceptions about monetary policy, interest rates or the risk of default), government actions (including protectionist measures, intervention in the financial markets or other regulation, and changes in fiscal, monetary or tax policies), geopolitical events or changes (including natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics, terrorism and war), and factors related to a specific issuer, geography, industry or sector. In addition, the increasing popularity of passive index-based investing may have the potential to increase security price correlations and volatility. (As passive strategies generally buy or sell securities based simply on inclusion and representation in an index, securities prices will have an increasing tendency to rise or fall based on whether money is flowing into or out of passive strategies rather than based on an analysis of the prospects and valuation of individual securities. This may result in increased market volatility as more money is invested

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through passive strategies). These and other factors may lead to increased volatility and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings, particularly for larger investments. During those periods, the fund may experience high levels of shareholder redemptions, and may have to sell securities at times when it would otherwise not do so, and at unfavorable price.

Legal, political, regulatory and tax changes may cause fluctuations in markets and securities prices. In the past, governmental and non-governmental issuers have defaulted on, or have been forced to restructure, their debts, and many other issuers have faced difficulties obtaining credit. Defaults or restructurings by governments or others of their debts could have substantial adverse effects on economies, financial markets, and asset valuations around the world. In addition, financial regulators, including the U.S. Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank, at times have taken steps to maintain historically low interest rates, such as by purchasing bonds. Some governmental authorities at times have taken steps to devalue their currencies substantially or have taken other steps to counter actual or anticipated market or other developments. Steps by those regulators and authorities to implement, or to curtail or taper, these activities could have substantial negative effects on financial markets. The withdrawal of support, failure of efforts in response to a financial crisis, or investor perception that these efforts are not succeeding could negatively affect financial markets generally as well as the values and liquidity of certain securities.

The fund is subject to the risk that geopolitical events will disrupt securities markets and adversely affect global economies and markets. War, terrorism, economic uncertainty, and other geopolitical events (including sanctions, tariffs, exchange controls or other cross-border trade barriers) have led, and in the future may lead, to increased short-term market volatility and may have adverse long-term effects on U.S. and world economies and markets generally. In addition, trade disputes (such as the “trade war” between the United States and China that intensified in 2018 and 2019) may affect investor and consumer confidence and may adversely impact financial markets and the broader economy, perhaps suddenly and to a significant degree. Events such as these and their impact on the fund are difficult to predict.

Likewise, natural and environmental disasters, epidemics or pandemics, and systemic market dislocations may be highly disruptive to economies and markets, and may result in significant market volatility, exchange trading suspensions or closures, or a substantial economic downturn or recession. Those events, as well as other changes in foreign and domestic economic and political conditions, also could disrupt the operations of the fund or its service providers or adversely affect individual issuers or related groups of issuers, interest rates, credit ratings, default rates, inflation, supply chains, consumer demand, investor sentiment, and other factors affecting the value or liquidity of the fund’s investments.

An outbreak of respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus designated as COVID-19 was first detected in China in December 2019 and subsequently spread internationally. The transmission of COVID-19 and efforts to contain its spread have resulted in, among other things, border closings and other significant travel restrictions and disruptions; significant disruptions to business operations, supply chains and customer activity; lower consumer demand for goods and services; higher levels of unemployment; event cancellations and restrictions; service cancellations, reductions and other changes; significant challenges in healthcare service preparation and delivery; prolonged quarantines; and general concern and uncertainty. These impacts have negatively affected, and may continue to negatively affect, the global economy, the economies of individual countries, and the financial performance of individual issuers, sectors, industries, asset classes, and markets in significant and unforeseen ways. The COVID-19 pandemic also has resulted in significant market volatility, exchange trading suspensions and closures, declines in global financial markets, higher default rates, and economic downturns and recessions, and may continue to have similar effects in the future. In addition, actions taken by government and quasi-governmental authorities and regulators throughout the world in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including significant fiscal and monetary policies changes, may affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of some securities and other assets. Health crises caused by the COVID-19 pandemic may also exacerbate other pre-existing political, social, economic, market and financial risks. The effects of the outbreak in developing or emerging market countries may be greater due to less established health care systems. The foregoing could impair the fund’s ability to maintain operational standards (such as with respect

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to satisfying redemption requests), disrupt the operations of the fund’s service providers, adversely affect the value and liquidity of the fund’s investments, and negatively impact the fund’s performance and your investment in the fund. Given the significant uncertainty surrounding the magnitude, duration, reach, costs and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as actions that have been or could be taken by governmental authorities or other third parties, it is difficult to predict its potential impacts on a fund’s investments.

Securities and financial markets may be susceptible to market manipulation or other fraudulent trade practices, which could disrupt the orderly functioning of these markets, contribute to overall market volatility and adversely affect the values of the fund’s investments.

Given the increasing interdependence among global economies and markets, conditions in one country, region or market might adversely affect financial conditions or issuers in other countries, regions or markets. For example, any partial or complete dissolution of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, or any increased uncertainty as to its status, could have significant adverse effects on global currency and financial markets, and on the values of the fund’s investments. On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom formally withdrew from the European Union (commonly known as “Brexit”). An agreement between the United Kingdom and the European Union governing their future trade relationship became effective January 1, 2021.While the full impact of Brexit is unknown, Brexit has already resulted in volatility in European and global markets. Potential negative long-term effects could include, among others, greater market volatility and illiquidity, disruptions to world securities markets, currency fluctuations, deterioration in economic activity, a decrease in business confidence, and an increased likelihood of a recession in the United Kingdom. To the extent the fund has focused its investments in a particular country, region or market, adverse geopolitical and other events impacting that country, region or market could have a disproportionate impact on the fund.

Master Limited Partnerships (MLPs)

A MLP generally is a publicly traded company organized as a limited partnership or limited liability company and treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. MLPs may derive income and gains from, among other things, the exploration, development, mining or production, processing, refining, transportation (including pipelines transporting gas, oil, or products thereof), or the marketing of any mineral or natural resources. MLPs generally have two classes of owners, the general partner and limited partners. The general partner of an MLP is typically owned by one or more of the following: a major energy company, an investment fund, or the direct management of the MLP. The general partner may be structured as a private or publicly traded corporation or other entity. The general partner typically controls the operations and management of the MLP through an up to 2% equity interest in the MLP plus, in many cases, ownership of common units and subordinated units. Limited partners own the remainder of the partnership through ownership of common units and have a limited role in the partnership’s operations and management.

MLP securities in which certain funds may invest can include, but are not limited to: (i) equity securities of MLPs, including common units, preferred units or convertible subordinated units; (ii) debt securities of MLPs, including debt securities rated below investment grade; (iii) securities of MLP affiliates; (iv) securities of open-end funds, closed-end funds or exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that invest primarily in MLP securities; or (v) exchange-traded notes whose returns are linked to the returns of MLPs or MLP indices.

The risks of investing in an MLP are generally those inherent in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, MLP common units represent an equity ownership interest in a partnership, providing limited voting rights and entitling the holder to a share of the company’s success through distributions and/or capital appreciation. Unlike shareholders of a corporation, common unit holders do not elect directors annually and generally have the right to vote only on certain significant events, such as mergers, a sale of substantially all of the assets, removal of the general partner or material amendments to the partnership agreement. In addition, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded investors in an MLP than investors in a corporation.

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MLP common units and other equity securities can be affected by macro-economic and other factors affecting the stock market in general, expectations of interest rates, investor sentiment towards MLPs, changes in a particular issuer’s financial condition, or unfavorable or unanticipated poor performance of a particular issuer (in the case of MLPs, generally measured in terms of distributable cash flow). Prices of common units of individual MLPs and other equity securities can also be affected by fundamentals unique to the partnership or company, including earnings power and coverage ratios.

Additional risks involved with investing in an MLP are risks associated with the specific industry or industries in which the partnership invests. For example, companies operating in the energy MLP sector are subject to risks that are specific to the industry in which they operate. MLPs and other companies that provide crude oil, refined product and natural gas services are subject to supply and demand fluctuations in the markets they serve which may be impacted by a wide range of factors including fluctuating commodity prices, weather, increased conservation or use of alternative fuel sources, increased governmental or environmental regulation, depletion, rising interest rates, declines in domestic or foreign production, accidents or catastrophic events, and economic conditions, among others. Energy MLP companies are subject to varying demand for oil, natural gas or refined products in the markets they serve, as well as changes in the supply of products requiring gathering, transport, processing, or storage due to natural declines in reserves and production in the supply areas serviced by the companies’ facilities. Declines in oil or natural gas prices, as well as adverse regulatory decisions, may cause producers to curtail production or reduce capital spending for production or exploration activities, which may in turn reduce the need for the services provided by energy MLP companies. Lower prices may also create lower processing margins. Energy MLPs may also be subject to regulation by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) with respect to tariff rates that these companies may charge for interstate pipeline transportation services. An adverse determination by FERC with respect to tariff rates of a pipeline MLP could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial conditions, result of operations, cash flows and prospects of that pipeline MLP and its ability to make cash distributions to its equity owners.

Money Market Instruments

Money market instruments, or short-term debt instruments, consist of obligations such as commercial paper, bank obligations (e.g., certificates of deposit and bankers’ acceptances), repurchase agreements, and various government obligations, such as Treasury bills. These instruments have a remaining maturity of one year or less and are generally of high credit quality. Money market instruments may be structured to be, or may employ a trust or other form so that they are, eligible investments for money market funds. For example, put features can be used to modify the maturity of a security or interest rate adjustment features can be used to enhance price stability. If a structure fails to function as intended, adverse tax or investment consequences may result. Neither the IRS nor any other regulatory authority has ruled definitively on certain legal issues presented by certain structured securities. Future tax or other regulatory determinations could adversely affect the value, liquidity, or tax treatment of the income received from these securities or the nature and timing of distributions made by the funds.

Commercial paper is a money market instrument issued by banks or companies to raise money for short-term purposes. Commercial paper is usually sold on a discounted basis rather than as an interest-bearing instrument. Unlike some other debt obligations, commercial paper is typically unsecured, which increases the credit risk associated with this type of investment. In some cases, commercial paper may be backed by some form of credit enhancement, typically in the form of a guarantee by a commercial bank. Commercial paper backed by guarantees of foreign banks may involve additional risk due to the difficulty of obtaining and enforcing judgments against such banks and the generally less restrictive regulations to which such banks are subject. Commercial paper also may be issued as an asset-backed security (that is, backed by a pool of assets representing the obligations of a number of different issuers), in which case certain of the risks discussed in “Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed securities” would apply. Commercial paper is traded primarily among institutions.

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Certificates of deposit are receipts issued by a depository institution in exchange for the deposit of funds. The issuer agrees to pay the amount deposited plus interest to the bearer of the receipt on the date specified on the certificate. The certificate usually can be traded in the secondary market prior to maturity. Certificates of deposit may include those issued by foreign banks outside the United States. Such certificates of deposit include Eurodollar and Yankee certificates of deposit. Eurodollar certificates of deposit are U.S. dollar-denominated certificates of deposit issued by branches of foreign and domestic banks located outside the United States. Yankee certificates of deposit are certificates of deposit issued by a U.S. branch of a foreign bank denominated in U.S. dollars and held in the United States.

Bankers’ acceptances typically arise from short-term credit arrangements designed to enable businesses to obtain funds to finance commercial transactions. Generally, an acceptance is a time draft drawn on a bank by an exporter or an importer to obtain a stated amount of funds to pay for specific merchandise. The draft is then “accepted” by a bank that, in effect, unconditionally guarantees to pay the face value of the instrument on its maturity date. The acceptance may then be held by the accepting bank as an earning asset or it may be sold in the secondary market at the going rate of discount for a specific maturity. Although maturities for acceptances can be as long as 270 days, most acceptances have maturities of six months or less. Putnam Money Market Fund may invest in bankers’ acceptances issued by banks with deposits in excess of $2 billion (or the foreign currency equivalent) at the close of the last calendar year. If the Trustees change this minimum deposit requirement, shareholders would be notified. Other Putnam funds may invest in bankers’ acceptances without regard to this requirement.

Time deposits are interest-bearing non-negotiable deposits at a bank or a savings and loan association that have a specific maturity date. A time deposit earns a specific rate of interest over a definite period of time. Time deposits cannot be traded on the secondary market and those exceeding seven days and with a withdrawal penalty are considered to be illiquid.

In accordance with rules issued by the SEC, the fund may from time to time invest all or a portion of its cash balances in money market and/or short-term bond funds advised by Putnam Management. In connection with such investments, Putnam Management may waive a portion of the advisory fees otherwise payable by the fund. See “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI for the amount, if any, waived by Putnam Management in connection with such investments.

Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities

Mortgage-backed securities, including collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) and certain stripped mortgage-backed securities, represent a participation in, or are secured by, mortgage loans. Mortgage-backed securities may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government, such as Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, and FHLBs), foreign governments (or their agencies or instrumentalities), or non-governmental issuers. Interest and principal payments (including prepayments) on the mortgage loans underlying mortgage-backed securities pass through to the holders of the mortgage-backed securities. Asset-backed securities are structured like mortgage-backed securities, but instead of mortgage loans or interests in mortgage loans, the underlying assets may include such items as motor vehicle installment sales or installment loan contracts, home equity loans, leases of various types of real, personal and other property and receivables from credit card agreements. Similar to mortgage-backed securities, other types of asset-backed securities may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government), foreign governments (or their agencies or instrumentalities), or non-governmental issuers.

Mortgage-backed securities have yield and maturity characteristics corresponding to the underlying assets. Unlike traditional debt securities, which may pay a fixed rate of interest until maturity, when the entire principal amount comes due, payments on certain mortgage-backed securities include both interest and a partial repayment of principal. Besides the scheduled repayment of principal, repayments of principal may

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result from the voluntary prepayment, refinancing or foreclosure of the underlying mortgage loans. If property owners make unscheduled prepayments of their mortgage loans, these prepayments will result in early payment of the applicable mortgage-backed securities. In that event the fund may be unable to invest the proceeds from the early payment of the mortgage-backed securities in an investment that provides as high a yield as the mortgage-backed securities. Consequently, early payment associated with mortgage-backed securities may cause these securities to experience significantly greater price and yield volatility than that experienced by traditional fixed-income securities. The occurrence of mortgage prepayments is affected by factors including the level of interest rates, general economic conditions, the location and age of the mortgage and other social and demographic conditions. During periods of falling interest rates, the rate of mortgage prepayments tends to increase, thereby tending to decrease the life of mortgage-backed securities. During periods of rising interest rates, the rate of mortgage prepayments usually decreases, thereby tending to increase the life of mortgage-backed securities. If the life of a mortgage-backed security is inaccurately predicted, the fund may not be able to realize the rate of return it expected.

Adjustable rate mortgage securities (“ARMs”), like traditional mortgage-backed securities, are interests in pools of mortgage loans that provide investors with payments consisting of both principal and interest as mortgage loans in the underlying mortgage pool are paid off by the borrowers. Unlike fixed-rate mortgage-backed securities, ARMs are collateralized by or represent interests in mortgage loans with variable rates of interest. These interest rates are reset at periodic intervals, usually by reference to an interest rate index or market interest rate. Although the rate adjustment feature may act as a buffer to reduce sharp changes in the value of adjustable rate securities, these securities are still subject to changes in value based on, among other things, changes in market interest rates or changes in the issuer’s creditworthiness. If rates increase due to a reset, the risk of default by underlying borrowers may increase. Because the interest rates are reset only periodically, changes in the interest rate on ARMs may lag changes in prevailing market interest rates. The market value of an ARM may be adversely affected if interest rates increase faster than the rates of interest payable on the ARM or by the adjustable rate mortgage loans underlying the ARM. Also, some ARMs (or the underlying mortgages) are subject to caps or floors that limit the maximum change in the interest rate during a specified period or over the life of the security. As a result, changes in the interest rate on an ARM may not fully reflect changes in prevailing market interest rates during certain periods.

The fund may also invest in “hybrid” ARMs, whose underlying mortgages combine fixed-rate and adjustable rate features. A hybrid ARM is a type of mortgage in which the interest rate is fixed for a specified period and then resets periodically, or floats, for the remaining mortgage term. During the initial interest period, hybrid ARMs behave more like fixed income securities and are thus subject to the risks associated with fixed income securities. All hybrid ARMs have reset dates. A reset date is the date when a hybrid ARM changes from a fixed interest rate to a floating interest rate. At the reset date, a hybrid ARM can adjust by a maximum specified amount based on a margin over an identified index. Like ARMs, hybrid ARMs have periodic and lifetime limitations on the increases that can be made to the interest rates that mortgagors pay. Therefore, if during a floating rate period interest rates rise above the interest rate limits of the hybrid ARM, a fund holding the hybrid ARM does not benefit from further increases in interest rates.

Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are less effective than other types of securities as a means of “locking in” attractive long-term interest rates. One reason is the need to reinvest prepayments of principal; another is the possibility of significant unscheduled prepayments resulting from declines in interest rates. These prepayments would have to be reinvested at lower rates. The automatic interest rate adjustment feature of mortgages underlying ARMs likewise reduces the ability to lock-in attractive rates. As a result, mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities may have less potential for capital appreciation during periods of declining interest rates than other securities of comparable maturities, although they may have a similar risk of decline in market value during periods of rising interest rates. Prepayments may also significantly shorten the effective maturities of these securities, especially during periods of declining interest rates. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, a reduction in prepayments may increase the effective maturities of these securities, subjecting them to a greater risk of decline in market value in response to rising interest rates than traditional debt securities, and, therefore, potentially increasing the volatility of the fund.

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At times, some mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities will have higher than market interest rates and therefore will be purchased at a premium above their par value. Prepayments may cause losses on securities purchased at a premium. To the extent an applicable interest rate is based on LIBOR, the fund will be exposed to certain additional risks. See “London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)” above for more information.

Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are subject to varying degrees of credit risk, depending on whether they are issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government) or by non-governmental issuers. Securities issued by private organizations may not be readily marketable, and since the deterioration of worldwide economic and liquidity conditions that became acute in 2008, mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities have been subject to greater liquidity risk. These conditions may occur again. Also, government actions and proposals affecting the terms of underlying home loans, changes in demand for products (e.g., automobiles) financed by those loans, and the inability of borrowers to refinance existing loans (e.g., sub-prime mortgages), have had, and may continue to have, adverse valuation and liquidity effects on mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. Although liquidity of mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities has improved recently, there can be no assurance that in the future the market for mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities will continue to improve and become more liquid.

CMOs may be issued by a U.S. government agency or instrumentality or by a private issuer. Although payment of the principal of, and interest on, the underlying collateral securing privately issued CMOs may be guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities (such as Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, or Ginnie Mae), these CMOs represent obligations solely of the private issuer and are not insured or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities or any other person or entity. CMOs may also be less liquid and may exhibit greater price volatility than other types of mortgage- or other asset-backed securities.

Prepayments could cause early retirement of CMOs. CMOs are designed to reduce the risk of prepayment for investors by issuing multiple classes of securities (or “tranches”), each having different maturities, interest rates and payment schedules, and with the principal and interest on the underlying mortgages allocated among the several classes in various ways. Payment of interest or principal on some classes or series of CMOs may be subject to contingencies or some classes or series may bear some or all of the risk of default on the underlying mortgages. CMOs of different classes or series are generally retired in sequence as the underlying mortgage loans in the mortgage pool are repaid. If enough mortgages are repaid ahead of schedule, the classes or series of a CMO with the earliest maturities generally will be retired prior to their maturities. Thus, the early retirement of particular classes or series of a CMO would have the same effect as the prepayment of mortgages underlying other mortgage-backed securities. Conversely, slower than anticipated prepayments can extend the effective maturities of CMOs, subjecting them to a greater risk of decline in market value in response to rising interest rates than traditional debt securities, and, therefore, potentially increasing their volatility.

Prepayments could result in losses on stripped mortgage-backed securities. Stripped mortgage-backed securities are usually structured with two classes that receive different portions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage loans. A common type of stripped mortgage-backed security will have one class receiving all of the interest from the mortgage assets (interest only or “IOs”), while the other class will receive all of the principal (principal only or “POs”). The yield to maturity on an IO class of stripped mortgage-backed securities is extremely sensitive not only to changes in prevailing interest rates but also to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the underlying assets. A rapid rate of principal prepayments may have a measurable adverse effect on the fund’s yield to maturity to the extent it invests in IOs. If the assets underlying the IO experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in these securities. Conversely, POs tend to increase in value if prepayments are greater than anticipated and decline if prepayments are slower than anticipated. Generally, the market value of POs is unusually volatile in response to changes in interest rates. The secondary market for stripped mortgage-backed securities may be more volatile and less liquid than that for other mortgage-backed securities, potentially limiting the fund’s ability to buy or sell those securities at any particular time.

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The risks associated with other asset-backed securities (including in particular the risks of issuer default and of early prepayment) are generally similar to those described above for CMOs. In addition, because asset-backed securities generally do not have the benefit of a security interest in the underlying assets that is comparable to a mortgage, asset-backed securities present certain additional risks that are not present with mortgage-backed securities. The ability of an issuer of asset-backed securities to enforce its security interest in the underlying assets may be limited. For example, revolving credit receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors on such receivables are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give debtors the right to set-off certain amounts owed, thereby reducing the balance due. Automobile receivables generally are secured, but by automobiles, rather than by real property.

Asset-backed securities may be collateralized by the fees earned by service providers. The value of asset-backed securities may be substantially dependent on the servicing of the underlying asset and are therefore subject to risks associated with negligence by, or defalcation of, their servicers. In certain circumstances, the mishandling of related documentation may also affect the rights of the security holders in and to the underlying collateral. The insolvency of entities that generate receivables or that utilize the assets may result in added costs and delays in addition to losses associated with a decline in the value of the underlying assets.

Payment of interest on asset-backed securities and repayment of principal largely depends on the cash flows generated by the underlying assets backing the securities and, in certain cases, may be supported by letters of credit, surety bonds, or other credit enhancements. The amount of market risk associated with asset-backed securities depends on many factors, including the deal structure (i.e., determination as to the amount of underlying assets or other support needed to produce the cash flows necessary to service interest and make principal payments), the quality of the underlying assets, the level of credit support, if any, provided for the securities, and the credit quality of the credit-support provider, if any. In recent years, a significant number of asset-backed security insurers have defaulted on their obligations.

Consistent with the fund’s investment objective and policies, the fund may invest in other types of mortgage- and asset-backed securities offered currently or in the future, including certain yet-to-be-developed types of mortgage- and asset-backed securities which may be created as the market evolves.

Options on Securities

Writing covered options. The fund may write (i.e., sell) covered call options and covered put options on optionable securities held in its portfolio or that it has an absolute and immediate right to acquire without additional cash consideration (or, if additional cash consideration is required, cash or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees, in such amount as are set aside on the fund’s books), when in the opinion of Putnam Management such transactions are consistent with the fund’s goal(s) and policies. Call options written by the fund give the purchaser the right to buy the underlying securities from the fund at a stated exercise price, regardless of the security’s market price; put options written by the fund give the purchaser the right to sell the underlying securities to the fund at a stated exercise price, regardless of the security’s market price.

The fund may write only covered options, which means that, so long as the fund is obligated as the writer of a call option, it will own the underlying securities subject to the option (or comparable securities satisfying the cover requirements of securities exchanges) or have an absolute and immediate right to acquire without additional cash consideration (or, if additional cash consideration is required, cash or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees, in such amount as are set aside on the fund’s books). In the case of put options, the fund will set aside on its books assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees and equal in value to the price to be paid if the option is exercised. In addition, the fund will be considered to have covered a put or call option if and to the extent that it holds an option that offsets some or all of the risk of the option it has written. The fund may write combinations of covered puts and calls (straddles) on the same underlying security.

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The fund will receive a premium from writing a put or call option, which increases the fund’s return on the underlying security in the event the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a profit. The amount of the premium reflects, among other things, the relationship between the exercise price and the current market value of the underlying security, the volatility of the underlying security, the amount of time remaining until expiration, current interest rates, and the effect of supply and demand in the options market and in the market for the underlying security. By writing a call option, if the fund holds the security, the fund limits its opportunity to profit from any increase in the market value of the underlying security above the exercise price of the option but continues to bear the risk of a decline in the value of the underlying security. If the fund does not hold the underlying security, the fund bears the risk that, if the market price exceeds the option strike price, the fund will suffer a loss equal to the difference at the time of exercise. By writing a put option, the fund assumes the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying security for an exercise price higher than its then-current market value, resulting in a potential capital loss unless the security subsequently appreciates in value.

The fund may terminate an option that it has written prior to its expiration by entering into a closing purchase transaction, in which it purchases an offsetting option. A closing purchase transaction will ordinarily be effected in order to realize a profit on an outstanding option, to prevent an underlying instrument from being called, to permit the sale of the underlying instrument or to permit the writing of a new option containing different terms on such underlying instrument. The fund realizes a profit or loss from a closing transaction if the cost of the transaction (option premium plus transaction costs) is less or more than the premium received from writing the option. Because increases in the market price of a call option generally reflect increases in the market price of the security underlying the option, any loss resulting from a closing purchase transaction may be offset in whole or in part by unrealized appreciation of the underlying security.

If the fund writes a call option but does not own the underlying security, and when it writes a put option, the fund may be required to deposit cash or securities with its broker as “margin,” or collateral, for its obligation to buy or sell the underlying security. As the value of the underlying security varies, the fund may have to deposit additional margin with the broker. Margin requirements are complex and are fixed by individual brokers, subject to minimum requirements currently imposed by the Federal Reserve Board and by stock exchanges and other self-regulatory organizations.

Purchasing put options. The fund may purchase put options to protect its portfolio holdings in an underlying security against a decline in market value. Such protection is provided during the life of the put option since the fund, as holder of the option, is able to sell the underlying security at the put exercise price regardless of any decline in the underlying security’s market price. If such a price decline occurs, the put option will permit the fund to sell the security at the higher exercise price or to close out the option at a profit. In order for a put option to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must decline sufficiently below the exercise price to cover the premium and transaction costs. By using put options in this manner, the fund will reduce any profit it might otherwise have realized from appreciation of the underlying security by the premium paid for the put option and by transaction costs. The fund may also purchase put options for other investment purposes, including to take a short position in the security underlying the put option.

Purchasing call options. The fund may purchase call options to hedge against an increase in the price of securities that the fund wants ultimately to buy. Such protection is provided during the life of the call option since the fund, as holder of the call option, is able to buy the underlying security at the exercise price regardless of any increase in the underlying security’s market price. If such a price increase occurs, a call option will permit the fund to purchase the securities at the exercise price or to close out the option at a profit. In order for a call option to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must rise sufficiently above the exercise price to cover the premium and transaction costs. The fund may also purchase call options for other investment purposes.

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Risk factors in options transactions. The successful use of the fund’s options strategies depends on the ability of Putnam Management to forecast correctly interest rate and market movements. For example, if the fund were to write a call option based on Putnam Management’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if the fund were to write a put option based on Putnam Management’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.

When the fund purchases an option, it runs the risk that it will lose its entire investment in the option in a relatively short period of time, unless the fund exercises the option or enters into a closing sale transaction before the option’s expiration. If the price of the underlying security does not rise (in the case of a call) or fall (in the case of a put) to an extent sufficient to cover the option premium and transaction costs, the fund will lose part or all of its investment in the option. This contrasts with an investment by the fund in the underlying security, since the fund will not realize a loss if the security’s price does not change.

The effective use of options also depends on the fund’s ability to terminate option positions at times when Putnam Management deems it desirable to do so. There is no assurance that the fund will be able to effect closing transactions at any particular time or at an acceptable price. If a secondary market in options were to become unavailable, the fund could no longer engage in closing transactions. Lack of investor interest might adversely affect the liquidity of the market for particular options or series of options. A market may discontinue trading of a particular option or options generally. In addition, a market could become temporarily unavailable if unusual events -- such as volume in excess of trading or clearing capability -- were to interrupt its normal operations. Although the fund may be able to offset to some extent any adverse effects of being unable to terminate an option position, the fund may experience losses in some cases as a result of such inability.

A market may at times find it necessary to impose restrictions on particular types of options transactions, such as opening transactions. For example, if an underlying security ceases to meet qualifications imposed by the market or the Options Clearing Corporation, new series of options on that security will no longer be opened to replace expiring series, and opening transactions in existing series may be prohibited. If an options market were to become unavailable, the fund as a holder of an option would be able to realize profits or limit losses only by exercising the option, and the fund, as option writer, would remain obligated under the option until expiration or exercise.

Disruptions in the markets for the securities underlying options purchased or sold by the fund could result in losses on the options. For example, if a fund is unable to purchase a security underlying a put option it had purchased, the fund may be unable to exercise the put option. If trading is interrupted in an underlying security, the trading of options on that security is normally halted as well. As a result, the fund as purchaser or writer of an option will be unable to close out its positions until options trading resumes, and it may be faced with considerable losses if trading in the security reopens at a substantially different price. In addition, the Options Clearing Corporation or other options markets may impose exercise restrictions. If a prohibition on exercise is imposed at the time when trading in the option has also been halted, the fund as purchaser or writer of an option will be locked into its position until one of the two restrictions has been lifted. If the Options Clearing Corporation were to determine that the available supply of an underlying security appears insufficient to permit delivery by the writers of all outstanding calls in the event of exercise, it may prohibit indefinitely the exercise of put options. The fund, as holder of such a put option, could lose its entire investment if it is unable to exercise the put option prior to its expiration.

The fund may use both European-style options, which are only exercisable immediately prior to their expiration, and American-style options, which are exercisable at any time prior to the expiration date. Since an American-style option allows the holder to exercise its rights any time before the option’s expiration, the writer of an American-style option has no control over when it will be required to fulfill its obligations as a

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writer of the option. (The writer of a European-style option is not subject to this risk because the holder may only exercise the option on its expiration date.)

Options can be traded either through established exchanges (“exchange traded options”) or privately negotiated transactions (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Exchange traded options are standardized with respect to, among other things, the underlying interest, expiration date, contract size and strike price. The terms of OTC options are generally negotiated by the parties to the option contract which allows the parties greater flexibility in customizing the agreement, but OTC options are generally less liquid than exchange traded options. OTC options purchased by the fund and assets held to cover OTC options written by the fund may, under certain circumstances, be considered illiquid securities for purposes of any limitation on the fund’s ability to invest in illiquid securities. All option contracts involve credit risk if the counterparty to the option contract (e.g., the clearing house or OTC counterparty) or the third party effecting the transaction in the case of cleared options (e.g., futures commission merchant or broker/dealer) fails to perform. The credit risk in OTC options that are not cleared is dependent on the credit worthiness of the individual counterparty to the contract and may be greater than the credit risk associated with cleared options.

Foreign-traded options are subject to many of the same risks presented by internationally-traded securities. In addition, because of time differences between the United States and other countries, and because different holidays are observed in different countries, foreign options markets may be open for trading during hours or on days when U.S. markets are closed. As a result, option premiums may not reflect the current prices of the underlying interest in the United States.

There are significant differences between the securities and options markets that could result in an imperfect correlation between these markets, causing a given transaction not to achieve its objectives. In addition, many options, in particular OTC options, are complex and often valued based on subjective factors. Improper valuations can result in increased cash payment requirements to counterparties or a loss of value to the fund.

The market price of an option is affected by many factors, including changes in the market prices or dividend rates of underlying securities (or in the case of indices, the securities in such indices); the time remaining before expiration; changes in interest rates or exchange rates; and changes in the actual or perceived volatility of the relevant stock market and underlying securities. The market price of an option also may be adversely affected if the market for the option becomes less liquid.

In addition to options on securities and futures, the fund may also enter into options on futures, swaps, or other instruments as described elsewhere in this SAI.

Preferred Stocks and Convertible Securities

The fund may invest in preferred stocks or convertible securities. A preferred stock is a class of stock that generally pays dividends at a specified rate and has preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of an issuer’s assets but is junior to the debt securities of the issuer in those same respects. Under ordinary circumstances, preferred stock does not carry voting rights. As with all equity securities, the value of preferred stock fluctuates based on changes in a company’s financial condition and on overall market and economic conditions. The value of preferred stocks is particularly sensitive to changes in interest rates and is more sensitive to changes in an issuer’s creditworthiness than is the value of debt securities. In addition, many preferred stocks may be called or redeemed prior to their maturity by the issuer under certain conditions, which can limit the benefit to investors of a decline in interest rates. Shareholders of preferred stock may suffer a loss of value if dividends are not paid. Additionally, if the issuer of preferred stock experiences economic or financial difficulties, its preferred stock may lose value due to the reduced likelihood that its board of directors will declare a dividend. Certain preferred stocks contain provisions that allow an issuer under certain conditions to skip or defer distributions. If the fund owns a preferred stock that is deferring its distribution, it may be required to report income for tax purposes despite the fact that it is not receiving current income on this position. Preferred stocks often are subject to legal provisions that allow for redemption in the event of certain

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tax or legal changes or at the issuer’s call. In the event of redemption, the fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds at comparable rates of return. Preferred stocks are subordinated to bonds and other debt securities in an issuer’s capital structure in terms of priority for corporate income and liquidation payments, and therefore will be subject to greater credit risk than those debt securities. Preferred stocks may trade less frequently and in a more limited volume and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than many other securities, such as common stocks, corporate debt securities, and U.S. government securities.

Convertible securities include bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks and other securities that may be converted into or exchanged for, at a specific price or formula within a particular period of time, a prescribed amount of common stock or other equity securities of the same or a different issuer. The conversion may occur automatically upon the occurrence of a predetermined event or at the option of either the issuer or the security holder. The holder of a convertible security is generally entitled to participate in the capital appreciation resulting from a market price increase in the issuer’s common stock and to receive interest paid or accrued on debt or dividends paid or accrued until the convertible security matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. Before conversion, convertible securities have characteristics similar to non-convertible debt or preferred securities, as applicable. Convertible securities rank senior to common stock in an issuer’s capital structure and, therefore, normally entail less risk than the issuer’s common stock. However, convertible securities may also be subordinate to any senior debt obligations of the issuer, and, therefore, an issuer’s convertible securities may entail more risk than such senior debt obligations. Convertible securities usually offer lower interest or dividend yields than non-convertible debt securities of similar credit quality because of the potential for capital appreciation. In addition, convertible securities are often lower-rated securities.

The market value of a convertible security is a function of its “investment value” and its “conversion value.” A security’s “investment value” represents the value of the security without its conversion feature (i.e., a nonconvertible fixed income security). The investment value may be determined by reference to its credit quality and the current value of its yield to maturity or probable call date. At any given time, investment value may be dependent upon such factors as the general level of interest rates, the yield of similar nonconvertible securities, the financial strength of the issuer and the seniority of the security in the issuer’s capital structure. A security’s “conversion value” is determined by multiplying the number of shares the holder is entitled to receive upon conversion or exchange by the current market price of the underlying security. Because of the conversion feature, the market value of a convertible security will normally fluctuate in some proportion to changes in the market value of the underlying security, and, accordingly, convertible securities are subject to risks relating to the activities of the issuer and/or general market and economic conditions.

A convertible security generally will sell at a premium over its conversion value by the extent to which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed income security. If the conversion value of a convertible security is significantly below its investment value, the convertible security generally trades like nonconvertible debt or preferred stock and its market value will not be influenced greatly by fluctuations in the market price of the underlying security. Conversely, if the conversion value of a convertible security is near or above its investment value, the market value of the convertible security is typically more heavily influenced by fluctuations in the market price of the underlying security. Generally, the amount of the premium decreases as the convertible security approaches maturity. Convertible securities generally have less potential for gain than common stocks.

The fund’s investments in convertible securities may at times include securities that have a mandatory conversion feature, pursuant to which the securities convert automatically into common stock or other equity securities at a specified date and a specified conversion ratio, or that are convertible at the option of the issuer. Because conversion of the security is not at the option of the holder, the fund may be required to convert the security into the underlying common stock even at times when the value of the underlying common stock or other equity security has declined substantially.

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The fund’s investments in preferred stocks and convertible securities, particularly securities that are convertible into securities of an issuer other than the issuer of the convertible security, may be illiquid. The fund may not be able to dispose of such securities in a timely fashion or for a fair price, which could result in losses to the fund.

Private Placements and Restricted Securities

The fund may invest in securities that are purchased in private placements and, accordingly, are subject to restrictions on resale as a matter of contract or under federal securities laws. Because there may be relatively few potential purchasers for such investments, especially under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the fund could find it more difficult to sell such securities when Putnam Management believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell such securities only at prices lower than if such securities were more widely held. There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist for any such security at any particular time, and a security which when purchased was liquid in the institutional markets may subsequently become illiquid.

Many private placement securities are issued by companies that are not required to file periodic financial reports, leading to challenges in evaluating the company’s overall business prospects and gauging how the investment is likely to perform over time. In addition, market quotations for these securities are less readily available. Due to the more limited financial information and lack of publicly available prices, it may be more difficult to determine the fair value of these securities for purposes of computing the fund’s net asset value. As a result, the judgment of Putnam Management may at times play a greater role in valuing these securities than in the case of publicly traded securities, and the fair value prices determined for the fund could differ from those of other market participants.

While such private placements may offer attractive opportunities for investment not otherwise available on the open market, the securities so purchased are often “restricted securities,” i.e., securities which cannot be sold to the public without registration under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) or the availability of an exemption from registration (such as Rules 144, 144A or Regulation S), or which are “not readily marketable” because they are subject to other legal or contractual delays in or restrictions on resale. In addition, the issuer typically does not have an obligation to provide liquidity to investors by buying the securities back when the investor wants to sell. Disposing of these securities may involve time-consuming negotiation and legal expenses, and it may be difficult or impossible for the fund to sell them promptly at an acceptable price. The fund may have to bear the extra expense of registering these securities for resale and the risk of substantial delay in effecting the registration. Since the offering is not registered with the SEC, investors in a private placement have less protection under the federal securities laws against improper practices than investors in registered securities.

Generally speaking, restricted securities may be sold only to qualified institutional buyers, or in a privately negotiated transaction to a limited number of purchasers, or in limited quantities after they have been held for a specified period of time and other conditions are met pursuant to an exemption from registration, or in a public offering for which a registration statement is in effect under the Securities Act. The fund may be deemed to be an “underwriter” for purposes of the Securities Act when selling restricted securities to the public, and in such event the fund may be liable to purchasers of such securities if the registration statement prepared by the issuer, or the prospectus forming a part of it, is materially inaccurate or misleading. The SEC Staff currently takes the view that any delegation by the Trustees of the authority to determine that a restricted security is readily marketable (as described in the investment restrictions of the funds) must be pursuant to written procedures established by the Trustees and the Trustees have delegated such authority to Putnam Management.

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Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

The fund may invest in REITs. REITs are pooled investment vehicles that invest primarily in income-producing real estate or real estate related loans or interests. REITs may concentrate their investments in specific geographic areas or in specific property types (i.e., hotels, shopping malls, residential complexes and office buildings). Like regulated investment companies such as the fund, REITs are not taxed on income distributed to shareholders provided that they comply with certain requirements under the Code. The fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any expenses (such as operating expenses and advisory fees) paid by REITs in which it invests in addition to the fund’s own expenses.

Investing in REITs may involve certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general (such as possible declines in the value of real estate, lack of availability of mortgage funds, or extended vacancies of property). The market value of REIT shares and the ability of the REITs to distribute income may be adversely affected by several factors, including rising interest rates, changes in the national, state and local economic climate and real estate conditions, perceptions of prospective tenants of the safety, convenience and attractiveness of the properties, the ability of the owners to provide adequate management, maintenance and insurance, the cost of complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act, increased competition from new properties, the impact of present or future environmental legislation and compliance with environmental laws, failing to maintain their exemptions from registration under the Investment Company Act, changes in real estate taxes and other operating expenses, adverse changes in governmental rules and fiscal policies, adverse changes in zoning laws, and other factors beyond the control of the issuers of the REITs.

REITs are generally classified as equity REITs, mortgage REITs or a combination of equity and mortgage REITs (“hybrid REITs”). Equity REITs invest the majority of their assets directly in real property and derive income primarily from the collection of rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value. Mortgage REITs invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive income from the collection of interest payments. Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the REITs, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the risk of borrower default, the likelihood of which is increased for mortgage REITs that invest in sub-prime mortgages. REITs, and mortgage REITs in particular, are also subject to interest rate risk. Rising interest rates may cause REIT investors to demand a higher annual yield, which may, in turn, cause a decline in the market price of the equity securities issued by a REIT. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of the fund’s REIT investments to decline. During periods when interest rates are declining, mortgages are often refinanced. Refinancing may reduce the yield on investments in mortgage REITs. In addition, since REITs depend on payment under their mortgage loans and leases to generate cash to make distributions to their shareholders, investments in REITs may be adversely affected by defaults on such mortgage loans or leases. A hybrid REIT combines the characteristics of equity REITs and mortgage REITs, generally by holding both ownership interests and mortgage interests in real estate, and thus may be subject to risks associated with both real estate ownership and investments in mortgage-related securities.

Investing in certain REITs, which often have small market capitalizations, may also involve the same risks as investing in other small capitalization companies. REITs may have limited financial resources and their securities may trade less frequently and in limited volume and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than larger company securities. Historically, small capitalization stocks, such as REITs, have been more volatile in price than the larger capitalization stocks such as those included in the S&P 500 Index. The management of a REIT may be subject to conflicts of interest with respect to the operation of the business of the REIT and may be involved in real estate activities competitive with the REIT. REITs may own properties through joint ventures or in other circumstances in which the REIT may not have control over its investments. REITs may incur significant amounts of leverage.

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REITs are dependent upon their operators’ management skills, are generally not diversified (except to the extent the Code requires), and are subject to heavy cash flow dependency, borrower default or self-liquidation. REITs are also subject to the possibility of failing to qualify for the tax-advantaged treatment available to REITs under the Code or failing to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act. In addition, REITs may be adversely affected by changes in federal tax law, for example, by limiting their permissible businesses or investments. REITs may have limited financial resources, may trade less frequently and in a limited volume, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than more widely held securities.

The fund’s investment in a REIT may result in the fund making distributions that constitute a return of capital to fund shareholders for federal income tax purposes or may require the fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. In addition, distributions by a fund from REITs will not qualify for the corporate dividends-received deduction, or, generally, for treatment as qualified dividend income.

Redeemable Securities

Certain securities held by the fund may permit the issuer at its option to “call” or redeem its securities. Issuers of redeemable securities are generally more likely to exercise a “call” option in periods when interest rates are below the rate at which the original security was issued. If an issuer were to redeem securities held by the fund during a time of declining interest rates, the fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds in securities providing the same investment return as the securities redeemed. The fund also may fail to recover additional amounts (i.e., premiums) paid for securities with higher interest rates, resulting in an unexpected capital loss.

Repurchase Agreements

Under normal circumstances, each fund may enter into repurchase agreements amounting to not more than 25% of its total assets, except that this 25% limitation does not apply to repurchase agreements entered into in connection with short sales and to investments by a money market fund and Putnam Short Term Investment Fund. Money market funds and Putnam Short Term Investment Fund may invest without limit in repurchase agreements. A repurchase agreement is a contract under which the fund, the buyer under the contract, acquires a security for a relatively short period (usually not more than one week) subject to the obligation of the seller (or repurchase agreement counterparty) to repurchase, and the fund to resell, the security at a fixed time and price, which represents the fund’s cost plus interest (or, for repurchase agreements under which the fund acquires a security and then sells it short, the fund’s cost of “borrowing” the security). A repurchase agreement with a stated maturity of longer than one week is generally considered an illiquid investment. It is the fund’s present intention to enter into repurchase agreements only with banks and registered broker-dealers. The fund may enter into repurchase agreements, including with respect to securities it wishes to sell short. See “Short Sales” in this SAI. Certain of the repurchase agreements related to securities sold short may provide that, at the option of the fund, settlement may be made by delivery of cash equal to the difference between (a) the sum of (i) the market value of the securities sold short at the time the repurchase agreement is closed out and (ii) transaction costs associated with the acquisition in the market by the repurchase agreement counterparty of the securities sold short and (b) the repurchase price specified in the repurchase agreement.

The fund may be exposed to the credit risk of the repurchase agreement counterparty (or seller) in the event that the counterparty is unable or unwilling to close out the repurchase agreement in accordance with its terms or the parties disagree as to the meaning or application of those terms. In such an event, the fund may be subject to expenses, delays, and risk of loss, including: (i) possible declines in the value of the underlying security while the fund seeks to enforce its rights under the agreement; (ii) possible reduced levels of income and lack of access to income during this period; and (iii) the inability to enforce its rights and the expenses involved in attempted enforcement. If the seller defaults, the fund could realize a loss on the sale of the underlying security to the extent that the proceeds of the sale including accrued interest are less than the resale price provided in the agreement including interest. In addition, if the seller should be involved in bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, the fund may incur delay and costs in selling the underlying security or may suffer a

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loss of principal and interest if the fund is treated as an unsecured creditor and required to return the underlying collateral to the seller’s estate. The fund is also subject to the risk that the repurchase agreement instrument may not perform as expected.

Pursuant to no-action relief granted by the SEC, the fund may transfer uninvested cash balances into a joint account, along with cash of other Putnam funds and certain other accounts. These balances may be invested in one or more repurchase agreements and/or short-term money market instruments

The fund may also enter into reverse repurchase agreements. Under a reverse repurchase agreement, the fund sells portfolio assets to another party subject to an agreement by the fund to repurchase the same assets from that party at an agreed upon price and date. During the reverse repurchase agreement period, the fund continues to receive principal and interest payments on the assets and also has the opportunity to earn a return on the collateral furnished by the counterparty to secure its obligation to redeliver the assets. The fund can use the proceeds received from entering into a reverse repurchase agreement to make additional investments, which generally causes the fund’s portfolio to behave as if it were leveraged.

When entering into a reverse repurchase agreement, the fund bears the risk of delay and costs involved in recovery of securities if the initial purchaser of the securities fails to return the securities upon repurchase or fails financially. These delays and costs could be greater with respect to foreign securities. Although securities repurchase transactions are generally marked to market daily, the fund also faces the risk that securities subject to a reverse repurchase transaction will decline quickly in value, and the fund will remain obligated to repurchase those securities at a higher price, potentially resulting in a loss. If the buyer in a reverse repurchase agreement files for bankruptcy or becomes insolvent, the fund may be unable to recover the securities it sold and as a result would realize a loss equal to the difference between the value of those securities and the payment it received for them. The size of this loss will depend upon the difference between what the buyer paid for the securities the fund sold to it and the value of those securities (e.g., a buyer may pay $95 for a bond with a market value of $100). In the event of a buyer’s bankruptcy or insolvency, the fund’s use of proceeds from the sale of its securities may be restricted while the other party or its trustee or receiver determines whether to honor the fund’s right to repurchase the securities. The fund’s use of reverse repurchase agreements also subjects the fund to interest costs based on the difference between the sale and repurchase price of a security involved in such a transaction. Additionally, reverse repurchase agreements entail the same risks as over-the-counter derivatives. These include the risk that the counterparty to the reverse repurchase agreement may not be able to fulfill its obligations, as discussed above, that the parties may disagree as to the meaning or application of contractual terms, or that the instrument may not perform as expected.

Securities Loans

The fund may make secured loans of its portfolio securities, on either a short-term or long-term basis, amounting to not more than 25% of its total assets, thereby potentially realizing additional income. The risks in lending portfolio securities, as with other extensions of credit, consist of possible delay in recovery of the securities or possible loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower fail financially. If a borrower defaults, the value of the collateral may decline before the fund can dispose of it. As a matter of policy, securities loans are made to broker-dealers or other financial institutions pursuant to agreements requiring that the loans be continuously secured by collateral consisting of cash or short-term debt obligations at least equal at all times to the value of the securities on loan, “marked-to-market” daily. The borrower pays to the fund an amount equal to any dividends or interest received on securities lent. The fund retains all or a portion of the interest received on investment of the cash collateral or receives a fee from the borrower. The fund bears the risk of any loss on the investment of the collateral; any such loss may exceed, potentially by a substantial amount, any profit to the fund from its securities lending activities. Although voting rights, or rights to consent, with respect to the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, the fund retains the right to call the loans at any time on reasonable notice, and it will do so to enable the fund to exercise voting rights on any matters materially affecting the

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investment. The fund may also call such loans in order to sell the securities. The fund may pay fees in connection with arranging loans of its portfolio securities.

Securities of Other Investment Companies

Securities of other investment companies, including shares of open- and closed-end investment companies and unit investment trusts (which may include ETFs), represent interests in collective investment portfolios that, in turn, invest directly in underlying instruments. The fund may invest in other investment companies when it has more uninvested cash than Putnam Management believes is advisable, when it receives cash collateral from securities lending arrangements, when there is a shortage of direct investments available, or when Putnam Management believes that investment companies offer attractive values.

Investment companies may be structured to perform in a similar fashion to a broad-based securities index or may focus on a particular strategy or class of assets. ETFs typically seek to track the performance or dividend yield of specific indexes or companies in related industries, though unlike the index, an ETF incurs administrative expenses and transaction costs in trading securities. These indexes may be broad-based, sector-based or international. Investing in investment companies involves substantially the same risks as investing directly in the underlying instruments, but also involves expenses at the investment company-level, such as portfolio management fees and operating expenses. These expenses are in addition to the fees and expenses of the fund itself, which may lead to duplication of expenses while the fund owns another investment company’s shares. In addition, investing in investment companies involves the risk that they will not perform in exactly the same fashion, or in response to the same factors, as the underlying instruments or index. To the extent the fund invests in other investment companies that are professionally managed, its performance will also depend on the investment and research abilities of investment managers other than Putnam Management.

Open-end investment companies typically offer their shares continuously at net asset value plus any applicable sales charge and stand ready to redeem shares upon shareholder request. The shares of certain other types of investment companies, such as ETFs and closed-end investment companies, typically trade on a stock exchange or over-the-counter at a premium or a discount to their net asset value. In the case of closed-end investment companies, the number of shares is typically fixed. The securities of closed-end investment companies and ETFs carry the risk that the price the fund pays or receives may be higher or lower than the investment company’s net asset value. ETFs also are subject to the risk that the timing and magnitude of cash inflows and outflows from and to investors buying and redeeming shares in the ETF could create cash balances that cause the ETF’s performance to deviate from the index (which remains “fully invested” at all times). Performance of an ETF and the index it is designed to track also may diverge because the composition of the index and the securities held by the ETF may occasionally differ. ETFs and closed-end investment companies are also subject to certain additional risks, including the risks of illiquidity and of possible trading halts or interruptions due to policies of the relevant exchange, unusual market conditions or other reasons. There can be no assurance that shares of a closed-end investment company or ETF will continue to be listed on an active exchange. The shares of investment companies, particularly closed-end investment companies, may also be leveraged, which would increase the volatility of the fund’s net asset value.

The extent to which the fund can invest in securities of other investment companies, including ETFs, is generally limited by federal securities laws. For more information regarding the tax treatment of ETFs, please see “Taxes” below.

Short Sales

The fund may engage in short sales of securities either as a hedge against potential declines in value of a portfolio security or to realize appreciation when a security that the fund does not own declines in value. Short sales are transactions in which the fund sells a security it does not own to a third party by borrowing the security in anticipation of purchasing the same security at the market price on a later date to close out the short position. The fund may also engage in short sales by entering into a repurchase agreement with respect to the

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security it wishes to sell short. See “- Repurchase Agreements” in this SAI. The fund will incur a gain if the price of the security declines between the date of the short sale and the date on which the fund replaces the borrowed security (or closes out the related repurchase agreement); and the fund will incur a loss if the price of the security increases between those dates. Such a loss is theoretically unlimited since the potential increase in the market price of the security sold short is not limited. Until the security is replaced, the fund must pay the lender (or repurchase agreement counterparty) any dividends or interest that accrues during the period of the loan (or repurchase agreement). To borrow (or enter into a repurchase agreement with respect to) the security, the fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. The fund’s successful use of short sales is subject to Putnam Management’s ability to accurately predict movements in the market price of the security sold short. Short selling may involve financial leverage because the fund is exposed both to changes in the market price of the security sold short and to changes in the value of securities purchased with the proceeds of the short sale, effectively leveraging its assets. Under adverse market conditions, a fund may have difficulty purchasing securities to meet its short sale delivery obligations, and may be required to close out its short position at a time when the fund would not choose to do so, and may therefore have to sell portfolio securities to raise the capital necessary to meet its short sale obligations at a time when fundamental investment considerations may not favor such sales. There is also a risk that a borrowed security will need to be returned to the lender on short notice. If a request for return of borrowed securities and/or currencies occurs at a time when other short sellers of the securities and/or currencies are receiving similar requests, a “short squeeze” can occur, and the fund may be compelled to replace borrowed securities and/or currencies previously sold short with purchases on the open market at the most disadvantageous time, possibly at prices significantly in excess of the proceeds received in originally selling the securities and/or currencies short. In addition, the fund may have difficulty purchasing securities and/or currencies to meet its delivery obligations in the case of less liquid securities and/or currencies sold short by the fund, such as certain emerging market country securities or securities of companies with smaller market capitalizations. While the fund has an open short position, it will segregate, by appropriate notation on its books or the books of its custodian, cash or liquid assets at least equal in value to the market value of the securities sold short. The segregated amount will be “marked-to-market” daily. Because of this segregation, the fund does not consider these transactions to be “senior securities” for purposes of the 1940 Act. In connection with short sale transactions, the fund may be required to pledge certain additional assets for the benefit of the securities lender (or repurchase agreement counterparty) and the fund may, while such assets remain pledged, be limited in its ability to invest those assets in accordance with the fund’s investment strategies.

Short selling is a technique that may be considered speculative and involves risks beyond the initial capital necessary to secure each transaction. It should be noted that possible losses from short sales differ from those losses that could arise from a cash investment in a security because losses from a short sale may be limitless, while the losses from a cash investment in a security cannot exceed the total amount of the investment in the security.

Certain of the repurchase agreements related to securities sold short may provide that, at the option of the fund, in lieu of delivering the securities sold short, settlement may be made by delivery of cash equal to the difference between (a) the sum of (i) the market value of the securities sold short at the time the repurchase agreement is closed out and (ii) transaction costs associated with the acquisition in the market by the repurchase agreement counterparty of the securities sold short and (b) the repurchase price specified in the repurchase agreement. Because that cash amount represents the fund’s maximum loss in the event of the insolvency of the counterparty, the fund will, except where the local market practice for foreign securities to be sold short requires payment prior to delivery of such securities, treat such amount, rather than the full notional amount of the repurchase agreement, as its “investment” in securities of the counterparty for purposes of all applicable investment restrictions, including its fundamental policy with respect to diversification.

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Short-Term Trading

In seeking the fund’s objective(s), Putnam Management will buy or sell portfolio securities whenever Putnam Management believes it appropriate to do so. From time to time the fund will buy securities intending to seek short-term trading profits. A change in the securities held by the fund is known as “portfolio turnover” and generally involves some expense to the fund. This expense may include brokerage commissions or dealer markups and other transaction costs on both the sale of securities and the reinvestment of the proceeds in other securities. If sales of portfolio securities cause the fund to realize net short-term capital gains, such gains will be taxable as ordinary income when distributed to taxable individual shareholders. As a result of the fund’s investment policies, under certain market conditions the fund’s portfolio turnover rate may be higher than that of other mutual funds. Portfolio turnover rate for a fiscal year is the ratio of the lesser of purchases or sales of portfolio securities to the monthly average of the value of portfolio securities -- excluding securities whose maturities at acquisition were one year or less. The fund’s portfolio turnover rate is not a limiting factor when Putnam Management considers a change in the fund’s portfolio.

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies

The fund may invest in stock, rights, warrants, and other securities of special purpose acquisition companies (“SPACs”) or similar special purpose entities. A SPAC is a publicly traded company that raises investment capital in the form of a blind pool via an IPO for the purpose of acquiring an existing company. The shares of a SPAC are typically issued in “units” that include one share of common stock and one right or warrant (or partial right or warrant) conveying the right to purchase additional shares or partial shares. At a specified time following the SPAC’s IPO (generally 1-2 months), the rights and warrants may be separated from the common stock at the election of the holder, after which they become freely tradeable. After going public and until an acquisition is completed, a SPAC generally invests the proceeds of its IPO (less a portion retained to cover expenses), which are held in trust, in U.S. government securities, money market securities and cash. To the extent the SPAC is invested in cash or similar securities, this may impact a Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective. If a SPAC does not complete an acquisition within a specified period of time after going public, the SPAC is dissolved, at which point the invested funds are returned to the SPAC’s shareholders (less certain permitted expenses) and any rights or warrants issued by the SPAC expire worthless.

Because SPACs and similar entities are in essence blank check companies without an operating history or ongoing business other than seeking acquisitions, the value of their securities is particularly dependent on the ability of the entity’s management to identify and complete a profitable acquisition. Some SPACs may pursue acquisitions only within certain industries or regions, which may increase the volatility of their prices. In addition, the securities issued by a SPAC, which are typically traded in the over-the-counter market, may be considered illiquid and/or be subject to restrictions on resale.

Structured Investments

A structured investment is a security having a return tied to an underlying index or other security or asset class. Structured investments generally are individually negotiated agreements and may be traded over-the-counter. Structured investments are organized and operated to restructure the investment characteristics of the underlying security. This restructuring involves the deposit with or purchase by an entity, such as a corporation or trust, or specified instruments (such as commercial bank loans) and the issuance by that entity or one or more classes of securities (“structured securities”) backed by, or representing interests in, the underlying instruments. The cash flow on the underlying instruments may be apportioned among the newly issued structured securities to create securities with different investment characteristics, such as varying maturities, payment priorities and interest rate provisions, and the extent of such payments made with respect to structured securities is dependent on the extent of the cash flow on the underlying instruments. Because structured securities typically involve no credit enhancement, their credit risk generally will be equivalent to that of the underlying instruments. Investments in structured securities are generally of a class of structured securities that is either subordinated or unsubordinated to the right of payment of another class. Subordinated structured

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securities typically have higher yields and present greater risks than unsubordinated structured securities. Structured securities are typically sold in private placement transactions, and there currently is no active trading market for structured securities. Investments in government and government-related and restructured debt instruments are subject to special risks, including the inability or unwillingness to repay principal and interest, requests to reschedule or restructure outstanding debt and requests to extend additional loan amounts.

Swap Agreements

The fund may enter into swap agreements and other types of over-the-counter transactions such as caps, floors and collars with broker-dealers or other financial institutions for hedging or investment purposes. A swap involves the exchange by the fund with another party of their respective commitments to pay or receive cash flows, e.g., an exchange of floating rate payments for fixed-rate payments. The purchase of a cap entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index or other underlying financial measure exceeds a predetermined value on a predetermined date or dates, to receive payments on a notional principal amount from the party selling the cap. The purchase of a floor entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index or other underlying financial measure falls or other underlying measure below a predetermined value on a predetermined date or dates, to receive payments on a notional principal amount from the party selling the floor. A collar combines elements of a cap and a floor.

Swap agreements and similar transactions can be individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors. A swap agreement may be structured with reference to an index of securities that is created and maintained by the swap counterparty. Depending on their structures, swap agreements may increase or decrease the fund’s exposure to long-or short-term interest rates (in the United States or abroad), foreign currency values, mortgage securities, mortgage rates, corporate borrowing rates, or other factors such as security prices, inflation rates or the volatility of an index or one or more securities. For example, if the fund agrees to exchange payments in U.S. dollars for payments in a non-U.S. currency, the swap agreement would tend to decrease the fund’s exposure to U.S. interest rates and increase its exposure to that non-U.S. currency and interest rates. To the extent an applicable interest rate is based on LIBOR, the fund will be exposed to certain additional risks. See “London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)” above for more information.

The fund may also engage in total return swaps, in which payments made by the fund or the counterparty are based on the total return of a particular reference asset or assets (such as an equity or fixed-income security, a combination of such securities, or an index). Total return swap agreements may be used to obtain exposure to a security, commodity, or market without owning or taking physical custody of such security or investing directly in such market. The fund may also enter into swap agreements on futures contracts including, but not limited to, index futures contracts. Swap agreements on futures contracts are generally subject to the same risks involved in the fund’s use of futures contracts, in addition to the risks involved in the fund’s use of swap agreements. See “-Futures Contracts and Related Options.” A total return swap, or a swap on a futures contract, may add leverage to a portfolio by providing investment exposure to an underlying asset or market where the fund does not own or take physical custody of such asset or invest directly in such market.

The value of the fund’s swap positions would increase or decrease depending on the changes in value of the underlying rates, currency values, volatility or other indices or measures. Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. Depending on how they are used, swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the fund’s investments and its share price. The fund’s ability to engage in certain swap transactions may be limited by tax considerations.

The fund’s ability to realize a profit from such transactions will depend on the ability of the financial institutions with which it enters into the transactions to meet their obligations to the fund. If a counterparty’s creditworthiness declines, the value of the agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses. If a default occurs by the other party to such transaction, the fund will have contractual remedies pursuant to the agreements related to the transaction, which may be limited by applicable law in the case of a

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counterparty’s insolvency. If the returns of an index upon which a swap is based are unavailable or cannot be calculated (including where the index is created and maintained by the swap counterparty), the fund may experience difficulty in valuing the swap or in determining the amounts owed to or by the counterparty, regardless of whether the counterparty has defaulted. Under certain circumstances, suitable transactions may not be available to the fund, or the fund may be unable to close out its position under such transactions at the same time, or at the same price, as if it had purchased comparable publicly traded securities. Swaps carry counterparty risks that cannot be fully anticipated. Also, because swap transactions typically involve a contract between the two parties, such swap investments can be extremely illiquid, as it is uncertain as to whether another counterparty would wish to take assignment of the rights under the swap contract at a price acceptable to the fund.

The fund’s investments in swaps will generate ordinary income and losses for federal income tax purposes and may cause the fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make the distributions necessary to qualify and be eligible for treatment as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax. The fund may therefore need to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, to meet its distribution requirement. The fund is not permitted to carry forward any net ordinary losses it realizes in a taxable year to offset ordinary income it realizes in subsequent taxable years.

A credit default swap is an agreement between the fund and a counterparty that enables the fund to buy or sell protection against a credit event related to a particular issuer. One party, acting as a “protection buyer,” makes periodic payments to the other party, a “protection seller,” in exchange for a promise by the protection seller to make a payment to the protection buyer if a negative credit event (such as a delinquent payment or default) occurs with respect to a referenced bond or group of bonds. Credit default swaps may also be structured based on the debt of a basket of issuers, rather than a single issuer, and may be customized with respect to the default event that triggers purchase or other factors (for example, the Nth default within a basket, or defaults by a particular combination of issuers within the basket, may trigger a payment obligation). The fund may enter into credit default swap contracts for investment purposes. As a credit protection seller in a credit default swap contract, the fund would be required to pay the par (or other agreed-upon) value of a referenced debt obligation to the counterparty in the event of a default by a third party, such as a U.S. or non-U.S. corporate issuer, on the debt obligation. In return for its obligation, the fund would receive from the counterparty a periodic stream of payments over the term of the contract provided that no event of default has occurred. If no default occurs, the fund would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations to the counterparty. As the seller, the fund would be subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap.

The fund may also purchase credit default swap contracts in order to hedge against the risk of default of the debt of a particular issuer or basket of issuers or attempt to profit from changes or perceived changes in the creditworthiness of the particular issuer(s) (also known as “buying credit protection”). In these cases, the fund would function as the counterparty referenced in the preceding paragraph. This would involve the risk that the investment may expire worthless and would only generate income in the event of an actual default by the issuer(s) of the underlying obligation(s) (or, as applicable, a credit downgrade or other indication of financial instability). It would also involve the risk that the seller may fail to satisfy its payment obligations to the fund in the event of a default. The purchase of credit default swaps involves costs, which will reduce the fund’s return.

Credit default swaps involve a number of special risks. A protection seller may have to pay out amounts following a negative credit event greater than the value of the reference obligation delivered to it by its counterparty and the amount of periodic payments previously received by it from the counterparty. When the fund acts as a seller of a credit default swap, it is exposed to, among other things, leverage risk because if an event of default occurs the seller must pay the buyer the full notional value of the reference obligation. Each party to a credit default swap is subject to the credit risk of its counterparty (the risk that its counterparty may be unwilling or unable to perform its obligations on the swap as they come due). The value of the credit default swap to each party will change based on changes in the actual or perceived creditworthiness of the underlying issuer.

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A protection buyer may lose its investment and recover nothing should an event of default not occur. The fund may seek to realize gains on its credit default swap positions, or limit losses on its positions, by selling those positions in the secondary market. There can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist at any given time for any particular credit default swap or for credit default swaps generally.

The market for credit default swaps has at times become more volatile as the creditworthiness of certain counterparties has been questioned and/or downgraded. The parties to a credit default swap may be required to post collateral to each other. If the fund posts initial or periodic collateral to its counterparty, it may not be able to recover that collateral from the counterparty in accordance with the terms of the swap. In addition, if the fund receives collateral from its counterparty, it may be delayed or prevented from realizing on the collateral in the event of the insolvency or bankruptcy of the counterparty. The Fund may exit its obligations under a credit default swap only by terminating the contract and paying applicable breakage fees, or by entering into an offsetting credit default swap position, which may cause the Fund to incur more losses.

The fund may also enter into options on swap agreements (“swaptions”). A swaption is a contract that gives a counterparty the right (but not the obligation) to enter into a new swap agreement or to shorten, extend, cancel or otherwise modify an existing swap agreement, at some designated future time on specified terms. The fund may purchase and write (sell) put and call swaptions to the same extent it may make use of standard options on securities or other instruments. Swaptions are generally subject to the same risks involved in the fund’s use of options. See “-Options on Securities.”

Many swaps are complex and often valued subjectively. Many over-the-counter derivatives are complex and their valuation often requires modeling and judgment, which increases the risk of mispricing or incorrect valuation. The pricing models used may not produce valuations that are consistent with the values the Fund realizes when it closes or sells an over-the-counter derivative. Valuation risk is more pronounced when the Fund enters into over-the-counter derivatives with specialized terms because the market value of those derivatives in some cases is determined in part by reference to similar derivatives with more standardized terms. Incorrect valuations may result in increased cash payment requirements to counterparties, undercollateralization and/or errors in calculation of the Fund’s NAV.

Tax-exempt Securities

General description. As used in this SAI, the term “Tax-exempt Securities” includes debt obligations issued by a state, a territory or possession of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam and their political subdivisions (for example, counties, cities, towns, villages, districts and authorities), agencies, instrumentalities or other governmental units, the interest from which is, in the opinion of bond counsel, exempt from federal income tax and (if applicable) the corresponding state’s personal income tax. Such obligations are issued to obtain funds for various public purposes, including the construction of a wide range of public facilities, such as airports, bridges, highways, housing, hospitals, mass transportation, schools, streets and water and sewer works. Other public purposes for which Tax-exempt Securities may be issued include to refund of outstanding obligations, to obtain funds for general operating expenses, or to obtain funds to lend to other public institutions and facilities in anticipation of the receipt of revenue or the issuance of other obligations.

Tax-exempt Securities can be classified into two principal categories, including “general obligation” bonds and other securities and “revenue” bonds and other securities. General obligation bonds are secured by the issuer’s full faith, credit and taxing power for the payment of principal and interest. Revenue securities are payable only from the revenues derived from a particular facility or class of facilities or, in some cases, from the proceeds of a special excise tax or other specific revenue source, such as the user of the facility being financed. Tax-exempt Securities may be structured as fixed-, variable- or floating-rate obligations or as zero-coupon, payment-in-kind and step-coupon securities and may be privately placed or publicly offered.

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Short-term Tax-exempt Securities are generally issued by state and local governments and public authorities as interim financing in anticipation of tax collections, revenue receipts or bond sales to finance such public purposes.

In addition, certain types of “private activity” bonds may be issued by public authorities to finance projects of privately-owned entities, such as privately - operated housing facilities; certain local facilities for supplying water, gas or electricity; sewage or solid waste disposal facilities; student loans; or public or private institutions for the construction of educational, hospital, housing and other facilities. Such obligations are included within the term Tax-exempt Securities if the interest paid thereon is, in the opinion of bond counsel, exempt from federal income tax and (if applicable) state personal income tax (such interest may, however, be subject to federal alternative minimum tax). Other types of private activity bonds, the proceeds of which are used for the construction, repair or improvement of, or to obtain equipment for, privately operated industrial or commercial facilities, may also constitute Tax-exempt Securities, although the current federal tax laws place substantial limitations on the size of such issues. The credit quality of private activity bonds is usually directly related to the credit standing of the corporate user of the facility involved.

Tax-exempt Securities share many of the structural features and risks of other bonds, as described elsewhere in this SAI. For example, the fund may purchase callable Tax-exempt Securities, zero-coupon Tax-exempt Securities, or “stripped” Tax-exempt Securities, which entail additional risks. The fund may also purchase structured or asset-backed Tax-exempt Securities, such as the securities (including preferred stock) of special purpose entities that hold interests in the Tax-exempt Securities of one or more issuers and issue “tranched” securities that are entitled to receive payments based on the cash flows from those underlying securities. See “Redeemable securities,” “-Zero-coupon and Payment-in-kind Bonds,” “-Structured investments,” and “Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities” in this SAI. Structured Tax-exempt Securities may involve increased risk that the interest received by the fund may not be exempt from federal or state income tax, or that such interest may result in liability for the alternative minimum tax for shareholders of the fund. For example, in certain cases, the issuers of certain securities held by a special purpose entity may not have received an unqualified opinion of bond counsel that the interest from the securities will be exempt from federal income tax and (if applicable) the corresponding state’s personal income tax.

Even though Tax-exempt Securities are interest-bearing investments that promise a stable flow of income, their prices are generally inversely affected by changes in interest rates and, therefore, are subject to the risk of market price fluctuations. The values of Tax-exempt Securities with longer remaining maturities typically fluctuate more than those of similarly rated Tax-exempt Securities with shorter remaining maturities. The values of Tax-exempt Securities also may be affected by changes in their actual or perceived credit quality. The credit quality of Tax-exempt Securities can be affected by, among other things, the financial condition of the issuer or guarantor, the issuer’s future borrowing plans and sources of revenue, the economic feasibility of the revenue bond project or general borrowing purpose, political or economic developments in the state or region where the security is issued, and the liquidity of the security. The amount of information about the financial condition of an issuer of Tax-exempt Securities may not be as extensive as that which is made available by corporations whose securities are publicly traded. As a result, the achievement of the fund’s goals is more dependent on Putnam Management’s investment analysis than would be the case if the fund were investing in securities of better-known issuers. In addition, Tax-exempt Securities may be harder to value than securities issued by corporations that are publicly traded.

The secondary market for some Tax-exempt Securities issued within a state (including issues that are privately placed with the fund) is less liquid than that for taxable debt obligations or other more widely traded municipal obligations. No established resale market exists for certain of the Tax-exempt Securities in which the fund may invest. The market for Tax-exempt Securities rated below investment grade is also likely to be less liquid than the market for higher rated obligations. As a result, the fund may be unable to dispose of these municipal obligations at times when it would otherwise wish to do so at the prices at which they are valued.

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Tax-exempt Securities Issued by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Tax-exempt Securities issued by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico or its political subdivisions, agencies, instrumentalities, or public corporations may be affected by economic, market, political, and social conditions in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico has recently experienced (and may in the future experience) significant fiscal and economic challenges, including substantial debt service obligations, high levels of unemployment, underfunded public retirement systems, and persistent government budget deficits. These challenges may negatively affect the value of the fund’s investments in Puerto Rico Tax-Exempt Securities. Major ratings agencies have downgraded the general obligation debt of Puerto Rico to below investment grade and continue to maintain a negative outlook for this debt, which increases the likelihood that the rating will be lowered further. In both August 2015 and January 2016, Puerto Rico defaulted on its debt by failing to make full payment due on its outstanding bonds, and there can be no assurance that Puerto Rico will be able to satisfy its future debt obligations. Further downgrades or defaults may place additional strain on the Puerto Rico economy and may negatively affect the value, liquidity, and volatility of the fund’s investments in Puerto Rico Tax-exempt Securities. In 2016, the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act, known as “PROMESA,” was signed into law. Among other things, PROMESA established a federally-appointed Oversight Board to oversee Puerto Rico’s financial operations and provides Puerto Rico a path to restructuring its debts, thus increasing the risk that Puerto Rico may never pay off municipal indebtedness, or may pay only a small fraction of the amount owed. Proceedings under PROMESA remain ongoing, and it is unclear at this time how those proceedings will be resolved or what impact they will have on the value of a Fund’s investments in Puerto Rico municipal securities.

These challenges and uncertainties have been exacerbated by Hurricane Maria and the resulting natural disaster in Puerto Rico. In September 2017, Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico, causing major damage across the Commonwealth, including damage to its water, power, and telecommunications infrastructure. The length of time needed to rebuild Puerto Rico’s infrastructure is unclear, but could amount to years, during which the Commonwealth is likely to be in an uncertain economic state. The full extent of the natural disaster’s impact on Puerto Rico’s economy and foreign investment in Puerto Rico is difficult to estimate.

Escrow-secured or pre-refunded bonds. These securities are created when an issuer uses the proceeds from a new bond issue to buy high grade, interest-bearing debt securities, generally direct obligations of the U.S. government, in order to redeem (or “pre-refund”), before maturity, an outstanding bond issue that is not immediately callable. These securities are then deposited in an irrevocable escrow account held by a trustee bank to secure all future payments of principal and interest on the pre-refunded bond until that bond’s call date. Pre-refunded bonds often receive an ‘AAA’ or equivalent rating. Because pre-refunded bonds still bear the same interest rate, and have a very high credit quality, their price may increase. However, as the original bond approaches its call date, the bond’s price will fall to its call price. The escrow account securities pledged to pay the principal and interest of the pre-refunded municipal bonds held by the fund nonetheless still subject the fund to interest rate risk and market risk. In addition, while a secondary market exists for pre-refunded municipal bonds, if the fund sells pre-refunded municipal bonds prior to maturity, the price received may be more or less than the original cost, depending on market conditions at the time of sale. The interest on pre-refunded bonds issued on or before December 31, 2017 is exempt from federal income tax; the interest on such bonds issued after December 31, 2017 is not exempt from federal income tax.

Tender option bonds. The fund may invest in tender option bonds (“TOBs”), which are created by depositing municipal securities in a trust and dividing the income stream of an underlying municipal bond in two parts, one, a variable rate security and the other, a TOB. The interest rate for the variable rate security is determined by an index or a periodic auction process, while the TOB holder receives the balance of the income from the underlying municipal bond less an auction fee. The market prices of TOBs may be highly sensitive to changes in market rates and may decrease significantly when market rates increase. TOBs are subject to restrictions on resale and are highly sensitive to changes in interest rates and the value of the underlying bond. Generally, coupon income on TOBs will decrease when interest rates increase, and will increase when interest rates decrease. Such securities can have the effect of providing a degree of investment leverage, since they may increase or decrease in value in response to changes in market interest rates at a rate that is a multiple of the actual rate at which fixed-rate securities increase or decrease in response to such changes. As a result, the market values of such securities will generally be more volatile than the market values of fixed-rate securities.

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Tobacco Settlement Revenue Bonds. The fund may invest in tobacco settlement revenue bonds, which are secured by an issuing state’s proportionate share of periodic payments by tobacco companies made under the Master Settlement Agreement (“MSA”). The MSA is an agreement that was reached out of court in November 1998 between 46 states and six U.S. jurisdictions and tobacco manufacturers representing an overwhelming majority of U.S. market share in settlement of certain smoking-related litigation. The MSA provides for annual payments by the manufacturers to the states and jurisdictions in perpetuity in exchange for releasing all claims against the manufacturers and a pledge of no further litigation. The MSA established a base payment schedule and a formula for adjusting payments each year. Tobacco manufacturers pay into a master escrow trust based on their market share, and each state receives a fixed percentage of the payment as set forth in the MSA. Within some states, certain localities may in turn be allocated a specific portion of the state’s MSA payment pursuant to an arrangement with the state.

A number of state and local governments have securitized the future flow of payments under the MSA by selling bonds pursuant to indentures, some through distinct governmental entities created for such purpose. The bonds are backed by the future revenue flow that is used for principal and interest payments on the bonds. Annual payments on the bonds, and thus risk to the fund, are dependent on the receipt of future settlement payments by the state or its instrumentality. The actual amount of future settlement payments may vary based on, among other things, annual domestic cigarette shipments, inflation, the financial capability of participating tobacco companies, and certain offsets for disputed payments. Payments made by tobacco manufacturers could be reduced if cigarette shipments continue to decline below the base levels used in establishing manufacturers’ payment obligations under the MSA. Demand for cigarettes in the U.S. could continue to decline based on many factors, including, without limitation, anti-smoking campaigns, tax increases, price increases implemented to recoup the cost of payments by tobacco companies under the MSA, reduced ability to advertise, enforcement of laws prohibiting sales to minors, elimination of certain sales venues such as vending machines, the spread of local ordinances restricting smoking in public places, and increases in the use of other nicotine delivery devices (such as electronic cigarettes, smoking cessation products, and smokeless tobacco).

Because tobacco settlement bonds are backed by payments from the tobacco manufacturers, and generally not by the credit of the state or local government issuing the bonds, their creditworthiness depends on the ability of tobacco manufacturers to meet their obligations. The bankruptcy of an MSA-participating manufacturer could cause delays or reductions in bond payments, which would affect the fund’s net asset value. Under the MSA, a market share loss by MSA-participating tobacco manufacturers to non-MSA participating manufacturers would also cause a downward adjustment in the payment amounts under some circumstances.

The MSA and tobacco manufacturers have been and continue to be subject to various legal claims, including, among others, claims that the MSA violates federal antitrust law. In addition, the United States Department of Justice has alleged in a civil lawsuit that the major tobacco companies defrauded and misled the American public about the health risks associated with smoking cigarettes. An adverse outcome to this lawsuit or to any other litigation matters or regulatory actions relating to the MSA or affecting tobacco manufacturers could adversely affect the payment streams associated with the MSA or cause delays or reductions in bond payments by tobacco manufacturers.

In addition to the risks described above, tobacco settlement revenue bonds are subject to other risks described in this SAI, including the risks of asset-backed securities discussed under “Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities.”

Participation interests (Money Market Funds only). The money market funds may invest in Tax-exempt Securities either by purchasing them directly or by purchasing certificates of accrual or similar instruments evidencing direct ownership of interest payments or principal payments, or both, on Tax-exempt Securities, provided that, in the opinion of counsel, any discount accruing on a certificate or instrument that is purchased at a yield not greater than the coupon rate of interest on the related Tax-exempt Securities will be exempt from federal income tax to the same extent as interest on the Tax-exempt Securities. The money market funds may

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also invest in Tax-exempt Securities by purchasing from banks participation interests in all or part of specific holdings of Tax-exempt Securities. These participations may be backed in whole or in part by an irrevocable letter of credit or guarantee of the selling bank. The selling bank may receive a fee from the money market funds in connection with the arrangement. The money market funds will not purchase such participation interests unless it receives an opinion of counsel or a ruling of the IRS that interest earned by it on Tax-exempt Securities in which it holds such participation interests is exempt from federal income tax. No money market fund expects to invest more than 5% of its assets in participation interests.

Stand-by commitments. When the fund purchases Tax-exempt Securities, it has the authority to acquire stand-by commitments from banks and broker-dealers with respect to those Tax-exempt Securities. A stand-by commitment is a right acquired by the fund to sell up to the principal amount of such Tax-exempt Securities back to the seller or a third party (typically an institution such as a bank or broker-dealer) at an agreed-upon price or yield within specified periods prior to their maturity dates. A stand-by commitment may be considered a security independent of the Tax-exempt security to which it relates. The amount payable by a bank or dealer during the time a stand-by commitment is exercisable, absent unusual circumstances, would be substantially the same as the market value of the underlying Tax-exempt security to a third party at any time. The fund expects that stand-by commitments generally will be available without the payment of direct or indirect consideration. The fund does not expect to assign any value to stand-by commitments when determining the fund’s net asset value. The fund will be subject to credit risk with respect to an institution providing a stand-by commitment and a decline in the credit quality of the institution could cause losses to the fund.

Yields. The yields on Tax-exempt Securities depend on a variety of factors, including general money market conditions, effective marginal tax rates, the financial condition of the issuer, general conditions of the Tax-exempt security market, the size of a particular offering, the maturity of the obligation and the rating of the issue. The ratings of nationally recognized securities rating agencies represent their opinions as to the credit quality of the Tax-exempt Securities which they undertake to rate. It should be emphasized, however, that ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality. Consequently, Tax-exempt Securities with the same maturity, interest rate and rating may have different yields while Tax-exempt Securities of the same maturity and interest rate but with different ratings may have the same yield. Yield disparities may occur for reasons not directly related to the investment quality of particular issues or the general movement of interest rates and may be due to such factors as changes in the overall demand or supply of various types of Tax-exempt Securities or changes in the investment objectives of investors. Subsequent to purchase by the fund, an issue of Tax-exempt Securities or other investments may cease to be rated, or its rating may be reduced below the minimum rating required for purchase by the fund. Putnam Management will consider such an event in its determination of whether the fund should continue to hold an investment in its portfolio. Downgrades of Tax-exempt Securities held by a money market fund may require the fund to sell such securities, potentially at a loss.

“Moral obligation” bonds. The fund may invest in so-called “moral obligation” bonds, where repayment of the bond is backed by a moral (but not legally binding) commitment of an entity other than the issuer, such as a state legislature, to pay. Such a commitment may be in addition to the legal commitment of the issuer to repay the bond or may represent the only payment obligation with respect to the bond (where, for example, no amount has yet been specifically appropriated to pay the bond. See “-Municipal leases” below.)

Municipal leases. The fund may acquire participations in lease obligations or installment purchase contract obligations (collectively, “lease obligations”) of municipal authorities or entities. A lease obligation is an obligation in the form of a lease or installment purchase that is issued by a state or local government to acquire equipment and facilities. Income from such obligations generally is exempt from state and local tax in the state of issuance. Lease obligations may be secured or unsecured. Lease obligations do not constitute general obligations of the municipality for which the municipality’s taxing power is pledged.

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Municipal leases may be subject to greater risks than general obligation or revenue bonds. Although lease obligations do not constitute general obligations of the municipality, a lease obligation ordinarily is backed by the municipality’s covenant to budget for, appropriate, and make the payments due under the lease obligation. However, certain of these lease obligations contain “non-appropriation” clauses, which provide that the municipality has no obligation to make lease or installment purchase payments in future years unless money is appropriated for such purpose on a yearly basis. In the case of a “non-appropriation” lease, the fund’s ability to recover under the lease in the event of non-appropriation or default will be limited solely to the repossession of the leased property, and in any event, foreclosure of that property might prove difficult. If a municipality does not fulfill its payment obligation, it may be difficult to sell the lease obligation and the proceeds of a sale may not cover the fund’s loss.

In addition to the “non-appropriation” risk, many municipal lease obligations have not yet developed the depth of marketability associated with municipal bonds. Moreover, such leases may be subject to the temporary abatement of payments in the event the issuer is prevented from maintaining occupancy of the leased premises or utilizing the leased equipment or facilities. Although the obligations may be secured by the leased equipment or facilities, the disposition of the property in the event of non-appropriation or foreclosure might prove difficult, time consuming and costly, and result in a delay in recovering, or the failure to recover fully, the fund’s original investment.

Additional risks. Securities in which the fund may invest, including Tax-exempt Securities, are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors, such as the federal Bankruptcy Code (including special provisions related to municipalities and other public entities), and laws, if any, that may be enacted by Congress or state legislatures extending the time for payment of principal or interest, or both, or imposing other constraints upon enforcement of such obligations. There is also the possibility that, as a result of litigation or other conditions, such as the recent bankruptcy-type proceedings by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico the power, ability or willingness of issuers to meet their obligations for the payment of interest and principal on their Tax-exempt Securities may be materially affected or their obligations may be found to be invalid or unenforceable. Such litigation or conditions may from time to time have the effect of introducing uncertainties in the market for municipal bonds or certain segments thereof, or of materially affecting the credit risk with respect to particular bonds. Adverse economic, business, legal or political developments might affect all or a substantial portion of the fund’s municipal bonds in the same manner.

From time to time, legislation may be introduced or litigation may arise that may restrict or eliminate the federal income tax exemption for interest on debt obligations issued by states and their political subdivisions. Federal tax laws limit the types and amounts of tax-exempt bonds issuable for certain purposes, especially industrial development bonds and private activity bonds. Such limits may affect the future supply and yields of these types of Tax-exempt Securities. Further proposals limiting the issuance of Tax-exempt Securities may well be introduced in the future. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors for the current law on tax-exempt bonds and securities.

Temporary Defensive Strategies

In response to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions, the fund may take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with its principal investment strategies. However, a fund may choose not to use these temporary defensive strategies for a variety of reasons, even in very volatile market conditions. In implementing temporary defensive strategies, the fund may invest primarily in, among other things, debt securities, preferred stocks, U.S. government and agency obligations, cash or money market instruments (including, to the extent permitted by law or applicable exemptive relief, money market funds), or any other securities Putnam Management considers consistent with such defensive strategies. When the fund takes temporary defensive positions, the fund may miss out on investment opportunities, and the fund may not achieve its investment objective. In addition, while temporary defensive strategies are mainly designed to limit losses, such strategies may not work as intended.

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Warrants

The fund may invest in or acquire warrants, which are instruments that give the fund the right (but not the obligation) to purchase certain securities from an issuer at a specific price (the “strike price”) until a stated expiration date. The purchase of warrants involves the risk that the effective price paid for the warrant added to the strike price of the underlying security may exceed the value of the security’s market price, such as when there is no movement in the level of the underlying security. Also, the strike price of warrants typically is much lower than the current market price of the underlying securities, yet they are subject to similar price fluctuations. As a result, warrants may be more volatile investments than the underlying securities and may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying securities and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. Also, the value of the warrant does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities and a warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to the expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments.

In addition to warrants on securities, the fund may purchase put warrants and call warrants whose values vary depending on the change in the value of one or more specified securities indices (“index warrants”). Index warrants are generally issued by banks or other financial institutions and give the holder the right, at any time during the term of the warrant, to receive upon exercise of the warrant a cash payment from the issuer based on the value of the underlying index at the time of exercise. In general, if the value of the underlying index rises above the exercise price of the index warrant, the holder of a call warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the value of the index and the exercise price of the warrant; if the value of the underlying index falls, the holder of a put warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the exercise price of the warrant and the value of the index. The holder of a warrant would not be entitled to any payments from the issuer at any time when, in the case of a call warrant, the exercise price is greater than the value of the underlying index, or, in the case of a put warrant, the exercise price is less than the value of the underlying index. If the fund were not to exercise an index warrant prior to its expiration, then the fund would lose the amount of the purchase price paid by it for the warrant.

The fund will normally use index warrants in a manner similar to its use of options on securities indices. The risks of the fund’s use of index warrants are generally similar to those relating to its use of index options. Unlike most index options, however, index warrants are issued in limited amounts and are not obligations of a regulated clearing agency, but are backed only by the credit of the bank or other institution which issues the warrant. Also, index warrants generally have longer terms than index options. Index warrants are not likely to be as liquid as certain index options backed by a recognized clearing agency. In addition, the terms of index warrants may limit the fund’s ability to exercise the warrants at such time, or in such quantities, as the fund would otherwise wish to do.

Zero-coupon and Payment-in-kind Bonds

The fund may invest without limit in so-called “zero-coupon” bonds and “payment-in-kind” bonds. Zero-coupon bonds are issued at a significant discount from their principal amount in lieu of paying interest periodically. Payment-in-kind bonds allow the issuer, at its option, to make current interest payments on the bonds either in cash or in additional bonds. Because zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds do not pay current interest in cash, their value is subject to greater fluctuation in response to changes in market interest rates than bonds that pay interest currently. Both zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds allow an issuer to avoid the need to generate cash to meet current interest payments. Accordingly, such bonds may involve greater credit risks than bonds paying interest currently in cash. The fund is required to accrue interest income on such investments and to distribute such amounts at least annually to shareholders even though such bonds do not pay current interest in cash. Thus, it may be necessary at times for the fund to liquidate investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements under the Code.

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The market for zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds may be limited, making it difficult for the fund to value them or dispose of its holdings quickly at an acceptable price.

TAXES

The following discussion of U.S. federal income tax consequences is based on the Code, existing U.S. Treasury regulations, and other applicable authority, as of the date of this SAI. These authorities are subject to change by legislative or administrative action, possibly with retroactive effect. The following discussion is only a summary of some of the important U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to investments in the fund. There may be other tax considerations applicable to particular shareholders. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding their particular situation and the possible application of foreign, state and local tax laws.

Taxation of the fund. The fund intends to qualify each year as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. In order to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded regulated investment companies and their shareholders, the fund must, among other things:

(a) derive at least 90% of its gross income for each taxable year from (i) dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies, and (ii) net income from interests in “qualified publicly traded partnerships” (as defined below);

(b) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of the fund’s taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the market value of the fund’s total assets is represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies, and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to a value not greater than 5% of the value of the fund’s total assets and not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of the fund’s total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, (x) in the securities (other than those of the U.S. government or other regulated investment companies) of any one issuer or of two or more issuers which the fund controls and which are engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or businesses, or (y) in the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (as defined below); and

(c) distribute with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code without regard to the deduction for dividends paid—generally, taxable ordinary income and the excess, if any, of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses) and net tax-exempt interest income, for such year.

In general, for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement described in paragraph (a) above, income derived from a partnership will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership which would be qualifying income if realized by the regulated investment company. However, 100% of the net income of a regulated investment company derived from an interest in a “qualified publicly traded partnership” (defined as a partnership (i) interests in which are traded on an established securities market or readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof, and (ii) that derives less than 90% of its income from the qualifying income described in paragraph (a)(i) above) will be treated as qualifying income. In general, such entities will be treated as partnerships for federal income tax purposes because they meet the passive income requirement under Code section 7704(c)(2). In addition, although in general the passive loss rules of the Code do not apply to regulated investment companies, such rules do apply to a regulated investment company with respect to items attributable to an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership.

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For purposes of the diversification test in paragraph (b) above, identification of the issuer (or, in some cases, issuers) of a particular fund investment will depend on the terms and conditions of that investment. In some cases, identification of the issuer (or issuers) is uncertain under current law, and an adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS with respect to issuer identification for a particular type of investment may adversely affect the fund’s ability to meet the diversification test in (b) above. Also, for the purposes of the diversification test in paragraph (b) above, the term “outstanding voting securities of such issuer” will include the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership.

If the fund qualifies as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment, the fund will not be subject to U. S. federal income tax on income or gains distributed in a timely manner to its shareholders in the form of dividends (including Capital Gain Dividends, as defined below).

If the fund were to fail to meet the income, diversification or distribution test described above, the fund could in some cases cure such failure, including by paying a fund-level tax, paying interest, making additional distributions, or disposing of certain assets. If the fund were ineligible to or otherwise did not cure such failure for any year, or were otherwise to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company accorded special tax treatment in any taxable year, the fund would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates, and all distributions from earnings and profits, including any distributions of net tax-exempt income and net long-term capital gains, would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. Some portions of such distributions may be eligible for the dividends received deduction in the case of corporate shareholders, and may be eligible to be treated as “qualified dividend income” in the case of shareholders taxed as individuals, provided, in both cases, that the shareholder meets certain holding period and other requirements in respect of the fund’s shares (as described below). In addition, the fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment.

The fund intends to distribute at least annually to its shareholders all or substantially all of its investment company taxable income (computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction) and its net tax-exempt income (if any). The fund may distribute its net capital gain (that is, the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss, in each case determined with reference to any loss carryforwards). Investment company taxable income (which is retained by the fund) will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates. The fund may also retain for investment its net capital gain. If the fund retains any net capital gain, it will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained, but may designate the retained amount as undistributed capital gains in a notice to its shareholders who will be (i) required to include in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as long-term capital gain, their shares of such undistributed amount, and (ii) entitled to credit their proportionate shares of the tax paid by the fund on such undistributed amount against their U.S. federal income tax liabilities, if any, and to claim refunds on a properly-filed U.S. tax return to the extent the credit exceeds such liabilities. If the fund makes this designation, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the tax basis of shares owned by a shareholder of the fund will be increased by an amount equal to the difference between the amount of undistributed capital gains included in the shareholder’s gross income under clause (i) of the preceding sentence and the tax deemed paid by the shareholder under clause (ii) of the preceding sentence. The fund is not required to, and there can be no assurance the fund will, make this designation if it retains all or a portion of its net capital gain in a taxable year.

In determining its net capital gain, including in connection with determining the amount available to support a Capital Gain Dividend (as defined below), its taxable income and its earnings and profits, a regulated investment company generally may also elect to treat part or all of any post-October capital loss (defined as any net capital loss attributable to the portion, if any, of the taxable year after October 31 or, if there is no such loss, the net long-term capital loss or net short-term capital loss attributable to any such portion of the taxable year) or late-year ordinary loss (generally, the sum of its (i) net ordinary loss, if any, from the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of property, attributable to the portion, if any, of the taxable year after October 31, and its (ii) other net ordinary loss, if any, attributable to the portion, if any, of the taxable year after December 31) as if incurred in the succeeding taxable year.

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If the fund fails to distribute in a calendar year at least an amount equal to the sum of 98% of its ordinary income for such year and 98.2% of its capital gain net income for the one-year period ending October 31 of such year, plus any retained amount from the prior year, the fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax on the undistributed amounts. For these purposes, ordinary gains and losses from the sale, exchange, or other taxable disposition of property that would otherwise be properly taken into account after October 31 are treated as arising on January 1 of the following calendar year. For purposes of the excise tax, the fund will be treated as having distributed any amount on which it has been subject to corporate income tax in the taxable year ending within the calendar year. A dividend paid to shareholders in January of a year generally is deemed to have been paid by the fund on December 31 of the preceding year, if the dividend was declared and payable to shareholders of record on a date in October, November or December of that preceding year. The fund intends generally to make distributions sufficient to avoid imposition of the 4% excise tax, although there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so.

The fund distributes its net investment income and capital gains to shareholders as dividends at least annually to the extent required to qualify as a regulated investment company under the Code and generally to avoid U.S. federal income or excise tax. Provided it is not treated as a “personal holding company” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the fund is permitted to treat the portion of redemption proceeds paid to redeeming shareholders that represents the redeeming shareholders’ portion of the fund’s accumulated earnings and profits as a dividend on the fund’s tax return. This practice, which involves the use of tax equalization, will have the effect of reducing the amount of income and gains that the fund is required to distribute as dividends to shareholders in order for the fund to avoid U. S. federal income tax and excise tax. This practice may also reduce the amount of distributions required to be made to non-redeeming shareholders and the amount of any undistributed income will be reflected in the value of the shares of the fund; the total return on a shareholder’s investment will not be reduced as a result of this distribution policy.

Fund distributions. Distributions from the fund (other than exempt-interest dividends, as discussed below) generally are taxable to shareholders as ordinary income to the extent derived from the fund’s investment income and net short-term capital gains. Distributions are taxable whether shareholders receive them in cash or reinvest them in additional shares of the fund or other Putnam funds.

Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the fund owned (or is deemed to have owned) the investments that generated them, rather than how long a shareholder has owned his or her shares. In general, the fund will recognize long-term capital gain or loss on investments it has owned for more than one year, and short-term capital gain or loss on investments it has owned for one year or less. Tax rules can alter the fund’s holding period in investments and thereby affect the tax treatment of gain or loss on such investments. Distributions of net capital gain that are properly reported by the fund as capital gain dividends (“Capital Gain Dividends”) will be treated as long-term capital gains includible in net capital gain and taxed to individuals at reduced rates. The IRS and the Department of the Treasury have issued regulations that impose special rules in respect of Capital Gain Dividends received through partnership interests constituting “applicable partnership interests” under Section 1061 of the Code. Distributions from capital gains generally are made after applying any available capital loss carryforwards. Distributions of net short-term capital gain (as reduced by any net long-term capital loss for the taxable year) will be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. Investors who purchase shares shortly before the record date of a distribution will pay the full price for the shares and then receive some portion of the price back as a taxable distribution.

The Code generally imposes a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on the net investment income of certain individuals, trusts and estates to the extent their income exceeds certain threshold amounts. For these purposes, “net investment income” generally includes, among other things, (i) distributions paid by the fund of net investment income and capital gains (other than exempt-interest dividends) as described herein, and (ii) any net gain from the sale, redemption, exchange or other taxable disposition of fund shares. Shareholders are advised to consult their tax advisers regarding the possible implications of this additional tax on their investment in the fund.

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Distributions of investment income reported by the fund as “qualified dividend income” received by an individual will be taxed at the reduced rates applicable to net capital gain. In order for some portion of the dividends received by a fund shareholder to be qualified dividend income, the fund must meet holding period and other requirements with respect to some portion of the dividend-paying stocks in its portfolio and the shareholder must meet holding period and other requirements with respect to the fund’s shares. In general, a dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income (at either the fund or shareholder level) (1) if the dividend is received with respect to any share of stock held for fewer than 61 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date which is 60 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend (or, on the case of certain preferred stock, 91 days during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before such date), (2) to the extent that the recipient is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property, (3) if the recipient elects to have the dividend income treated as investment interest, or (4) if the dividend is received from a foreign corporation that is (a) not eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States (with the exception of dividends paid on stock of such a foreign corporation readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States) or (b) treated as a passive foreign investment company. Each fund, other than fixed-income and money market funds, generally expects to report eligible dividends as qualified dividend income.

In general, distributions of investment income reported by the fund as derived from qualified dividend income will be treated as qualified dividend income by a shareholder taxed as an individual provided the shareholder meets the holding period and other requirements described above with respect to such fund’s shares. In any event, if the aggregate qualified dividends received by the fund during any taxable year are 95% or more of its gross income (excluding net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss), then 100% of the fund’s dividends (other than dividends properly reported as Capital Gain Dividends) will be eligible to be treated as qualified dividend income.

Distributions by the fund to its shareholders that the fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” as defined and subject to certain conditions described below, are treated as qualified REIT dividends in the hands of non-corporate shareholders.

Subject to future regulatory guidance to the contrary, distributions attributable to qualified publicly traded partnership income from a fund's investments in MLPs will ostensibly not qualify for the deduction available to non-corporate taxpayers in respect of such amounts received directly from an MLP.

In general, fixed-income and money market funds receive interest, rather than dividends, from their portfolio securities. As a result, it is not currently expected that any significant portion of such funds’ distributions to shareholders will be derived from qualified dividend income. For information regarding qualified dividend income received from underlying funds, see “Funds of funds” below.

In general, dividends of net investment income received by corporate shareholders of the fund will qualify for the dividends-received deduction generally available to corporations only to the extent of the amount of eligible dividends received by the fund from domestic corporations for the taxable year. A dividend received by the fund will not be treated as a dividend eligible for the dividends-received deduction (1) if it has been received with respect to any share of stock that the fund has held for less than 46 days (91 days in the case of certain preferred stock) during the 91-day period beginning on the date which is 45 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend (during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before such date in the case of certain preferred stock) or (2) to the extent that the fund is under an obligation (pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. Moreover, the dividends received deduction may otherwise be disallowed or reduced (1) if the corporate shareholder fails to satisfy the foregoing requirements with respect to its shares of the fund or (2) by application of various provisions of the Code (for instance, the dividends-received deduction is reduced in the case of a dividend received on debt-financed portfolio stock (generally,

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stock acquired with borrowed funds)). For information regarding eligibility for the dividends-received deduction of dividend income derived from an underlying fund, see “Funds of funds” below.

Exempt-interest dividends. A fund will be qualified to pay exempt-interest dividends to its shareholders if, at the close of each quarter of the fund’s taxable year, at least 50% of the total value of the fund’s assets consists of obligations the interest on which is exempt from federal income tax under Section 103(a) of the Code. In some cases, the fund may also pass through to its shareholders the tax-exempt character of any exempt-interest dividends it receives from underlying funds in which it invests (see “Funds of funds,” below). Distributions that the fund reports as exempt-interest dividends are treated as interest excludable from shareholders’ gross income for federal income tax purposes but may be taxable for federal alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) purposes and for state and local purposes. If the fund intends to qualify to pay exempt-interest dividends, the fund may be limited in its ability to enter into taxable transactions involving forward commitments, repurchase agreements, financial futures and options contracts on financial futures, tax-exempt bond indices and other assets.

Part or all of the interest on indebtedness, if any, incurred or continued by a shareholder to purchase or carry shares of the fund paying exempt-interest dividends is not deductible. The portion of interest that is not deductible is equal to the total interest paid or accrued on the indebtedness, multiplied by the percentage of the fund’s total distributions (not including distributions from net long-term capital gains) paid to the shareholder that are exempt-interest dividends. Under rules used by the IRS to determine when borrowed funds are considered used for the purpose of purchasing or carrying particular assets, the purchase of shares may be considered to have been made with borrowed funds even though such funds are not directly traceable to the purchase of shares.

In general, exempt-interest dividends, if any, attributable to interest received on certain private activity obligations and certain industrial development bonds will not be tax-exempt to any shareholders who are “substantial users” of the facilities financed by such obligations or bonds or who are “related persons” of such substantial users.

A fund that is qualified to pay exempt-interest dividends will notify its shareholders in a written statement of the portion of distributions for the taxable year that constitutes exempt-interest dividends.

Exempt-interest dividends may be taxable for purposes of the federal AMT. For individual shareholders, exempt-interest dividends that are derived from interest on private activity bonds that are issued after August 7, 1986 (other than a “qualified 501(c)(3) bond,” as such term is defined in the Code) generally must be included in an individual’s tax base for purposes of calculating the shareholder’s liability for U.S. federal AMT. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, corporations are no longer subject to the federal AMT.

Funds of funds. If the fund invests in shares of underlying funds, a portion of its distributable income and gains will consist of distributions from the underlying funds and gains and losses on the disposition of shares of the underlying funds. To the extent that an underlying fund realizes net losses on its investments for a given taxable year, the fund will not be able to recognize its share of those losses (so as to offset distributions of net income or capital gains from other underlying funds) until and only to the extent that it disposes of shares of the underlying fund in a transaction qualifying for sale or exchange treatment or those losses reduce distributions required to be made by the underlying fund. Moreover, even when the fund does make such a disposition, a portion of its loss may be recognized as a long-term capital loss, which will not be treated as favorably for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a short-term capital loss or an ordinary deduction. In particular, the fund will not be able to offset any capital losses from its dispositions of underlying fund shares against its ordinary income (including distributions of any net short-term capital gains realized by an underlying fund).

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In addition, in certain circumstances, the “wash sale” rules under Section 1091 of the Code may apply to the fund’s sales of underlying fund shares that have generated losses. A wash sale occurs if shares of an underlying fund are sold by the fund at a loss and the fund acquires additional shares of that same underlying fund 30 days before or after the date of the sale. The wash-sale rules could defer losses in the fund’s hands on sales of underlying fund shares (to the extent such sales are wash sales) for extended (and, in certain cases, potentially indefinite) periods of time.

As a result of the foregoing rules, and certain other special rules, the amounts of net investment income and net capital gains that the fund will be required to distribute to shareholders may be greater than such amounts would have been had the fund invested directly in the securities held by the underlying funds, rather than investing in shares of the underlying funds. For similar reasons, the amount or timing of distributions from the fund qualifying for treatment as being of a particular character (e.g., as long-term capital gain, exempt interest, eligible for dividends-received deduction, etc.) will not necessarily be the same as it would have been had the fund invested directly in the securities held by the underlying funds.

If the fund receives dividends from an underlying fund that qualifies as a regulated investment company, and the underlying fund reports such dividends as “qualified dividend income,” then the fund may, in turn, report a portion of its distributions as “qualified dividend income” as well, provided the fund meets the holding period and other requirements with respect to shares of the underlying fund.

If the fund receives dividends from an underlying fund and the underlying fund reports such dividends as eligible for the dividends-received deduction, then the fund is permitted, in turn, to designate a portion of its distributions as eligible for the dividends-received deduction, provided the fund meets the holding period and other requirements with respect to shares of the underlying fund.

If the fund were to own 20% or more of the voting interests of an underlying fund, subject to a safe harbor in respect of certain fund of funds arrangements, the fund would be required to “look through” the underlying fund to its holdings and combine the appropriate percentage (as determined pursuant to the applicable Treasury Regulations) of the underlying fund’s assets with the fund’s assets for purposes of satisfying the 25% diversification test described above.

If, at the close of each quarter of the fund’s taxable year, at least 50% of its total assets consists of interests in other regulated investment companies (such fund, a “qualified fund of funds”), the fund will be permitted to distribute exempt-interest dividends and thereby pass through to its shareholders the tax-exempt character of any exempt-interest dividends it receives from underlying funds in which it invests, or interest on any tax-exempt obligations in which it directly invests, if any. For further information regarding exempt-interest dividends, see “Exempt-interest dividends,” above.

If the fund is a qualified fund of funds, the fund will be entitled to elect to pass through to its shareholders a credit or deduction for foreign taxes (if any) borne in respect of foreign securities income earned by the fund, or by any underlying funds and passed through to the fund. If the fund so elects, shareholders will include in gross income from foreign sources their pro rata shares of such taxes, if any, treated as paid by the fund. Even if the fund is eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. If the fund elects to pass through to its shareholders foreign tax credits or deductions, tax-exempt shareholders and those who invest in the fund through tax-advantaged accounts such as IRAs will not benefit from any such tax credit or deduction. See “Foreign taxes” below for more information.

Derivatives, hedging and related transactions; certain exposure to commodities. In general, option premiums received by the fund are not immediately included in the income of the fund. Instead, the premiums are recognized when the option contract expires, the option is exercised by the holder, or the fund transfers or otherwise terminates the option (e.g., through a closing transaction). If a call option written by the fund is exercised and the fund sells or delivers the underlying stock, the fund generally will recognize capital gain or loss equal to (a) the sum of the strike price and the option premium received by the fund minus (b) the fund’s

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basis in the stock. Such gain or loss generally will be short-term or long-term depending upon the holding period of the underlying stock. If securities are purchased by the fund pursuant to the exercise of a put option written by it, the fund generally will subtract the premium received for purposes of computing its cost basis in the securities purchased. Gain or loss arising in respect of a termination of the fund’s obligation under an option other than through the exercise of the option will be short-term gain or loss depending on whether the premium income received by the fund is greater or less than the amount paid by the fund (if any) in terminating the transaction. Thus, for example, if an option written by the fund expires unexercised, the fund generally will recognize short-term gain equal to the premium received.

Certain covered call writing activities of the fund may trigger the U.S. federal income tax straddle rules contained primarily in Section 1092 of the Code. Very generally, where applicable, Section 1092 requires (i) that losses be deferred on positions deemed to be offsetting positions with respect to “substantially similar or related property,” to the extent of unrealized gain in the latter, and (ii) that the holding period of such a straddle position that has not already been held for the long-term holding period be terminated and begin anew once the position is no longer part of a straddle. Options on single stocks that are not “deep in the money” may constitute qualified covered calls, which generally are not subject to the straddle rules; the holding period on stock underlying qualified covered calls that are “in the money” although not “deep in the money” will be suspended during the period that such calls are outstanding. Thus, the straddle rules and the rules governing qualified covered calls could cause gains that would otherwise constitute long-term capital gains to be treated as short-term capital gains, and distributions that would otherwise constitute “qualified dividend income” or qualify for the dividends-received deduction to fail to satisfy the holding period requirements and therefore to be taxed as ordinary income or to fail to qualify for the dividends-received deduction, as the case may be.

In general, 40% of the gain or loss arising from the closing out of a futures contract traded on an exchange approved by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission is treated as short-term gain or loss, and 60% is treated as long-term gain or loss, although certain foreign currency gains and losses from such contracts may be treated as ordinary in character. Also, such contracts held by the fund at the end of each taxable year (and, for purposes of the 4% excise tax, on certain other dates as prescribed under the Code) are “marked to market” with the result that unrealized gains or losses are treated as though they were realized and the resulting gain or loss is treated as ordinary or 60/40 gain or loss, as applicable.

The fund’s investment in swaps, if any, will generate ordinary income and losses for federal income tax purposes. The fund’s investments in futures and swaps may cause the fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make the distributions necessary to qualify and be eligible for treatment as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax. The fund may therefore need to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, to meet its distribution requirement. The fund is not permitted to carry forward any net ordinary losses it realizes in a taxable year to offset ordinary income it realizes in subsequent taxable years.

In addition to the special rules described above in respect of options, futures transactions and swaps, the fund’s derivative transactions, including transactions in options, futures contracts, straddles, securities loan and other similar transactions, including for hedging purposes, will be subject to special tax rules (including constructive sale, mark-to-market, straddle, wash sale, and short sale rules), the effect of which may be to accelerate income to the fund, defer losses to the fund, cause adjustments in the holding periods of the fund’s securities, convert long-term capital gains into short-term capital gains, short-term capital losses into long-term capital losses, or capital gains into ordinary income. These rules could therefore affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders. The fund may make any applicable elections pertaining to such transactions consistent with the interests of the fund.

Because these and other tax rules applicable to these types of transactions are in some cases uncertain under current law, an adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS with respect to these rules (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect whether the fund has made sufficient distributions,

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and otherwise satisfied the relevant requirements, to maintain its qualification as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax.

A fund’s use of commodity-linked derivatives can be limited by the fund’s intention to qualify as a regulated investment company and can bear on its ability to so qualify. Income and gains from certain commodity-linked derivatives do not constitute qualifying income to a regulated investment company for purposes of the 90% gross income test described above. The tax treatment of certain other commodity-linked derivative instruments in which the fund might invest is not certain, in particular with respect to whether income or gains from such instruments constitute qualifying income to a regulated investment company. If the fund were to treat income or gain from a particular instrument as qualifying income and the income or gain were later determined not to constitute qualifying income and, together with any other nonqualifying income, caused the fund’s nonqualifying income to exceed 10% of its gross income in any taxable year, the fund would fail to qualify as a regulated investment company unless it is eligible to and does pay a tax at the fund level.

The tax rules are uncertain with respect to the treatment of income or gains arising in respect of commodity-linked exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”) and certain commodity-linked structured notes; also, the timing and character of income or gains arising from ETNs can be uncertain. An adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect the fund’s ability to qualify for treatment as a regulated investment company and to avoid a fund-level tax.

To the extent that, in order to achieve exposure to commodities, the fund invests in entities that are treated as pass-through vehicles for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including, for instance, certain ETFs (e.g., ETFs investing in gold bullion) and partnerships other than qualified publicly traded partnerships (as defined earlier), all or a portion of any income and gains from such entities could constitute non-qualifying income to the fund for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement described above. In such a case, the fund’s investments in such entities could be limited by its intention to qualify as a regulated investment company and could bear on its ability to so qualify. Certain commodities-related ETFs may qualify as qualified publicly traded partnerships. In such cases, the net income derived from such investments will constitute qualifying income for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement. If, however, such a vehicle were to fail to qualify as a qualified publicly traded partnership in a particular year, a portion of the gross income derived from it in such year could constitute non-qualifying income to the fund for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement and thus could adversely affect the fund’s ability to qualify as a regulated investment company for a particular year. In addition, the diversification requirement described above for regulated investment company qualification will limit the fund’s investments in one or more vehicles that are qualified publicly traded partnerships to 25% of the fund’s total assets as of the close of each quarter of the fund’s taxable year.

Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund intends to gain exposure to commodities and commodity-related investments, in whole or in part, through each fund’s respective Subsidiary. A U.S. person who owns (directly, indirectly or constructively) 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of a foreign corporation or 10% or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of a foreign corporation is a “United States Shareholder” for purposes of the controlled foreign corporation (“CFC”) provisions of the Code. A foreign corporation is a CFC if, on any day of its taxable year, more than 50% of the voting power or value of its stock is owned (directly, indirectly or constructively) by “United States Shareholders.” Because each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund is a U.S. person that owns all of the stock of its respective Subsidiary, each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund is a “United States Shareholder” and each Subsidiary is a CFC. As a “United States Shareholder,” each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund is required to include in gross income for United States federal income tax purposes, as ordinary income, all of its Subsidiary’s “subpart F income” for the CFC’s taxable year ending with or within the fund’s taxable year, whether or not such income is distributed by the applicable Subsidiary, which may increase the ordinary income recognized by the fund. “Subpart F income” generally includes interest, original issue discount, dividends, net gains from the disposition of stocks or securities, receipts with respect to securities loans and net payments received with

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respect to equity swaps and similar derivatives. “Subpart F income” also includes the excess of gains over losses from transactions (including futures, forward and similar transactions) in commodities. It is expected that all of the Subsidiaries’ income will be “subpart F income.” Each fund’s recognition of its Subsidiary’s “subpart F income” will increase such fund’s tax basis in its Subsidiary’s shares. Distributions by a Subsidiary to the applicable fund will be tax-free, to the extent of such Subsidiary’s previously undistributed “subpart F income,” and will correspondingly reduce the fund’s tax basis in its Subsidiary’s shares. “Subpart F income” is treated as ordinary income, regardless of the character of a Subsidiary’s underlying income. Under Treasury regulations, income, if any, realized by a wholly-owned non-U.S. subsidiary (such as a Subsidiary) of a fund and included in such fund’s annual income of U.S. federal income purposes, will constitute qualifying income to the extent it is either (i) timely and currently repatriated or (ii) derived with respect to the fund’s business of investing in stock, securities or currencies. If a net loss is realized by a Subsidiary, such loss is not available to offset income or capital gain generated from the fund’s other investments. In addition, a Subsidiary is not permitted to carry forward any net ordinary losses it realizes in a taxable year to offset ordinary income it realizes in subsequent taxable years.

Certain of the fund’s investments in derivative instruments and foreign currency-denominated instruments, and any of the fund's transactions in foreign currencies and hedging activities, are likely to produce a difference between its book income and its taxable income. If such a difference arises, and the fund’s book income is less than its taxable income (or, for tax-exempt funds, the sum of its net tax-exempt and taxable income), the fund could be required to make distributions exceeding book income to qualify as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment and to eliminate fund-level income tax. In the alternative, if the fund’s book income exceeds the sum of its taxable income and tax-exempt income, the distribution (if any) of such excess will be treated as (i) a dividend to the extent of the fund’s remaining earnings and profits (including earnings and profits arising from tax-exempt income), (ii) thereafter as a return of capital to the extent of the recipient’s basis in the shares, and (iii) thereafter as gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset.

Investments in REITs. The fund’s investment in REIT equity securities may result in the fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings. If the fund distributes such amounts, such distribution could constitute a return of capital to the fund shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividends received by the fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income and will not qualify for the corporate dividends-received deduction.

Distributions by the fund to its shareholders that the fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” as defined and subject to certain conditions described below, are treated as qualified REIT dividends in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. Non-corporate shareholders are permitted a federal income tax deduction equal to 20% of qualified REIT dividends received by them, subject to certain limitations. Very generally, a “section 199A dividend” is any dividend or portion thereof that is attributable to certain dividends received by a regulated investment company from REITs, to the extent such dividends are properly reported as such by the regulated investment company in a written notice to its shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying regulated investment company shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. A fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.

Mortgage-related securities. The fund may invest in REITs, including REITs that hold residual interests in real estate mortgage investment conduits (“REMICs”) (including by investing in residual interests in collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) with respect to which an election to be treated as a REMIC is in effect), REITs that are themselves taxable mortgage pools (“TMPs”) or REITs that invest in TMPs. Under a notice issued by the IRS in October 2006 and Treasury regulations that have not yet been issued, but apply retroactively, a portion of the fund’s income from a REIT that is attributable to the REIT’s residual interest in a REMIC or TMP (referred to in the Code as an “excess inclusion”) will be subject to U.S. federal income tax in all events. This notice also provides, and the regulations are expected to provide, that excess inclusion income

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of a regulated investment company, such as the fund, will be allocated to shareholders of the regulated investment company in proportion to the dividends received by such shareholders, with the same consequences as if the shareholders held the related REMIC or TMP residual interest directly. As a result, a fund investing in such interests may not be a suitable investment for charitable remainder trusts, as noted below.

In general, excess inclusion income allocated to shareholders (i) cannot be offset by net operating losses (subject to a limited exception for certain thrift institutions), (ii) will constitute unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”) to entities (including a qualified pension plan, an individual retirement account, a 401(k) plan, a Keogh plan or other tax-exempt entity) subject to tax on UBTI, thereby potentially requiring such an entity that is allocated excess inclusion income, and otherwise might not be required to file a tax return, to file a tax return and pay tax on such income, and (iii) in the case of a non-U.S. shareholder, will not qualify for any reduction in U.S. federal withholding tax. A shareholder will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such inclusions notwithstanding any exemption from such income tax otherwise available under the Code. Any investment in residual interests of CMO that has elected to be treated as a REMIC can create complex tax problems, especially if the fund has state or local governments or other tax-exempt organizations as shareholders.

Income of a fund that would be UBTI if earned directly by a tax-exempt entity generally will not constitute UBTI when distributed to a tax-exempt shareholder of the fund. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a tax-exempt shareholder will recognize UBTI by virtue of its investment in the fund if shares in the fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of Code Section 514(b). Furthermore, a tax-exempt shareholder may recognize UBTI if the fund recognizes excess inclusion income derived from direct or indirect investments in REMIC residual interests or TMPs if the amount of such income recognized by the fund exceeds the fund's investment company taxable income (after taking into account deductions for dividends paid by the fund).

Under legislation enacted in December 2006, a charitable remainder trust (“CRT”), as defined in Section 664 of the Code, that realizes UBTI for a taxable year must pay an excise tax annually of an amount equal to such UBTI. Under IRS guidance issued in October 2006, a CRT will not recognize UBTI solely as a result of investing in a fund that recognizes excess inclusion income. Rather, if at any time during any taxable year a CRT (or one of certain other tax-exempt shareholders, such as the United States, a state or political subdivision, or an agency or instrumentality thereof, and certain energy cooperatives) is a record holder of a share in a fund that recognizes excess inclusion income, then the fund will be subject to a tax on that portion of its excess inclusion income for the taxable year that is allocable to such shareholders at the highest federal corporate income tax rate. The extent to which this IRS guidance remains applicable in light of the December 2006 legislation is unclear. To the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the fund may elect to specially allocate any such tax to the applicable CRT, or other shareholder, and thus reduce such shareholder’s distributions for the year by the amount of the tax that relates to such shareholder’s interest in the fund. CRTs and other tax-exempt investors are urged to consult their tax advisors concerning the consequences of investing in the fund.

Return of capital distributions. If the fund makes a distribution in and with respect to any taxable year to a shareholder in excess of the fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, the excess distribution will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of such shareholder’s tax basis in its shares, and thereafter as capital gain. A return of capital is not taxable, but it reduces a shareholder’s tax basis in its shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on a subsequent taxable disposition by the shareholder of its shares.

Dividends and distributions on the fund’s shares generally are subject to federal income tax as described herein to the extent they do not exceed the fund’s realized income and gains, even though such dividends and distributions may economically represent a return of a particular shareholder’s investment. Such distributions are likely to occur in respect of shares purchased at a time when the fund’s net asset value reflects gains that are either unrealized, or realized but not distributed. Such realized income and gains may be required to be distributed even when the fund’s net asset value also reflects unrealized losses. Distributions are taxable to a shareholder even if they are paid from income or gains earned by the fund prior to the shareholder’s investment (and thus included in the price paid by the shareholder).

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Securities issued or purchased at a discount. Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance (and zero-coupon debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance) that are acquired by the fund will be treated as debt obligations that are issued originally at a discount. Generally, the amount of the original issue discount (“OID”) is treated as interest income and is included in the fund’s income (and required to be distributed by the fund) over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt security. In addition, payment-in-kind securities will give rise to income which is required to be distributed and is taxable even though the fund holding the security receives no interest payment in cash on the security during the year.

Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance that are acquired by the fund in the secondary market may be treated as having “market discount.” Very generally, market discount is the excess of the stated redemption price of a debt obligation (or in the case of an obligation issued with OID, its “revised issue price”) over the purchase price of such obligation. Subject to the discussion below regarding Section 451 of the Code, (i) generally any gain recognized on the disposition of, and any partial payment of principal on, a debt security having market discount is treated as ordinary income to the extent the gain, or principal payment, does not exceed the “accrued market discount” on such debt security, (ii) alternatively, the fund may elect to accrue market discount currently, in which case the fund will be required to include the accrued market discount in the fund's income (as ordinary income) and thus distribute it over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt security, and (iii) the rate at which the market discount accrues, and thus is included in the fund's income, will depend upon which of the permitted accrual methods the fund elects. Notwithstanding the foregoing, effective for taxable years beginning after 2017, Section 451 of the Code generally requires any accrual method taxpayer to take into account items of gross income no later than the time at which such items are taken into account as revenue in the taxpayer's financial statements. The IRS and Treasury Department have issued proposed regulations providing that this rule does not apply to the accrual of market discount. If the rule were to apply to the accrual of market discount, the fund would be required to include in income any market discount as it takes the same into account on its financial statements.

Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of one year or less from the date of issuance that are acquired by the fund may be treated as having “acquisition discount” (very generally, the excess of the stated redemption price over the purchase price) or OID. The fund will be required to include the acquisition discount or OID in income over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, usually when the debt security matures. The fund may make one or more of the elections applicable to debt obligations having acquisition discount or OID, which could affect the character and timing of recognition of income.

If the fund holds the foregoing kinds of obligations, or other obligations subject to special rules under the Code, it may be required to pay out as an income distribution each year an amount which is greater than the total amount of cash interest the fund actually received. Such distributions may be made from the cash assets of the fund or, if necessary, by disposition of portfolio securities including at a time when it may not be advantageous to do so. These dispositions may cause the fund to realize higher amounts of short-term capital gains (generally taxed to shareholders at ordinary income tax rates) and, in the event the fund realizes net capital gains from such transactions, its shareholders may receive a larger capital gain distribution than if the fund had not held such obligations.

Securities purchased at a premium. Very generally, where the fund purchases a bond at a price that exceeds the redemption price at maturity (i.e., a premium), the premium is amortizable over the remaining term of the bond. In the case of a taxable bond, if the fund makes an election applicable to all such bonds it purchases, which election is irrevocable without consent of the IRS, the fund reduces the current taxable income from the bond by the amortized premium and reduces its tax basis in the bond by the amount of such offset; upon the disposition or maturity of such bonds acquired on or after January 4, 2013, the fund is permitted to deduct any

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remaining premium allocable to a prior period. In the case of a tax-exempt bond, tax rules require the fund to reduce its tax basis by the amount of amortized premium.

Higher-Risk obligations. The fund may invest to a significant extent in debt obligations that are in the lowest rating categories or are unrated, including debt obligations of issuers not currently paying interest or who are in default. Investments in debt obligations that are at risk of or in default present special tax issues for the fund. Tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as whether the fund should recognize market discount on a debt obligation and, if so, the amount of market discount the fund should recognize; when the fund may cease to accrue interest, OID or market discount, when and to what extent deductions may be taken for bad debts or worthless securities and how payments received on obligations in default should be allocated between principal and income. These and other related issues will be addressed by the fund when, as and if it invests in such obligations, in order to seek to ensure that it distributes sufficient income to preserve its status as a regulated investment company and does not become subject to U.S. federal income or excise tax.

Capital loss carryforward. Distributions from capital gains generally are made after applying any available capital loss carryforwards. Capital loss carryforwards are reduced to the extent they offset current-year net realized capital gains, whether the fund retains or distributes such gains. If a fund incurs or has incurred capital losses in excess of capital gains (“net capital losses”), those losses will be carried forward to one or more subsequent taxable years; any such carryforward losses will retain their character as short-term or long-term.

Foreign taxes. If more than 50% of the fund’s assets at taxable year end consists of the securities of foreign corporations, the fund may elect to permit shareholders to claim a credit or deduction on their income tax returns for their pro rata portion of qualified taxes paid by the fund to foreign countries in respect of foreign securities the fund has held for at least the minimum period specified in the Code. A qualified fund of funds also may elect to pass through to its shareholders foreign taxes it has paid or foreign taxes passed through to it by any underlying fund that itself elected to pass through such taxes to shareholders (see “Funds of funds” above). In such a case, shareholders will include in gross income from foreign sources their pro rata shares of such taxes. A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, as a result of which a shareholder may not get a full credit or deduction for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their U.S. federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if the fund is eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. However, even if the fund elects to pass through to its shareholders foreign tax credits or deductions, tax-exempt shareholders and those who invest in the fund through tax-advantaged accounts such as IRAs will not benefit from any such tax credit or deduction.

Passive Foreign Investment Companies. Investments treated as equity for federal income tax purposes in certain “passive foreign investment companies” (“PFICs”, as defined below) could subject the fund to a U.S. federal income tax (including interest charges) on distributions received from the company or on the proceeds from the disposition of its investment in such a company. This tax cannot be eliminated by making distributions to fund shareholders; however, this tax can be avoided by making an election to mark such investments to market annually or to treat the passive foreign investment company as a “qualified electing fund.” The QEF and mark-to-market elections may have the effect of accelerating the recognition of income (without the receipt of cash) and increasing the amount required to be distributed by the fund to avoid taxation. Making either of these elections therefore may require the fund to liquidate other investments to meet its distribution requirement, which may also accelerate the recognition of gain and affect the fund’s total return. Dividends paid by PFICs will not be eligible to be treated as “qualified dividend income.” If the fund indirectly invests in PFICs by virtue of the fund’s investments in other funds, it may not make such PFIC elections; rather, the underlying funds directly investing in the PFICs would decide whether to make such elections.

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Because it is not always possible to identify a foreign corporation as a PFIC, the fund may incur the tax and interest charges described above in some instances.

A PFIC is any foreign corporation: (i) 75 percent or more of the income of which for the taxable year is passive income, or (ii) the average percentage of the assets of which (generally by value, but by adjusted tax basis in certain cases) that produce or are held for the production of passive income is at least 50 percent. Generally, passive income for this purpose means dividends, interest (including income equivalent to interest), royalties, rents, annuities, the excess of gains over losses from certain property transactions and commodities transactions, and foreign currency gains. Passive income for this purpose does not include rents and royalties received by the foreign corporation from active business and certain income received from related persons.

Foreign currency-denominated transactions and related hedging transactions. The fund’s transactions in foreign currencies, foreign currency-denominated debt obligations and certain foreign currency options, futures contracts and forward contracts (and similar instruments) may give rise to ordinary income or loss to the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency concerned. Any such net gains could require a larger dividend toward the end of the calendar year. Any such net losses generally will reduce and potentially require the recharacterization of prior ordinary income distributions. Such ordinary income treatment may accelerate fund distributions to shareholders and increase the distributions taxed to shareholders as ordinary income. Any net ordinary losses so created cannot be carried forward by the fund to offset income or gains earned in subsequent taxable years.

Sale, exchange or redemption of shares. The sale, exchange or redemption of fund shares may give rise to a gain or loss. In general, any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than 12 months. Otherwise the gain or loss on the sale, exchange or redemption of fund shares will be treated as short-term capital gain or loss. However, if a shareholder sells shares at a loss within six months of purchase, any loss generally will be disallowed for federal income tax purposes to the extent of any exempt-interest dividends received on such shares. This loss disallowance, however, does not apply with respect to redemptions of fund shares held for six months or less with respect to a regular exempt-interest dividend paid by the fund if such fund declares substantially all of its net tax-exempt income as exempt-interest dividends on a daily basis, and pays such dividends at least on a monthly basis. In addition, any loss (not already disallowed as provided in the preceding sentences) realized upon a taxable disposition of shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any Capital Gain Dividends received (or deemed received) by the shareholder with respect to the shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of fund shares will be disallowed if other shares of the same fund are purchased within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.

Cost basis reporting. Upon the redemption or exchange of a shareholder’s shares in the fund, the fund, or, if such shareholder’s shares are then held through a financial intermediary, the financial intermediary, will be required to provide the shareholder and the IRS with cost basis and certain other related tax information about the fund shares the shareholder redeemed or exchanged. This cost basis reporting requirement is effective for shares purchased, including through dividend reinvestment, on or after January 1, 2012. Shareholders can visit www.putnam.com/costbasis, or call the fund at 1-800-225-1581, or consult their financial representatives, as appropriate, for more information regarding available methods for cost basis reporting and how to select a particular method. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine which available cost basis method is best for them.

Shares purchased through tax-qualified plans. Special tax rules apply to investments through employer-sponsored retirement plans and other tax-qualified plans or tax-advantaged arrangements. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the suitability of shares of the fund as an investment through such plans and arrangements and the precise effect of an investment on their particular tax situation.

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Backup withholding. The fund generally is required to withhold and remit to the U.S. Treasury a percentage of the taxable dividends and other distributions paid to any individual shareholder who fails to furnish the fund with a correct taxpayer identification number (TIN), who has under-reported dividends or interest income, or who fails to certify to the fund that he or she is not subject to such withholding. The backup withholding rules may also apply to distributions that are properly reported as exempt-interest dividends. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be credited against the shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the appropriate information is furnished to the IRS.

In order for a foreign investor to qualify for exemption from the backup withholding tax rates and for reduced withholding tax rates under income tax treaties, the foreign investor must comply with special certification and filing requirements. Foreign investors in a fund should consult their tax advisors in this regard.

Tax shelter reporting regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, if a shareholder recognizes a loss on disposition of fund shares of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a regulated investment company are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all regulated investment companies. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.

Non-U.S. shareholders. Distributions by the fund to shareholders that are not “U.S. persons” within the meaning of the Code (“foreign shareholders”) properly reported by the fund as (1) Capital Gain Dividends, (2) interest-related dividends, (3) short-term capital gain dividends, each as defined below and subject to certain conditions described below, and (4) exempt-interest dividends generally are not subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax.

In general, the Code defines (1) “short-term capital gain dividends” as distributions of net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses and (2) “interest-related dividends” as distributions from U.S. source interest income of types similar to those not subject to U.S. federal income tax if earned directly by an individual foreign shareholder, in each case to the extent such distributions are properly reported as such by the fund in a written notice to shareholders. The exceptions to withholding for Capital Gain Dividends and short-term capital gain dividends do not apply to (A) distributions to an individual foreign shareholder who is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the distribution and (B) distributions attributable to gain that is treated as effectively connected with the conduct by the foreign shareholder of a trade or business within the United States under special rules regarding the disposition of U.S. real property interests as described below. The exception to withholding for interest-related dividends does not apply to distributions to a foreign shareholder (A) that has not provided a satisfactory statement that the beneficial owner is not a U.S. person, (B) to the extent that the dividend is attributable to certain interest on an obligation if the foreign shareholder is the issuer or is a 10% shareholder of the issuer, (C) that is within certain foreign countries that have inadequate information exchange with the United States, or (D) to the extent the dividend is attributable to interest paid by a person that is a related person of the foreign shareholder and the foreign shareholder is a controlled foreign corporation. If the fund invests in other regulated investment companies that pay Capital Gain Dividends, short-term capital gain dividends or interest-related dividends to the fund, such distributions retain their character as not subject to withholding if properly reported when paid by the fund to foreign shareholders. The fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as interest-related and/or short-term capital gain dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so. In the case of shares held through an intermediary, the intermediary may withhold even if the fund reports all or a portion of a payment as an interest-related or short-term capital gain dividend to shareholders.

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The fact that a fund achieves its goals by investing in underlying funds generally does not adversely affect the fund’s ability to pass on to foreign shareholders the full benefit of the interest-related dividends and short-term capital gain dividends that it receives from its investments in underlying funds, except possibly to the extent that (1) interest-related dividends received by the fund are offset by deductions allocable to the fund’s qualified interest income or (2) short-term capital gain dividends received by the fund are offset by the fund’s net short- or long-term capital losses, in which case the amount of a distribution from the fund to a foreign shareholder that is properly reported as either an interest-related dividend or a short-term capital gain dividend, respectively, may be less than the amount that such shareholder would have received had they invested directly in the underlying funds.

Distributions by the fund to foreign shareholders other than Capital Gain Dividends, interest-related dividends, and short-term capital gain dividends and exempt-interest dividends (e.g., dividends attributable to dividend and foreign-source interest income or to short-term capital gains or U.S.-source interest income to which the exception from withholding described above does not apply) are generally subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate).

Under U.S. federal tax law, a beneficial holder of shares who is a foreign shareholder is not, in general, subject to U.S. federal income tax on gains (and is not allowed a deduction for losses) realized on the sale of shares of the fund, unless (i) such gain is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business carried on by such holder within the United States; (ii) in the case of an individual holder, the holder is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the sale and certain other conditions are met; or (iii) the special rules relating to gain attributable to the sale or exchange of “U.S. real property interests” (“USRPIs”) apply to the foreign shareholder's sale of shares of the fund (as described below).

If a beneficial holder who is a foreign shareholder has a trade or business in the United States, and the dividends are effectively connected with the conduct by the beneficial holder of a trade or business in the United States, the dividend will be subject to U.S. federal net income taxation at regular income tax rates and, in the case of a foreign corporation, may also be subject to a branch profits tax. If a foreign shareholder is eligible for the benefits of a tax treaty, any effectively connected income or gain will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net basis only if it is also attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the shareholder in the United States. More generally, foreign shareholders who are residents in a country with an income tax treaty with the United States may obtain different tax results than those described herein, and are urged to consult their tax advisors.

Special rules would apply if the fund were a qualified investment entity (“QIE”) because it is either a “U.S. real property holding corporation” (“USRPHC”) or would be a USRPHC but for the operation of certain exceptions to the definition of USRPIs described below. Very generally, a USRPHC is a domestic corporation that holds USRPIs the fair market value of which equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market values of the corporation’s USRPIs, interests in real property located outside the United States, and other trade or business assets. USRPIs generally are defined as any interest in U.S. real property and any interest (other than solely as a creditor) in a USRPHC or, very generally, an entity that has been a USRPHC in the last five years. A fund that holds, directly or indirectly, significant interests in REITs may be a USRPHC. Interests in domestically controlled QIEs, including regulated investment companies and REITs that are QIEs, not-greater-than-10% interests in publicly traded classes of stock in REITs and not-greater-than-5% interests in publicly traded classes of stock in regulated investment companies generally are not USRPIs, but these exceptions do not apply for purposes of determining whether a fund is a QIE.

If an interest in the fund were a USRPI, the fund would be required to withhold U.S. tax on the proceeds of a share redemption by a greater-than-5% foreign shareholder, in which case such foreign shareholder generally would also be required to file U.S. tax returns and pay any additional taxes due in connection with the redemption.

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If the fund were a QIE under a special “look-through” rule, any distributions by the fund to a foreign shareholder (including, in certain cases, distributions made by the fund in redemption of its shares) attributable directly or indirectly to (i) distributions received by the fund from a lower-tier regulated investment company or REIT that the fund is required to treat as USRPI gain in its hands and (ii) gains realized on the disposition of USRPIs by the fund would retain their character as gains realized from USRPIs in the hands of the fund’s foreign shareholders and would be subject to U.S. tax withholding. In addition, such distributions could result in the foreign shareholder being required to file a U.S. tax return and pay tax on the distributions at regular U.S. federal income tax rates. The consequences to a foreign shareholder, including the rate of such withholding and character of such distributions (e.g., as ordinary income or USRPI gain), would vary depending upon the extent of the foreign shareholder’s current and past ownership of the fund.

Foreign shareholders of the fund also may be subject to “wash sale” rules to prevent the avoidance of the tax-filing and -payment obligations discussed above through the sale and repurchase of fund shares.

Foreign shareholders should consult their tax advisers and, if holding shares through intermediaries, their intermediaries, concerning the application of these rules to their investment in the fund.

Other reporting and withholding requirements. Sections 1471-1474 of the Code and the U.S. Treasury and IRS guidance issued thereunder (collectively, “FATCA”) generally require a fund to obtain information sufficient to identify the status of each of its shareholders under FATCA or under an applicable intergovernmental agreement (an “IGA”) between the United States and a foreign government. If a shareholder fails to provide the requested information or otherwise fails to comply with FATCA or an IGA, the fund may be required to withhold under FATCA at a rate of 30% with respect to that shareholder on ordinary dividends it pays. The IRS and the Department of Treasury have issued proposed regulations providing that these withholding rules will not be applicable to the gross proceeds of share redemptions or Capital Gain Dividends the fund pays. If a payment by the fund is subject to FATCA withholding, the fund is required to withhold even if such payment would otherwise be exempt from withholding under the rules applicable to foreign shareholders described above (e.g., short-term capital gain dividends and interest-related dividends).

Each prospective investor is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the applicability of FATCA and any other reporting requirements with respect to the prospective investor’s own situation, including investments through an intermediary.

General Considerations. The U.S. federal income tax discussion set forth above is for general information only. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisers regarding the specific federal tax consequences of purchasing, holding, and disposing of shares of the fund, as well as the effects of state, local and foreign tax law and any proposed tax law changes.

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MANAGEMENT

Trustees

Name, Address1, Year of Birth, Position(s) Held with Fund and Length of Service as a Putnam Fund Trustee2	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Other Directorships Held by Trustee
Liaquat Ahamed (Born 1952), Trustee since 2012	Author; won Pulitzer Prize for Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World.	Chairman of the Sun Valley Writers Conference, a literary not-for-profit organization; and a Trustee of the Journal of Philosophy.
Ravi Akhoury (Born 1947), Trustee since 2009	Private investor.	Director of English Helper, Inc., a private software company; Trustee of the Rubin Museum, serving on the Investment Committee; and previously a director of RAGE Frameworks, Inc.
Barbara M. Baumann (Born 1955), Trustee since 2010	President of Cross Creek Energy Corporation, a strategic consultant to domestic energy firms and direct investor in energy projects.	Director of Devon Energy Corporation, a publicly traded independent natural gas and oil exploration and production company; Director of National Fuel Gas Company, a publicly traded energy company that engages in the production, gathering, transportation, distribution and marketing of natural gas; Senior Advisor to the energy private equity firm First Reserve; Director of Ascent Resources, LLC, a private exploration and production company established to acquire, explore for, develop and produce natural gas, oil and natural gas liquids reserve in the Appalachian Basin; Director of Texas American Resources Company II, a private, independent oil and gas exploration and production company; member of the Finance Committee of the Children’s Hospital of Colorado; member of the Investment Committee of the Board of The Denver Foundation; and previously a director of publicly traded companies Buckeye Partners, LP, UNS Energy Corporation, CVR Energy Company and SM Energy Corporation.
Katinka Domotorffy (Born 1975), Trustee since 2012	Voting member of the Investment Committees of the Anne Ray Foundation and Margaret A. Cargill Foundation, part of the Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropies.	Director of the Great Lakes Science Center and of College Now Greater Cleveland.

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Catharine Bond Hill (Born 1954), Trustee since 2017	Managing Director of Ithaka S+R, a not-for-profit service that helps the academic community navigate economic and technological change. From 2006 to 2016, Dr. Hill served as the 10th president of Vassar College.	Director of Yale-NUS College; and Trustee of Yale University.
Paul L. Joskow (Born 1947), Trustee since 1997	The Elizabeth and James Killian Professor of Economics, Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).. From 2008 to 2017, the President of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, a philanthropic institution focused primarily on research and education on issues related to science, technology and economic performance.	Trustee of Yale University; a Director of Exelon Corporation, an energy company focused on power services; and a Member Emeritus of the Board of Advisors of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
Kenneth R. Leibler (Born 1949), Trustee since 2006, Vice Chair from 2016 to 2018 and Chair since 2018	Vice Chairman Emeritus of Trustees of Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital in Boston. Member of the Investment Committee of the Boston Arts Academy Foundation.	Director of Eversource Corporation, which operates New England’s largest energy delivery system; previously the Chairman of the Boston Options Exchange, an electronic market place for the trading of listed derivatives securities; previously the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Boston Stock Exchange; and previously the President and Chief Operating Officer of the American Stock Exchange.
George Putnam, III (Born 1951), Trustee since 1984	Chairman of New Generation Research, Inc., a publisher of financial advisory and other research services, and President of New Generation Advisors, LLC, a registered investment adviser to private funds.	Director of The Boston Family Office, LLC, a registered investment advisor; a Trustee of the Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute; previously, a Trustee of the Marine Biological Laboratory; and previously a Trustee of Epiphany School.

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Manoj P. Singh (Born 1952), Trustee since 2017	Until 2015, chief operating officer and global managing director at Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Ltd., a global professional services organization, serving on the Deloitte U.S. board of directors and the boards of Deloitte member firms in China, Mexico and Southeast Asia.	Director of Abt Associates, a global research firm working in the fields of health, social and environmental policy, and international development; Trustee of Carnegie Mellon University; Director of Pratham USA, an organization dedicated to children’s education in India; member of the advisory board of Altimetrik, a business transformation and technology solutions firm; and Director of DXC Technology, a global IT services and consulting company.
Mona K. Sutphen (Born 1967), Trustee since 2020	Senior Adviser at The Vistra Group, a private investment firm focused on middle-market companies in the healthcare, education, and financial services industries. From 2014 to 2018, Partner at Marco Advisory Partners, a global consulting firm.	Director of Unitek Learning, a private nursing and medical services education provider in the United States; previous Director of Pattern Energy, a publicly traded renewable energy company; Board Member, International Rescue Committee; Co-Chair of the Board of Human Rights First; Trustee of Mount Holyoke College; and Member of the Advisory Board for the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs.

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Interested Trustees
*Robert L. Reynolds (Born 1952), Trustee since 2008	President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments; President and Chief Executive Officer of Great-West Financial, a financial services company that provides retirement savings plans, life insurance, and annuity and executive benefits products, and of Great-West Lifeco U.S. Inc.; President and Chief Executive Officer of Great-West Lifeco U.S. Inc., a holding company that owns Putnam Investments and Great-West Financial; and a member of Putnam Investments’ and Great-West Financial’s Board of Directors.	Director of West Virginia University Foundation; director of the Concord Museum; director of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Chairman of Massachusetts Competitive Partnership; director of Boston Chamber of Commerce; member of the Chief Executives Club of Boston; member of the National Innovation Initiative; member of the Massachusetts General Hospital President’s Council; member of the Council on Competitiveness; and previously the President of the Commercial Club of Boston.

¹ The address of each Trustee is 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110. As of December 31, 2020, there were 97 Putnam funds.

² Each Trustee serves for an indefinite term, until his or her resignation, retirement during the year he or she reaches age 75, death or removal.

*Trustee who is an “interested person” (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the fund and Putnam Management. Mr. Reynolds is deemed an “interested person” by virtue of his positions as an officer of the fund and Putnam Management. Mr. Reynolds is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments, LLC and President of your fund and each of the other Putnam funds.

Trustee Qualifications

Each of the fund’s Trustees, with the exception of Dr. Hill, Ms. Sutphen, and Mr. Singh, was most recently elected by shareholders of the fund during 2014, although most of the Trustees have served on the Board for many years. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee is responsible for recommending proposed nominees for election to the full Board of Trustees for its approval. As part of its deliberative process, the Committee considers the experience, qualifications, attributes and skills that it determines would benefit the Putnam funds at the time.

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In recommending the election of the board members as Trustees, the Committee generally considered the educational, business and professional experience of each Trustee in determining his or her qualifications to serve as a Trustee of the fund, including the Trustee's record of service as a director or trustee of public and private organizations. (This included, but was not limited to, consideration of the specific experience noted in the preceding table.) In the case of most members of the Board, the Committee considered his or her previous service as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Putnam funds, which demonstrated a high level of diligence and commitment to the interests of fund shareholders and an ability to work effectively and collegially with other members of the Board.

The Committee also considered, among other factors, the particular attributes described below with respect to the various individual Trustees and considered the attributes as indicative of the person’s ability to deal effectively with the types of financial, regulatory, and/or investment matters that typically arise in the course of a Trustee’s work:

Liaquat Ahamed -- Mr. Ahamed’s experience as Chief Executive Officer of a major investment management organization and as head of the investment division at the World Bank, as well as his experience as an author of economic literature.

Ravi Akhoury -- Mr. Akhoury's experience as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of a major investment management organization.

Barbara M. Baumann -- Ms. Baumann’s experience in the energy industry as a consultant, an investor, and in both financial and operational management positions at a global energy company, and her service as a director of multiple NYSE companies.

Katinka Domotorffy -- Ms. Domotorffy’s experience as Chief Investment Officer and Global Head of Quantitative Investment Strategies at a major asset management organization.

Catharine Bond Hill -- Dr. Hill’s education and experience as an economist and as president and provost of colleges in the United States.

Paul L. Joskow -- Dr. Joskow's education and experience as a professional economist familiar with financial economics and related issues and his service on multiple for-profit boards.

Kenneth R. Leibler -- Mr. Leibler's extensive experience in the financial services industry, including as Chief Executive Officer of a major asset management organization, and his service as a director of various public and private companies.

George Putnam, III -- Mr. Putnam’s training and experience as an attorney, his experience as the founder and Chief Executive Officer of an investment management firm and his experience as an author of various publications on the subject of investments.

Manoj P. Singh -- Mr. Singh’s experience as chief operating officer and global managing director of a global professional services organization that provided accounting, consulting, tax, risk management, and financial advisory services.

Mona K. Sutphen – Ms. Sutphen’s extensive experience advising corporate, philanthropic and institutional investors on the intersection of geopolitics, policy and markets, as well as her prior service as White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy and as a US Foreign Service Officer, her work advising financial services companies on macro risks, and her service as director of public companies

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Interested Trustee

Robert L. Reynolds -- Mr. Reynolds’s extensive experience as a senior executive of one of the largest mutual fund organizations in the United States and his current role as President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments.

Officers

In addition to Robert L. Reynolds, the fund’s President, the other officers of the fund are shown below. All of the officers of your fund are employees of Putnam Management or its affiliates or are members of the Trustees’ independent administrative staff.

Name, Address1, Year of Birth, Position(s) Held with Fund	Length of Service with the Putnam Funds2	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years and Position(s) with Fund’s Investment Adviser and Distributor3
Jonathan S. Horwitz4 (Born 1955) Executive Vice President, Principal Executive Officer, and Compliance Liaison	Since 2004	Executive Vice President, Principal Executive Officer, and Compliance Liaison, The Putnam Funds.
Robert T. Burns (Born 1961) Vice President and Chief Legal Officer	Since 2011	General Counsel, Putnam Investments, Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management.
James F. Clark3 (Born 1974) Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer	Since 2016	Chief Compliance Officer, Putnam Investments and Putnam Management (2016 – Present). Associate General Counsel, Putnam Investments, Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management (2003-2015).
Michael J. Higgins4 (Born 1976) Vice President, Treasurer, and Clerk	Since 2010	Vice President, Treasurer, and Clerk, The Putnam Funds.
Richard T. Kircher (Born 1962) Vice President and BSA Compliance Officer	Since 2019	Assistant Director, Operational Compliance, Putnam Investments and Putnam Retail Management (2015 – Present). Sr. Manager, Operational Compliance, Putnam Investments and Putnam Retail Management (2004-2015).
Janet C. Smith (Born 1965) Vice President, Principal Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer, and Assistant Treasurer	Since 2007	Head of Fund Administration Services, Putnam Investments and Putnam Management.
Susan G. Malloy (Born 1957) Vice President and Assistant Treasurer	Since 2007	Head of Accounting, Middle Office, and Control Services, Putnam Investments, and Putnam Management.
Mark C. Trenchard (Born 1962) Vice President	Since 2002	Director of Operational Compliance, Putnam Investments and Putnam Retail Management.
Nancy E. Florek4 (Born 1957) Vice President, Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate Governance, Assistant Clerk, and Assistant Treasurer	Since 2000	Vice President, Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate Governance, Assistant Clerk, and Assistant Treasurer, The Putnam Funds.
Denere P. Poulack4 (Born 1968) Assistant Vice President, Assistant Clerk, and Assistant Treasurer	Since 2004	Assistant Vice President, Assistant Clerk, and Assistant Treasurer, The Putnam Funds.

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¹The address of each Officer is 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110.

²Each officer serves for an indefinite term, until his or her resignation, retirement, death or removal.

³Prior positions and/or officer appointments with the fund or the fund’s investment adviser and distributor have been omitted.

⁴Officers of the fund indicated are members of the Trustees’ independent administrative staff. Compensation for these individuals is fixed by the Trustees and reimbursed to Putnam Management by the funds.

Except as stated above, the principal occupations of the officers and Trustees for the last five years have been with the employers as shown above, although in some cases they have held different positions with such employers.

Leadership Structure and Standing Committees of the Board of Trustees

For details regarding the number of times the standing committees of the Board of Trustees met during a fund's last fiscal year, see "Trustee responsibilities and fees" in Part I of this SAI.

Board Leadership Structure. Currently, 10 of the 11 Trustees of your fund are Independent Trustees, meaning that they are not considered "interested persons" of your fund or its investment manager. These Independent Trustees must vote separately to approve all financial arrangements and other agreements with your fund’s investment manager and other affiliated parties. The role of independent trustees has been characterized as that of a “watchdog” charged with oversight to protect shareholders’ interests against overreaching and abuse by those who are in a position to control or influence a fund. Your fund’s Independent Trustees meet regularly as a group in executive session (i.e., without representatives of your fund’s investment manager or its affiliates present). An Independent Trustee currently serves as chair of the Board.

Taking into account the number, the diversity and the complexity of the funds overseen by the Board and the aggregate amount of assets under management, your fund’s Trustees have determined that the efficient conduct of the Board's affairs makes it desirable to delegate responsibility for certain specific matters to committees of the Board. The Executive Committee, Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee, and Board Policy and Nominating Committee are authorized to take action on certain matters as specified in their charters or in policies and procedures relating to the governance of the funds; with respect to other matters, these committees review and evaluate and make recommendations to the Trustees as they deem appropriate. The other committees also review and evaluate matters specified in their charters and make recommendations to the Trustees as they deem appropriate. Each committee may utilize the resources of your fund’s independent staff, counsel and independent registered public accountants as well as other experts. The committees meet as often as appropriate, either in conjunction with regular meetings of the Trustees or otherwise. The membership and chair of each committee are appointed by the Trustees upon recommendation of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee. Each committee is chaired by an Independent Trustee and, except as noted below, the membership and chairs of each committee consist exclusively of Independent Trustees.

The Trustees have determined that this committee structure also allows the Board to focus more effectively on the oversight of risk as part of its broader oversight of the fund's affairs. While risk management is the primary responsibility of the fund's investment manager, the Trustees receive reports regarding investment risks, compliance risks and other risks. The Board and certain committees also meet periodically with the funds’ Chief Compliance Officer to receive compliance reports. In addition, the Board and its Investment Oversight Committees meet periodically with the portfolio managers of the funds to receive reports regarding the management of the funds. The Board's committee structure allows separate committees to focus on different aspects of these risks and their potential impact on some or all of the funds and to discuss with the fund's investment manager how it monitors and controls risks.

The Board recognizes that the reports it receives concerning risk management matters are, by their nature, typically summaries of the relevant information. Moreover, the Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect your fund can be identified in advance; that it may not be practical or cost effective to eliminate or to

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mitigate certain risks; that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) in seeking to achieve your fund’s investment objectives; and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. As a result of the foregoing and for other reasons, the Board’s risk management oversight is subject to substantial limitations.

Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee. The Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee provides oversight on matters relating to the integrity of the funds’ financial statements, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, the performance of each fund’s internal audit function, Codes of Ethics issues, and certain aspects of overseeing Putnam Management’s risk assessment and risk management. This oversight is discharged by regularly meeting with management and the funds’ independent registered public accountants and remaining current with respect to industry developments. Duties of this Committee also include the review and evaluation of all matters and relationships pertaining to the funds’ independent registered public accountants, including their independence, and the review of Putnam Management’s oversight of the funds’ significant other service providers (unless another committee, or the Board, has this responsibility). The Committee also oversees all dividends and distributions by the funds. The Committee makes recommendations to the Trustees of the funds regarding the amount and timing of dividends and distributions paid by the funds, and determines such matters when the Trustees are not in session. The Committee also oversees the policies and procedures pursuant to which Putnam Management prepares recommendations for dividends and distributions, and meets regularly with representatives of Putnam Management to review the implementation of these policies and procedures. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The members of the Committee include only Independent Trustees. Each member of the Committee also is “independent,” as that term is interpreted for purposes of Rule 10A-3(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and the listing standards of the NYSE. The Board has adopted a written charter for the Committee, a current copy of which is available at putnam.com/about-putnam. The current members are Messrs. Singh (Chair) and Akhoury, Drs. Hill and Joskow, and Ms. Domotorffy.

Board Policy and Nominating Committee. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee reviews matters pertaining to the operations of the Board of Trustees and its Committees, the compensation of the Trustees and their staff, and the conduct of legal affairs for the funds. The Committee evaluates and recommends all candidates for election as Trustees and recommends the appointment of members and chairs of each board committee. The Committee will consider nominees for Trustee recommended by shareholders of a fund provided that such recommendations are submitted by the date disclosed in the fund’s proxy statement and otherwise comply with applicable securities laws, including Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act. The Committee also reviews policy matters affecting the operation of the Board and its independent staff. In addition, the Committee oversees the voting of proxies associated with portfolio investments of the funds with the goal of ensuring that these proxies are voted in the best interest of the funds’ shareholders. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee generally believes that the Board benefits from diversity of background, experience and views among its members, and considers this as a factor in evaluating the composition of the Board, but has not adopted any specific policy in this regard. The Committee is composed entirely of Independent Trustees. The current members are Dr. Joskow (Chairp), Messrs. Leibler and Putnam, and Ms. Baumann.

Brokerage Committee. The Brokerage Committee reviews the funds' policies regarding the execution of portfolio trades and Putnam Management's (and its affiliates’) practices and procedures relating to the implementation of those policies. The Committee reviews periodic reports on the cost and quality of execution of portfolio transactions and the extent to which brokerage commissions have been used (i) by Putnam Management (or its affiliates) to obtain brokerage and research services generally useful to it (or its affiliates) in managing the portfolios of the funds and of its other clients, and (ii) by the funds to pay for certain fund expenses. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee is composed entirely of Independent Trustees. The current members are Messrs. Ahamed (Chair), Leibler and Putnam, and Mses. Baumann and Sutphen.

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Contract Committee. The Contract Committee reviews and evaluates at least annually all arrangements pertaining to (i) the engagement of Putnam Management and its affiliates to provide services to the funds, (ii) the expenditure of the funds' assets for distribution purposes pursuant to Distribution Plans of the funds, and (iii) the engagement of other persons to provide material services to the funds, including in particular those instances where the cost of services is shared between the funds and Putnam Management and its affiliates or where Putnam Management or its affiliates have a material interest. The Committee also reviews the proposed organization of new fund products, proposed structural changes to existing funds and certain matters relating to closed-end funds. In addition, the Committee also reviews communications with, and the quality of services provided to, shareholders and oversees the marketing and sale of fund shares by Putnam Retail Management. The Committee reports and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee is composed entirely of Independent Trustees. The current members are Messrs. Putnam (Chair), Ahamed and Leibler, and Mses. Baumann and Sutphen.

Executive Committee. The functions of the Executive Committee are twofold. The first is to ensure that the funds’ business may be conducted at times when it is not feasible to convene a meeting of the Trustees or for the Trustees to act by written consent. The Committee may exercise any or all of the power and authority of the Trustees when the Trustees are not in session. The second is to review annual and ongoing goals, objectives and priorities for the Board and to facilitate coordination of all efforts between the Trustees and Putnam Management on behalf of the shareholders of the funds. The Committee currently consists of Messrs. Leibler (Chair) and Putnam, and Ms. Baumann.

Investment Oversight Committees. The Investment Oversight Committees regularly meet with investment personnel of Putnam Management and its affiliates to review the investment performance and strategies of the funds in light of their stated goals and policies. The Committees seek to identify any compliance issues that are unique to the applicable categories of funds and work with the appropriate board committees to ensure that any such issues are properly addressed. The Committees review the proposed investment objectives, policies and restrictions of new fund products and proposed changes to investment objectives, policies and restrictions of existing funds. The current members of Investment Oversight Committee A are Mses. Domotorffy (Chair) and Sutphen, Dr. Joskow, and Messrs. Ahamed, Reynolds, and Singh, and the current members of Investment Oversight Committee B are Messrs. Akhoury (Chair), Leibler and Putnam, Dr. Hill, and Ms. Baumann.

Pricing Committee. The Pricing Committee oversees the valuation of assets of the Putnam funds and reviews the funds’ policies and procedures for achieving accurate and timely pricing of fund shares. The Committee oversees implementation of these policies, including fair value determinations of individual securities made by Putnam Management or other designated agents of the funds. The Committee also reviews (i) compliance by money market funds with Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act, (ii) in-kind redemptions by the fund affiliates, (iii) the correction of occasional pricing errors, and (iv) Putnam Management’s oversight of pricing vendors. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee is composed entirely of Independent Trustees. The current members are Messrs. Singh (Chair) and Akhoury, Drs. Hill and Joskow, and Ms. Domotorffy.

Indemnification of Trustees

The Agreement and Declaration of Trust of each fund provides that the fund will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the fund, except if it has been finally adjudicated that (a) they have not acted in good faith, (b) they have not acted in the reasonable belief that their actions were (i) in the best interests of the fund or (ii) at least were not opposed to the best interests of the fund, (c) in the case of a criminal proceeding, they had reasonable cause to believe the action was unlawful or (d) they were liable to the fund or its shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. The fund, at its expense, provides liability insurance for the benefit of its Trustees and officers.

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For details of Trustees’ fees paid by the fund and information concerning retirement guidelines for the Trustees, see “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI.

Putnam Management and its Affiliates

Putnam Management is one of America’s oldest and largest money management firms. Putnam Management’s staff of experienced portfolio managers and research analysts selects securities and constantly supervises the fund’s portfolio. By pooling an investor’s money with that of other investors, a greater variety of securities can be purchased than would be the case individually; the resulting diversification helps reduce investment risk. Putnam Management has been managing mutual funds since 1937.

Putnam Management is a subsidiary of Putnam Investments. Great-West Lifeco Inc., a financial services holding company with operations in Canada, the United States and Europe and a member of the Power Financial Corporation group of companies, owns a majority interest in Putnam Investments. Power Financial Corporation, a diversified management and holding company with direct and indirect interests in the financial services sector in Canada, the United States and Europe, is a subsidiary of Power Corporation of Canada, a diversified international management and holding company with interests in companies in the financial services, communications and other business sectors. The Desmarais Family Residuary Trust, a trust established pursuant to the Last Will and Testament of the Honourable Paul G. Desmarais, directly and indirectly controls a majority of the voting shares of Power Corporation of Canada.

Trustees and officers of the fund who are also officers of Putnam Management or its affiliates or who are stockholders of Putnam Investments or its parent companies will benefit from the advisory fees, sales commissions, distribution fees and transfer agency fees paid or allowed by the fund.

The Management Contract

Under a Management Contract between the fund and Putnam Management, subject to such policies as the Trustees may determine, Putnam Management, at its expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for the fund and makes investment decisions on behalf of the fund. Subject to the control of the Trustees, Putnam Management also manages, supervises and conducts the other affairs and business of the fund, furnishes office space and equipment, provides bookkeeping and clerical services (including determination of the fund’s net asset value, but excluding shareholder accounting services) and places all orders for the purchase and sale of the fund’s portfolio securities. Putnam Management may place fund portfolio transactions with broker-dealers that furnish Putnam Management, without cost to it, certain research, statistical and quotation services of value to Putnam Management and its affiliates in advising the fund and other clients. In so doing, Putnam Management may cause the fund to pay greater brokerage commissions than it might otherwise pay.

For details of Putnam Management’s compensation under the Management Contract, see “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI. Putnam Management’s compensation under the Management Contract may be reduced in any year if the fund’s expenses exceed the limits on investment company expenses imposed by any statute or regulatory authority of any jurisdiction in which shares of the fund are qualified for offer or sale. The term “expenses” is defined in the statutes or regulations of such jurisdictions, and generally excludes brokerage commissions, taxes, interest, extraordinary expenses and, if the fund has a distribution plan, payments made under such plan.

Fund-specific expense limitation. Under the Management Contract, Putnam Management may reduce its compensation to the extent that the fund’s expenses exceed such lower expense limitation as Putnam Management may, by notice to the fund, declare to be effective. For the purpose of determining any such limitation on Putnam Management’s compensation, expenses of the fund shall not reflect the application of commissions or cash management credits that may reduce designated fund expenses. The terms of any such expense limitation specific to a particular fund are described in the prospectus and/or Part I of this SAI.

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General expense limitation.

For retail open-end funds except Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Equity Fund, Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, Putnam RetirementReady® Funds, and Putnam Short-Term Investment Fund. As of December 1, 2019, through the expiration of the one-year period following the effective date of the next annual update of each fund’s registration statement, Putnam Management will waive fees and/or reimburse expenses of the fund to the extent necessary to limit the cumulative expenses of the fund, exclusive of brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses (including borrowing costs, i.e., short selling and lines of credit costs), extraordinary expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses, and payments under the fund’s investor servicing contract, the fund’s investment management contract (including any applicable performance-based upward or downward adjustment to a fund’s base management fee), and the fund’s distribution plans, to an annual (measured on a fiscal year basis) rate of 0.20% of the fund’s average net assets.

For Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Equity Fund Only: Putnam Management has contractually agreed to waive fees and/or reimburse expenses of the fund through September 30, 2021 to the extent necessary to limit the cumulative expenses of the fund, exclusive of brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses (including borrowing costs, i.e., short selling and lines of credit costs), extraordinary expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses, and payments under the fund’s investor servicing contract, the fund’s investment management contract, and the fund’s distribution plans, to an annual (measured on a fiscal year basis) rate of 0.02% of the fund’s average net assets.

For all funds: In addition to the fee paid to Putnam Management, the fund reimburses Putnam Management for the compensation and related expenses of certain officers of the fund and their assistants who provide certain administrative services for the fund and the other Putnam funds, each of which bears an allocated share of the foregoing costs. The aggregate amount of all such payments and reimbursements is determined annually by the Trustees.

The amount of this reimbursement for the fund’s most recent fiscal year is included in “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI. Putnam Management pays all other salaries of officers of the fund. The fund pays all expenses not assumed by Putnam Management including, without limitation, auditing, legal, custodial, investor servicing and shareholder reporting expenses. The fund pays the cost of typesetting for its prospectuses and the cost of printing and mailing any prospectuses sent to its shareholders. Putnam Retail Management pays the cost of printing and distributing all other prospectuses.

The Management Contract provides that Putnam Management shall not be subject to any liability to the fund or to any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its duties on the part of Putnam Management.

The Management Contract may be terminated without penalty by vote of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by Putnam Management, on not less than 60 days’ written notice. It may be amended only by a vote of the shareholders of the fund. The Management Contract also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. The Management Contract provides that it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” as defined in the 1940 Act.

Putnam Management has entered into a Master Sub-Accounting Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company ("State Street"), under which Putnam Management has delegated to State Street responsibility for providing certain administrative, pricing, and bookkeeping services for the fund. Putnam Management pays State Street a fee, monthly, based on a combination of fixed annual charges and charges

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based on the fund's assets and the number and types of securities held by the fund, and reimburses State Street for certain out-of-pocket expenses.

The Sub-Manager

If so disclosed in the fund’s prospectus, PIL, an affiliate of Putnam Management, has been retained as the sub-manager for a portion of the assets of the fund, as determined by Putnam Management from time to time, pursuant to a sub-management agreement between Putnam Management and PIL. Under the terms of the sub-management contract, PIL, at its own expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for that portion of each such fund that is allocated to PIL from time to time by Putnam Management and makes investment decisions on behalf of such portion of the fund, subject to the supervision of Putnam Management. Putnam Management may also, at its discretion, request PIL to provide assistance with purchasing and selling securities for the fund, including placement of orders with certain broker-dealers. PIL, at its expense, furnishes all necessary investment and management facilities, including salaries of personnel, required for it to execute its duties.

The sub-management contract provides that PIL shall not be subject to any liability to Putnam Management, the fund or any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties on the part of PIL.

The sub-management contract may be terminated with respect to a fund without penalty by vote of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by PIL or Putnam Management, on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice. The sub-management contract also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. Subject to applicable law, it may be amended by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. The sub-management contract provides that it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” as defined in the 1940 Act.

The Sub-Adviser

The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC

If so disclosed in the fund’s prospectus, PAC, an affiliate of Putnam Management, has been retained as a sub-adviser for a portion of the assets of the fund, as determined from time to time by Putnam Management or, with respect to portions of a fund’s assets for which PIL acts as sub-manager as described above, by PIL pursuant to a sub-advisory contract among Putnam Management, PIL and PAC. Under certain terms of the sub-advisory contract, PAC, at its own expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for that portion of each such fund that is allocated to PAC from time to time by Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable and makes investment decisions on behalf of such portion of the fund, subject to the supervision of Putnam Management or PIL, as the case may be. Putnam Management or PIL, as the case may be, may also, at its discretion, request PAC to provide assistance with purchasing and selling securities for the fund, including placement of orders with certain broker-dealers.

PAC, at its expense, furnishes all necessary investment and management facilities, including salaries of personnel, required for it to execute its duties. The sub-advisory contract provides that PAC shall not be subject to any liability to Putnam Management, PIL, the fund or any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties on the part of PAC.

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The sub-advisory contract may be terminated with respect to a fund without penalty by vote of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by PAC, PIL or Putnam Management, on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice. The sub-advisory contract also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. Subject to applicable law, it may be amended by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. The sub-advisory contract provides that it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” as defined in the 1940 Act.

PanAgora Asset Management, Inc.

If so disclosed in the fund’s prospectus, PanAgora, an affiliate of Putnam Management, has been retained as the sub-adviser for a portion of the assets of the fund, as determined from time to time by Putnam Management, by Putnam Management pursuant to a sub-advisory agreement between Putnam Management and PanAgora.

PanAgora, a Delaware corporation organized in 1985 and incorporated in 1989, is located at One International Place, 24th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02110. The voting interests in PanAgora are owned by Power Financial Corporation (through a series of subsidiaries, including Great West Lifeco Inc. and Putnam Investments, LLC). In addition, certain PanAgora employees own non-voting interests in PanAgora. Assuming all employee stock and options are issued and exercised, up to 20% of the economic interest in PanAgora would be owned by PanAgora employees.

Under certain terms of the sub-advisory agreement, PanAgora, at its own expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for that portion of each such fund that is allocated to PanAgora from time to time by Putnam Management, and makes investment decisions on behalf of such portion of the fund, subject to the supervision of the Board of Trustees and Putnam Management.

PanAgora, at its expense, furnishes all necessary investment and management facilities, including salaries of personnel, required for it to execute its duties. The sub-advisory agreement provides that PanAgora shall not be subject to any liability to Putnam Management, the fund or any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties on the part of PanAgora.

The sub-advisory agreement may be terminated with respect to a fund without penalty by vote of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by PanAgora or Putnam Management, on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice. The sub-advisory agreement also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. Subject to applicable law, it may be amended by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. The sub-advisory agreement provides that it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” as defined in the 1940 Act.

Portfolio Transactions

Potential conflicts of interest in managing multiple accounts.

Putnam Management

Like other investment professionals with multiple clients, the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s) may face certain potential conflicts of interest in connection with managing both the fund and the other accounts listed under “PORTFOLIO MANAGER(S)” “Other accounts managed” at the same time. The paragraphs below

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describe some of these potential conflicts, which Putnam Management believes are faced by investment professionals at most major financial firms. As described below, Putnam Management and the Trustees of the Putnam funds have adopted compliance policies and procedures that attempt to address certain of these potential conflicts.

The management of accounts with different advisory fee rates and/or fee structures, including accounts that pay advisory fees based on account performance (“performance fee accounts”), may raise potential conflicts of interest by creating an incentive to favor higher-fee accounts. These potential conflicts may include, among others:

• The most attractive investments could be allocated to higher-fee accounts or performance fee accounts.

• The trading of higher-fee accounts could be favored as to timing and/or execution price. For example, higher-fee accounts could be permitted to sell securities earlier than other accounts when a prompt sale is desirable or to buy securities at an earlier and more opportune time.

• The trading of other accounts could be used to benefit higher-fee accounts (front-running).

• The investment management team could focus their time and efforts primarily on higher-fee accounts due to a personal stake in compensation.

Putnam Management attempts to address these potential conflicts of interest relating to higher-fee accounts through various compliance policies that are generally intended to place all accounts, regardless of fee structure, on the same footing for investment management purposes. For example, under Putnam Management’s policies:

• Performance fee accounts must be included in all standard trading and allocation procedures with all other accounts.

• All accounts must be allocated to a specific category of account and trade in parallel with allocations of similar accounts based on the procedures generally applicable to all accounts in those groups (e.g., based on relative risk budgets of accounts).

• All trading must be effected through Putnam’s trading desks and normal queues and procedures must be followed (i.e., no special treatment is permitted for performance fee accounts or higher-fee accounts based on account fee structure).

• Front running is strictly prohibited.

• Except as provided in Part I of this SAI, the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s) may not be guaranteed or specifically allocated any portion of a performance fee.

As part of these policies, Putnam Management has also implemented trade oversight and review procedures in order to monitor whether particular accounts (including higher-fee accounts or performance fee accounts) are being favored over time.

Potential conflicts of interest may also arise when the Portfolio Manager(s) have personal investments in other accounts that may create an incentive to favor those accounts. As a general matter and subject to limited exceptions, Putnam Management’s investment professionals do not have the opportunity to invest in client accounts, other than the Putnam funds. However, in the ordinary course of business, Putnam Management or related persons may from time to time establish “pilot” or “incubator” accounts for the purpose of testing proposed investment strategies and products before offering them to clients. These pilot accounts may be in the form of registered investment companies, private funds such as partnerships or separate accounts established by Putnam Management or an affiliate. Putnam Management or an affiliate supplies the funding for these accounts. Putnam employees, including the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s), may also invest in certain pilot accounts. Putnam Management, and to the extent applicable, the Portfolio Manager(s) will benefit from the favorable investment performance of pilot accounts. Pilot funds and accounts may, and frequently do, invest in the same securities as the client accounts. Putnam Management’s policy is to treat pilot accounts in the same manner as client accounts for purposes of trading allocation – neither favoring nor disfavoring them except as

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is legally required. For example, pilot accounts are normally included in Putnam Management’s daily block trades to the same extent as client accounts (except that pilot accounts do not participate in initial public offerings).

A potential conflict of interest may arise when the fund and other accounts purchase or sell the same securities. On occasions when the Portfolio Manager(s) consider the purchase or sale of a security to be in the best interests of the fund as well as other accounts, Putnam Management’s trading desk may, to the extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations and where practicable, aggregate the securities to be sold or purchased in order to obtain the best execution and lower brokerage commissions, if any. Aggregation of trades may create the potential for unfairness to the fund or another account if one account is favored over another in allocating the securities purchased or sold – for example, by allocating a disproportionate amount of a security that is likely to increase in value to a favored account. Putnam Management’s trade allocation policies generally provide that each day’s transactions in securities that are purchased or sold by multiple accounts are, insofar as possible, averaged as to price and allocated between such accounts (including the fund) in a manner which in Putnam Management’s opinion is equitable to each account and in accordance with the amount being purchased or sold by each account. However, accounts advised or sub-advised by PIL will only place trades at an execution-only commission rate, whereas other Putnam accounts may pay an additional amount for research and other products and services (a “bundled” or “full service” rate). Putnam Management may aggregate trades in PIL accounts with other Putnam accounts that pay a bundled rate as long as all participating accounts pay the same execution rate. To the extent that non-PIL accounts pay a bundled rate, the PIL and other Putnam Management accounts would not be paying the same total commission rate. Certain other exceptions exist for specialty, regional or sector accounts. Trade allocations are reviewed on a periodic basis as part of Putnam Management’s trade oversight procedures in an attempt to ensure fairness over time across accounts.

“Cross trades,” in which one Putnam account sells a particular security to another account (potentially saving transaction costs for both accounts), may also pose a potential conflict of interest. Cross trades may be seen to involve a potential conflict of interest if, for example, one account is permitted to sell a security to another account at a higher price than an independent third party would pay, or if such trades result in more attractive investments being allocated to higher-fee accounts. Putnam Management and the fund’s Trustees have adopted compliance procedures that provide that any transactions between the fund and another Putnam-advised account are to be made at an independent current market price, as required by law.

Another potential conflict of interest may arise based on the different goals and strategies of the fund and other accounts. For example, another account may have a shorter-term investment horizon or different goals, policies or restrictions than the fund. Depending on goals or other factors, the Portfolio Manager(s) may give advice and make decisions for another account that may differ from advice given, or the timing or nature of decisions made, with respect to the fund. In addition, investment decisions are the product of many factors in addition to basic suitability for the particular account involved. Thus, a particular security may be bought or sold for certain accounts even though it could have been bought or sold for other accounts at the same time. More rarely, a particular security may be bought for one or more accounts managed by the Portfolio Manager(s) when one or more other accounts are selling the security (including short sales). There may be circumstances when purchases or sales of portfolio securities for one or more accounts may have an adverse effect on other accounts. As noted above, Putnam Management has implemented trade oversight and review procedures to monitor whether any account is systematically favored over time.

Under federal securities laws, a short sale of a security by another client of Putnam Management or its affiliates (other than another registered investment company) within five business days prior to a public offering of the same securities (the timing of which is generally not known to Putnam in advance) may prohibit the fund from participating in the public offering, which could cause the fund to miss an otherwise favorable investment opportunity or to pay a higher price for the securities in the secondary markets.

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The fund’s Portfolio Manager(s) may also face other potential conflicts of interest in managing the fund, and the description above is not a complete description of every conflict that could be deemed to exist in managing both the fund and other accounts. For information on restrictions imposed on personal securities transactions of the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s), please see “Personal Investments by Employees of Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management and Officers and Trustees of the Fund.”

PanAgora

The portfolio managers’ management of other accounts may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts include retirement plans and separately managed accounts (“SMA’s”), as well as incubated accounts. The other accounts might have similar investment objectives as the fund, or hold, purchase or sell securities that are eligible to be held, purchased or sold by the fund. While the portfolio managers’ management of other accounts may give rise to the following potential conflicts of interest, PanAgora does not believe that the conflicts, if any, are material or, to the extent any such conflicts are material, PanAgora believes that it has designed policies and procedures to manage those conflicts in an appropriate way.

A potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the portfolio managers’ day-to-day management of the fund. Because of their positions with the fund, the portfolio managers know the size, timing and possible market impact of the fund’s trades. It is theoretically possible that the portfolio managers could use this information to the advantage of other accounts they manage and to the possible detriment of the fund. However, PanAgora has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to allocate investment opportunities on a fair and equitable basis over time.

A potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the portfolio managers’ management of the fund, and other accounts, which, in theory, may allow them to allocate investment opportunities in a way that favors other accounts over the fund. This conflict of interest may be exacerbated to the extent that PanAgora or the portfolio managers receive, or expect to receive, greater compensation from their management of the other accounts than the fund. Notwithstanding this theoretical conflict of interest, it is PanAgora’s policy to manage each account based on its investment objectives and related restrictions and, as discussed above, PanAgora has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to allocate investment opportunities on a fair and equitable basis over time and in a manner consistent with each account’s investment objectives and related restrictions. For example, while the portfolio managers may buy for other accounts securities that differ in identity or quantity from securities bought for the fund, such securities might not be suitable for the fund given its investment objective and related restrictions.

For information about other funds and accounts managed by the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s), please refer to “Who oversees and manages the fund(s)?” in the prospectus and “PORTFOLIO MANAGER(S)” “Other accounts managed” in Part I of the SAI.

Brokerage and research services.

Transactions on stock exchanges, commodities markets and futures markets and other agency transactions involve the payment by the fund of negotiated brokerage commissions. Such commissions may vary among different brokers. A particular broker may charge different commissions according to such factors as execution venue and exchange. Although the fund does not typically pay commissions for principal transactions in the over-the-counter markets, such as the markets for most fixed income securities and certain derivatives, an undisclosed amount of profit or “mark-up” is included in the price the fund pays. In underwritten offerings, the price paid by the fund includes a disclosed, fixed commission or discount retained by the underwriter or dealer. See "Charges and expenses" in Part I of this SAI for information concerning commissions paid by the fund.

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It has for many years been a common practice in the investment advisory business for broker-dealers that execute portfolio transactions for the clients of advisers of investment companies and other institutional investors to provide those advisers with brokerage and research services, as defined in Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act. Consistent with this practice, Putnam Management receives brokerage and research services from broker-dealers with which Putnam Management places the fund's portfolio transactions. The products and services that broker-dealers may provide to Putnam Management’s managers and analysts include, among others, trading systems and other brokerage services, economic and political analysis, fundamental and macro investment research, industry and company reviews, statistical information, market data, evaluations of investments, strategies, markets and trading venues, recommendations as to the purchase and sale of investments, performance measurement services and meetings with management of current or prospective portfolio companies or with industry experts. Some of these services are of value to Putnam Management and its affiliates in advising various of their clients (including the fund), although not all of these services are necessarily useful and of value in managing the fund. Research services provided by broker-dealers are supplemental to Putnam Management’s own research efforts and relieve Putnam Management of expenses it might otherwise have borne in generating such research. The management fee paid by the fund is not reduced because Putnam Management and its affiliates receive brokerage and research services even though Putnam Management might otherwise be required to purchase some of these services for cash. Putnam Management may also use portfolio transactions to generate “soft dollar” credits to pay for “mixed-use” services (i.e., products or services that may be used both for investment/brokerage- and non-investment/brokerage-related purposes), but in such instances Putnam Management uses its own resources to pay for that portion of the mixed-use product or service that in its good-faith judgment does not relate to investment or brokerage purposes. Putnam Management may also allocate trades to generate soft dollar credits for third-party investment research reports and related fundamental research.

Putnam Management places all orders for the purchase and sale of portfolio investments for the funds, and buys and sells investments for the funds, through a substantial number of brokers and dealers. In selecting broker-dealers to execute the funds’ portfolio transactions, Putnam Management uses its best efforts to obtain for each fund the most favorable price and execution reasonably available under the circumstances, except to the extent it may be permitted to pay higher brokerage commissions as described below. In seeking the most favorable price and execution and in considering the overall reasonableness of the brokerage commissions paid, Putnam Management, having in mind the fund's best interests, considers all factors it deems relevant, including, in no particular order of importance, and by way of illustration, the price, size and type of the transaction, the nature of the market for the security or other investment, the amount of the commission, research and brokerage services provided by a broker-dealer (except that research is not a factor in selecting broker-dealers in the case of funds sub-advised by PIL), the timing of the transaction taking into account market prices and trends, the reputation, experience and financial stability of the broker-dealer involved, the benefit of any capital committed by a broker-dealer to facilitate the efficient execution of the transaction and the quality of service rendered by the broker-dealer in other transactions.

Except with respect to research services for funds sub-advised by PIL, Putnam Management may cause the fund to pay a broker-dealer that provides "brokerage and research services" (as defined in the Exchange Act and as described above) to Putnam Management an amount of disclosed commission for effecting securities transactions on stock exchanges and other transactions for the fund on an agency basis in excess of the commission another broker-dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction. Putnam Management may also instruct an executing broker to “step out” a portion of the trades placed with a broker to other brokers that provide brokerage and research services to Putnam Management. Putnam Management's authority to cause the fund to pay any such greater commissions or to instruct a broker to “step out” a portion of a trade is subject to the requirements of applicable law and such policies as the Trustees may adopt from time to time. It is the position of the staff of the SEC that Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act does not apply to the payment of such greater commissions in "principal" transactions. Accordingly, Putnam Management will use its best effort to obtain the most favorable price and execution available with respect to such transactions, as described above.

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PIL may not obtain research using brokerage commissions paid by funds sub-advised by PIL. PIL will use only “hard dollars” (i.e., from its own resources) to acquire external research used by London-based personnel, including fixed income personnel.

The Trustees of the funds have directed Putnam Management, subject to seeking most favorable pricing and execution, to use its best efforts to allocate a portion of overall fund trades to trading programs which generate commission credits to pay fund expenses (other than funds for which PIL serves as sub-adviser) such as shareholder servicing and custody charges. The extent of any commission credits generated for this purpose may vary significantly from time to time and from fund to fund depending on, among other things, the nature of each fund's trading activities and market conditions.

The Management Contract provides that commissions, fees, brokerage or similar payments received by Putnam Management or an affiliate in connection with the purchase and sale of portfolio investments of the fund, less any direct expenses approved by the Trustees, shall be recaptured by the fund through a reduction of the fee payable by the fund under the Management Contract. Putnam Management seeks to recapture for the fund soliciting dealer fees on the tender of the fund's portfolio securities in tender or exchange offers. Any such fees which may be recaptured are likely to be minor in amount.

Principal Underwriter

Putnam Retail Management, located at 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110, is the principal underwriter of shares of the fund and the other continuously offered Putnam funds (other than Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio, which does not have a principal underwriter). Putnam Retail Management is not obligated to sell any specific amount of shares of the fund and will purchase shares for resale only against orders for shares. See “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI for information on sales charges and other payments received by Putnam Retail Management.

Personal Investments by Employees of Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management and Officers and Trustees of the Fund

Employees of Putnam Management, PIL, PAC, PanAgora and Putnam Retail Management and officers and Trustees of the fund are subject to significant restrictions on engaging in personal securities transactions. These restrictions are set forth in the Codes of Ethics adopted by Putnam Management, PIL, PAC and Putnam Retail Management (the “Putnam Investments Code of Ethics”), by PanAgora (the “PanAgora Code of Ethics”) and by the fund (the “Putnam Funds Code of Ethics” and each of the Putnam Investments Code of Ethics, the PanAgora Code of Ethics and the Putnam Funds Code of Ethics, a “Code of Ethics”). Each Code of Ethics, in accordance with Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act, contain provisions and requirements designed to identify and address certain conflicts of interest between personal investment activities and the interests of the fund.

The Putnam Investments Code of Ethics and, as applicable, the PanAgora Code of Ethics do not prohibit personnel from investing in securities that may be purchased or held by the fund. However, each Code of Ethics, consistent with standards recommended by the Investment Company Institute’s Advisory Group on Personal Investing and requirements established by Rule 17j-1 and rules adopted under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, among other things, prohibits personal securities investments without pre-clearance, imposes time periods during which personal transactions may not be made in certain securities by employees with access to investment information, and requires the timely submission of broker confirmations and quarterly reporting of personal securities transactions. Additional restrictions apply to portfolio managers, traders, research analysts and others involved in the investment advisory process.

The Putnam Funds Code of Ethics incorporates and applies the restrictions of the Putnam Investments Code of Ethics to officers and Trustees of the fund who are affiliated with Putnam Investments. The Putnam Funds Code of Ethics does not prohibit unaffiliated officers and Trustees from investing in securities that may be held by the fund; however, the Putnam Funds Code of Ethics regulates the personal securities transactions of

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unaffiliated Trustees of the fund, including limiting the time periods during which they may personally buy and sell certain securities and requiring them to submit reports of personal securities transactions under certain circumstances.

The fund’s Trustees, in compliance with Rule 17j-1, approved each Code of Ethics and are required to approve any material changes to each Code of Ethics. The Trustees also provide continued oversight of personal investment policies and annually evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of each Code of Ethics.

Investor Servicing Agent

Putnam Investor Services, located at 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110, is the fund’s investor servicing agent (transfer, plan and dividend disbursing agent), for which it receives fees that are paid monthly by the fund (other than Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio, which does not pay fees to Putnam Investor Services).

For all funds other than the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds and Putnam RetirementReady® Funds, the fee paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to assets attributable to non-defined contribution plan accounts (which include accounts maintained directly with the fund, accounts underlying omnibus accounts maintained by financial intermediaries with the fund, accounts of Section 529 college savings plans that are allocated to the fund and accounts of certain funds that operate as funds-of-funds that are allocated to the fund (collectively “retail accounts”)) holding class A, class B, class C, class M, class N, class R and class Y shares, subject to certain limitations, is an annual fee that includes (1) a per account fee for each retail account of the fund that is applicable to the funds in its specified product category, and (2) a fee based on a specified rate of each fund’s average daily net assets that is based on the rate applicable to the funds in its specified product category. The fund categories used for purposes of calculating the per account fee described above are based on product type. The accounts of 529 plans are included in the determination of the number of accounts at the underlying fund level in proportion to the percentage of the investing fund’s net assets that are invested in the particular underlying fund.

For the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, the fees paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to class A, class C, class R, class R3, class R4, class R5, class R6 and class Y shares, are based on a specified rate of the fund’s average daily net assets attributable to each such class of shares.

For the Putnam RetirementReady® Funds, the fees paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to assets attributable to retail accounts holding class A, class B, class C, class R and class Y shares, are based on a specified rate of the fund’s average daily net assets attributable to such retail accounts.

The fees paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to defined contribution plan accounts holding class A, class B, class C, class R and class Y shares are based on a specified rate of the average of the net assets attributable to such defined contribution plan accounts invested in a fund as of the end of the month and the end of the prior month.

As of June 26, 2020, except with respect to the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, Putnam Investor Services has agreed, through the later of the one year period following the effective date of the next annual update of each fund’s registration statement or August 31, 2021, that the aggregate investor servicing fees for the fund’s retail and defined contribution plan accounts will not exceed an annual rate of 0.250% of the fund’s average daily net assets attributable to such accounts.

Other than for the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, the fee paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to class R5 shares is based on an annual rate of 0.15% of each fund’s average daily net assets attributable to class R5 shares, except that an annual rate of 0.12% of each fund’s average daily net assets attributable to class R5 shares applies to Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Conservative Fund, Putnam Global Income Trust and Putnam Income Fund.

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For all funds other than the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, the fee paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to class R6 shares is based on an annual rate of 0.05% of each fund’s average daily net assets attributable to class R6 shares.

The fee paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to class I, class G and class P shares is based on an annual rate of 0.01% of each fund’s average daily net assets attributable to class I shares, class G and class P shares, respectively.

No fee is paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to shares of Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio.

Financial intermediaries (including brokers, dealers, banks, bank trust departments, registered investment advisers, financial planners, and retirement plan administrators) may own shares of the fund for the benefit of their customers in an omnibus account (including retirement plans). In these circumstances, the financial intermediaries or other third parties may provide certain sub-accounting and similar recordkeeping services for their customers’ accounts.

In recognition of these services, Putnam Investor Services may make payments to these financial intermediaries or other third parties. Payments may be based on the number of underlying accounts in an omnibus account or the assets or share class held in an account. Putnam Investor Services also makes payments to financial intermediaries that charge networking fees for certain services provided in connection with the maintenance of shareholder accounts. These payments are described above under the heading “Distribution Plans – Additional Dealer Payments.”

Custodian

State Street Bank and Trust Company, located at 2 Avenue de Lafayette, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, is the fund’s custodian and the custodian of each Subsidiary. State Street is responsible for safeguarding and controlling the fund’s cash and securities, handling the receipt and delivery of securities, collecting interest and dividends on the fund’s investments, serving as the fund’s foreign custody manager, providing reports on foreign securities depositaries, making payments covering the expenses of the fund and performing other administrative duties. State Street does not determine the investment policies of the fund or decide which securities the fund will buy or sell. State Street has a lien on the fund’s assets to secure charges and advances made by it. The fund may from time to time enter into brokerage arrangements that reduce or recapture fund expenses, including custody expenses. The fund also has an offset arrangement that may reduce the fund’s custody fee based on the amount of cash maintained by its custodian.

Counsel to the Fund and the Independent Trustees

Ropes & Gray LLP serves as counsel to the fund and the Independent Trustees, and is located at Prudential Tower, 800 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02199.

DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE

The fund determines the net asset value per share of each class of shares once each day the NYSE is open. Currently, the NYSE is closed Saturdays, Sundays and the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. The fund determines net asset value as of the close of regular trading on the NYSE, normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The net asset value per share of each class equals the total value of its assets, less its liabilities, divided by the number of its outstanding shares.

Assets of money market funds are valued at amortized cost pursuant to Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act. For other funds, securities and other assets (“Securities”) for which market quotations are readily available are valued at prices which, in the opinion of Putnam Management, most nearly represent the market values of such

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Securities. Currently, prices for these Securities are determined using the last reported sale price (or official closing price for Securities listed on certain markets) or, if no sales are reported (as in the case of some Securities traded over-the-counter), the last reported bid price, except that certain Securities are valued at the mean between the last reported bid and ask prices. All other Securities are valued by Putnam Management or other parties at their fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees.

Reliable market quotations are not considered to be readily available for, among other Securities, long-term corporate bonds and notes, certain preferred stocks, tax-exempt securities, and certain foreign securities. These investments are valued at fair value, generally on the basis of valuations furnished by approved pricing services, which determine valuations for normal, institutional-size trading units of such securities using methods based on market transactions for comparable securities and various relationships between securities that are generally recognized by institutional traders. Other Securities, such as various types of options, are valued at fair value on the basis of valuations furnished by broker-dealers or other market intermediaries.

Putnam Management values all other Securities at fair value using its internal resources. The valuation procedures applied in any specific instance are likely to vary from case to case. However, consideration is generally given to the financial position of the issuer and other fundamental analytical data relating to the investment and to the nature of the restrictions on disposition of the Securities (including any registration expenses that might be borne by the fund in connection with such disposition). In addition, specific factors are also generally considered, such as the cost of the investment, the market value of any unrestricted Securities of the same class, the size of the holding, the prices of any recent transactions or offers with respect to such Securities and any available analysts’ reports regarding the issuer. In the case of Securities that are restricted as to resale, Putnam Management determines fair value based on the inherent worth of the Security without regard to the restrictive feature, adjusted for any diminution in value resulting from the restrictive feature.

Generally, trading in certain Securities (such as foreign securities) is substantially completed each day at various times before the close of the NYSE. The closing prices for these Securities in markets or on exchanges outside the U.S. that close before the close of the NYSE may not fully reflect events that occur after such close but before the close of the NYSE. As a result, the fund has adopted fair value pricing procedures, which, among other things, require the fund to fair value foreign equity securities if there has been a movement in the U.S. market that exceeds a specified threshold. Although the threshold may be revised from time to time and the number of days on which fair value prices will be used will vary, it is possible that fair value prices will be used by the fund to a significant extent. In addition, Securities held by some of the funds may be traded in foreign markets that are open for business on days that the fund is not, and the trading of such Securities on those days may have an impact on the value of a shareholder’s investment at a time when the shareholder cannot buy and sell shares of the fund.

Currency exchange rates used in valuing Securities are normally determined as of 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

Occasionally, events affecting such exchange rates may occur between the time of the determination of exchange rates and the close of the NYSE, which, in the absence of fair valuation, would not be reflected in the computation of the fund’s net asset value. If events materially affecting the currency exchange rates occur during such period, then the exchange rates used in valuing affected Securities will be valued by Putnam Management at their fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees.

In addition, because of the amount of time required to collect and process trading information as to large numbers of securities issues, the values of certain Securities (such as convertible bonds, U.S. government securities and tax-exempt securities) are determined based on market quotations collected before the close of the NYSE. Occasionally, events affecting the value of such Securities may occur between the time of the determination of value and the close of the NYSE, which, in the absence of fair value prices, would not be reflected in the computation of the fund’s net asset value. If events materially affecting the value of such Securities occur during such period, then these Securities will be valued by Putnam Management at their fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees. It is expected that any such instance would be very rare.

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The fair value of Securities is generally determined as the amount that the fund could reasonably expect to realize from an orderly disposition of such Securities over a reasonable period of time. By its nature, a fair value price is a good faith estimate of the value of a Security at a given point in time and does not reflect an actual market price.

The fund may also value its Securities at fair value under other circumstances pursuant to procedures approved by the Trustees.

Money Market Funds

“Retail money market funds” and “government money market funds” each as defined by Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act generally value their portfolio securities at amortized cost according to Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act.

Since the net income of a money market fund is declared as a dividend each time it is determined, the net asset value per share of a retail money market fund and government money market fund typically remains at $1.00 per share immediately after such determination and dividend declaration. Any increase in the value of a shareholder’s investment in a money market fund representing the reinvestment of dividend income is reflected by an increase in the number of shares of that fund in the shareholder’s account on the last business day of each month. It is expected that a money market fund’s net income will normally be positive each time it is determined. However, if because of realized losses on sales of portfolio investments, a sudden rise in interest rates, or for any other reason the net income of a fund determined at any time is a negative amount, a money market fund may offset such amount allocable to each then shareholder’s account from dividends accrued during the month with respect to such account. If, at the time of payment of a dividend, such negative amount exceeds a shareholder’s accrued dividends, a money market fund may reduce the number of outstanding shares by treating the shareholder as having contributed to the capital of the fund that number of full and fractional shares which represent the amount of the excess. Each shareholder is deemed to have agreed to such contribution in these circumstances by his or her investment in a money market fund.

INVESTOR SERVICES

Shareholder Information

Each time shareholders buy or sell shares, a statement confirming the transaction and listing their current share balance will be made available for viewing electronically or delivered via mail. (Under certain investment plans, a statement may only be sent quarterly.) The fund also sends annual and semiannual reports that keep shareholders informed about its portfolio and performance, and year-end tax information to simplify their recordkeeping. To help shareholders take full advantage of their Putnam investment, publications covering many topics of interest to investors are available on our website or from Putnam Investor Services. Shareholders may call Putnam Investor Services toll-free weekdays at 1-800-225-1581 between 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time for more information, including account balances. Shareholders can also visit the Putnam website at http://www.putnam.com.

Your Investing Account

The following information provides more detail concerning the operation of a Putnam Investing Account. For further information or assistance, investors should consult Putnam Investor Services. Shareholders who purchase shares through an employer-sponsored retirement plan should note that not all of the services or features described below may be available to them, and they should contact their employer for details.

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A shareholder may reinvest a cash distribution without a front-end sales charge or without the reinvested shares being subject to a CDSC, as the case may be, by delivering to Putnam Investor Services the uncashed distribution check. Putnam Investor Services must receive the properly endorsed check within 1 year after the date of the check.

The Investing Account also provides a way to accumulate shares of the fund. In most cases, after an initial investment, a shareholder may send checks to Putnam Investor Services, made payable to the fund, to purchase additional shares at the applicable offering price next determined after Putnam Investor Services receives the check. Checks must be drawn on a U.S. bank and must be payable in U.S. dollars.

Putnam Investor Services acts as the shareholder's agent whenever it receives instructions to carry out a transaction on the shareholder's account. Upon receipt of instructions that shares are to be purchased for a shareholder's account, shares will be purchased through the investment dealer designated by the shareholder. Shareholders may change investment dealers at any time by written notice to Putnam Investor Services, provided the new dealer has a sales agreement with Putnam Retail Management.

Shares credited to an account are transferable upon written instructions in good order to Putnam Investor Services and may be sold to the fund as described under "How do I sell or exchange fund shares?" in the prospectus. Putnam funds no longer issue share certificates. A shareholder may send to Putnam Investor Services any certificates which have been previously issued to enable more convenient maintenance of the account as a book-entry account.

Putnam Retail Management, at its expense, may provide certain additional reports and administrative material to qualifying institutional investors with fiduciary responsibilities to assist these investors in discharging their responsibilities. Institutions seeking further information about this service should contact Putnam Retail Management, which may modify or terminate this service at any time.

The fund pays Putnam Investor Services' fees for maintaining Investing Accounts.

Checkwriting Privilege. For those funds that allow shareholders, as disclosed in the prospectus, to redeem shares by check, Putnam is currently waiving the minimum per-check amount stated in the prospectus.

Reinstatement Privilege

An investor who has redeemed shares of the fund may reinvest within 90 days of such redemption the proceeds of such redemption in shares of the same class of the fund, or may reinvest within 90 days of such redemption the proceeds in shares of the same class of one of the other continuously offered Putnam funds (through the exchange privilege described in the prospectus), including, in the case of shares subject to a CDSC, the amount of CDSC charged on the redemption. Any such reinvestment would be at the net asset value of the shares of the fund(s) the investor selects, next determined after Putnam Retail Management receives a Reinstatement Authorization. The time that the previous investment was held will be included in determining any applicable CDSC due upon redemptions and, in the case of class B shares, the eight-year period for conversion to class A shares. Reinstatements into class B, class C or class M shares may be permitted even if the resulting purchase would otherwise be rejected for causing a shareholder’s investments in such class to exceed the applicable investment maximum. Shareholders will receive from Putnam Retail Management the amount of any CDSC paid at the time of redemption as part of the reinstated investment, which may be treated as capital gains to the shareholder for tax purposes. Redemption orders for class B shares placed after March 31, 2017 are not eligible for the reinstatement privilege.

Exercise of the Reinstatement Privilege does not alter the federal income tax treatment of any capital gains realized on a sale of fund shares, but to the extent that any shares are sold at a loss and the proceeds are reinvested in shares of the fund, some or all of the loss may be disallowed as a deduction. Consult your tax

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adviser. Investors who desire to exercise the Reinstatement Privilege should contact their investment dealer or Putnam Investor Services.

Exchange Privilege

Except as otherwise set forth in this section, by calling Putnam Investor Services, investors may exchange shares valued in the aggregate up to $500,000 between accounts with identical registrations, provided that no certificates are outstanding for such shares. During periods of unusual market changes and shareholder activity, shareholders may experience delays in contacting Putnam Investor Services by telephone to exercise the telephone exchange privilege.

Putnam Investor Services also makes exchanges promptly after receiving a properly completed Exchange Authorization Form and, if issued, share certificates. If the shareholder is a corporation, partnership, agent, or surviving joint owner, Putnam Investor Services will require additional documentation of a customary nature. Because an exchange of shares involves the redemption of fund shares and reinvestment of the proceeds in shares of another Putnam fund, completion of an exchange may be delayed under unusual circumstances if the fund were to suspend redemptions or postpone payment for the fund shares being exchanged, in accordance with federal securities laws. Exchange Authorization Forms and prospectuses of the other Putnam funds are available from Putnam Retail Management or investment dealers having sales contracts with Putnam Retail Management. The prospectus of each fund describes its goal(s) and policies, and shareholders should obtain a prospectus and consider these objectives and policies carefully before requesting an exchange. Shares of certain Putnam funds are not available to residents of all states. The fund reserves the right to change or suspend the exchange privilege at any time. Shareholders would be notified of any change or suspension. Additional information is available from Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581.

Shareholders of other Putnam funds may also exchange their shares at net asset value for shares of the fund, as set forth in the current prospectus of each fund. Exchanges from Putnam Government Money Market Fund, Putnam Money Market Fund or Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund into another Putnam fund may be subject to an initial sales charge. Class A shares of a Putnam fund may be exchanged for class N shares of other Putnam funds, if available. Class N shares of a Putnam fund may be exchanged for class A shares of other Putnam funds, if available.

For federal income tax purposes, an exchange is a sale on which the investor generally will realize a capital gain or loss depending on whether the net asset value at the time of the exchange is more or less than the investor's basis.

Same-Fund Exchange Privilege. Class A shareholders who are eligible to purchase class I (Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund only), class N, class R5, class R6 or class Y shares may exchange their class A shares for class I, class N, class R5, class R6 or class Y shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state, that the class A shares are no longer subject to a CDSC, in the case of class R5 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan and, in the case of class R6 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform.

Class C shareholders who are eligible to purchase class A shares without a sales charge because the shareholders are (i) clients of broker-dealers, financial institutions, financial intermediaries or registered investment advisors that are approved by Putnam Retail Management and charge a fee for advisory or investment services or (ii) clients of broker-dealers, financial institutions, or financial intermediaries that have entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management to offer shares through a fund ‘supermarket’ or retail self-directed brokerage account (with or without the imposition of a transaction fee) may exchange their class C shares for class A shares of the same fund, provided that (i) the class C shares are no longer subject to a CDSC and (ii) class A shares of such fund are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state.

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Class C shareholders who are eligible to purchase class Y shares may exchange their class C shares for class Y shares of the same fund, provided that the class C shares are no longer subject to a CDSC, or class Y shares of such fund are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state.

Class I shareholders of Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund who are eligible to purchase class A, class R6 or class Y shares may exchange their class I shares for class A, class R6 or class Y shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and, in the case of class R6 shares, are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform.

Class M shareholders who are eligible to purchase class Y shares may exchange their class M shares for class Y shares of the same fund, provided that class Y shares of such fund are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and, if applicable, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class N shareholders who are eligible to purchase class A shares may exchange their class N shares for

class A shares of the same fund, provided that class A shares of such fund are offered to residents of the

shareholder’s state, the class N shares are no longer subject to a CDSC, and, if applicable, the class A shares are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R shareholders who are eligible to purchase class R3, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares may exchange their class R shares for class R3, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state, in the case of class R3, R4 and R5 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan and, in the case of class R6 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform.

Class R3 shareholders who are eligible to purchase class R, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares may exchange their class R3 shares for class R, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R4 shareholders who are eligible to purchase class R, class R3, class R5 or class R6 shares may exchange their class R4 shares for class R, class R3, class R5 or class R6 shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R5 shareholders who are eligible to purchase class R, class R3, class R4 or class R6 shares may exchange their class R5 shares for class R, class R3, class R4 or class R6 of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R6 shareholders who are eligible to purchase class A, class I (Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund only), class R, class R3, class R4, class R5 or class Y shares may exchange their class R6 shares for class A, class I, class R, class R5 or class Y shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform.

Class Y shareholders who are eligible to purchase class A, class I (Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund only), class C, class N, class R3, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares may exchange their class Y shares for class A, class I, class C, class N, class R3, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state, in the case of class R3, class R4 and class R5 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan and, in the case of class R6 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform. Class Y shareholders should be aware that the financial institution or intermediary through which they hold class Y shares may have the authority under its account or similar agreement to exchange class Y shares for class A shares, class C shares or class N shares under certain circumstances, and none of the Putnam Funds, Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services are responsible for any actions taken by a shareholder’s financial institution or intermediary in this regard.

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Dividends PLUS

Shareholders may invest the fund's distributions of net investment income or distributions combining net investment income and short-term capital gains in shares of the same class of another continuously offered Putnam fund (the "receiving fund") using the net asset value per share of the receiving fund determined on the date the fund's distribution is payable. No sales charge or CDSC will apply to the purchased shares. The prospectus of each fund describes its goal(s) and policies, and shareholders should obtain a prospectus and consider these goal(s) and policies carefully before investing their distributions in the receiving fund. Shares of certain Putnam funds are not available to residents of all states.

Shareholders of other Putnam funds may also use their distributions to purchase shares of the fund at net asset value.

For federal tax purposes, distributions from the fund which are reinvested in another fund are treated as paid by the fund to the shareholder and invested by the shareholder in the receiving fund and thus, to the extent composed of taxable income and deemed paid to a taxable shareholder, are taxable.

The Dividends PLUS program may be revised or terminated at any time.

Plans Available to Shareholders

The plans described below are fully voluntary and may be terminated at any time without the imposition by the fund or Putnam Investor Services of any penalty. All plans provide for automatic reinvestment of all distributions in additional shares of the fund at net asset value. The fund, Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services may modify or cease offering these plans at any time.

Systematic Withdrawal Plan ("SWP"). An investor who owns or buys shares of the fund valued at $5,000 or more at the current offering price may open a SWP plan and have a designated sum of money ($50 or more) paid monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually to the investor or another person. Shares are deposited in a plan account, and all distributions are reinvested in additional shares of the fund at net asset value (except where the plan is utilized in connection with a charitable remainder trust). Shares in a plan account are then redeemed at net asset value to make each withdrawal payment. Payment will be made to any person the investor designates; however, if shares are registered in the name of a trustee or other fiduciary, payment will be made only to the fiduciary, except in the case of a profit-sharing or pension plan where payment will be made to a designee. As withdrawal payments may include a return of principal, they cannot be considered a guaranteed annuity or actual yield of income to the investor. The redemption of shares in connection with a plan generally will result in a gain or loss for tax purposes. Some or all of the losses realized upon redemption may be disallowed pursuant to the so-called wash sale rules if shares of the same fund from which shares were redeemed are purchased (including through the reinvestment of fund distributions) within a period beginning 30 days before, and ending 30 days after, such redemption. In such a case, the basis of the replacement shares will be increased to reflect the disallowed loss. Continued withdrawals in excess of income will reduce and possibly exhaust invested principal, especially in the event of a market decline. The cost of administering these plans for the benefit of those shareholders participating in them is borne by the fund as an expense of all shareholders. The fund, Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services may terminate or change the terms of the plan at any time. A plan will be terminated if communications mailed to the shareholder are returned as undeliverable.

Investors should consider carefully with their own financial advisers whether the plan and the specified amounts to be withdrawn are appropriate in their circumstances. The fund and Putnam Investor Services make no recommendations or representations in this regard.

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Tax-favored plans. (Not offered by funds investing primarily in Tax-exempt Securities.) Investors may purchase shares of the fund through the following Tax Qualified Retirement Plans, available to qualified individuals or organizations:

Standard and variable profit-sharing (including 401(k)) and money purchase pension plans; and Individual Retirement Account Plans (IRAs), including SIMPLE IRAs, Roth IRAs, SEP IRAs; and Coverdell Education savings plans.

Forms and further information on these Plans are available from investment dealers or from Putnam Retail Management. In addition, plan administration arrangements are available on an optional basis; contact Putnam Investor Services at 1-866-207-7261.

Consultation with a competent financial and tax adviser regarding these Plans and consideration of the suitability of fund shares as an investment under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, or otherwise, is recommended.

Automatic Rebalancing Arrangements. Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services may enter into arrangements with certain dealers which provide for automatic periodic rebalancing of shareholders’ accounts in Putnam funds. For more information about these arrangements, please contact Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services.

SIGNATURE GUARANTEES

Requests to redeem shares having a net asset value of $100,000 or more, or to transfer shares or make redemption proceeds payable to anyone other than the registered account owners, must be signed by all registered owners or their legal representatives and must be guaranteed by a bank, broker/dealer, municipal securities dealer or broker, credit union, national securities exchange, registered securities association, clearing agency, savings association or trust company, provided such institution is authorized and acceptable under and conforms with Putnam Investor Services’ signature guarantee procedures. A copy of such procedures is available upon request. In certain situations, for example, if you want your redemption proceeds sent to an address other than your address as it appears on Putnam’s records, you may also need to provide a signature guarantee. Putnam Investor Services usually requires additional documentation for the sale of shares by a corporation, partnership, agent or fiduciary, or a surviving joint owner. Contact Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581 for more information on Putnam’s signature guarantee and documentation requirements.

REDEMPTIONS

Suspension of redemptions. The fund may not suspend shareholders’ right of redemption, or postpone payment for more than seven days, unless the Exchange is closed for other than customary weekends or holidays, or if permitted by the rules of the SEC during periods when trading on the Exchange is restricted or during any emergency which makes it impracticable for the fund to dispose of its securities or to determine fairly the value of its net assets, or during any other period permitted by order of the Commission for protection of investors.

In-kind redemptions. To the extent consistent with applicable laws and regulations, the fund will consider satisfying all or a portion of a redemption request by distributing securities or other property in lieu of cash (“in-kind” redemptions). Any transaction costs or other expenses involved in liquidating securities received in an in-kind redemption will be borne by the redeeming investor. For information regarding procedures for in-kind redemptions, please contact Putnam Retail Management.

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POLICY ON EXCESSIVE SHORT-TERM TRADING

As disclosed in the prospectus of each fund other than Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Management and the fund’s Trustees have adopted policies and procedures intended to discourage excessive short-term trading. Putnam Management’s Compliance Department currently uses multiple reporting tools in an attempt to detect short-term trading activity occurring in shareholder accounts. Putnam Management measures excessive short-term trading in the fund by the number of “round trip” transactions, as defined in the prospectus, above a specified dollar amount within a specified period of time. Generally, if an investor has been identified as having completed two “round trip” transactions with values of at least $25,000 within a rolling 90-day period, Putnam Management will issue the investor and/or his or her financial intermediary, if any, a written warning. To the extent that short-term trading activity continues, additional measures may be taken. Putnam Management’s practices for measuring excessive short-term trading activity and issuing warnings may change from time to time.

SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY

Under Massachusetts law, shareholders could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable for the obligations of the fund. However, the Agreement and Declaration of Trust disclaims shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the fund and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation, or instrument entered into or executed by the fund or the Trustees. The Agreement and Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of fund property for all loss and expense of any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the fund. Thus, the risk of a shareholder incurring financial loss on account of shareholder liability is limited to circumstances in which the fund would be unable to meet its obligations. The likelihood of such circumstances appears to be remote.

DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO INFORMATION

The Trustees of the Putnam funds have adopted policies with respect to the disclosure of the fund’s portfolio holdings by the fund, Putnam Management, or their affiliates. These policies provide that information about the fund’s portfolio generally may not be released to any party prior to (i) the day after the posting of such information on the Putnam Investments website, (ii) the filing of the information with the SEC in a required filing, or (iii) the dissemination of such information to all shareholders simultaneously. Certain limited exceptions pursuant to the fund’s policies are described below. In addition, these policies do not apply to the sharing of fund portfolio holdings information with Putnam Investment personnel involved in the management of other Putnam funds that invest in such fund. The Trustees will periodically receive reports from the fund’s Chief Compliance Officer regarding the operation of these policies and procedures, including any arrangements to make non-public disclosures of the fund’s portfolio information to third parties. Putnam Management and its affiliates are not permitted to receive compensation or other consideration in connection with disclosing information about the fund’s portfolio holdings to third parties.

Public Disclosures

The fund’s portfolio holdings are currently disclosed to the public through filings with the SEC and postings on the Putnam Investments website. The fund files its portfolio holdings with the SEC twice each year on Form N-CSR (with respect to each annual period and semi-annual period). In addition, money market funds file reports of portfolio holdings on Form N-MFP each month (with respect to the prior month), and funds other than money market funds file reports of portfolio holdings on Form N-PORT 60 days after each fiscal quarter (for the respective fiscal quarter), with the schedule of portfolio holdings filed on Form N-PORT for the third month of the first and third fiscal quarter made publicly available. Shareholders may obtain the Form N-CSR and N-MFP filings and the publicly available portions of Form N-PORT filings on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. Form N-CSR filings are available upon filing, Form N-MFP filings are available 60 days after each calendar month end, and information reported on Form N-PORT filings for the third month of

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a fiscal quarter is available 60 days after the end of the fiscal quarter. You may call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for information about the SEC’s website.

For Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund, the following information is publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table. This information will remain available on the website for six months thereafter, after which the information can be found on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly Monthly	No later than 5 business days after the end of each month. Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

For Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund, Putnam Management makes the fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments institutional website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly Monthly	Last business day of the month after the end of each month. Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

For Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Management makes the fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly Monthly	On or after 5 business days after the end of each month. Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

For Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Market Neutral Fund, Putnam Management makes each fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings	Quarterly	Approximately 45 days after the end of each calendar quarter.

For Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund, Putnam Management makes the fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

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Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings	Quarterly	The last business day of the month following the end of each calendar quarter.

For Putnam Equity Income Fund, Putnam Emerging Markets Equity Fund, Putnam Focused Equity Fund, Putnam Global Technology Fund, Putnam International Value Fund, Putnam Multi-Cap Core Fund, Putnam Small Cap Growth Fund, George Putnam Balanced Fund, Putnam Global Equity Fund, Putnam Global Health Care Fund, Putnam International Equity Fund, Putnam Growth Opportunities Fund, Putnam International Capital Opportunities Fund, Putnam Research Fund, Putnam Small Cap Value Fund, Putnam Sustainable Future Fund, and Putnam Sustainable Leaders Fund, Putnam Management makes each fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings	Quarterly	8 business days after the end of each calendar quarter.
Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly	Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

For all other funds, Putnam Management also currently makes the fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information (1)	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings	Monthly	8 business days after the end of each month.
Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly	Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

(1) Putnam mutual funds that are not currently offered to the general public (such as Putnam Short Term Investment Fund, Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Equity Fund, and Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio) do not post portfolio holdings on the Putnam Investments website, except to the extent required by applicable regulations. Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds and Putnam RetirementReady® Funds invest solely in other Putnam funds. Please see these funds’ prospectuses for their target allocations.

The scope of the information relating to the fund’s portfolio that is made available on the website may change from time to time without notice. In addition, the posting of fund holdings may be delayed in some instances for technical reasons.

Putnam Management or its affiliates may include fund portfolio information that has already been made public through a Web posting or SEC filing in marketing literature and other communications to shareholders, advisors or other parties, provided that, in the case of information made public through the Web, the information is disclosed no earlier than the day after the date of posting to the website.

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Other Disclosures

In order to address potential conflicts between the interest of fund shareholders, on the one hand, and those of Putnam Management, Putnam Retail Management or any affiliated person of those entities or of the fund, on the other hand, the fund’s policies require that non-public disclosures of information regarding the fund’s portfolio may be made only if there is a legitimate business purpose consistent with fiduciary duties to all shareholders of the fund. In addition, the party receiving the non-public information must sign a non-disclosure agreement unless otherwise approved by the Chief Compliance Officer of the fund. Arrangements to make non-public disclosures of the fund’s portfolio information must be approved by the Chief Compliance Officer of the fund. The Chief Compliance Officer will report on an ongoing basis to a committee of the fund’s Board of Trustees consisting only of Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the fund or Putnam Management regarding any such arrangement that the fund may enter into with third parties other than service providers to the fund.

The fund periodically discloses its portfolio information on a confidential basis to various service providers that require such information in order to assist the fund with its day-to-day business affairs. In addition to Putnam Management and its affiliates, including Putnam Investor Services and PRM, these service providers include the fund’s custodian (State Street Bank and Trust Company) and any sub-custodians (including one or more sub-custodians for each non-U.S. market in which the fund purchases securities), accounting providers (State Street Bank and Trust Company, SS&C Advent and BNY Mellon), pricing services (including IDC, Reuters, Markit, Statpro, Standard & Poors, Bloomberg, ICE ClearCredit, LCH Swapclear, PriceServ and CME Group), independent registered public accounting firm (KPMG LLP or PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP), legal counsel (Ropes & Gray LLP and, for funds sold in Japan, Mori Hamada & Matsumoto), financial printer and filing agent (McMunn Associates, Inc., Newsfile Corp.), proxy voting service (Glass, Lewis & Co), compliance limit monitoring (Consensys Limited) and securities lending agent (Goldman Sachs Bank USA). These service providers are required to keep such information confidential, and are prohibited from trading based on the information or otherwise using the information except as necessary in providing services to the fund.

The fund may also periodically provide non-public information about its portfolio holdings to rating and ranking organizations and other providers of industry data, such as Lipper Inc., Morningstar Inc., Bloomberg and Thomson Reuters, in connection with those firms’ research on and classification of the fund and in order to gather information about how the fund’s attributes (such as volatility, turnover, and expenses) compare with those of peer funds. The fund may also periodically provide non-public information about its portfolio holdings to consultants that provide portfolio analysis services or other investment research or trading analytics. Such recipients of portfolio holdings include Barclays, Factset, ITG, Trade Infomatics, ConsenSys, ENSO Financial Analytics, Bloomberg and Credit Suisse. Any such rating, ranking, or consulting or other firm would be required to keep the fund’s portfolio information confidential and would be prohibited from trading based on the information or otherwise using the information except as necessary in providing services to the fund. Such firms may receive portfolio holdings information only from certain funds (such as equity funds or fixed income funds) and such information may be provided in greater or lesser detail depending on the nature of the services provided by the relevant firm.

In addition, Putnam Management offers model SMA portfolios to sponsoring broker-dealers that in turn offer those portfolios to their customers. The model SMA portfolios may follow investment programs that are similar or identical in material respects to those of specific Putnam funds or other client accounts and, as a result, there may be substantial overlap between the securities holdings and transactions of a model SMA portfolio and those of any similarly managed funds or accounts. When Putnam Management makes changes to a model SMA portfolio, it communicates those changes to sponsoring broker-dealers, and these communications include certain non-public portfolio holdings information and trading instructions. Putnam Management typically provides these changes to sponsoring broker-dealers at the same time that it instructs its trading desk to place trades to effect the same changes for any similarly managed funds or accounts. As a result, it is possible that a broker-dealer offering a model SMA portfolio to its clients, or the clients

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themselves, may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of any Putnam fund or client account that is managed similarly to the model SMA portfolio and may use this information for their own benefit, which could negatively impact the fund’s or client account’s ability to execute purchase and sale transactions or the price at which those transactions may be executed. To protect against these risks, Putnam Management’s agreements with broker-dealers sponsoring model SMA portfolios contain confidentiality provisions aimed at preventing the misuse of non-public portfolio holdings information. Furthermore, while Putnam Management typically provides sponsoring broker-dealers with trading instructions for model SMA portfolios on a real-time basis, Putnam Management only releases full model SMA portfolio holdings to current and prospective sponsoring broker-dealers in accordance with the portfolio holdings release schedule used for its funds.

INFORMATION SECURITY RISKS

Cyber security risk. With the increased use of interconnected technologies such as the Internet and the dependence on computer systems to perform necessary business functions, investment companies such as the fund and its service providers may be prone to operational, information security and related risks resulting from third-party cyber-attacks and/or other technological malfunctions. Cyber-attacks may include stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, preventing legitimate users from accessing information or services on a website, releasing confidential information without authorization, and causing operational disruption. Successful cyber-attacks against, or security or technology breakdowns of, the fund or its adviser, custodian, transfer agent, or other affiliated or third-party service providers may adversely affect the fund and its shareholders. For example, cyber-attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the fund’s ability to calculate its net asset value, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential fund information, impede trading, cause reputational damage, and subject the fund or others to regulatory fines, penalties or financial losses, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and additional compliance costs. Similar types of cyber security risks also are present for issuers of securities in which the fund invests, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers, and may cause the fund’s investment in such securities to lose value. The fund and Putnam Investments may have limited ability to prevent or mitigate cyber-attacks or security or technology breakdowns affecting the fund’s third-party service providers. While Putnam has established business continuity plans and systems designed to prevent or reduce the impact of cyber-attacks, such plans and systems are subject to inherent limitations.

PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES

The Trustees of the Putnam funds have established proxy voting guidelines and procedures that govern the voting of proxies for the securities held in the funds’ portfolios. The proxy voting guidelines summarize the funds’ positions on various issues of concern to investors, and provide direction to the proxy voting service used by the funds as to how fund portfolio securities should be voted on proposals dealing with particular issues. The proxy voting procedures explain the role of the Trustees, Putnam Management, the proxy voting service and the funds’ proxy manager in the proxy voting process, describe the procedures for referring matters involving investment considerations to the investment personnel of Putnam Management and describe the procedures for handling potential conflicts of interest. The Putnam funds’ proxy voting guidelines and procedures are included in this SAI as Appendix A. Information regarding how the funds voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the 12-month period ended June 30, 2020 is available on the Putnam Individual Investor website, www.putnam.com/individual, and on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. If you have questions about finding forms on the SEC’s website, you may call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. You may also obtain the Putnam funds’ proxy voting guidelines and procedures by calling Putnam’s Shareholder Services at 1-800-225-1581.

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SECURITIES RATINGS

The ratings of securities in which the fund may invest will be measured at the time of purchase and, to the extent a security is assigned a different rating by one or more of the various rating agencies, Putnam Management may use the highest rating assigned by any agency. Putnam Management will not necessarily sell an investment if its rating is reduced. Below are descriptions of ratings, as provided by the rating agencies, which represent opinions as to the quality of various debt instruments.

Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.

Global Long-Term Rating Scale (original maturity of 1 year or more)

Aaa – Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.

Aa – Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.

A – Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.

Baa – Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.

Ba – Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.

B – Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.

Caa – Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.

Ca – Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.

C – Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.

Note: Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category. Additionally, a “(hyb)” indicator is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms.

By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.

Global Short-Term Rating Scale (original maturity of 13 months or less)

P-1 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.

P-2 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.

P-3 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.

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NP – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.

US Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings

MIG 1 – This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.

MIG 2 – This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.

MIG 3 – This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.

SG – This designation denotes speculative grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.

US Municipal Demand Obligation Ratings

VMIG 1 – This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

VMIG 2 – This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

VMIG 3 – This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

SG – This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

Standard & Poor’s

Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings (original maturity of one year or more)

AAA – An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by Standard & Poor’s. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong.

AA – An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is very strong.

A – An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong.

BBB – An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

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BB; B; CCC; CC and C – Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the lowest degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.

BB – An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

B – An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

CCC – An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

CC – An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred, but Standard & Poor’s expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.

C – An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared to obligations that are rated higher.

D – An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless Standard & Poor’s believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation’s rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.

NR – This indicates that no rating has been requested, or that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that Standard & Poor’s does not rate a particular obligation as a matter of policy.

Note: The ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.

Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings (original maturity of 365 days or less)

A-1 – A short-term obligation rated’A-1’ is rated in the highest category by Standard & Poor’s. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on these obligations is extremely strong.

A-2 – A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is satisfactory.

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A-3 – A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

B – A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.

C – A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

D – A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the due date, unless Standard & Poor’s believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation’s rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.

Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings (original maturity of 3 years or less)

SP-1 – Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.

SP-2 – Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.

SP-3 – Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.

Fitch Ratings

Long-Term Rating Scales

AAA – Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of default risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.

AA – Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low default risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.

A – High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low default risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.

BBB – Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.

BB – Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to default risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial flexibility exists which supports the servicing of financial commitments.

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B – Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material default risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is vulnerable to deterioration in the business and economic environment.

CCC – Substantial credit risk. Default is a real possibility.

CC – Very high levels of credit risk. Default of some kind appears probable.

C – Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. Default is imminent or inevitable, or the issuer is in standstill. Conditions that are indicative of a ‘C’ category rating for an issuer include:

a. the issuer has entered into a grace or cure period following non-payment of a material financial obligation;

b. the issuer has entered into a temporary negotiated waiver or standstill agreement following a payment default on a material financial obligation; or

c. Fitch Ratings otherwise believes a condition of ‘RD’ or ‘D’ to be imminent or inevitable, including through the formal announcement of a distressed debt exchange.

RD – Restricted default. ‘RD’ ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch Ratings’ opinion has experienced an uncured payment default on a bond, loan or other material financial obligation but which has not entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other formal winding-up procedure, and which has not otherwise ceased operating. This would include:

a. the selective payment default on a specific class or currency of debt;

b. the uncured expiry of any applicable grace period, cure period or default forbearance period following a payment default on a bank loan, capital markets security or other material financial obligation;

c. the extension of multiple waivers or forbearance periods upon a payment default on one or more material financial obligations, either in series or in parallel; or

d. execution of a distressed debt exchange on one or more material financial obligations.

D – Default. ‘D’ ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch Ratings’ opinion has entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other formal winding-up procedure, or which has otherwise ceased business.

Default ratings are not assigned prospectively to entities or their obligations; within this context, non-payment on an instrument that contains a deferral feature or grace period will generally not be considered a default until after the expiration of the deferral or grace period, unless a default is otherwise driven by bankruptcy or other similar circumstance, or by a distressed debt exchange.

“Imminent” default typically refers to the occasion where a payment default has been intimated by the issuer, and is all but inevitable. This may, for example, be where an issuer has missed a scheduled payment, but (as is typical) has a grace period during which it may cure the payment default. Another alternative would be where an issuer has formally announced a distressed debt exchange, but the date of the exchange still lies several days or weeks in the immediate future.

In all cases, the assignment of a default rating reflects the agency’s opinion as to the most appropriate rating category consistent with the rest of its universe of ratings, and may differ from the definition of default under the terms of an issuer’s financial obligations or local commercial practice.

Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ Long-Term Issuer Default Rating (IDR) category, or to Long-Term IDR categories below ‘B’.

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Short-Term Ratings

F1 – Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.

F2 – Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.

F3 – Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.

B – Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.

C – High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.

RD – Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.

D – Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.

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Appendix A

Proxy voting guidelines of The Putnam Funds

The proxy voting guidelines below summarize the funds’ positions on various issues of concern to investors, and give a general indication of how fund portfolio securities will be voted on proposals dealing with particular issues. The funds’ proxy voting service is instructed to vote all proxies relating to fund portfolio securities in accordance with these guidelines, except as otherwise instructed by the Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate Governance (“Proxy Voting Director”), a member of the Office of the Trustees who is appointed to assist in the coordination and voting of the funds’ proxies.

The proxy voting guidelines are just that – guidelines. The guidelines are not exhaustive and do not address all potential voting issues. Because the circumstances of individual companies are so varied, there may be instances when the funds do not vote in strict adherence to these guidelines. For example, the proxy voting service is expected to bring to the Proxy Voting Director’s attention proxy questions that are company-specific and of a non-routine nature and that, even if covered by the guidelines, may be more appropriately handled on a case-by-case basis. In addition, in interpreting the funds’ proxy voting guidelines, the Trustees of The Putnam Funds are mindful of emerging best practices in the areas of corporate governance, environmental stewardship and sustainability, and social responsibility. Recognizing that these matters may, in some instances, bear on investment performance, they may from time to time be considerations in the funds’ voting decisions.

Similarly, Putnam Management’s investment professionals, as part of their ongoing review and analysis of all fund portfolio holdings, are responsible for monitoring significant corporate developments, including proxy proposals submitted to shareholders, and notifying the Proxy Voting Director of circumstances where the interests of fund shareholders may warrant a vote contrary to these guidelines. In such instances, the investment professionals submit a written recommendation to the Proxy Voting Director and the person or persons designated by Putnam Management’s Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing referral items under the funds’ “Proxy Voting Procedures.” The Proxy Voting Director, in consultation with a senior member of the Office of the Trustees and/or the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee, as appropriate, will determine how the funds’ proxies will be voted. When indicated, the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee may consult with other members of the Committee or the full Board of Trustees.

The following guidelines are grouped according to the types of proposals generally presented to shareholders. Part I deals with proposals submitted by management and approved and recommended by a company’s board of directors. Part II deals with proposals submitted by shareholders. Part III addresses unique considerations pertaining to non-U.S. issuers.

The Trustees of The Putnam Funds are committed to promoting strong corporate governance practices and encouraging corporate actions that enhance shareholder value through the judicious voting of the funds’ proxies. It is the funds’ policy to vote their proxies at all shareholder meetings where it is practicable to do so. In furtherance of this, the funds’ have requested that their securities lending agent recall each domestic issuer’s voting securities that are on loan, in

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advance of the record date for the issuer’s shareholder meetings, so that the funds may vote at the meetings.

The Putnam funds will disclose their proxy votes not later than August 31 of each year for the most recent 12-month period ended June 30, in accordance with the timetable established by SEC rules.

I.       BOARD-APPROVED PROPOSALS¹

The vast majority of matters presented to shareholders for a vote involve proposals made by a company itself (sometimes referred to as “management proposals”), which have been approved and recommended by its board of directors. In view of the enhanced corporate governance practices currently being implemented in public companies and of the funds’ intent to hold corporate boards accountable for their actions in promoting shareholder interests, the funds’ proxies generally will be voted for the decisions reached by majority independent boards of directors, except as otherwise indicated in these guidelines. Accordingly, the funds’ proxies will be voted for board-approved proposals, except as follows:

Matters relating to the Board of Directors

Uncontested Election of Directors

The funds’ proxies will be voted for the election of a company’s nominees for the board of directors, except as follows:

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· the board does not have a majority of independent directors,

· the board has not established independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees,

· the board has more than 15 members or fewer than five members, absent special circumstances,

· the board has not acted to implement a policy requested in a shareholder proposal that received the support of a majority of the shares of the company cast at its previous two annual meetings, or

· the board has adopted or renewed a shareholder rights plan (commonly referred to as a “poison pill”) without shareholder approval during the current or prior calendar year.

Ø The funds will on a case-by-case basis withhold votes from the entire board of directors, or from particular directors as may be appropriate, if the board has approved compensation

^{_____________________
1} The guidelines in this section apply to proposals at U.S. companies. Please refer to Section III, Voting Shares of Non-U.S. Issuers, for additional guidelines applicable to proposals at non-U.S. companies.

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arrangements for one or more company executives that the funds determine are unreasonably excessive relative to the company’s performance or has otherwise failed to observe good corporate governance practices.

Ø In light of the funds’ belief that companies benefit from diversity on the board, the funds will withhold votes from the chair of the nominating committee if:

there are no women on the board, or

in the case of a board of ten members or more, there are fewer than two women on the board.

Ø The funds will withhold votes from any nominee for director:

· who is considered an independent director by the company and who has received compensation within the last three years from the company other than for service as a director (e.g., investment banking, consulting, legal, or financial advisory fees),

· who attends fewer than 75% of board and committee meetings without valid reasons for the absences (e.g., illness, personal emergency, etc.) (if the director attendance disclosure does not explain the absences, or is otherwise inadequate, the funds will also withhold votes from the chair of the governance committee),

· of a public company (Company A) who is employed as a senior executive of another company (Company B), if a director of Company B serves as a senior executive of Company A (commonly referred to as an “interlocking directorate”),

· who serves on more than four unaffiliated public company boards (for the purpose of this guideline, boards of affiliated registered investment companies will count as one board),

· who serves as an executive officer of any public company (“home company”) while serving on more than two public company boards other than the home company board (the funds will withhold votes from the nominee at each company where the funds are shareholders; in addition, if the funds are shareholders of the executive’s home company, the funds will withhold votes from members of the home company’s governance committee), or

· who is a member of the governance or other responsible committee, if the company has adopted without shareholder approval a bylaw provision shifting legal fees and costs to unsuccessful plaintiffs in intra-corporate litigation.

Commentary:

Board independence: Unless otherwise indicated, for the purposes of determining whether a board has a majority of independent directors and independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees, an “independent director” is a director who (1) meets all requirements to serve as an independent director of a company under the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules (e.g., no material business relationships with the company and no present or recent employment relationship with the company including employment of an immediate family member as an

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executive officer), and (2) has not within the last three years accepted directly or indirectly any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the company other than in his or her capacity as a member of the board of directors or any board committee. The funds’ Trustees believe that the recent (i.e., within the last three years) receipt of any amount of compensation for services other than service as a director raises significant independence issues.

Board size: The funds’ Trustees believe that the size of the board of directors can have a direct impact on the ability of the board to govern effectively. Boards that have too many members can be unwieldy and ultimately inhibit their ability to oversee management performance. Boards that have too few members can stifle innovation and lead to excessive influence by management.

Board diversity: The funds’ Trustees believe that a company benefits from diversity on the board, including diversity with respect to gender, ethnicity, race, and experience. The Trustees are sensitive to the need for a variety of backgrounds among board members to further creative and independent thought during board deliberations. The Trustees expect company boards to strive for diversity in membership and to clearly explain their efforts and goals in this regard.

Time commitment: Being a director of a company requires a significant time commitment to adequately prepare for and attend the company’s board and committee meetings. Directors must be able to commit the time and attention necessary to perform their fiduciary duties in proper fashion, particularly in times of crisis. The funds’ Trustees are concerned about over-committed directors. In some cases, directors may serve on too many boards to make a meaningful contribution. This may be particularly true for senior executives of public companies (or other directors with substantially full-time employment) who serve on more than a few outside boards. Generally, the funds withhold support from directors serving on more than four unaffiliated public company boards, although an exception may be made in the case of a director who represents an investing firm with the sole purpose of managing a portfolio of investments that includes the company. The funds also withhold support from directors who serve as executive officers at a public company and on the boards of more than two unaffiliated public companies. The funds may also withhold votes from such directors on a case-by-case basis where it appears that they may be unable to discharge their duties properly because of excessive commitments.

Interlocking directorships: The funds’ Trustees believe that interlocking directorships are inconsistent with the degree of independence required for outside directors of public companies.

Corporate governance practices: Board independence depends not only on its members’ individual relationships, but also on the board’s overall attitude toward management and shareholders. Independent boards are committed to good corporate governance practices and, by providing objective independent judgment, enhancing shareholder value. The funds may withhold votes on a case-by-case basis from some or all directors who, through their lack of independence or otherwise, have failed to observe good corporate governance practices or, through specific corporate action, have demonstrated a disregard for the interests of shareholders. Such instances may include cases where a board of directors has approved compensation arrangements for one or more members of management that, in the judgment of the funds’ Trustees, are excessive by reasonable corporate standards relative to the company’s record of performance. It may also represent a disregard for the interests of shareholders if a board of directors fails to register an appropriate response when a director who fails to win the support of

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a majority of shareholders in an election (sometimes referred to as a “rejected director”) continues to serve on the board, or if a board of directors permits an executive to serve on an excessive number of public company boards. While the Trustees recognize that it may in some circumstances be appropriate for a rejected director to continue his or her service on the board, steps should be taken to address the concerns reflected by the shareholders’ lack of support for the rejected director. Adopting a fee-shifting bylaw provision without shareholder approval, which may discourage legitimate shareholders lawsuits as well as frivolous ones, is another example of disregard for shareholder interests.

Contested Elections of Directors

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis in contested elections of directors.

Classified Boards

Ø The funds will vote against proposals to classify a board, absent special circumstances indicating that shareholder interests would be better served by this structure.

Commentary: Under a typical classified board structure, the directors are divided into three classes, with each class serving a three-year term. The classified board structure results in directors serving staggered terms, with usually only a third of the directors up for re-election at any given annual meeting. The funds’ Trustees generally believe that it is appropriate for directors to stand for election each year, but recognize that, in special circumstances, shareholder interests may be better served under a classified board structure.

Other Board-Related Proposals

The funds will generally vote for proposals that have been approved by a majority independent board, and on a case-by-case basis on proposals that have been approved by a board that fails to meet the guidelines’ basic independence standards (i.e., majority of independent directors and independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees).

Executive Compensation

The funds generally favor compensation programs that relate executive compensation to a company’s long-term performance. The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals relating to executive compensation, except as follows:

Ø Except where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, the funds will vote for stock option and restricted stock plans that will result in an average annual dilution of 1.67% or less (based on the disclosed term of the plan and including all equity-based plans).

Ø The funds will vote against stock option and restricted stock plans that will result in an average annual dilution of greater than 1.67% (based on the disclosed term of the plan and including all equity-based plans).

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Ø The funds will vote against any stock option or restricted stock plan where the company’s actual grants of stock options and restricted stock under all equity-based compensation plans during the prior three (3) fiscal years have resulted in an average annual dilution of greater than 1.67%.

Ø The funds will vote against stock option plans that permit the replacing or repricing of underwater options (and against any proposal to authorize a replacement or repricing of underwater options).

Ø The funds will vote against stock option plans that permit issuance of options with an exercise price below the stock’s current market price.

Ø The funds will vote against stock option plans with evergreen features providing for automatic share replenishment.

Ø Except where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, the funds will vote for an employee stock purchase plan that has the following features: (1) the shares purchased under the plan are acquired for no less than 85% of their market value; (2) the offering period under the plan is 27 months or less; and (3) dilution is 10% or less.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve a company’s executive compensation program (i.e., “say on pay” proposals in which the company’s board proposes that shareholders indicate their support for the company’s compensation philosophy, policies, and practices), except that the funds will vote against the proposal if the company is assigned to the lowest category, through independent third party benchmarking performed by the funds’ proxy voting service, for the correlation of the company’s executive compensation program with its performance.

Ø The funds will vote for bonus plans under which payments are treated as performance-based compensation that is deductible under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, except that the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis if any of the following circumstances exist:

the amount per employee under the plan is unlimited, or

the plan’s performance criteria is undisclosed, or

the company is assigned to the lowest category, through independent third party benchmarking performed by the funds’ proxy voting service, for the correlation of the company’s executive compensation program with its performance.

Commentary: Companies should have compensation programs that are reasonable and that align shareholder and management interests over the longer term. Further, disclosure of compensation programs should provide absolute transparency to shareholders regarding the sources and amounts of, and the factors influencing, executive compensation. Appropriately designed equity-based compensation plans can be an effective way to align the interests of long-term shareholders with the interests of management. However, the funds may vote against these or other executive compensation proposals on a case-by-case basis where compensation is excessive by reasonable corporate standards, where a company fails to provide transparent disclosure of executive compensation, or, in some instances, where independent third-party

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benchmarking indicates that compensation is inadequately correlated with performance, relative to peer companies. (Examples of excessive executive compensation may include, but are not limited to, equity incentive plans that exceed the dilution criteria noted above, evergreen provisions, excessive perquisites, performance-based compensation programs that do not properly correlate reward and performance, “golden parachutes” or other severance arrangements that present conflicts between management’s interests and the interests of shareholders, and “golden coffins” or unearned death benefits.) In voting on a proposal relating to executive compensation, the funds will consider whether the proposal has been approved by an independent compensation committee of the board.

Capitalization

Many proxy proposals involve changes in a company’s capitalization, including the authorization of additional stock, the issuance of stock, the repurchase of outstanding stock, or the approval of a stock split. The management of a company’s capital structure involves a number of important issues, including cash flow, financing needs, and market conditions that are unique to the circumstances of the company. As a result, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals involving changes to a company’s capitalization, except that where the funds are not otherwise withholding votes from the entire board of directors:

Ø The funds will vote for proposals relating to the authorization and issuance of additional common stock, except that the funds will evaluate such proposals on a case-by-case basis if they relate to a specific transaction or to common stock with special voting rights.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to effect stock splits (excluding reverse stock splits).

Ø The funds will vote for proposals authorizing share repurchase programs, except that the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis if there are concerns that there may be abusive practices related to the share repurchase programs.

Commentary: A company may decide to authorize additional shares of common stock for reasons relating to executive compensation or for routine business purposes. For the most part, these decisions are best left to the board of directors and senior management. The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis, however, on other proposals to change a company’s capitalization, including the authorization of common stock with special voting rights, the authorization or issuance of common stock in connection with a specific transaction (e.g., an acquisition, merger or reorganization), the authorization or issuance of preferred stock, or the authorization of share repurchase programs that have the potential to facilitate abusive practices. Actions such as these involve a number of considerations that may affect a shareholder’s investment and that warrant a case-by-case determination. One such consideration is the funds’ belief that, as a general matter, common shareholders should have equal voting rights. With respect to proposals authorizing share repurchase programs, potentially abusive practices may involve programs that allow insiders’ shares to be repurchased at a higher price than the price that would be received in an open-market sale, using a share repurchase program to manipulate metrics for incentive compensation, or engaging in greenmail or repurchases that may impact a company’s long-term viability.

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Acquisitions, Mergers, Reincorporations, Reorganizations and Other Transactions

Shareholders may be confronted with a number of different types of transactions, including acquisitions, mergers, reorganizations involving business combinations, liquidations, and the sale of all or substantially all of a company’s assets, which may require their consent. Voting on such proposals involves considerations unique to each transaction. As a result, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals to effect these types of transactions, except as follows:

Ø The funds will vote for mergers and reorganizations involving business combinations designed solely to reincorporate a company in Delaware.

Commentary: A company may reincorporate into another state through a merger or reorganization by setting up a “shell” company in a different state and then merging the company into the new company. While reincorporation into states with extensive and established corporate laws – notably Delaware – provides companies and shareholders with a more well-defined legal framework, shareholders must carefully consider the reasons for a reincorporation into another jurisdiction, including especially an offshore jurisdiction.

Anti-Takeover Measures

Some proxy proposals involve efforts by management to make it more difficult for an outside party to take control of the company without the approval of the company’s board of directors. These include the adoption of a shareholder rights plan, requiring supermajority voting on particular issues, the adoption of fair price provisions, the issuance of blank check preferred stock, and the creation of a separate class of stock with disparate voting rights. Such proposals may adversely affect shareholder rights, lead to management entrenchment, or create conflicts of interest. As a result, the funds will vote against board-approved proposals to adopt such anti-takeover measures, except as follows:

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to ratify or approve shareholder rights plans; and

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to adopt fair price provisions.

Commentary: The funds’ Trustees recognize that poison pills and fair price provisions may enhance or protect shareholder value under certain circumstances, and accordingly the funds will consider proposals to approve such matters on a case-by-case basis.

Other Business Matters

Many proxies involve approval of routine business matters, such as changing a company’s name, ratifying the appointment of auditors, and procedural matters relating to the shareholder meeting. For the most part, these routine matters do not materially affect shareholder interests and are best left to the board of directors and senior management of the company. The funds will vote for board-approved proposals approving such matters, except as follows:

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Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to amend a company’s charter or bylaws (except for charter amendments necessary to effect stock splits, to change a company’s name or to authorize additional shares of common stock).

Ø The funds will vote against authorization to transact other unidentified, substantive business at the meeting.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to ratify the selection of independent auditors if there is evidence that the audit firm’s independence or the integrity of an audit is compromised.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals that conflict with shareholder proposals.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on other business matters where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

Commentary: Charter and bylaw amendments (for example, amendments implementing proxy access proposals), board-approved proposals that conflict with shareholder proposals, and the transaction of other unidentified, substantive business at a shareholder meeting may directly affect shareholder rights and have a significant impact on shareholder value. As a result, the funds do not view these items as routine business matters. Putnam Management’s investment professionals and the funds’ proxy voting service may also bring to the Proxy Voting Director’s attention company-specific items that they believe to be non-routine and warranting special consideration. Under these circumstances, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis.

The fund’s proxy voting service may identify circumstances that call into question an audit firm’s independence or the integrity of an audit. These circumstances may include recent material restatements of financials, unusual audit fees, egregious contractual relationships (including inappropriately one-sided dispute resolution procedures), and aggressive accounting policies. The funds will consider proposals to ratify the selection of auditors in these circumstances on a case-by-case basis. In all other cases, given the existence of rules that enhance the independence of audit committees and auditors by, for example, prohibiting auditors from performing a range of non-audit services for audit clients, the funds will vote for the ratification of independent auditors.

II.       SHAREHOLDER PROPOSALS

SEC regulations permit shareholders to submit proposals for inclusion in a company’s proxy statement. These proposals generally seek to change some aspect of the company’s corporate governance structure or to change some aspect of its business operations. The funds generally will vote in accordance with the recommendation of the company’s board of directors on all shareholder proposals, except as follows:

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals requiring that the chairman’s position be filled by someone other than the chief executive officer.

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Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals asking that director nominees receive support from holders of a majority of votes cast or a majority of shares outstanding in order to be (re)elected.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to declassify a board, absent special circumstances which would indicate that shareholder interests are better served by a classified board structure.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to eliminate supermajority vote requirements in the company’s charter documents, except that the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on such proposals at controlled companies (companies in which an individual or a group voting collectively holds a majority of the voting interest).

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to require shareholder approval of shareholder rights plans.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to amend a company’s charter documents to permit shareholders to call special meetings, but only if both of the following conditions are met:

· the proposed amendment limits the right to call special meetings to shareholders holding at least 15% of the company’s outstanding shares, and

· applicable state law does not otherwise provide shareholders with the right to call special meetings.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals relating to proxy access.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring companies to make cash payments under management severance agreements only if both of the following conditions are met:

· the company undergoes a change in control, and

· the change in control results in the termination of employment for the person receiving the severance payment.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring companies to accelerate vesting of equity awards under management severance agreements only if both of the following conditions are met:

· the company undergoes a change in control, and

· the change in control results in the termination of employment for the person receiving the severance payment.

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Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals to limit a company’s ability to make excise tax gross-up payments under management severance agreements as well as proposals to limit income or other tax gross-up payments.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals requesting that the board adopt a policy to recoup, in the event of a significant restatement of financial results or significant extraordinary write-off, to the fullest extent practicable, for the benefit of the company, all performance-based bonuses or awards that were paid to senior executives based on the company having met or exceeded specific performance targets to the extent that the specific performance targets were not, in fact, met.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals calling for the company to obtain shareholder approval for any future golden coffins or unearned death benefits (payments or awards of unearned salary or bonus, accelerated vesting or the continuation of unvested equity awards, perquisites or other payments or awards in respect of an executive following his or her death), and for shareholder proposals calling for the company to cease providing golden coffins or unearned death benefits.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring a company to report on its executive retirement benefits (e.g., deferred compensation, split-dollar life insurance, SERPs and pension benefits).

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring a company to disclose its relationships with executive compensation consultants (e.g., whether the company, the board or the compensation committee retained the consultant, the types of services provided by the consultant over the past five years, and a list of the consultant’s clients on which any of the company’s executives serve as a director).

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals related to environmental and social initiatives.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals that are consistent with the funds’ proxy voting guidelines for board-approved proposals.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals that conflict with board-approved proposals.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on other shareholder proposals where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

Commentary: The funds’ Trustees believe that effective corporate reforms should be promoted by holding boards of directors – and in particular their independent directors – accountable for their actions, rather than by imposing additional legal restrictions on board governance through piecemeal proposals. As stated above, the funds’ Trustees believe that boards of directors and management are responsible for ensuring that their businesses are operating in accordance with high legal and ethical standards and should be held accountable for resulting corporate behavior. Accordingly, the funds will generally support the recommendations of boards that meet the basic independence and governance standards established in these guidelines. Where boards fail to

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meet these standards, the funds will generally evaluate shareholder proposals on a case-by-case basis.

There are some types of proposals that the funds will evaluate on a case-by-case basis in any event. For example, when shareholder proposals conflict with board-approved approvals, the funds will generally evaluate both proposals on a case-by-case basis, considering the materiality of the differences between the proposals, the benefits to shareholders from each proposal, and the strength of the company’s corporate governance, among other factors, in determining which proposal to support. In addition, the funds will also consider proposals requiring that the chairman’s position be filled by someone other than the company’s chief executive officer on a case-by-case basis, recognizing that in some cases this separation may advance the company’s corporate governance while in other cases it may be less necessary to the sound governance of the company. The funds will take into account the level of independent leadership on a company’s board in evaluating these proposals. The funds will be more likely to vote for shareholder proposals calling for the separation of the roles of the chief executive and chair of the board if the company has a non-independent board, non-independent directors on the nominating, compensation or audit committees, or a weak lead independent director role, or if the board has not worked toward addressing material risks to the company, has chosen not to intervene when management interests conflict with shareholder interests, or has had other material governance failures.

While the funds will also consider shareholder proposals relating to proxy access on a case-by-case basis, the funds will generally vote in favor of market-standard proxy access proposals (for example, proxy access proposals allowing a shareholder or group of up to 20 shareholders holding three percent of a company’s outstanding shares for at least three years the right to nominate the greater of up to two directors or 20% of the board). The funds believe that shareholders meeting these criteria generally have demonstrated a sufficient interest in the company that they should be granted access to a company’s proxy materials to include their nominees for election alongside the company’s nominees.

The funds generally support shareholder proposals to implement majority voting for directors, observing that majority voting is an emerging standard intended to encourage directors to be attentive to shareholders’ interests. The funds also generally support shareholder proposals to declassify a board, to eliminate supermajority vote requirements, or to require shareholder approval of shareholder rights plans. (For proposals to eliminate supermajority vote requirements at companies in which an individual or a group voting collectively holds a majority of the voting interest, the funds vote on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the interests of minority shareholders.) The funds’ Trustees believe that these shareholder proposals further the goals of reducing management entrenchment and conflicts of interest, and aligning management’s interests with shareholders’ interests in evaluating proposed acquisitions of the company. The Trustees also believe that shareholder proposals to limit severance payments may further these goals in some instances. In general, the funds favor arrangements in which severance payments are made to an executive only when there is a change in control and the executive loses his or her job as a result. Arrangements in which an executive receives a payment upon a change of control even if the executive retains employment introduce potential conflicts of interest and may distract management focus from the long term success of the company.

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In evaluating shareholder proposals that address severance payments, the funds distinguish between cash and equity payments. The funds generally do not favor cash payments to executives upon a change in control transaction if the executive retains employment. However, the funds recognize that accelerated vesting of equity incentives, even without termination of employment, may help to align management and shareholder interests in some instances, and will evaluate shareholder proposals addressing accelerated vesting of equity incentive payments on a case-by-case basis.

When severance payments exceed a certain amount based on the executive’s previous compensation, the payments may be subject to an excise tax. Some compensation arrangements provide for full excise tax gross-ups, which means that the company pays the executive sufficient additional amounts to cover the cost of the excise tax. The funds are concerned that the benefits of providing full excise tax gross-ups to executives may be outweighed by the cost to the company of the gross-up payments. Accordingly, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals to curtail excise tax gross-up payments. The funds generally favor arrangements in which severance payments do not trigger an excise tax or in which the company’s obligations with respect to gross-up payments are limited in a reasonable manner.

The funds’ Trustees believe that performance-based compensation can be an effective tool for aligning management and shareholder interests. However, to fulfill its purpose, performance compensation should only be paid to executives if the performance targets are actually met. A significant restatement of financial results or a significant extraordinary write-off may reveal that executives who were previously paid performance compensation did not actually deliver the required business performance to earn that compensation. In these circumstances, it may be appropriate for the company to recoup this performance compensation. The funds will consider on a case-by-case basis shareholder proposals requesting that the board adopt a policy to recoup, in the event of a significant restatement of financial results or significant extraordinary write-off, performance-based bonuses or awards paid to senior executives based on the company having met or exceeded specific performance targets to the extent that the specific performance targets were not, in fact, met. The funds do not believe that such a policy should necessarily disadvantage a company in recruiting executives, as executives should understand that they are only entitled to performance compensation based on the actual performance they deliver.

The funds’ Trustees disfavor golden coffins or unearned death benefits, and the funds will generally support shareholder proposals to restrict or terminate these practices. The Trustees will also consider whether a company’s overall compensation arrangements, taking all of the pertinent circumstances into account, constitute excessive compensation or otherwise reflect poorly on the corporate governance practices of the company. As the Trustees evaluate these matters, they will be mindful of evolving practices and legislation relevant to executive compensation and corporate governance.

The funds’ Trustees recognize the importance of environmental and social responsibility. In evaluating shareholder proposals with respect to environmental and social initiatives (including initiatives related to climate change and gender pay equity), the funds will take into account the relevance of the proposal to the company’s business and the practicality of implementing the proposal, including the impact on the company’s business activities, operations, and stakeholders. The funds will generally vote for proposals calling for reasonable study or

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reporting relating to climate change matters that are clearly relevant to the company’s business activities, taking into consideration, when appropriate, the company’s current publicly available disclosure and the company’s level of disclosure and oversight of climate change matters relative to its industry peers. With respect to shareholder proposals related to diversity initiatives, the funds will assess the proposals in a manner that is broadly consistent with the funds’ approach to holding the board of directors directly accountable for diversity on the board.

The funds’ Trustees also believe that shareholder proposals that are intended to increase transparency, particularly with respect to executive compensation, without establishing rigid restrictions upon a company’s ability to attract and motivate talented executives, are generally beneficial to sound corporate governance without imposing undue burdens. The funds will generally support shareholder proposals calling for reasonable disclosure.

III.       VOTING SHARES OF NON-U.S. ISSUERS

Many of the Putnam funds invest on a global basis, and, as a result, they may hold, and have an opportunity to vote, shares in non-U.S. issuers – i.e., issuers that are incorporated under the laws of foreign jurisdictions and whose shares are not listed on a U.S. securities exchange or the NASDAQ stock market.

In many non-U.S. markets, shareholders who vote proxies of a non-U.S. issuer are not able to trade in that company’s stock on or around the shareholder meeting date. This practice is known as “share blocking.” In countries where share blocking is practiced, the funds will vote proxies only with direction from Putnam Management’s investment professionals.

In addition, some non-U.S. markets require that a company’s shares be re-registered out of the name of the local custodian or nominee into the name of the shareholder for the shareholder to be able to vote at the meeting. This practice is known as “share re-registration.” As a result, shareholders, including the funds, are not able to trade in that company’s stock until the shares are re-registered back in the name of the local custodian or nominee following the meeting. In countries where share re-registration is practiced, the funds will generally not vote proxies.

Protection for shareholders of non-U.S. issuers may vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Laws governing non-U.S. issuers may, in some cases, provide substantially less protection for shareholders than do U.S. laws. As a result, the guidelines applicable to U.S. issuers, which are premised on the existence of a sound corporate governance and disclosure framework, may not be appropriate under some circumstances for non-U.S. issuers. However, the funds will vote proxies of non-U.S. issuers in accordance with the guidelines applicable to U.S. issuers except as follows:

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Uncontested Board Elections

China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors, or

· the board has not established audit, compensation and nominating committees each composed of a majority of independent directors.

Commentary: Whether a director is considered “independent” or not will be determined by reference to local corporate law or listing standards.

Europe ex-United Kingdom

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· the board has not established audit and compensation committees each composed of a majority of independent, non-executive directors, or

· the board has not established a nominating committee composed of a majority of independent directors.

Commentary: An “independent director” under the European Commission’s guidelines is one who is free of any business, family or other relationship, with the company, its controlling shareholder or the management of either, that creates a conflict of interest such as to impair his judgment. A “non-executive director” is one who is not engaged in the daily management of the company.

Germany

Ø For companies subject to “co-determination,” the funds will vote for the election of nominees to the supervisory board, except that the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis for any nominee who is either an employee of the company or who is otherwise affiliated with the company (as determined by the funds’ proxy voting service).

Ø The funds will withhold votes for the election of a former member of the company’s managerial board to chair of the supervisory board.

Commentary: German corporate governance is characterized by a two-tier board system—a managerial board composed of the company’s executive officers, and a supervisory board. The supervisory board appoints the members of the managerial board. Shareholders elect members of the supervisory board, except that in the case of companies with a large number of employees, company employees are allowed to elect some of the supervisory board members (one-half of supervisory board members are elected by company employees at companies with more than 2,000 employees; one-third of the supervisory board members are elected by company employees at companies with more than 500 employees but fewer than 2,000). This “co-

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determination” practice may increase the chances that the supervisory board of a large German company does not contain a majority of independent members. In this situation, under the Fund’s proxy voting guidelines applicable to U.S. issuers, the funds would vote against all nominees. However, in the case of companies subject to “co-determination” and with the goal of supporting independent nominees, the Funds will vote for supervisory board members who are neither employees of the company nor otherwise affiliated with the company.

Consistent with the funds’ belief that the interests of shareholders are best protected by boards with strong, independent leadership, the funds will withhold votes for the election of former chairs of the managerial board to chair of the supervisory board.

Hong Kong

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors, or

· the board has not established audit, compensation and nominating committees each with at least a majority of its members being independent directors, or

· the chair of the audit, compensation or nominating committee is not an independent director.

Commentary. For purposes of these guidelines, an “independent director” is a director that has no material, financial or other current relationships with the company. In determining whether a director is independent, the funds will apply the standards included in the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited Section 3.13.

Italy

Ø The funds will withhold votes from any director not identified in the proxy materials.

Commentary: In Italy, companies have the right to nominate co-opted directors² for election to the board at the next annual general meeting, but do not have to indicate, until the day of the annual meeting, whether or not they are nominating a co-opted director for election. When a company does not explicitly state in its proxy materials that co-opted directors are standing for election, shareholders will not know for sure who the board nominees are until the actual meeting occurs. The funds will withhold support from any such co-opted director on the grounds that there was insufficient information for evaluation before the meeting.

Japan

Ø For companies that have established a U.S.-style corporate governance structure, the funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· the board does not have a majority of outside directors,

^{____________
2} A co-opted director is an individual appointed to the board by incumbent directors to replace a director who was elected by directors but who leaves the board (through resignation or death) before the end of his or her term.

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· the board has not established nominating and compensation committees composed of a majority of outside directors, or

· the board has not established an audit committee composed of a majority of independent directors.

Ø The funds will withhold votes for the appointment of members of a company’s board of statutory auditors if a majority of the members of the board of statutory auditors is not independent.

Commentary:

Board structure: Recent amendments to the Japanese Commercial Code give companies the option to adopt a U.S.-style corporate governance structure (i.e., a board of directors and audit, nominating, and compensation committees). The funds will vote for proposals to amend a company’s articles of incorporation to adopt the U.S.-style corporate structure.

Definition of outside director and independent director: Corporate governance principles in Japan focus on the distinction between outside directors and independent directors. Under these principles, an outside director is a director who is not and has never been a director, executive, or employee of the company or its parent company, subsidiaries or affiliates. An outside director is “independent” if that person can make decisions completely independent from the managers of the company, its parent, subsidiaries, or affiliates and does not have a material relationship with the company (i.e., major client, trading partner, or other business relationship; familial relationship with current director or executive; etc.). The guidelines have incorporated these definitions in applying the board independence standards above.

Korea

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· fewer than half of the directors are outside directors,

· the board has not established a nominating committee with at least half of the members being outside directors, or

· the board has not established an audit committee composed of at least three members and in which at least two-thirds of its members are outside directors.

Ø The funds will vote withhold votes from nominees to the audit committee if the board has not established an audit committee composed of (or proposed to be composed of) at least three members, and of which at least two-thirds of its members are (or will be) outside directors.

Commentary: For purposes of these guidelines, an “outside director” is a director that is independent from the management or controlling shareholders of the company, and holds no interests that might impair the performance his or her duties impartially with respect to the company, management or controlling shareholder. In determining whether a director is an outside director, the funds will also apply the standards included in Article 415-2(2) of the

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Korean Commercial Code (i.e., no employment relationship with the company for a period of two years before serving on the committee, no director or employment relationship with the company’s largest shareholder, etc.) and may consider other business relationships that would affect the independence of an outside director.

Malaysia

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· in the case of a board with an independent director serving as chair, fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors; or, in the case of a board not chaired by an independent director, less than a majority of the directors are independent directors,

· the board has not established audit and nominating committees with at least a majority of the members being independent directors and all of the members being non-executive directors, or

· the board has not established a compensation committee with at least a majority of the members being non-executive directors.

Commentary. For purposes of these guidelines, an “independent director” is a director who has no material, financial or other current relationships with the company. In determining whether a director is independent, the funds will apply the standards included in the Malaysia Code of Corporate Governance, Commentary to Recommendation 3.1. A “non-executive director” is a director who does not take on primary responsibility for leadership of the company.

Russia

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis for the election of nominees to the board of directors.

Commentary: In Russia, director elections are typically handled through a cumulative voting process. Cumulative voting allows shareholders to cast all of their votes for a single nominee for the board of directors, or to allocate their votes among nominees in any other way. In contrast, in “regular” voting, shareholders may not give more than one vote per share to any single nominee. Cumulative voting can help to strengthen the ability of minority shareholders to elect a director.

In Russia, as in some other emerging markets, standards of corporate governance are usually behind those in developed markets. Rather than vote against the entire board of directors, as the funds generally would in the case of a company whose board fails to meet the funds’ standards for independence, the funds may, on a case by case basis, cast all of their votes for one or more independent director nominees. The funds believe that it is important to increase the number of independent directors on the boards of Russian companies to mitigate the risks associated with dominant shareholders.

Singapore

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

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· in the case of a board with an independent director serving as chair, fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors; or, in the case of a board not chaired by an independent director, fewer than half of the directors are independent directors,

· the board has not established audit and compensation committees, each with an independent director serving as chair, with at least a majority of the members being independent directors, and with all of the directors being non-executive directors, or

· the board has not established a nominating committee, with an independent director serving as chair, and with at least a majority of the members being independent directors.

Commentary: For purposes of these guidelines, an “independent director” is a director that has no material, financial or other current relationships with the company. In determining whether a director is independent, the funds will apply the standards included in the Singapore Code of Corporate Governance, Guideline 2.3. A “non-executive director” is a director who is not employed with the company.

United Kingdom

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· fewer than half of the directors are independent non-executive directors,

· the board has not established a nomination committee composed of a majority of independent non-executive directors, or

· the board has not established compensation and audit committees composed of (1) at least three directors (in the case of smaller companies, two directors) and (2) solely independent non-executive directors, provided that, to the extent permitted under the United Kingdom’s Combined Code on Corporate Governance, the company chairman may serve on (but not serve as chairman of) the compensation and audit committees if the chairman was considered independent upon his or her appointment as chairman.

Ø The funds will withhold votes from any nominee for director who is considered an independent director by the company and who has received compensation within the last three years from the company other than for service as a director, such as investment banking, consulting, legal, or financial advisory fees.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to amend a company’s articles of association to authorize boards to approve situations that might be interpreted to present potential conflicts of interest affecting a director.

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Commentary:

Application of guidelines: Although the United Kingdom’s Combined Code on Corporate Governance (“Combined Code”) has adopted the “comply and explain” approach to corporate governance, the funds’ Trustees believe that the guidelines discussed above with respect to board independence standards are integral to the protection of investors in U.K. companies. As a result, these guidelines will generally be applied in a prescriptive manner.

Definition of independence: For the purposes of these guidelines, a non-executive director shall be considered independent if the director meets the independence standards in section A.3.1 of the Combined Code (i.e., no material business or employment relationships with the company, no remuneration from the company for non-board services, no close family ties with senior employees or directors of the company, etc.), except that the funds do not view service on the board for more than nine years as affecting a director’s independence. Company chairmen in the U.K. are generally considered affiliated upon appointment as chairman due to the nature of the position of chairman. Consistent with the Combined Code, a company chairman who was considered independent upon appointment as chairman: may serve as a member of, but not as the chairman of, the compensation (remuneration) committee; and, in the case of smaller companies, may serve as a member of, but not as the chairman of, the audit committee.

Smaller companies: A smaller company is one that is below the FTSE 350 throughout the year immediately prior to the reporting year.

Conflicts of interest: The Companies Act 2006 requires a director to avoid a situation in which he or she has, or can have, a direct or indirect interest that conflicts, or possibly may conflict, with the interests of the company. This broadly written requirement could be construed to prevent a director from becoming a trustee or director of another organization. Provided there are reasonable safeguards, such as the exclusion of the relevant director from deliberations, the funds believe that the board may approve this type of potential conflict of interest in its discretion.

All other jurisdictions

Ø The funds will vote for supervisory board nominees when the supervisory board meets the funds’ independence standards, otherwise the funds will vote against supervisory board nominees.

Commentary: Companies in many jurisdictions operate under the oversight of supervisory boards. In the absence of jurisdiction-specific guidelines, the funds will generally hold supervisory boards to the same standards of independence as it applies to boards of directors in the United States.

Contested Board Elections

Italy

Ø The funds will vote for the management- or board-sponsored slate of nominees if the board meets the funds’ independence standards, and against the management- or board-sponsored slate

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of nominees if the board does not meet the funds’ independence standards; the funds will not vote on shareholder-proposed slates of nominees.

Commentary: Contested elections in Italy may involve a variety of competing slates of nominees. In these circumstances, the funds will focus their analysis on the board- or management-sponsored slate.

Corporate Governance

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to change the size of a board if the board meets the funds’ independence standards, and against proposals to change the size of a board if the board does not meet the funds’ independence standards.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals calling for a majority of a company’s directors to be independent of management.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals seeking to increase the independence of board nominating, audit, and compensation committees.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals that implement corporate governance standards similar to those established under U.S. federal law and the listing requirements of U.S. stock exchanges, and that do not otherwise violate the laws of the jurisdiction under which the company is incorporated.

Australia

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board spill resolutions.

Commentary: The Corporations Amendment (Improving Accountability on Director and Executive Compensation) Bill 2011 provides that, if a company’s remuneration report receives a “no” vote of 25% or more of all votes cast at two consecutive annual general meetings, at the second annual general meeting, a spill resolution must be proposed. If the spill resolution is approved (by simple majority), then a further meeting to elect a new board (excluding the managing director) must be held within 90 days. The funds will consider board spill resolutions on a case-by-case basis.

Europe

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to ratify board acts, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Taiwan

Ø The funds will vote against proposals to release directors from their non-competition obligations (their obligations not to engage in any business that is competitive with the company), unless the proposal is narrowly drafted to permit directors to engage in a business that is competitive with the company only on behalf of a wholly-owned subsidiary of the company.

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Compensation

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve annual directors’ fees, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis in each case in which the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against such a proposal.

Ø The funds will vote for non-binding proposals to approve remuneration reports, except that the funds will vote against proposals to approve remuneration reports that indicate that awards under a long-term incentive plan are not linked to performance targets.

Commentary: Since proposals relating to directors’ fees for non-U.S. issuers generally address relatively modest fees paid to non-executive directors, the funds generally support these proposals, provided that the fees are consistent with directors’ fees paid by the company’s peers and do not otherwise appear unwarranted. Consistent with the approach taken for U.S. issuers, the funds generally favor compensation programs that relate executive compensation to a company’s long-term performance and will support non-binding remuneration reports unless such a correlation is not made.

Europe and Asia ex-Japan

Ø In the case of proposals that do not include sufficient information for determining average annual dilution, the funds will vote for stock option and restricted stock plans that will result in an average gross potential dilution of 5% or less.

Commentary: Asia ex-Japan means China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. In these markets, companies may not disclose the life of the plan and there may not be a specific number of shares requested; therefore, it may not be possible to determine the average annual dilution related to the plan and apply the funds’ standard dilution test.

France

Ø The funds will vote for an employee stock purchase plan or share save scheme that has the following features: (1) the shares purchased under the plan are acquired for no less than 70% of their market value; (2) the vesting period is greater than or equal to 10 years; (3) the offering period under the plan is 27 months or less; and (4) dilution is 10% or less.

Commentary: To conform to local market practice, the funds support plans or schemes at French issuers that permit the purchase of shares at up to a 30% discount (i.e., shares may be purchased for no less than 70% of their market value). By comparison, for U.S. issuers, the funds do not support employee stock purchase plans that permit shares to be acquired at more than a 15% discount (i.e., for less than 85% of their market value); in the United Kingdom, up to a 20% discount is permitted.

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United Kingdom

Ø The funds will vote for an employee stock purchase plan or share save scheme that has the following features: (1) the shares purchased under the plan are acquired for no less than 80% of their market value; (2) the offering period under the plan is 27 months or less; and (3) dilution is 10% or less.

Commentary: These are the same features that the funds require of employee stock purchase plans proposed by U.S. issuers, except that, to conform to local market practice, the funds support plans or schemes at United Kingdom issuers that permit the purchase of shares at up to a 20% discount (i.e., shares may be purchased for no less than 80% of their market value). By comparison, for U.S. issuers, the funds do not support employee stock purchase plans that permit shares to be acquired at more than a 15% discount (i.e., for less than 85% of their market value).

Capitalization

Unless a proposal is directly addressed by a country-specific guideline:

Ø The funds will vote for proposals

· to issue additional common stock representing up to 20% of the company’s outstanding common stock, where shareholders do not have preemptive rights, or

· to issue additional common stock representing up to 100% of the company’s outstanding common stock, where shareholders do have preemptive rights.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to authorize share repurchase programs that are recommended for approval by the funds’ proxy voting service; otherwise, the funds will vote against such proposals.

Australia

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to carve out, from the general cap on non-pro rata share issues of 15% of total equity in a rolling 12-month period, a particular proposed issue of shares or a particular issue of shares made previously within the 12-month period, if the company’s board meets the funds’ independence standards; if the company’s board does not meet the funds’ independence standards, then the funds will vote against these proposals.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve the grant of equity awards to directors, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

China

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to issue and/or to trade in non-convertible, convertible and/or exchangeable debt obligations, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

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Hong Kong

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve a general mandate permitting the company to engage in non-pro rata share issues of up to 20% of total equity in a year if the company’s board meets the funds’ independence standards; if the company’s board does not meet the funds’ independence standards, then the funds will vote against these proposals.

Ø The funds will for proposals to approve the reissuance of shares acquired by the company under a share repurchase program, provided that: (1) the funds supported (or would have supported, in accordance with these guidelines) the share repurchase program, (2) the reissued shares represent no more than 10% of the company’s outstanding shares (measured immediately before the reissuance), and (3) the reissued shares are sold for no less than 85% of current market value.

France

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to increase authorized shares, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Ø The funds will vote against proposals to authorize the issuance of common stock or convertible debt instruments and against proposals to authorize the repurchase and/or reissuance of shares where those authorizations may be used, without further shareholder approval, as anti-takeover measures.

New Zealand

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve the grant of equity awards to directors, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Commentary: In light of the prevalence of certain types of capitalization proposals in Australia, China, Hong Kong, France and New Zealand, the funds have adopted guidelines specific to those jurisdictions.

Other Business Matters

Ø The funds will vote for proposals permitting companies to deliver reports and other materials electronically (e.g., via website posting).

Ø The funds will vote for proposals permitting companies to issue regulatory reports in English.

Ø The funds will vote against proposals to shorten shareholder meeting notice periods to fourteen days.

Commentary: Under Directive 2007/36/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, companies have the option to request shareholder approval to set the notice period for special meetings at 14 days provided that certain electronic voting and communication requirements are met. The funds believe that the 14 day notice period is too short to provide

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overseas shareholders with sufficient time to analyze proposals and to participate meaningfully at special meetings and, as a result, have determined to vote against such proposals.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to amend a company’s charter or bylaws, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Commentary: If the substance of any proposed amendment is covered by a specific guideline included herein, then that guideline will govern.

France

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve a company’s related party transactions, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Ø If a company has not proposed an opt-out clause in its articles of association and the implementation of double-voting rights has not been approved by shareholders, the funds will vote against the ratification of board acts for the previous fiscal year, will withhold votes from the re-election of members of the board’s governance committee (or in the absence of a governance committee, against the chair of the board or the next session board member up for re-election) and, if there is no opportunity to vote against ratification of board acts or to withhold votes from directors, will vote against the approval of the company’s accounts and reports.

Commentary: In France, shareholders are generally requested to approve any agreement between the company and: (i) its directors, chair of the board, CEO and deputy CEOs; (ii) the members of the supervisory board and management board, for companies with a dual structure; and (iii) a shareholder who directly or indirectly owns at least 10% of the company’s voting rights. This includes agreements under which compensation may be paid to executive officers after the end of their employment, such as severance payments, supplementary retirement plans and non-competition agreements. The funds will generally support these proposals unless the funds’ proxy voting service recommends a vote against, in which case the funds will consider the proposal on a case-by-case basis.

Under French law, shareholders of French companies with shares held in registered form under the same name for at least two years will automatically be granted double-voting rights, unless a company has amended its articles of association to opt out of the double-voting rights regime. Awarding double-voting rights in this manner is likely to disadvantage non-French institutional shareholders. Accordingly, the funds will take actions to signal disapproval of double-voting rights at companies that have not opted-out from the double-voting rights regime and that have not obtained shareholder approval of the double-voting rights regime.

Germany

Ø The funds will vote in accordance with the recommendation of the company’s board of directors on shareholder countermotions added to a company’s meeting agenda, unless the countermotion is directly addressed by one of the funds’ other guidelines.

February 28, 2021 II-160 

Commentary: In Germany, shareholders are able to add both proposals and countermotions to a meeting agenda. Countermotions, which must correspond to a proposal on the agenda, generally call for shareholders to oppose the existing proposal, although they may also propose separate voting decisions. Countermotions may be proposed by any shareholder and they are typically added throughout the period between the publication of the meeting agenda and the meeting date. This guideline reflects the funds’ intention to focus on the original proposal, which is expected to be presented a reasonable period of time before the shareholder meeting so that the funds will have an appropriate opportunity to evaluate it.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve profit-and-loss transfer agreements between a controlling company and its subsidiaries.

Commentary: These agreements are customary in Germany and are typically entered into for tax purposes. In light of this and the prevalence of these proposals, the funds have adopted a guideline to vote for this type of proposal.

Taiwan

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to amend a Taiwanese company’s procedural rules.

Commentary: Since procedural rules, which address such matters as a company’s policies with respect to capital loans, endorsements and guarantees, and acquisitions and disposal of assets, are generally adopted or amended to conform to changes in local regulations governing these transactions, the funds have adopted a guideline to vote for these transactions.

As adopted January 24, 2020

February 28, 2021 II-161 

Proxy voting procedures of The Putnam Funds

The proxy voting procedures below explain the role of the funds’ Trustees, proxy voting service, and Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate Governance (“Proxy Voting Director”), as well as how the process works when a proxy question needs to be handled on a case-by-case basis, or when there may be a conflict of interest.

The role of the funds’ Trustees

The Trustees of The Putnam Funds exercise control of voting proxies through their Board Policy and Nominating Committee, which is composed entirely of independent Trustees. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee oversees the proxy voting process and participates, as needed, in the resolution of issues that need to be handled on a case-by-case basis. The Committee annually reviews and recommends, for Trustee approval, guidelines governing the funds’ proxy votes, including how the funds will vote on specific proposals and which matters are to be considered on a case-by-case basis. The Trustees are assisted in this process by the Proxy Voting Director, independent legal counsel, and an independent proxy voting service. The Trustees also receive assistance from Putnam Investment Management, LLC (“Putnam Management”), the funds’ investment adviser, on matters involving investment judgments. In all cases, the ultimate decision on voting proxies rests with the Trustees, acting as fiduciaries on behalf of the shareholders of the funds.

The role of the proxy voting service

The funds have engaged an independent proxy voting service to assist in the voting of proxies. The proxy voting service is responsible for coordinating with the funds’ custodian(s) to ensure that all proxy materials received by the custodians relating to the funds’ portfolio securities are processed in a timely fashion. To the extent applicable, the proxy voting service votes all proxies in accordance with the proxy voting guidelines established by the Trustees. The proxy voting service will refer proxy questions to the Proxy Voting Director for instructions under circumstances where: (1) the application of the proxy voting guidelines is unclear; (2) a particular proxy question is not covered by the guidelines; or (3) the guidelines call for specific instructions on a case-by-case basis. The proxy voting service is also requested to call to the attention of the Proxy Voting Director specific proxy questions that, while governed by a guideline, appear to involve unusual or controversial issues. The funds also utilize research services relating to proxy questions provided by the proxy voting service and by other firms.

The role of the Proxy Voting Director

The Proxy Voting Director, a member of the Office of the Trustees (the Trustees’ independent administrative staff), assists in the coordination and voting of the funds’ proxies. The Proxy Voting Director deals directly with the proxy voting service and, in the case of proxy questions referred by the proxy voting service, solicits voting recommendations and instructions from the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee and Putnam Management’s investment professionals, as appropriate. The Proxy Voting Director is responsible for ensuring that these

February 28, 2021 II-162 

questions and referrals are responded to in a timely fashion and for transmitting appropriate voting instructions to the proxy voting service. In addition, the Proxy Voting Director is the contact person for receiving recommendations from Putnam Management’s investment professionals with respect to any proxy question in circumstances where the investment professional believes that the interests of fund shareholders warrant a vote contrary to the fund’s proxy voting guidelines.

On occasion, representatives of a company in which the funds have an investment may wish to meet with the company’s shareholders in advance of the company’s shareholder meeting, typically to explain and to provide the company’s perspective on the proposals up for consideration at the meeting. As a general matter, the Proxy Voting Director will participate in meetings with these company representatives.

The Proxy Voting Director is also responsible for ensuring that the funds file the required annual reports of their proxy voting records with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Proxy Voting Director coordinates with the funds’ proxy voting service to prepare and file on Form N-PX, by August 31 of each year, the funds’ proxy voting record for the most recent twelve-month period ended June 30. In addition, the Proxy Voting Director is responsible for coordinating with Putnam Management to arrange for the funds’ proxy voting record for the most recent twelve-month period ended June 30 to be available on the funds’ website.

Voting procedures for referral items

As discussed above, the proxy voting service will refer proxy questions to the Proxy Voting Director under certain circumstances. Unless the referred proxy question involves investment considerations (i.e., the proxy question might be seen as having a bearing on the economic interests of a shareholder in the company) and is referred to Putnam Management’s investment professionals for a voting recommendation as described below, the Proxy Voting Director will assist in interpreting the guidelines and, if necessary, consult with the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee on how the funds’ shares will be voted or confer with a senior member of the Office of the Trustees.

The Proxy Voting Director will refer proxy questions that involve investment considerations, through an electronic request form, to Putnam Management’s investment professionals for a voting recommendation. These referrals will be made in cooperation with the person or persons designated by Putnam Management’s Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing referral items. In connection with each item referred to Putnam Management’s investment professionals, the Legal and Compliance Department will conduct a conflicts of interest review, as described below under “Conflicts of interest,” and provide electronically a conflicts of interest report (the “Conflicts Report”) to the Proxy Voting Director describing the results of the review. After receiving a referral item from the Proxy Voting Director, Putnam Management’s investment professionals will provide a recommendation electronically to the Proxy Voting Director and the person or persons designated by the Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing referral items. The recommendation will set forth (1) how the proxies should be voted; and (2) any contacts the investment professionals have had with respect to the referral item with non-investment personnel of Putnam Management or with outside parties (except for routine communications from proxy solicitors). The Proxy Voting Director will review the

February 28, 2021 II-163 

recommendation of Putnam Management’s investment professionals (and the related Conflicts Report) in determining how to vote the funds’ proxies. The Proxy Voting Director will maintain a record of all proxy questions that have been referred to Putnam Management’s investment professionals, the voting recommendation, and the Conflicts Report. An exception to this referral process is that the Proxy Voting Director will not refer proxy questions in respect of portfolio securities that are held only in funds sub-advised by PanAgora Asset Management, Inc.

In some situations, the Proxy Voting Director may determine that a particular proxy question raises policy issues requiring consultation with the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee, who, in turn, may decide to bring the particular proxy question to the Committee or the full Board of Trustees for consideration.

Conflicts of interest

Occasions may arise where a person or organization involved in the proxy voting process may have a conflict of interest. A conflict of interest may exist, for example, if Putnam Management has a business relationship with (or is actively soliciting business from) either the company soliciting the proxy or a third party that has a material interest in the outcome of a proxy vote or that is actively lobbying for a particular outcome of a proxy vote. Any individual with knowledge of a personal conflict of interest (e.g., familial relationship with company management or a significant personal investment in the company) relating to a particular referral item shall disclose that conflict to the Proxy Voting Director and the Legal and Compliance Department and may be asked to remove himself or herself from the proxy voting process. The Legal and Compliance Department will review each item referred to Putnam Management’s investment professionals to determine if a conflict of interest exists and will provide the Proxy Voting Director with a Conflicts Report for each referral item that: (1) describes any conflict of interest; (2) discusses the procedures used to address such conflict of interest; and (3) discloses any contacts from parties outside Putnam Management (other than routine communications from proxy solicitors) with respect to the referral item not otherwise reported in an investment professional’s recommendation. The Conflicts Report will also include written confirmation that any recommendation from an investment professional provided under circumstances where a conflict of interest exists was made solely on the investment merits and without regard to any other consideration.

As adopted March 11, 2005 and revised most recently on January 24, 2020.

February 28, 2021 II-164 

Appendix B

February 28, 2021 II-165 

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Trustees of Putnam Funds Trust and Shareholders of
Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund:

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying statement of assets and liabilities, including the fund’s portfolio, of Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund (one of the funds constituting Putnam Funds Trust, referred to hereafter as the “Fund”) as of October 31, 2020, the related statement of operations and changes in net assets for the year ended October 31, 2020, including the related notes, and the financial highlights for the year ended October 31, 2020 (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Fund as of October 31, 2020, the results of its operations, changes in its net assets and the financial highlights for the year ended October 31, 2020 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The financial statements of the Fund as of and for the year ended October 31, 2019 and the financial highlights for each of the periods ended on or prior to October 31, 2019 (not presented herein, other than the statement of changes in net assets and the financial highlights) were audited by other auditors whose report dated December 11, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and financial highlights.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Fund’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit of these financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our procedures included confirmation of securities owned as of October 31, 2020 by correspondence with the custodian, transfer agent, agent banks and brokers; when replies were not received from brokers, we performed other auditing procedures. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
December 9, 2020

We have served as the auditor of one or more investment companies in the Putnam Investments family of mutual funds since at least 1957. We have not been able to determine the specific year we began serving as auditor.

24 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

The fund’s portfolio 10/31/20

U.S. GOVERNMENT AND AGENCY	Principal
MORTGAGE OBLIGATIONS (72.0%)*	amount	Value
U.S. Government Guaranteed Mortgage Obligations (0.8%)
Government National Mortgage Association Pass-Through Certificates
5.50%, 5/20/49	$108,880	$124,818
5.00%, with due dates from 5/20/49 to 3/20/50	286,503	322,802
4.00%, TBA, 11/1/50	3,000,000	3,190,898
4.00%, 1/20/50	46,381	51,689
3.50%, with due dates from 9/20/49 to 11/20/49	359,401	395,341
		4,085,548
U.S. Government Agency Mortgage Obligations (71.2%)
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Pass-Through Certificates
3.50%, 11/1/49 ##	484,221	510,582
Federal National Mortgage Association Pass-Through Certificates
5.00%, with due dates from 1/1/49 to 8/1/49	172,139	191,653
4.50%, 5/1/49	76,323	84,474
3.50%, 8/1/49 ##	297,292	313,477
3.50%, 7/1/49 ##	469,312	495,389
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities
4.50%, TBA, 11/1/50	3,000,000	3,244,219
4.00%, TBA, 12/1/50	26,000,000	27,774,297
4.00%, TBA, 11/1/50	53,000,000	56,591,990
3.50%, TBA, 12/1/50	28,000,000	29,578,282
3.50%, TBA, 11/1/50	55,000,000	58,072,267
3.00%, TBA, 11/1/50	11,000,000	11,497,578
2.50%, TBA, 11/1/50	37,000,000	38,555,154
2.00%, TBA, 12/1/50	54,000,000	55,560,935
2.00%, TBA, 11/1/50	52,000,000	53,629,061
1.50%, TBA, 12/1/50	15,000,000	15,069,141
1.50%, TBA, 11/1/50	11,000,000	11,073,907
		362,242,406
Total U.S. government and agency mortgage obligations (cost $366,114,875)		$366,327,954
	Principal
U.S. TREASURY OBLIGATIONS (0.3%)*	amount	Value
U.S. Treasury Notes
2.875%, 5/15/28 i	$202,000	$237,302
2.25%, 1/31/24 i	697,000	746,759
2.125%, 6/30/21 i	363,000	370,370
2.00%, 2/15/25 i	10,000	10,757
1.75%, 12/31/24 i	107,000	114,023
Total U.S. treasury obligations (cost $1,479,211)		$1,479,211
	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (42.0%)*	amount	Value
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations (18.1%)
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
REMICs IFB Ser. 2976, Class LC, ((-3.667 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 24.42%), 23.876%, 5/15/35	$52,261	$86,230
REMICs IFB Ser. 3072, Class SM, ((-3.667 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 23.80%), 23.253%, 11/15/35	123,911	220,562

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 25 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (42.0%)* cont.	amount	Value
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations cont.
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
REMICs IFB Ser. 3249, Class PS, ((-3.3 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 22.28%), 21.785%, 12/15/36	$69,069	$112,583
REMICs IFB Ser. 2990, Class LB, ((-2.556 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 16.95%), 16.566%, 6/15/34	162,409	198,139
REMICs IFB Ser. 5023, Class TS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.25%), 6.102%, 10/25/50	9,096,139	1,841,968
REMICs IFB Ser. 4698, Class NS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.15%), 6.002%, 6/15/47	12,416,447	2,616,276
REMICs IFB Ser. 4922, Class SB, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.05%), 5.902%, 4/25/49	3,199,982	412,478
REMICs IFB Ser. 3852, Class NT, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.00%),
5.852%, 5/15/41	2,293,699	2,524,339
REMICs Ser. 4813, IO, 5.50%, 8/15/48	3,272,409	669,010
REMICs Ser. 4760, Class IG, IO, 5.00%, 2/15/48	3,188,084	578,378
REMICs Ser. 4964, Class IA, IO, 4.50%, 3/25/50	7,988,560	1,364,846
REMICs Ser. 4982, Class DI, IO, 4.00%, 6/25/50	16,368,829	1,927,808
REMICs Ser. 4601, Class IC, IO, 4.00%, 12/15/45	2,144,222	227,935
REMICs Ser. 4193, Class PI, IO, 4.00%, 3/15/43	2,209,403	260,400
REMICs Ser. 4213, Class GI, IO, 4.00%, 11/15/41	1,919,831	119,097
REMICs Ser. 4591, Class QI, IO, 3.50%, 4/15/46	3,738,332	274,543
REMICs Ser. 4369, Class IA, IO, 3.50%, 7/15/44	2,101,979	225,448
REMICs Ser. 4136, Class IW, IO, 3.50%, 10/15/42	4,125,863	424,171
REMICs Ser. 4150, Class DI, IO, 3.00%, 1/15/43	3,835,399	345,186
REMICs Ser. 4158, Class TI, IO, 3.00%, 12/15/42	2,328,006	184,425
REMICs Ser. 4182, Class PI, IO, 3.00%, 12/15/41	4,234,362	174,024
REMICs Ser. 4206, Class IP, IO, 3.00%, 12/15/41	2,039,230	117,510
Structured Pass-Through Certificates FRB Ser. 8, Class A9, IO,
0.437%, 11/15/28 W	125,938	1,732
Structured Pass-Through Certificates FRB Ser. 59, Class 1AX, IO,
0.284%, 10/25/43 W	504,688	5,047
Structured Pass-Through Certificates Ser. 48, Class A2, IO,
0.212%, 7/25/33 W	796,396	5,973
REMICs Ser. 3835, Class FO, PO, zero %, 4/15/41	4,102,249	3,890,950
Federal National Mortgage Association
REMICs IFB Ser. 05-74, Class NK, ((-5 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 27.50%), 26.754%, 5/25/35	32,582	49,927
REMICs IFB Ser. 07-53, Class SP, ((-3.667 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 24.20%), 23.653%, 6/25/37	95,738	168,499
REMICs IFB Ser. 05-75, Class GS, ((-3 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 20.25%), 19.802%, 8/25/35	65,871	92,604
REMICs IFB Ser. 11-4, Class CS, ((-2 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 12.90%),
12.602%, 5/25/40	624,305	761,652
REMICs IFB Ser. 13-130, Class SD, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.60%), 6.451%, 1/25/44	6,053,287	1,183,559
REMICs IFB Ser. 20-70, Class SD, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.25%), 6.101%, 10/25/50	14,257,537	2,990,804
REMICs IFB Ser. 15-19, Class SA, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.20%), 6.051%, 4/25/45	6,872,459	1,291,184
REMICs IFB Ser. 18-95, Class SA, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.15%), 6.001%, 1/25/49	5,097,152	853,773

26 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (42.0%)* cont.	amount	Value
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations cont.
Federal National Mortgage Association
REMICs IFB Ser. 17-108, Class SA, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.15%), 6.001%, 1/25/48	$5,782,384	$1,203,368
REMICs Ser. 16-3, Class NI, IO, 6.00%, 2/25/46	2,787,071	589,533
REMICs IFB Ser. 18-86, Class DS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.10%), 5.951%, 12/25/48	3,737,404	399,435
REMICs IFB Ser. 17-8, Class SB, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.10%), 5.951%, 2/25/47	15,795,763	3,470,487
REMICs IFB Ser. 16-83, Class BS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.10%), 5.951%, 11/25/46	3,367,459	746,632
REMICs IFB Ser. 16-60, Class LS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.10%), 5.951%, 9/25/46	6,861,258	1,468,432
REMICs IFB Ser. 16-65, Class CS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.10%), 5.951%, 9/25/46	4,902,773	982,072
REMICs IFB Ser. 20-16, Class SG, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.05%), 5.901%, 3/25/50	7,686,157	1,256,102
REMICs IFB Ser. 19-66, Class SC, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.00%), 5.851%, 11/25/49	6,324,966	927,935
REMICs IFB Ser. 16-88, Class SK, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.00%), 5.851%, 12/25/46	5,579,543	1,184,146
REMICs IFB Ser. 11-53, Class ST, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 5.92%), 5.771%, 6/25/41	8,643,412	1,823,587
REMICs IFB Ser. 17-74, Class SA, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 5.75%), 5.601%, 10/25/47	18,495,201	3,470,377
REMICs Ser. 18-58, Class IO, IO, 5.50%, 8/25/48	3,363,969	653,501
REMICs Ser. 15-28, IO, 5.50%, 5/25/45	5,605,415	1,120,635
Interest Strip Ser. 397, Class 2, IO, 5.00%, 9/25/39	255,326	39,420
REMICs Ser. 17-75, Class NI, IO, 5.00%, 11/25/46	7,114,568	1,251,168
REMICs Ser. 18-77, Class BI, IO, 4.50%, 10/25/48	9,944,687	1,305,782
REMICs Ser. 17-87, Class IA, IO, 4.50%, 11/25/47	4,662,245	635,231
REMICs Ser. 17-32, Class IP, IO, 4.50%, 5/25/47	4,517,569	770,140
REMICs Ser. 20-47, Class ID, IO, 4.00%, 7/25/50	14,393,471	1,662,509
REMICs Ser. 17-2, Class KI, IO, 4.00%, 2/25/47	1,353,801	140,091
REMICs Ser. 12-124, Class UI, IO, 4.00%, 11/25/42	1,634,435	200,413
REMICs Ser. 12-22, Class CI, IO, 4.00%, 3/25/41	3,776,390	238,337
REMICs Ser. 12-62, Class MI, IO, 4.00%, 3/25/41	2,153,568	139,982
REMICs Ser. 12-136, Class PI, IO, 3.50%, 11/25/42	1,481,672	85,195
REMICs Ser. 13-21, Class AI, IO, 3.50%, 3/25/33	2,836,243	273,050
REMICs Ser. 12-151, Class PI, IO, 3.00%, 1/25/43	2,976,048	268,410
REMICs Ser. 6, Class BI, IO, 3.00%, 12/25/42	3,048,307	155,607
REMICs Ser. 13-35, Class IP, IO, 3.00%, 6/25/42	1,084,300	51,411
REMICs Ser. 13-27, Class PI, IO, 3.00%, 12/25/41	5,332,926	207,867
REMICs Ser. 13-31, Class NI, IO, 3.00%, 6/25/41	2,432,108	72,868
REMICs Trust Ser. 98-W5, Class X, IO, 0.781%, 7/25/28 W	252,712	7,265
REMICs Ser. 07-44, Class CO, PO, zero %, 5/25/37	21,853	19,886
REMICs Trust Ser. 98-W2, Class X, IO, zero %, 6/25/28 W	838,490	27,251
Government National Mortgage Association
IFB Ser. 10-125, Class SD, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.68%),
6.534%, 1/16/40	4,548,804	745,596
IFB Ser. 18-91, Class SJ, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.25%),
6.099%, 7/20/48	5,654,238	910,841

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 27 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (42.0%)* cont.	amount	Value
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations cont.
Government National Mortgage Association
IFB Ser. 13-99, Class VS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.10%),
5.954%, 7/16/43	$861,285	$153,386
IFB Ser. 19-121, Class DS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.10%),
5.949%, 8/20/49	6,575,887	1,006,367
IFB Ser. 16-121, Class JS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.10%),
5.949%, 9/20/46	4,734,160	931,493
IFB Ser. 16-77, Class SC, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.10%),
5.949%, 10/20/45	3,158,429	669,725
IFB Ser. 20-15, Class CS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.05%),
5.899%, 2/20/50	950,282	106,015
IFB Ser. 19-99, Class KS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.05%),
5.899%, 8/20/49	333,471	43,670
IFB Ser. 19-78, Class SJ, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.05%),
5.899%, 6/20/49	469,857	53,276
IFB Ser. 11-17, Class S, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.05%),
5.899%, 2/20/41	1,293,177	236,468
IFB Ser. 10-116, Class SA, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 5.90%),
5.749%, 9/20/40	3,931,025	719,590
Ser. 17-132, Class IB, IO, 5.50%, 9/20/47	1,829,153	399,647
Ser. 18-127, Class ID, IO, 5.00%, 7/20/45	1,616,221	201,236
Ser. 15-167, Class MI, IO, 5.00%, 6/20/45	1,760,529	301,260
Ser. 15-69, IO, 5.00%, 5/20/45	3,325,068	591,230
Ser. 14-146, Class EI, IO, 5.00%, 10/20/44	5,270,769	953,904
Ser. 14-133, Class IP, IO, 5.00%, 9/16/44	2,082,052	380,537
Ser. 14-2, Class IC, IO, 5.00%, 1/16/44	2,786,179	547,116
Ser. 13-3, Class IT, IO, 5.00%, 1/20/43	2,285,455	405,668
Ser. 11-116, Class IB, IO, 5.00%, 10/20/40	14,144	1,220
Ser. 10-35, Class UI, IO, 5.00%, 3/20/40	473,123	83,379
Ser. 10-20, Class UI, IO, 5.00%, 2/20/40	2,909,887	513,811
Ser. 10-9, Class UI, IO, 5.00%, 1/20/40	9,319,561	1,721,230
Ser. 09-121, Class UI, IO, 5.00%, 12/20/39	6,533,110	1,159,104
IFB Ser. 11-70, Class WI, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 4.85%),
4.699%, 12/20/40	7,020,628	1,084,336
Ser. 18-153, Class AI, IO, 4.50%, 9/16/45	5,987,231	938,798
Ser. 15-80, Class IA, IO, 4.50%, 6/20/45	2,932,438	473,942
Ser. 18-127, Class IB, IO, 4.50%, 6/20/45	3,210,771	269,319
Ser. 15-167, Class BI, IO, 4.50%, 4/16/45	3,280,119	617,712
Ser. 12-129, IO, 4.50%, 11/16/42	2,219,536	402,469
Ser. 10-9, Class QI, IO, 4.50%, 1/20/40	1,842,550	283,384
Ser. 09-121, Class BI, IO, 4.50%, 12/16/39	1,550,215	282,976
Ser. 17-120, Class IJ, IO, 4.00%, 4/20/47	2,936,100	159,753
Ser. 15-94, IO, 4.00%, 7/20/45	102,942	18,015
Ser. 15-99, Class LI, IO, 4.00%, 7/20/45	622,633	43,837
Ser. 12-106, Class QI, IO, 4.00%, 7/20/42	2,282,375	319,532
Ser. 12-47, Class CI, IO, 4.00%, 3/20/42	623,999	85,094
Ser. 15-162, Class BI, IO, 4.00%, 11/20/40	3,727,486	258,865
Ser. 17-174, Class MI, IO, 3.50%, 11/20/47	2,117,896	112,080
Ser. 16-136, Class YI, IO, 3.50%, 3/20/45	1,668,256	58,657
Ser. 15-20, Class PI, IO, 3.50%, 2/20/45	3,954,648	514,104

28 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (42.0%)* cont.	amount	Value
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations cont.
Government National Mortgage Association
Ser. 13-76, IO, 3.50%, 5/20/43	$1,525,738	$174,682
Ser. 13-79, Class PI, IO, 3.50%, 4/20/43	1,840,297	166,492
Ser. 13-100, Class MI, IO, 3.50%, 2/20/43	2,188,915	136,895
Ser. 13-37, Class JI, IO, 3.50%, 1/20/43	922,526	79,060
Ser. 18-127, Class IA, IO, 3.50%, 4/20/42	3,187,486	206,485
Ser. 183, Class AI, IO, 3.50%, 10/20/39	1,934,268	70,858
Ser. 15-82, Class GI, IO, 3.50%, 12/20/38	622,348	2,127
Ser. 18-H13, Class NI, IO, 3.124%, 8/20/68	7,270,966	730,361
Ser. 16-H02, Class BI, IO, 3.052%, 11/20/65	9,442,798	824,819
Ser. 14-46, Class KI, IO, 3.00%, 6/20/36	1,264,303	31,608
Ser. 16-H13, Class IK, IO, 2.632%, 6/20/66	13,673,889	1,691,952
Ser. 16-H23, Class NI, IO, 2.617%, 10/20/66	8,668,802	846,075
Ser. 16-H08, Class AI, IO, 2.556%, 8/20/65	8,421,469	529,315
Ser. 18-H05, Class AI, IO, 2.531%, 2/20/68	10,767,695	1,275,299
Ser. 16-H22, Class AI, IO, 2.502%, 10/20/66	6,128,574	598,915
Ser. 17-H11, Class NI, IO, 2.426%, 5/20/67	4,499,963	451,567
Ser. 18-H02, Class EI, IO, 2.371%, 1/20/68	6,722,903	787,840
Ser. 17-H02, Class BI, IO, 2.352%, 1/20/67	2,823,192	284,451
Ser. 18-H02, Class GI, IO, 2.32%, 12/20/67	9,336,289	1,037,775
Ser. 17-H16, Class BI, IO, 2.299%, 8/20/67	9,271,931	1,047,413
Ser. 17-H06, Class BI, IO, 2.258%, 2/20/67	11,770,552	1,166,243
Ser. 16-H11, Class HI, IO, 2.102%, 1/20/66	2,845,970	200,191
Ser. 17-H03, Class DI, IO, 2.07%, 12/20/66	4,103,862	428,209
Ser. 15-H15, Class JI, IO, 1.97%, 6/20/65	10,045,201	891,009
Ser. 15-H19, Class NI, IO, 1.924%, 7/20/65	13,657,016	1,118,510
Ser. 15-H25, Class EI, IO, 1.865%, 10/20/65	9,651,842	772,147
Ser. 15-H18, Class IA, IO, 1.857%, 6/20/65	7,518,748	431,576
Ser. 17-H14, Class DI, IO, 1.726%, 6/20/67	5,002,716	296,326
Ser. 15-H09, Class BI, IO, 1.701%, 3/20/65	11,075,745	795,383
Ser. 15-H25, Class AI, IO, 1.631%, 9/20/65	11,134,561	790,554
Ser. 15-H10, Class EI, IO, 1.629%, 4/20/65	10,506,203	452,639
Ser. 14-H14, Class CI, IO, 1.59%, 7/20/64	11,138,716	484,356
Ser. 15-H28, Class DI, IO, 1.56%, 8/20/65	8,096,628	545,267
Ser. 11-H15, Class AI, IO, 1.545%, 6/20/61	5,982,811	293,642
Ser. 11-H08, Class GI, IO, 1.27%, 3/20/61 W	6,669,785	270,793
Ser. 10-151, Class KO, PO, zero %, 6/16/37	451,231	419,275
GSMPS Mortgage Loan Trust 144A FRB Ser. 99-2, IO,
0.431%, 9/19/27 W	75,783	284
		92,138,220
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (13.9%)
Banc of America Commercial Mortgage Trust FRB Ser. 07-1,
Class XW, IO, 0.425%, 1/15/49 W	110,003	2
Banc of America Merrill Lynch Commercial Mortgage, Inc. FRB
Ser. 05-1, Class B, 5.482%, 11/10/42 W	2,019,820	1,524,964
BANK
FRB Ser. 19-BN20, Class XA, IO, 0.838%, 9/15/62 W	10,515,311	646,692
FRB Ser. 17-BNK9, Class XA, IO, 0.804%, 11/15/54 W	45,798,240	2,057,930
FRB Ser. 18-BN10, Class XA, IO, 0.733%, 2/15/61 W	37,869,421	1,677,187

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 29 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (42.0%)* cont.	amount	Value
Commercial mortgage-backed securities cont.
Barclays Commercial Mortgage Trust FRB Ser. 19-C4, Class XA, IO,
1.597%, 8/15/52 W	$5,433,305	$590,776
Bear Stearns Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust FRB
Ser. 07-T26, Class AJ, 5.432%, 1/12/45 W	1,777,000	1,403,830
Bear Stearns Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust 144A FRB
Ser. 06-PW11, Class B, 5.518%, 3/11/39 (In default)  † W	632,959	449,401
Cantor Commercial Real Estate Lending FRB Ser. 19-CF3, Class XA,
IO, 0.719%, 1/15/53 W	10,785,160	552,058
CFCRE Commercial Mortgage Trust FRB Ser. 16-C4, Class XA, IO,
1.686%, 5/10/58 W	6,718,101	475,086
CFCRE Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 11-C2, Class D,
5.739%, 12/15/47 W	453,000	453,000
Citigroup Commercial Mortgage Trust
FRB Ser. 14-GC21, Class XA, IO, 1.171%, 5/10/47 W	10,278,778	345,606
FRB Ser. 14-GC19, Class XA, IO, 1.141%, 3/10/47 W	15,002,157	477,519
FRB Ser. 13-GC17, Class XA, IO, 1.029%, 11/10/46 W	11,552,137	301,169
FRB Ser. 19-GC43, Class XA, IO, 0.629%, 11/10/52 W	27,586,547	1,296,568
Citigroup Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 14-GC19, Class D, 5.092%, 3/10/47 W	466,000	445,324
FRB Ser. 12-GC8, Class XA, IO, 1.756%, 9/10/45 W	7,001,233	162,471
COMM Mortgage Trust
FRB Ser. 14-CR17, Class C, 4.783%, 5/10/47 W	1,793,000	1,758,442
FRB Ser. 18-COR3, Class C, 4.561%, 5/10/51 W	810,000	813,402
FRB Ser. 15-LC19, Class C, 4.236%, 2/10/48 W	1,031,000	1,043,599
FRB Ser. 14-UBS4, Class XA, IO, 1.103%, 8/10/47 W	6,306,763	201,729
FRB Ser. 14-LC15, Class XA, IO, 1.089%, 4/10/47 W	10,093,549	301,797
FRB Ser. 14-CR20, Class XA, IO, 1.023%, 11/10/47 W	23,420,219	772,165
FRB Ser. 14-CR19, Class XA, IO, 0.977%, 8/10/47 W	21,704,121	629,854
FRB Ser. 13-CR11, Class XA, IO, 0.922%, 8/10/50 W	51,344,356	1,175,683
FRB Ser. 15-CR23, Class XA, IO, 0.893%, 5/10/48 W	20,771,476	663,346
FRB Ser. 15-CR22, Class XA, IO, 0.89%, 3/10/48 W	12,459,230	386,236
FRB Ser. 14-UBS6, Class XA, IO, 0.888%, 12/10/47 W	21,758,910	597,652
FRB Ser. 15-LC21, Class XA, IO, 0.693%, 7/10/48 W	34,822,606	907,122
COMM Mortgage Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 13-CR13, Class E, 4.886%, 11/10/46 W	523,000	319,389
FRB Ser. 14-CR17, Class D, 4.847%, 5/10/47 W	1,498,000	1,202,033
FRB Ser. 12-CR3, Class E, 4.751%, 10/15/45 W	400,000	215,810
Ser. 12-LC4, Class E, 4.25%, 12/10/44	1,361,000	798,527
Credit Suisse Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 08-C1, Class AJ, 5.803%, 2/15/41 W	4,649,202	2,589,140
FRB Ser. 07-C4, Class C, 5.719%, 9/15/39 W	19,946	19,928
Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Securities Corp. 144A FRB
Ser. 03-C3, Class AX, IO, 2.173%, 5/15/38 W	373,851	7,327
CSAIL Commercial Mortgage Trust
FRB Ser. 19-C16, Class XA, IO, 1.566%, 6/15/52 W	7,970,317	832,083
Ser. 15-C1, Class XA, IO, 0.834%, 4/15/50 W	19,750,265	577,913
CSAIL Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 15-C1, Class D,
3.768%, 4/15/50 W	925,000	612,361
DBUBS Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 11-LC3A, Class D,
5.335%, 8/10/44 W	2,332,000	2,172,925

30 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (42.0%)* cont.	amount	Value
Commercial mortgage-backed securities cont.
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Multifamily
Structured Pass-Through Certificates FRB Ser. K099, Class X1, IO,
0.886%, 9/25/29 W	$12,920,390	$880,787
GS Mortgage Securities Trust
FRB Ser. 14-GC22, Class C, 4.692%, 6/10/47 W	1,567,000	1,490,355
FRB Ser. 14-GC18, Class XA, IO, 1.007%, 1/10/47 W	19,200,075	483,842
FRB Ser. 15-GC30, Class XA, IO, 0.749%, 5/10/50 W	18,503,159	521,869
GS Mortgage Securities Trust 144A FRB Ser. 14-GC24, Class D,
4.532%, 9/10/47 W	662,000	251,560
JPMBB Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust
FRB Ser. 14-C18, Class C, 4.81%, 2/15/47 W	870,000	760,276
FRB Ser. 13-C12, Class B, 4.099%, 7/15/45 W	1,401,000	1,463,462
FRB Ser. 14-C24, Class XA, IO, 0.918%, 11/15/47 W	33,924,162	802,106
FRB Ser. 14-C19, Class XA, IO, 0.743%, 4/15/47 W	14,705,269	233,255
JPMBB Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust 144A
FRB Ser. C14, Class D, 4.702%, 8/15/46 W	1,591,000	1,165,995
FRB Ser. 14-C25, Class D, 3.95%, 11/15/47 W	1,090,000	755,132
JPMorgan Chase Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust FRB
Ser. 13-C10, Class XA, IO, 0.966%, 12/15/47 W	29,242,513	523,441
JPMorgan Chase Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 07-CB20, Class E, 6.169%, 2/12/51 W	500,000	180,000
FRB Ser. 12-C8, Class D, 4.67%, 10/15/45 W	2,496,000	2,049,683
FRB Ser. 12-LC9, Class D, 4.418%, 12/15/47 W	327,000	306,910
LB-UBS Commercial Mortgage Trust FRB Ser. 07-C2, Class XW, IO,
0.165%, 2/15/40 W	103,082	11
ML-CFC Commercial Mortgage Trust FRB Ser. 06-4, Class C,
5.324%, 12/12/49 W	679,809	405,823
Morgan Stanley Bank of America Merrill Lynch Trust
FRB Ser. 14-C14, Class C, 4.942%, 2/15/47 W	785,000	827,438
FRB Ser. 14-C17, Class C, 4.479%, 8/15/47 W	946,000	862,105
FRB Ser. 15-C26, Class XA, IO, 1.023%, 10/15/48 W	15,111,632	582,588
FRB Ser. 13-C13, Class XA, IO, 0.957%, 11/15/46 W	47,084,434	1,130,982
Morgan Stanley Bank of America Merrill Lynch Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 14-C15, Class D, 4.906%, 4/15/47 W	704,000	598,766
FRB Ser. 13-C12, Class E, 4.763%, 10/15/46 W	1,012,000	607,200
FRB Ser. 12-C5, Class E, 4.675%, 8/15/45 W	775,000	751,903
FRB Ser. 12-C6, Class D, 4.606%, 11/15/45 W	624,000	592,800
FRB Ser. 13-C10, Class D, 4.082%, 7/15/46 W	453,000	240,745
FRB Ser. 13-C10, Class E, 4.082%, 7/15/46 W	4,328,000	3,037,936
FRB Ser. 13-C10, Class F, 4.082%, 7/15/46 W	2,461,000	1,063,279
Morgan Stanley Capital I Trust
Ser. 06-HQ10, Class B, 5.448%, 11/12/41 W	642,353	632,797
FRB Ser. 16-UB12, Class XA, IO, 0.753%, 12/15/49 W	24,787,942	786,844
Morgan Stanley Capital I Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 12-C4, Class E, 5.419%, 3/15/45 W	603,000	301,500
FRB Ser. 12-C4, Class XA, IO, 2.062%, 3/15/45 W	3,858,213	69,310
Multifamily Connecticut Avenue Securities Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 20-01, Class M10, 3.899%, 3/25/50	1,068,000	1,011,645
FRB Ser. 19-01, Class M10, 3.399%, 10/15/49	1,019,000	934,933

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 31 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (42.0%)* cont.	amount	Value
Commercial mortgage-backed securities cont.
UBS Commercial Mortgage Trust
FRB Ser. 17-C7, Class XA, IO, 1.036%, 12/15/50 W	$12,081,354	$649,649
FRB Ser. 18-C8, Class XA, IO, 0.875%, 2/15/51 W	16,347,104	831,070
UBS-Barclays Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 12-C3, Class C, 5.03%, 8/10/49 W	921,000	891,184
FRB Ser. 12-C2, Class XA, IO, 1.293%, 5/10/63 W	7,117,680	122,791
FRB Ser. 13-C5, Class XA, IO, 0.94%, 3/10/46 W	37,955,720	620,963
UBS-Citigroup Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 11-C1,
Class D, 6.05%, 1/10/45 W	646,000	560,314
Wachovia Bank Commercial Mortgage Trust FRB Ser. 06-C29, IO,
0.266%, 11/15/48 W	3,697,892	111
Wells Fargo Commercial Mortgage Trust
FRB Ser. 15-NXS3, Class B, 4.486%, 9/15/57 W	656,000	714,638
FRB Ser. 13-LC12, Class C, 4.275%, 7/15/46 W	749,000	644,442
FRB Ser. 16-BNK1, Class XA, IO, 1.745%, 8/15/49 W	14,700,743	1,173,119
FRB Ser. 14-LC16, Class XA, IO, 1.09%, 8/15/50 W	20,746,935	655,948
Wells Fargo Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 13-LC12,
Class D, 4.275%, 7/15/46 W	2,166,000	866,400
WF-RBS Commercial Mortgage Trust
Ser. 12-C6, Class B, 4.697%, 4/15/45	624,000	642,522
FRB Ser. 12-C10, Class C, 4.363%, 12/15/45 W	401,000	231,444
WF-RBS Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A
Ser. 11-C4, Class D, 5.221%, 6/15/44 W	771,000	629,075
Ser. 11-C4, Class E, 5.221%, 6/15/44 W	377,000	210,829
FRB Ser. 12-C7, Class D, 4.81%, 6/15/45 W	1,621,000	899,464
FRB Ser. 13-C15, Class D, 4.494%, 8/15/46 W	2,015,000	1,034,531
FRB Ser. 12-C10, Class D, 4.428%, 12/15/45 W	1,940,000	698,431
FRB Ser. 12-C10, Class E, 4.428%, 12/15/45 W	1,658,000	324,957
FRB Ser. 11-C5, Class XA, IO, 1.674%, 11/15/44 W	8,455,081	67,311
FRB Ser. 12-C9, Class XB, IO, 0.715%, 11/15/45 W	46,094,000	576,175
		70,810,692
Residential mortgage-backed securities (non-agency) (10.0%)
American Home Mortgage Investment Trust FRB Ser. 07-1,
Class GA1C, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.19%), 0.339%, 5/25/47	1,528,673	769,295
Arroyo Mortgage Trust 144A Ser. 19-1, Class A3, 4.208%, 1/25/49 W	564,464	580,114
Carrington Mortgage Loan Trust FRB Ser. 06-NC2, Class A4,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 0.24%), 0.389%, 6/25/36	1,020,000	934,901
Citigroup Mortgage Loan Trust, Inc.
FRB Ser. 07-AR5, Class 1A1A, 3.914%, 4/25/37 W	505,457	491,964
FRB Ser. 07-AMC3, Class A2D, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.35%),
0.499%, 3/25/37	898,210	826,196
Countrywide Alternative Loan Trust
FRB Ser. 06-OA7, Class 1A1, 2.507%, 6/25/46 W	487,616	466,307
FRB Ser. 06-OA7, Class 1A2, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.94%),
1.822%, 6/25/46	2,015,599	1,763,955
FRB Ser. 05-27, Class 1A1, 1.821%, 8/25/35 W	661,681	550,379
FRB Ser. 05-59, Class 1A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.33%),
0.481%, 11/20/35	2,372,128	2,174,306

32 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (42.0%)* cont.	amount	Value
Residential mortgage-backed securities (non-agency) cont.
Countrywide Alternative Loan Trust
FRB Ser. 06-OA10, Class 2A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.19%),
0.339%, 8/25/46	$478,947	$481,341
FRB Ser. 06-OA10, Class 4A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.19%),
0.339%, 8/25/46	208,671	200,037
Countrywide Home Loans Mortgage Pass-Through Trust FRB
Ser. 05-3, Class 1A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.62%), 0.769%, 4/25/35	374,442	318,852
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-DNA1, Class B,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 10.00%), 10.148%, 7/25/28	649,876	681,776
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 15-DNA3, Class B,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 9.35%), 9.499%, 4/25/28	1,532,308	1,805,435
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 15-DNA1, Class B,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 9.20%), 9.349%, 10/25/27	988,929	1,089,357
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 15-DNA2, Class B,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 7.55%), 7.699%, 12/25/27	790,820	810,459
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-HQA1, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 6.35%), 6.499%, 9/25/28	195,039	206,335
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 17-DNA2, Class B1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.15%), 5.299%, 10/25/29	300,000	309,598
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-HQA2,
Class M3B, (1 Month US LIBOR + 5.15%), 5.299%, 11/25/28	280,000	277,813
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-DNA3, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.00%), 5.149%, 12/25/28	3,735,166	3,909,333
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-DNA2, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.65%), 4.799%, 10/25/28	245,626	255,130
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 18-HQA1, Class B1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.35%), 4.499%, 9/25/30	268,000	251,605
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 15-DN1, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.15%), 4.299%, 1/25/25	111,875	113,035
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-HQA4, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.90%), 4.049%, 4/25/29	477,371	492,477
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-HQA3, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.85%), 3.999%, 3/25/29	360,000	372,135
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-DNA4, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.80%), 3.949%, 3/25/29	338,786	350,145
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 14-HQ2, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.75%), 3.899%, 9/25/24	2,180,000	2,224,071
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 17-DNA3, Class M2B,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.50%), 2.649%, 3/25/30	1,229,000	1,217,172
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 18-HQA1, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.30%), 2.449%, 9/25/30	532,369	520,878
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 18-DNA1, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 1.80%), 1.949%, 7/25/30	353,969	345,838
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation 144A
Seasoned Credit Risk Transfer Trust FRB Ser. 18-3, Class 3,
4.75%, 8/25/57 W	340,000	348,078
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 18-DNA2, Class B1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.70%), 3.849%, 12/25/30	877,000	818,069
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 19-DNA1, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.65%), 2.799%, 1/25/49	220,787	217,225

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 33 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (42.0%)* cont.	amount	Value
Residential mortgage-backed securities (non-agency) cont.
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation 144A
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 19-DNA2, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.45%), 2.599%, 3/25/49	$86,557	$85,205
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 19-HQA1, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.35%), 2.499%, 2/25/49	124,514	122,299
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 18-HQA2, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.30%), 2.449%, 10/25/48	102,900	100,006
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust REMICs FRB Ser. 20-DNA5,
Class M1, (STOCKHOLM IBOR 3 Month + 1.30%), 1.387%, 10/25/50	463,000	463,434
Federal National Mortgage Association
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C02, Class 1B,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 12.25%), 12.399%, 9/25/28	1,580,987	1,862,131
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C03, Class 1B,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 11.75%), 11.899%, 10/25/28	834,848	987,574
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C03, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.90%), 6.049%, 10/25/28	969,463	1,021,683
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C04, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.70%), 5.849%, 4/25/28	844,791	894,420
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C04, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.55%), 5.699%, 4/25/28	150,685	158,039
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 17-C02, Class 2B1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.50%), 5.649%, 9/25/29	441,000	450,021
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 14-C04, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.00%), 5.149%, 11/25/24	9,758	9,978
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 14-C04, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.90%), 5.049%, 11/25/24	887,565	905,407
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C01, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.55%), 4.699%, 2/25/25	47,286	48,030
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C05, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.45%), 4.599%, 1/25/29	298,515	308,230
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 14-C01, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.40%), 4.549%, 1/25/24	1,902,742	1,800,373
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C07, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.35%), 4.499%, 5/25/29	673,052	694,970
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C01, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.30%), 4.449%, 2/25/25	149,745	151,886
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C06, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.25%), 4.399%, 4/25/29	1,078,976	1,114,688
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C04, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.25%), 4.399%, 1/25/29	536,862	554,183
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C02, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.00%), 4.149%, 5/25/25	11,342	11,423
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C02, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.00%), 4.149%, 5/25/25	113,165	114,490
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 17-C05, Class 1B1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.60%), 3.749%, 1/25/30	370,000	349,267
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 17-C01, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.55%), 3.699%, 7/25/29	141,005	144,905
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 14-C03, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.90%), 3.049%, 7/25/24	969,729	965,059

34 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (42.0%)* cont.	amount	Value
Residential mortgage-backed securities (non-agency) cont.
Federal National Mortgage Association
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 14-C02, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.60%), 2.749%, 5/25/24	$266,193	$263,197
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 17-C07, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.50%), 2.649%, 5/25/30	488,350	482,035
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 18-C05, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.35%), 2.499%, 1/25/31	354,505	346,086
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 18-C01, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.25%), 2.399%, 7/25/30	177,421	174,749
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 18-C02, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.20%), 2.349%, 8/25/30	642,855	627,616
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 18-C06, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.10%), 2.249%, 3/25/31	289,173	282,044
Federal National Mortgage Association 144A
Connecticut Avenue Securities Trust FRB Ser. 20-R01, Class 1B1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.25%), 3.399%, 1/25/40	1,249,000	976,742
Connecticut Avenue Securities Trust FRB Ser. 19-R01, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.45%), 2.599%, 7/25/31	191,398	189,724
Connecticut Avenue Securities Trust FRB Ser. 19-HRP1, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.15%), 2.299%, 11/25/39	810,197	729,959
Connecticut Avenue Securities Trust FRB Ser. 20-R02, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.00%), 2.149%, 1/25/40	290,000	281,300
GCAT Trust 144A Ser. 20-NQM2, Class A3, 2.935%, 4/25/65	946,594	946,098
GSAA Home Equity Trust
Ser. 06-15, Class AF3A, 5.882%, 9/25/36 W	855,905	406,710
FRB Ser. 05-15, Class 2A2, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.25%),
0.399%, 1/25/36	607,785	328,588
HarborView Mortgage Loan Trust FRB Ser. 05-2, Class 1A, (1 Month
US LIBOR + 0.52%), 0.667%, 5/19/35	912,215	471,967
Homeward Opportunities Fund I Trust 144A Ser. 20-2, Class A3,
3.196%, 5/25/65 W	647,000	646,504
JPMorgan Alternative Loan Trust FRB Ser. 07-A2, Class 12A1, IO,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 0.20%), 0.349%, 6/25/37	627,254	301,562
Residential Accredit Loans, Inc. FRB Ser. 06-QO5, Class 1A1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 0.22%), 0.364%, 5/25/46	793,831	698,571
Residential Mortgage Loan Trust 144A Ser. 20-2, Class A3,
2.911%, 5/25/60 W	381,000	382,729
Structured Asset Mortgage Investments II Trust
FRB Ser. 06-AR7, Class A1A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.21%),
0.359%, 8/25/36	422,687	401,553
FRB Ser. 07-AR1, Class 2A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.18%),
0.329%, 1/25/37	617,124	539,739
WaMu Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates Trust
FRB Ser. 05-AR14, Class 1A2, 3.372%, 12/25/35 W	525,898	511,807
FRB Ser. 05-AR10, Class 1A3, 3.035%, 9/25/35 W	402,786	404,836
FRB Ser. 05-AR13, Class A1C3, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.49%),
0.639%, 10/25/45	799,859	777,298
		50,662,726
Total mortgage-backed securities (cost $225,679,899)		$213,611,638

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 35 

	Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (26.6%)*	amount	Value
Basic materials (2.2%)
Axalta Coating Systems, LLC 144A company guaranty sr. unsec.
unsub. notes 4.875%, 8/15/24	$34,000	$34,680
Axalta Coating Systems, LLC/Axalta Coating Systems Dutch
Holding B BV 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
4.75%, 6/15/27	980,000	1,026,550
Beacon Roofing Supply, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec.
notes 4.875%, 11/1/25	404,000	396,324
CF Industries, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
3.45%, 6/1/23	1,680,000	1,717,800
Greif, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes 6.50%, 3/1/27	257,000	269,529
Ingevity Corp. 144A sr. unsec. notes 4.50%, 2/1/26	1,152,000	1,173,600
Louisiana-Pacific Corp. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
4.875%, 9/15/24	1,100,000	1,128,600
Novelis Corp. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
4.75%, 1/30/30	1,705,000	1,729,066
SPCM SA 144A sr. unsec. notes 4.875%, 9/15/25 (France)	900,000	928,125
Univar Solutions USA, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
5.125%, 12/1/27	960,000	994,867
W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
5.625%, 10/1/24	1,520,000	1,638,104
		11,037,245
Capital goods (1.4%)
Allison Transmission, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
4.75%, 10/1/27	1,350,000	1,390,500
Amsted Industries, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. sub.
notes 5.625%, 7/1/27	793,000	832,650
Berry Global, Inc. company guaranty unsub. notes 5.125%, 7/15/23	120,000	121,470
Crown Americas, LLC/Crown Americas Capital Corp. VI company
guaranty sr. unsec. notes 4.75%, 2/1/26	1,105,000	1,146,438
Owens-Brockway Glass Container, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr.
unsec. notes 5.875%, 8/15/23	1,025,000	1,078,428
Panther BF Aggregator 2 LP/Panther Finance Co., Inc. 144A
company guaranty sr. notes 6.25%, 5/15/26	218,000	228,364
RBS Global, Inc./Rexnord, LLC 144A sr. unsec. notes
4.875%, 12/15/25	1,750,000	1,785,368
TransDigm, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. notes 6.25%, 3/15/26	520,000	542,095
		7,125,313
Communication services (1.5%)
CCO Holdings, LLC/CCO Holdings Capital Corp. 144A company
guaranty sr. unsec. bonds 5.50%, 5/1/26	885,000	920,400
Charter Communications Operating, LLC/Charter
Communications Operating Capital company guaranty sr. notes
3.75%, 2/15/28	1,048,000	1,153,065
Level 3 Financing, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
5.25%, 3/15/26	750,000	774,300
Level 3 Financing, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
4.625%, 9/15/27	899,000	916,980
Sprint Capital Corp. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
6.875%, 11/15/28	265,000	335,225
Sprint Corp. company guaranty sr. unsec. sub. notes
7.875%, 9/15/23	1,045,000	1,191,300

36 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (26.6%)* cont.	amount	Value
Communication services cont.
T-Mobile USA, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
5.375%, 4/15/27	$526,000	$561,505
T-Mobile USA, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. bonds
4.75%, 2/1/28	374,000	400,702
Videotron, Ltd./Videotron Ltee. 144A sr. unsec. notes 5.125%,
4/15/27 (Canada)	1,347,000	1,424,453
Zayo Group Holdings, Inc. 144A sr. notes 4.00%, 3/1/27	80,000	78,520
		7,756,450
Consumer cyclicals (4.0%)
Amazon.com, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 2.50%, 11/29/22	1,116,000	1,160,255
BMW US Capital, LLC 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
2.00%, 4/11/21	1,245,000	1,252,669
Cinemark USA, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
5.125%, 12/15/22	765,000	663,638
Discovery Communications, LLC company guaranty sr. unsec.
unsub. notes 3.625%, 5/15/30	377,000	417,118
Ford Motor Credit Co., LLC sr. unsec. unsub. notes 5.125%, 6/16/25	1,000,000	1,042,290
Global Payments, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 2.90%, 5/15/30	842,000	895,164
Gray Television, Inc. 144A sr. unsec. notes 7.00%, 5/15/27	945,000	1,013,513
Hanesbrands, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
4.625%, 5/15/24	483,000	503,069
Hilton Worldwide Finance, LLC/Hilton Worldwide Finance Corp.
company guaranty sr. unsec. sub. notes 4.625%, 4/1/25	869,000	877,047
iHeartCommunications, Inc. company guaranty sr. notes
6.375%, 5/1/26	960,000	999,600
IHS Markit, Ltd. 144A company guaranty notes 4.75%, 2/15/25
(United Kingdom)	1,171,000	1,318,839
IHS Markit, Ltd. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes 4.00%,
3/1/26 (United Kingdom)	195,000	216,938
Iron Mountain, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. bonds
5.25%, 3/15/28 R	680,000	697,000
Lennar Corp. company guaranty sr. unsec. sub. notes
5.875%, 11/15/24	1,121,000	1,259,724
Lennar Corp. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
4.75%, 11/15/22	565,000	593,925
Mattel, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
6.75%, 12/31/25	945,000	993,904
Nielsen Co. Luxembourg SARL (The) 144A company guaranty sr.
unsec. sub. notes 5.50%, 10/1/21 (Luxembourg)	288,000	288,360
Penske Automotive Group, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. sub.
notes 5.50%, 5/15/26	450,000	464,344
PulteGroup, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
5.50%, 3/1/26	1,519,000	1,754,445
Sinclair Television Group, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec.
sub. notes 5.625%, 8/1/24	1,140,000	1,137,691
Sirius XM Radio, Inc. 144A sr. unsec. bonds 5.00%, 8/1/27	680,000	710,600
Spectrum Brands, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. bonds
5.00%, 10/1/29	837,000	887,220
Spectrum Brands, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
5.50%, 7/15/30	123,000	131,610

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 37 

	Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (26.6%)* cont.	amount	Value
Consumer cyclicals cont.
Standard Industries, Inc. 144A sr. unsec. notes 5.00%, 2/15/27	$445,000	$458,906
Standard Industries, Inc. 144A sr. unsec. notes 4.75%, 1/15/28	520,000	543,400
		20,281,269
Consumer staples (2.5%)
1011778 BC ULC/New Red Finance, Inc. 144A company guaranty
notes 4.375%, 1/15/28 (Canada)	165,000	167,063
Albertsons Cos., Inc./Safeway, Inc./New Albertsons LP/Albertsons,
LLC 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes 4.625%, 1/15/27	2,280,000	2,351,011
Itron, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes 5.00%, 1/15/26	890,000	907,800
Kraft Heinz Co. (The) company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
3.00%, 6/1/26	2,300,000	2,337,200
Lamb Weston Holdings, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec.
unsub. notes 4.875%, 11/1/26	851,000	883,857
Match Group, Inc. 144A sr. unsec. bonds 5.00%, 12/15/27	515,000	535,672
Match Group, Inc. 144A sr. unsec. unsub. notes 4.625%, 6/1/28	762,000	788,937
Mead Johnson Nutrition Co. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 3.00%, 11/15/20	1,875,000	1,876,658
Netflix, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 5.50%, 2/15/22	420,000	441,263
Netflix, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 5.875%, 11/15/28	710,000	848,304
Netflix, Inc. 144A sr. unsec. bonds 5.375%, 11/15/29	205,000	240,106
Newell Brands, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 4.70%, 4/1/26	1,093,000	1,164,045
		12,541,916
Energy (2.5%)
Aker BP ASA 144A sr. unsec. notes 5.875%, 3/31/25 (Norway)	447,000	461,217
Cheniere Corpus Christi Holdings, LLC company guaranty sr. notes
5.875%, 3/31/25	1,119,000	1,266,399
Cheniere Corpus Christi Holdings, LLC company guaranty sr. notes
5.125%, 6/30/27	930,000	1,042,081
Chevron Corp. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.10%, 5/16/21	670,000	675,509
Endeavor Energy Resources LP/EER Finance, Inc. 144A sr. unsec.
bonds 5.75%, 1/30/28	975,000	1,011,563
Energy Transfer Operating LP jr. unsec. sub. FRB Ser. B, 6.625%,
perpetual maturity	501,000	355,710
Hess Midstream Operations LP 144A company guaranty sr. unsec.
sub. notes 5.625%, 2/15/26	1,591,000	1,591,000
Indigo Natural Resources, LLC 144A sr. unsec. notes
6.875%, 2/15/26	467,000	458,828
Newfield Exploration Co. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 5.625%, 7/1/24	1,010,000	977,175
Pertamina Persero PT 144A sr. unsec. unsub. notes 4.30%,
5/20/23 (Indonesia)	400,000	428,700
Petrobras Global Finance BV company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
bonds 7.375%, 1/17/27 (Brazil)	174,000	209,670
Petrobras Global Finance BV company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 6.25%, 3/17/24 (Brazil)	488,000	549,000
Petrobras Global Finance BV company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 6.125%, 1/17/22 (Brazil)	273,000	286,991
Petrobras Global Finance BV company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 5.299%, 1/27/25 (Brazil)	78,000	86,971
Petroleos de Venezuela SA company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 5.375%, 4/12/27 (Venezuela) (In default)  †	956,000	33,460

38 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (26.6%)* cont.	amount	Value
Energy cont.
Petroleos Mexicanos company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. FRB
5.95%, 1/28/31 (Mexico)	$483,000	$404,271
Petroleos Mexicanos company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
6.50%, 3/13/27 (Mexico)	133,000	122,732
Shell International Finance BV company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 1.875%, 5/10/21 (Netherlands)	29,000	29,230
Tallgrass Energy Partners LP/Tallgrass Energy Finance Corp. 144A
company guaranty sr. unsec. notes 5.50%, 1/15/28	368,000	333,040
Targa Resources Partners LP/Targa Resources Partners Finance
Corp. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes 5.00%, 1/15/28	680,000	671,500
Total Capital International SA company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 2.75%, 6/19/21 (France)	670,000	680,313
WPX Energy, Inc. sr. unsec. sub. notes 5.25%, 10/15/27	1,010,000	1,012,939
		12,688,299
Financials (8.0%)
Ally Financial, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
8.00%, 11/1/31	540,000	745,396
Ally Financial, Inc. sub. unsec. notes 5.75%, 11/20/25	1,209,000	1,374,013
American Express Co. sr. unsec. notes 2.65%, 12/2/22	1,280,000	1,340,706
Bank of America Corp. jr. unsec. sub. FRN Ser. Z, 6.50%,
perpetual maturity	1,096,000	1,225,333
Bank of America Corp. sr. unsec. notes Ser. MTN, 3.499%, 5/17/22	1,396,000	1,419,009
Bank of Montreal sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. D, 3.10%,
4/13/21 (Canada)	865,000	876,188
Bank of Nova Scotia (The) sr. unsec. notes 2.00%,
11/15/22 (Canada)	845,000	873,292
CIT Group, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 5.25%, 3/7/25	1,658,000	1,850,743
Citigroup, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.90%, 12/8/21	1,124,000	1,152,659
CNO Financial Group, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 5.25%, 5/30/25	1,883,000	2,155,350
Credit Suisse Group AG 144A jr. unsec. sub. FRN 6.25%, perpetual
maturity (Switzerland)	1,146,000	1,221,923
Diversified Healthcare Trust company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
9.75%, 6/15/25 R	440,000	483,325
GLP Capital LP/GLP Financing II, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec.
notes 5.25%, 6/1/25	834,000	911,128
GLP Capital LP/GLP Financing II, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec.
unsub. notes 5.375%, 4/15/26	425,000	472,022
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The) sr. unsec. unsub. notes
2.60%, 12/27/20	1,338,000	1,342,518
Icahn Enterprises LP/Icahn Enterprises Finance Corp. company
guaranty sr. unsec. notes 6.25%, 5/15/26	1,095,000	1,136,063
JPMorgan Chase & Co. jr. unsec. sub. FRN Ser. R, 6.00%,
perpetual maturity	819,000	837,428
JPMorgan Chase & Co. unsec. sub. FRB 2.956%, 5/13/31	483,000	514,370
Metropolitan Life Global Funding I 144A notes 1.95%, 1/13/23	2,655,000	2,746,419
Morgan Stanley sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. GMTN, 3.75%, 2/25/23	1,285,000	1,379,363
Springleaf Finance Corp. company guaranty sr. unsec. sub. notes
7.125%, 3/15/26	1,000,000	1,108,860
Starwood Property Trust, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 4.75%, 3/15/25 R	1,748,000	1,695,560
Toronto-Dominion Bank (The) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. MTN,
1.90%, 12/1/22 (Canada)	3,100,000	3,198,109

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 39 

	Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (26.6%)* cont.	amount	Value
Financials cont.
U.S. Bancorp sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. V, 2.625%, 1/24/22	$1,061,000	$1,088,913
U.S. Bank NA/Cincinnati, OH sr. unsec. notes Ser. BKNT,
3.15%, 4/26/21	2,215,000	2,241,673
UBS AG/London 144A sr. unsec. notes 1.75%, 4/21/22
(United Kingdom)	4,150,000	4,224,463
UBS Group Funding Switzerland AG company guaranty jr. unsec.
sub. FRN Ser. REGS, 6.875%, perpetual maturity (Switzerland)	803,000	884,494
Westpac Banking Corp. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.65%,
1/25/21 (Australia)	2,285,000	2,297,705
		40,797,025
Health care (1.9%)
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. sr. unsec. notes 3.25%, 2/20/23	1,270,000	1,346,371
Centene Corp. sr. unsec. notes 4.625%, 12/15/29	930,000	1,011,375
HCA, Inc. company guaranty sr. bonds 5.25%, 6/15/26	950,000	1,106,500
Pfizer, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 1.95%, 6/3/21	842,000	850,642
Service Corp. International sr. unsec. notes 3.375%, 8/15/30	140,000	141,925
Tenet Healthcare Corp. 144A company guaranty sr. notes
4.875%, 1/1/26	1,655,000	1,678,883
Teva Pharmaceutical Finance Netherlands III BV company
guaranty sr. unsec. notes 6.00%, 4/15/24 (Israel)	1,132,000	1,138,424
UnitedHealth Group, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.875%, 3/15/22	892,000	917,224
UnitedHealth Group, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.00%, 5/15/30	237,000	246,621
Upjohn, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
2.30%, 6/22/27	340,000	351,690
Zoetis, Inc. sr. unsec. sub. notes 2.00%, 5/15/30	891,000	913,406
		9,703,061
Technology (2.0%)
Alphabet, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 3.625%, 5/19/21	675,000	687,456
Apple, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 2.85%, 5/6/21	398,000	403,384
CommScope Finance, LLC 144A sr. notes 6.00%, 3/1/26	815,000	845,563
Diamond 1 Finance Corp./Diamond 2 Finance Corp. 144A
company guaranty sr. unsec. notes 7.125%, 6/15/24	1,535,000	1,590,690
Microsoft Corp. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.40%, 2/6/22	1,338,000	1,371,613
Oracle Corp. sr. unsec. notes 2.50%, 5/15/22	1,338,000	1,377,393
Oracle Corp. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.625%, 7/15/23	3,675,000	3,987,477
		10,263,576
Utilities and power (0.6%)
AES Corp. (The) sr. unsec. unsub. notes 5.125%, 9/1/27	645,000	691,817
Calpine Corp. 144A company guaranty sr. notes 4.50%, 2/15/28	755,000	768,213
NRG Energy, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
5.75%, 1/15/28	1,410,000	1,520,615
		2,980,645
Total corporate bonds and notes (cost $132,675,293)		$135,174,799
	Principal
SENIOR LOANS (7.2%)*c	amount	Value
Basic materials (0.8%)
Alpha 3 BV bank term loan FRN Ser. B1, (BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month
+ 3.00%), 4.00%, 1/31/24	$280,142	$274,749
Diamond BC BV bank term loan FRN (BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month
+ 3.00%), 3.214%, 9/6/24	182,047	173,704

40 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
SENIOR LOANS (7.2%)*c cont.	amount	Value
Basic materials cont.
Messer Industries USA, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR
USD 3 Month + 2.50%), 2.72%, 3/1/26	$985,000	$958,220
Quikrete Holdings, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (1 Month
US LIBOR + 2.50%), 4.159%, 2/1/27	1,668,954	1,634,879
Solenis International, LLC bank term loan FRN (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 4.00%), 4.256%, 6/26/25	992,386	965,405
		4,006,957
Capital goods (1.8%)
Berry Global, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. W, (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 2.00%), 3.94%, 10/1/22	698,719	690,761
Gardner Denver, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 1.75%), 3.411%, 2/28/27	713,415	688,267
Gates Global, LLC bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 2.75%), 3.75%, 3/31/24	658,444	644,658
GFL Environmental, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR
USD 3 Month + 3.00%), 4.00%, 5/31/25	1,531,651	1,514,420
Panther BF Aggregator 2 LP bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR
USD 3 Month + 3.50%), 3.648%, 4/30/26	1,585,570	1,536,021
Thermon Industries, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR
USD 3 Month + 3.75%), 4.75%, 10/30/24	1,004,653	984,560
Titan Acquisition, Ltd. (United Kingdom) bank term loan FRN
Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 3.00%), 3.361%, 3/28/25	408,920	387,160
TransDigm, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. E, (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 2.25%), 3.659%, 5/30/25	248,517	233,399
TransDigm, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. F, (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 2.25%), 3.909%, 12/9/25	918,700	862,558
Vertiv Group Corp. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (1 Month US LIBOR
+ 3.00%), 4.655%, 3/2/27	1,504,440	1,465,889
		9,007,693
Communication services (1.0%)
Altice US Finance I Corp. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR
USD 3 Month + 2.25%), 2.398%, 1/15/26	982,500	945,656
Charter Communications Operating, LLC bank term loan FRN
Ser. B2, (BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 1.75%), 3.639%, 2/1/27	744,096	724,167
CSC Holdings, LLC bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 2.25%), 2.398%, 7/17/25	817,813	787,350
Intelsat Jackson Holdings SA bank term loan FRN Ser. B3,
(BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 4.75%), 8.00%, 11/27/23	1,019,814	1,024,913
WideOpenWest Finance, LLC bank term loan FRN Ser. B,
(BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 3.25%), 4.25%, 8/19/23	976,062	952,271
Zayo Group Holdings, Inc. bank term loan FRN (1 Month US LIBOR
+ 3.00%), 4.668%, 3/9/27	995,000	957,998
		5,392,355
Consumer cyclicals (1.7%)
Banijay Group US Holding, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (1 Month
US LIBOR + 3.75%), 5.404%, 3/4/25	1,000,000	967,500
CPG International, Inc. bank term loan FRN (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 3.75%), 4.75%, 5/5/24	257,993	257,348
Golden Nugget, LLC bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (1 Month US LIBOR
+ 2.50%), 4.081%, 10/4/23	993,034	872,381
Hilton Worldwide Finance, LLC bank term loan FRN Ser. B,
(BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 1.75%), 1.899%, 6/21/26	639,438	605,183

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 41 

	Principal
SENIOR LOANS (7.2%)*c cont.	amount	Value
Consumer cyclicals cont.
Meredith Corp. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 2.50%), 2.648%, 1/31/25	$231,495	$223,972
Navistar, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month
+ 3.50%), 3.65%, 11/6/24	1,007,410	996,581
Reynolds Consumer Products, LLC bank term loan FRN (1 Month
US LIBOR + 0.00%), 3.41%, 2/4/27	954,596	935,504
Scientific Games International, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B5,
(BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 2.75%), 2.898%, 8/14/24	1,560,688	1,449,002
Stars Group Holdings BV bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR
USD 3 Month + 3.50%), 3.72%, 7/10/25	409,846	409,240
Terrier Media Buyer, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR
USD 3 Month + 4.25%), 5.99%, 12/17/26	1,050,000	1,022,274
Univision Communications, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B,
(BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 3.75%), 4.75%, 3/24/26	650,794	633,014
Werner Finco LP bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 4.00%), 5.00%, 7/24/24	408,980	392,620
		8,764,619
Consumer staples (0.3%)
1011778 BC, ULC bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 1.75%), 3.508%, 11/19/26	887,310	850,524
Brand Industrial Services, Inc. bank term loan FRN (BBA LIBOR
USD 3 Month + 4.25%), 5.25%, 6/21/24	725,625	673,017
		1,523,541
Energy (0.2%)
Prairie ECI Acquiror LP bank term loan FRN (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 4.75%), 4.898%, 3/11/26	1,000,000	892,500
		892,500
Financials (0.1%)
VICI Properties 1, LLC bank term loan FRN (BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month
+ 1.75%), 1.896%, 12/22/24	634,773	609,064
		609,064
Health care (0.7%)
Elanco Animal Health, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR
USD 3 Month + 1.75%), 3.404%, 2/4/27	976,608	954,111
Grifols Worldwide Operations USA, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B,
(BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 2.00%), 3.80%, 11/15/27	413,542	402,973
Jaguar Holding Co. II bank term loan FRN (BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month
+ 2.50%), 3.50%, 8/18/22	1,009,088	1,000,602
Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B,
(BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 3.25%), 3.39%, 6/30/25	1,060,919	1,023,787
		3,381,473
Technology (0.4%)
Epicor Software Corp. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 4.25%), 5.25%, 7/30/27	1,025,000	1,020,388
Rackspace Hosting, Inc. bank term loan FRN (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 3.00%), 4.00%, 11/3/23	763,291	745,057
Western Digital Corp. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 1.75%), 1.898%, 4/29/23	292,306	289,505
		2,054,950

42 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
SENIOR LOANS (7.2%)*c cont.	amount	Value
Utilities and power (0.2%)
Calpine Construction Finance Co. LP bank term loan FRN
(BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 2.00%), 2.148%, 1/15/25	$787,725	$763,109
Vistra Operations Co., LLC bank term loan FRN Ser. B3, (BBA LIBOR
USD 3 Month + 1.75%), 1.898%, 12/1/25	244,444	238,401
		1,001,510
Total senior loans (cost $36,979,509)		$36,634,662
FOREIGN GOVERNMENT AND AGENCY	Principal
BONDS AND NOTES (5.4%)*	amount	Value
Argentina (Republic of) 144A sr. unsec. notes 7.125%,
8/1/27 (Argentina)	$540,000	$261,905
Buenos Aires (Province of) 144A sr. unsec. unsub. bonds 7.875%,
6/15/27 (Argentina) (In default)  †	795,000	259,687
Chile (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. bonds 3.50%, 1/25/50 (Chile)	320,000	352,403
Cordoba (Province of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. REGS, 7.45%,
9/1/24 (Argentina)	405,000	204,356
Dominican (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. bonds Ser. REGS, 6.50%,
2/15/48 (Dominican Republic)	311,000	319,556
Dominican (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. REGS, 8.625%,
4/20/27 (Dominican Republic)	358,000	426,915
Dominican (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. REGS, 6.875%,
1/29/26 (Dominican Republic)	472,000	532,180
Dominican (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. REGS, 6.00%,
7/19/28 (Dominican Republic)	157,000	172,702
Dominican (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. REGS, 5.95%,
1/25/27 (Dominican Republic)	721,000	787,693
Dominican (Republic of) 144A sr. unsec. notes 4.50%, 1/30/30
(Dominican Republic)	150,000	151,127
Egypt (Arab Republic of) sr. unsec. notes Ser. REGS, 7.60%,
3/1/29 (Egypt)	616,000	640,642
Egypt (Arab Republic of) 144A sr. unsec. notes 5.75%,
5/29/24 (Egypt)	550,000	563,226
El Salvador (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. bonds Ser. REGS,
7.625%, 2/1/41 (El Salvador)	1,417,000	1,081,894
El Salvador (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. REGS, 6.375%,
1/18/27 (El Salvador)	708,000	574,549
Indonesia (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. REGS, 5.875%,
1/15/24 (Indonesia)	585,000	670,553
Indonesia (Republic of) 144A sr. unsec. notes 4.75%,
1/8/26 (Indonesia)	300,000	346,505
Indonesia (Republic of) 144A sr. unsec. unsub. notes 4.35%,
1/8/27 (Indonesia)	310,000	353,794
Indonesia (Republic of) 144A sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.375%,
4/15/23 (Indonesia)	1,290,000	1,360,937
Ivory Coast (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. bonds Ser. REGS,
6.125%, 6/15/33 (Ivory Coast)	1,795,000	1,812,950
Ivory Coast (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. bonds Ser. REGS, 5.75%,
12/31/32 (Ivory Coast)	174,300	169,943
Jamaica (Government of) sr. unsec. unsub. bonds 8.00%,
3/15/39 (Jamaica)	416,000	553,280
Jamaica (Government of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes 6.75%,
4/28/28 (Jamaica)	200,000	230,002

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 43 

FOREIGN GOVERNMENT AND AGENCY	Principal
BONDS AND NOTES (5.4%)* cont.	amount	Value
Kazakhstan (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. bonds Ser. REGS,
4.875%, 10/14/44 (Kazakhstan)	$420,000	$556,496
Kazakhstan (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. REGS,
5.125%, 7/21/25 (Kazakhstan)	560,000	650,501
Mexico (Government of) sr. unsec. bonds 5.55%, 1/21/45 (Mexico)	1,291,000	1,575,033
Oman (Sultanate of) sr. unsec. notes Ser. REGS, 6.00%,
8/1/29 (Oman)	252,000	229,953
Paraguay (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. REGS, 4.70%,
3/27/27 (Paraguay)	790,000	891,918
Peru (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.392%, 1/23/26 (Peru)	603,000	633,753
Qatar (State of) 144A sr. unsec. notes 3.75%, 4/16/30 (Qatar)	320,000	371,517
Qatar (State of) 144A sr. unsec. notes 3.40%, 4/16/25 (Qatar)	320,000	351,001
Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of) 144A sr. unsec. notes 2.90%, 10/22/25
(Saudi Arabia)	3,570,000	3,814,124
Senegal (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. bonds Ser. REGS, 6.75%,
3/13/48 (Senegal)	635,000	619,919
Senegal (Republic of) unsec. bonds Ser. REGS, 6.25%,
5/23/33 (Senegal)	845,000	859,788
South Africa (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. bonds 6.30%, 6/22/48
(South Africa)	420,000	402,909
South Africa (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes 5.875%, 9/16/25
(South Africa)	510,000	556,645
Turkey (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes 6.35%,
8/10/24 (Turkey)	300,000	295,437
United Mexican States sr. unsec. unsub. bonds 3.25%,
4/16/30 (Mexico)	217,000	224,222
Uruguay (Oriental Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes 4.375%,
10/27/27 (Uruguay)	2,739,000	3,201,206
Venezuela (Republic of) sr. unsec. notes 7.65%, 4/21/25
(Venezuela) (In default)  †	431,000	37,713
Vietnam (Socialist Republic of) sr. unsec. notes Ser. REGS, 4.80%,
11/19/24 (Vietnam)	500,000	557,457
Total foreign government and agency bonds and notes (cost $27,934,334)		$27,656,391
	Principal
ASSET-BACKED SECURITIES (3.2%)*	amount	Value
1Sharpe Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 20-1, Class NOTE,
(BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 2.90%), 3.125%, 7/25/24	$1,132,000	$1,134,830
Mello Warehouse Securitization Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 20-1, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.90%),
1.049%, 10/25/53	1,115,000	1,115,000
FRB Ser. 19-1, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.80%),
0.949%, 6/25/52	1,311,000	1,304,445
Mortgage Repurchase Agreement Financing Trust FRB Ser. 20-4,
Class A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.35%), 1.495%, 4/23/23	738,000	737,078
Mortgage Repurchase Agreement Financing Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 20-2, Class A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.75%),
1.897%, 5/29/22	1,250,000	1,248,438
FRB Ser. 20-5, Class A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.00%),
zero %, 8/10/23	800,000	800,000
MRA Issuance Trust 144A FRB Ser. 20-2, Class A2, (1 Month
US LIBOR + 1.45%), 1.599%, 7/21/21	1,147,000	1,147,000

44 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
ASSET-BACKED SECURITIES (3.2%)* cont.	amount	Value
RMF Buyout Issuance Trust 144A Ser. 20-2, Class M3,
4.571%, 6/25/30 W	$267,000	$267,000
Station Place Securitization Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 20-6, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.75%),
1.899%, 9/7/21	1,328,000	1,328,000
FRB Ser. 20-13, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.50%),
1.649%, 10/10/21	1,245,000	1,245,000
FRB Ser. 20-WL1, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.15%),
1.299%, 6/25/51	1,026,000	1,026,000
FRB Ser. 20-2, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.83%),
0.979%, 3/26/21	2,574,000	2,574,000
FRB Ser. 20-15, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.37%),
zero %, 12/10/21	1,236,000	1,236,000
Toorak Mortgage Corp., Ltd. 144A Ser. 19-1, Class A1,
4.336%, 3/25/22 W	1,000,000	1,015,000
Total asset-backed securities (cost $16,168,999)		$16,177,791
	Principal
CONVERTIBLE BONDS AND NOTES (2.4%)*	amount	Value
Capital goods (—%)
Fortive Corp. cv. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
0.875%, 2/15/22	$132,000	$131,176
Middleby Corp. (The) 144A cv. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 1.00%, 9/1/25	74,000	75,943
		207,119
Communication services (0.1%)
DISH Network Corp. cv. sr. unsec. notes 3.375%, 8/15/26	154,000	136,122
GCI Liberty, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. bonds 1.75%, 9/30/46	78,000	130,143
Liberty Broadband Corp. 144A cv. sr. unsec. bonds 2.75%, 9/30/50	76,000	81,504
Liberty Media Corp. cv. sr. unsec. bonds 1.375%, 10/15/23	21,000	23,475
Liberty Media Corp. 144A cv. sr. unsec. unsub. bonds
2.75%, 12/1/49	175,000	174,300
Vonage Holdings Corp. cv. sr. unsec. notes 1.75%, 6/1/24	165,000	160,855
		706,399
Consumer cyclicals (0.4%)
Booking Holdings, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.75%, 5/1/25	112,000	140,074
Burlington Stores, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 2.25%, 4/15/25	168,000	192,272
Callaway Golf Co. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 2.75%, 5/1/26	49,000	58,494
Carnival Corp. 144A cv. company guaranty notes 5.75%, 4/1/23	43,000	66,854
Cinemark Holdings, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 4.50%, 8/15/25	41,000	35,390
Dick’s Sporting Goods, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 3.25%, 4/15/25	64,000	114,440
FTI Consulting, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 2.00%, 8/15/23	121,000	142,659
Liberty Media Corp. cv. sr. unsec. notes 1.00%, 1/30/23	88,000	104,280
Live Nation Entertainment, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 2.50%, 3/15/23	175,000	187,141
National Vision Holdings, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes
2.50%, 5/15/25	47,000	69,072
NCL Corp, Ltd. 144A cv. company guaranty notes 5.375%, 8/1/25	62,000	71,726
Penn National Gaming, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 2.75%, 5/15/26	27,000	66,339
RH 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes zero %, 9/15/24	37,000	63,107
Royal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes
2.875%, 11/15/23	152,000	143,560
Square, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.125%, 3/1/25	141,000	206,877

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 45 

	Principal
CONVERTIBLE BONDS AND NOTES (2.4%)* cont.	amount	Value
Consumer cyclicals cont.
Under Armour, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 1.50%, 6/1/24	$39,000	$55,913
Winnebago Industries, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 1.50%, 4/1/25	77,000	79,218
		1,797,416
Consumer staples (0.2%)
Bloomin’ Brands, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 5.00%, 5/1/25	49,000	69,539
Chegg, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes zero %, 9/1/26	78,000	78,680
Etsy, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.125%, 10/1/26	55,000	86,123
IAC Financeco 2, Inc. 144A cv. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
0.875%, 6/15/26	135,000	202,013
Lyft, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 1.50%, 5/15/25	74,000	70,882
Wayfair, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.625%, 10/1/25	200,000	190,701
Zillow Group, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 2.75%, 5/15/25	72,000	112,884
Zillow Group, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. sub. notes 1.375%, 9/1/26	83,000	175,742
		986,564
Energy (0.1%)
Pioneer Natural Resources Co. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes
0.25%, 5/15/25	136,000	144,892
SolarEdge Technologies, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes zero %,
9/15/25 (Israel)	49,000	60,197
Transocean, Inc. cv. company guaranty sr. unsec. sub. notes
0.50%, 1/30/23	54,000	9,447
		214,536
Financials (0.1%)
Blackstone Mortgage Trust, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes
4.75%, 3/15/23 R	100,000	95,768
Encore Capital Group, Inc. cv. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 3.25%, 3/15/22	46,000	46,622
IH Merger Sub, LLC cv. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
3.50%, 1/15/22 R	89,000	112,752
JPMorgan Chase Financial Co., LLC cv. company guaranty sr.
unsec. notes 0.25%, 5/1/23	126,000	127,496
LendingTree, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.50%, 7/15/25	64,000	63,760
Redfin Corp. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes zero %, 10/15/25	55,000	51,634
		498,032
Health care (0.3%)
BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. sub. notes
1.25%, 5/15/27	48,000	46,140
CONMED Corp. cv. sr. unsec. notes 2.625%, 2/1/24	87,000	99,029
DexCom, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 0.25%, 11/15/25	100,000	96,161
Envista Holdings Corp. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 2.375%, 6/1/25	49,000	71,194
Exact Sciences Corp. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.375%, 3/15/27	293,000	384,563
Insulet Corp. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.375%, 9/1/26	80,000	97,702
Integra LifeSciences Holdings Corp. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes
0.50%, 8/15/25	57,000	52,013
Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 1.50%, 6/15/26	72,000	73,440
Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.75%, 6/15/24	72,000	72,803
Jazz Investments I, Ltd. cv. company guaranty sr. unsec. sub. notes
1.50%, 8/15/24 (Ireland)	142,000	144,914
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 2.25%, 5/15/24	29,000	40,385

46 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
CONVERTIBLE BONDS AND NOTES (2.4%)* cont.	amount	Value
Health care cont.
Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes
0.75%, 8/1/25	$177,000	$179,513
Revance Therapeutics, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 1.75%, 2/15/27	50,000	53,185
Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 1.50%, 5/1/25	48,000	60,480
Teladoc Health, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. sub. notes 1.25%, 6/1/27	40,000	46,571
		1,518,093
Technology (1.1%)
8x8, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.50%, 2/1/24	58,000	56,462
Akamai Technologies, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.375%, 9/1/27	293,000	312,411
Akamai Technologies, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.125%, 5/1/25	77,000	89,946
Blackline, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.125%, 8/1/24	126,000	185,299
Cloudflare, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.75%, 5/15/25	48,000	75,704
Coupa Software, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.375%, 6/15/26	39,000	45,267
Cree, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 1.75%, 5/1/26	147,000	224,634
CyberArk Software, Ltd. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes zero %,
11/15/24 (Israel)	84,000	80,411
DocuSign, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.50%, 9/15/23	28,000	79,538
Envestnet, Inc. 144A cv. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
0.75%, 8/15/25	148,000	147,943
Five9, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.50%, 6/1/25	78,000	103,155
Guidewire Software, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. sub. notes 1.25%, 3/15/25	100,000	109,894
HubSpot, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.375%, 6/1/25	73,000	91,368
Inphi Corp. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.75%, 4/15/25	96,000	122,815
j2 Global, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 1.75%, 11/1/26	86,000	76,926
LivePerson, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.75%, 3/1/24	64,000	103,138
Lumentum Holdings, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.50%, 12/15/26	122,000	137,213
Microchip Technology, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. sub. notes
1.625%, 2/15/27	36,000	56,543
New Relic, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.50%, 5/1/23	87,000	83,751
Nuance Communications, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 1.25%, 4/1/25	107,000	183,922
Okta, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.375%, 6/15/26	42,000	47,959
Omnicell, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.25%, 9/15/25	49,000	53,518
ON Semiconductor Corp. cv. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 1.625%, 10/15/23	127,000	180,965
Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.375%, 6/1/25	284,000	288,615
Pegasystems, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.75%, 3/1/25	67,000	74,236
Pluralsight, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.375%, 3/1/24	42,000	36,372
Proofpoint, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.25%, 8/15/24	130,000	125,335
Q2 Holdings, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 0.75%, 6/1/26	41,000	50,661
Rapid7, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 2.25%, 5/1/25	43,000	54,187
RealPage, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 1.50%, 5/15/25	78,000	80,177
RingCentral, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes zero %, 3/1/25	156,000	164,547
SailPoint Technologies Holding, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes
0.125%, 9/15/24	80,000	127,240
Silicon Laboratories, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.625%, 6/15/25	68,000	75,608
Snap, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. sub. notes 0.75%, 8/1/26	201,000	374,000
Splunk, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 1.125%, 6/15/27	368,000	405,037
Synaptics, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.50%, 6/15/22	44,000	52,977
Twilio, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.25%, 6/1/23	20,000	78,376

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 47 

	Principal
CONVERTIBLE BONDS AND NOTES (2.4%)* cont.	amount	Value
Technology cont.
Twitter, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. unsub. bonds 1.00%, 9/15/21	$188,000	$187,644
Viavi Solutions, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 1.00%, 3/1/24	92,000	106,278
Vocera Communications, Inc. cv. sr .unsec. unsub. notes
1.50%, 5/15/23	24,000	28,730
Wix.com, Ltd. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes zero %, 8/15/25 (Israel)	86,000	85,140
Workday, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.25%, 10/1/22	83,000	125,518
Zendesk, Inc. 144A cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.625%, 6/15/25	141,000	176,291
Zynga, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes 0.25%, 6/1/24	120,000	150,825
		5,496,576
Transportation (0.1%)
Air Transport Services Group, Inc. cv. sr. unsec. notes
1.125%, 10/15/24	56,000	61,714
American Airlines Group, Inc. cv. company guaranty notes
6.50%, 7/1/25	126,000	108,015
Southwest Airlines Co. cv. sr. unsec. notes 1.25%, 5/1/25	269,000	359,384
		529,113
Utilities and power (—%)
NRG Energy, Inc. cv. company guaranty sr. unsec. bonds
2.75%, 6/1/48	118,000	122,720
		122,720
Total convertible bonds and notes (cost $10,520,059)		$12,076,568

PURCHASED SWAP OPTIONS OUTSTANDING (2.1%)*
Counterparty		Notional/
Fixed right % to receive or (pay)/	Expiration	contract
Floating rate index/Maturity date	date/strike	amount	Value
Bank of America N.A.
(1.315)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-51	Jan-21/1.315	$6,323,800	$252,889
0.30/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jun-24	Jun-22/0.30	28,084,300	60,100
Citibank, N.A.
1.629/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-26	Jan-21/1.629	10,877,400	624,798
1.996/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-26	Jan-21/1.996	10,877,400	350,144
(1.3175)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-51	Jan-21/1.3175	6,323,800	250,928
(1.232)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-51	Jan-21/1.232	2,810,600	146,095
1.232/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-51	Jan-21/1.232	2,810,600	97,528
(1.996)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-26	Jan-21/1.996	10,877,400	16,099
(1.629)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-26	Jan-21/1.629	10,877,400	11
Goldman Sachs International
2.988/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Feb-39	Feb-29/2.988	4,663,100	677,315
(2.988)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Feb-39	Feb-29/2.988	4,663,100	98,998
(2.983)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/May-52	May-22/2.983	8,137,400	50,615
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.
2.795/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Dec-37	Dec-27/2.795	4,467,000	590,448
2.7575/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Dec-37	Dec-27/2.7575	4,467,000	578,432
1.101/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Mar-31	Mar-21/1.101	11,418,300	292,423
(2.7575)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Dec-37	Dec-27/2.7575	4,467,000	98,542
(2.795)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Dec-37	Dec-27/2.795	4,467,000	95,460
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC
2.7725/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Feb-31	Feb-21/2.7725	8,782,100	1,587,365
3.00/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Apr-72	Apr-47/3.00	3,450,300	1,267,675

48 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

PURCHASED SWAP OPTIONS OUTSTANDING (2.1%)* cont.
Counterparty			Notional/
Fixed right % to receive or (pay)/	Expiration		contract
Floating rate index/Maturity date	date/strike		amount	Value
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC cont.
3.00/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Feb-73	Feb-48/3.00		$3,450,300	$1,246,145
2.75/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/May-73	May-48/2.75		3,450,300	1,077,149
1.613/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Aug-34	Aug-24/1.613		5,643,600	331,618
(1.613)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Aug-34	Aug-24/1.613		5,643,600	198,542
(2.904)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/May-51	May-21/2.904		3,487,400	3,418
(2.7725)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Feb-31	Feb-21/2.7725		8,782,100	351
Toronto-Dominion Bank
(1.04)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Mar-55 (Canada)	Mar-25/1.04		945,000	173,918
UBS AG
0.153/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-Reuters/Sep-29	Sep-24/0.153	EUR	8,745,700	291,718
(0.153)/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-Reuters/Sep-29	Sep-24/0.153	EUR	8,745,700	111,428
Total purchased swap options outstanding (cost $6,559,970)				$10,570,152

PURCHASED OPTIONS	Expiration
OUTSTANDING (0.3%)*	date/strike	Notional		Contract
Counterparty	price	amount		amount	Value
Bank of America N.A.
AUD/USD (Put)	Nov-20/$0.70	$6,832,112	AUD	9,719,200	$50,868
EUR/USD (Call)	Feb-21/1.23	14,923,485	EUR	12,807,660	36,918
EUR/USD (Call)	Jan-21/1.22	10,036,858	EUR	8,613,850	24,950
GBP/USD (Put)	Dec-20/1.23	7,540,947	GBP	5,822,900	26,380
Credit Suisse International
EUR/CHF (Call)	Dec-20/CHF 1.10	15,823,066	EUR	13,579,700	5,630
EUR/NOK (Put)	Mar-21/NOK 10.45	6,213,352	EUR	5,332,434	27,841
EUR/SEK (Put)	Mar-21/SEK 10.25	4,660,024	EUR	3,999,334	49,820
Goldman Sachs International
USD/CAD (Put)	Jan-21/CAD 1.29	10,217,100		$10,217,100	35,576
USD/MXN (Put)	Apr-21/MXN 20.50	7,796,200		7,796,200	156,290
HSBC Bank USA, National
Association
AUD/USD (Call)	Mar-21/$0.76	9,755,400	AUD	13,877,800	34,610
EUR/USD (Call)	Mar-21/1.20	8,284,455	EUR	7,109,900	67,048
NZD/USD (Call)	Mar-21/0.69	6,227,111	NZD	9,414,334	75,706
USD/KRW (Put)	Mar-21/KRW 1130.00	6,246,400		$6,246,400	114,646
USD/SGD (Put)	Mar-21/SGD 1.35	4,684,800		4,684,800	27,978
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.
Uniform Mortgage-Backed
Securities 30 yr 2.00% TBA
commitments (Call)	Dec-20/$102.72	81,000,000		81,000,000	423,954
Uniform Mortgage-Backed
Securities 30 yr 2.50% TBA
commitments (Call)	Dec-20/104.06	31,000,000		31,000,000	173,786
USD/MXN (Put)	Apr-21/MXN 20.50	4,164,266		4,164,266	83,210
USD/SGD (Put)	Apr-21/SGD 1.34	4,684,800		4,684,800	29,008
Morgan Stanley & Co.
International PLC
EUR/USD (Call)	Mar-21/$1.23	9,948,990	EUR	8,538,440	29,833
USD/CNH (Put)	Apr-21/CNH 6.65	12,993,700		$12,993,700	121,998
USD/MXN (Put)	Mar-21/MXN 20.75	4,164,268		4,164,268	97,569

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 49 

PURCHASED OPTIONS	Expiration
OUTSTANDING (0.3%)* cont.	date/strike	Notional		Contract
Counterparty	price	amount		amount	Value
UBS AG
EUR/NOK (Put)	Apr-21/NOK 10.45	$6,213,351	EUR	5,332,433	$35,958
EUR/USD (Call)	Feb-21/$1.23	14,923,485	EUR	12,807,660	36,919
Total purchased options outstanding (cost $2,286,765)					$1,766,496

	Principal amount/
SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS (15.5%)*		shares	Value
Putnam Short Term Investment Fund Class P 0.17% L	Shares	53,791,539	$53,791,539
State Street Institutional U.S. Government Money Market Fund,
Premier Class 0.03% P	Shares	980,000	980,000
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.108%, 12/3/20 ∆ §		$1,200,000	1,199,912
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.107%, 12/15/20 ∆ §		900,000	899,909
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.102%, 12/8/20 ∆ §		300,000	299,974
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.099%, 12/10/20 ∆ §		3,600,000	3,599,658
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.095%, 11/19/20 ∆ §		1,800,000	1,799,932
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.094%, 11/5/20 # ∆ § Φ		6,400,000	6,399,961
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.087%, 11/17/20 ∆ §		1,000,000	999,970
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.083%, 11/10/20 ∆ §		1,100,000	1,099,985
U.S. Treasury Bills zero%, 12/3/20 i		20,000	19,998
U.S. Treasury Cash Management Bills 0.097%, 1/12/21 ∆ § Φ		2,700,000	2,699,547
U.S. Treasury Cash Management Bills 0.091%, 1/5/21 ∆ §		1,800,000	1,799,712
U.S. Treasury Cash Management Bills 0.087%, 1/19/21 ∆ § Φ		2,900,000	2,899,466
U.S. Treasury Cash Management Bills 0.084%, 1/26/21 ∆		400,000	399,868
Total short-term investments (cost $78,889,249)			$78,889,431
TOTAL INVESTMENTS
Total investments (cost $905,288,163)			$900,365,093

Key to holding’s currency abbreviations

AUD	Australian Dollar
CAD	Canadian Dollar
CHF	Swiss Franc
CNH	Chinese Yuan (Offshore)
EUR	Euro
GBP	British Pound
JPY	Japanese Yen
KRW	South Korean Won
MXN	Mexican Peso
NOK	Norwegian Krone
NZD	New Zealand Dollar
SEK	Swedish Krona
SGD	Singapore Dollar
USD/$	United States Dollar

Key to holding’s abbreviations

BKNT	Bank Note
bp	Basis Points
FRB	Floating Rate Bonds: the rate shown is the current interest rate at the close of the reporting period. Rates may
	be subject to a cap or floor. For certain securities, the rate may represent a fixed rate currently in place at the
	close of the reporting period.

50 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

FRN	Floating Rate Notes: the rate shown is the current interest rate or yield at the close of the reporting period.
	Rates may be subject to a cap or floor. For certain securities, the rate may represent a fixed rate currently in
	place at the close of the reporting period.
GMTN	Global Medium Term Notes
IFB	Inverse Floating Rate Bonds, which are securities that pay interest rates that vary inversely to changes in the
	market interest rates. As interest rates rise, inverse floaters produce less current income. The rate shown is
	the current interest rate at the close of the reporting period. Rates may be subject to a cap or floor.
IO	Interest Only
MTN	Medium Term Notes
OTC	Over-the-counter
PO	Principal Only
REGS	Securities sold under Regulation S may not be offered, sold or delivered within the United States except
	pursuant to an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the registration requirements of the
	Securities Act of 1933.
TBA	To Be Announced Commitments

Notes to the fund’s portfolio

Unless noted otherwise, the notes to the fund’s portfolio are for the close of the fund’s reporting period, which ran from November 1, 2019 through October 31, 2020 (the reporting period). Within the following notes to the portfolio, references to “Putnam Management” represent Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the fund’s manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments, LLC and references to “ASC 820” represent Accounting Standards Codification 820 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures.

^* Percentages indicated are based on net assets of $508,974,766.

^† This security is non-income-producing.

^# This security, in part or in entirety, was pledged and segregated with the broker to cover margin requirements for futures contracts at the close of the reporting period. Collateral at period end totaled $864,000 and is included in Investments in securities on the Statement of assets and liabilities (Notes 1 and 9).

^∆ This security, in part or in entirety, was pledged and segregated with the custodian for collateral on certain derivative contracts at the close of the reporting period. Collateral at period end totaled $10,776,986 and is included in Investments in securities on the Statement of assets and liabilities (Notes 1 and 9).

^Φ This security, in part or in entirety, was pledged and segregated with the custodian for collateral on certain TBA commitments at the close of the reporting period. Collateral at period end totaled $184,991 and is included in Investments in securities on the Statement of assets and liabilities (Notes 1 and 9).

^§ This security, in part or in entirety, was pledged and segregated with the custodian for collateral on the initial margin on certain centrally cleared derivative contracts at the close of the reporting period. Collateral at period end totaled $11,659,876 and is included in Investments in securities on the Statement of assets and liabilities (Notes 1 and 9).

^## Forward commitment, in part or in entirety (Note 1).

^c Senior loans are exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, but contain certain restrictions on resale and cannot be sold publicly. These loans pay interest at rates which adjust periodically. The interest rates shown for senior loans are the current interest rates at the close of the reporting period. Senior loans are also subject to mandatory and/or optional prepayment which cannot be predicted. As a result, the remaining maturity may be substantially less than the stated maturity shown (Notes 1 and 7).

ⁱ This security was pledged, or purchased with cash that was pledged, to the fund for collateral on certain derivative contracts (Note 1).

^L Affiliated company (Note 5). The rate quoted in the security description is the annualized 7-day yield of the fund at the close of the reporting period.

^P This security was pledged, or purchased with cash that was pledged, to the fund for collateral on certain derivative contracts. The rate quoted in the security description is the annualized 7-day yield of the fund at the close of the reporting period.

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 51 

^R Real Estate Investment Trust.

^W The rate shown represents the weighted average coupon associated with the underlying mortgage pools. Rates may be subject to a cap or floor.

At the close of the reporting period, the fund maintained liquid assets totaling $281,152,806 to cover certain derivative contracts and delayed delivery securities.

Unless otherwise noted, the rates quoted in Short-term investments security descriptions represent the weighted average yield to maturity.

Debt obligations are considered secured unless otherwise indicated.

144A after the name of an issuer represents securities exempt from registration under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. These securities may be resold in transactions exempt from registration, normally to qualified institutional buyers.

See Note 1 to the financial statements regarding TBA commitments.

The dates shown on debt obligations are the original maturity dates.

FORWARD CURRENCY CONTRACTS at 10/31/20 (aggregate face value $154,357,294)
						Unrealized
		Contract	Delivery		Aggregate	appreciation/
Counterparty	Currency	type*	date	Value	face value	(depreciation)
Bank of America N.A.
	Australian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	$834,192	$873,085	$(38,893)
	Canadian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	2,015,750	2,020,628	4,878
	Czech Koruna	Buy	12/16/20	377,739	403,382	(25,643)
	Euro	Buy	12/16/20	116,119	118,387	(2,268)
	Hong Kong Dollar	Sell	11/18/20	1,447,409	1,447,542	133
	Japanese Yen	Sell	11/18/20	517,647	515,506	(2,141)
	New Zealand Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	565,485	553,810	(11,675)
Barclays Bank PLC
	British Pound	Buy	12/16/20	140,348	144,373	(4,025)
	Canadian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	725,280	728,491	3,211
	Euro	Sell	12/16/20	3,755,671	3,828,714	73,043
	Japanese Yen	Buy	11/18/20	1,919,392	1,907,787	11,605
	New Zealand Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	1,148,622	1,154,390	(5,768)
	Swedish Krona	Sell	12/16/20	2,080,955	2,121,143	40,188
Citibank, N.A.
	British Pound	Sell	12/16/20	3,078,593	3,166,297	87,704
	Canadian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	42,800	42,990	190
	Chilean Peso	Buy	1/20/21	1,252,848	1,219,448	33,400
	Euro	Buy	12/16/20	464,941	487,528	(22,587)
	Hong Kong Dollar	Sell	11/18/20	452,544	452,614	70
	Japanese Yen	Buy	11/18/20	1,247,735	1,240,390	7,345
	New Zealand Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	1,407,957	1,413,204	5,247
	Swedish Krona	Sell	12/16/20	1,389,976	1,416,560	26,584
	Swiss Franc	Buy	12/16/20	1,257,718	1,267,708	(9,990)
Credit Suisse International
	Australian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	16,525	16,896	371
	British Pound	Sell	12/16/20	143,458	152,063	8,605

52 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

FORWARD CURRENCY CONTRACTS at 10/31/20 (aggregate face value $154,357,294) cont.
						Unrealized
		Contract	Delivery		Aggregate	appreciation/
Counterparty	Currency	type*	date	Value	face value	(depreciation)
Credit Suisse International cont.
	Canadian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	$1,559,062	$1,565,896	$6,834
	Euro	Sell	12/16/20	1,637,787	1,659,496	21,709
	New Zealand Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	343,574	345,282	(1,708)
Goldman Sachs International
	Australian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	284,158	290,177	6,019
	British Pound	Buy	12/16/20	702,908	723,697	(20,789)
	Canadian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	3,838,598	3,856,003	(17,405)
	Czech Koruna	Sell	12/16/20	337,620	342,578	4,958
	Euro	Sell	12/16/20	1,053,579	1,072,706	19,127
	Japanese Yen	Buy	11/18/20	867,100	861,852	5,248
	New Taiwan Dollar	Sell	2/17/21	1,265,587	1,272,330	6,743
	New Zealand Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	533,281	532,665	(616)
	Norwegian Krone	Buy	12/16/20	327,057	329,249	(2,192)
	Swedish Krona	Buy	12/16/20	2,440,399	2,487,282	(46,883)
	Swiss Franc	Buy	12/16/20	2,243,950	2,261,773	(17,823)
HSBC Bank USA, National Association
	Australian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	1,793,974	1,833,946	(39,972)
	British Pound	Sell	12/16/20	227,693	242,216	14,523
	Canadian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	1,105,828	1,110,913	(5,085)
	Euro	Buy	12/16/20	1,339,096	1,349,428	(10,332)
	Hong Kong Dollar	Sell	11/18/20	2,616,717	2,616,891	174
	Indian Rupee	Buy	2/17/21	1,259,065	1,265,218	(6,153)
	Indian Rupee	Sell	2/17/21	1,261,302	1,253,386	(7,916)
	Japanese Yen	Buy	11/18/20	2,400,046	2,381,488	18,558
	New Zealand Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	389,795	391,662	1,867
	Norwegian Krone	Buy	12/16/20	562,107	570,707	(8,600)
	South Korean Won	Buy	2/17/21	1,294,175	1,266,591	27,584
	Swedish Krona	Buy	12/16/20	308,091	309,795	(1,704)
	Swiss Franc	Sell	12/16/20	949,759	948,085	(1,674)
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.
	Australian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	646,230	660,034	13,804
	British Pound	Buy	12/16/20	1,049,827	1,053,790	(3,963)
	Canadian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	2,479,121	2,490,967	11,846
	Chinese Yuan (Offshore)	Buy	2/18/21	13,099	16,999	(3,900)
	Euro	Buy	12/16/20	2,280,754	2,342,896	(62,142)
	Indian Rupee	Buy	2/17/21	1,259,065	1,264,709	(5,644)
	Indian Rupee	Sell	2/17/21	1,261,302	1,254,385	(6,917)
	Japanese Yen	Sell	11/18/20	1,089,724	1,075,296	(14,428)
	New Taiwan Dollar	Sell	2/17/21	1,273,334	1,291,426	18,092
	New Zealand Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	17,060	17,147	(87)
	Norwegian Krone	Sell	12/16/20	621,512	661,617	40,105
	South Korean Won	Buy	2/17/21	1,286,317	1,254,108	32,209
	Swedish Krona	Sell	12/16/20	169,731	166,174	(3,557)
	Swiss Franc	Buy	12/16/20	2,526,571	2,546,949	(20,378)

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 53 

FORWARD CURRENCY CONTRACTS at 10/31/20 (aggregate face value $154,357,294) cont.
						Unrealized
		Contract	Delivery		Aggregate	appreciation/
Counterparty	Currency	type*	date	Value	face value	(depreciation)
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC
	Australian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	$773,929	$790,410	$(16,481)
	British Pound	Buy	12/16/20	929,825	904,381	25,444
	Canadian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	1,504,773	1,508,924	(4,151)
	Euro	Buy	12/16/20	174,994	179,015	(4,021)
	Japanese Yen	Buy	11/18/20	318,827	310,436	8,391
	New Zealand Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	1,578,951	1,597,961	(19,010)
	Norwegian Krone	Buy	12/16/20	293,732	315,107	(21,375)
	Swedish Krona	Buy	12/16/20	17,327	30,403	(13,076)
	Swiss Franc	Buy	12/16/20	34,617	39,547	(4,930)
NatWest Markets PLC
	Australian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	1,566,633	1,601,047	34,414
	British Pound	Buy	12/16/20	962,222	967,361	(5,139)
	Canadian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	759,220	762,035	(2,815)
	Euro	Sell	12/16/20	2,551,114	2,605,201	54,087
	Japanese Yen	Buy	11/18/20	319,649	315,344	4,305
	Japanese Yen	Sell	11/18/20	317,851	315,954	(1,897)
	New Zealand Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	929,491	933,947	4,456
	Swedish Krona	Sell	12/16/20	1,036,424	1,054,223	17,799
	Swiss Franc	Buy	12/16/20	315,167	314,777	390
State Street Bank and Trust Co.
	Australian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	2,816,410	2,862,433	46,023
	British Pound	Sell	12/16/20	3,919,258	4,074,422	155,164
	Canadian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	1,760,074	1,765,044	4,970
	Euro	Sell	12/16/20	9,517,304	9,692,580	175,276
	Hong Kong Dollar	Sell	11/18/20	5,398,063	5,398,442	379
	Japanese Yen	Sell	11/18/20	2,041,836	2,029,608	(12,228)
	New Zealand Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	1,928,741	1,941,030	12,289
	Norwegian Krone	Sell	12/16/20	642,636	628,198	(14,438)
	Swedish Krona	Sell	12/16/20	733,843	765,738	31,895
	Swiss Franc	Buy	12/16/20	2,361,452	2,389,392	(27,940)
Toronto-Dominion Bank
	Australian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	978,768	999,621	(20,853)
	British Pound	Buy	12/16/20	193,351	190,437	2,914
	Canadian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	2,725,711	2,737,840	12,129
	Euro	Sell	12/16/20	2,586,673	2,640,125	53,452
	Hong Kong Dollar	Sell	11/18/20	325,645	325,680	35
	New Zealand Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	33,392	33,556	(164)
	Swedish Krona	Buy	12/16/20	19,362	21,475	(2,113)
	Swiss Franc	Buy	12/16/20	2,204,856	2,222,614	(17,758)
UBS AG
	Australian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	2,979,127	3,017,209	38,082
	Australian Dollar	Buy	3/15/21	1,560,677	1,589,929	(29,252)
	Australian Dollar	Sell	3/15/21	1,560,677	1,601,238	40,561
	British Pound	Sell	12/16/20	332,274	351,816	19,542

54 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

FORWARD CURRENCY CONTRACTS at 10/31/20 (aggregate face value $154,357,294) cont.
						Unrealized
		Contract	Delivery		Aggregate	appreciation/
Counterparty	Currency	type*	date	Value	face value	(depreciation)
UBS AG cont.
	Canadian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	$1,401,601	$1,408,122	$(6,521)
	Euro	Buy	12/16/20	1,634,989	1,675,425	(40,436)
	Hong Kong Dollar	Sell	11/18/20	1,447,421	1,447,544	123
	Japanese Yen	Buy	11/18/20	3,340,336	3,313,046	27,290
	New Zealand Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	3,020,101	3,035,791	(15,690)
	Norwegian Krone	Sell	12/16/20	1,271,469	1,363,467	91,998
	Swedish Krona	Buy	12/16/20	1,649,663	1,674,326	(24,663)
WestPac Banking Corp.
	Australian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	208,354	207,134	(1,220)
	British Pound	Buy	12/16/20	822,782	802,839	19,943
	Canadian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	37,920	38,085	(165)
	Chinese Yuan (Offshore)	Buy	2/18/21	13,114	17,026	(3,912)
	Euro	Sell	12/16/20	791,263	811,061	19,798
	Japanese Yen	Sell	11/18/20	444,595	441,578	(3,017)
	New Zealand Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	364,800	366,605	1,805
Unrealized appreciation						1,454,928
Unrealized (depreciation)						(746,123)
Total						$708,805

^* The exchange currency for all contracts listed is the United States Dollar.

FUTURES CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20
					Unrealized
	Number of	Notional		Expiration	appreciation/
	contracts	amount	Value	date	(depreciation)
Canadian Government Bond
5 yr (Long)	47	$4,567,196	$4,568,416	Dec-20	$607
Canadian Government Bond
10 yr (Short)	48	5,441,045	5,441,657	Dec-20	(5,882)
Euro-Bund 10 yr (Short)	41	8,415,249	8,411,278	Dec-20	(160,051)
U.S. Treasury Bond Ultra 30 yr (Long)	6	1,290,000	1,290,000	Dec-20	(39,201)
U.S. Treasury Note 2 yr (Short)	1,243	274,508,781	274,508,781	Dec-20	(1,578)
U.S. Treasury Note Ultra 10 yr (Short)	48	7,549,500	7,549,500	Dec-20	63,642
Unrealized appreciation					64,249
Unrealized (depreciation)					(206,712)
Total					$(142,463)

WRITTEN SWAP OPTIONS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 (premiums $8,744,348)
Counterparty		Notional/
Fixed Obligation % to receive or (pay)/	Expiration	contract
Floating rate index/Maturity date	date/strike	amount	Value
Bank of America N.A.
(0.00)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jun-24	Jun-22/0.00	$28,084,300	$21,906
0.60/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jun-24	Jun-22/0.60	28,084,300	46,058
1.525/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-51	Jan-21/1.525	12,647,600	253,584

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 55 

WRITTEN SWAP OPTIONS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 (premiums $8,744,348) cont.
Counterparty			Notional/
Fixed Obligation % to receive or (pay)/	Expiration		contract
Floating rate index/Maturity date	date/strike		amount	Value
Citibank, N.A.
1.805/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-31	Jan-21/1.805		$10,877,400	$4,351
(1.242)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Apr-51	Apr-21/1.242		1,967,400	92,645
1.242/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Apr-51	Apr-21/1.242		1,967,400	126,661
1.5275/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-51	Jan-21/1.5275		12,647,600	251,308
1.865/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Oct-39	Oct-29/1.865		5,613,600	296,679
(1.865)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Oct-39	Oct-29/1.865		5,613,600	425,118
(1.805)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-31	Jan-21/1.805		10,877,400	958,734
Goldman Sachs International
2.823/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/May-27	May-22/2.823		32,549,500	9,439
1.722/3 month GBP-LIBOR-BBA/Feb-39	Feb-29/1.722	GBP	3,028,000	123,410
(1.722)/3 month GBP-LIBOR-BBA/Feb-39	Feb-29/1.722	GBP	3,028,000	458,298
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.
1.333/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-24	Jan-23/1.333		$6,308,900	1,325
(1.333)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-24	Jan-23/1.333		6,308,900	59,556
(0.968)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Mar-35	Mar-25/0.968		2,082,300	62,927
(1.07)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Mar-32	Mar-27/1.07		3,327,300	66,413
1.667/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-Reuters/Feb-36	Feb-26/1.667	EUR	6,661,600	66,723
1.07/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Mar-32	Mar-27/1.07		$3,327,300	129,964
0.968/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Mar-35	Mar-25/0.968		2,082,300	150,675
(0.7785)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Mar-31	Mar-21/0.7785		22,836,700	196,852
(1.667)/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-Reuters/Feb-36	Feb-26/1.667	EUR	6,661,600	1,331,425
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC
2.664/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/May-26	May-21/2.664		$13,949,800	14
3.01/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Feb-36	Feb-26/3.01		2,395,100	29,172
2.97/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Feb-36	Feb-26/2.97		2,395,100	30,035
1.512/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Aug-32	Aug-22/1.512		5,643,600	101,528
(1.512)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Aug-32	Aug-22/1.512		5,643,600	310,285
(2.97)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Feb-36	Feb-26/2.97		2,395,100	360,774
(3.01)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Feb-36	Feb-26/3.01		2,395,100	368,055
(2.75)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/May-49	May-25/2.75		3,450,300	996,033
(3.00)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-49	Jan-24/3.00		3,450,300	1,222,441
(3.00)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Apr-48	Apr-23/3.00		3,450,300	1,244,903
Toronto-Dominion Bank
(1.17)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Mar-55	Mar-25/1.17		306,100	29,796
1.17/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Mar-55	Mar-25/1.17		612,300	100,429
1.05/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Mar-27	Mar-25/1.05		12,465,000	100,842
UBS AG
1.9875/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Oct-36	Oct-26/1.9875		6,511,700	238,979
(1.9875)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Oct-36	Oct-26/1.9875		6,511,700	518,853
Total				$10,786,190

56 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

WRITTEN OPTIONS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 (premiums $985,213)
	Expiration	Notional		Contract
Counterparty	date/strike price	amount		amount	Value
Bank of America N.A.
AUD/USD (Put)	Nov-20/$0.68	$3,416,056	AUD	4,859,600	$6,804
EUR/USD (Call)	Feb-21/1.27	14,923,485	EUR	12,807,660	11,262
GBP/USD (Put)	Dec-20/1.20	7,540,947	GBP	5,822,900	11,791
Credit Suisse International
EUR/CHF (Call)	Dec-20/CHF 1.12	15,823,066	EUR	13,579,700	791
EUR/SEK (Put)	Mar-21/SEK 9.90	4,660,024	EUR	3,999,334	10,843
Goldman Sachs International
USD/CAD (Put)	Jan-21/CAD 1.26	10,217,100		$10,217,100	14,130
USD/MXN (Put)	Apr-21/MXN 19.00	15,592,500		15,592,500	74,984
HSBC Bank USA, National Association
AUD/USD (Call)	Mar-21/$0.80	9,755,400	AUD	13,877,800	6,672
EUR/USD (Call)	Mar-21/1.25	8,284,455	EUR	7,109,900	20,122
NZD/USD (Call)	Mar-21/0.73	6,227,111	NZD	9,414,334	17,373
USD/KRW (Put)	Mar-21/KRW 1085.00	6,246,400		$6,246,400	32,719
USD/SGD (Put)	Mar-21/SGD 1.31	4,684,800		4,684,800	7,552
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.
Uniform Mortgage-Backed
Securities 30 yr 2.00% TBA
commitments (Put)	Dec-20/$102.72	81,000,000		81,000,000	272,160
Uniform Mortgage-Backed
Securities 30 yr 2.50% TBA
commitments (Put)	Dec-20/104.06	31,000,000		31,000,000	176,204
USD/MXN (Put)	Apr-21/MXN 19.75	4,164,266		4,164,266	44,566
USD/SGD (Put)	Apr-21/SGD 1.31	4,684,800		4,684,800	7,861
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC
EUR/USD (Call)	Mar-21/$1.27	9,948,990	EUR	8,538,440	10,183
USD/CNH (Put)	Apr-21/CNH 6.50	12,993,700		$12,993,700	45,699
USD/MXN (Put)	Mar-21/MXN 19.75	4,164,268		4,164,268	38,898
UBS AG
EUR/USD (Call)	Feb-21/$1.27	14,923,485	EUR	12,807,660	11,263
Total					$821,877

FORWARD PREMIUM SWAP OPTION CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20
Counterparty
Fixed right or obligation % to receive			Notional/	Premium	Unrealized
or (pay)/Floating rate index/	Expiration		contract	receivable/	appreciation/
Maturity date	date/strike		amount	(payable)	(depreciation)
Bank of America N.A.
1.304/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-
Reuters/Jun-54 (Purchased)	Jun-24/1.304	EUR	3,163,500	$(512,677)	$1,057,856
2.2275/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
May-24 (Purchased)	May-22/2.2275		$37,416,800	(345,170)	1,032,330
1.053/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-
Reuters/Jun-54 (Purchased)	Jun-24/1.053	EUR	1,673,000	(381,566)	505,937
(0.925)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Mar-40 (Purchased)	Mar-30/0.925		$6,653,800	(476,412)	208,464

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 57 

FORWARD PREMIUM SWAP OPTION CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
Counterparty
Fixed right or obligation % to receive			Notional/	Premium	Unrealized
or (pay)/Floating rate index/	Expiration		contract	receivable/	appreciation/
Maturity date	date/strike		amount	(payable)	(depreciation)
Bank of America N.A. cont.
(0.85)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Mar-40 (Purchased)	Mar-30/0.85		$3,388,500	$(247,361)	$116,429
(0.765)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Sep-31 (Purchased)	Sep-21/0.765		3,650,900	(86,526)	44,431
(1.275)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Mar-50 (Purchased)	Mar-30/1.275		2,999,900	(390,737)	43,409
(0.003)/6 month JPY-LIBOR-BBA/
Feb-31 (Purchased)	Feb-21/0.003	JPY	176,833,300	(13,922)	(659)
(2.3075)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jun-52 (Purchased)	Jun-22/2.3075		$2,249,900	(50,902)	(5,760)
0.003/6 month JPY-LIBOR-BBA/
Feb-31 (Purchased)	Feb-21/0.003	JPY	176,833,300	(13,922)	(11,891)
0.765/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Sep-31 (Purchased)	Sep-21/0.765		$3,650,900	(86,526)	(39,430)
1.275/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Mar-50 (Purchased)	Mar-30/1.275		2,999,900	(390,737)	(88,227)
0.85/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Mar-40 (Purchased)	Mar-30/0.85		3,388,500	(247,361)	(109,415)
(1.053)/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-
Reuters/Jun-54 (Purchased)	Jun-24/1.053	EUR	1,673,000	(381,566)	(155,565)
0.925/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Mar-40 (Purchased)	Mar-30/0.925		$6,653,800	(476,412)	(191,363)
(1.304)/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-
Reuters/Jun-54 (Purchased)	Jun-24/1.304	EUR	3,163,500	(256,339)	(210,709)
(2.2275)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
May-24 (Purchased)	May-22/2.2275		$37,416,800	(345,170)	(343,112)
2.3075/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jun-52 (Purchased)	Jun-22/2.3075		2,249,900	(1,057,849)	(460,127)
Barclays Bank PLC
1.11125/6 month JPY-LIBOR-BBA/
Aug-43 (Purchased)	Aug-23/1.11125	JPY	118,365,100	(59,872)	109,778
(1.11125)/6 month JPY-LIBOR-BBA/
Aug-43 (Purchased)	Aug-23/1.11125	JPY	118,365,100	(59,872)	(58,586)
Citibank, N.A.
2.689/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-49 (Purchased)	Nov-24/2.689		$1,026,000	(132,098)	166,540
(0.688)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-30 (Purchased)	Nov-20/0.688		1,782,300	(32,616)	3,208
(0.462)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jun-26 (Purchased)	Jun-21/0.462		8,987,000	(87,062)	(5,931)
0.688/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-30 (Purchased)	Nov-20/0.688		1,782,300	(32,616)	(30,727)
0.462/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jun-26 (Purchased)	Jun-21/0.462		8,987,000	(87,062)	(44,665)
(2.689)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-49 (Purchased)	Nov-24/2.689		1,026,000	(132,098)	(103,739)

58 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

FORWARD PREMIUM SWAP OPTION CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
Counterparty
Fixed right or obligation % to receive			Notional/	Premium	Unrealized
or (pay)/Floating rate index/	Expiration		contract	receivable/	appreciation/
Maturity date	date/strike		amount	(payable)	(depreciation)
Citibank, N.A. cont.
1.245/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Aug-24 (Written)	Aug-22/1.245		$26,191,800	$239,655	$229,702
(1.177)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jul-40 (Written)	Jul-30/1.177		1,298,500	98,426	30,697
1.177/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jul-40 (Written)	Jul-30/1.177		1,298,500	98,426	(18,296)
(1.245)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Aug-24 (Written)	Aug-22/1.245		26,191,800	239,655	(194,081)
Goldman Sachs International
1.727/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jan-55 (Purchased)	Jan-25/1.727		1,847,900	(169,452)	139,701
2.8175/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Mar-47 (Purchased)	Mar-27/2.8175		1,042,500	(131,616)	132,721
(0.42)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-25 (Purchased)	Nov-20/0.42		15,245,800	(39,067)	5,793
0.42/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-25 (Purchased)	Nov-20/0.42		15,245,800	(39,067)	(17,075)
(2.13)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Dec-30 (Purchased)	Dec-20/2.13		5,920,400	(83,626)	(83,359)
(2.8175)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Mar-47 (Purchased)	Mar-27/2.8175		1,042,500	(131,616)	(95,816)
(1.727)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jan-55 (Purchased)	Jan-25/1.727		1,847,900	(276,261)	(101,357)
0.555/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-
Reuters/Mar-40 (Written)	Mar-30/0.555	EUR	5,544,800	418,666	120,695
(0.555)/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-
Reuters/Mar-40 (Written)	Mar-30/0.555	EUR	5,544,800	418,666	(95,123)
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.
3.162/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-33 (Purchased)	Nov-20/3.162		$16,410,700	(2,330,812)	2,018,024
2.8325/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Feb-52 (Purchased)	Feb-22/2.8325		5,212,600	(727,809)	1,312,428
1.921/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-
Reuters/Oct-48 (Purchased)	Oct-28/1.921	EUR	1,621,600	(207,376)	549,204
2.032/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jan-55 (Purchased)	Jan-25/2.032		$2,348,200	(271,217)	238,530
2.902/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-49 (Purchased)	Nov-24/2.902		1,026,000	(158,620)	178,975
2.50/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-39 (Purchased)	Nov-29/2.50		1,709,900	(98,832)	97,499
(1.445)/6 month AUD-BBR-BBSW/
Mar-40 (Purchased)	Mar-30/1.445	AUD	3,080,500	(115,473)	14,399
1.692/6 month AUD-BBR-BBSW/
Jan-35 (Purchased)	Jan-25/1.692	AUD	2,049,600	(63,945)	11,799
(1.441)/6 month AUD-BBR-BBSW/
Jul-45 (Purchased)	Jul-25/1.441	AUD	1,475,600	(87,270)	519

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 59 

FORWARD PREMIUM SWAP OPTION CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
Counterparty
Fixed right or obligation % to receive			Notional/	Premium	Unrealized
or (pay)/Floating rate index/	Expiration		contract	receivable/	appreciation/
Maturity date	date/strike		amount	(payable)	(depreciation)
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. cont.
1.441/6 month AUD-BBR-BBSW/
Jul-45 (Purchased)	Jul-25/1.441	AUD	1,475,600	$(87,270)	$(16,772)
(3.162)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-33 (Purchased)	Nov-20/3.162		$16,410,700	(20,021)	(20,021)
(1.692)/6 month AUD-BBR-BBSW/
Jan-35 (Purchased)	Jan-25/1.692	AUD	2,049,600	(63,945)	(22,777)
1.445/6 month AUD-BBR-BBSW/
Mar-40 (Purchased)	Mar-30/1.445	AUD	3,080,500	(115,473)	(36,139)
(2.902)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-49 (Purchased)	Nov-24/2.902		$1,026,000	(110,090)	(88,062)
(2.50)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-39 (Purchased)	Nov-29/2.50		1,709,900	(177,830)	(111,776)
(2.032)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jan-55 (Purchased)	Jan-25/2.032		2,348,200	(271,217)	(112,385)
(1.921)/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-
Reuters/Oct-48 (Purchased)	Oct-28/1.921	EUR	1,621,600	(207,376)	(183,420)
(2.8325)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Feb-52 (Purchased)	Feb-22/2.8325		$5,212,600	(727,809)	(696,351)
3.229/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-33 (Written)	Nov-23/3.229		16,410,700	180,025	116,024
(1.232)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jun-37 (Written)	Jun-27/1.232		4,169,500	267,890	79,095
(1.168)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jun-37 (Written)	Jun-27/1.168		3,594,800	231,325	76,965
(1.204)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jun-40 (Written)	Jun-30/1.204		3,306,200	246,477	71,447
2.975/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-23 (Written)	Nov-20/2.975		16,410,700	1,641	1,641
1.232/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jun-37 (Written)	Jun-27/1.232		4,169,500	267,890	(41,903)
1.204/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jun-40 (Written)	Jun-30/1.204		3,306,200	246,477	(45,559)
1.168/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jun-37 (Written)	Jun-27/1.168		3,594,800	231,325	(48,530)
(2.975)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-23 (Written)	Nov-20/2.975		16,410,700	633,125	(689,906)
(3.229)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-33 (Written)	Nov-23/3.229		16,410,700	1,862,614	(1,241,798)
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC
3.27/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Oct-53 (Purchased)	Oct-23/3.27		1,569,900	(179,126)	582,103
2.505/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-49 (Purchased)	Nov-24/2.505		1,026,000	(110,398)	152,494
(2.764)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Feb-31 (Purchased)	Feb-21/2.764		8,782,100	(14,397)	(14,139)
(2.505)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-49 (Purchased)	Nov-24/2.505		1,026,000	(157,183)	(122,279)

60 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

FORWARD PREMIUM SWAP OPTION CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
Counterparty
Fixed right or obligation % to receive			Notional/	Premium	Unrealized
or (pay)/Floating rate index/	Expiration		contract	receivable/	appreciation/
Maturity date	date/strike		amount	(payable)	(depreciation)
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC cont.
2.764/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Feb-31 (Purchased)	Feb-21/2.764		$8,782,100	$(1,714,105)	$(129,712)
(3.27)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Oct-53 (Purchased)	Oct-23/3.27		1,569,900	(179,126)	(161,527)
2.39/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jun-34 (Written)	Jun-24/2.39		12,167,200	640,603	474,277
(0.005)/6 month JPY-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-30 (Written)	Nov-20/0.005	JPY	187,612,800	10,924	10,931
0.005/6 month JPY-LIBOR-BBA/
Nov-30 (Written)	Nov-20/0.005	JPY	187,612,800	10,924	1,344
(2.39)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jun-34 (Written)	Jun-24/2.39		$12,167,200	640,603	(735,386)
UBS AG
1.6125/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Aug-34 (Purchased)	Aug-24/1.6125		5,643,600	(154,804)	176,701
1.175/3 month GBP-LIBOR-BBA/
Jan-40 (Purchased)	Jan-30/1.175	GBP	2,928,000	(266,169)	67,633
(0.902)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Apr-35 (Purchased)	Apr-25/0.902		$1,749,300	(97,873)	36,980
(0.983)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Apr-32 (Purchased)	Apr-30/0.983		5,830,900	(92,420)	29,913
(0.87)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Apr-28 (Purchased)	Apr-27/0.87		14,577,100	(98,323)	19,242
(0.762)/3 month GBP-LIBOR-BBA/
Aug-39 (Purchased)	Aug-29/0.762	GBP	1,253,600	(115,615)	(13,869)
0.762/3 month GBP-LIBOR-BBA/
Aug-39 (Purchased)	Aug-29/0.762	GBP	1,253,600	(115,615)	(22,996)
0.8925/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Apr-28 (Purchased)	Apr-23/0.8925		$4,373,100	(92,710)	(23,527)
(0.8925)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Apr-28 (Purchased)	Apr-23/0.8925		4,373,100	(92,710)	(23,965)
0.983/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Apr-32 (Purchased)	Apr-30/0.983		5,830,900	(92,420)	(36,152)
0.87/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Apr-28 (Purchased)	Apr-27/0.87		14,577,100	(98,323)	(39,795)
0.902/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Apr-35 (Purchased)	Apr-25/0.902		1,749,300	(97,873)	(47,896)
(1.175)/3 month GBP-LIBOR-BBA/
Jan-40 (Purchased)	Jan-30/1.175	GBP	2,928,000	(266,169)	(63,726)
(1.6125)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Aug-34 (Purchased)	Aug-24/1.6125		$5,643,600	(412,688)	(213,780)
1.30/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Aug-26 (Written)	Aug-21/1.30		11,992,600	356,251	345,507
1.01/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-Reuters/
Jan-40 (Written)	Jan-30/1.01	EUR	3,513,500	247,571	120,959
(0.958)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
May-30 (Written)	May-25/0.958		$3,498,500	92,973	32,991

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 61 

FORWARD PREMIUM SWAP OPTION CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
Counterparty
Fixed right or obligation % to receive			Notional/	Premium	Unrealized
or (pay)/Floating rate index/	Expiration		contract	receivable/	appreciation/
Maturity date	date/strike		amount	(payable)	(depreciation)
UBS AG cont.
0.43/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-Reuters/
Aug-39 (Written)	Aug-29/0.43	EUR	1,166,100	$93,485	$24,948
(0.43)/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-
Reuters/Aug-39 (Written)	Aug-29/0.43	EUR	1,166,100	93,485	(2,730)
0.958/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
May-30 (Written)	May-25/0.958		$3,498,500	92,973	(18,367)
(1.01)/6 month EUR-EURIBOR-
Reuters/Jan-40 (Written)	Jan-30/1.01	EUR	3,513,500	247,571	(213,398)
(1.30)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Aug-26 (Written)	Aug-21/1.30		$11,992,600	95,870	(343,586)
Unrealized appreciation					10,790,263
Unrealized (depreciation)					(8,047,242)
Total					$2,743,021

TBA SALE COMMITMENTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 (proceeds receivable $160,673,184)
	Principal	Settlement
Agency	amount	date	Value
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities, 4.00%, 11/1/50	$26,000,000	11/12/20	$27,762,108
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities, 3.50%, 11/1/50	28,000,000	11/12/20	29,564,063
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities, 2.50%, 11/1/50	37,000,000	11/12/20	38,555,154
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities, 2.00%, 11/1/50	52,000,000	11/12/20	53,629,061
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities, 1.50%, 11/1/50	11,000,000	11/12/20	11,073,908
Total			$160,584,294

CENTRALLY CLEARED INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20
		Upfront
		premium				Unrealized
		received	Termination	Payments	Payments	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	made by fund	received by fund	(depreciation)
$1,493,800	$66,325 E	$(8)	2/2/24	3 month USD-	2.5725% —	$66,316
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
3,866,300	168,261 E	(22)	2/2/24	2.528% —	3 month USD-	(168,283)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
8,093,300	545,974 E	(1,638)	12/2/23	3 month USD-	2.536% —	544,336
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
2,798,000	124,091 E	(478)	2/2/24	3 month USD-	2.57% —	123,613
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
5,041,000	197,154 E	(28)	2/2/24	3 month USD-	2.3075% —	197,125
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
7,399,600	290,878 E	(41)	2/9/24	3 month USD-	2.32% —	290,837
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly

62 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

CENTRALLY CLEARED INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium				Unrealized
		received	Termination	Payments	Payments	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	made by fund	received by fund	(depreciation)
$1,867,000	$653,823 E	$(64)	11/29/53	2.793% —	3 month USD-	$(653,887)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
991,700	82,708 E	(22)	11/20/39	3 month USD-	2.55% —	82,686
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
4,217,500	533,219 E	(60)	12/7/30	2.184% —	3 month USD-	(533,278)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
2,942,500	159,866 E	(33)	6/5/29	3 month USD-	2.2225% —	159,833
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
246,100	60,196 E	(8)	6/22/52	2.3075% —	3 month USD-	(60,204)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
977,900	224,223 E	(33)	7/5/52	2.25% —	3 month USD-	(224,256)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
10,198,500	281,581 E	(57)	2/7/24	1.733% —	3 month USD-	(281,637)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
1,560,600	171,838 E	(22)	1/22/31	2.035% —	3 month USD-	(171,860)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
1,874,500	267,791 E	(64)	8/8/52	1.9185% —	3 month USD-	(267,855)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
7,106,500	299,397	(67)	9/18/24	1.43125% —	3 month USD-	(309,587)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
7,106,500	297,691	(67)	9/18/24	1.425% —	3 month USD-	(307,828)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
1,598,400	106,501 E	(55)	9/12/52	1.626% —	3 month USD-	(106,556)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
56,135,500	591,107	(157,315)	10/15/21	3 month USD-	1.316% —	460,345
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
58,381,000	736,184	(155,749)	10/21/21	3 month USD-	1.5025% —	601,080
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
257,400	38,031 E	(9)	1/16/55	2.032% —	3 month USD-	(38,040)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
110,900	14,841 E	(4)	1/24/55	3 month USD-	1.977% —	14,837
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
43,509,700	270,195	23,825	11/3/21	0.83% —	3 month USD-	(246,370)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 63 

CENTRALLY CLEARED INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium				Unrealized
		received	Termination	Payments	Payments	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	made by fund	received by fund	(depreciation)
$43,509,700	$487,309	$(80,816)	11/3/21	3 month USD-	1.331% —	$406,493
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
683,100	14,215 E	(23)	3/4/52	1.265% —	3 month USD-	14,192
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
1,522,400	26,307 E	(22)	3/4/31	3 month USD-	1.101% —	26,286
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
52,715,300	206,117	(199)	9/8/21	0.68% —	3 month USD-	(239,361)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
114,009,900	387,634	(430)	10/15/21	0.571% —	3 month USD-	(404,244)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
5,223,400	235,105 E	(178)	1/27/47	3 month USD-	1.27% —	(235,283)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
441,200	19,364 E	(15)	3/7/50	1.275% —	3 month USD-	19,349
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
885,400	108,346 E	(30)	3/10/52	0.8725% —	3 month USD-	108,316
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
991,100	161,103 E	(34)	3/11/52	0.717% —	3 month USD-	161,070
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
1,352,100	4,922 E	(19)	3/17/32	3 month USD-	1.03% —	(4,941)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
598,900	11,451 E	(7)	3/24/32	3 month USD-	1.07% —	(11,458)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
338,400	14,267 E	(5)	3/24/35	3 month USD-	0.968% —	(14,272)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
2,241,000	62,838 E	(32)	4/25/32	0.7925% —	3 month USD-	62,806
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
1,953,000	251,293	(85,913)	8/3/50	3 month USD-	0.794% —	(334,640)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
440,400	12,820 E	(9)	6/21/37	3 month USD-	1.232% —	(12,829)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
352,400	12,528 E	(7)	6/20/40	3 month USD-	1.204% —	(12,535)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
341,500	11,959 E	(7)	6/28/37	3 month USD-	1.168% —	(11,966)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly

64 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

CENTRALLY CLEARED INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium				Unrealized
		received	Termination	Payments	Payments	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	made by fund	received by fund	(depreciation)
$106,200	$4,026 E	$(2)	7/3/40	3 month USD-	1.177% —	$(4,028)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
15,855,600	85,779	(128)	7/14/25	3 month USD-	0.30% —	(73,584)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
7,318,000	148,702	(97)	7/15/30	3 month USD-	0.645% —	(135,719)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
8,250,400	47,192	(78)	8/31/25	0.3084% —	3 month USD-	46,473
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
13,289,500	43,988 E	(74)	7/5/24	0.2429% —	3 month USD-	43,914
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
11,281,900	78,296	(91)	8/12/25	3 month USD-	0.277% —	(78,051)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
175,200	7,991 E	3,700	9/2/52	1.188% —	3 month USD-	11,690
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
67,585,000	4,731 E	42,524	12/16/22	0.25% —	3 month USD-	37,793
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
226,366,000	1,274,441 E	3,043	12/16/25	0.35% —	3 month USD-	1,277,484
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
1,238,000	46,697 E	4,968	12/16/50	3 month USD-	1.15% —	(41,730)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
14,422,500	67,930	(136)	10/13/25	0.344% —	3 month USD-	67,019
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
32,140,000	616,445 E	(46,219)	12/16/30	0.70% —	3 month USD-	570,226
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
27,832,300	13,081	(105)	9/16/22	3 month USD-	0.214% —	(14,178)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
8,846,500	109,785	38,181	10/23/50	3 month USD-	1.241% —	(69,627)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
1,126,000	45,986	2,834	9/30/40	3 month USD-	1.00% —	(42,403)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
11,250,000	236,925 E	(39,909)	12/16/30	0.45% —	Secured	197,016
				Annually	Overnight
					Financing Rate —
					Annually

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 65 

CENTRALLY CLEARED INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
			Upfront
			premium				Unrealized
			received	Termination	Payments	Payments	appreciation/
Notional amount		Value	(paid)	date	made by fund	received by fund	(depreciation)
	$1,101,000	$14,489	$(226)	9/30/40	3 month USD-	1.15% —	$(14,075)
					LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
					Quarterly
	15,245,800	22,106	(123)	10/13/25	0.41% —	3 month USD-	20,661
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
	24,812,000	85,601	12,740	10/16/25	3 month USD-	0.37% —	(71,574)
					LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
					Quarterly
	17,940,000	220,483	(12,217)	10/16/30	0.75% —	3 month USD-	204,494
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
	11,447,000	385,306	(30,845)	10/16/50	1.16% —	3 month USD-	350,099
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
	75,793,000	17,432	(286)	10/19/22	3 month USD-	0.225% —	(17,993)
					LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
					Quarterly
	7,074,000	26,740	(94)	10/23/30	0.838% —	3 month USD-	25,698
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
	2,620,000	23,239	(89)	10/23/50	1.2545% —	3 month USD-	22,557
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
	4,550,000	30,258	(155)	10/23/50	1.263% —	3 month USD-	29,063
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
	4,127,000	15,270	(55)	10/28/30	0.84005% —	3 month USD-	15,028
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
	1,695,000	5,695	(22)	11/3/30	0.8454% —	3 month USD-	5,673
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
AUD	117,100	1,882 E	(1)	1/30/35	1.692% —	6 month AUD-	(1,884)
					Semiannually	BBR-BBSW —
						Semiannually
AUD	394,200	269 E	(4)	3/5/35	1.47% —	6 month AUD-	(273)
					Semiannually	BBR-BBSW —
						Semiannually
AUD	146,400	616 E	(1)	3/25/35	1.4025% —	6 month AUD-	615
					Semiannually	BBR-BBSW —
						Semiannually
AUD	246,400	4,255 E	(3)	3/28/40	1.445% —	6 month AUD-	4,252
					Semiannually	BBR-BBSW —
						Semiannually
AUD	910,700	31,136 E	(11)	4/1/40	1.1685% —	6 month AUD-	31,125
					Semiannually	BBR-BBSW —
						Semiannually
AUD	13,649,000	103,038 E	(99)	4/29/30	6 month AUD-	1.4275% —	102,939
					BBR-BBSW —	Semiannually
					Semiannually

66 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

CENTRALLY CLEARED INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
			Upfront
			premium				Unrealized
			received	Termination	Payments	Payments	appreciation/
Notional amount		Value	(paid)	date	made by fund	received by fund	(depreciation)
AUD	59,000	$737 E	$(1)	7/2/45	1.441% —	6 month AUD-	$736
					Semiannually	BBR-BBSW —
						Semiannually
AUD	6,459,000	26,014 E	1,334	12/16/30	6 month AUD-	0.85% —	27,349
					BBR-BBSW —	Semiannually
					Semiannually
CAD	9,441,000	261,908	(67)	9/18/24	3 month CAD-	1.638% —	271,581
					BA-CDOR —	Semiannually
					Semiannually
CAD	9,441,000	259,711	(67)	9/18/24	3 month CAD-	1.63 % —	269,316
					BA-CDOR —	Semiannually
					Semiannually
CAD	12,000	97 E	(70)	12/16/30	1.05% —	3 month CAD-	26
					Semiannually	BA-CDOR —
						Semiannually
CAD	5,694,000	2,735	(34)	10/30/25	0.79% —	3 month CAD-	(2,770)
					Semiannually	BA-CDOR —
						Semiannually
CAD	5,843,000	2,675	(58)	10/30/30	3 month CAD-	1.15% —	2,617
					BA-CDOR —	Semiannually
					Semiannually
CHF	366,000	2,048 E	197	12/16/30	0.30% plus	—	2,245
					6 month CHF-
					LIBOR-BBA —
					Semiannually
CHF	3,768,000	740 E	(39)	12/16/25	0.61% plus	—	700
					6 month CHF-
					LIBOR-BBA —
					Semiannually
CHF	9,483,000	2,999 E	(40)	12/16/22	—	0.741% plus	(3,039)
						6 month CHF-
						LIBOR-BBA —
						Semiannually
EUR	757,000	421,406 E	(29)	11/29/58	1.484% —	6 month	(421,435)
					Annually	EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	1,029,500	510,609	(40)	2/19/50	6 month	1.354% —	522,713
					EUR-EURIBOR-	Annually
					REUTERS —
					Semiannually
EUR	1,137,000	530,186	(43)	3/11/50	1.267% —	6 month	(541,570)
					Annually	EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	1,150,600	514,055	(44)	3/12/50	1.2115% —	6 month	(525,006)
					Annually	EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 67 

CENTRALLY CLEARED INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
			Upfront
			premium				Unrealized
			received	Termination	Payments	Payments	appreciation/
Notional amount		Value	(paid)	date	made by fund	received by fund	(depreciation)
EUR	1,295,500	$534,449	$(50)	3/26/50	1.113% —	6 month	$(544,992)
					Annually	EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	1,120,200	565,692 E	(42)	11/29/58	6 month	1.343% —	565,650
					EUR-EURIBOR-	Annually
					REUTERS —
					Semiannually
EUR	1,336,000	519,477	(51)	2/19/50	1.051% —	6 month	(532,074)
					Annually	EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	1,095,100	430,068 E	(42)	6/7/54	1.054% —	6 month	(430,110)
					Annually	EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	999,500	336,509	(38)	2/19/50	0.9035% —	6 month	(344,764)
					Annually	EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	531,600	159,537	(20)	2/21/50	0.80% —	6 month	(163,461)
					Annually	EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	2,146,300	401,450 E	(82)	8/8/54	0.49% —	6 month	(401,532)
					Annually	EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	1,338,400	112,730 E	(50)	6/6/54	6 month	0.207% —	112,680
					EUR-EURIBOR-	Annually
					REUTERS —
					Semiannually
EUR	1,741,600	173,404	(65)	2/19/50	0.233% —	6 month	(178,518)
					Annually	EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	6,306,000	32,462	(56)	10/11/24	—	0.4047%	(32,936)
						plus 6 month
						EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	7,327,800	1,667,692	(277)	2/19/50	6 month	0.595% —	1,709,712
					EUR-EURIBOR-	Annually
					REUTERS —
					Semiannually
EUR	7,338,000	221,859 E	(91)	1/27/30	6 month	0.352% —	221,768
					EUR-EURIBOR-	Annually
					REUTERS —
					Semiannually

68 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

CENTRALLY CLEARED INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
			Upfront
			premium				Unrealized
			received	Termination	Payments	Payments	appreciation/
Notional amount		Value	(paid)	date	made by fund	received by fund	(depreciation)
EUR	835,200	$48,548 E	$(31)	3/4/54	0.134% —	6 month	$(48,579)
					Annually	EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	371,500	27,323 E	(14)	3/13/54	—	0.2275%	27,309
						plus 6 month
						EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	7,541,000	107,675 E	(91)	4/30/30	0.11475% —	6 month	(107,766)
					Annually	EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	2,672,400	11,547 E	(57)	5/13/40	6 month	0.276% —	11,490
					EUR-EURIBOR-	Annually
					REUTERS —
					Semiannually
EUR	3,682,000	80,533 E	(58)	6/3/32	6 month	0.024% —	80,475
					EUR-EURIBOR-	Annually
					REUTERS —
					Semiannually
EUR	1,244,000	63,169 E	(47)	6/3/52	0.10% —	6 month	(63,216)
					Annually	EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	1,304,300	11,879 E	(28)	6/24/40	0.315% —	6 month	(11,907)
					Annually	EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	7,145,000	105,516 E	(113)	8/15/29	0.189% plus	—	105,403
					6 month
					EUR-EURIBOR-
					REUTERS —
					Semiannually
EUR	2,223,000	31,405 E	3,571	12/16/30	—	0.15% plus	(27,834)
						6 month
						EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	3,514,000	5,525 E	(39)	12/16/25	—	0.456% plus	(5,564)
						6 month
						EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
EUR	8,891,000	5,592 E	(40)	12/16/22	0.518% plus	—	5,552
					6 month
					EUR-EURIBOR-
					REUTERS —
					Semiannually
GBP	8,534,000	148,590 E	(62)	1/10/24	6 month GBP-	0.855% —	148,528
					LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
					Semiannually

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 69 

CENTRALLY CLEARED INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
			Upfront
			premium				Unrealized
			received	Termination	Payments	Payments	appreciation/
Notional amount		Value	(paid)	date	made by fund	received by fund	(depreciation)
GBP	8,616,000	$129,145 E	$(78)	1/10/26	0.965% —	6 month GBP-	$(129,222)
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Semiannually
GBP	16,079,000	255,172 E	(117)	1/13/24	6 month GBP-	0.795% —	255,055
					LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
					Semiannually
GBP	16,325,000	227,141 E	(148)	1/15/26	0.926% —	6 month GBP-	(227,288)
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Semiannually
GBP	1,146,000	88,707	(49)	7/16/50	6 month GBP-	0.423% —	(87,744)
					LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
					Semiannually
GBP	3,364,000	46,413	(56)	7/16/30	0.32% —	6 month GBP-	44,716
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Semiannually
GBP	3,364,000	46,021	(56)	7/16/30	0.321% —	6 month GBP-	44,311
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Semiannually
GBP	1,146,000	83,229	(49)	7/16/50	6 month GBP-	0.436% —	(82,209)
					LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
					Semiannually
GBP	1,276,000	99 E	(5,838)	12/16/30	Sterling	0.20% —	(5,739)
					Overnight	Annually
					Index Average —
					Annually
JPY	49,318,800	35,740 E	(14)	8/29/43	0.7495% —	6 month JPY-	(35,755)
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Semiannually
JPY	66,881,600	21,177 E	(20)	8/29/43	0.194% —	6 month JPY-	21,157
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Semiannually
NOK	40,393,000	7,193	(34)	6/29/25	0.6925% —	6 month NOK-	(10,007)
					Annually	NIBOR-NIBR —
						Semiannually
NOK	19,535,000	41	(17)	7/10/25	0.655% —	6 month NOK-	(1,337)
					Annually	NIBOR-NIBR —
						Semiannually
NOK	19,535,000	102	(17)	7/13/25	0.655% —	6 month NOK-	(1,233)
					Annually	NIBOR-NIBR —
						Semiannually
NOK	27,591,000	5,722 E	(444)	12/16/30	6 month NOK-	0.95% —	(6,166)
					NIBOR-NIBR —	Annually
					Semiannually
NZD	4,156,000	16,927	(20)	5/15/25	0.215% —	3 month NZD-	(17,771)
					Semiannually	BBR-FRA —
						Quarterly
NZD	2,099,000	14,128	(17)	5/15/30	3 month NZD-	0.595% —	16,956
					BBR-FRA —	Semiannually
					Quarterly

70 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

CENTRALLY CLEARED INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
			Upfront
			premium				Unrealized
			received	Termination	Payments	Payments	appreciation/
Notional amount		Value	(paid)	date	made by fund	received by fund	(depreciation)
NZD	2,053,000	$34,873	$(17)	6/5/30	3 month NZD-	0.76125% —	$38,342
					BBR-FRA —	Semiannually
					Quarterly
NZD	4,043,000	34,084	(21)	6/5/25	0.36% —	3 month NZD-	(36,605)
					Semiannually	BBR-FRA —
						Quarterly
NZD	913,000	4,159 E	2,906	12/16/30	0.60% —	3 month NZD-	(1,253)
					Semiannually	BBR-FRA —
						Quarterly
SEK	20,316,000	5,868	(28)	3/3/30	0.286% —	3 month SEK-	(10,075)
					Annually	STIBOR-SIDE —
						Quarterly
SEK	101,018,000	21,115	(39)	3/3/22	3 month SEK-	0.06% —	25,569
					STIBOR-SIDE —	Annually
					Quarterly
SEK	11,147,000	88 E	(6,316)	12/16/30	0.30% —	3 month SEK-	(6,221)
					Annually	STIBOR-SIDE —
						Quarterly
Total			$(490,208)				$673,308

^E Extended effective date.

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
Bank of America N.A.
$43,248	$42,946	$—	1/12/41	4.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	$350
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
Barclays Bank PLC
2,571,330	2,570,222	—	1/12/40	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	3,673
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
621,198	620,930	—	1/12/40	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	887
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
483,410	483,202	—	1/12/40	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	691
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
18,656,787	18,692,750	—	1/12/41	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	77,823
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 71 

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
Barclays Bank PLC cont.
$2,312,156	$2,316,645	$—	1/12/40	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	$9,716
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
1,464,663	1,468,750	—	1/12/39	(6.00%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX	(7,913)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 6.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
5,719,771	5,732,172	—	1/12/38	(6.50%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX	(27,950)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
46,939	46,863	—	1/12/41	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS Index	563
				USD-LIBOR) —	5.00% 30 year Ginnie
				Monthly	Mae II pools —
					Monthly
29,771	29,722	—	1/12/41	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS Index	357
				USD-LIBOR) —	5.00% 30 year Ginnie
				Monthly	Mae II pools —
					Monthly
89,497	89,555	—	1/12/39	6.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	1,225
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
69,877	69,794	—	1/12/38	6.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	821
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
20,068	20,045	—	1/12/38	6.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	236
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
Citibank, N.A.
394,984	395,746	—	1/12/41	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	1,648
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
327,836	328,468	—	1/12/41	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	1,368
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
Credit Suisse International
472,046	472,956	—	1/12/41	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	1,969
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
458,923	458,179	—	1/12/41	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX Index	5,504
				USD-LIBOR) —	5.00% 30 year Ginnie
				Monthly	Mae II pools —
					Monthly

72 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
Credit Suisse International cont.
$40,797	$40,242	$—	1/12/43	3.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	$(12)
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 3.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
366,815	349,330	—	1/12/44	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	(12,489)
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
191,985	190,925	—	1/12/41	(5.00%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	(1,908)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
204,295	203,168	—	1/12/41	(5.00%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	(2,030)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
206,240	205,906	—	1/12/41	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS Index	2,474
				USD-LIBOR) —	5.00% 30 year Ginnie
				Monthly	Mae II pools —
					Monthly
Goldman Sachs International
2,306,770	2,311,217	—	1/12/41	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	9,622
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
86,189	86,375	—	1/12/38	(6.50%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX	(421)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
229,844	230,343	—	1/12/38	(6.50%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX	(1,123)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
533,619	534,776	—	1/12/38	(6.50%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX	(2,608)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
1,420,401	1,423,480	—	1/12/38	(6.50%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX	(6,941)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
1,945,839	1,950,058	—	1/12/38	(6.50%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX	(9,509)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
132,166	131,632	—	1/12/44	(3.00%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	(1,258)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 3.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 73 

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
Goldman Sachs International cont.
$43,248	$42,946	$—	1/12/41	(4.50%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	$(350)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 4.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
261,679	260,234	—	1/12/41	(5.00%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	(2,600)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
558,448	558,809	—	1/12/39	6.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	7,646
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
400,836	401,095	—	1/12/39	6.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	5,488
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
222,261	222,405	—	1/12/39	6.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	3,043
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
7,460	7,465	—	1/12/39	6.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	102
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
279,372	279,040	—	1/12/38	6.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	3,284
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
254,925	254,622	—	1/12/38	6.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	2,997
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
247,006	246,713	—	1/12/38	6.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	2,903
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
196,653	196,420	—	1/12/38	6.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	2,312
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
84,374	84,274	—	1/12/38	6.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	992
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.
261,697	260,252	—	1/12/41	(5.00%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	(2,600)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly

74 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
JPMorgan Chase Bank N. A. cont.
$15,935,935	$15,360,971	$—	12/10/20	2.25% (0.22%) —	US Treasury Bond	$(537,136)
				At maturity	2.25%, 8/15/49 —
					At maturity
JPMorgan Securities LLC
483,325	482,541	—	1/12/41	(5.00%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX Index	(5,797)
				USD-LIBOR —	5.00% 30 year Ginnie
				Monthly	Mae II pools —
					Monthly
40,797	40,242	—	1/12/43	(3.50%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	12
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 3.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
183,880	175,115	—	1/12/44	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	(6,260)
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
550,695	524,445	—	1/12/44	(4.00%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	18,750
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
Upfront premium received		—		Unrealized appreciation		166,456
Upfront premium (paid)		—		Unrealized (depreciation)		(628,905)
Total		$—		Total		$(462,449)

CENTRALLY CLEARED TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20
			Upfront
			premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
			received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount		Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
EUR	2,421,000	$481,534	$—	7/15/37	1.71% — At	Eurostat Eurozone	$481,534
					maturity	HICP excluding
						tobacco — At
						maturity
EUR	4,275,000	206,872	(153)	5/15/40	(.961%) — At	Eurostat Eurozone	206,720
					maturity	HICP excluding
						tobacco — At
						maturity
EUR	8,560,000	154,127	(158)	5/15/30	(.655%) — At	Eurostat Eurozone	153,969
					maturity	HICP excluding
						tobacco — At
						maturity
EUR	8,560,000	145,852	(158)	5/15/30	(.6625%) — At	Eurostat Eurozone	145,694
					maturity	HICP excluding
						tobacco — At
						maturity
EUR	2,421,000	193,228	—	7/15/27	(1.40%) — At	Eurostat Eurozone	(193,228)
					maturity	HICP excluding
						tobacco — At
						maturity

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 75 

CENTRALLY CLEARED TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
			Upfront
			premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
			received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount		Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
EUR	4,275,000	$370,976	$(202)	5/15/50	1.13% — At	Eurostat Eurozone	$(371,178)
					maturity	HICP excluding
						tobacco — At
						maturity
EUR	7,984,000	439,729	(93)	9/15/23	(1.4375%) — At	Eurostat Eurozone	(439,823)
					maturity	HICP excluding
						tobacco — At
						maturity
EUR	7,984,000	441,682	(93)	9/15/23	(1.44125%) — At	Eurostat Eurozone	(441,775)
					maturity	HICP excluding
						tobacco — At
						maturity
EUR	7,984,000	442,240	(94)	9/15/23	(1.4425%) — At	Eurostat Eurozone	(442,334)
					maturity	HICP excluding
						tobacco — At
						maturity
EUR	7,984,000	442,891	(94)	9/15/23	(1.44375%) — At	Eurostat Eurozone	(442,985)
					maturity	HICP excluding
						tobacco — At
						maturity
EUR	8,560,000	478,232	(304)	5/15/40	0.935% — At	Eurostat Eurozone	(478,536)
					maturity	HICP excluding
						tobacco — At
						maturity
EUR	8,560,000	490,495	(304)	5/15/40	0.93% — At	Eurostat Eurozone	(490,798)
					maturity	HICP excluding
						tobacco — At
						maturity
GBP	4,896,000	405,303	(105)	12/15/28	3.665% — At	GBP Non-revised UK	405,198
					maturity	Retail Price Index —
						At maturity
GBP	5,761,000	187,405	(75)	11/15/24	3.385% — At	GBP Non-revised UK	187,330
					maturity	Retail Price Index —
						At maturity
GBP	5,484,000	172,000	(129)	3/15/28	3.34% — At	GBP Non-revised UK	171,871
					maturity	Retail Price Index —
						At maturity
GBP	3,819,000	161,141	(88)	3/15/28	3.4025% — At	GBP Non-revised UK	161,052
					maturity	Retail Price Index —
						At maturity
GBP	2,938,000	103,604	(69)	2/15/28	3.34% — At	GBP Non-revised UK	103,536
					maturity	Retail Price Index —
						At maturity
GBP	2,881,000	92,861	(38)	11/15/24	3.381% — At	GBP Non-revised UK	92,823
					maturity	Retail Price Index —
						At maturity
GBP	2,881,000	86,254	—	12/15/24	3.42% — At	GBP Non-revised UK	86,254
					maturity	Retail Price Index —
						At maturity

76 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

CENTRALLY CLEARED TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
			Upfront
			premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
			received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount		Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
GBP	1,371,000	$54,279	$(32)	3/15/28	3.3875% — At	GBP Non-revised UK	$54,247
					maturity	Retail Price Index —
						At maturity
GBP	1,473,000	503,059	(78)	7/15/49	(3.4425%) — At	GBP Non-revised UK	(503,136)
					maturity	Retail Price Index —
						At maturity
	$880,000	27,799	(32)	9/24/40	(1.922%) — At	USA Non Revised	27,767
					maturity	Consumer Price
						Index-Urban
						(CPI-U) — At
						maturity
	846,000	3,976	(31)	10/8/40	(2.028)% — At	USA Non Revised	3,945
					maturity	Consumer Price
						Index-Urban
						(CPI-U) — At
						maturity
	4,145,000	20,393	(42)	11/29/24	(1.703%) — At	USA Non Revised	(20,435)
					maturity	Consumer Price
						Index-Urban
						(CPI-U) — At
						maturity
	4,145,000	35,191	(42)	12/10/24	(1.7625%) — At	USA Non Revised	(35,233)
					maturity	Consumer Price
						Index-Urban
						(CPI-U) — At
						maturity
	13,700,000	576,633	(230)	7/10/30	1.6625% — At	USA Non Revised	(576,863)
					maturity	Consumer Price
						Index-Urban
						(CPI-U) — At
						maturity
	13,715,000	674,915	(229)	6/30/30	1.586% — At	USA Non Revised	(675,145)
					maturity	Consumer Price
						Index-Urban
						(CPI-U) — At
						maturity
Total			$(2,873)				$(2,829,529)

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION SOLD at 10/31/20
		Upfront
		premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	Notional		nation	received	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	Rating***	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Bank of America N.A.
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	$11,962	$175,000	$56,718	5/11/63	300 bp —	$(44,654)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	22,719	377,000	122,186	5/11/63	300 bp —	(99,247)
Index						Monthly

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 77 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION SOLD at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	Notional		nation	received	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	Rating***	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Bank of America N.A. cont.
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	$46,609	$755,000	$244,696	5/11/63	300 bp —	$(197,646)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	44,403	779,000	252,474	5/11/63	300 bp —	(207,617)
Index						Monthly
Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	3,274	27,000	3,380	5/11/63	200 bp —	(99)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	8,498	71,000	8,889	5/11/63	200 bp —	(364)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	16,700	141,000	17,653	5/11/63	200 bp —	(899)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	16,832	141,000	17,653	5/11/63	200 bp —	(766)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	17,071	143,000	17,904	5/11/63	200 bp —	(777)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	18,800	160,000	20,032	5/11/63	200 bp —	(1,170)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	27,303	163,000	20,408	5/11/63	200 bp —	6,958
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	20,353	167,000	20,908	5/11/63	200 bp —	(490)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	36,613	207,000	25,916	5/11/63	200 bp —	10,777
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	34,580	224,000	28,045	5/11/63	200 bp —	6,622
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	31,313	263,000	32,928	5/11/63	200 bp —	(1,512)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	39,558	334,000	41,817	5/11/63	200 bp —	(2,129)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	50,820	336,000	42,067	5/11/63	200 bp —	8,883
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	69,791	503,000	62,976	5/11/63	200 bp —	7,011
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	135,826	817,000	102,288	5/11/63	200 bp —	33,856
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	118,778	995,000	124,574	5/11/63	200 bp —	(5,409)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.11	BB–/P	203,965	361,000	128,444	11/18/54	500 bp —	75,872
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.6	B+/P	154,927	1,080,000	541,728	5/11/63	500 bp —	(385,751)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7	B+/P	50,574	991,000	441,590	1/17/47	500 bp —	(390,052)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .12	BBB–/P	93,051	587,000	124,092	8/17/61	300 bp —	(30,698)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	369,784	5,807,000	1,882,049	5/11/63	300 bp —	(1,508,878)
Index						Monthly

78 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION SOLD at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	Notional		nation	received	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	Rating***	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Credit Suisse International
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	$(1,875)	$1,698,000	$212,590	5/11/63	200 bp —	$(213,804)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7	B+/P	27,822	208,000	92,685	1/17/47	500 bp —	(64,660)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	9,392	85,000	27,549	5/11/63	300 bp —	(18,107)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	13,812	125,000	40,513	5/11/63	300 bp —	(26,628)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	1,445,800	15,387,000	4,986,927	5/11/63	300 bp —	(3,532,151)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7	BB+/P	172,665	2,336,000	583,066	1/17/47	300 bp —	(409,038)
Index						Monthly
Goldman Sachs International
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	2,558	22,000	2,754	5/11/63	200 bp —	(188)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	5,510	38,000	4,758	5/11/63	200 bp —	767
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	7,931	54,000	6,761	5/11/63	200 bp —	1,191
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	7,600	64,000	8,013	5/11/63	200 bp —	(388)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9	B+/P	58,634	145,000	64,279	9/17/58	500 bp —	(5,503)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .13	BBB–/P	25,230	161,000	27,579	12/16/72	300 bp —	(2,255)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .13	BBB–/P	32,293	204,000	34,945	12/16/72	300 bp —	(2,533)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .13	BBB–/P	43,651	255,000	43,682	12/16/72	300 bp —	118
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .13	BBB–/P	43,166	255,000	43,682	12/16/72	300 bp —	(367)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	334	3,000	972	5/11/63	300 bp —	(636)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	332	4,000	1,296	5/11/63	300 bp —	(963)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	1,785	16,000	5,186	5/11/63	300 bp —	(3,391)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	1,721	33,000	10,695	5/11/63	300 bp —	(8,955)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	3,022	35,000	11,344	5/11/63	300 bp —	(8,301)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	4,864	67,000	21,715	5/11/63	300 bp —	(16,811)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	4,864	67,000	21,715	5/11/63	300 bp —	(16,811)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	5,382	79,000	25,604	5/11/63	300 bp —	(20,176)
Index						Monthly

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 79 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION SOLD at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	Notional		nation	received	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	Rating***	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Goldman Sachs International cont.
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	$12,793	$87,000	$28,197	5/11/63	300 bp —	$(15,353)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	4,631	95,000	30,790	5/11/63	300 bp —	(26,103)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	11,832	107,000	34,679	5/11/63	300 bp —	(22,785)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	12,401	250,000	81,025	5/11/63	300 bp —	(68,479)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	31,302	280,000	90,748	5/11/63	300 bp —	(59,282)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	28,210	281,000	91,072	5/11/63	300 bp —	(62,698)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	16,684	322,000	104,360	5/11/63	300 bp —	(87,488)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	18,340	358,000	116,028	5/11/63	300 bp —	(97,479)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	54,707	363,000	117,648	5/11/63	300 bp —	(62,729)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	58,541	411,000	133,205	5/11/63	300 bp —	(74,424)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	55,952	411,000	133,205	5/11/63	300 bp —	(77,013)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	62,640	539,000	174,690	5/11/63	300 bp —	(111,735)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	58,492	1,209,000	391,837	5/11/63	300 bp —	(332,639)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	208,701	1,760,000	570,416	5/11/63	300 bp —	(360,688)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	207,983	1,760,000	570,416	5/11/63	300 bp —	(361,406)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	297,066	2,586,000	838,123	5/11/63	300 bp —	(539,549)
Index						Monthly
JPMorgan Securities LLC
CMBX NA A.13	A-/P	5,562	69,000	6,990	12/16/72	200 bp —	(1,401)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	8,540	61,000	7,637	5/11/63	200 bp —	927
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	34,976	269,000	33,679	5/11/63	200 bp —	1,402
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	63,690	579,000	72,491	5/11/63	200 bp —	(8,576)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.10	BB–/P	21,825	272,000	122,808	5/11/63	500 bp —	(100,719)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.6	B+/P	167,824	326,000	163,522	5/11/63	500 bp —	4,620
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7	B+/P	272,738	557,000	248,199	1/17/47	500 bp —	25,080
Index						Monthly

80 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION SOLD at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	Notional		nation	received	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	Rating***	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
JPMorgan Securities LLC cont.
CMBX NA BBB– .13	BBB–/P	$21,715	$138,000	$23,639	12/16/72	300 bp —	$(1,844)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .13	BBB–/P	32,623	163,000	27,922	12/16/72	300 bp —	4,796
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .13	BBB–/P	61,559	338,000	57,899	12/16/72	300 bp —	3,857
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .13	BBB–/P	59,277	355,000	60,812	12/16/72	300 bp —	(1,535)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	2,409,277	7,536,000	2,442,418	5/11/63	300 bp —	(28,745)
Index						Monthly
Merrill Lynch International
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	(13,851)	833,000	104,292	5/11/63	200 bp —	(117,819)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	8,099	126,000	40,837	5/11/63	300 bp —	(32,664)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	21,052	276,000	89,452	5/11/63	300 bp —	(68,239)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	36,371	402,000	130,288	5/11/63	300 bp —	(93,683)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	172,599	1,933,000	626,485	5/11/63	300 bp —	(452,759)
Index						Monthly
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	(476)	62,000	7,762	5/11/63	200 bp —	(8,214)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	27,500	176,000	22,035	5/11/63	200 bp —	5,533
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.6	A/P	42,005	542,000	67,858	5/11/63	200 bp —	(25,643)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA A.7 Index	A-/P	199	41,000	4,444	1/17/47	200 bp —	(4,229)
						Monthly
CMBX NA A.7 Index	A-/P	(96)	99,000	10,732	1/17/47	200 bp —	(10,789)
						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.6	B+/P	47,886	195,000	97,812	5/11/63	500 bp —	(49,736)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.6	B+/P	96,100	390,000	195,624	5/11/63	500 bp —	(99,145)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .13	BBB–/P	7,515	37,000	6,338	12/16/72	300 bp —	1,199
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .13	BBB–/P	26,509	141,000	24,153	12/16/72	300 bp —	2,438
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .13	BBB–/P	25,334	161,000	27,579	12/16/72	300 bp —	(2,151)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .13	BBB–/P	38,096	233,000	39,913	12/16/72	300 bp —	(1,681)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .13	BBB–/P	45,038	286,000	48,992	12/16/72	300 bp —	(3,787)
Index						Monthly

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 81 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION SOLD at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	Notional		nation	received	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	Rating***	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC cont.
CMBX NA BBB– .13	BBB–/P	$90,224	$458,000	$78,455	12/16/72	300 bp —	$12,036
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	471,433	7,116,000	2,306,296	5/11/63	300 bp —	(1,830,712)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7	BB+/P	6,261	92,000	22,963	1/17/47	300 bp —	(16,648)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7	BB+/P	9,521	143,000	35,693	1/17/47	300 bp —	(26,088)
Index						Monthly
Upfront premium received		9,034,095		Unrealized appreciation			213,943
Upfront premium (paid)		(16,298)		Unrealized (depreciation)			(12,576,481)
Total		$9,017,797		Total			$(12,362,538)

^* Payments related to the referenced debt are made upon a credit default event.

^** Upfront premium is based on the difference between the original spread on issue and the market spread on day of execution.

^*** Ratings for an underlying index represent the average of the ratings of all the securities included in that index. The Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s or Fitch ratings are believed to be the most recent ratings available at October 31, 2020. Securities rated by Putnam are indicated by “/P.” The Putnam rating categories are comparable to the Standard & Poor’s classifications.

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION PURCHASED at 10/31/20
	Upfront
	premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/	received	Notional		nation	(paid)	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.
CMBX NA A.7 Index	$(1,038)	$140,000	$15,176	1/17/47	(200 bp) —	$14,084
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.10 Index	(13,254)	127,000	57,341	11/17/59	(500 bp) —	43,963
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.10 Index	(11,403)	104,000	46,956	11/17/59	(500 bp) —	35,451
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.11 Index	(40,509)	561,000	199,604	11/18/54	(500 bp) —	158,550
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.11 Index	(49,362)	381,000	135,560	11/18/54	(500 bp) —	85,827
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.11 Index	(12,348)	131,000	46,610	11/18/54	(500 bp) —	34,134
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.11 Index	(8,181)	119,000	42,340	11/18/54	(500 bp) —	34,044
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.11 Index	(3,775)	74,000	26,329	11/18/54	(500 bp) —	22,483
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.11 Index	(3,839)	74,000	26,329	11/18/54	(500 bp) —	22,419
					Monthly

82 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION PURCHASED at 10/31/20 cont.
	Upfront
	premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/	received	Notional		nation	(paid)	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. cont.
CMBX NA BB.12 Index	$(21,859)	$67,000	$22,492	8/17/61	(500 bp) —	$587
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.12 Index	(687)	8,000	2,686	8/17/61	(500 bp) —	1,991
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.8 Index	(29,923)	241,000	121,078	10/17/57	(500 bp) —	90,921
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(56,152)	544,000	241,155	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	184,475
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(32,324)	501,000	222,093	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	189,282
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(17,485)	271,000	120,134	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	102,386
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(2,669)	68,000	30,144	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	27,409
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(2,465)	68,000	30,144	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	27,613
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(927)	23,000	10,196	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	9,246
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .10 Index	(50,836)	219,000	50,436	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	(528)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .10 Index	(36,025)	151,000	34,775	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	(1,337)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .10 Index	(27,941)	128,000	29,478	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	1,463
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .10 Index	(22,416)	103,000	23,721	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	1,245
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .10 Index	(18,455)	75,000	17,273	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	(1,226)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .12 Index	(12,641)	62,000	13,107	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	429
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .12 Index	(5,097)	25,000	5,285	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	173
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.10 Index	(153,133)	514,000	118,374	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	(35,058)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(88,980)	278,000	57,129	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	(32,013)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(82,993)	253,000	51,992	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	(31,149)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(58,017)	181,000	37,196	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	(20,927)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(55,921)	171,000	35,141	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	(20,880)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(41,170)	126,000	25,893	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	(15,350)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(18,545)	126,000	25,893	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	7,274
					Monthly

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 83 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION PURCHASED at 10/31/20 cont.
	Upfront
	premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/	received	Notional		nation	(paid)	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. cont.
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	$(18,545)	$126,000	$25,893	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	$7,274
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.12 Index	(129,819)	380,000	80,332	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	(49,708)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.12 Index	(102,917)	308,000	65,111	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	(37,985)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.12 Index	(96,979)	279,000	58,981	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	(38,161)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.12 Index	(95,504)	271,000	57,289	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	(38,373)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.12 Index	(95,259)	271,000	57,289	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	(38,127)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.12 Index	(60,457)	181,000	38,263	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	(22,299)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.9 Index	(30,284)	128,000	33,190	9/17/58	(300 bp) —	2,832
					Monthly
Credit Suisse International
CMBX NA BB.10 Index	(31,275)	263,000	118,745	11/17/59	(500 bp) —	87,214
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.10 Index	(35,090)	263,000	118,745	11/17/59	(500 bp) —	83,398
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.10 Index	(17,278)	139,000	62,759	11/17/59	(500 bp) —	45,346
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(31,365)	1,777,000	891,343	5/11/63	(500 bp) —	858,251
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(94,733)	945,000	418,919	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	323,266
					Monthly
Goldman Sachs International
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(24,364)	161,000	71,742	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	47,221
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.12 Index	(33,320)	91,000	30,549	8/17/61	(500 bp) —	(2,860)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.6 Index	(31,267)	214,000	107,342	5/11/63	(500 bp) —	75,867
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(391,229)	2,314,000	1,031,118	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	637,640
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(61,769)	377,000	167,991	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	105,856
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.8 Index	(8,837)	78,000	39,187	10/17/57	(500 bp) —	30,274
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(24,356)	226,000	100,186	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	75,610
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(8,211)	69,000	30,588	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	22,310
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(8,304)	69,000	30,588	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	22,216
					Monthly

84 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION PURCHASED at 10/31/20 cont.
	Upfront
	premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/	received	Notional		nation	(paid)	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Goldman Sachs International cont.
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	$(7,096)	$68,000	$30,144	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	$22,982
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(2,136)	55,000	24,382	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	22,192
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .10 Index	(14,654)	67,000	15,430	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	737
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .12 Index	(13,062)	67,000	14,164	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	1,063
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.12 Index	(70,245)	208,000	43,971	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	(26,396)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6 Index	(22,263)	445,000	144,225	5/11/63	(300 bp) —	121,702
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7 Index	(9,501)	141,000	35,194	1/17/47	(300 bp) —	25,611
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7 Index	(4,210)	62,000	15,475	1/17/47	(300 bp) —	11,229
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7 Index	(759)	11,000	2,746	1/17/47	(300 bp) —	1,980
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7 Index	(312)	3,000	749	1/17/47	(300 bp) —	436
					Monthly
JPMorgan Securities LLC
CMBX NA BB.11 Index	(1,307,836)	2,398,000	853,208	11/18/54	(500 bp) —	(456,959)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.12 Index	(172,454)	314,000	105,410	8/17/61	(500 bp) —	(67,349)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.8 Index	(48,571)	98,000	49,235	10/17/57	(500 bp) —	569
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(11,861)	24,000	10,639	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	(1,245)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .12 Index	(16,232)	70,000	14,798	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	(1,475)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .12 Index	(11,622)	57,000	12,050	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	395
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.10 Index	(50,051)	168,000	38,690	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	(11,459)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.10 Index	(37,749)	134,000	30,860	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	(6,967)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(76,375)	243,000	49,937	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	(26,581)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(78,339)	243,000	49,937	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	(28,545)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(37,977)	121,000	24,866	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	(13,182)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(38,031)	121,000	24,866	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	(13,236)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.12 Index	(53,420)	161,000	34,035	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	(19,479)
					Monthly

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 85 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION PURCHASED at 10/31/20 cont.
	Upfront
	premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/	received	Notional		nation	(paid)	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
JPMorgan Securities LLC cont.
CMBX NA BBB–.12 Index	$(35,622)	$102,000	$21,563	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	$(14,118)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7 Index	(416,704)	1,775,000	443,040	1/17/47	(300 bp) —	25,301
					Monthly
Merrill Lynch International
CMBX NA BB.10 Index	(14,452)	254,000	114,681	11/17/59	(500 bp) —	99,982
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.11 Index	(301,484)	610,000	217,038	11/18/54	(500 bp) —	(85,039)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(18,933)	486,000	215,444	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	196,038
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .10 Index	(22,967)	106,000	24,412	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	1,383
					Monthly
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC
CMBX NA BB.10 Index	(13,319)	127,000	57,341	11/17/59	(500 bp) —	43,898
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.11 Index	(41,640)	424,000	150,859	11/18/54	(500 bp) —	108,807
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.11 Index	(3,145)	33,000	11,741	11/18/54	(500 bp) —	8,565
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.12 Index	(14,085)	197,000	66,133	8/17/61	(500 bp) —	51,857
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.12 Index	(8,470)	116,000	38,941	8/17/61	(500 bp) —	30,359
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.12 Index	(63,600)	106,000	35,584	8/17/61	(500 bp) —	(28,119)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.12 Index	(4,727)	67,000	22,492	8/17/61	(500 bp) —	17,700
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.12 Index	(5,064)	62,000	20,813	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	15,689
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.8 Index	(28,674)	58,000	29,139	10/17/57	(500 bp) —	409
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(7,385)	149,000	66,052	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	58,522
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(16,611)	137,000	60,732	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	43,988
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(5,724)	93,000	41,227	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	35,412
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(6,536)	87,000	38,567	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	31,946
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(8,366)	69,000	30,588	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	22,154
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(1,845)	30,000	13,299	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	11,425
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(977)	25,000	11,083	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	10,081
					Monthly

86 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION PURCHASED at 10/31/20 cont.
	Upfront
	premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/	received	Notional		nation	(paid)	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC cont.
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	$(324)	$6,000	$2,660	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	$2,330
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(182)	3,000	1,330	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	1,145
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .10 Index	(26,573)	109,000	25,103	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	(1,534)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .10 Index	(25,780)	109,000	25,103	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	(741)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .10 Index	(13,752)	63,000	14,509	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	720
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .10 Index	(12,857)	56,000	12,897	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	7
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .10 Index	(5,421)	25,000	5,758	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	322
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .10 Index	(4,757)	22,000	5,067	11/17/59	(300 bp) —	296
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .12 Index	(34,537)	152,000	32,133	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	(2,493)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB– .12 Index	(18,633)	90,000	19,026	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	340
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(85,779)	268,000	55,074	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	(30,861)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(85,779)	268,000	55,074	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	(30,861)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(76,909)	243,000	49,937	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	(27,114)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(69,176)	219,000	45,005	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	(24,299)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(22,980)	146,000	30,003	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	6,938
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.11 Index	(37,764)	121,000	24,866	11/18/54	(300 bp) —	(12,969)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.12 Index	(73,572)	238,000	50,313	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	(23,398)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.12 Index	(40,213)	121,000	25,579	8/17/61	(300 bp) —	(14,704)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7 Index	(1,398)	22,000	5,491	1/17/47	(300 bp) —	4,076
					Monthly
Upfront premium received	—		Unrealized appreciation			4,558,610
Upfront premium (paid)	(6,173,004)		Unrealized (depreciation)			(1,355,104)
Total	$(6,173,004)		Total			$3,203,506

^* Payments related to the referenced debt are made upon a credit default event.

^** Upfront premium is based on the difference between the original spread on issue and the market spread on day of execution.

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 87 

ASC 820 establishes a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of the fund’s investments. The three levels are defined as follows:

Level 1: Valuations based on quoted prices for identical securities in active markets.

Level 2: Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

The following is a summary of the inputs used to value the fund’s net assets as of the close of the reporting period:

			Valuation inputs
Investments in securities:	Level 1	Level 2		Level 3
Asset-backed securities	$—	$16,177,791		$—
Convertible bonds and notes	—	12,076,568		—
Corporate bonds and notes	—	135,174,799		—
Foreign government and agency bonds and notes	—	27,656,391		—
Mortgage-backed securities	—	213,611,638		—
Purchased options outstanding	—	1,766,496		—
Purchased swap options outstanding	—	10,570,152		—
Senior loans	—	36,634,662		—
U.S. government and agency mortgage obligations	—	366,327,954		—
U.S. treasury obligations	—	1,479,211		—
Short-term investments	54,771,539	24,117,892		—
Totals by level	$54,771,539	$845,593,554		$—
			Valuation inputs
Other financial instruments:	Level 1	Level 2		Level 3
Forward currency contracts	$—	$708,805		$—
Futures contracts	(142,463)	—		—
Written options outstanding	—	(821,877)		—
Written swap options outstanding	—	(10,786,190)		—
Forward premium swap option contracts	—	2,743,021		—
TBA sale commitments	—	(160,584,294)		—
Interest rate swap contracts	—	1,163,516		—
Total return swap contracts	—	(3,289,105)		—
Credit default contracts	—	(12,003,825)		—
Totals by level	$(142,463)	$(182,869,949)		$—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

88 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

Statement of assets and liabilities 10/31/20

ASSETS
Investment in securities, at value (Notes 1 and 9):
Unaffiliated issuers (identified cost $851,496,624)	$846,573,554
Affiliated issuers (identified cost $53,791,539) (Note 5)	53,791,539
Cash	1,693,603
Foreign currency (cost $1,168) (Note 1)	26
Interest and other receivables	4,642,077
Receivable for shares of the fund sold	797,037
Receivable for investments sold	207,208
Receivable for sales of TBA securities (Note 1)	130,248,060
Receivable for variation margin on futures contracts (Note 1)	24,747
Receivable for variation margin on centrally cleared swap contracts (Note 1)	1,314,491
Unrealized appreciation on forward currency contracts (Note 1)	1,454,928
Unrealized appreciation on forward premium swap option contracts (Note 1)	10,790,263
Unrealized appreciation on OTC swap contracts (Note 1)	4,939,009
Premium paid on OTC swap contracts (Note 1)	6,189,302
Total assets	1,062,665,844
LIABILITIES
Payable for investments purchased	8,833,479
Payable for purchases of delayed delivery securities (Note 1)	1,321,495
Payable for purchases of TBA securities (Note 1)	333,489,608
Payable for shares of the fund repurchased	1,413,937
Payable for compensation of Manager (Note 2)	576,282
Payable for Trustee compensation and expenses (Note 2)	133,057
Payable for distribution fees (Note 2)	51,145
Payable for variation margin on futures contracts (Note 1)	8,896
Payable for variation margin on centrally cleared swap contracts (Note 1)	797,831
Unrealized depreciation on forward currency contracts (Note 1)	746,123
Unrealized depreciation on forward premium swap option contracts (Note 1)	8,047,242
Unrealized depreciation on OTC swap contracts (Note 1)	14,560,490
Premium received on OTC swap contracts (Note 1)	9,034,095
Written options outstanding, at value (premiums $9,729,561) (Note 1)	11,608,067
TBA sale commitments, at value (proceeds receivable $160,673,184) (Note 1)	160,584,294
Collateral on certain derivative contracts, at value (Notes 1 and 9)	2,479,209
Other accrued expenses	5,828
Total liabilities	553,691,078
Net assets	$508,974,766
REPRESENTED BY
Paid-in capital (Unlimited shares authorized) (Notes 1 and 4)	$646,273,275
Total distributable earnings (Note 1)	(137,298,509)
Total — Representing net assets applicable to capital shares outstanding	$508,974,766

(Continued on next page)

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 89 

Statement of assets and liabilities cont.

COMPUTATION OF NET ASSET VALUE AND OFFERING PRICE
Net asset value and redemption price per class A share
($139,880,366 divided by 14,883,921 shares)	$9.40
Offering price per class A share (100/97.75 of $9.40)*	$9.62
Net asset value and offering price per class B share ($1,033,214 divided by 110,246 shares)**	$9.37
Net asset value and offering price per class C share ($24,204,887 divided by 2,585,128 shares)**	$9.36
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class P share
($188,742,428 divided by 20,009,160 shares)	$9.43
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class R share
($354,836 divided by 37,552 shares)	$9.45
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class R6 share
($10,989,319 divided by 1,164,992 shares)	$9.43
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class Y share
($143,769,716 divided by 15,286,625 shares)	$9.40

^* On single retail sales of less than $100,000. On sales of $100,000 or more the offering price is reduced.

^** Redemption price per share is equal to net asset value less any applicable contingent deferred sales charge.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

90 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

Statement of operations Year ended 10/31/20

INVESTMENT INCOME
Interest (net of foreign tax of $1,455 ) (including interest income of $962,926 from investments
in affiliated issuers) (Note 5)	$20,463,100
Total investment income	20,463,100
EXPENSES
Compensation of Manager (Note 2)	2,824,787
Distribution fees (Note 2)	695,073
Other	5,778
Total expenses	3,525,638
Expense reduction (Note 2)	(1,981)
Net expenses	3,523,657
Net investment income	16,939,443
REALIZED AND UNREALIZED GAIN (LOSS)
Net realized gain (loss) on:
Securities from unaffiliated issuers (Notes 1 and 3)	15,589,772
Net increase from payments by affiliates (Note 2)	2,862
Foreign currency transactions (Note 1)	92,872
Forward currency contracts (Note 1)	(1,510,801)
Futures contracts (Note 1)	133,332
Swap contracts (Note 1)	(15,142,188)
Written options (Note 1)	3,447,836
Total net realized gain	2,613,685
Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on:
Securities from unaffiliated issuers and TBA sale commitments	(15,213,403)
Assets and liabilities in foreign currencies	10,066
Forward currency contracts	1,052,914
Futures contracts	(276,701)
Swap contracts	(8,615,579)
Written options	(2,022,569)
Total change in net unrealized depreciation	(25,065,272)
Net loss on investments	(22,451,587)
Net decrease in net assets resulting from operations	$(5,512,144)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 91 

Statement of changes in net assets

INCREASE (DECREASE) IN NET ASSETS	Year ended 10/31/20	Year ended 10/31/19
Operations
Net investment income	$16,939,443	$20,094,369
Net realized gain (loss) on investments
and foreign currency transactions	2,613,685	(7,713,619)
Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation)
of investments and assets and liabilities
in foreign currencies	(25,065,272)	19,723,034
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting
from operations	(5,512,144)	32,103,784
Distributions to shareholders (Note 1):
From ordinary income
Net investment income
Class A	(3,574,412)	(7,377,211)
Class B	(32,323)	(104,817)
Class C	(660,110)	(1,920,563)
Class M	(7,900)	(207,641)
Class P	(4,291,437)	(7,174,462)
Class R	(9,023)	(16,514)
Class R6	(271,486)	(479,340)
Class Y	(4,648,286)	(9,852,549)
From return of capital
Class A	(1,968,423)	—
Class B	(17,800)	—
Class C	(363,522)	—
Class M	(4,351)	—
Class P	(2,363,289)	—
Class R	(4,969)	—
Class R6	(149,507)	—
Class Y	(2,559,806)	—
Decrease from capital share transactions (Note 4)	(29,766,854)	(2,599,011)
Total increase (decrease) in net assets	(56,205,642)	2,371,676
NET ASSETS
Beginning of year	565,180,408	562,808,732
End of year	$508,974,766	$565,180,408

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

92 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

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Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 93 

Financial highlights (For a common share outstanding throughout the period)

	INVESTMENT OPERATIONS				LESS DISTRIBUTIONS					RATIOS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
												Ratio of net
	Net asset		Net realized								Ratio	investment
	value,		and unrealized	Total from	From net			Net asset	Total return	Net assets,	of expenses	income (loss)	Portfolio
	beginning	Net investment	gain (loss)	investment	investment	From return	Total	value, end	at net asset	end of period	to average	to average	turnover
Period ended	of period	income (loss)a	on investments	operations	income	of capital	distributions	of period	value (%)b	(in thousands)	net assets (%)c	net assets (%)	(%)d
Class A
October 31, 2020	$9.83	.29	(.36)	(.07)	(.23)	(.13)	(.36)	$9.40	(.67)	$139,880	.78	3.05	844
October 31, 2019	9.73	.34	.22	.56	(.46)	—	(.46)	9.83	5.93	151,339	.86	3.49	632
October 31, 2018	10.06	.38	(.13)	.25	(.58)	—	(.58)	9.73	2.59	160,939	.79	3.87	532
October 31, 2017	9.76	.36	.23	.59	(.29)	—	(.29)	10.06	6.24	169,580	.70	3.61	742
October 31, 2016	10.18	.38	(.35)	.03	(.45)	—	(.45)	9.76	.36	226,657	.70	3.92	428
Class B
October 31, 2020	$9.80	.28	(.37)	(.09)	(.22)	(.12)	(.34)	$9.37	(.91)	$1,033	.98	2.97	844
October 31, 2019	9.70	.32	.21	.53	(.43)	—	(.43)	9.80	5.69	1,699	1.06	3.37	632
October 31, 2018	10.00	.36	(.13)	.23	(.53)	—	(.53)	9.70	2.42	2,841	.99	3.68	532
October 31, 2017	9.71	.34	.23	.57	(.28)	—	(.28)	10.00	5.96	5,269	.90	3.43	742
October 31, 2016	10.12	.36	(.34)	.02	(.43)	—	(.43)	9.71	.22	7,014	.90	3.75	428
Class C
October 31, 2020	$9.79	.22	(.36)	(.14)	(.19)	(.10)	(.29)	$9.36	(1.44)	$24,205	1.53	2.37	844
October 31, 2019	9.70	.27	.20	.47	(.38)	—	(.38)	9.79	5.04	40,918	1.61	2.76	632
October 31, 2018	9.96	.30	(.11)	.19	(.45)	—	(.45)	9.70	1.92	54,654	1.54	3.11	532
October 31, 2017	9.65	.28	.24	.52	(.21)	—	(.21)	9.96	5.43	67,174	1.45	2.87	742
October 31, 2016	10.06	.30	(.34)	(.04)	(.37)	—	(.37)	9.65	(.42)	86,726	1.45	3.18	428
Class P
October 31, 2020	$9.86	.31	(.35)	(.04)	(.25)	(.14)	(.39)	$9.43	(.42)	$188,742	.53	3.30	844
October 31, 2019	9.76	.36	.22	.58	(.48)	—	(.48)	9.86	6.18	162,120	.61	3.73	632
October 31, 2018	10.11	.41	(.13)	.28	(.63)	—	(.63)	9.76	2.88	138,235	.54	4.14	532
October 31, 2017	9.79	.39	.23	.62	(.30)	—	(.30)	10.11	6.54	76,710	.45	3.90	742
October 31, 2016 †	9.69	.07	.03	.10	—	—	—	9.79	1.03*	56,131	.08*	.76*	428
Class R
October 31, 2020	$9.88	.26	(.35)	(.09)	(.22)	(.12)	(.34)	$9.45	(.91)	$355	1.03	2.77	844
October 31, 2019	9.78	.31	.22	.53	(.43)	—	(.43)	9.88	5.64	388	1.11	3.20	632
October 31, 2018	10.09	.36	(.13)	.23	(.54)	—	(.54)	9.78	2.36	196	1.04	3.59	532
October 31, 2017	9.77	.33	.24	.57	(.25)	—	(.25)	10.09	5.96	213	.95	3.36	742
October 31, 2016	10.14	.36	(.35)	.01	(.38)	—	(.38)	9.77	.13	278	.95	3.69	428
Class R6
October 31, 2020	$9.86	.31	(.35)	(.04)	(.25)	(.14)	(.39)	$9.43	(.42)	$10,989	.53	3.29	844
October 31, 2019	9.76	.36	.22	.58	(.48)	—	(.48)	9.86	6.17	9,865	.61	3.74	632
October 31, 2018	10.11	.41	(.13)	.28	(.63)	—	(.63)	9.76	2.87	9,091	.54	4.13	532
October 31, 2017	9.82	.39	.23	.62	(.33)	—	(.33)	10.11	6.45	6,412	.45	3.91	742
October 31, 2016	10.24	.41	(.35)	.06	(.48)	—	(.48)	9.82	.65	5,426	.45	4.25	428

See notes to financial highlights at the end of this section.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

94 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund  Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 95 

Financial highlights cont.

	INVESTMENT OPERATIONS				LESS DISTRIBUTIONS					RATIOS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
												Ratio of net
	Net asset		Net realized								Ratio	investment
	value,		and unrealized	Total from	From net			Net asset	Total return	Net assets,	of expenses	income (loss)	Portfolio
	beginning	Net investment	gain (loss)	investment	investment	From return	Total	value, end	at net asset	end of period	to average	to average	turnover
Period ended	of period	income (loss)a	on investments	operations	income	of capital	distributions	of period	value (%)b	(in thousands)	net assets (%)c	net assets (%)	(%)d
Class Y
October 31, 2020	$9.83	.32	(.36)	(.04)	(.25)	(.14)	(.39)	$9.40	(.42)	$143,770	.53	3.38	844
October 31, 2019	9.74	.37	.20	.57	(.48)	—	(.48)	9.83	6.08	194,904	.61	3.77	632
October 31, 2018	10.09	.41	(.13)	.28	(.63)	—	(.63)	9.74	2.89	192,459	.54	4.15	532
October 31, 2017	9.79	.39	.24	.63	(.33)	—	(.33)	10.09	6.57	133,695	.45	3.92	742
October 31, 2016	10.22	.40	(.35)	.05	(.48)	—	(.48)	9.79	.55	143,069	.45	4.18	428

^* Not annualized.

^† For the period August 31, 2016 (commencement of operations) to October 31, 2016.

^a Per share net investment income (loss) has been determined on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period.

^b Total return assumes dividend reinvestment and does not reflect the effect of sales charges.

^c Includes amounts paid through expense offset and/or brokerage/service arrangements, if any (Note 2). Also excludes acquired fund fees and expenses, if any.

^d Portfolio turnover includes TBA purchase and sale commitments.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

96 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund  Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 97 

Notes to financial statements 10/31/20

Within the following Notes to financial statements, references to “State Street” represent State Street Bank and Trust Company, references to “the SEC” represent the Securities and Exchange Commission, references to “Putnam Management” represent Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the fund’s manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments, LLC and references to “OTC”, if any, represent over-the-counter. Unless otherwise noted, the “reporting period” represents the period from November 1, 2019 through October 31, 2020.

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund (the fund) is a diversified series of Putnam Funds Trust (the Trust), a Massachusetts business trust registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, as an open-end management investment company. The goal of the fund is to seek positive total return. The fund is designed to pursue a consistent absolute return through a broadly diversified portfolio reflecting uncorrelated fixed-income strategies designed to exploit market inefficiencies across global markets and fixed-income sectors. These strategies include investments in the following asset categories: (a) sovereign debt: obligations of governments in developed and emerging markets; (b) corporate credit: investment-grade debt, below-investment-grade debt (sometimes referred to as “junk bonds”), bank loans, convertible bonds and structured credit; and (c) securitized assets: asset-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities (which may be backed by non-qualified or “sub-prime” mortgages), commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. In pursuing a consistent absolute return, the fund’s strategies are also generally intended to produce lower volatility over a reasonable period of time than has been historically associated with traditional asset classes that have earned similar levels of return over long historical periods. These traditional asset classes might include, for example, bonds with moderate exposure to interest rate and credit risks. Under normal circumstances, Putnam Management will invest at least 80% of the fund’s net assets in fixed-income securities (fixed-income securities include any debt instrument, and may be represented by other investment instruments, including derivatives). This policy may be changed only after 60 days’ notice to shareholders. Putnam Management may consider, among other factors, credit, interest rate and prepayment risks, as well as general market conditions, when deciding whether to buy or sell investments. The fund typically uses derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions, warrants and swap contracts, for both hedging and non-hedging purposes. Accordingly, the fund may use derivatives to a significant extent to obtain or enhance exposure to the fixed-income sectors and strategies mentioned above, and to hedge against risk.

The fund offers class A, class B, class C, class P, class R, class R6 and class Y shares. Effective November 25, 2019, all class M shares were converted to class A shares and are no longer available for purchase. Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment. Class A shares are sold with a maximum front-end sales charge of 2.25%. Class A shares generally are not subject to a contingent deferred sales charge, and class P, class R, class R6 and class Y shares are not subject to a contingent deferred sales charge. Prior to November 25, 2019, class M shares were sold with a maximum front-end sales charge of 0.75% and were not subject to a contingent deferred sales charge. Class B shares, which convert to class A shares after approximately eight years, are not subject to a front-end sales charge and are subject to a contingent deferred sales charge if those shares are redeemed within two years of purchase. Class C shares are subject to a one-year 1.00% contingent deferred sales charge and generally convert to class A shares after approximately ten years. Class R shares, which are not available to all investors, are sold at net asset value. The expenses for class A, class B, class C and class R shares may differ based on the distribution fee of each class, which is identified in Note 2. Class P, class R6 and class Y shares, which are sold at net asset value, are generally subject to the same expenses as class A, class B, class C and class R shares, but do not bear a distribution fee, and in the case of class P and class R6 shares, bear a lower investor servicing fee, which is identified in Note 2. Class P shares are only available to other Putnam funds and other accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates. Class R6 and class Y shares are not available to all investors.

In the normal course of business, the fund enters into contracts that may include agreements to indemnify another party under given circumstances. The fund’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown as this would involve future claims that may be, but have not yet been, made against the fund. However, the fund’s management team expects the risk of material loss to be remote.

The fund has entered into contractual arrangements with an investment adviser, administrator, distributor, shareholder servicing agent and custodian, who each provide services to the fund. Unless expressly stated otherwise, shareholders are not parties to, or intended beneficiaries of these contractual arrangements, and these contractual arrangements are not intended to create any shareholder right to enforce them against the service providers or to seek any remedy under them against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the fund.

98 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

Under the fund’s Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust, any claims asserted against or on behalf of the Putnam Funds, including claims against Trustees and Officers, must be brought in state and federal courts located within the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Note 1: Significant accounting policies

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies consistently followed by the fund in the preparation of its financial statements. The preparation of financial statements is in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the reported amounts of increases and decreases in net assets from operations. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Subsequent events after the Statement of assets and liabilities date through the date that the financial statements were issued have been evaluated in the preparation of the financial statements.

Investment income, realized and unrealized gains and losses and expenses of the fund are borne pro-rata based on the relative net assets of each class to the total net assets of the fund, except that each class bears expenses unique to that class (including the distribution fees applicable to such classes). Each class votes as a class only with respect to its own distribution plan or other matters on which a class vote is required by law or determined by the Trustees. If the fund were liquidated, shares of each class would receive their pro-rata share of the net assets of the fund. In addition, the Trustees declare separate dividends on each class of shares.

Security valuation Portfolio securities and other investments are valued using policies and procedures adopted by the Board of Trustees. The Trustees have formed a Pricing Committee to oversee the implementation of these procedures and have delegated responsibility for valuing the fund’s assets in accordance with these procedures to Putnam Management. Putnam Management has established an internal Valuation Committee that is responsible for making fair value determinations, evaluating the effectiveness of the pricing policies of the fund and reporting to the Pricing Committee.

Investments for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the last reported sales price on their principal exchange, or official closing price for certain markets, and are classified as Level 1 securities under Accounting Standards Codification 820 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (ASC 820). If no sales are reported, as in the case of some securities that are traded OTC, a security is valued at its last reported bid price and is generally categorized as a Level 2 security.

Investments in open-end investment companies (excluding exchange-traded funds), if any, which can be classified as Level 1 or Level 2 securities, are valued based on their net asset value. The net asset value of such investment companies equals the total value of their assets less their liabilities and divided by the number of their outstanding shares.

Market quotations are not considered to be readily available for certain debt obligations (including short-term investments with remaining maturities of 60 days or less) and other investments; such investments are valued on the basis of valuations furnished by an independent pricing service approved by the Trustees or dealers selected by Putnam Management. Such services or dealers determine valuations for normal institutional-size trading units of such securities using methods based on market transactions for comparable securities and various relationships, generally recognized by institutional traders, between securities (which consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities and ratings). These securities will generally be categorized as Level 2.

Many securities markets and exchanges outside the U.S. close prior to the scheduled close of the New York Stock Exchange and therefore the closing prices for securities in such markets or on such exchanges may not fully reflect events that occur after such close but before the scheduled close of the New York Stock Exchange. Accordingly, on certain days, the fund will fair value certain foreign equity securities taking into account multiple factors including movements in the U.S. securities markets, currency valuations and comparisons to the valuation of American Depository Receipts, exchange-traded funds and futures contracts. The foreign equity securities, which would generally be classified as Level 1 securities, will be transferred to Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy when they are valued at fair value. The number of days on which fair value prices will be used will depend on market activity and it is possible that fair value prices will be used by the fund to a significant extent. Securities quoted in foreign currencies, if any, are translated into U.S. dollars at the current exchange rate.

To the extent a pricing service or dealer is unable to value a security or provides a valuation that Putnam Management does not believe accurately reflects the security’s fair value, the security will be valued at fair value by Putnam Management in accordance with policies and procedures approved by the Trustees. Certain investments, including certain restricted and illiquid securities and derivatives, are also valued at fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees. These valuations consider such factors as significant market or specific

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 99 

security events such as interest rate or credit quality changes, various relationships with other securities, discount rates, U.S. Treasury, U.S. swap and credit yields, index levels, convexity exposures, recovery rates, sales and other multiples and resale restrictions. These securities are classified as Level 2 or as Level 3 depending on the priority of the significant inputs.

To assess the continuing appropriateness of fair valuations, the Valuation Committee reviews and affirms the reasonableness of such valuations on a regular basis after considering all relevant information that is reasonably available. Such valuations and procedures are reviewed periodically by the Trustees. Certain securities may be valued on the basis of a price provided by a single source. The fair value of securities is generally determined as the amount that the fund could reasonably expect to realize from an orderly disposition of such securities over a reasonable period of time. By its nature, a fair value price is a good faith estimate of the value of a security in a current sale and does not reflect an actual market price, which may be different by a material amount.

Security transactions and related investment income Security transactions are recorded on the trade date (the date the order to buy or sell is executed). Gains or losses on securities sold are determined on the identified cost basis.

Interest income, net of any applicable withholding taxes, if any, and including amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts on debt securities, is recorded on the accrual basis.

The fund may have earned certain fees in connection with its senior loan purchasing activities. These fees, if any, are treated as market discount and are amortized into income in the Statement of operations.

Securities purchased or sold on a forward commitment or delayed delivery basis may be settled at a future date beyond customary settlement time; interest income is accrued based on the terms of the securities. Losses may arise due to changes in the fair value of the underlying securities or if the counterparty does not perform under the contract.

Stripped securities The fund may invest in stripped securities which represent a participation in securities that may be structured in classes with rights to receive different portions of the interest and principal. Interest-only securities receive all of the interest and principal-only securities receive all of the principal. If the interest-only securities experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in these securities. Conversely, principal-only securities increase in value if prepayments are greater than anticipated and decline if prepayments are slower than anticipated. The fair value of these securities is highly sensitive to changes in interest rates.

Foreign currency translation The accounting records of the fund are maintained in U.S. dollars. The fair value of foreign securities, currency holdings, and other assets and liabilities is recorded in the books and records of the fund after translation to U.S. dollars based on the exchange rates on that day. The cost of each security is determined using historical exchange rates. Income and withholding taxes are translated at prevailing exchange rates when earned or incurred. The fund does not isolate that portion of realized or unrealized gains or losses resulting from changes in the foreign exchange rate on investments from fluctuations arising from changes in the market prices of the securities. Such gains and losses are included with the net realized and unrealized gain or loss on investments. Net realized gains and losses on foreign currency transactions represent net realized exchange gains or losses on disposition of foreign currencies, currency gains and losses realized between the trade and settlement dates on securities transactions and the difference between the amount of investment income and foreign withholding taxes recorded on the fund’s books and the U.S. dollar equivalent amounts actually received or paid. Net unrealized appreciation and depreciation of assets and liabilities in foreign currencies arise from changes in the value of assets and liabilities other than investments at the period end, resulting from changes in the exchange rate.

Options contracts The fund uses options contracts to hedge duration and convexity, to isolate prepayment risk and to manage downside risks.

The potential risk to the fund is that the change in value of options contracts may not correspond to the change in value of the hedged instruments. In addition, losses may arise from changes in the value of the underlying instruments if there is an illiquid secondary market for the contracts, if interest or exchange rates move unexpectedly or if the counterparty to the contract is unable to perform. Realized gains and losses on purchased options are included in realized gains and losses on investment securities. If a written call option is exercised, the premium originally received is recorded as an addition to sales proceeds. If a written put option is exercised, the premium originally received is recorded as a reduction to the cost of investments.

100 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

Exchange-traded options are valued at the last sale price or, if no sales are reported, the last bid price for purchased options and the last ask price for written options. OTC traded options are valued using prices supplied by dealers.

Options on swaps are similar to options on securities except that the premium paid or received is to buy or grant the right to enter into a previously agreed upon interest rate or credit default contract. Forward premium swap option contracts include premiums that have extended settlement dates. The delayed settlement of the premiums is factored into the daily valuation of the option contracts. In the case of interest rate cap and floor contracts, in return for a premium, ongoing payments between two parties are based on interest rates exceeding a specified rate, in the case of a cap contract, or falling below a specified rate in the case of a floor contract.

Written option contracts outstanding at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Futures contracts The fund uses futures contracts for hedging treasury term structure risk and for yield curve positioning.

The potential risk to the fund is that the change in value of futures contracts may not correspond to the change in value of the hedged instruments. In addition, losses may arise from changes in the value of the underlying instruments, if there is an illiquid secondary market for the contracts, if interest or exchange rates move unexpectedly or if the counterparty to the contract is unable to perform. With futures, there is minimal counterparty credit risk to the fund since futures are exchange traded and the exchange’s clearinghouse, as counterparty to all exchange traded futures, guarantees the futures against default. Risks may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities. When the contract is closed, the fund records a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed.

Futures contracts are valued at the quoted daily settlement prices established by the exchange on which they trade. The fund and the broker agree to exchange an amount of cash equal to the daily fluctuation in the value of the futures contract. Such receipts or payments are known as “variation margin.”

Futures contracts outstanding at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Forward currency contracts The fund buys and sells forward currency contracts, which are agreements between two parties to buy and sell currencies at a set price on a future date. These contracts are used for hedging currency exposures and to gain exposure to currencies.

The U.S. dollar value of forward currency contracts is determined using current forward currency exchange rates supplied by a quotation service. The fair value of the contract will fluctuate with changes in currency exchange rates. The contract is marked to market daily and the change in fair value is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss. The fund records a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed when the contract matures or by delivery of the currency. The fund could be exposed to risk if the value of the currency changes unfavorably, if the counterparties to the contracts are unable to meet the terms of their contracts or if the fund is unable to enter into a closing position. Risks may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

Forward currency contracts outstanding at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Interest rate swap contracts The fund entered into OTC and/or centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts, which are arrangements between two parties to exchange cash flows based on a notional principal amount, for hedging term structure risk, for yield curve positioning and for gaining exposure to rates in various countries.

An OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap can be purchased or sold with an upfront premium. For OTC interest rate swap contracts, an upfront payment received by the fund is recorded as a liability on the fund’s books. An upfront payment made by the fund is recorded as an asset on the fund’s books. OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts are marked to market daily based upon quotations from an independent pricing service or market makers. Any change is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss on OTC interest rate swaps. Daily fluctuations in the value of centrally cleared interest rate swaps are settled through a central clearing agent and are recorded in variation margin on the Statement of assets and liabilities and recorded as unrealized gain or loss. Payments, including upfront premiums, received or made are recorded as realized gains or losses at the reset date or the closing of the contract. Certain OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts may include extended effective dates. Payments related to these swap contracts are accrued based on the terms of the contract.

The fund could be exposed to credit or market risk due to unfavorable changes in the fluctuation of interest rates or if the counterparty defaults, in the case of OTC interest rate contracts, or the central clearing agency or a clearing member defaults, in the case of centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts, on its respective

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 101 

obligation to perform under the contract. The fund’s maximum risk of loss from counterparty risk or central clearing risk is the fair value of the contract. This risk may be mitigated for OTC interest rate swap contracts by having a master netting arrangement between the fund and the counterparty and for centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts through the daily exchange of variation margin. There is minimal counterparty risk with respect to centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts due to the clearinghouse guarantee fund and other resources that are available in the event of a clearing member default. Risk of loss may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts outstanding, including their respective notional amounts at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Total return swap contracts The fund entered into OTC and/or centrally cleared total return swap contracts, which are arrangements to exchange a market-linked return for a periodic payment, both based on a notional principal amount, to hedge sector exposure, for gaining exposure to specific sectors, for hedging inflation and for gaining exposure to inflation.

To the extent that the total return of the security, index or other financial measure underlying the transaction exceeds or falls short of the offsetting interest rate obligation, the fund will receive a payment from or make a payment to the counterparty. OTC and/or centrally cleared total return swap contracts are marked to market daily based upon quotations from an independent pricing service or market maker. Any change is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss on OTC total return swaps. Daily fluctuations in the value of centrally cleared total return swaps are settled through a central clearing agent and are recorded in variation margin on the Statement of assets and liabilities and recorded as unrealized gain or loss. Payments received or made are recorded as realized gains or losses. Certain OTC and/or centrally cleared total return swap contracts may include extended effective dates. Payments related to these swap contracts are accrued based on the terms of the contract. The fund could be exposed to credit or market risk due to unfavorable changes in the fluctuation of interest rates or in the price of the underlying security or index, the possibility that there is no liquid market for these agreements or that the counterparty may default on its obligation to perform. The fund’s maximum risk of loss from counterparty risk or central clearing risk is the fair value of the contract. This risk may be mitigated for OTC total return swap contracts by having a master netting arrangement between the fund and the counterparty and for centrally cleared total return swap contracts through the daily exchange of variation margin. There is minimal counterparty risk with respect to centrally cleared total return swap contracts due to the clearinghouse guarantee fund and other resources that are available in the event of a clearing member default. Risk of loss may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

OTC and/or centrally cleared total return swap contracts outstanding, including their respective notional amounts at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Credit default contracts The fund entered into OTC and/or centrally cleared credit default contracts to hedge credit risk, for gaining liquid exposure to individual names, to hedge market risk and for gaining exposure to specific sectors.

In OTC and centrally cleared credit default contracts, the protection buyer typically makes a periodic stream of payments to a counterparty, the protection seller, in exchange for the right to receive a contingent payment upon the occurrence of a credit event on the reference obligation or all other equally ranked obligations of the reference entity. Credit events are contract specific but may include bankruptcy, failure to pay, restructuring and obligation acceleration. For OTC credit default contracts, an upfront payment received by the fund is recorded as a liability on the fund’s books. An upfront payment made by the fund is recorded as an asset on the fund’s books. Centrally cleared credit default contracts provide the same rights to the protection buyer and seller except the payments between parties, including upfront premiums, are settled through a central clearing agent through variation margin payments. Upfront and periodic payments received or paid by the fund for OTC and centrally cleared credit default contracts are recorded as realized gains or losses at the reset date or close of the contract. The OTC and centrally cleared credit default contracts are marked to market daily based upon quotations from an independent pricing service or market makers. Any change in value of OTC credit default contracts is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss. Daily fluctuations in the value of centrally cleared credit default contracts are recorded in variation margin on the Statement of assets and liabilities and recorded as unrealized gain or loss. Upon the occurrence of a credit event, the difference between the par value and fair value of the reference obligation, net of any proportional amount of the upfront payment, is recorded as a realized gain or loss.

In addition to bearing the risk that the credit event will occur, the fund could be exposed to market risk due to unfavorable changes in interest rates or in the price of the underlying security or index or the possibility that the fund may be unable to close out its position at the same time or at the same price as if it had purchased the underlying reference obligations. In certain circumstances, the fund may enter into offsetting OTC and centrally

102 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

cleared credit default contracts which would mitigate its risk of loss. Risks of loss may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities. The fund’s maximum risk of loss from counterparty risk, either as the protection seller or as the protection buyer, is the fair value of the contract. This risk may be mitigated for OTC credit default contracts by having a master netting arrangement between the fund and the counterparty and for centrally cleared credit default contracts through the daily exchange of variation margin. Counterparty risk is further mitigated with respect to centrally cleared credit default swap contracts due to the clearinghouse guarantee fund and other resources that are available in the event of a clearing member default. Where the fund is a seller of protection, the maximum potential amount of future payments the fund may be required to make is equal to the notional amount.

OTC and centrally cleared credit default contracts outstanding, including their respective notional amounts at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

TBA commitments The fund may enter into TBA (to be announced) commitments to purchase securities for a fixed unit price at a future date beyond customary settlement time. Although the unit price and par amount have been established, the actual securities have not been specified. However, it is anticipated that the amount of the commitments will not significantly differ from the principal amount. The fund holds, and maintains until settlement date, cash or high-grade debt obligations in an amount sufficient to meet the purchase price, or the fund may enter into offsetting contracts for the forward sale of other securities it owns. Income on the securities will not be earned until settlement date.

The fund may also enter into TBA sale commitments to hedge its portfolio positions, to sell mortgage-backed securities it owns under delayed delivery arrangements or to take a short position in mortgage-backed securities. Proceeds of TBA sale commitments are not received until the contractual settlement date. During the time a TBA sale commitment is outstanding, either equivalent deliverable securities or an offsetting TBA purchase commitment deliverable on or before the sale commitment date are held as “cover” for the transaction, or other liquid assets in an amount equal to the notional value of the TBA sale commitment are segregated. If the TBA sale commitment is closed through the acquisition of an offsetting TBA purchase commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss. If the fund delivers securities under the commitment, the fund realizes a gain or a loss from the sale of the securities based upon the unit price established at the date the commitment was entered into.

TBA commitments, which are accounted for as purchase and sale transactions, may be considered securities themselves, and involve a risk of loss due to changes in the value of the security prior to the settlement date as well as the risk that the counterparty to the transaction will not perform its obligations. Counterparty risk is mitigated by having a master agreement between the fund and the counterparty.

Unsettled TBA commitments are valued at their fair value according to the procedures described under “Security valuation” above. The contract is marked to market daily and the change in fair value is recorded by the fund as an unrealized gain or loss. Based on market circumstances, Putnam Management will determine whether to take delivery of the underlying securities or to dispose of the TBA commitments prior to settlement.

TBA purchase commitments outstanding at period end, if any, are listed within the fund’s portfolio and TBA sale commitments outstanding at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Master agreements The fund is a party to ISDA (International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc.) Master Agreements that govern OTC derivative and foreign exchange contracts and Master Securities Forward Transaction Agreements that govern transactions involving mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities that may result in delayed delivery (Master Agreements) with certain counterparties entered into from time to time. The Master Agreements may contain provisions regarding, among other things, the parties’ general obligations, representations, agreements, collateral requirements, events of default and early termination. With respect to certain counterparties, in accordance with the terms of the Master Agreements, collateral posted to the fund is held in a segregated account by the fund’s custodian and, with respect to those amounts which can be sold or repledged, are presented in the fund’s portfolio.

Collateral pledged by the fund is segregated by the fund’s custodian and identified in the fund’s portfolio. Collateral can be in the form of cash or debt securities issued by the U.S. Government or related agencies or other securities as agreed to by the fund and the applicable counterparty. Collateral requirements are determined based on the fund’s net position with each counterparty.

With respect to ISDA Master Agreements, termination events applicable to the fund may occur upon a decline in the fund’s net assets below a specified threshold over a certain period of time. Termination events applicable to counterparties may occur upon a decline in the counterparty’s long-term or short-term credit ratings below a specified level. In each case, upon occurrence, the other party may elect to terminate early and cause settlement

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 103 

of all derivative and foreign exchange contracts outstanding, including the payment of any losses and costs resulting from such early termination, as reasonably determined by the terminating party. Any decision by one or more of the fund’s counterparties to elect early termination could impact the fund’s future derivative activity.

At the close of the reporting period, the fund had a net liability position of $10,650,732 on open derivative contracts subject to the Master Agreements. Collateral posted by the fund at period end for these agreements totaled $10,776,986 and may include amounts related to unsettled agreements.

Interfund lending The fund, along with other Putnam funds, may participate in an interfund lending program pursuant to an exemptive order issued by the SEC. This program allows the fund to borrow from or lend to other Putnam funds that permit such transactions. Interfund lending transactions are subject to each fund’s investment policies and borrowing and lending limits. Interest earned or paid on the interfund lending transaction will be based on the average of certain current market rates. During the reporting period, the fund did not utilize the program.

Lines of credit The fund participates, along with other Putnam funds, in a $317.5 million unsecured committed line of credit and a $235.5 million unsecured uncommitted line of credit, both provided by State Street. Borrowings may be made for temporary or emergency purposes, including the funding of shareholder redemption requests and trade settlements. Interest is charged to the fund based on the fund’s borrowing at a rate equal to 1.25% plus the higher of (1) the Federal Funds rate and (2) the Overnight Bank Funding Rate (overnight LIBOR prior to October 16, 2020) for the committed line of credit and 1.30% plus the higher of (1) the Federal Funds rate and (2) the Overnight Bank Funding Rate (1.30% prior to October 16, 2020) for the uncommitted line of credit. A closing fee equal to 0.04% of the committed line of credit and 0.04% of the uncommitted line of credit has been paid by the participating funds. In addition, a commitment fee of 0.21% per annum on any unutilized portion of the committed line of credit is allocated to the participating funds based on their relative net assets and paid quarterly. During the reporting period, the fund had no borrowings against these arrangements.

Federal taxes It is the policy of the fund to distribute all of its taxable income within the prescribed time period and otherwise comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), applicable to regulated investment companies. It is also the intention of the fund to distribute an amount sufficient to avoid imposition of any excise tax under Section 4982 of the Code.

The fund is subject to the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification 740 Income Taxes (ASC 740). ASC 740 sets forth a minimum threshold for financial statement recognition of the benefit of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The fund did not have a liability to record for any unrecognized tax benefits in the accompanying financial statements. No provision has been made for federal taxes on income, capital gains or unrealized appreciation on securities held nor for excise tax on income and capital gains. Each of the fund’s federal tax returns for the prior three fiscal years remains subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service.

The fund may also be subject to taxes imposed by governments of countries in which it invests. Such taxes are generally based on either income or gains earned or repatriated. The fund accrues and applies such taxes to net investment income, net realized gains and net unrealized gains as income and/or capital gains are earned. In some cases, the fund may be entitled to reclaim all or a portion of such taxes, and such reclaim amounts, if any, are reflected as an asset on the fund’s books. In many cases, however, the fund may not receive such amounts for an extended period of time, depending on the country of investment.

Under the Regulated Investment Company Modernization Act of 2010, the fund will be permitted to carry forward capital losses incurred for an unlimited period and the carry forwards will retain their character as either short-term or long-term capital losses. At October 31, 2020, the fund had the following capital loss carryovers available, to the extent allowed by the Code, to offset future net capital gain, if any:

	Loss carryover
Short-term	Long-term	Total
$86,280,647	$22,142,098	$108,422,745

Distributions to shareholders Distributions to shareholders from net investment income are recorded by the fund on the ex-dividend date. Distributions from capital gains, if any, are recorded on the ex-dividend date and paid at least annually. The amount and character of income and gains to be distributed are determined in accordance with income tax regulations, which may differ from generally accepted accounting principles. These differences include temporary and/or permanent differences from foreign currency gains and losses, from defaulted bond interest, from income on swap contracts, from interest-only securities and from restitution payments. Reclassifications are made to the fund’s capital accounts to reflect income and gains available for distribution (or available capital loss

104 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

carryovers) under income tax regulations. At the close of the reporting period, the fund reclassified $3,006,080 to increase undistributed net investment income and $3,006,080 to increase accumulated net realized loss.

Tax cost of investments includes adjustments to net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) which may not necessarily be final tax cost basis adjustments, but closely approximate the tax basis unrealized gains and losses that may be realized and distributed to shareholders. The tax basis components of distributable earnings and the federal tax cost as of the close of the reporting period were as follows:

Unrealized appreciation	$49,054,560
Unrealized depreciation	(77,640,952)
Net unrealized depreciation	(28,586,392)
Capital loss carryforward	(108,422,745)
Cost for federal income tax purposes	$745,939,073

Expenses of the Trust Expenses directly charged or attributable to any fund will be paid from the assets of that fund. Generally, expenses of the Trust will be allocated among and charged to the assets of each fund on a basis that the Trustees deem fair and equitable, which may be based on the relative assets of each fund or the nature of the services performed and relative applicability to each fund.

Note 2: Management fee, administrative services and other transactions

The fund pays Putnam Management a monthly base fee equal to 0.60% of the monthly average of the fund’s net asset value. In return for this fee, Putnam Management provides investment management and investor servicing and bears the fund’s organizational and operating expenses, excluding performance fee adjustments, payments under the fund’s distribution plan, brokerage, interest, taxes, investment related expenses, extraordinary expenses and acquired fund fees and expenses.

The applicable base fee is increased or decreased for each month by an amount based on the performance of the fund. The amount of the increase or decrease is calculated monthly based on a performance adjustment rate that is equal to 0.04 multiplied by the difference between the fund’s annualized performance (measured by the fund’s class A shares) and the annualized performance of the ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 3.00% over the thirty-six month period then ended (the performance period). The maximum annualized performance adjustment rate is +/–0.12%. Each month, the performance adjustment rate is multiplied by the fund’s average net assets over the performance period and the result is divided by twelve. The resulting dollar amount is added to, or subtracted from, the base fee for that month. The monthly base fee is determined based on the fund’s average net assets for the month, while the performance adjustment is determined based on the fund’s average net assets over the thirty-six month performance period. This means it is possible that, if the fund underperforms significantly over the performance period, and the fund’s assets have declined significantly over that period, the negative performance adjustment may exceed the base fee. In this event, Putnam Management would make a payment to the fund.

Because the performance adjustment is based on the fund’s performance relative to its applicable benchmark index, and not its absolute performance, the performance adjustment could increase Putnam Management’s fee even if the fund’s shares lose value during the performance period provided that the fund outperformed its benchmark index, and could decrease Putnam Management’s fee even if the fund’s shares increase in value during the performance period provided that the fund underperformed its benchmark index.

For the reporting period, the management fee represented an effective rate (excluding the impact of any expense waiver in effect) of 0.53% of the fund’s average net assets, which included an effective base fee of 0.60% and a decrease of 0.07% ($354,198) based on performance.

Putnam Management has contractually agreed, through February 28, 2022, to waive fees and/or reimburse the fund’s expenses to the extent necessary to limit the cumulative expenses of the fund, exclusive of brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses, extraordinary expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses and payments under the fund’s investor servicing contract, investment management contract and distribution plans, on a fiscal year-to-date basis to an annual rate of 0.20% of the fund’s average net assets over such fiscal year-to-date period. During the reporting period, the fund’s expenses were not reduced as a result of this limit.

Putnam Investments Limited (PIL), an affiliate of Putnam Management, is authorized by the Trustees to manage a separate portion of the assets of the fund as determined by Putnam Management from time to time. PIL did not manage any portion of the assets of the fund during the reporting period. If Putnam Management were to engage

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 105 

the services of PIL, Putnam Management would pay a quarterly sub-management fee to PIL for its services at an annual rate of 0.35% of the average net assets of the portion of the fund managed by PIL.

The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC (PAC), an affiliate of Putnam Management, is authorized by the Trustees to manage a separate portion of the assets of the fund, as designated from time to time by Putnam Management or PIL. PAC did not manage any portion of the assets of the fund during the reporting period. If Putnam Management or PIL were to engage the services of PAC, Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable, would pay a quarterly sub-advisory fee to PAC for its services at the annual rate of 0.35% of the average net assets of the portion of the fund’s assets for which PAC is engaged as sub-adviser.

Putnam Management voluntarily reimbursed the fund $2,862 for a trading error which occurred during the reporting period. The effect of the loss incurred and the reimbursement by Putnam Management of such amounts had no material impact on total return.

The aggregate amount of all reimbursements for the compensation and related expenses of certain officers of the fund and their staff who provide administrative services to the fund is determined annually by the Trustees. These fees are being paid by Putnam Management as part of the management contract.

Custodial functions for the fund’s assets are provided by State Street. Custody fees are based on the fund’s asset level, the number of its security holdings and transaction volumes. These fees are being paid by Putnam Management as part of the management contract.

Putnam Investor Services, Inc., an affiliate of Putnam Management, provides investor servicing agent functions to the fund. Putnam Investor Services, Inc. received fees for investor servicing for class A, class B, class C, class M, class R and class Y shares that included (1) a per account fee for each direct and underlying non-defined contribution account (retail account) of the fund; (2) a specified rate of the fund’s assets attributable to defined contribution plan accounts; and (3) a specified rate based on the average net assets in retail accounts. Putnam Investor Services, Inc. has agreed that the aggregate investor servicing fees for each fund’s retail and defined contribution accounts for these share classes will not exceed an annual rate of 0.25% of the fund’s average assets attributable to such accounts. Effective November 25, 2019, the fund converted all of its class M shares to class A shares and class M shares were no longer able to be purchased. Class P shares paid a monthly fee based on the average net assets of class P shares at an annual rate of 0.01%. Class R6 shares paid a monthly fee based on the average net assets of class R6 shares at an annual rate of 0.05%. These fees are being paid by Putnam Management as part of the management contract.

The fund has entered into expense offset arrangements with Putnam Investor Services, Inc. and State Street whereby Putnam Investor Services, Inc.’s and State Street’s fees are reduced by credits allowed on cash balances. For the reporting period, the fund’s expenses were reduced by $1,981 under the expense offset arrangements.

Each Independent Trustee of the fund receives an annual Trustee fee, of which $347, as a quarterly retainer, has been allocated to the fund, and an additional fee for each Trustees meeting attended. Trustees also are reimbursed for expenses they incur relating to their services as Trustees. These fees are being paid by Putnam Management as part of the management contract.

The fund has adopted a Trustee Fee Deferral Plan (the Deferral Plan) which allows the Trustees to defer the receipt of all or a portion of Trustees fees payable on or after July 1, 1995. The deferred fees remain invested in certain Putnam funds until distribution in accordance with the Deferral Plan.

The fund has adopted an unfunded noncontributory defined benefit pension plan (the Pension Plan) covering all Trustees of the fund who have served as a Trustee for at least five years and were first elected prior to 2004. Benefits under the Pension Plan are equal to 50% of the Trustee’s average annual attendance and retainer fees for the three years ended December 31, 2005. The retirement benefit is payable during a Trustee’s lifetime, beginning the year following retirement, for the number of years of service through December 31, 2006. Accrued pension liability is included in Payable for Trustee compensation and expenses in the Statement of assets and liabilities. The Trustees have terminated the Pension Plan with respect to any Trustee first elected after 2003. These fees are being paid by Putnam Management as part of the management contract.

The fund has adopted distribution plans (the Plans) with respect to the following share classes pursuant to Rule 12b–1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940. The purpose of the Plans is to compensate Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments, LLC, for services provided and expenses incurred in distributing shares of the fund. The Plans provide payments by the fund to Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership at an annual rate of up to the following amounts (Maximum %) of the average net assets attributable to each class. The Trustees have approved payment by the fund at the

106 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

following annual rate (Approved %) of the average net assets attributable to each class. During the reporting period, the class-specific expenses related to distribution fees were as follows:

	Maximum %	Approved %	Amount
Class A	0.35%	0.25%	$361,888
Class B	1.00%	0.45%	6,167
Class C	1.00%	1.00%	324,212
ClassM *	1.00%	0.30%	830
Class R	1.00%	0.50%	1,976
Total			$695,073

^* Effective November 25, 2019, the fund converted all of its class M shares to class A shares and class M shares were no longer able to be purchased.

For the reporting period, Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership, acting as underwriter, received net commissions of $8,780 and no monies from the sale of class A and class M shares, respectively, and received no monies and $270 in contingent deferred sales charges from redemptions of class B and class C shares, respectively.

A deferred sales charge of up to 1.00% is assessed on certain redemptions of class A shares. For the reporting period, Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership, acting as underwriter, received no monies on class A redemptions.

Note 3: Purchases and sales of securities

During the reporting period, the cost of purchases and the proceeds from sales, excluding short-term investments, were as follows:

	Cost of purchases	Proceeds from sales
Investments in securities, including TBA commitments (Long-term)	$5,389,849,814	$5,345,004,520
U.S. government securities (Long-term)	—	—
Total	$5,389,849,814	$5,345,004,520

The fund may purchase or sell investments from or to other Putnam funds in the ordinary course of business, which can reduce the fund’s transaction costs, at prices determined in accordance with SEC requirements and policies approved by the Trustees. During the reporting period, purchases or sales of long-term securities from or to other Putnam funds, if any, did not represent more than 5% of the fund’s total cost of purchases and/or total proceeds from sales.

Note 4: Capital shares

At the close of the reporting period, there were an unlimited number of shares of beneficial interest authorized. Transactions, including, if applicable, direct exchanges pursuant to share conversions, in capital shares were as follows:

	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class A	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	3,171,558	$30,226,838	3,156,776	$30,506,838
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	559,146	5,315,134	739,971	7,124,460
	3,730,704	35,541,972	3,896,747	37,631,298
Shares repurchased	(4,248,063)	(40,212,333)	(5,031,125)	(48,633,545)
Net decrease	(517,359)	$(4,670,361)	(1,134,378)	$(11,002,247)

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 107 

	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class B	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	6,521	$60,851	3,834	$36,908
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	5,170	49,107	10,507	100,728
	11,691	109,958	14,341	137,636
Shares repurchased	(74,854)	(700,554)	(133,730)	(1,292,189)
Net decrease	(63,163)	$(590,596)	(119,389)	$(1,154,553)
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class C	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	228,115	$2,181,386	357,117	$3,432,595
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	99,682	947,510	181,334	1,736,991
	327,797	3,128,896	538,451	5,169,586
Shares repurchased	(1,923,016)	(18,143,077)	(1,994,814)	(19,216,787)
Net decrease	(1,595,219)	$(15,014,181)	(1,456,363)	$(14,047,201)
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20*		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class M	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	30	$296	62,249	$598,804
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	1,251	12,234	21,622	207,182
	1,281	12,530	83,871	805,986
Shares repurchased	(405,082)	(3,961,808)	(133,267)	(1,283,180)
Net decrease	(403,801)	$(3,949,278)	(49,396)	$(477,194)
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class P	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	23,122,853	$218,598,811	6,279,596	$61,098,228
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	620,076	5,921,718	742,218	7,174,462
	23,742,929	224,520,529	7,021,814	68,272,690
Shares repurchased	(20,172,128)	(190,511,223)	(4,743,954)	(45,960,082)
Net increase	3,570,801	$34,009,306	2,277,860	$22,312,608
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class R	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	8,237	$78,841	22,643	$219,906
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	1,465	13,992	1,706	16,514
	9,702	92,833	24,349	236,420
Shares repurchased	(11,465)	(109,520)	(5,045)	(49,165)
Net increase (decrease)	(1,763)	$(16,687)	19,304	$187,255

108 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class R6	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	302,112	$2,907,332	310,094	$3,011,225
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	44,234	420,993	49,580	479,340
	346,346	3,328,325	359,674	3,490,565
Shares repurchased	(181,594)	(1,713,990)	(290,418)	(2,815,198)
Net increase	164,752	$1,614,335	69,256	$675,367
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class Y	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	5,025,681	$48,179,728	9,181,528	$88,919,936
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	751,972	7,157,634	1,011,802	9,747,357
	5,777,653	55,337,362	10,193,330	98,667,293
Shares repurchased	(10,311,087)	(96,486,754)	(10,135,602)	(97,760,339)
Net increase (decrease)	(4,533,434)	$(41,149,392)	57,728	$906,954

^* Effective November 25, 2019, the fund converted all of its class M shares to class A shares and class M shares were no longer able to be purchased.

At the close of the reporting period, the Putnam RetirementReady Funds owned 37.0% of the outstanding shares of the fund.

Note 5: Affiliated transactions

Transactions during the reporting period with any company which is under common ownership or control were as follows:

					Shares
					outstanding
					and fair
	Fair value as	Purchase	Sale	Investment	value as
Name of affiliate	of 10/31/19	cost	proceeds	income	of 10/31/20
Short-term investments
Putnam Short Term
Investment Fund**	$110,911,382	$198,931,151	$256,050,994	$962,926	$53,791,539
Total Short-term
investments	$110,911,382	$198,931,151	$256,050,994	$962,926	$53,791,539

^** Management fees charged to Putnam Short Term Investment Fund have been waived by Putnam Management. There were no realized or unrealized gains or losses during the period.

Note 6: Market, credit and other risks

In the normal course of business, the fund trades financial instruments and enters into financial transactions where risk of potential loss exists due to changes in the market (market risk) or failure of the contracting party to the transaction to perform (credit risk). The fund may be exposed to additional credit risk that an institution or other entity with which the fund has unsettled or open transactions will default. Investments in foreign securities involve certain risks, including those related to economic instability, unfavorable political developments, and currency fluctuations. The fund may invest in higher-yielding, lower-rated bonds that may have a higher rate of default. The fund may invest a significant portion of its assets in securitized debt instruments, including mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments. The yields and values of these investments are sensitive to changes in interest rates, the rate of principal payments on the underlying assets and the market’s perception of the issuers. The market for these investments may be volatile and limited, which may make them difficult to buy or sell.

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 109 

On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, announced a desire to phase out the use of LIBOR by the end of 2021. LIBOR has historically been a common benchmark interest rate index used to make adjustments to variable-rate loans. It is used throughout global banking and financial industries to determine interest rates for a variety of financial instruments and borrowing arrangements. The transition process might lead to increased volatility and illiquidity in markets that currently rely on LIBOR to determine interest rates. It could also lead to a reduction in the value of some LIBOR-based investments and reduce the effectiveness of new hedges placed against existing LIBOR-based investments. While some LIBOR-based instruments may contemplate a scenario where LIBOR is no longer available by providing for an alternative rate-setting methodology, not all may have such provisions and there may be significant uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of any such alternative methodologies. Since the usefulness of LIBOR as a benchmark could deteriorate during the transition period, these effects could occur prior to the end of 2021.

Beginning in January 2020, global financial markets have experienced, and may continue to experience, significant volatility resulting from the spread of a virus known as COVID–19. The outbreak of COVID–19 has resulted in travel and border restrictions, quarantines, supply chain disruptions, lower consumer demand, and general market uncertainty. The effects of COVID–19 have adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, the global economy, the economies of certain nations, and individual issuers, all of which may negatively impact the fund’s performance.

Note 7: Senior loan commitments

Senior loans are purchased or sold on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis and may be settled a month or more after the trade date, which from time to time can delay the actual investment of available cash balances; interest income is accrued based on the terms of the securities. Senior loans can be acquired through an agent, by assignment from another holder of the loan, or as a participation interest in another holder’s portion of the loan. When the fund invests in a loan or participation, the fund is subject to the risk that an intermediate participant between the fund and the borrower will fail to meet its obligations to the fund, in addition to the risk that the borrower under the loan may default on its obligations.

Note 8: Summary of derivative activity

The volume of activity for the reporting period for any derivative type that was held during the period is listed below and was based on an average of the holdings at the end of each fiscal quarter:

Purchased TBA commitment option contracts (contract amount)	$117,800,000
Purchased currency option contracts (contract amount)	$94,700,000
Purchased swap option contracts (contract amount)	$829,600,000
Written TBA commitment option contracts (contract amount)	$136,900,000
Written currency option contracts (contract amount)	$85,300,000
Written swap option contracts (contract amount)	$504,600,000
Futures contracts (number of contracts)	1,000
Forward currency contracts (contract amount)	$208,500,000
OTC interest rate swap contracts (notional)	$—*
Centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts (notional)	$1,474,600,000
OTC total return swap contracts (notional)	$60,200,000
Centrally cleared total return swap contracts (notional)	$170,300,000
OTC credit default contracts (notional)	$96,400,000
Centrally cleared credit default contracts (notional)	$170,000

^* For the reporting period, there were no holdings at the end of each fiscal quarter and the transactions were considered minimal.

110 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

The following is a summary of the fair value of derivative instruments as of the close of the reporting period:

Fair value of derivative instruments as of the close of the reporting period
	ASSET DERIVATIVES		LIABILITY DERIVATIVES
Derivatives not
accounted for as	Statement of		Statement of
hedging instruments	assets and		assets and
under ASC 815	liabilities location	Fair value	liabilities location	Fair value
Credit contracts	Receivables	$9,376,510	Payables	$21,917,471
Foreign exchange
contracts	Investments, Receivables	2,623,684	Payables	1,119,636
	Investments,
	Receivables, Net
	assets — Unrealized		Payables, Net assets —
Interest rate contracts	appreciation	35,889,176*	Unrealized depreciation	34,943,733*
Total		$47,889,370		$57,980,840

^* Includes cumulative appreciation/depreciation of futures contracts and/or centrally cleared swaps as reported in the fund’s portfolio. Only current day’s variation margin is reported within the Statement of assets and liabilities.

The following is a summary of realized and change in unrealized gains or losses of derivative instruments in the Statement of operations for the reporting period (Note 1):

Amount of realized gain or (loss) on derivatives recognized in net gain or (loss) on investments
Derivatives not accounted			Forward
for as hedging instruments			currency
under ASC 815	Options	Futures	contracts	Swaps	Total
Credit contracts	$—	$—	$—	$1,314,297	$1,314,297
Foreign exchange contracts	(41,372)	—	(1,510,801)	—	$(1,552,173)
Interest rate contracts	12,957,027	133,332	—	(16,456,485)	$(3,366,126)
Total	$12,915,655	$133,332	$(1,510,801)	$(15,142,188)	$(3,604,002)
Change in unrealized appreciation or (depreciation) on derivatives recognized in net gain or (loss)
on investments
Derivatives not accounted			Forward
for as hedging instruments			currency
under ASC 815	Options	Futures	contracts	Swaps	Total
Credit contracts	$—	$—	$—	$(10,573,832)	$(10,573,832)
Foreign exchange contracts	41,353	—	1,052,914	—	$1,094,267
Interest rate contracts	(612,107)	(276,701)	—	1,958,253	$1,069,445
Total	$(570,754)	$(276,701)	$1,052,914	$(8,615,579)	$(8,410,120)

Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 111 

Note 9: Offsetting of financial and derivative assets and liabilities

The following table summarizes any derivatives, repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements, at the end of the reporting period, that are subject to an enforceable master netting agreement or similar agreement. For securities lending transactions or borrowing transactions associated with securities sold short, if any, see Note 1. For financial reporting purposes, the fund does not offset financial assets and financial liabilities that are subject to the master netting agreements in the Statement of assets and liabilities.

	Bank of America N.A.	Barclays Bank PLC	Barclays Capital, Inc. (clearing broker)	Citibank, N.A.	Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.	Credit Suisse International	Goldman Sachs International	HSBC Bank USA, National Association	JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.	JPMorgan Securities LLC	Merrill Lynch International	Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC	NatWest Markets PLC	State Street Bank and Trust Co.	Toronto- Dominion Bank	UBS AG	WestPac Banking Corp.	Total
Assets:
Centrally cleared interest rate
swap contracts§	$—	$—	$1,139,838	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$1,139,838
OTC Total return swap contracts*#	350	95,992	—	3,016	—	9,947	38,389	—	—	18,762	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	166,456
Centrally cleared total return
swap contracts§	—	—	174,653	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	174,653
OTC Credit default contracts —
protection sold *#	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
OTC Credit default contracts —
protection purchased*#	—	—	—	—	2,332,568	1,607,216	1,931,565	—	—	1,758,514	570,200	1,176,447	—	—	—	—	—	9,376,510
Futures contracts§	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	24,747	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	24,747
Forward currency contracts#	5,011	128,047	—	160,540	—	37,519	42,095	62,706	116,056	—	—	33,835	115,451	425,996	68,530	217,596	41,546	1,454,928
Forward premium swap option contracts#	3,008,856	109,778	—	430,147	—	—	398,910	—	4,766,549	—	—	1,221,149	—	—	—	854,874	—	10,790,263
Purchased swap options**#	312,989	—	—	1,485,603	—	—	826,928	—	1,655,305	—	—	5,712,263	—	—	173,918	403,146	—	10,570,152
Purchased options**#	139,116	—	—	—	—	83,291	191,866	319,988	709,958	—	—	249,400	—	—	—	72,877	—	1,766,496
Total Assets	$3,466,322	$333,817	$1,314,491	$2,079,306	$2,332,568	$1,737,973	$3,429,753	$382,694	$7,247,868	$1,802,023	$570,200	$8,393,094	$115,451	$425,996	$242,448	$1,548,493	$41,546	$35,464,043
Liabilities:
Centrally cleared interest rate
swap contracts§	$—	$—	$633,303	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$633,303
OTC Total return swap contracts*#	—	35,863	—	—	—	16,439	24,810	—	539,736	12,057	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	628,905
Centrally cleared total return
swap contracts§	—	—	164,528	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	164,528
OTC Credit default contracts —
protection sold*#	674,857	—	—	—	3,697,426	5,932,004	3,834,204	—	—	3,261,744	989,434	2,990,666	—	—	—	—	—	21,380,335
OTC Credit default contracts —
protection purchased*#	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Futures contracts§	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8,896	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8,896
Forward currency contracts#	80,620	9,793	—	32,577	—	1,708	105,708	81,436	121,016	—	—	83,044	9,851	54,606	40,888	116,562	8,314	746,123
Forward premium swap option contracts#	1,616,258	58,586	—	397,439	—	—	392,730	—	3,355,399	—	—	1,163,043	—	—	—	1,063,787	—	8,047,242
Written swap options#	321,548	—	—	2,155,496	—	—	591,147	—	2,065,860	—	—	4,663,240	—	—	231,067	757,832	—	10,786,190
Written options#	29,857	—	—	—	—	11,634	89,114	84,438	500,791	—	—	94,780	—	—	—	11,263	—	821,877
Total Liabilities	$2,723,140	$104,242	$797,831	$2,585,512	$3,697,426	$5,961,785	$5,037,713	$165,874	$6,582,802	$3,282,697	$989,434	$8,994,773	$9,851	$54,606	$271,955	$1,949,444	$8,314	$43,217,399
Total Financial and Derivative
Net Assets	$743,182	$229,575	$516,660	$(506,206)	$(1,364,858)	$(4,223,812)	$(1,607,960)	$216,820	$665,066	$(1,480,674)	$(419,234)	$(601,679)	$105,600	$371,390	$(29,507)	$(400,951)	$33,232	$(7,753,356)
Total collateral received (pledged)†##	$743,182	$150,000	$—	$(506,206)	$(1,364,858)	$(4,223,812)	$(1,607,960)	$216,820	$665,066	$(1,380,864)	$(419,234)	$(601,679)	$40,000	$370,370	$(29,507)	$(335,933)	$—
Net amount	$—	$79,575	$516,660	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$(99,810)	$—	$—	$65,600	$1,020	$—	$(65,018)	$33,232

112 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund  Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 113 

	Bank of America N.A.	Barclays Bank PLC	Barclays Capital, Inc. (clearing broker)	Citibank, N.A.	Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.	Credit Suisse International	Goldman Sachs International	HSBC Bank USA, National Association	JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.	JPMorgan Securities LLC	Merrill Lynch International	Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC	NatWest Markets PLC	State Street Bank and Trust Co.	Toronto- Dominion Bank	UBS AG	WestPac Banking Corp.	Total
Controlled collateral received (including
TBA commitments)**	$880,780	$150,000	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$248,059	$790,000	$—	$—	$—	$40,000	$370,370	$—	$—	$—	$2,479,209
Uncontrolled collateral received	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—
Collateral (pledged) (including
TBA commitments)**	$—	$—	$—	$(532,946)	$(1,413,963)	$(4,271,687)	$(1,663,758)	$—	$—	$(1,565,855)	$(453,938)	$(612,910)	$—	$—	$(110,987)	$(335,933)	$—	$(10,961,977)

^* Excludes premiums, if any. Included in unrealized appreciation and depreciation on OTC swap contracts on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

^** Included with Investments in securities on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

^† Additional collateral may be required from certain brokers based on individual agreements.

^# Covered by master netting agreement (Note 1).

^## Any over-collateralization of total financial and derivative net assets is not shown. Collateral may include amounts related to unsettled agreements.

§ Includes current day’s variation margin only as reported on the Statement of assets and liabilities, which is not collateralized. Cumulative appreciation/(depreciation) for futures contracts and centrally cleared swap contracts is represented in the tables listed after the fund’s portfolio. Collateral pledged for initial margin on futures contracts and centrally cleared swap contracts, which is not included in the table above, amounted to $864,000 and $11,659,876, respectively.

Note 10: New accounting pronouncements

In March 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2017–08, Receivables — Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310–20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. The amendments in the ASU shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium, to be amortized to the earliest call date. The ASU is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of these amendments is not material to the financial statements.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020–04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) — Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The amendments in ASU 2020–04 provide optional temporary financial reporting relief from the effect of certain types of contract modifications due to the planned discontinuation of LIBOR and other interbank-offered based reference rates as of the end of 2021. ASU 2020–04 is effective for certain reference rate-related contract modifications that occur during the period March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. Management is currently evaluating the impact, if any, of applying this provision.

Note 11: Change in independent accountants (Unaudited)

On March 20, 2020, the Audit, Compliance and Distributions Committee of the Trustees of the Putnam Funds approved and recommended the decision to change the Fund’s independent accountant and to not retain KPMG LLP, and on April 3, 2020, upon request of the Putnam Funds, KPMG LLP provided a letter of resignation. During the two previous fiscal years, KPMG LLP audit reports contained no adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion; nor were its reports qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope, or accounting principle. Further, in connection with its audits for the two previous fiscal years and the subsequent interim period through April 3, 2020: (i) there were no disagreements with KPMG LLP on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which disagreements if not resolved to the satisfaction of KPMG LLP would have caused it to make reference to the subject matter of the disagreements in its report on the Fund’s financial statements for such years, and (ii) there were no “reportable events” of the kind described in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

On April 17, 2020, the Audit, Compliance and Distributions Committee of the Trustees of the Putnam Funds approved and recommended the decision to appoint PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as the Fund’s independent accountant.

114 Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund  Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 115 

Table of contents

Fund summary	2
What are the fund’s main investment strategies and related risks?	8
Who oversees and manages the fund?	20
How does the fund price its shares?	22
How do I buy fund shares?	23
How do I sell or exchange fund shares?	32
Policy on excessive short-term trading	35
Distribution plans and payments to dealers	38
Fund distributions and taxes	40
Financial highlights	42
Appendix	47

Fund summary

Goal

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund seeks positive total return.

Fees and expenses

The following tables describe the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy, hold and sell shares of the fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples below. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in Putnam funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in How do I buy fund shares? beginning on page 23 of the fund’s prospectus, in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus, and in How to buy shares beginning on page II-1 of the fund’s statement of additional information (SAI).

Shareholder fees (fees paid directly from your investment)

Share class	Maximum sales charge (load) imposed on purchases (as a percentage of offering price)	Maximum deferred sales charge (load) (as a percentage of original purchase price or redemption proceeds, whichever is lower)
Class A	5.75%	1.00%*
Class B	None	5.00%**
Class C	None	1.00%***
Class P	None	None
Class R	None	None
Class R6	None	None
Class Y	None	None

2          Prospectus

Annual fund operating expenses
(expenses you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)

Share class	Management fees†	Distribution and service (12b-1) fees	Other expenses	Acquired fund fees and expenses	Total annual fund operating expenses	Expense reimbursement#	Total annual fund operating expenses after expense reimbursement
Class A	0.40%	0.25%	0.25%	0.04%	0.94%	(0.04)%	0.90%
Class B	0.40%	1.00%	0.25%	0.04%	1.69%	(0.04)%	1.65%
Class C	0.40%	1.00%	0.25%	0.04%	1.69%	(0.04)%	1.65%
Class P	0.40%	—	0.10%	0.04%	0.54%	(0.04)%	0.50%
Class R	0.40%	0.50%	0.25%	0.04%	1.19%	(0.04)%	1.15%
Class R6	0.40%	—	0.14%	0.04%	0.58%	(0.04)%	0.54%
Class Y	0.40%	—	0.25%	0.04%	0.69%	(0.04)%	0.65%

*   Applies only to certain redemptions of shares bought with no initial sales charge.

**   This charge is phased out over six years.

***   This charge is eliminated after one year.

^†   Management fees are subject to a performance adjustment. The fund’s base management fee is subject to adjustment, up or down, based on the fund’s performance relative to the performance of the ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 500 basis points. For the most recent fiscal year, the fund’s base management fee prior to any performance adjustment was 0.719%.

^#   Reflects Putnam Investment Management, LLC’s contractual obligation to limit certain fund expenses through 2/28/22. This obligation may be modified or discontinued only with approval of the Board of Trustees.

Example

The following hypothetical example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the fund with the cost of investing in other funds. It assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods indicated and then, except as indicated, redeem all your shares at the end of those periods. It assumes a 5% return on your investment each year and that the fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Only the first year of each period in the example takes into account the expense reimbursement described above. Your actual costs may be higher or lower.

Share class	1 year	3 years	5 years	10 years
Class A	$662	$854	$1,062	$1,660
Class B	$668	$829	$1,114	$1,795
Class B (no redemption)	$168	$529	$914	$1,795
Class C	$268	$529	$914	$1,994
Class C (no redemption)	$168	$529	$914	$1,994
Class P	$51	$169	$298	$673
Class R	$117	$374	$650	$1,440
Class R6	$55	$182	$320	$722
Class Y	$66	$217	$380	$855

Prospectus          3

Portfolio turnover

The fund pays transaction-related costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when the fund’s shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or the above example, affect fund performance. The fund’s turnover rate in the most recent fiscal year was 416%.

Investments, risks, and performance

Investments

The fund seeks a positive total return. In pursuing a positive total return, the fund’s strategies are generally intended to produce lower volatility over a reasonable period of time than has been historically associated with traditional asset classes that have earned similar levels of return over long historical periods. The Fund aims to accomplish this objective by combining “directional” strategies and “non-directional” strategies. The directional strategies seek efficient, diversified exposure to investment markets. They also seek to balance risk and provide positive total return by investing, without limit, in many different asset classes, including U.S., international, and emerging markets equity securities (growth or value stocks or both) and fixed-income securities; mortgage- and asset-backed securities; below-investment-grade securities (sometimes referred to as “junk bonds”); inflation-protected securities; commodities; and real estate investment trusts (REITs). The non-directional strategies aim to provide positive returns that have minimal correlation with traditional asset classes, such as equities or equity-like investments. The non-directional strategies are generally implemented using paired long and short positions in an effort to capitalize on long-term market inefficiencies and short-term opportunities. The non-directional strategies may involve the use of active trading strategies, currency transactions and options transactions.

We may consider, among other factors, a company’s valuation, financial strength, growth potential, competitive position in its industry, projected future earnings, cash flows and dividends when deciding whether to buy or sell equity investments, and, among other factors, credit, interest rate and prepayment risks when deciding whether to buy or sell fixed-income investments. We may also take into account general market conditions when making investment decisions. We typically use derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions, warrants and swap contracts, to a significant extent for hedging purposes and to increase the fund’s exposure to the asset classes and strategies mentioned above, which may create investment leverage.

Risks

It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

Our allocation of assets among asset classes may hurt performance, and our efforts to diversify risk through the use of leverage and allocation decisions may not be successful. If the quantitative models or data that are used in managing the fund prove to be incorrect or incomplete, investment decisions made in reliance on the models or data may not produce the desired results and the fund may realize losses.

4          Prospectus

The value of investments in the fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions, investor sentiment and market perceptions, government actions, geopolitical events or changes, and factors related to a specific issuer, asset class, geography, industry or sector. These and other factors may lead to increased volatility and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain its spread are likely to negatively affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of the securities and other assets in which the fund invests and exacerbate other risks that apply to the fund. These effects could negatively impact the fund’s performance and lead to losses on your investment in the fund. Growth stocks may be more susceptible to earnings disappointments, and value stocks may fail to rebound.

Bond investments are subject to interest rate risk, which is the risk that the value of the fund’s bond investments is likely to fall if interest rates rise. Bond investments also are subject to credit risk, which is the risk that the issuer of the bond may default on payment of interest or principal. Bond investments may be more susceptible to downgrades or defaults during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress. Interest rate risk is generally greater for longer-term bonds, and credit risk is generally greater for below-investment-grade bonds, which may be considered speculative. Mortgage-backed investments, unlike traditional debt investments, are also subject to prepayment risk, which means that they may increase in value less than other bonds when interest rates decline and decline in value more than other bonds when interest rates rise. We may have to invest the proceeds from prepaid investments, including mortgage- and asset- backed investments, in other investments with less attractive terms and yields.

The value of international investments traded in foreign currencies may be adversely impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates. International investments, particularly investments in emerging markets, may carry risks associated with potentially less stable economies or governments (such as the risk of seizure by a foreign government, the imposition of currency or other restrictions, or high levels of inflation), and may be or become illiquid. Our non-directional strategies may lose money or not earn a return sufficient to cover associated trading and other costs REITs are subject to the risk of economic downturns that have an adverse impact on real estate markets. Commodity-linked notes are subject to the same risks as commodities, such as weather, disease, political, tax and other regulatory developments and other factors affecting the value of commodities. Our use of leverage obtained through derivatives increases the risk of investing in the fund by increasing investment exposure. Derivatives also involve the risk, in the case of many over-the-counter instruments, of the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions and the potential failure of the other party to the instrument to meet its obligations.

There is no guarantee that the investment techniques, analyses, or judgments that we apply in making investment decisions for the fund will produce the intended outcome or that the investments we select for the fund will perform as well as other securities that were not selected for the fund. We, or the fund’s other service providers, may experience disruptions or operating errors that could negatively impact the fund.

Prospectus          5

The fund may not achieve its goal, and it is not intended to be a complete investment program. The fund’s efforts to produce lower volatility returns may not be successful. An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

Performance

The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time. The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower. Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results. Monthly performance figures for the fund are available at putnam.com.

Annual total returns for class A shares before sales charges

Average annual total returns after sales charges (for periods ended 12/31/20)

Share class	1 year	5 years	10 years
Class A before taxes	-13.10%	-1.28%	1.14%
Class A after taxes on distributions	-13.10%	-1.72%	0.29%
Class A after taxes on distributions and sale of fund shares	-7.76%	-1.12%	0.62%
Class B before taxes	-13.09%	-1.24%	1.13%
Class C before taxes	-9.37%	-0.85%	0.98%
Class P before taxes*	-7.48%	0.26%	2.05%
Class R before taxes	-8.12%	-0.37%	1.48%
Class R6 before taxes*	-7.46%	0.24%	2.07%
Class Y before taxes	-7.58%	0.14%	1.99%
ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)	0.74%	1.23%	0.66%
ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 500 basis points (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)	5.74%	6.23%	5.66%
Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)	7.51%	4.44%	3.84%
S&P 500 Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)	18.40%	15.22%	13.88%

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*   Performance for class R6 shares prior to their inception (7/2/12) and for class P shares prior to their inception (8/31/16) is derived from the historical performance of class Y shares and has not been adjusted for the lower investor servicing fees applicable to class R6 and class P shares; had it, returns would have been higher.

ICE BofA Indexes: ICE Data Indices, LLC (“ICE BofA”), used with permission. ICE BofA permits use of the ICE BofA indices and related data on an “as is” basis; makes no warranties regarding same; does not guarantee the suitability, quality, accuracy, timeliness, and/or completeness of the ICE BofA indices or any data included in, related to, or derived therefrom; assumes no liability in connection with the use of the foregoing; and does not sponsor, endorse, or recommend Putnam Investments, or any of its products or services.

After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes. These after-tax returns do not apply if you hold your fund shares through a 401(k) plan, an IRA, or another tax-advantaged arrangement.

Class B share performance reflects conversion to class A shares after eight years.

The Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index and the S&P 500 Index are broad measures of market performance. Securities in the fund do not match those in the indexes and the performance of the fund will differ.

ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index tracks the performance of U.S. dollar denominated U.S. Treasury bills, which represent obligations of the U.S. Government having a maturity of one year or less, and is intended as an approximate measure of the rate of inflation. ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index +5.00% is the benchmark and hurdle rate for the performance adjustment component of the fund’s management fee.

Your fund’s management

Investment advisor

Putnam Investment Management, LLC

Portfolio managers

Robert Schoen
Chief Investment Officer, Global Asset
Allocation, portfolio manager of the
fund since 2008

James Fetch
Co-Head of Global Asset Allocation,
portfolio manager of the fund
since 2008

Brett Goldstein
Portfolio Manager, portfolio manager
of the fund since 2019

Jason Vaillancourt
Co-Head of Global Asset Allocation,
portfolio manager of the fund since
2008

Sub-advisors

Putnam Investments Limited*

The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC*

*   Though the investment advisor has retained the services of both Putnam Investments Limited (PIL) and The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC (PAC), PIL and PAC do not currently manage any assets of the fund.

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Purchase and sale of fund shares

You can open an account, purchase and/or sell fund shares, or exchange them for shares of another Putnam fund by contacting your financial professional or by calling Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581. Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment.

When opening an account, you must complete and mail a Putnam account application, along with a check made payable to the fund, to: Putnam Investments, P.O. Box 219697, Kansas City, MO 64121-9697. The minimum initial investment of $500 is currently waived, although Putnam reserves the right to reject initial investments under $500 at its discretion. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.

Class P shares are only available to other Putnam funds and other accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates.

You can sell your shares back to the fund or exchange them for shares of another Putnam fund any day the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is open. Shares may be sold or exchanged by mail, by phone, or online at putnam.com. Some restrictions may apply.

Tax information

The fund’s distributions will be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains unless you hold the shares through a tax-advantaged arrangement, in which case you will generally be taxed only upon withdrawal of monies from the arrangement.

Financial intermediary compensation

If you purchase the fund through a broker/dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank or financial professional), the fund and its related companies may pay that intermediary for the sale of fund shares and related services. Please bear in mind that these payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker/dealer or other intermediary to recommend the fund over another investment. Ask your advisor or visit your advisor’s website for more information.

What are the fund’s main investment strategies and related risks?

This section contains greater detail on the fund’s main investment strategies and the related risks you would face as a fund shareholder. It is important to keep in mind that risk and reward generally go hand in hand; the higher the potential reward, the greater the risk.

The use of the term “absolute return” in the fund’s name is meant to distinguish the fund’s goal and investment strategies from those of most other mutual funds available in the marketplace. Most mutual funds are generally managed with a goal of outperforming an index of securities or an index of competitive funds. As a result, even if such funds are successful in achieving their goals, their investment returns

8          Prospectus

may be positive or negative and will tend to reflect the general direction of the markets. In addition, these other mutual funds can expose investors to significant market volatility and sustained periods of negative performance. Volatility refers to the tendency of investments and markets to fluctuate in value over time. The greater an investment’s or a market’s volatility, the more sharply its value may fluctuate. A mutual fund’s volatility is often measured as the standard deviation of such fund’s monthly returns and expressed as a percentage.

In contrast, the fund’s “absolute return” strategy seeks to earn a positive total return over a reasonable period of time, regardless of market conditions or general market direction, since investment returns will likely fluctuate more over shorter periods of time as market conditions vary, even under an “absolute return” strategy. As a result, if this strategy is successful, investors should expect the fund to outperform the general securities markets during periods of flat or negative market performance, to underperform during periods of strong positive market performance, and typically to produce less volatile returns over a reasonable period of time (a full market cycle, which is generally at least three years but may potentially be significantly longer) than has been historically associated with traditional asset classes that have earned similar levels of return over long historical periods.

The following sections describe the fund’s main investment strategies. As a general matter, the fund has significant flexibility in its choice of strategies. This flexibility enhances the fund’s ability to seek positive total return. This flexibility is also generally expected to result in diversification of the fund’s portfolio across multiple asset classes, although the fund may focus its investments on particular asset classes from time to time. Diversification generally limits market exposure to any asset class and helps to reduce the volatility of returns.

Directional and non-directional strategies

The directional strategies generally depend upon the direction of the relevant markets for success, while the non-directional strategies are generally designed not to depend upon market direction for success. The directional and non-directional strategies are intended to be uncorrelated and to operate largely independently, thus improving the fund’s chances of earning a positive total return regardless of market conditions. Both the directional and non-directional strategies are dynamic, permitting us to take advantage of opportunities that arise from different economic and market conditions.

Directional strategies

Through the directional strategies, we invest without limit in many asset classes directly or through derivatives. These asset classes include equity and fixed-income (including below-investment-grade and mortgage- and asset-backed securities) securities of U.S. and foreign corporate and governmental issuers currencies, commodities, inflation-protected securities and REITs. Within each asset class, we make specific investments on the basis of quantitative analysis, in addition to fundamental research and analysis. Our asset allocations are intended to reduce

Prospectus          9

risk and volatility in the portfolios and to provide protection against a decline in the value of the fund’s assets. However, our asset allocation judgments may not achieve these objectives. If our assessment of the risk and return potential of asset classes is incorrect, the fund could significantly underperform the markets in general.

Non-directional strategies

The fund’s non-directional strategies aim to provide a positive total return with little correlation to traditional asset classes. The strategies are generally implemented using paired long and short positions in an effort to capitalize on long-term market inefficiencies and short-term opportunities. The non-directional strategies may involve the use of active trading strategies, currency transactions, options transactions, or other derivatives. There is no restriction on the type or number of strategies that we may employ. While we intend these strategies to be relatively uncorrelated with one another and with the performance of most asset classes to which the fund is exposed through the directional strategies, it is possible that the performance of various asset classes and strategies within the non-directional strategies may be correlated under certain market conditions, which may negatively affect the fund’s performance. The non-directional strategies may involve investment leverage. The non-directional strategies may fail to make money in broadly declining markets, and may lose money even in broadly advancing markets.

• Derivatives and investment exposures; investment leverage. We may make an investment directly, or we may obtain exposure to the investment synthetically through the use of one or more derivatives. When the fund uses derivatives to increase its exposure to investments in order to enhance the fund’s total returns, the derivatives may create investment leverage. Investment leverage means that, for every $100 invested in the fund, the fund may obtain an exposure to more than $100 of underlying investments after long and short positions are netted against each other. The amounts of investment leverage will vary over time. Under normal market conditions, we expect that investment leverage obtained as part of the fund’s directional strategies may result in a net notional investment exposure of up to 200% of net assets. We treat a synthetic investment as having the same net notional investment exposure as the equivalent direct investment. The fund’s non-directional strategies also may involve the use of derivatives that introduce additional investment leverage. If our judgments about the performance of asset classes or investments prove incorrect while the fund’s exposure to underperforming asset classes or investments is increased through the use of investment leverage, a relatively small market movement may result in significant losses to the fund.

Description of risks

Through both the directional and non-directional strategies, the fund may make a wide variety of investments in fixed income, equity and other types of issuers. A description of the risks associated with the fund’s investments follows.

10          Prospectus

Fixed-income investments

• Interest rate risk. The values of bonds and other debt instruments usually rise and fall in response to changes in interest rates. Interest rates can change in response to the supply and demand for credit, government and/or central bank monetary policy and action, inflation rates, and other factors. Declining interest rates generally result in an increase in the value of existing debt instruments, and rising interest rates generally result in a decrease in the value of existing debt instruments. Changes in a debt instrument’s value usually will not affect the amount of interest income paid to the fund, but will affect the value of the fund’s shares. Interest rate risk is generally greater for investments with longer maturities.

Some investments give the issuer the option to call or redeem an investment before its maturity date. If an issuer calls or redeems an investment during a time of declining interest rates, we might have to reinvest the proceeds in an investment offering a lower yield, and therefore the fund might not benefit from any increase in value as a result of declining interest rates.

The fund may invest in inflation-protected securities issued by the U.S. Department of Treasury, by non-U.S. governments, or by private issuers. Inflation-protected securities are debt instruments whose principal and/or interest are adjusted for inflation. Inflation-protected securities issued by the U.S. Treasury pay a fixed rate of interest that is applied to an inflation-adjusted principal amount. The principal amount is adjusted based on changes in the Consumer Price Index, a measure of inflation. The principal due at maturity is typically equal to the inflation-adjusted principal amount, or to the instrument’s original par value, whichever is greater. Because the principal amount would be adjusted downward during a period of deflation, the fund will be subject to deflation risk with respect to its investments in these securities. In addition, if the fund purchases inflation-adjusted debt instruments in the secondary market whose principal values have been adjusted upward due to inflation since issuance, the fund may experience a loss if there is a subsequent period of deflation.

• Credit risk. Investors normally expect to be compensated in proportion to the risk they are assuming. Thus, debt of issuers with poor credit prospects usually offers higher yields than debt of issuers with more secure credit. Higher-rated investments generally have lower credit risk.

We may invest without limit in higher-yield, higher-risk debt investments that are below investment-grade, including investments in the lowest rating category of the rating agency, and in unrated investments that we believe are of comparable quality. However, we may invest no more than 15% of the fund’s total assets in debt investments rated below CCC or its equivalent, at the time of purchase, by each rating agency rating such investments, including investments in the lowest rating category of the rating agency, and in unrated investments that we believe are of comparable quality. We will not necessarily sell an investment if its rating is reduced (or increased) after we buy it.

Prospectus          11

Investments rated below BBB or its equivalent are below investment-grade in quality and may be considered speculative. This rating reflects a greater possibility that the issuers may be unable to make timely payments of interest and principal and thus default. If this happens, or is perceived as likely to happen, the value of the investment will usually be more volatile and is likely to fall. The value of a debt instrument may also be affected by changes in, or perceptions of, the financial condition of the issuer, borrower, counterparty, or other entity, or underlying collateral or assets, or changes in, or perceptions of, specific or general market, economic, industry, political, regulatory, geopolitical, environmental, public health, and other conditions. A default or expected default could also make it difficult for us to sell the investment at a price approximating the value we had previously placed on it. Lower-rated debt usually has a more limited market than higher-rated debt, which may at times make it difficult for us to buy or sell certain debt instruments or to establish their fair value. Credit risk is generally greater for zero coupon bonds and other investments that are issued at less than their face value and that are required to make interest payments only at maturity rather than at intervals during the life of the investment.

Bond investments may be more susceptible to downgrades or defaults during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress, which in turn could affect the market values and marketability of many or all bond obligations of issuers in a state, U.S. territory, or possession. For example, the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly stressed the financial resources of many tax-exempt debt issuers. This may make it less likely that issuers can meet their financial obligations when due and may adversely impact the value of their bonds, which could negatively impact the performance of the fund. In light of the uncertainty surrounding the magnitude, duration, reach, costs and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as actions that have been or could be taken by governmental authorities or other third parties, it is difficult to predict the level of financial stress and duration of such stress issuers may experience.

Credit ratings are based largely on the issuer’s historical financial condition and the rating agencies’ investment analysis at the time of rating. The rating assigned to any particular investment does not necessarily reflect the issuer’s current financial condition, and does not reflect an assessment of the investment’s volatility or liquidity. Although we consider credit ratings in making investment decisions, we perform our own investment analysis and do not rely only on ratings assigned by the rating agencies. Our success in achieving the fund’s goal may depend more on our own credit analysis when we buy lower-rated debt than when we buy investment-grade-debt. We may have to participate in legal proceedings involving the issuer. This could increase the fund’s operating expenses and decrease its net asset value.

Although investment-grade investments generally have lower credit risk, they may share some of the risks of lower-rated investments.

Mortgage-backed securities may be subject to the risk that underlying borrowers will be unable to meet their obligations.

12          Prospectus

• Prepayment risk. Traditional debt investments typically pay a fixed rate of interest until maturity, when the entire principal amount is due. In contrast, payments on securitized debt instruments, including mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments, typically include both interest and partial payment of principal. Principal may also be prepaid voluntarily, or as a result of refinancing or foreclosure. We may have to invest the proceeds from prepaid investments in other investments with less attractive terms and yields.

Compared to debt that cannot be prepaid, mortgage-backed investments are less likely to increase in value during periods of declining interest rates and have a higher risk of decline in value during periods of rising interest rates. These investments may increase the volatility of the fund. Some mortgage-backed investments receive only the interest portion or the principal portion of payments on the underlying mortgages. The yields and values of these investments are extremely sensitive to changes in interest rates and in the rate of principal payments on the underlying mortgages. The market for these investments may be volatile and limited, which may make them difficult to buy or sell. Asset-backed securities are structured like mortgage-backed securities, but instead of mortgage loans or interests in mortgage loans, the underlying assets may include such items as motor vehicle installment sales or installment loan contracts, leases of various types of real and personal property and receivables from credit card agreements. Asset-backed securities are subject to risks similar to those of mortgage-backed securities.

Equity investments

• Common stocks. Common stock represents an ownership interest in a company. The value of a company’s stock may fall as a result of factors directly relating to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company’s products or services. A stock’s value may also fall because of factors affecting not just the company, but also other companies in the same industry or in a number of different industries, such as increases in production costs. From time to time, the fund may invest a significant portion of its assets in companies in one or more related industries or sectors, which would make the fund more vulnerable to adverse developments affecting those companies, industries or sectors. The value of a company’s stock may also be affected by changes in financial markets that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates or currency exchange rates. In addition, a company’s stock generally pays dividends only after the company invests in its own business and makes required payments to holders of its bonds and other debt. For this reason, the value of a company’s stock will usually react more strongly than its bonds and other debt to actual or perceived changes in the company’s financial condition or prospects.

Growth stocks — Stocks of companies we believe are fast-growing may trade at a higher multiple of current earnings than other stocks. The values of these stocks may be more sensitive to changes in current or expected earnings than the values of other stocks. If our assessment of the prospects for a company’s earnings growth is wrong, or if our judgment of how other investors will value the company’s earnings growth

Prospectus          13

is wrong, then the price of the company’s stock may fall or may not approach the value that we have placed on it. In addition, growth stocks, at times, may not perform as well as value stocks or the stock market in general, and may be out of favor with investors for varying periods of time.

Value stocks — Companies whose stocks we believe are undervalued by the market may have experienced adverse business developments or may be subject to special risks that have caused their stocks to be out of favor. If our assessment of a company’s prospects is wrong, or if other investors do not similarly recognize the value of the company, then the price of the company’s stock may fall or may not approach the value that we have placed on it. In addition, value stocks, at times, may not perform as well as growth stocks or the stock market in general, and may be out of favor with investors for varying periods of time.

• Small and midsize companies. These companies, some of which may have a market capitalization of less than $1 billion, are more likely than larger companies to have limited product lines, markets or financial resources, lack profitability or depend on a small management group. Stocks of these companies often trade in smaller volumes, and their prices may fluctuate more than stocks of larger companies. Stocks of small and midsize companies may therefore be more vulnerable to adverse developments than those of larger companies. In addition, stocks of small and midsize companies, at times, may not perform as well as stocks of larger companies or the stock market in general, and may be out of favor with investors for varying periods of time. Small companies in foreign countries could be relatively smaller than those in the United States. The fund may invest in small and midsize companies without limit.

Foreign investments

Foreign investments involve certain special risks, including:

—   Unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates: Foreign investments are typically issued and traded in foreign currencies. As a result, their values may be affected by changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar.

—   Political and economic developments: Foreign investments may be subject to the risks of seizure by a foreign government, direct or indirect impact of sovereign debt default, imposition of economic sanctions or restrictions on the exchange or export of foreign currency, and tax increases.

—   Unreliable or untimely information: There may be less information publicly available about a foreign company than about most publicly-traded U.S. companies, and foreign companies are usually not subject to accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and practices as stringent as those in the United States. Foreign securities may trade on markets that are closed when U.S. markets are open. As a result, accurate pricing information based on foreign market prices may not always be available.

—   Limited legal recourse: Legal remedies for investors may be more limited than the remedies available in the United States.

14          Prospectus

—   Limited markets: Certain foreign investments may be less liquid (harder to buy and sell) and more volatile than most U.S. investments, which means we may at times be unable to sell these foreign investments at desirable prices. In addition, there may be limited or no markets for bonds of issuers that become distressed. For the same reason, we may at times find it difficult to value the fund’s foreign investments.

—   Trading practices: Brokerage commissions and other fees are generally higher for foreign investments than for U.S. investments. The procedures and rules governing foreign transactions and custody may also involve delays in payment, delivery or recovery of money or investments.

—   Sovereign issuers: The willingness and ability of sovereign issuers to pay principal and interest on government securities depends on various economic factors, including the issuer’s balance of payments, overall debt level, and cash flow from tax or other revenues. In addition, there may be no legal recourse for investors in the event of default by a sovereign government.

The risks of foreign investments are typically increased in countries with less developed markets, which are sometimes referred to as emerging markets. Emerging markets may have less developed economies and legal and regulatory systems, and may be susceptible to greater political and economic instability than developed foreign markets. Countries with emerging markets are also more likely to experience high levels of inflation or currency devaluation, and investments in emerging markets may be more volatile and less liquid than investments in developed markets. For these and other reasons, investments in emerging markets are often considered speculative.

Certain risks related to foreign investments may also apply to some extent to U.S.-traded investments that are denominated in foreign currencies, investments in U.S. companies that are traded in foreign markets or investments in U.S. companies that have significant foreign operations.

Derivatives

We may engage in a variety of transactions involving derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions, warrants and swap contracts. As described above, investments in derivatives are an important component of the fund’s investment strategies. Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value of something else, such as one or more underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies. We may make use of “short” derivatives positions, the values of which typically move in the opposite direction from the price of the underlying investment, pool of investments, index or currency. We may use derivatives both for hedging and non-hedging purposes. For example, we may use derivatives to increase or decrease the fund’s exposure to long- or short-term interest rates (in the United States or abroad) or to a particular currency or group of currencies. We may also use derivatives as a substitute for a direct investment in the securities of one or more issuers. However, we may also

Prospectus          15

choose not to use derivatives based on our evaluation of market conditions or the availability of suitable derivatives. Investments in derivatives may be applied toward meeting a requirement to invest in a particular kind of investment if the derivatives have economic characteristics similar to that investment. The fund’s investment in derivatives may be limited by its intention to qualify as a regulated investment company.

Derivatives involve special risks and may result in losses. The successful use of derivatives depends on our ability to manage these sophisticated instruments. Some derivatives are “leveraged,” which means they provide a fund with investment exposure greater than the value of the fund’s investment in the derivatives. As a result, these derivatives may magnify or otherwise increase investment losses to the fund. The risk of loss from certain short derivatives positions is theoretically unlimited. The value of derivatives may move in unexpected ways due to the use of leverage or other factors, especially in unusual market conditions, and may result in increased volatility.

Derivatives may create investment leverage, which involves risks. If our judgments about the performance of various asset classes or investments prove incorrect, and the fund’s exposure to underperforming asset classes or investments is increased through the use of leverage, a relatively small market movement may result in significant losses to the fund. In addition, the fund’s decision to pursue directional and non-directional strategies separately may not be successful if we are unable to invest in appropriate derivatives or other instruments or if the derivatives and instruments do not perform as expected.

Other risks arise from the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions. A liquid secondary market may not always exist for the fund’s derivatives positions. In fact, many over-the-counter instruments (investments not traded on an exchange) will not be liquid. Over-the-counter instruments also involve the risk that the other party to the derivatives transaction will not meet its obligations. For further information about additional types and risks of derivatives and the fund’s asset segregation policies, see Miscellaneous Investments, Investment Practices and Risks in the SAI.

• Liquidity and illiquid investments. We may invest up to 15% of the fund’s assets in illiquid investments, which may be considered speculative and which may be difficult to sell. The sale of many of these investments is prohibited or limited by law or contract. Some investments may be difficult to value for purposes of determining the fund’s net asset value. Certain other investments may not have an active trading market due to adverse market, economic, industry, political, regulatory, geopolitical, environmental, public health, and other conditions, including investors trying to sell large quantities of a particular investment or type of investment, or lack of market makers or other buyers for a particular investment or type of investment. We may not be able to sell the fund’s investments when we consider it desirable to do so, or we may be able to sell them only at less than their value.

16          Prospectus

Other investments

• Real estate investment trusts (REITs). A REIT pools investors’ funds for investment primarily in income-producing real estate properties or real estate-related loans (such as mortgages). The real estate properties in which REITs invest typically include properties such as office buildings, retail and industrial facilities, hotels, apartment buildings and healthcare facilities. We will invest in publicly-traded REITs listed on national securities exchanges. The yields available from investments in REITs depend on the amount of income and capital appreciation generated by the related properties. Investments in REITs are subject to the risks associated with direct ownership in real estate, including economic downturns that have an adverse effect on real estate markets.

• Commodity-linked notes. Commodity-linked notes are debt securities whose maturity values or interest rates are determined by reference to a single commodity or to all or a portion of a commodities index. Commodity-linked notes may be positively or negatively indexed, meaning their maturity value may be structured to increase or decrease as commodity values change. Investments in commodity-linked notes are subject to the risks associated with the overall commodities markets and other factors that affect the value of commodities, including weather, disease, political, tax and other regulatory developments. Commodity-linked notes may be more volatile and less liquid than the underlying measure(s), have substantial risk of loss with respect to both principal and interest and are subject to the credit risks associated with the issuer. The fund’s investment in commodity-linked notes may be limited by its intention to qualify as a regulated investment company. For further information about commodity-linked securities, see Miscellaneous Investments, Investment Practices and Risks in the SAI.

Additional risks

• Market risk. The value of investments in the fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions; investor sentiment and market perceptions (including perceptions about monetary policy, interest rates or the risk of default); government actions (including protectionist measures, intervention in the financial markets or other regulation, and changes in fiscal, monetary or tax policies); geopolitical events or changes (including natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics, terrorism and war); and factors related to a specific issuer, asset class, geography, industry or sector. Foreign financial markets have their own market risks, and they may be more or less volatile than U.S. markets and may move in different directions. During a general downturn in financial markets, multiple asset classes may decline in value simultaneously. These and other factors may lead to increased volatility and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings. During those periods, the fund may experience high levels of shareholder redemptions, and may have to sell securities at times when it would otherwise not do so, and at unfavorable prices. These risks may be exacerbated during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress.

Prospectus          17

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain its spread have negatively affected, and are likely to continue to negatively affect, the global economy, the economies of the United States and other individual countries, and the financial performance of individual issuers, sectors, industries, asset classes, and markets in significant and unforeseen ways. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant market volatility, exchange trading suspensions and closures, declines in global financial markets, higher default rates, and economic downturns and recessions, and these effects may continue for an extended period of time and may increase in severity over time. In addition, actions taken by government and quasi-governmental authorities and regulators throughout the world in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including significant fiscal and monetary policy changes, may affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of some securities and other assets. Given the significant uncertainty surrounding the magnitude, duration, reach, costs and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as actions that have been or could be taken by governmental authorities or other third parties, it is difficult to predict its potential impacts on the fund’s investments. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic also are likely to exacerbate other risks that apply to the fund, including the risks disclosed in this prospectus, which could negatively impact the fund’s performance and lead to losses on your investment in the fund.

• Model risk. We use proprietary models and data supplied by third parties. We use models and data to, among other things, identify and assess trends and market opportunities and provide risk management insights. We regularly enhance and update our models to reflect developing research, fundamental analysis, and access to new data. If the quantitative models or data used in managing the fund prove to be incorrect or incomplete, investment decisions made in reliance on the models or data may not produce the desired results and may cause the fund to underperform its benchmark or other funds with a similar investment goal, and the fund may realize losses. In addition, models may incorrectly forecast future behavior, leading to potential losses. Use of these models in unforeseen or certain low-probability scenarios (often involving a market disruption of some kind) also may result in losses for the fund.

All models require data. Some of the models that we may use are typically constructed based on historical data, and the success of these models is dependent largely on the accuracy and reliability of the supplied historical data. If incorrect data is entered into a model, the resulting output will be incorrect.

• Management and operational risk. The fund is actively managed and its performance will reflect, in part, our ability to make investment decisions that seek to achieve the fund’s investment objective. There is no guarantee that the investment techniques, analyses, or judgments that we apply in making investment decisions for the fund will produce the intended outcome or that the investments we select for the fund will perform as well as other securities that were not selected for the fund. As a result, the fund may underperform its benchmark or other funds with a similar investment goal and may realize losses. In addition, we, or the fund’s other service providers, may experience disruptions or operating errors that could negatively

18          Prospectus

impact the fund. Although service providers are required to have appropriate operational risk management policies and procedures, and to take appropriate precautions to avoid and mitigate risks that could lead to disruptions and operating errors, it may not be possible to identify all of the operational risks that may affect the fund or to develop processes and controls to completely eliminate or mitigate their occurrence or effects.

• Other investments. In addition to the main investment strategies described above, the fund may make other types of investments, such as investments in preferred stocks, convertible securities and bank loans. The fund may also loan portfolio securities to earn income. These practices may be subject to other risks, as described under Miscellaneous Investments, Investment Practices and Risks in the SAI.

• Temporary defensive strategies. In response to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions, we may take temporary defensive positions, such as investing some or all of the fund’s assets in cash and cash equivalents, that differ from the fund’s usual investment strategies. However, we may choose not to use these temporary defensive strategies for a variety of reasons, even in very volatile market conditions. These strategies may cause the fund to miss out on investment opportunities, and may prevent the fund from achieving its goal. Additionally, while temporary defensive strategies are mainly designed to limit losses, such strategies may not work as intended.

• Changes in policies. The Trustees may change the fund’s goal, investment strategies and other policies set forth in this prospectus without shareholder approval, except as otherwise provided in the prospectus or SAI.

• Portfolio turnover rate. The fund’s portfolio turnover rate measures how frequently the fund buys and sells investments. A portfolio turnover rate of 100%, for example, would mean that the fund sold and replaced securities valued at 100% of the fund’s assets within a one-year period. The fund expects to engage in frequent trading. Funds with high turnover may be more likely to realize capital gains that must be distributed to shareholders as taxable income. High turnover may also cause a fund to pay more brokerage commissions and to incur other transaction costs (including imputed transaction costs), which may detract from performance. The fund’s portfolio turnover rate and the amount of brokerage commissions it pays and transaction costs it incurs will vary over time based on market conditions.

• Portfolio holdings. The SAI includes a description of the fund’s policies with respect to the disclosure of its portfolio holdings. For more specific information on the fund’s portfolio, you may visit the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, where the fund’s top 10 holdings and related portfolio information may be viewed monthly beginning approximately 15 days after the end of each month, and full portfolio holdings may be viewed monthly beginning on the 8th business day after the end of each month. This information will remain available on the website at least until the fund files a Form N-CSR or publicly available Form N-PORT with the SEC for the period that includes the date of the information, after which such information can be found on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

Prospectus          19

Who oversees and manages the fund?

The fund’s Trustees

As a shareholder of a mutual fund, you have certain rights and protections, including representation by a Board of Trustees. The Putnam Funds’ Board of Trustees oversees the general conduct of the fund’s business and represents the interests of the Putnam fund shareholders. At least 75% of the members of the Putnam Funds’ Board of Trustees are independent, which means they are not officers of the fund or affiliated with Putnam Investment Management, LLC (Putnam Management).

The Trustees periodically review the fund’s investment performance and the quality of other services such as administration, custody, and investor services. At least annually, the Trustees review the fees paid to Putnam Management and its affiliates for providing or overseeing these services, as well as the overall level of the fund’s operating expenses. In carrying out their responsibilities, the Trustees are assisted by an administrative staff, auditors and legal counsel that are selected by the Trustees and are independent of Putnam Management and its affiliates.

Contacting the fund’s Trustees
Address correspondence to:
The Putnam Funds Trustees
100 Federal Street
Boston, MA 02110

The fund’s investment manager

The Trustees have retained Putnam Management, which has managed mutual funds since 1937, to be the fund’s investment manager, responsible for making investment decisions for the fund and managing the fund’s other affairs and business.

The basis for the Trustees’ approval of the fund’s management contract and the sub-management and sub-advisory contracts described below is discussed in the fund’s annual report to shareholders dated October 31, 2020.

On April 30, 2018, Putnam Absolute Return 500 Fund, a mutual fund managed by Putnam Management (“AR 500”), was merged into the fund (the “Merger”), and in connection with the Merger, the fund entered into an amended fee schedule to its existing management contract (the “Amended Management Contract”).

Under the Amended Management Contract, the fund pays a monthly base management fee to Putnam Management, which is calculated by applying a rate to the fund’s average net assets for the month. The rate is based on the monthly average of the aggregate net assets of all open-end funds sponsored by Putnam Management (excluding net assets of funds that are invested in, or that are invested in by, other Putnam funds to the extent necessary to avoid “double counting” of those assets), and generally declines as the aggregate net assets increase.

20          Prospectus

The fund’s monthly base fee described above is increased or reduced by a performance adjustment. The amount of the performance adjustment is calculated monthly based on a performance adjustment rate that is equal to 0.04 multiplied by the difference between the fund’s annualized performance (measured by AR500’s class A shares for periods prior to April 30, 2018 and by the fund’s class A shares for periods thereafter) and the annualized performance of the ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 500 basis points, each measured over the performance period; provided that the performance adjustment rate for the fund may not exceed 0.20% or be less than –0.20%. The performance period is the thirty-six month period then ended. The performance adjustment rate is multiplied by the fund’s combined average net assets (calculated as the combined average net assets of AR500 and the fund for periods prior to April 30, 2018 and as the fund’s average net assets for periods thereafter) over the performance period, divided by twelve, and added to, or subtracted from, the base fee for that month.

The Amended Management Contract also provides for a reduction of the management fee for the fund in any circumstance where the fee payable by the fund under the Amended Management Contract is higher than the management fee would have been under the prior fee schedule to the management contract in effect for the fund prior to the Merger (the “Prior Management Contract”). Under those circumstances, Putnam Management has agreed to reduce its management fee to reflect the lower amount that would have been payable under the Prior Management Contract.

The fund paid Putnam Management a management fee (after any applicable waivers) of 0.36% of average net assets for the fund’s last fiscal year.

Putnam Management’s address is 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110.

Putnam Management has retained its affiliate PIL to make investment decisions for such fund assets as may be designated from time to time for its management by Putnam Management. PIL is not currently managing any fund assets. If PIL were to manage any fund assets, Putnam Management (and not the fund) would pay a quarterly sub-management fee to PIL for its services at the annual rate of 0.35% of the average net asset value (NAV) of any fund assets managed by PIL. PIL, which provides a full range of international investment advisory services to institutional clients, is located at 16 St James’s Street, London, England, SW1A 1ER.

Putnam Management and PIL have retained their affiliate PAC to make investment decisions for such fund assets as may be designated from time to time for its management by Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable. PAC is not currently managing any fund assets. If PAC were to manage any fund assets, Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable (and not the fund), would pay a quarterly sub-advisory fee to PAC for its services at the annual rate of 0.35% of the average NAV of any fund assets managed by PAC. PAC, which provides financial services to institutions and individuals through separately-managed accounts and pooled investment vehicles, has its headquarters at 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110, with additional investment management personnel located in Singapore.

Prospectus          21

Pursuant to these arrangements, Putnam investment professionals who are based in foreign jurisdictions may serve as portfolio managers of the fund or provide other investment services, consistent with local regulations.

• Portfolio managers. The officers of Putnam Management identified below are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the fund’s portfolio.

Portfolio managers	Joined fund	Employer	Positions over past five years
Robert Schoen	2008	Putnam Management 1997 – Present	Chief Investment Officer, Global Asset Allocation Previously, Co-Head of Global Asset Allocation
James Fetch	2008	Putnam Management 1994 – Present	Co-Head of Global Asset Allocation
Brett Goldstein	2019	Putnam Management 2010 – Present	Portfolio Manager Previously, Analyst
Jason Vaillancourt	2008	Putnam Management 1999 – Present	Co-Head of Global Asset Allocation

The SAI provides information about these individuals’ compensation, other accounts managed by these individuals and these individuals’ ownership of securities in the fund.

How does the fund price its shares?

The price of the fund’s shares is based on its NAV. The NAV per share of each class equals the total value of its assets, less its liabilities, divided by the number of its outstanding shares. Shares are only valued as of the scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE each day the exchange is open.

The fund values its investments for which market quotations are readily available at market value. It values all other investments and assets at their fair value, which may differ from recent market prices. For example, the fund may value a stock traded on a U.S. exchange at its fair value when the exchange closes early or trading in the stock is suspended. It may also value a stock at fair value if recent transactions in the stock have been very limited or if, in the case of a security traded on a market that closes before the NYSE closes, material information about the issuer becomes available after the close of the relevant market.

Market quotations are not considered to be readily available for many debt securities. These securities are generally valued at fair value on the basis of valuations provided by an independent pricing service approved by the fund’s Trustees or dealers selected by Putnam Management. Pricing services and dealers determine valuations for normal institutional-size trading units of such securities using information with respect to transactions in the bond being valued, market transactions for comparable securities and various relationships, generally recognized by institutional traders, between securities. To the extent a pricing service or dealer is unable to value a security or provides a valuation that Putnam Management does not believe

22          Prospectus

accurately reflects the security’s fair value, the security will be valued at fair value by Putnam Management.

The fund translates prices for its investments quoted in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates, which are generally determined as of 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time each day the NYSE is open. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar may affect the fund’s NAV. Because foreign markets may be open at different times than the NYSE, the value of the fund’s shares may change on days when shareholders are not able to buy or sell them. Many securities markets and exchanges outside the U.S. close before the close of the NYSE, and the closing prices for securities in those markets or exchanges may not reflect events that occur after the close but before the scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE. As a result, the fund has adopted fair value pricing procedures, which, among other things, require the fund to fair value foreign equity securities if there has been a movement in the U.S. market, after the close of the foreign securities market, that exceeds a specified threshold that may change from time to time. If events materially affecting the values of the fund’s foreign fixed-income investments occur between the close of foreign markets and the scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE, these investments will also be valued at their fair value. As noted above, the value determined for an investment using the fund’s fair value pricing procedures may differ from recent market prices for the investment.

The fund’s most recent NAV is available on Putnam Investments’ website at putnam.com/individual or by contacting Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581.

How do I buy fund shares?

Opening an account

You can open a fund account and purchase class A, B and C shares by contacting your financial representative or Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581 and obtaining a Putnam account application. Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment. The completed application, along with a check made payable to the fund, must then be returned to Putnam Investor Services at the following address:

Putnam Investments
P.O. Box 219697
Kansas City, MO 64121-9697

You can open a fund account with as little as $500. The minimum investment is waived if you make regular investments weekly, semi-monthly or monthly through automatic deductions from your bank checking or savings account. Although Putnam is currently waiving the minimum, it reserves the right to reject initial investments under the minimum at its discretion.

Prospectus          23

The fund sells its shares at the offering price, which is the NAV plus any applicable sales charge (class A shares only). Your financial representative or Putnam Investor Services generally must receive your completed buy order before the close of regular trading on the NYSE for your shares to be bought at that day’s offering price.

If you participate in an employer-sponsored retirement plan that offers the fund, please consult your employer for information on how to purchase shares of the fund through the plan, including any restrictions or limitations that may apply.

Class P shares are only available to other Putnam funds and other accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates. Shares of the fund are sold at the NAV per share determined after confirmation of a purchase order by Putnam Investor Services.

Federal law requires mutual funds to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies investors opening new accounts. Investors must provide their full name, residential or business address, Social Security or tax identification number, and date of birth. Entities, such as trusts, estates, corporations and partnerships must also provide additional identifying documentation. For trusts, the fund must obtain and verify identifying information for each trustee listed in the account registration. For certain legal entities, the fund must also obtain and verify identifying information regarding beneficial owners and/or control persons. The fund is unable to accept new accounts if any required information is not provided. If Putnam Investor Services cannot verify identifying information after opening your account, the fund reserves the right to close your account at the then-current NAV, which may be more or less than your original investment, net of any applicable sales charges. Putnam Investor Services may share identifying information with third parties for the purpose of verification subject to the terms of Putnam’s privacy policy.

Also, the fund may periodically close to new purchases of shares or refuse any order to buy shares if the fund determines that doing so would be in the best interests of the fund and its shareholders.

Purchasing additional shares

Once you have an existing account, you can make additional investments at any time in any amount in the following ways:

• Through a financial representative. Your representative will be responsible for furnishing all necessary documents to Putnam Investor Services and may charge you for his or her services.

• Through Putnam’s Systematic Investing Program. You can make regular investments weekly, semi-monthly or monthly through automatic deductions from your bank checking or savings account.

• Via the Internet or phone. If you have an existing Putnam fund account and you have completed and returned an Electronic Investment Authorization Form, you can buy additional shares online at putnam.com or by calling Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581.

24          Prospectus

• By mail. You may also request a book of investment stubs for your account. Complete an investment stub and write a check for the amount you wish to invest, payable to the fund. Return the check and investment stub to Putnam Investor Services.

• By wire transfer. You may buy fund shares by bank wire transfer of same-day funds. Please call Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581 for wiring instructions. Any commercial bank can transfer same-day funds by wire. The fund will normally accept wired funds for investment on the day received if they are received by the fund’s designated bank before the close of regular trading on the NYSE. Your bank may charge you for wiring same-day funds. Although the fund’s designated bank does not currently charge you for receiving same-day funds, it reserves the right to charge for this service. You cannot buy shares for employer-sponsored retirement plans by wire transfer.

Which class of shares is best for me?

This prospectus offers you three classes of fund shares: A, B and C. Employer-sponsored retirement plans may also choose class R or R6 shares, and certain investors described below may also choose class Y or R6 shares. Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment. Class P shares are only available to other Putnam funds and other accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates.

Each share class represents investments in the same portfolio of securities, but each class has its own sales charge and expense structure, as illustrated in the Fund summary — Fees and expenses section, allowing you and your financial representative to choose the class that best suits your investment needs. When you purchase shares of a fund, you must choose a share class. Deciding which share class best suits your situation depends on a number of factors that you should discuss with your financial representative, including:

• How long you expect to hold your investment. Class B shares charge a contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC) on redemptions that is phased out over the first six years; class C shares charge a CDSC on redemptions in the first year.

• How much you intend to invest. While investments of less than $50,000 can be made in any share class, class A offers sales charge discounts starting at $50,000.

• Total expenses associated with each share class. As shown in the section entitled Fund summary — Fees and expenses, each share class offers a different combination of up-front and ongoing expenses. Generally, the lower the up-front sales charge, the greater the ongoing expenses.

Here is a summary of the differences among the classes of shares

Class A shares

• Initial sales charge of up to 5.75%

• Lower sales charges available for investments of $50,000 or more

Prospectus          25

• No deferred sales charge (except that a deferred sales charge of 1.00% may be imposed on certain redemptions of shares bought without an initial sales charge)

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class B or C shares because of lower 12b-1 fees.

Class B shares

• Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment.

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• Deferred sales charge of up to 5.00% if shares are sold within six years of purchase

• Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A shares because of higher 12b-1 fees

• Convert automatically to class A shares after eight years, thereby reducing future 12b-1 fees.

Class C shares

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• Deferred sales charge of 1.00% if shares are sold within one year of purchase

• Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A shares because of higher 12b-1 fees

• Effective March 1, 2021, convert automatically to class A shares after eight years, thereby reducing future 12b-1 fees, provided that Putnam Investor Services or the financial intermediary through which a shareholder purchased class C shares has records verifying that the class C shares have been held for at least eight years, and that class A shares are available for purchase by residents in the shareholder’s jurisdiction. In certain cases, records verifying that the class C shares have been held for at least eight years may not be available (for example, participant level share lot aging may not be tracked by group retirement plan recordkeeping platforms through which class C shares of the fund are held in an omnibus account). If such records are unavailable, Putnam Investor Services or the relevant financial intermediary may not effect the conversion or may effect the conversion on a different schedule determined by Putnam Investor Services or the financial intermediary, which may be shorter or longer than eight years. Investors should consult their financial representative for more information about their eligibility for class C share conversion. Prior to March 1, 2021, class C shares converted to class A shares after ten years.

• Orders for class C shares of one or more Putnam funds, other than class C shares sold to employer-sponsored retirement plans, will be refused when the total value of the purchase, plus existing account balances that are eligible to be linked under a right of accumulation for purchases of class A shares (as described below), is $500,000 or more. Investors considering cumulative purchases of $500,000 or more should consider whether class A shares would be more advantageous and consult their financial representative.

26          Prospectus

• May be exchanged automatically for class A shares if the shareholder is investing through an account or platform with a financial intermediary, to the extent described in the Appendix, provided that class A shares are available for purchase by residents in the shareholder’s jurisdiction.

Class P shares

Class P shares are only available to other Putnam funds and other accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates.

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• No deferred sales charge

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class A, B, C or R shares because of no 12b-1 fees and lower investor servicing fees.

Class R shares (available only to employer-sponsored retirement plans)

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• No deferred sales charge

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class B or C shares because of lower 12b-1 fees

• Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A shares because of higher 12b-1 fees

• No conversion to class A shares, so no reduction in future 12b-1 fees.

Class R6 shares (available only to investors listed below)

• The following investors may purchase class R6 shares:

—   employer-sponsored retirement plans that are clients of third-party administrators (including affiliates of Putnam) that have entered into agreements with Putnam;

—   investors purchasing shares through an asset-based fee program that is sponsored by a registered broker-dealer or other financial institution;

—   investors purchasing shares through a commission-based platform of a registered broker-dealer or other financial institution that charges you additional fees or commissions, other than those described in the prospectus and statement of additional information, and that has entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management to offer class R6 shares through such a program;

—   corporations, endowments, foundations and other institutional investors that have been approved by Putnam; and

—   unaffiliated investment companies (whether registered or private) that have been approved by Putnam.

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• No deferred sales charge

Prospectus          27

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class A, B, C or R shares because of no 12b-1 fees and lower investor servicing fees

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class Y shares because of lower investor servicing fees.

Class Y shares (available only to investors listed below)

• The following investors may purchase class Y shares if approved by Putnam:

—   employer-sponsored retirement plans that are clients of third-party administrators (including affiliates of Putnam) that have entered into agreements with Putnam;

—   bank trust departments and trust companies that have entered into agreements with Putnam and offer institutional share class pricing to their clients;

—   corporate individual retirement accounts (IRAs) administered by Putnam, if another retirement plan of the sponsor is eligible to purchase class Y shares;

—   college savings plans that qualify for tax-exempt treatment under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code;

—   other Putnam funds and Putnam investment products;

—   investors purchasing shares through an asset-based fee program that is sponsored by a registered broker-dealer or other financial institution;

—   investors purchasing shares through a commission-based platform of a registered broker-dealer or other financial institution that charges you additional fees or commissions, other than those described in the prospectus and SAI, and that has entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership (PRM) to offer class Y shares through such a program;

—   clients of a financial representative who are charged a fee for consulting or similar services;

—   corporations, endowments, foundations, and other institutional investors that have been approved by Putnam;

—   unaffiliated investment companies (whether registered or private) that have been approved by Putnam;

—   current and retired Putnam employees and their immediate family members (including an employee’s spouse, domestic partner, fiancé(e), or other family members who are living in the same household) as well as, in each case, Putnam-offered health savings accounts, IRAs, and other similar tax-advantaged plans solely owned by the foregoing individuals; current and retired directors of Putnam Investments, LLC; current and retired Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Company employees; and current and retired Trustees of the fund. Upon the departure of any member of this group of individuals from Putnam, Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Company, or the fund’s Board of Trustees, the member’s class Y shares convert automatically to class A shares, unless the member’s departure is a retirement, as determined by Putnam in its discretion for employees and directors

28          Prospectus

of Putnam and employees of Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Company and by the Board of Trustees in its discretion for Trustees; provided that conversion will not take place with respect to class Y shares held by former Putnam employees and their immediate family members in health savings accounts where it is not operationally practicable due to platform or other limitations; and

—   personal and family member IRAs of registered representatives and other employees of broker-dealers and other financial institutions having a sales agreement with Putnam Retail Management, if (1) the registered representative or other employee is the broker of record or financial representative for the account, (2) the broker-dealer or other financial institution’s policies prohibit the use of class A shares or other classes of fund shares that pay 12b-1 fees in such accounts to avoid potential prohibited transactions under Internal Revenue Service rules due to the account owners’ status as “disqualified persons” under those rules, and (3) the broker-dealer or other financial institution has an agreement with Putnam Retail Management related to the use of class Y shares in these accounts.

Trust companies or bank trust departments that purchased class Y shares for trust accounts may transfer them to the beneficiaries of the trust accounts, who may continue to hold them or exchange them for class Y shares of other Putnam funds. Defined contribution plans (including corporate IRAs) that purchased class Y shares under prior eligibility criteria may continue to purchase class Y shares.

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• No deferred sales charge

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class A, B, C or R shares because of no 12b-1 fees

• Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class R6 shares because of higher investor servicing fees.

Initial sales charges for class A shares

	Class A sales charge as a percentage of*:
Amount of purchase at offering price ($)	Net amount invested	Offering price**
Under 50,000	6.10%	5.75%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.71	4.50
100,000 but under 250,000	3.63	3.50
250,000 but under 500,000	2.56	2.50
500,000 and above	NONE	NONE

*   Because of rounding in the calculation of offering price and the number of shares purchased, actual sales charges you pay may be more or less than these percentages.

**   Offering price includes sales charge.

Reducing your class A sales charge

The fund offers two principal ways for you to qualify for discounts on initial sales charges on class A shares, often referred to as “breakpoint discounts”:

Prospectus          29

• Right of accumulation. You can add the amount of your current purchases of class A shares of the fund and other Putnam funds to the value of your existing accounts in the fund and other Putnam funds. Individuals can also include purchases by, and accounts owned by, their spouse and minor children, including accounts established through different financial representatives. For your current purchases, you will pay the initial sales charge applicable to the total value of the linked accounts and purchases, which may be lower than the sales charge otherwise applicable to each of your current purchases. Shares of Putnam money market funds, other than money market fund shares acquired by exchange from other Putnam funds, are not included for purposes of the right of accumulation.

To calculate the total value of your existing accounts and any linked accounts, the fund will use the higher of (a) the current maximum public offering price of those shares or (b) if you purchased the shares after December 31, 2007, the initial value of the total purchases, or, if you held the shares on December 31, 2007, the market value at maximum public offering price on that date, in either case, less the market value on the applicable redemption date of any of those shares that you have redeemed.

• Statement of intention. A statement of intention is a document in which you agree to make purchases of class A shares in a specified amount within a period of 13 months. For each purchase you make under the statement of intention, you will pay the initial sales charge applicable to the total amount you have agreed to purchase. While a statement of intention is not a binding obligation on you, if you do not purchase the full amount of shares within 13 months, the fund will redeem shares from your account in an amount equal to the difference between the higher initial sales charge you would have paid in the absence of the statement of intention and the initial sales charge you actually paid.

Account types that may be linked with each other to obtain breakpoint discounts using the methods described above include:

• Individual accounts

• Joint accounts

• Accounts established as part of a retirement plan and IRA accounts (some restrictions may apply)

• Shares of Putnam funds owned through accounts in the name of your dealer or other financial intermediary (with documentation identifying beneficial ownership of shares)

• Accounts held as part of a Section 529 college savings plan managed by Putnam Management (some restrictions may apply)

In order to obtain a breakpoint discount, you should inform your financial representative at the time you purchase shares of the existence of other accounts or purchases that are eligible to be linked for the purpose of calculating the initial sales charge. The fund or your financial representative may ask you for records or other information about other shares held in your accounts and linked accounts, including accounts opened with a different financial representative. Restrictions may apply to

30          Prospectus

certain accounts and transactions. Further details about breakpoint discounts can be found on Putnam Investments’ website at putnam.com/individual by selecting Mutual Funds, then Pricing and performance, and then About fund costs, and in the SAI.

• Additional reductions and waivers of sales charges. In addition to the breakpoint discount methods described above for class A shares, the fund may sell the classes of shares specified below without a sales charge or CDSC under the circumstances described below. The sales charge and CDSC waiver categories described below do not apply to customers purchasing shares of the fund through any of the financial intermediaries specified in the Appendix to this prospectus (each, a “Specified Intermediary”).

Different financial intermediaries may impose different sales charges. Please refer to the Appendix for the sales charge or CDSC waivers that are applicable to each Specified Intermediary.

Class A shares

The following categories of investors are eligible to purchase class A shares without payment of a sales charge:

(i)   current and former Trustees of the fund, their family members, business and personal associates; current and former employees of Putnam Management and certain current and former corporate affiliates, their family members, business and personal associates; employer-sponsored retirement plans for the foregoing; and partnerships, trusts or other entities in which any of the foregoing has a substantial interest;

(ii)   clients of administrators or other service providers of employer-sponsored retirement plans (for purposes of this waiver, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, SIMPLE IRAs or SARSEPs) (not applicable to tax-exempt funds);

(iii)   registered representatives and other employees of broker-dealers having sales agreements with Putnam Retail Management; employees of financial institutions having sales agreements with Putnam Retail Management or otherwise having an arrangement with any such broker-dealer or financial institution with respect to sales of fund shares; and their immediate family members (spouses and children under age 21, including step-children and adopted children);

(iv)   a trust department of any financial institution purchasing shares of the fund in its capacity as trustee of any trust (other than a tax-qualified retirement plan trust), through an arrangement approved by Putnam Retail Management, if the value of the shares of the fund and other Putnam funds purchased or held by all such trusts exceeds $1 million in the aggregate;

(v)   clients of (i) broker-dealers, financial institutions, financial intermediaries or registered investment advisors that charge a fee for advisory or investment services or (ii) broker-dealers, financial institutions, or financial intermediaries that have entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail

Prospectus          31

Management to offer shares through a retail self-directed brokerage account with or without the imposition of a transaction fee;

(vi)   college savings plans that qualify for tax-exempt treatment under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”); and

(vii)   shareholders reinvesting the proceeds from a Putnam Corporate IRA Plan distribution into a nonretirement plan account.

Administrators and other service providers of employer-sponsored retirement plans are required to enter into contractual arrangements with Putnam Investor Services in order to offer and hold fund shares. Administrators and other service providers of employer-sponsored retirement plans seeking to place trades on behalf of their plan clients should consult Putnam Investor Services as to the applicable requirements.

Class B and class C shares

A CDSC is waived in the event of a redemption under the following circumstances:

(i)   a withdrawal from a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (“SWP”) of up to 12% of the net asset value of the account (calculated as set forth in the SAI);

(ii)   a redemption of shares that are no longer subject to the CDSC holding period therefor;

(iii)   a redemption of shares that were issued upon the reinvestment of distributions by the fund;

(iv)   a redemption of shares that were exchanged for shares of another Putnam fund, provided that the shares acquired in such exchange or subsequent exchanges (including shares of a Putnam money market fund or Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund) will continue to remain subject to the CDSC, if applicable, until the applicable holding period expires; and

(v)   in the case of individual, joint or Uniform Transfers to Minors Act accounts, in the event of death or post-purchase disability of a shareholder, for the purpose of paying benefits pursuant to tax-qualified retirement plans (“Benefit Payments”), or, in the case of living trust accounts, in the event of the death or post-purchase disability of the settlor of the trust.

Additional information about reductions and waivers of sales charges, including deferred sales charges, is included in the SAI. You may consult your financial representative or Putnam Retail Management for assistance.

How do I sell or exchange fund shares?

You can sell your shares back to the fund or exchange them for shares of another Putnam fund any day the NYSE is open, either through your financial representative or directly to the fund.

If you redeem your shares shortly after purchasing them, your redemption payment for the shares may be delayed until the fund collects the purchase price of the shares, which may be up to 7 calendar days after the purchase date.

32          Prospectus

Regarding exchanges, not all Putnam funds offer all classes of shares or may be open to new investors. If you exchange shares otherwise subject to a deferred sales charge, the transaction will not be subject to the deferred sales charge. When you redeem the shares acquired through the exchange, however, the redemption may be subject to the deferred sales charge, depending upon when and from which fund you originally purchased the shares. The deferred sales charge will be computed using the schedule of any fund into or from which you have exchanged your shares that would result in your paying the highest deferred sales charge applicable to your class of shares. For purposes of computing the deferred sales charge, the length of time you have owned your shares will be measured from the date of original purchase, unless you originally purchased the shares from another Putnam fund that does not directly charge a deferred sales charge, in which case the length of time you have owned your shares will be measured from the date you exchange those shares for shares of another Putnam fund that does charge a deferred sales charge, and will not be affected by any subsequent exchanges among funds.

• Selling or exchanging shares through your financial representative. Your representative must receive your request in proper form before the close of regular trading on the NYSE for you to receive that day’s NAV, less any applicable deferred sales charge. Your representative will be responsible for furnishing all necessary documents to Putnam Investor Services on a timely basis and may charge you for his or her services.

• Selling or exchanging shares directly with the fund. Putnam Investor Services must receive your request in proper form before the close of regular trading on the NYSE in order to receive that day’s NAV, less any applicable deferred sales charge.

• By mail. Send a letter of instruction signed by all registered owners or their legal representatives to Putnam Investor Services. If you have certificates for the shares you want to sell or exchange, you must return them unendorsed with your letter of instruction.

• By telephone. You may use Putnam’s telephone redemption privilege to redeem shares valued at less than $100,000 unless you have notified Putnam Investor Services of an address change within the preceding 15 days, in which case other requirements may apply. Unless you indicate otherwise on the account application, Putnam Investor Services will be authorized to accept redemption instructions received by telephone. A telephone exchange privilege is currently available. Sale or exchange of shares by telephone is not permitted if there are certificates for your shares. The telephone redemption and exchange privileges may be modified or terminated without notice.

• Via the Internet. You may also exchange shares via the Internet at putnam.com/individual.

• Shares held through your employer’s retirement plan. For information on how to sell or exchange shares of the fund that were purchased through your employer’s retirement plan, including any restrictions and charges that the plan may impose, please consult your employer.

Prospectus          33

• Additional requirements. In certain situations, for example, if you sell shares with a value of $100,000 or more, the signatures of all registered owners or their legal representatives must be guaranteed by a bank, broker-dealer or certain other financial institutions. In addition, Putnam Investor Services usually requires additional documents for the sale of shares by a corporation, partnership, agent or fiduciary, or surviving joint owner. For more information concerning Putnam’s signature guarantee and documentation requirements, contact Putnam Investor Services.

The fund also reserves the right to revise or terminate the exchange privilege, limit the amount or number of exchanges or reject any exchange. The fund into which you would like to exchange may also reject your exchange. These actions may apply to all shareholders or only to those shareholders whose exchanges Putnam Management determines are likely to have a negative effect on the fund or other Putnam funds. Consult Putnam Investor Services before requesting an exchange. Ask your financial representative or Putnam Investor Services for prospectuses of other Putnam funds. Some Putnam funds are not available in all states.

Deferred sales charges for class B, class C and certain class A shares

If you sell (redeem) class B shares within six years of purchase, you will generally pay a deferred sales charge according to the following schedule:

Year after purchase	1	2	3	4	5	6	7+
Charge	5%	4%	3%	3%	2%	1%	0%

A deferred sales charge of 1.00% will apply to class C shares if redeemed within one year of purchase. Class A shares that are part of a purchase of $500,000 or more (other than by an employer-sponsored retirement plan) will be subject to a 1.00% deferred sales charge if redeemed within 12 months of purchase.

Deferred sales charges will be based on the lower of the shares’ cost and current NAV. Shares not subject to any charge will be redeemed first, followed by shares held longest. You may sell shares acquired by reinvestment of distributions without a charge at any time.

• Payment information. The fund typically expects to send you payment for your shares the business day after your request is received in good order, although if you hold your shares through certain financial intermediaries or financial intermediary programs, the fund typically expects to send payment for your shares within three business days after your request is received in good order. However, it is possible that payment of redemption proceeds may take up to seven days. Under unusual circumstances, the fund may suspend redemptions, or postpone payment for more than seven days, as permitted by federal securities law. Under normal market conditions, the fund typically expects to satisfy redemption requests by using holdings of cash and cash equivalents or selling portfolio assets to generate cash. Under stressed market conditions, the fund may also satisfy redemption requests by borrowing under the fund’s lines of credit or interfund lending arrangements.

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For additional information regarding the fund’s lines of credit and interfund lending arrangements, please see the Statement of Additional Information.

To the extent consistent with applicable laws and regulations, the fund reserves the right to satisfy all or a portion of a redemption request by distributing securities or other property in lieu of cash (“in-kind” redemptions), under both normal and stressed market conditions. The fund generally expects to use in-kind redemptions only in stressed market conditions or stressed conditions specific to the fund, such as redemption requests that represent a large percentage of the fund’s net assets in order to minimize the effect of the large redemption on the fund and its remaining shareholders. The fund will not use in-kind redemptions for retail investors who hold shares of the fund through a financial intermediary. Any in-kind redemption will be effected through a pro rata distribution of all publicly traded portfolio securities or securities for which quoted bid prices are available, subject to certain exceptions. The securities distributed in an in-kind redemption will be valued in the same manner as they are valued for purposes of computing the fund’s net asset value. Once distributed in-kind to an investor, securities may increase or decrease in value before the investor is able to convert them into cash. Any transaction costs or other expenses involved in liquidating securities received in an in-kind redemption will be borne by the redeeming investor. The fund has committed, in connection with an election under Rule 18f-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, to pay all redemptions of fund shares by a single shareholder during any 90-day period in cash, up to the lesser of (i) $250,000 or (ii) 1% of the fund’s net assets measured as of the beginning of such 90-day period. For information regarding procedures for in-kind redemptions, please contact Putnam Retail Management. You will not receive interest on uncashed redemption checks.

• Redemption by the fund. If you own fewer shares than the minimum set by the Trustees (presently 20 shares), the fund may redeem your shares without your permission and send you the proceeds after providing you with at least 60 days’ notice to attain the minimum. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the fund may also redeem shares if you own more than a maximum amount set by the Trustees. There is presently no maximum, but the Trustees could set a maximum that would apply to both present and future shareholders.

Policy on excessive short-term trading

• Risks of excessive short-term trading. Excessive short-term trading activity may reduce the fund’s performance and harm all fund shareholders by interfering with portfolio management, increasing the fund’s expenses and diluting the fund’s NAV. Depending on the size and frequency of short-term trades in the fund’s shares, the fund may experience increased cash volatility, which could require the fund to maintain undesirably large cash positions or buy or sell portfolio securities it would not have bought or sold otherwise. The need to execute additional portfolio transactions due to these cash flows may also increase the fund’s brokerage and administrative costs and, for investors in taxable accounts, may increase taxable distributions received from the fund.

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Because the fund invests in foreign securities, its performance may be adversely impacted and the interests of longer-term shareholders may be diluted as a result of time-zone arbitrage, a short-term trading practice that seeks to exploit changes in the value of the fund’s investments that result from events occurring after the close of the foreign markets on which the investments trade, but prior to the later close of trading on the NYSE, the time as of which the fund determines its NAV. If an arbitrageur is successful, he or she may dilute the interests of other shareholders by trading shares at prices that do not fully reflect their fair value.

Because the fund invests in securities that may trade infrequently or may be more difficult to value, such as lower-rated bonds and securities of smaller companies, it may be susceptible to trading by short-term traders who seek to exploit perceived price inefficiencies in the fund’s investments. In addition, the market for these securities may at times show “market momentum,” in which positive or negative performance may continue from one day to the next for reasons unrelated to the fundamentals of the issuer. Short-term traders may seek to capture this momentum by trading frequently in the fund’s shares, which will reduce the fund’s performance and may dilute the interests of other shareholders. Because lower-rated debt and securities of smaller companies may be less liquid than higher-rated debt or securities of larger companies, respectively, the fund may also be unable to buy or sell these securities at desirable prices when the need arises (for example, in response to volatile cash flows caused by short-term trading). Similar risks may apply if the fund holds other types of less liquid securities.

• Fund policies. In order to protect the interests of long-term shareholders of the fund, Putnam Management and the fund’s Trustees have adopted policies and procedures intended to discourage excessive short-term trading. The fund seeks to discourage excessive short-term trading by using fair value pricing procedures to value investments under some circumstances. In addition, Putnam Management monitors activity in those shareholder accounts about which it possesses the necessary information in order to detect excessive short-term trading patterns and takes steps to deter excessive short-term traders.

• Account monitoring. Putnam Management’s Compliance Department currently uses multiple reporting tools to detect short-term trading activity occurring in accounts for investors held directly with the Putnam funds as well as within accounts held through certain financial intermediaries. Putnam Management measures excessive short-term trading in the fund by the number of “round trip” transactions above a specified dollar amount within a specified period of time. A “round trip” transaction is defined as a purchase or exchange into a fund followed, or preceded, by a redemption or exchange out of the same fund. Generally, if an investor has been identified as having completed two “round trip” transactions with values above a specified amount within a rolling 90-day period, Putnam Management will issue the investor and/or his or her financial intermediary, if any, a written warning. Putnam Management’s practices for measuring excessive short-term trading activity and issuing warnings may change from time to time. Certain types of transactions are exempt from monitoring,

36          Prospectus

such as those in connection with systematic investment or withdrawal plans and reinvestment of dividend and capital gain distributions.

• Account restrictions. In addition to these monitoring practices, Putnam Management and the fund reserve the right to reject or restrict purchases or exchanges for any reason. Continued excessive short-term trading activity by an investor or intermediary following a warning may lead to the termination of the exchange privilege for that investor or intermediary. Putnam Management or the fund may determine that an investor’s trading activity is excessive or otherwise potentially harmful based on various factors, including an investor’s or financial intermediary’s trading history in the fund, other Putnam funds or other investment products, and may aggregate activity in multiple accounts in the fund or other Putnam funds under common ownership or control for purposes of determining whether the activity is excessive. If the fund identifies an investor or intermediary as a potential excessive trader, it may, among other things, require future trades to be submitted by mail rather than by phone or over the Internet, impose limitations on the amount, number, or frequency of future purchases or exchanges, or temporarily or permanently bar the investor or intermediary from investing in the fund or other Putnam funds. The fund may take these steps in its discretion even if the investor’s activity does not fall within the fund’s current monitoring parameters.

• Limitations on the fund’s policies. There is no guarantee that the fund will be able to detect excessive short-term trading in all accounts. For example, Putnam Management currently does not have access to sufficient information to identify each investor’s trading history, and in certain circumstances there are operational or technological constraints on its ability to enforce the fund’s policies. In addition, even when Putnam Management has sufficient information, its detection methods may not capture all excessive short-term trading.

In particular, many purchase, redemption and exchange orders are received from financial intermediaries that hold omnibus accounts with the fund. Omnibus accounts, in which shares are held in the name of an intermediary on behalf of multiple beneficial owners, are a common form of holding shares among retirement plans and financial intermediaries such as brokers, advisers and third-party administrators. The fund is generally not able to identify trading by a particular beneficial owner within an omnibus account, which makes it difficult or impossible to determine if a particular shareholder is engaging in excessive short-term trading. Putnam Management monitors aggregate cash flows in omnibus accounts on an ongoing basis. If high cash flows or other information indicate that excessive short-term trading may be taking place, Putnam Management will contact the financial intermediary, plan sponsor or recordkeeper that maintains accounts for the beneficial owner and attempt to identify and remedy any excessive trading. However, the fund’s ability to monitor and deter excessive short-term traders in omnibus accounts ultimately depends on the capabilities and cooperation of these third-party financial firms. A financial intermediary or plan sponsor may impose different or additional limits on short-term trading.

Prospectus          37

Distribution plans and payments to dealers

Putnam funds are distributed primarily through dealers (including any broker, dealer, bank, bank trust department, registered investment advisor, financial planner, retirement plan administrator, and any other institution having a selling, services, or any similar agreement with Putnam Retail Management or one of its affiliates). In order to pay for the marketing of fund shares and services provided to shareholders, the fund has adopted distribution and service (12b-1) plans, which increase the annual operating expenses you pay each year in certain share classes, as shown in the table of annual fund operating expenses in the section Fund summary — Fees and expenses. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates also make additional payments to dealers that do not increase your fund expenses, as described below.

• Distribution and service (12b-1) plans. The fund’s 12b-1 plans provide for payments at annual rates (based on average net assets) of up to 0.35% on class A shares and 1.00% on class B, class C and class R shares. The Trustees currently limit payments on class A and class R shares to 0.25% and 0.50% of average net assets, respectively. Because these fees are paid out of the fund’s assets on an ongoing basis, they will increase the cost of your investment. The higher fees for class B, class C and class R shares may cost you more over time than paying the initial sales charge for class A shares. Because class R shares, unlike class B and class C shares, do not convert to class A shares, class R shares may cost you more over time than class B and class C shares. Class P, class R6 and class Y shares, for shareholders who are eligible to purchase them, will be less expensive than other classes of shares because they do not bear sales charges or 12b-1 fees.

• Payments to dealers. If you purchase your shares through a dealer, your dealer generally receives payments from Putnam Retail Management representing some or all of the sales charges and distribution and service (12b-1) fees, if any, shown in the tables under Fund summary — Fees and expenses at the front of this prospectus.

Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates also pay additional compensation to selected dealers in recognition of their marketing support and/or program servicing (each of which is described in more detail below). These payments may create an incentive for a dealer firm or its representatives to recommend or offer shares of the fund or other Putnam funds to its customers. These additional payments are made by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates and do not increase the amount paid by you or the fund as shown under Fund summary — Fees and expenses.

The additional payments to dealers by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates are generally based on one or more of the following factors: average net assets of a fund attributable to that dealer, sales or net sales of a fund attributable to that dealer, or reimbursement of ticket charges (fees that a dealer firm charges its representatives for effecting transactions in fund shares), or on the basis of a negotiated lump sum payment for services provided.

38          Prospectus

Marketing support payments are generally available to most dealers engaging in significant sales of Putnam fund shares. These payments are individually negotiated with each dealer firm, taking into account the marketing support services provided by the dealer, including business planning assistance, educating dealer personnel about the Putnam funds and shareholder financial planning needs, placement on the dealer’s preferred or recommended fund company list, access to sales meetings, sales representatives and management representatives of the dealer, market data, as well as the size of the dealer’s relationship with Putnam Retail Management. Although the total amount of marketing support payments made to dealers in any year may vary, on average, the aggregate payments are not expected, on an annual basis, to exceed 0.085% of the average net assets of Putnam’s retail mutual funds attributable to the dealers.

Program servicing payments, which are paid in some instances to dealers in connection with investments in the fund through dealer platforms and other investment programs, are not expected, with certain limited exceptions, to exceed 0.20% of the total assets in the program on an annual basis. These payments are made for program or platform services provided by the dealer, including shareholder recordkeeping, reporting, or transaction processing, as well as services rendered in connection with dealer platform development and maintenance, fund/investment selection and monitoring, or other similar services.

You can find a list of all dealers to which Putnam made marketing support and/or program servicing payments in 2020 in the SAI, which is on file with the SEC and is also available on Putnam’s website at putnam.com. You can also find other details in the SAI about the payments made by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates and the services provided by your dealer. Your dealer may charge you fees or commissions in addition to those disclosed in this prospectus. You can also ask your dealer about any payments it receives from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates and any services your dealer provides, as well as about fees and/or commissions it charges.

• Other payments. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates may make other payments (including payments in connection with educational seminars or conferences) or allow other promotional incentives to dealers to the extent permitted by SEC and NASD (as adopted by FINRA) rules and by other applicable laws and regulations. The fund’s transfer agent may also make payments to certain financial intermediaries in recognition of subaccounting or other services they provide to shareholders or plan participants who invest in the fund or other Putnam funds through their retirement plan. See the discussion in the SAI under Management — Investor Servicing Agent for more details.

Prospectus          39

Fund distributions and taxes

The fund normally distributes any net investment income and any net realized capital gains annually. You may choose to reinvest distributions from net investment income, capital gains or both in additional shares of your fund or other Putnam funds, or you may receive them in cash in the form of a check or an electronic deposit to your bank account. If you do not select an option when you open your account, all distributions will be reinvested. If you choose to receive distributions in cash, but correspondence from the fund or Putnam Investor Services is returned as “undeliverable,” the distribution option on your account may be converted to reinvest future distributions in the fund. You will not receive interest on uncashed distribution checks.

For shares purchased through your employer’s retirement plan, the terms of the plan will govern how the plan may receive distributions from the fund.

For federal income tax purposes, distributions of net investment income are generally taxable to you as ordinary income. Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the fund owned (or is deemed to have owned) the investments that generated them, rather than by how long you have owned (or are deemed to have owned) your shares. Distributions that the fund properly reports to you as gains from investments that the fund owned for more than one year are generally taxable to you as long-term capital gains includible in net capital gain and taxed to individuals at reduced rates. Distributions of gains from investments that the fund owned for one year or less and gains on the sale of or payment on bonds characterized as market discount are generally taxable to you as ordinary income. Distributions that the fund properly reports to you as “qualified dividend income” are taxable at the reduced rates applicable to your net capital gain provided that both you and the fund meet certain holding period and other requirements. Distributions are taxable in the manner described in this paragraph whether you receive them in cash or reinvest them in additional shares of this fund or other Putnam funds.

Distributions by the fund to retirement plans that qualify for tax-advantaged treatment under federal income tax laws will not be taxable. Special tax rules apply to investments through such plans. You should consult your tax advisor to determine the suitability of the fund as an investment through such a plan and the tax treatment of distributions (including distributions of amounts attributable to an investment in the fund) from such a plan.

Unless you are investing through a tax-advantaged retirement account (such as an IRA), you should consider avoiding a purchase of fund shares shortly before the fund makes a distribution because doing so may cost you money in taxes. Distributions are taxable to you even if they are paid from income or gains earned by the fund before your investment (and thus were included in the price you paid). Contact your financial representative or Putnam to find out the distribution schedule for your fund.

40          Prospectus

The fund’s investments in certain debt obligations may cause the fund to recognize taxable income in excess of the cash generated by such obligations. Thus, the fund could be required at times to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements.

The fund’s investments in foreign securities, if any, may be subject to foreign withholding or other taxes. In that case, the fund’s return on those investments would be decreased. Shareholders generally will not be entitled to claim a credit or deduction with respect to these foreign taxes. In addition, the fund’s investments in foreign securities or foreign currencies may increase or accelerate the fund’s recognition of ordinary income and may affect the timing or amount of the fund’s distributions.

The fund’s investments in derivative financial instruments, including investments by which the fund seeks exposure to assets other than securities, are subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. Moreover, the fund’s intention to qualify as a “regulated investment company” and receive favorable treatment under the federal income tax rules may limit its ability to invest in such instruments. The applicable tax rules could affect whether gains and losses recognized by the fund are treated as ordinary or capital, accelerate the recognition of income or gains to the fund, defer or possibly prevent the recognition or use of certain losses by the fund and cause adjustments in the holding periods of the fund’s securities, thereby affecting, among other things, whether capital gains and losses are treated as short-term or long-term. The rules could, in turn, affect the amount, timing and character of the income distributed to shareholders by the fund and, therefore, may increase the amount of taxes payable by shareholders. In addition, because the application of these rules may be uncertain under current law, an adverse determination or future Internal Revenue Service guidance with respect to these rules (which determination or future guidance may be retroactive) may affect whether the fund has made sufficient distributions and otherwise satisfied the relevant requirements to maintain its qualification as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax.

Any gain resulting from the sale or exchange of your shares generally also will be subject to tax.

The above is a general summary of the tax implications of investing in the fund. Please refer to the SAI for further details. You should consult your tax advisor for more information on your own tax situation, including possible foreign, state and local taxes.

Prospectus          41

Information about the Summary Prospectus, Prospectus, and SAI

The summary prospectus, prospectus, and SAI for a fund provide information concerning the fund. The summary prospectus, prospectus, and SAI are updated at least annually and any information provided in a summary prospectus, prospectus, or SAI can be changed without a shareholder vote unless specifically stated otherwise. The summary prospectus, prospectus, and the SAI are not contracts between the fund and its shareholders and do not give rise to any contractual rights or obligations or any shareholder rights other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.

Financial highlights

The financial highlights tables are intended to help you understand the fund’s recent financial performance. Certain information reflects financial results for a single fund share. Effective November 25, 2019, all class M shares of the fund were converted to class A shares of the fund. The total returns represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost on an investment in the fund, assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions. The financial highlights have been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. The Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s report and the fund’s financial statements are included in the fund’s annual report to shareholders, which is available upon request.

42          Prospectus

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Prospectus          43

Financial highlights (For a common share outstanding throughout the period)

	INVESTMENT OPERATIONS				LESS DISTRIBUTIONS							RATIOS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
Period ended	Net asset value, beginning of period	Net investment income (loss) a	Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments	Total from investment operations	From net investment income	From net realized gain on investments	From return of capital	Total distributions	Non-recurring reimbursements	Net asset value, end of period	Total return at net asset value (%) b	Net assets, end of period (in thousands)	Ratio of expenses to average net assets (%) c	Ratio of net investment income (loss) to average net assets (%)	Portfolio turnover (%) e
Class A
October 31, 2020	$11.47	.17	(1.35)	(1.18)	—	—	—	—	—	$10.29	(10.29)	$226,129	.86 d	1.56 d	416
October 31, 2019	11.39	.27	.18	.45	(.37)	—	— h	(.37)	—	11.47	4.24	285,722	.89 d	2.36 d	638
October 31, 2018	12.34	.23	(.88)	(.65)	(.24)	(.06)	—	(.30)	— f	11.39	(5.43)	357,330	1.02 d,g	1.96 d	479
October 31, 2017	11.28	.24	.82	1.06	—	—	—	—	—	12.34	9.40	262,943	1.16	2.01	559
October 31, 2016	12.45	.25	(.50)	(.25)	(.78)	(.12)	(.02)	(.92)	—	11.28	(1.81)	316,497	1.19 d	2.21 d	578
Class B
October 31, 2020	$11.12	.09	(1.31)	(1.22)	—	—	—	—	—	$9.90	(10.97)	$9,037	1.61 d	.85 d	416
October 31, 2019	11.04	.18	.18	.36	(.28)	—	— h	(.28)	—	11.12	3.48	16,092	1.64 d	1.62 d	638
October 31, 2018	11.95	.14	(.86)	(.72)	(.13)	(.06)	—	(.19)	— f	11.04	(6.11)	26,759	1.77 d,g	1.20 d	479
October 31, 2017	11.01	.15	.79	.94	—	—	—	—	—	11.95	8.54	23,289	1.91	1.30	559
October 31, 2016	12.16	.16	(.47)	(.31)	(.70)	(.12)	(.02)	(.84)	—	11.01	(2.50)	28,632	1.94 d	1.45 d	578
Class C
October 31, 2020	$11.08	.09	(1.31)	(1.22)	—	—	—	—	—	$9.86	(11.01)	$73,200	1.61 d	.86 d	416
October 31, 2019	11.01	.18	.18	.36	(.29)	—	— h	(.29)	—	11.08	3.47	139,156	1.64 d	1.62 d	638
October 31, 2018	11.93	.14	(.86)	(.72)	(.14)	(.06)	—	(.20)	— f	11.01	(6.13)	201,582	1.77 d,g	1.22 d	479
October 31, 2017	10.99	.15	.79	.94	—	—	—	—	—	11.93	8.55	151,075	1.91	1.29	559
October 31, 2016	12.16	.16	(.48)	(.32)	(.71)	(.12)	(.02)	(.85)	—	10.99	(2.54)	186,452	1.94 d	1.46 d	578
Class P
October 31, 2020	$11.54	.21	(1.36)	(1.15)	—	—	—	—	—	$10.39	(9.97)	$277,872	.46 d	1.92 d	416
October 31, 2019	11.47	.31	.18	.49	(.42)	—	— h	(.42)	—	11.54	4.58	258,501	.50 d	2.77 d	638
October 31, 2018	12.42	.29	(.90)	(.61)	(.28)	(.06)	—	(.34)	— f	11.47	(5.03)	220,539	.63 d,g	2.42 d	479
October 31, 2017	11.31	.29	.82	1.11	—	—	—	—	—	12.42	9.81	89,518	.78	2.41	559
October 31, 2016 †	11.25	.04	.02	.06	—	—	—	—	—	11.31	.53*	71,489	.14*	.39*	578
Class R
October 31, 2020	$11.27	.14	(1.32)	(1.18)	—	—	—	—	—	$10.09	(10.47)	$2,607	1.11 d	1.33 d	416
October 31, 2019	11.20	.24	.17	.41	(.34)	—	— h	(.34)	—	11.27	3.93	3,746	1.14 d	2.13 d	638
October 31, 2018	12.16	.19	(.86)	(.67)	(.23)	(.06)	—	(.29)	— f	11.20	(5.65)	4,377	1.27 d,g	1.65 d	479
October 31, 2017	11.15	.20	.81	1.01	—	—	—	—	—	12.16	9.06	4,597	1.41	1.73	559
October 31, 2016	12.31	.22	(.49)	(.27)	(.75)	(.12)	(.02)	(.89)	—	11.15	(2.05)	1,861	1.44 d	1.96 d	578
Class R6
October 31, 2020	$11.58	.21	(1.37)	(1.16)	—	—	—	—	—	$10.42	(10.02)	$10,764	.50 d	1.93 d	416
October 31, 2019	11.50	.31	.18	.49	(.41)	—	— h	(.41)	—	11.58	4.60	13,717	.54 d	2.73 d	638
October 31, 2018	12.45	.27	(.88)	(.61)	(.28)	(.06)	—	(.34)	— f	11.50	(5.06)	13,971	.67 d,g	2.29 d	479
October 31, 2017	11.35	.28	.82	1.10	—	—	—	—	—	12.45	9.69	9,071	.82	2.37	559
October 31, 2016	12.51	.29	(.49)	(.20)	(.82)	(.12)	(.02)	(.96)	—	11.35	(1.40)	7,817	.85 d	2.54 d	578
Class Y
October 31, 2020	$11.52	.21	(1.37)	(1.16)	—	—	—	—	—	$10.36	(10.07)	$195,984	.61 d	1.89 d	416
October 31, 2019	11.45	.30	.17	.47	(.40)	—	— h	(.40)	—	11.52	4.39	409,994	.64 d	2.61 d	638
October 31, 2018	12.40	.26	(.88)	(.62)	(.27)	(.06)	—	(.33)	— f	11.45	(5.16)	679,839	.77 d,g	2.19 d	479
October 31, 2017	11.31	.27	.82	1.09	—	—	—	—	—	12.40	9.64	622,673	.91	2.29	559
October 31, 2016	12.47	.28	(.49)	(.21)	(.81)	(.12)	(.02)	(.95)	—	11.31	(1.48)	602,704	.94 d	2.47 d	578

See notes to financial highlights at the end of this section.

44      Prospectus Prospectus    45

Financial highlights (Continued)

*   Not annualized.

†   For the period August 31, 2016 (commencement of operations) to October 31, 2016.

^a   Per share net investment income (loss) has been determined on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period.

^b   Total return assumes dividend reinvestment and does not reflect the effect of sales charges.

^c   Includes amounts paid through expense offset and/or brokerage service arrangements, if any. Also excludes acquired fund fees and expenses, if any.

^d   Reflects a voluntary waiver of certain fund expenses in effect during the period. As a result of such waivers, the expenses of each class reflect a reduction of the following amounts as a percentage of average net assets:

	10/31/20	10/31/19	10/31/18	10/31/16
Class A	0.04%	0.03%	0.02%	<0.01%
Class B	0.04	0.03	0.02	<0.01
Class C	0.04	0.03	0.02	<0.01
Class R	0.04	0.03	0.02	<0.01
Class P	0.04	0.03	0.02	—
Class R6	0.04	0.03	0.02	<0.01
Class Y	0.04	0.03	0.02	<0.01

^e   Portfolio turnover includes TBA purchase and sale commitments.

^f   Reflects a non-recurring reimbursement pursuant to a settlement between the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) and Barclay’s Capital Inc. which amounted to less than $0.01 per share outstanding on November 20, 2017.

^g   Includes one-time merger costs of 0.01%.

^h   Amount represents less than $0.01 per share.

46          Prospectus

Appendix

Financial intermediary specific sales charge waiver information

As described in the prospectus, class A shares may be subject to an initial sales charge and class B and C shares may be subject to a CDSC. Certain financial intermediaries may impose different initial sales charges or waive the initial sales charge or CDSC in certain circumstances. This Appendix details the variations in sales charge waivers by financial intermediary. Not all financial intermediaries specify financial intermediary-specific sales charge waiver categories for every share class. For information about sales charges and waivers available for share classes other than those listed below, please see the section “Additional reductions and waivers of sales charges” in the prospectus. You should consult your financial representative for assistance in determining whether you may qualify for a particular sales charge waiver.

AMERIPRISE FINANCIAL

Class A Shares Front-End Sales Charge Waivers Available at Ameriprise Financial

The following information applies to class A share purchases if you have an account with or otherwise purchase class A shares through Ameriprise Financial:

Effective January 15, 2021, shareholders purchasing fund shares through an Ameriprise Financial account are eligible for the following front-end sales charge waivers, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this fund’s prospectus or SAI:

• Employer-sponsored retirement plans (e.g., 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans). For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs or SAR-SEPs.

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing shares of the same Fund (but not any other fund within the same fund family).

• Shares exchanged from Class C shares of the same fund in the month of or following the 7-year anniversary of the purchase date. To the extent that this prospectus elsewhere provides for a waiver with respect to exchanges of Class C shares or conversion of Class C shares following a shorter holding period, that waiver, as applicable, will apply.

• Employees and registered representatives of Ameriprise Financial or its affiliates and their immediate family members.

• Shares purchased by or through qualified accounts (including IRAs, Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, 401(k)s, 403(b) TSCAs subject to ERISA and defined benefit plans) that are held by a covered family member, defined as an Ameriprise financial advisor and/or the advisor’s spouse, advisor’s lineal ascendant (mother, father, grandmother, grandfather, great grandmother, great grandfather), advisor’s lineal descendant (son, step-son, daughter, step-daughter, grandson, granddaughter, great grandson, great granddaughter) or any spouse of a covered family member who is a lineal descendant.

Prospectus          47

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales load (i.e. Rights of Reinstatement).

D.A. DAVIDSON & CO. (“D.A. DAVIDSON”)

Effective December 30, 2020, shareholders purchasing fund shares including existing fund shareholders through a D.A. Davidson platform or account, or through an introducing broker-dealer or independent registered investment advisor for which D.A. Davidson provides trade execution, clearance, and/or custody services, will be eligible for the following sales charge waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and contingent deferred, or back-end, sales charge waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this prospectus or SAI.

Front-End Sales Charge Waivers on Class A Shares available at D.A. Davidson

• Shares purchased within the same fund family through a systematic reinvestment of capital gains and dividend distributions.

• Shares purchased by employees and registered representatives of D.A. Davidson or its affiliates and their family members as designated by D.A. Davidson.

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales charge (known as Rights of Reinstatement).

• A shareholder in the Fund’s Class C shares will have their shares converted at net asset value to Class A shares of the Fund if the shares are no longer subject to a CDSC and the conversion is consistent with D.A. Davidson’s policies and procedures.

CDSC Waivers on Classes A and C shares available at D.A. Davidson

• Death or disability of the shareholder.

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in this prospectus.

• Return of excess contributions from an IRA Account.

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA or other qualifying retirement accounts pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code.

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement.

Front-end sales charge discounts available at D.A. Davidson: breakpoints, rights of accumulation and/or letters of intent

• Breakpoints as described in this prospectus.

• Rights of accumulation which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at D.A. Davidson. Eligible fund family assets not held at D.A. Davidson may be included in the calculation of rights of accumulation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

48          Prospectus

• Letters of intent which allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases within a fund family, over a 13-month time period. Eligible fund family assets not held at D.A. Davidson may be included in the calculation of letters of intent only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

EDWARD D. JONES & CO., L.P. (“EDWARD JONES”)

Policies Regarding Transactions Through Edward Jones

The following information has been provided by Edward Jones:

Effective on or after March 1, 2021, the following information supersedes prior information with respect to transactions and positions held in fund shares through an Edward Jones system. Clients of Edward Jones (also referred to as “shareholders”) purchasing fund shares on the Edward Jones commission and fee-based platforms are eligible only for the following sales charge discounts (also referred to as “breakpoints”) and waivers, which can differ from discounts and waivers described elsewhere in the mutual fund prospectus or statement of additional information (“SAI”) or through another broker-dealer. In all instances, it is the shareholder’s responsibility to inform Edward Jones at the time of purchase of any relationship, holdings of fund family, or other facts qualifying the purchaser for discounts or waivers. Edward Jones can ask for documentation of such circumstance. Shareholders should contact Edward Jones if they have questions regarding their eligibility for these discounts and waivers.

Breakpoints

• Breakpoint pricing, otherwise known as volume pricing, at dollar thresholds as described in the prospectus.

Rights of Accumulation (“ROA”)

• The applicable sales charge on a purchase of Class A shares is determined by taking into account all share classes (except certain money market funds and any assets held in group retirement plans) of the mutual fund family held by the shareholder or in an account grouped by Edward Jones with other accounts for the purpose of providing certain pricing considerations (“pricing groups”). If grouping assets as a shareholder, this includes all share classes held on the Edward Jones platform and/or held on another platform. The inclusion of eligible fund family assets in the ROA calculation is dependent on the shareholder notifying Edward Jones of such assets at the time of calculation. Money market funds are included only if such shares were sold with a sales charge at the time of purchase or acquired in exchange for shares purchased with a sales charge.

• The employer maintaining a SEP IRA plan and/or SIMPLE IRA plan may elect to establish or change ROA for the IRA accounts associated with the plan to a plan-level grouping as opposed to including all share classes at a shareholder or pricing group level.

• ROA is determined by calculating the higher of cost minus redemptions or market value (current shares x NAV).

Prospectus          49

Letter of Intent (“LOI”)

• Through a LOI, shareholders can receive the sales charge and breakpoint discounts for purchases shareholders intend to make over a 13-month period from the date Edward Jones receives the LOI. The LOI is determined by calculating the higher of cost or market value of qualifying holdings at LOI initiation in combination with the value that the shareholder intends to buy over a 13-month period to calculate the front-end sales charge and any breakpoint discounts. Each purchase the shareholder makes during that 13-month period will receive the sales charge and breakpoint discount that applies to the total amount. The inclusion of eligible fund family assets in the LOI calculation is dependent on the shareholder notifying Edward Jones of such assets at the time of calculation. Purchases made before the LOI is received by Edward Jones are not adjusted under the LOI and will not reduce the sales charge previously paid. Sales charges will be adjusted if LOI is not met.

• If the employer maintaining a SEP IRA plan and/or SIMPLE IRA plan has elected to establish or change ROA for the IRA accounts associated with the plan to a plan-level grouping, LOIs will also be at the plan-level and may only be established by the employer.

Sales Charge Waivers

Sales charges are waived for the following shareholders and in the following situations:

• Associates of Edward Jones and its affiliates and their family members who are in the same pricing group (as determined by Edward Jones under its policies and procedures) as the associate. This waiver will continue for the remainder of the associate’s life if the associate retires from Edward Jones in good-standing and remains in good standing pursuant to Edward Jones’ policies and procedures.

• Shares purchased in an Edward Jones fee-based program.

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment.

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redeemed shares of the same fund family so long as the following conditions are met: 1) the proceeds are from the sale of shares within 60 days of the purchase, and 2) the sale and purchase are made in the same share class and the same account or the purchase is made in an individual retirement account with proceeds from liquidations in a non-retirement account.

• Shares exchanged into Class A shares from another share class so long as the exchange is into the same fund and was initiated at the discretion of Edward Jones. Edward Jones is responsible for any remaining CDSC due to the fund company, if applicable. Any future purchases are subject to the applicable sales charge as disclosed in the prospectus.

• Exchanges from Class C shares to Class A shares of the same fund, generally, in the 84 th month following the anniversary of the purchase date or earlier at the discretion of Edward Jones.

50          Prospectus

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge (“CDSC”) Waivers

If the shareholder purchases shares that are subject to a CDSC and those shares are redeemed before the CDSC is expired, the shareholder is responsible to pay the CDSC except in the following conditions:

• The death or disability of the shareholder.

• Systematic withdrawals with up to 10% per year of the account value.

• Return of excess contributions from an Individual Retirement Account (IRA).

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts if the redemption is taken in or after the year the shareholder reaches qualified age based on applicable Internal Revenue Service regulations.

• Shares sold to pay Edward Jones fees or costs in such cases where the transaction is initiated by Edward Jones.

• Shares exchanged in an Edward Jones fee-based program.

• Shares acquired through NAV reinstatement.

• Shares redeemed at the discretion of Edward Jones for Minimum Balances, as described below.

Other Important Information Regarding Transactions Through Edward Jones

Minimum Purchase Amounts

• Initial purchase minimum: $250

• Subsequent purchase minimum: none

Minimum Balances

• Edward Jones has the right to redeem at its discretion fund holdings with a balance of $250 or less. The following are examples of accounts that are not included in this policy:

—   A fee-based account held on an Edward Jones platform

—   A 529 account held on an Edward Jones platform

—   An account with an active systematic investment plan or LOI

Exchanging Share Classes

• At any time it deems necessary, Edward Jones has the authority to exchange at NAV a shareholder’s holdings in a fund to Class A shares of the same fund.

JANNEY MONTGOMERY SCOTT LLC (“JANNEY”)

Effective May 1, 2020, if you purchase fund shares through a Janney brokerage account, you will be eligible for the following load waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and contingent deferred sales charge (“CDSC”), or back-end sales charge, waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this fund’s Prospectus or SAI.

Prospectus          51

Front-end sales charge* waivers on Class A shares available at Janney

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing shares of the same fund (but not any other fund within the fund family).

• Shares purchased by employees and registered representatives of Janney or its affiliates and their family members as designated by Janney.

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within ninety (90) days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales load (i.e., right of reinstatement).

• Employer-sponsored retirement plans (e.g., 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans). For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs, SAR-SEPs or Keogh plans.

• Class C shares that are no longer subject to a contingent deferred sales charge and are converted to class A shares of the same fund pursuant to Janney’s policies and procedures.

CDSC waivers on Class A and C shares available at Janney

• Shares sold upon the death or disability of the shareholder.

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in the fund’s Prospectus.

• Shares purchased in connection with a return of excess contributions from an IRA account.

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts if the redemption is taken in or after the year the shareholder reaches qualified age based on applicable IRS regulations.

• Shares sold to pay Janney fees but only if the transaction is initiated by Janney.

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement.

• Shares exchanged into the same share class of a different fund will not be subject to the deferred sales charge. When you redeem the shares acquired through the exchange, the redemption may be subject to the deferred sales charge, depending upon when and from which fund you originally purchased the shares.

Front-end sales charge* discounts available at Janney: breakpoints, rights of accumulation, and/or letters of intent

• Breakpoints as described in the fund’s Prospectus.

• Rights of accumulation (“ROA”), which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts, will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at Janney. Eligible fund family assets not held at Janney may be included in the ROA calculation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

52          Prospectus

• Letters of intent which allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases within a fund family, over a 13-month time period. Eligible fund family assets not held at Janney may be included in the calculation of letters of intent only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

*   Also referred to as an “initial sales charge.”

MERRILL LYNCH

Shareholders purchasing fund shares through a Merrill Lynch platform or account held at Merrill Lynch will be eligible only for the following sales charge waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and CDSC waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in the fund’s prospectus or SAI. It is your responsibility to notify your financial representative at the time of purchase of any relationship or other facts qualifying you for sales charge waivers or discounts.

Front-end Sales Charge Waivers on Class A Shares available through Merrill Lynch

• Employer-sponsored retirement, deferred compensation and employee benefit plans (including health savings accounts) and trusts used to fund those plans, provided that the shares are not held in a commission-based brokerage account and shares are held for the benefit of the plan

• Shares purchased by a 529 plan (does not include 529 Plan units or 529-specific share classes or equivalents)

• Shares purchased through a Merrill Lynch-affiliated investment advisory program

• Shares exchanged due to the holdings moving from a Merrill Lynch affiliated investment advisory program to a Merrill Lynch brokerage (non-advisory) account pursuant to Merrill Lynch’s policies relating to sales load discounts and waivers

• Shares purchased by third party investment advisors on behalf of their advisory clients through Merrill Lynch’s platform

• Shares of funds purchased through the Merrill Edge Self-Directed platform

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing shares of the fund (but not any other Putnam fund)

• Shares exchanged from class C (i.e. level-load) shares of the same fund pursuant to Merrill Lynch’s policies relating to sales load discounts and waivers

• Employees and registered representatives of Merrill Lynch or its affiliates and their family members

• Trustees of the fund, and employees of Putnam Management or any of its affiliates, as described in the fund’s prospectus

• Eligible shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions from a Putnam fund, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales charge (known as Rights of Reinstatement). Automated transactions (i.e. systematic purchases and withdrawals) and purchases made after shares are automatically sold to pay Merrill Lynch’s account maintenance fees are not eligible for reinstatement

Prospectus          53

CDSC Waivers on A, B and C Shares available through Merrill Lynch

• Death or disability of the shareholder

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in the fund’s prospectus

• Return of excess contributions from an IRA Account

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code

• Shares sold to pay Merrill Lynch fees but only if the transaction is initiated by Merrill Lynch

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement

• Shares held in retirement brokerage accounts that are exchanged for a share class with lower operating expenses due to transfer to certain fee-based accounts or platforms (applicable to A and C shares only)

• Shares received through an exchange due to the holdings moving from a Merrill Lynch affiliated investment advisory program to a Merrill Lynch brokerage (non-advisory) account pursuant to Merrill Lynch’s policies relating to sales load discounts and waivers

Front-end Sales Charge Discounts available through Merrill Lynch: Breakpoints, Rights of Accumulation & Letters of Intent

• Breakpoints as described in the fund’s prospectus and SAI

• Rights of Accumulation (ROA), which entitle you to breakpoint discounts, as described in the fund’s prospectus, will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts (including 529 program holdings, where applicable) within your household at Merrill Lynch. Eligible Putnam fund assets not held at Merrill Lynch may be included in the ROA calculation only if you notify your financial representative about such assets

• Letters of Intent (LOI), which allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases of Putnam funds, through Merrill Lynch, over a 13-month period

MORGAN STANLEY WEALTH MANAGEMENT

Effective July 1, 2018, shareholders purchasing fund shares through a Morgan Stanley Wealth Management transactional brokerage account will be eligible only for the following front-end sales charge waivers with respect to class A shares, which may differ from and may be more limited than those disclosed elsewhere in this fund’s Prospectus or SAI.

Front-end Sales Charge Waivers on class A Shares available at Morgan Stanley Wealth Management:

• Employer-sponsored retirement plans (e.g., 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans). For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs, SAR-SEPs or Keogh plans

54          Prospectus

• Morgan Stanley employee and employee-related accounts according to Morgan Stanley’s account linking rules

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of dividends and capital gains distributions when purchasing shares of the same fund

• Shares purchased through a Morgan Stanley self-directed brokerage account

• Class C (i.e., level-load) shares that are no longer subject to a contingent deferred sales charge and are converted to class A shares of the same fund pursuant to Morgan Stanley Wealth Management’s share class conversion program

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (i) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (ii) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (iii) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales charge

OPPENHEIMER & CO. INC. (“OPCO”)

Effective September 1, 2020, shareholders purchasing Fund shares through an OPCO platform or account are eligible only for the following load waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and contingent deferred, or back-end, sales charge waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this Fund’s prospectus or SAI.

Front-end Sales Load Waivers on Class A Shares available at OPCO

• Employer-sponsored retirement, deferred compensation and employee benefit plans (including health savings accounts) and trusts used to fund those plans, provided that the shares are not held in a commission-based brokerage account and shares are held for the benefit of the plan

• Shares purchased through an OPCO affiliated investment advisory program

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing shares of the same fund (but not any other fund within the fund family)

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales load (known as Rights of Reinstatement).

• A shareholder in the Fund’s class C shares will have their shares converted at net asset value to class A shares of the Fund if the shares are no longer subject to a CDSC and the conversion is in line with the policies and procedures of OPCO

• Employees and registered representatives of OPCO or its affiliates and their family members

CDSC Waivers on A, B and C Shares available at OPCO

• Death or disability of the shareholder

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in this prospectus

• Return of excess contributions from an IRA Account

Prospectus          55

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts due to the shareholder reaching the qualified age based upon applicable IRS regulations as described in the prospectus

• Shares sold to pay OPCO fees but only if the transaction is initiated by OPCO

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement

Front-end Sales Charge Discounts Available at OPCO: Breakpoints & Rights of Accumulation

• Breakpoints as described in this prospectus.

• Rights of Accumulation (ROA), which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts, will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holdings of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at OPCO. Eligible fund family assets not held at OPCO may be included in the ROA calculation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets

RAYMOND JAMES & ASSOCIATES, INC., RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND EACH ENTITY’S AFFILIATES (“RAYMOND JAMES”)

Effective March 1, 2019, shareholders purchasing fund shares through a Raymond James platform or account, or through an introducing broker-dealer or independent registered investment adviser for which Raymond James provides trade execution, clearance, and/or custody services, will be eligible only for the following load waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and contingent deferred, or back-end, sales charge waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this fund’s prospectus or SAI.

Front-end sales load waivers on Class A shares available at Raymond James

• Shares purchased in an investment advisory program.

• Shares purchased within the same fund family through a systematic reinvestment of capital gains and dividend distributions.

• Employees and registered representatives of Raymond James or its affiliates and their family members as designated by Raymond James.

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales load (known as Rights of Reinstatement).

• A shareholder in the Fund’s class C shares will have their shares converted at net asset value to class A shares (or the appropriate share class) of the Fund if the shares are no longer subject to a CDSC and the conversion is in line with the policies and procedures of Raymond James.

CDSC Waivers on Classes A, B and C shares available at Raymond James

• Death or disability of the shareholder.

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in the fund’s prospectus.

56          Prospectus

• Return of excess contributions from an IRA Account.

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts due to the shareholder reaching the qualified age based on applicable IRS regulations as described in the fund’s prospectus.

• Shares sold to pay Raymond James fees but only if the transaction is initiated by Raymond James.

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement.

Front-end load discounts available at Raymond James: breakpoints, rights of accumulation, and/or letters of intent

• Breakpoints as described in this prospectus.

• Rights of accumulation which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at Raymond James. Eligible fund family assets not held at Raymond James may be included in the calculation of rights of accumulation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

• Letters of intent which allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases within a fund family, over a 13-month time period. Eligible fund family assets not held at Raymond James may be included in the calculation of letters of intent only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

ROBERT W. BAIRD & CO. (“BAIRD”)

Effective September 1, 2020, shareholders purchasing fund shares through a Baird brokerage account will only be eligible for the following sales charge waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and CDSC waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this prospectus or the SAI.

Front-End Sales Charge Waivers on Class A shares Available at Baird

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing share of the same fund

• Shares purchased by employees and registered representatives of Baird or its affiliate and their family members as designated by Baird

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same accounts, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales charge (known as rights of reinstatement)

• A shareholder in the fund’s class C Shares will have their shares converted at net asset value to class A shares of the fund if the shares are no longer subject to CDSC and the conversion is in line with the policies and procedures of Baird

Prospectus          57

• Employer-sponsored retirement plans or charitable accounts in a transactional brokerage account at Baird, including 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans. For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs or SAR-SEPs

CDSC Waivers on Class A and C shares Available at Baird

• Shares sold due to death or disability of the shareholder

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in this prospectus

• Shares bought due to returns of excess contributions from an IRA Account

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code

• Shares sold to pay Baird fees but only if the transaction is initiated by Baird

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement

Front-End Sales Charge Discounts Available at Baird: Breakpoints and/or Rights of Accumulation

• Breakpoints as described in this prospectus

• Rights of accumulation, which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts, will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at Baird. Eligible fund family assets not held at Baird may be included in the rights of accumulation calculation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets

• Letters of Intent (LOI) allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases within a fund family through Baird, over a 13-month period of time

STIFEL, NICOLAUS & COMPANY, INCORPORATED (“STIFEL”)

Effective September 1, 2020, shareholders purchasing Fund shares through a Stifel platform or account or who own shares for which Stifel or an affiliate is the broker-dealer of record are eligible for the following additional sales charge waiver.

Front-end Sales Charge Waiver on Class A Shares

Class C shares that have been held for more than seven (7) years will be converted to class A shares of the same Fund pursuant to Stifel’s policies and procedures. All other sales charge waivers and reductions described elsewhere in this prospectus or SAI will continue to apply for eligible shareholders.

Class A Sales Charge Waivers Available Only Through Specified Intermediaries

As described in the prospectus, class A shares may be purchased at net asset value without payment of a sales charge through a broker-dealer, financial institution, or financial intermediary that has entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management to offer shares through a retail self-directed brokerage account with or without the imposition of a transaction fee.

58          Prospectus

The following intermediaries have entered into such an agreement:

National Financial Services LLC
Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
TD Ameritrade, Inc. and TD Ameritrade Clearing, Inc.
Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC
Interactive Brokers LLC
Vanguard Marketing Corporation

Prospectus          59

For more information about Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund

The fund’s SAI and annual and semiannual reports to shareholders include additional information about the fund. The SAI is incorporated by reference into this prospectus, which means it is part of this prospectus for legal purposes. The fund’s annual report discusses the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the fund’s performance during its last fiscal year. You may get free copies of these materials, request other information about any Putnam fund, or make shareholder inquiries, by contacting your financial representative, by visiting Putnam’s website at putnam.com/individual, or by calling Putnam toll-free at 1-800-225-1581. You may access reports and other information about the fund on the EDGAR Database on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s website at http://www.sec.gov. You may get copies of this information, with payment of a duplication fee, by electronic request at the following E-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov. You may need to refer to the fund’s file number.

Putnam Investments
100 Federal Street
Boston, MA 02110

1-800-225-1581

Address correspondence to:

Putnam Investments
P.O. Box 219697
Kansas City, MO 64121-9697

putnam.com

File No. 811-07513 SP107 324631 2/21

FUND	CLASS	CLASS	CLASS	CLASS	CLASS	CLASS	CLASS
SYMBOLS	A	B	C	P	R	R6	Y
	PDMAX	PDMBX	PDMCX	--	PDMRX	PDMEX	PDMYX

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

A Series of Putnam Funds Trust 

FORM N-1A 

PART B 

STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (SAI) 

2/28/21 

This SAI is not a prospectus. If the fund has more than one form of current prospectus, each reference to the prospectus in this SAI includes all of the fund's prospectuses, unless otherwise noted. The SAI should be read together with the applicable prospectus. For a free copy of the fund's annual report or a prospectus dated 2/28/21, as revised from time to time, call Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581, visit Putnam's website at putnam.com or write Putnam Investments, PO Box 219697, Kansas City, MO 64121-9697.

Part I of this SAI contains specific information about the fund. Part II includes information about the fund and the other Putnam funds.

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Table of Contents
PART I
FUND ORGANIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION	I-3
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS	I-4
CHARGES AND EXPENSES	I-5
PORTFOLIO MANAGERS	I-18
SECURITIES LENDING ACTIVITIES	I-19
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM AND FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS	I-20
PART II
HOW TO BUY SHARES	II-1
DISTRIBUTION PLANS	II-13
MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISKS	II-20
TAXES	II-81
MANAGEMENT	II-97
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE	II-116
INVESTOR SERVICES	II-118
SIGNATURE GUARANTEES	II-123
REDEMPTIONS	II-123
POLICY ON EXCESSIVE SHORT-TERM TRADING	II-123
SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY	II-124
DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO INFORMATION	II-124
INFORMATION SECURITY RISKS	II-127
PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES	II-128
SECURITIES RATINGS	II-128
APPENDIX A - PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES OF THE PUTNAM FUNDS	II-134
APPENDIX B - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	II-163

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SAI

PART I 

FUND ORGANIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund is a diversified series of Putnam Funds Trust, a Massachusetts business trust organized on January 22, 1996 (the "Trust"). A copy of the Trust's Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust (the "Agreement and Declaration of Trust"), which is governed by Massachusetts law, is on file with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Prior to April 30, 2018, the fund was known as Putnam Absolute Return 700 Fund.

The Trust is an open-end management investment company with an unlimited number of authorized shares of beneficial interest. The Trustees may, without shareholder approval, create two or more series of shares representing separate investment portfolios. Any series of shares may be divided without shareholder approval into two or more classes of shares having such preferences and special or relative rights and privileges as the Trustees determine. The fund offers classes of shares with different sales charges and expenses.

Each share has one vote, with fractional shares voting proportionally.

Shares of all series and classes will vote together as a single class on all matters except (i) when required by the Investment Company Act of 1940 or when the Trustees have determined that a matter affects one or more series or classes materially differently, shares are voted by individual series or class; and (ii) when the Trustees determine that such a matter affects only the interests of a particular series or class, then only shareholders of that series or class are entitled to vote. The Trustees may take many actions affecting the fund without shareholder approval, including under certain circumstances merging your fund into another Putnam fund. Shares are freely transferable, are entitled to dividends as declared by the Trustees, and, if the fund were liquidated, would receive the net assets of the fund.

The fund may suspend the sale of shares at any time and may refuse any order to purchase shares. Although the fund is not required to hold annual meetings of its shareholders, shareholders holding at least 10% of the outstanding shares entitled to vote have the right to call a meeting to elect or remove Trustees, or to take other actions as provided in the Agreement and Declaration of Trust.

Information about the Summary Prospectus, Prospectus, and SAI

The fund has entered into contractual arrangements with an investment adviser, administrator, distributor, shareholder servicing agent, and custodian who each provide services to the fund. Unless expressly stated otherwise, shareholders are not parties to, or intended beneficiaries of these contractual arrangements, and these contractual

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arrangements are not intended to create any shareholder right to enforce them against the service providers or to seek any remedy under them against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the fund.

Under the Trust's Agreement and Declaration of Trust, any claims asserted against or on behalf of the Putnam Funds, including claims against Trustees and Officers, must be brought in courts of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS

As fundamental investment restrictions, which may not be changed without a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of a fund created under the Trust, the fund may not and will not:

(1) With respect to 75% of its total assets, invest in securities of any issuer if, immediately after such investment, more than 5% of the total assets of the fund (taken at current value) would be invested in the securities of such issuer; provided that this limitation does not apply to obligations issued or guaranteed as to interest or principal by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities or to securities issued by other investment companies.

(2) With respect to 75% of its total assets, acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any issuer.

(3) Borrow money in excess of 33 1/3% of the value of its total assets (not including the amount borrowed) at the time the borrowing is made.

(4) Make loans, except by purchase of debt obligations in which the fund may invest consistent with its investment policies (including without limitation debt obligations issued by other Putnam funds), by entering into repurchase agreements, or by lending its portfolio securities.

(5) Purchase or sell real estate, although it may purchase securities of issuers which deal in real estate, securities which are secured by interests in real estate, and securities which represent interests in real estate, and it may acquire and dispose of real estate or interests in real estate acquired through the exercise of its rights as a holder of debt obligations secured by real estate or interests therein.

(6) Purchase or sell commodities, except as permitted by applicable law.

(7) Underwrite securities issued by other persons except to the extent that, in connection with the disposition of its portfolio investments, it may be deemed to be an underwriter under certain federal securities laws.

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(8) Purchase securities (other than securities of the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities) if, as a result of such purchase, more than 25% of the fund's total assets would be invested in any one industry.

(9) Issue any class of securities which is senior to the fund’s shares of beneficial interest, except for permitted borrowings.

The Investment Company Act of 1940 provides that a "vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities" of a fund means the affirmative vote of the lesser of (1) more than 50% of the outstanding fund shares, or (2) 67% or more of the shares present at a meeting if more than 50% of the outstanding fund shares are represented at the meeting in person or by proxy.

For purposes of the fund’s fundamental policy on industry concentration (#8 above), Putnam Investment Management, LLC ("Putnam Management"), the fund’s investment manager, determines the appropriate industry categories and assigns issuers to them, informed by a variety of considerations, including relevant third party categorization systems. Industry categories and issuer assignments may change over time as industry sectors and issuers evolve. Portfolio allocations shown in shareholder reports and other communications may use broader investment sectors or narrower sub-industry categories.

The following non-fundamental investment policy may be changed by the Trustees without shareholder approval:

The fund will not acquire any securities of registered open-end investment companies or registered unit investment trusts in reliance on Sections 12(d)(1)(F) or (G) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

All percentage limitations on investments will apply at the time of the making of an investment and shall not be considered violated unless an excess or deficiency occurs or exists immediately after and as a result of such investment.

The Trust has filed an election under Rule 18f-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 committing each fund that is a series of the Trust to pay all redemptions of fund shares by a single shareholder during any 90-day period in cash, up to the lesser of (i) $250,000 or (ii) 1% of such fund's net assets measured as of the beginning of such 90-day period.

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CHARGES AND EXPENSES

Management fees

On April 30, 2018, Putnam Absolute Return 500 Fund, a mutual fund managed by Putnam Management (“AR 500”), was merged into the fund (the “Merger”), and in connection with the Merger, the fund entered into an amended fee schedule to its existing management contract (the “Amended Management Contract”).

Under the Amended Management Contract, the fund pays to Putnam Management, on a monthly basis, a base fee plus or minus a performance adjustment. The monthly base fee is calculated by applying a rate to the fund's average net assets for the month. The rate is based on the monthly average of the aggregate net assets of all open-end funds sponsored by Putnam Management (excluding net assets of funds that are invested in, or that are invested in by, other Putnam funds to the extent necessary to avoid "double counting" of those assets) (“Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets”), as determined at the close of each business day during the month, as set forth below.

The performance adjustment is a dollar amount added to or subtracted from the fund's base fee each month based on the fund's performance relative to its benchmark index. The performance adjustment is determined based on performance over the thirty-six month period then ended. Each month, the performance adjustment is calculated by multiplying the performance adjustment rate and the fund’s combined average net assets over the performance period and dividing the result by twelve. (The fund’s “combined average net assets” are calculated as the average of (a) the sum of the net asset value of AR 500 and the fund at the close of business on each business day during any portion of the performance period prior to April 30, 2018 and (b) the fund’s net asset value at the close of business on each business day during any portion of the performance period after and including April 30, 2018). The performance adjustment rate is equal to 0.04 multiplied by the difference, positive or negative, during the performance period between the fund’s annualized performance (measured by AR500’s class A shares for periods prior to April 30, 2018 and by the performance of the fund’s class A shares for periods thereafter) and the sum of the hurdle described below and the annualized performance of the benchmark indices described below. provided that the performance adjustment rate for the fund may not exceed 0.20% or be less than -0.20%.

The Amended Management Contract also provides for a reduction of the management fee for the fund in any circumstance where the fee payable by the fund under the Amended Management Contract is higher than the management fee would have been under the prior fee schedule to its management contract, which was in effect before the Merger (the “Prior Management Contract”). Under those circumstances, Putnam Management has agreed to reduce its management fee to reflect the lower amount that would have been payable under the Prior Management Contract.

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The monthly base fee is determined based on the fund’s average net assets for the month, while the performance adjustment is determined based on the fund’s combined average net assets (as described above) over the thirty-six month performance period. This means it is possible that, if the fund underperforms significantly over the performance period, and the fund’s assets have declined significantly over that period, the negative performance adjustment may exceed the base fee. In this event, Putnam Management would make a payment to the fund.

The application of an expense limitation, if any, will have a positive effect on the fund’s performance and may result in an increase in the performance adjustment. It is possible that the cumulative dollar amount of additional compensation ultimately payable to Putnam Management may, under some circumstances, exceed the cumulative dollar amount of management fees waived by Putnam Management.

Base fee

0.880% of the first $5 billion of Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets;
0.830% of the next $5 billion of Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets;
0.780% of the next $10 billion of Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets;
0.730% of the next $10 billion of Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets;
0.680% of the next $50 billion of Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets;
0.660% of the next $50 billion of Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets;
0.650% of the next $100 billion of Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets;
and 0.645% of any excess thereafter.

Benchmark	Hurdle	Maximum performance
		adjustment rate
ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill	5.00% (500 basis points)	0.20%
Index (G0BA)*

* ICE BofA Indexes: ICE Data Indices, LLC (“ICE BofA”), used with permission. ICE BofA permits use of the ICE BofA indices and related data on an “as is” basis; makes no warranties regarding same; does not guarantee the suitability, quality, accuracy, timeliness, and/or completeness of the ICE BofA indices or any data included in, related to, or derived therefrom; assumes no liability in connection with the use of the foregoing; and does not sponsor, endorse, or recommend Putnam Management, or any of its products or services.

Under the Prior Management Contract, the fund paid a monthly base fee to Putnam Management calculated by applying a rate to the fund's average net assets for the month. The rate was based on the Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets, as determined at the close of each business day during the month, as set forth below. In addition, the monthly management fee consisted of a monthly base fee plus or minus a performance adjustment for the month. The performance adjustment was determined

I-7 

based on performance over the thirty-six month period then ended. Each month, the performance adjustment was calculated by multiplying the performance adjustment rate and the fund’s average net assets over the performance period and dividing the result by twelve. The resulting dollar amount was added to, or subtracted from, the base fee for that month. The performance adjustment rate was equal to 0.04 multiplied by the difference during the performance period between the fund’s annualized performance (measured by the performance of the fund’s class A shares) and the sum of the hurdle described below and the annualized performance of the benchmark indices described below. The maximum annualized performance adjustment rate is also set forth below.

Base fee

1.030% of the first $5 billion of Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets;
0.980% of the next $5 billion of Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets;
0.930% of the next $10 billion of Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets;
0.880% of the next $10 billion of Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets;
0.830% of the next $50 billion of Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets;
0.810% of the next $50 billion of Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets;
0.800% of the next $100 billion of Total Open-End Mutual Fund Average Net Assets;
and 0.795% of any excess thereafter.

Benchmark	Hurdle	Maximum performance
		adjustment rate
ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill	7.00% (700 basis points)	0.28%
Index (G0BA)

For the past three fiscal years, pursuant to the applicable Management Contract, the fund incurred the following fees:

		Amount of	Amount management
	Management	management fee	fee would have been
Fiscal year	fee paid	waived	without waivers
2020	$3,556,592	$344,784	$3,901,376
2019	$5,023,260	$344,460	$5,367,720
2018	$7,604,211	$330,745	$7,934,956

Fund-specific expense limitation. Effective June 28, 2019, Putnam Management will waive fees and/or reimburse expenses of the fund to the extent that the total annual fund operating expenses (excluding payments under the fund’s distribution plans, brokerage, interest, taxes, investor servicing fees, investment-related expenses,

I-8 

extraordinary expenses, and acquired fund fees and expenses) would exceed an annual rate of 0.77% of the fund’s average net assets through at least February 28, 2022. This obligation may be modified or discontinued only with the approval of the Board of Trustees. Please see “Management – The Management Contract – General expense limitation” in Part II of this SAI for a description of other expense limitations that may apply to the fund.

For periods prior to June 28, 2019, Putnam Management contractually agreed to waive fees and/or reimburse expenses of the fund to the extent that the total annual operating expenses of the fund (excluding payments under the fund’s management contract, brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses, extraordinary expenses, and acquired fund fees and expenses) would exceed an annual rate of 0.05% of the fund’s average net assets. Also, for periods prior to June 1, 2019, Putnam Management contractually agreed to waive fees and/or reimburse expenses of the fund to the extent that the total annual fund operating expenses (excluding brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses, extraordinary expenses, and acquired fund fees and expenses) would exceed an annual rate of 0.47% of the fund’s average net assets.

Brokerage commissions

The following table shows brokerage commissions paid during the fiscal years indicated:

	Brokerage
Fiscal year	commissions
2020	$779,788
2019	$955,650
2018	$838,283

The fund’s brokerage commissions for the 2020 fiscal year were lower than the brokerage commissions for the fund’s 2018 and 2019 fiscal years due to a decrease in portfolio turnover in 2020.

I-9 

The following table shows transactions placed with brokers and dealers during the most recent fiscal year through which Putnam Management and its affiliates receive brokerage or research services:

Dollar value	Percentage
of these	of total	Amount of
transactions	transactions	commissions
$361,609,096	6.56%	$99,169

Administrative expense reimbursement

The fund reimbursed Putnam Management for administrative services during fiscal 2020, including compensation of certain Trust officers and contributions to the Putnam Retirement Plan for their benefit, as follows:

Total	Portion of total reimbursement for
reimbursement	compensation and contributions
$25,607	$18,230

Trustee responsibilities and fees

The Trustees are responsible for generally overseeing the conduct of fund business. Subject to such policies as the Trustees may determine, Putnam Management furnishes a continuing investment program for the fund and makes investment decisions on its behalf. Subject to the control of the Trustees, Putnam Management also manages the fund's other affairs and business.

The table below shows the value of each Trustee's holdings in the fund and in all of the Putnam Funds as of December 31, 2020.

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	Dollar range of	Aggregate dollar range of
Name of Trustee	Putnam Multi-Asset	shares held in all of the
	Absolute Return	Putnam funds overseen
	Fund shares owned	by Trustee
Independent Trustees
Liaquat Ahamed	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Ravi Akhoury	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Barbara M. Baumann	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Katinka Domotorffy	$10,001-$50,000	over $100,000
Catharine Bond Hill	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Paul L. Joskow	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Kenneth R. Leibler	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
George Putnam, III	$10,001-$50,000	over $100,000
Manoj P. Singh	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
*Mona K. Sutphen	None	None
Interested Trustee
** Robert L. Reynolds	over $100,000	over $100,000

*Appointed to the Board of Trustees on April 1, 2020.

** Trustee who is an "interested person" (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940) of the fund and Putnam Management. Mr. Reynolds is deemed an "interested person" by virtue of his positions as an officer of the fund and Putnam Management. Mr. Reynolds is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments, LLC and President of your fund and each of the other Putnam funds. None of the other Trustees is an "interested person".

Each Independent Trustee of the fund receives an annual retainer fee and an additional fee for each Trustee meeting attended. Independent Trustees also are reimbursed for expenses they incur relating to their services as Trustees. All of the current Independent Trustees of the fund are Trustees of all the Putnam funds and receive fees for their services.

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The Trustees periodically review their fees to ensure that such fees continue to be appropriate in light of their responsibilities as well as in relation to fees paid to trustees of other mutual fund complexes. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee, which consists solely of Independent Trustees of the fund, estimates that committee and Trustee meeting time, together with the appropriate preparation, requires the equivalent of at least four business days per regular Trustee meeting. The standing committees of the Board of Trustees, and the number of times each committee met during your fund’s most recently completed fiscal year, are shown in the table below:

Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee	11
Board Policy and Nominating Committee	8
Brokerage Committee	5
Contract Committee	9
Executive Committee	1
Investment Oversight Committees
Investment Oversight Committee A	7
Investment Oversight Committee B	7
Pricing Committee	6

The following table shows the year each Trustee was first elected a Trustee of the Putnam funds, the fees paid to each Trustee by the fund for fiscal 2020, and the fees paid to each Trustee by all of the Putnam funds for services rendered during calendar year 2020.

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	COMPENSATION TABLE
		Pension or	Estimated
		retirement	annual	Total
	Aggregate	benefits	benefits from	compensation
Trustee/Year	compensation	accrued as	all Putnam	from all
	from the fund	part of fund	funds upon	Putnam
		expenses	retirement(1)	funds(2)
Independent Trustees
Liaquat Ahamed/2012(3)	$3,718	N/A	N/A	$335,000
Ravi Akhoury/2009	$3,718	N/A	N/A	$335,000
Barbara M.	$3,935	N/A	N/A	$353,750
Baumann/2010(3)(4)
Katinka Domotorffy/2012(3)	$3,718	N/A	N/A	$335,000
Catharine Bond
Hill/2017(3)	$3,718	N/A	N/A	$335,000
Paul L. Joskow/1997(3)	$3,718	$0	$113,417	$335,000
Kenneth R. Leibler/2006(5)	$5,106	N/A	N/A	$445,000
Robert E.	$2,424	$0	$106,542	$205,000
Patterson/1984(6)
George Putnam, III/1984(7)	$3,995	$17	$130,333	$360,000
Manoj P. Singh/2017(4)	$3,777	N/A	N/A	$341,250
Mona K. Sutphen/2020(8)	$2,421	N/A	N/A	$226,250
Interested Trustee
Robert L.
Reynolds/2008(9)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

(1) Estimated benefits for each Trustee are based on Trustee fee rates for calendar years 2003, 2004 and 2005.

(2) As of December 31, 2020, there were 97 funds in the Putnam family.

(3) Certain Trustees are also owed compensation deferred pursuant to a Trustee Compensation Deferral Plan. As of October 31, 2020, the total amounts of deferred compensation payable by the fund, including income earned on such amounts, to these Trustees were: Mr. Ahamed - $5,933; Ms. Baumann - $8,019; Ms. Domotorffy - $7,846; Dr. Hill - $2,791; and Dr. Joskow - $35,709.

(4) Includes additional compensation to Ms. Baumann for service as Chair of the Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee through September 30, 2020, and to Mr. Singh for service as Chair of the Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee beginning October 1, 2020.

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(5) Includes additional compensation to Mr. Leibler for service as Chair of the Trustees of the Putnam funds.

(6) Mr. Patterson retired from the Board of Trustees effective June 30, 2020.

(7) Includes additional compensation to Mr. Putnam for service as Chair of the Contract Committee.

(8) Ms. Sutphen was appointed to the Board of Trustees on April 1, 2020.

(9) Mr. Reynolds is an "interested person" of the fund and Putnam Management.

Under a Retirement Plan for Trustees of the Putnam funds (the "Plan"), each Trustee who retires with at least five years of service as a Trustee of the funds is entitled to receive an annual retirement benefit equal to one-half of the average annual attendance and retainer fees paid to such Trustee for calendar years 2003, 2004 and 2005. This retirement benefit is payable during a Trustee's lifetime, beginning the year following retirement, for the number of years of service through December 31, 2006. A death benefit, also available under the Plan, ensures that the Trustee and his or her beneficiaries will receive benefit payments for the lesser of an aggregate period of (i) ten years, or (ii) such Trustee's total years of service.

The Plan Administrator (currently the Board Policy and Nominating Committee) may terminate or amend the Plan at any time, but no termination or amendment will result in a reduction in the amount of benefits (i) currently being paid to a Trustee at the time of such termination or amendment, or (ii) to which a current Trustee would have been entitled had he or she retired immediately prior to such termination or amendment. The Trustees have terminated the Plan with respect to any Trustee first elected to the Board after 2003.

For additional information concerning the Trustees, see "Management" in Part II of this SAI.

Share ownership

At January 31, 2021, the officers and Trustees of the fund as a group owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of each class of the fund, and, except as noted below, no person owned of record or to the knowledge of the fund beneficially 5% or more of any class of shares of the fund.

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Class	Shareholder name and address	Percentage
		owned
A	NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC	14.23%
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS
	499 WASHINGTON BLVD
	ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-1995
A	PERSHING, LLC	10.64%
	1 PERSHING PLZ
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07399-0001
A	WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES, LLC	6.27%
	SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE
	EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER
	2801 MARKET ST
	SAINT LOUIS, MO 63103-2523
A	MLPF&S FOR THE SOLE BENEFIT OF	5.06%
	IT'S CUSTOMERS
	ATTN FUND ADMINISTRATION
	4800 DEER LAKE DR E FL 3
	JACKSONVILLE, FL 32246-6484
B	PERSHING, LLC	21.17%
	1 PERSHING PLZ
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07399-0001
B	NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC	12.10%
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS
	499 WASHINGTON BLVD
	ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-1995
B	LPL FINANCIAL	7.94%
	--OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT--
	ATTN: LINDSAY O'TOOLE
	4707 EXECUTIVE DRIVE
	SAN DIEGO, CA 92121-3091
C	PERSHING, LLC	18.62%
	1 PERSHING PLZ
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07399-0001
C	WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES, LLC	12.03%
	SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE
	EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER
	2801 MARKET ST
	SAINT LOUIS, MO 63103-2523
C	NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC	9.92%
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS
	499 WASHINGTON BLVD
	ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-1995
C	LPL FINANCIAL	8.04%
	--OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT--
	ATTN: LINDSAY O'TOOLE
	4707 EXECUTIVE DRIVE
	SAN DIEGO, CA 92121-3091

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C	RAYMOND JAMES	6.69%
	OMNIBUS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS
	ATTN: COURTNEY WALLER
	880 CARILLON PKWY
	ST PETERSBURG, FL 33716-1100
P	RETIREMENT READY	28.95%
	MATURITY FUND CLASS Y FUND 1951
	7 SHATTUCK RD
	ANDOVER MA 01810-2450
P	RETIREMENT READY	14.56%
	2030 FUND CLASS Y FUND 1956
	7 SHATTUCK RD
	ANDOVER MA 01810-2450
P	RETIREMENT READY	13.07%
	2025 FUND CLASS Y FUND 1955
	7 SHATTUCK RD
	ANDOVER MA 01810-2450
P	RETIREMENT READY	7.76%
	2040 FUND CLASS Y FUND 1958
	7 SHATTUCK RD
	ANDOVER MA 01810-2450
P	RETIREMENT READY 2035 FUND CLASS Y FUND 1957	7.44%
	7 SHATTUCK RD
	ANDOVER MA 01810-2450
R	PERSHING, LLC	38.34%
	1 PERSHING PLZ
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07399-0001
R	MATRIX TRUST CO CUST FBO	26.30%
	ALLIED MOTION TECHNOLOGIES INC. DEF
	717 17TH ST STE 1300
	DENVER CO 80202-3304
R	DCGT TRUSTEE & OR CUSTODIAN	12.34%
	FBO PLIC VARIOUS RETIREMENT PLANS
	OMNIBUS
	ATTN NPIO TRADE DESK
	711 HIGH ST
	DES MOINES, IA 50392-0001
R	STATE STREET BK & TR TTEE &/OR CUST	5.51%
	ADP ACCESS PRODUCT
	1 LINCOLN ST
	BOSTON, MA 02111-2901
R6	MLPF&S FOR THE SOLE BENEFIT OF	61.16%
	IT'S CUSTOMERS
	ATTN FUND ADMINISTRATION
	4800 DEER LAKE DR E FL 3
	JACKSONVILLE, FL 32246-6484
R6	GREAT WEST TR CO LLC FBO PFTC FBO	20.67%
	THE PUTNAM RETIREMENT PLAN
	C/O FASCORE LLC
	8515 E ORCHARD RD # 2T2
	GREENWOOD VLG, CO 80111-5002

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R6	JAMES BURK TTEE	10.30%
	IBEW LOCAL UNION NO 479 PENSION TRUST FUND
	1430 SPINDLETOP RD
	BEAUMONT TX 77705-6613
Y	WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES, LLC	17.02%
	SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE
	EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER
	2801 MARKET ST
	SAINT LOUIS, MO 63103-2523
Y	NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC	13.49%
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS
	499 WASHINGTON BLVD
	ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-1995
Y	MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC	10.64%
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF ITS CUSTOMERS
	1 NEW YORK PLAZA FL 12
	NEW YORK, NY 10004-1965
Y	MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC	8.42%
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF ITS CUSTOMERS
	1 NEW YORK PLAZA FL 12
	NEW YORK, NY 10004-1965
Y	AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC	7.54%
	707 2ND AVE S
	MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55402-2405
Y	PERSHING, LLC	6.04%
	1 PERSHING PLZ
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07399-0001
Y	UBS WM USA	5.70%
	OMNI ACCOUNT M/F
	SPEC CDY A/C EXCL BEN CUST UBSFSI
	1000 HARBOR BLVD
	WEEHAWKEN, NJ 07086-6761
Y	PUTNAM 529 FOR AMERICA	5.67%
	ABSOLUTE RETURN 700 CL A FUND 4178
	7 SHATTUCK RD
	ANDOVER MA 01810-2450

Distribution fees*

During fiscal 2020, the fund paid the following 12b-1 fees to Putnam Retail Management:

Class A	Class B	Class C	Class R
$641,435	$121,415	$1,032,929	$16,847

*Effective November 25, 2019, all class M shares were converted to class A shares.

I-17 

Class A sales charges and contingent deferred sales charges*

Putnam Retail Management received sales charges with respect to class A shares in the following amounts during the periods indicated:

	Total	Sales charges retained by
	front-end	Putnam Retail	Contingent
	sales	Management after dealer	deferred sales
Fiscal year	charges	concessions	charges
2020	$101,366	$17,690	$1
2019	$130,487	$23,089	$141
2018	$269,978	$46,624	$89

*Effective November 25, 2019, all class M shares were converted to class A shares.

Class B contingent deferred sales charges

Putnam Retail Management received contingent deferred sales charges upon redemptions of class B shares in the following amounts during the periods indicated:

	Contingent deferred
Fiscal year	sales charges
2020	$3,877
2019	$8,555
2018	$10,086

Class C contingent deferred sales charges

Putnam Retail Management received contingent deferred sales charges upon redemptions of class C shares in the following amounts during the periods indicated:

I-18 

	Contingent deferred
Fiscal year	sales charges
2020	$643
2019	$1,769
2018	$1,737

Investor servicing fees

During the 2020 fiscal year, the fund incurred $1,109,131 in fees for investor servicing provided by Putnam Investor Services, Inc.

PORTFOLIO MANAGERS

Other accounts managed

The following table shows the number and approximate assets of other investment accounts (or portions of investment accounts) that the fund's portfolio managers managed as of the fund's most recent fiscal year-end. The other accounts may include accounts for which the individuals were not designated as a portfolio manager. Unless noted, none of the other accounts pays a fee based on the account's performance.

					Other accounts (including
					separate accounts,
					managed account
					programs and single-
	Other SEC-registered		Other accounts that pool		sponsor defined
Portfolio	open-end and closed-end		assets from more than one		contribution plan
managers	funds		client		offerings)
	Number		Number		Number
	of		of		of
	accounts	Assets	accounts	Assets	accounts	Assets
Robert Schoen	31*	$8,586,900,000	55**	$6,878,700,000	7	$751,100,000
James Fetch	31*	$8,586,900,000	55**	$6,878,700,000	3	$726,700,000
Brett Goldstein	31*	$8,586,900,000	51**	$6,878,600,000	3	$726,900,000
Jason Vaillancourt	31*	$8,586,900,000	55**	$6,878,700,000	3	$727,100,000

I-19 

* 1 account, with total assets of $23,400,000, pays an advisory fee based on account performance.
** 2 accounts, with total assets of $234,300,000, pay an advisory fee based on account performance.

See “Management—Portfolio Transactions—Potential conflicts of interest in managing multiple accounts” in Part II of this SAI for information on how Putnam Management addresses potential conflicts of interest resulting from an individual’s management of more than one account.

Compensation of portfolio managers

Portfolio managers are evaluated and compensated across the group of specified products they manage, in part, based on their performance relative to peers or performance ahead of the applicable benchmark, depending on the product, based on a blend of 3-year and 5-year performance. In addition, evaluations take into account individual contributions and a subjective component.

Each portfolio manager is assigned an industry-competitive incentive compensation target consistent with this goal and evaluation framework. Actual incentive compensation may be higher or lower than the target, based on group, individual, and subjective performance, and may also reflect the performance of Putnam as a firm.

Incentive compensation includes a cash bonus and may also include grants of deferred cash, stock or options. In addition to incentive compensation, portfolio managers receive fixed annual salaries typically based on level of responsibility and experience.

For this fund, Putnam evaluates performance based on the fund’s pre-tax return relative to its benchmark, ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index.

Ownership of securities

The dollar range of shares of the fund owned by each portfolio manager at the end of the fund’s last fiscal year, including investments by immediate family members and amounts invested through retirement and deferred compensation plans, was as follows:

I-20 

Portfolio managers	Dollar range of shares owned
Robert Schoen	over $1,000,000
James Fetch	$100,001-$500,000
Brett Goldstein	$0
Jason Vaillancourt	$100,001-$500,000

SECURITIES LENDING ACTIVITIES

The following table provides the dollar amounts of income and fees and/or compensation related to the fund's securities lending activities during the most recent fiscal year:

Gross income from securities lending activities	$395,694
Fees and/or compensation for securities lending
activities and related services:
Fees paid to securities lending agent from a
revenue split	($12,161)
Fees paid for any cash collateral management
service (including fees deducted from a pooled
cash collateral reinvestment vehicle) that are not	$0
included in the revenue split
Administrative fees not included in revenue split	$0
Idemnification fee not included in revenue split	$0
Rebate (paid to borrower)	($274,052)
Other fees not included in revenue split (specify)	$0
Aggregate fees/compensation for securities
lending activities	($286,213)
Net income from securities lending activities	$109,481

Goldman Sachs Bank USA (d/b/a Goldman Sachs Agency Lending, or “GSAL”) acts as the securities lending agent for the Putnam funds. As securities lending agent, during the last fiscal year, GSAL located borrowers for fund securities, monitored daily the value of the loaned securities and collateral, required additional collateral as necessary, negotiated loan terms, provided certain limited recordkeeping and account servicing, monitored dividend activity and material proxy votes relating to loaned securities, and arranged for return of loaned securities to the fund at loan termination, and, as applicable, in connection with proxy votes.

I-21 

INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 101 Seaport Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, is the fund's independent registered public accounting firm providing audit services, tax return review and other tax consulting services and assistance and consultation in connection with the review of various Securities and Exchange Commission filings. The Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, financial highlights and financial statements included in the fund's Annual Report for the fund's most recent fiscal year are included as Appendix B to this SAI. The financial highlights included in the prospectus and this SAI and the financial statements included in this SAI (which is incorporated by reference into the prospectus) have been so included in reliance upon the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, given on their authority as experts in auditing and accounting.

I-22 

   THE PUTNAM FUNDS

STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (“SAI”)

PART II

HOW TO BUY SHARES

Each prospectus or private placement memorandum of a fund (collectively, a “prospectus”) describes briefly how investors may buy shares of the fund and identifies the share classes offered by that prospectus. For a fund that offers multiple classes of shares, the investment performance of the classes will vary because of different sales charges and expenses. This section of the SAI contains more information on how to buy shares. For more information, including your eligibility to purchase certain classes of shares, contact your investment dealer or Putnam Investor Services, Inc., the funds’ investor servicing agent (“Putnam Investor Services”), at 1-800-225-1581. Investors who purchase shares at net asset value through employer-sponsored retirement plans (including, for example, 401(k) plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, and 457 plans, as well as “non-qualified” deferred compensation plans) should also consult their employer for information about the extent to which the matters described in this section and in the sections that follow apply to them.

Except as set forth below, the fund does not accept new accounts or additional investments (including by way of exchange from another fund) into existing accounts held in the name of persons or entities that do not have both a residential or business address within the United States (including APO/FPO addresses) and a valid U.S. tax identification number. Any existing account that is updated to reflect a non-U.S. address will also be restricted from making additional investments. Individuals resident in the European Economic Area (“EEA”), in particular, should take note that the fund’s shares are not offered for sale in the EEA.

Non-U.S. institutional clients may invest in a fund, provided that the client is acting for its own account and is not a financial institution (e.g., a broker-dealer purchasing shares on behalf of its customers), and has provided Putnam with documentation (i) that is appropriate to the type of entity seeking to establish the account and (ii) sufficient to enable Putnam Investor Services to determine that the investment would not violate any applicable securities laws or regulations, including non-U.S. laws and regulations.

In addition, class M shares are only available (1) to certain employer-sponsored retirement plans investing in George Putnam Balanced Fund and (2) for Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund, and Putnam Income Fund for public offering in Japan through certain Japanese registered broker-dealers with whom Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership has an agreement. All other class M shares of the Putnam funds were converted into class A shares effective November 25, 2019, except that class M shares of Putnam Global Income Trust and Putnam Mortgage Securities Fund held in Japan were liquidated effective December 9, 2019.

In addition, the fund does not accept new accounts or additional investments (including by way of exchange from another fund) into existing accounts by entities that Putnam Investor Services has reason to believe are involved in the sale or distribution of marijuana, even if such sale or distribution is licensed by a state.

General Information

The fund is currently making a continuous offering of its shares. The fund receives the entire net asset value of shares sold. The fund will accept unconditional orders for shares to be executed at the current offering price based on the net asset value per share next determined after the order is placed. In the case of class A shares, class M shares and class N shares, the offering price is the net asset value plus the applicable sales charge, if any. (The offering price is thus calculable by dividing the net asset value by 100% minus the sales charge, expressed as a percentage.) No sales charge is included in the offering price of other classes of shares. In the case of orders for purchase of shares placed through dealers, the offering price will be based on the net asset value determined on the day the order is placed, but only if the dealer or a registered transfer agent or

February 28, 2021 II-1 

registered clearing agent receives the order, together with all required identifying information, before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”). If the dealer or registered transfer agent or registered clearing agent receives the order after the close of the NYSE, the price will be based on the net asset value next determined. If funds for the purchase of shares are sent directly to Putnam Investor Services, they will be invested at the offering price based on the net asset value next determined after all required identifying information has been collected. Payment for shares of the fund must be in U.S. dollars; if made by check, the check must be drawn on a U.S. bank.

Initial purchases are subject to the minimums stated in the prospectus, except that (i) individual investments under certain employer-sponsored retirement plans or Tax Qualified Retirement Plans may be lower, and (ii) the minimum investment is waived for investors participating in systematic investment plans or military allotment plans. Information about these plans is available from investment dealers or Putnam Investor Services. Currently Putnam is waiving the minimum for all initial purchases, but reserves the right to reject initial purchases under the minimum in the future, except as noted in the first sentence of this paragraph.

Systematic investment plan. As a convenience to investors, shares (other than shares of Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio) may be purchased through a systematic investment plan. Pre-authorized periodic (e.g., monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually) bank drafts for a fixed amount ($200,000 or less) are used to purchase fund shares at the applicable offering price next determined after Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership (“Putnam Retail Management”) receives the proceeds from the draft. A shareholder may choose any day of the month for these investments; however, if the selected date falls on a weekend or holiday, the investment will be processed on the next business day. For February, April, June, September and November, if the selected date does not occur (the 29^th, 30^th, or 31^st, as applicable), the investment will be processed the prior business day. Further information and application forms are available from the investment dealers or from Putnam Retail Management.

Reinvestment of distributions. Distributions to be reinvested are reinvested without a sales charge in shares of any Putnam fund the shareholder is eligible to invest in under the shareholder's account as of the ex-dividend date using the net asset value determined on that date, and are credited to a shareholder's account on the payment date. Dividends for Putnam money market funds are credited to a shareholder's account on the payment date. Distributions for all other funds that declare a distribution daily are reinvested without a sales charge as of the last day of the period for which distributions are paid using the net asset value determined on that date, and are credited to a shareholder's account on the payment date.

Purchasing shares with securities (“in-kind” purchases). In addition to cash, the fund will consider accepting securities as payment for fund shares at the applicable net asset value. Generally, the fund will only consider accepting securities to increase its holdings in a portfolio security, or if Putnam Investment Management, LLC (“Putnam Management”) determines that the offered securities are a suitable investment for the fund and in a sufficient amount for efficient management.

While no minimum has been established, it is expected that the fund would not accept securities with a value of less than $100,000 per issue as payment for shares. The fund may reject in whole or in part any or all offers to pay for purchases of fund shares with securities, may require partial payment in cash for such purchases to provide funds for applicable sales charges, and may discontinue accepting securities as payment for fund shares at any time without notice. The fund will value accepted securities in the manner described in the section "Determination of Net Asset Value" for valuing shares of the fund. The fund will only accept securities that are delivered in proper form. The fund will not accept certain securities, for example, options or restricted securities, as payment for shares. The acceptance of securities by certain funds in exchange for fund shares is subject to additional requirements. For federal income tax purposes, a purchase of fund shares with securities will be treated as a sale or exchange of such securities on which the investor will generally realize a taxable gain or loss. The processing of a purchase of fund shares with securities involves certain delays while the fund considers the suitability of such securities and while other requirements are satisfied. For information regarding procedures for payment in securities, contact Putnam Retail Management. Investors should not send

February 28, 2021 II-2 

securities to the fund except when authorized to do so and in accordance with specific instructions received from Putnam Retail Management.

Sales Charges and Other Share Class Features—Retail Investors

This section describes certain key features of share classes offered to retail investors and retirement plans that do not purchase shares at net asset value. Much of this information addresses the sales charges, including initial sales charges and contingent deferred sales charges (“CDSCs”) imposed on the different share classes and various commission payments made by Putnam to dealers and other financial intermediaries facilitating shareholders’ investments. This information supplements the descriptions of these share classes and payments included in the prospectus.

Initial sales charges, dealer commissions and CDSCs on shares sold outside the United States may differ from those applied to U.S. sales.

Initial sales charges for class A, class M and class N shares. The offering price of class A, class M and class N shares is the net asset value plus a sales charge that varies depending on the size of your purchase (calculable as described above). The fund receives the net asset value. The tables below indicate the sales charges applicable to purchases of class A, class M and class N shares of the funds by style category.

The sales charge for class A, class M and class N shares is allocated between your investment dealer and Putnam Retail Management as shown in the tables below, except when Putnam Retail Management, in its discretion, allocates the entire amount to your investment dealer.

The underwriter's commission, or dealer reallowance, is the sales charge shown in the prospectus less any applicable dealer discount. Putnam Retail Management will give dealers ten days' notice of any changes in the dealer discount.

Putnam Retail Management retains the entire sales charge on any retail sales made by it. The Putnam Funds require that a broker-dealer be associated with every account (a “broker-dealer of record”). In instances where the registered account owner has not designated a broker-dealer of record, Putnam Retail Management will be defaulted as the broker-dealer of record for the account. Putnam Retail Management is not a full service broker-dealer, and does not provide investment advice. As default broker-dealer of record, Putnam Retail Management will not be able to provide services that are typically offered by a brokerage firm, such as assisting with financial planning or providing recommendations, or otherwise assisting with investment decisions. Where Putnam Retail Management is listed as the default broker-dealer of record for an account, it will receive all applicable sales charges and service fees associated with the account.

For purchases of class A shares by retail investors that qualify for the highest sales charge breakpoint described in the prospectus, Putnam Retail Management pays commissions on sales during the one-year period beginning with the date of the initial purchase qualifying for that breakpoint. Each subsequent one-year measuring period for these purposes begins with the first qualifying purchase following the end of the prior period. For all funds, except for purchases of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund on or after January 1, 2021,

these commissions are paid at the rate of 1.00% of the amount of qualifying purchases up to $4 million, 0.50% of the next $46 million of qualifying purchases and 0.25% of qualifying purchases thereafter. For purchases of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund on or after January 1, 2021, these commissions are paid at the rate of 0.75% of the amount of qualifying purchases up to $4 million, 0.50% of the next $46 million of qualifying purchases and 0.25% of qualifying purchases thereafter.

For purchases of class N shares over $250,000, Putnam Retail Management pays commissions on sales during the one-year period beginning with the date of the initial purchase. Each subsequent one-year measuring period for these purposes begins with the first qualifying purchase following the end of the prior period. Commissions

February 28, 2021 II-3 

for these purchases are paid at the rate of 0.25% of the amount of qualifying purchases up to $4 million, 0.15% of the next $46 million of qualifying purchases and 0.10% of qualifying purchases thereafter.

For Growth Funds, Blend Funds, Value Funds, Asset Allocation Funds (excluding George Putnam Balanced Fund, Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy, Putnam PanAgora Market Neutral Fund and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund), Global Sector Funds, Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds (excluding Putnam Retirement Advantage Maturity Fund) and RetirementReady® Funds (excluding Putnam RetirementReady Maturity Fund) only:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	5.75%	5.00%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.50	3.75
100,000 but under 250,000	3.50	2.75
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00
500,000 but under 1,000,000	2.00	1.75
1,000,000 and above	NONE	NONE

For Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy, Putnam PanAgora Market Neutral Fund, Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund and Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund only:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	5.75%	5.00%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.50	3.75
100,000 but under 250,000	3.50	2.75
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00
500,000 and above	NONE	NONE

February 28, 2021 II-4 

For Putnam Retirement Advantage Maturity Fund, Putnam RetirementReady Maturity Fund, Taxable Income Funds (except for Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund and Putnam Income Fund) and Tax-Exempt Funds (except for Money Market Funds, Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund, Putnam Floating Rate Income Fund, and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund):

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	4.00%	3.50%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.00	3.50
100,000 but under 250,000	3.25	2.75
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00
500,000 and above	NONE	NONE

For Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund and Putnam Floating Rate Income Fund only:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 100,000	2.25%	2.00%
100,000 but under 250,000	1.75%	1.50%
250,000 but under 500,000	1.25%	1.00%
500,000 and above	NONE	1.00%

For purchases of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund prior to January 1, 2021 and Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund only:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 100,000	2.25%	2.00%
100,000 – 249,999	1.25%	1.00%
250,000 and above	NONE	1.00%

February 28, 2021 II-5 

For purchases of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund on or after January 1, 2021:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 100,000	2.25%	2.00%
100,000 – 249,999	1.25%	1.00%
250,000 and above	NONE	0.75%

For George Putnam Balanced Fund only:

	CLASS A		CLASS M
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	5.75%	5.00%	3.50%	3.00%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.50	3.75	2.50	2.00
100,000 but under 250,000	3.50	2.75	1.50	1.00
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00	1.00	1.00
500,000 but under 1,000,000	2.00	1.75	1.00	1.00
1,000,000 and above	NONE	NONE	N/A	N/A

For Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund and Putnam Income Fund only:

	CLASS A		CLASS M
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	4.00%	3.50%	3.25%	3.00%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.00	3.50	2.25	2.00
100,000 but under 250,000	3.25	2.75	1.25	1.00
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00	1.00	1.00
500,000 and above	NONE	NONE	N/A*	N/A*

*The funds will not accept purchase orders for class M shares (other than by employer-sponsored retirement plans) where the total of the current purchase, plus existing account balances that are eligible to be linked under a right of accumulation (as described below) is $500,000 or more.

February 28, 2021 II-6 

For all Putnam funds that offer class N shares:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	1.50%	1.25%
50,000 but under 100,000	1.25%	1.00%
100,000 but under 250,000	1.00%	0.75%
250,000 and above	NONE	0.25%

Purchases of class A and class N shares without an initial sales charge. Class A shares of any Putnam fund (other than Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund, Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund, and Putnam Money Market Fund) purchased by retail investors that are not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 1.00% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the twelve-month anniversary of that purchase occurs. Class A shares of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund purchased prior to January 1, 2021 and class A shares of Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund purchased by retail investors that are not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 1.00% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the nine-month anniversary of that purchase occurs. Class A shares of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund purchased on or after January 1, 2021 by retail investors that are not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 0.75% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the nine-month anniversary of that purchase occurs. Class A shares of Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund purchased by retail investors by exchanging shares from another Putnam fund that were not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 1.00% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the twelve-month anniversary of the original purchase occurs. Class N shares of any Putnam fund purchased by retail investors that are not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 0.25% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the nine-month anniversary of that purchase occurs.

The CDSC assessed on redemptions of fewer than all of an investor's class A shares or class N shares subject to a CDSC will be based on the amount of the redemption minus the amount of any appreciation on the investor's CDSC-subject shares since the purchase of such shares. The CDSC assessed on full redemptions of CDSC-subject shares will be based on the lower of the shares' cost and current NAV. Class A shares that are exchanged between Putnam funds will maintain the CDSC time period for the fund in which the initial purchase was made. Putnam Retail Management will retain any CDSC imposed on redemptions of such shares to compensate it for the up-front commissions paid to financial intermediaries for such share sales.

Purchases of class A shares for rollover IRAs. Purchases of class A shares for a Putnam Rollover IRA or a rollover IRA of a Putnam affiliate, from a retirement plan for which an affiliate of Putnam Management or a business partner of such affiliate is the administrator, including subsequent contributions, are not subject to an initial sales charge or CDSC. Putnam Retail Management may pay commissions or finders’ fees of up to 1.00% of the proceeds for such Putnam Rollover IRA purchases to the dealer of record or other third party.

February 28, 2021 II-7 

Commission payments and CDSCs for class B and class C shares. Except in the case of Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Retail Management will pay a 4% commission on sales of class B shares of the fund only to those financial intermediaries who have entered into service agreements with Putnam Retail Management. For tax-exempt funds, this commission includes a 0.20% pre-paid service fee (except for Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund and Putnam Strategic Intermediate Municipal Fund, each of which has a 0.25% pre-paid service fee). For Putnam Floating Rate Income Fund, Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund, Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund and Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund, Putnam Retail Management will pay a 1.00% commission to financial intermediaries selling class B shares of the fund.

Except in the case of Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Retail Management pays financial intermediaries a 1.00% commission on sales of class C shares of a fund.

Putnam Retail Management will retain any CDSC imposed on redemptions of class B and class C shares to compensate it for the cost of paying the up-front commissions paid to financial intermediaries for class B or class C share sales.

Conversion of class B shares into class A shares. Class B shares will automatically convert to class A shares during the month eight years after the purchase date (for Putnam Small Cap Value Fund, during the month six years after the purchase date, and for Putnam Sustainable Future Fund, during the month five years after the purchase date). Class B shares acquired by exchanging class B shares of another Putnam fund will convert to class A shares based on the time of the initial purchase, and the holding period of the fund of initial purchase will apply. Any CDSC for such shares will be calculated using the schedule of the fund into or from which shares have been exchanged that would result in the highest CDSC applicable to such shares. Class B shares acquired through reinvestment of distributions will convert to class A shares based on the date of the initial purchase to which such shares relate. For this purpose, class B shares acquired through reinvestment of distributions will be attributed to particular purchases of class B shares in accordance with such procedures as the Trustees may determine from time to time. The conversion of class B shares to class A shares is subject to the condition that such conversions will not constitute taxable events for federal tax purposes. Shareholders should consult with their tax advisers regarding the state and local tax consequences of the conversion of class B shares to class A shares, or any other exchange or conversion of shares. Average annual total return performance information for class B shares shown in the fund's prospectus assumes conversion to class A shares after the applicable period described in the fund’s prospectus.

Conversion of class C shares into class A shares. Effective March 1, 2021, Class C shares will automatically convert to class A shares during the month eight years after the purchase date, provided that Putnam Investor Services, or the financial intermediary through which a shareholder purchased class C shares has records verifying that the class C shares have been held for at least eight years, and that class A shares are available for purchase by residents in the shareholder’s jurisdiction. In certain cases, records verifying that the class C shares have been held for at least eight years may not be available (for example, participant level share lot aging may not be tracked by group retirement plan recordkeeping platforms through which class C shares of the fund are held in an omnibus account). If such records are unavailable, Putnam Investor Services or the relevant financial intermediary may not effect the conversion or may effect the conversion on a different schedule determined by Putnam Investor Services or the financial intermediary, which may be shorter or longer than eight years. Class C shares acquired by exchanging class C shares of another Putnam fund will convert to class A shares based on the time of the initial purchase. Any CDSC for such shares will be calculated using the schedule of the fund into or from which shares have been exchanged that would result in the highest CDSC applicable to such shares. Class C shares acquired through reinvestment of distributions will convert to class A shares based on the date of the initial purchase to which such shares relate. For this purpose, class C shares acquired through reinvestment of distributions will be attributed to particular purchases of class C shares in accordance with such procedures as the Trustees may determine from time to time. The conversion

February 28, 2021 II-8 

of class C shares to class A shares is subject to the condition that such conversions will not constitute taxable events for federal tax purposes. Shareholders should consult with their tax advisers regarding the state and local tax consequences of the conversion of class C shares to class A shares, or any other exchange or conversion of shares. Prior to March 1, 2021, class C shares converted to class A shares after ten years.

Sales without sales charges or contingent deferred sales charges

In addition to the categories of investors eligible to purchase fund shares without a sales charge or CDSC set forth in the fund’s prospectus, in connection with settlements reached between certain firms and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and/or Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding sales of class B and class C shares in excess of certain dollar thresholds, the fund will permit shareholders who are clients of these firms (and applicable affiliates of such firms) to redeem class B and class C shares of the fund and concurrently purchase class A shares (in an amount to be determined by the dealer of record and Putnam Retail Management in accordance with the terms of the applicable settlement) without paying a sales charge.

The fund may issue its shares at net asset value without an initial sales charge or a CDSC in connection with the acquisition of substantially all of the securities owned by other investment companies or personal holding companies. The CDSC will be waived on redemptions to pay premiums for insurance under Putnam’s insured investor program.

In the case of certain sales charge waivers described in the prospectus to (i) current and former Trustees of the fund, their family members, business and personal associates; current and former employees of Putnam Management and certain current and former corporate affiliates, their family members, business and personal associates; employer-sponsored retirement plans for the foregoing; and partnerships, trusts or other entities in which any of the foregoing has a substantial interest and (ii) shareholders reinvesting the proceeds from a Putnam Corporate IRA Plan distribution into a nonretirement plan account, the availability of shares at NAV has been determined to be appropriate because involvement by Putnam Retail Management and other brokers in purchases by these investors is typically minimal.

As described in the prospectus, specific sales charge waivers may be available through your particular financial intermediary. Please see the prospectus for additional information about financial intermediary-specific waivers.

Application of CDSC to Systematic Withdrawal Plans (“SWP”). The SWP provisions relating to CDSC waivers described below do not apply to customers purchasing shares of the fund through a Specified Intermediary, unless otherwise specified in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus. Please refer to the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus for the SWP provisions that are applicable to each Specified Intermediary.

Investors who set up a SWP for a share account (see "INVESTOR SERVICES — Plans Available to Shareholders -- Systematic Withdrawal Plan") may withdraw through the SWP up to 12% of the net asset value of the account (calculated as set forth below) each year without incurring any CDSC. Shares not subject to a CDSC (such as shares representing reinvestment of distributions) will be redeemed first and will count toward the 12% limitation. If there are insufficient shares not subject to a CDSC, shares subject to the lowest CDSC liability will be redeemed next until the 12% limit is reached. The 12% figure is calculated on a pro rata basis at the time of the first payment made pursuant to an SWP and recalculated thereafter on a pro rata basis at the time of each SWP payment. Therefore, shareholders who have chosen an SWP based on a percentage of the net asset value of their account of up to 12% will be able to receive SWP payments without incurring a CDSC. However, shareholders who have chosen a specific dollar amount (for example, $100 per month from the fund that pays income distributions monthly) for their periodic SWP payment should be aware that the amount of that payment not subject to a CDSC may vary over time depending on the net asset value of their account. For example, if the net asset value of the account is $10,000 at the time

February 28, 2021 II-9 

of payment, the shareholder will receive $100 free of the CDSC (12% of $10,000 divided by 12 monthly payments). However, if at the time of the next payment the net asset value of the account has fallen to $9,400, the shareholder will receive $94 free of any CDSC (12% of $9,400 divided by 12 monthly payments) and $6 subject to the lowest applicable CDSC. This SWP privilege may be revised or terminated at any time.

Other exceptions to application of CDSC. For purposes of the waiver categories set forth in subparagraphs (ii) – (iv) of the fund’s prospectus under the sub-section Additional reductions and waivers of sales charges – Class B and class C shares, shares not subject to a CDSC are redeemed first in determining whether the CDSC applies to each redemption.

For purposes of the waiver categories set forth in subparagraph (v) of the fund’s prospectus under the sub-section Additional reductions and waivers of sales charges – Class B and class C shares, Benefit Payments currently include, without limitation, (1) distributions from an IRA due to death or post-purchase disability, (2) a return of excess contributions to an IRA or 401(k) plan, and (3) distributions from retirement plans qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code or from a 403(b) plan due to death, disability, retirement or separation from service. These waivers may be changed at any time.

Ways to Reduce Initial Sales Charges—Class A, Class M and Class N Shares

There are several ways in which an investor may obtain reduced sales charges on purchases of class A shares, class M shares and class N shares. These provisions may be altered or discontinued at any time. The breakpoint discounts described below do not apply to customers purchasing shares of the fund through any of the financial intermediaries specified in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus (each, a “Specified Intermediary”). Please refer to the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus for the breakpoint discounts that are applicable to each Specified Intermediary.

Right of accumulation. A purchaser of class A shares, class M shares or class N shares may qualify for a right of accumulation discount by combining all current purchases by such person with the value of certain other shares of any class of Putnam funds already owned. The applicable sales charge is based on the total of:

(i) the investor's current purchase(s); and

(ii) the higher of (x) the maximum offering price (at the close of business on the previous day) or (y) the initial value of total purchases (less the value of shares redeemed on the applicable redemption date) of:

(a) all shares held in accounts registered to the investor and other accounts eligible to be linked to the investor’s accounts (as described below) in all of the Putnam funds (except closed-end and money market funds, unless acquired as described in (b) below); and

(b) any shares of money market funds acquired by exchange from other Putnam funds.

For shares held on December 31, 2007, the initial value will be the value of those shares at the maximum offering price on that date.

The following persons may qualify for a right of accumulation discount:

(i) an individual, or a "company" as defined in Section 2(a)(8) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”) (which includes corporations which are corporate affiliates of each other);

February 28, 2021 II-10 

(ii) an individual, his or her spouse and their children under age 21, purchasing for his, her or their own account;

(iii) a trustee or other fiduciary purchasing for a single trust estate or single fiduciary account (including a pension, profit-sharing, or other employee benefit trust created pursuant to a plan qualified under Section 401 of the Code and Simplified Employer Pension Plans (SEPs) created pursuant to Section 408(k) of the Code);

(iv) tax-exempt organizations qualifying under Section 501(c)(3) of the Code, (not including tax-exempt organizations qualifying under Section 403(b)(7) (a "403(b) plan") of the Code; and

(v) employer-sponsored retirement plans of a single employer or of affiliated employers, other than 403(b) plans.

A combined purchase currently may also include shares of any class of other continuously offered Putnam funds (other than money market funds, Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio, and class A shares of Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund) purchased at the same time, if the dealer places the order for such shares directly with Putnam Retail Management.

For individual investors, Putnam Investor Services automatically links accounts the registrations of which are under the same last name and address. Account types eligible to be linked for the purpose of qualifying for a right of accumulation discount include the following (in each case as registered to the investor, his or her spouse and his or her children under the age of 21):

(i) individual accounts;

(ii) joint accounts;

(iii) accounts established as part of a plan established pursuant to Section 403(b) of the Code (“403(b) plans”) or an IRA other than a SIMPLE IRA, SARSEP or SEP IRA;

(iv) shares owned through accounts in the name of the investor’s (or spouse’s or minor child’s) dealer or other financial intermediary (with documentation identifying to the satisfaction of Putnam Investor Services the beneficial ownership of such shares); and

(v) accounts established as part of a Section 529 college savings plan managed by Putnam Management.

Shares owned by a plan participant as part of an employer-sponsored retirement plan of a single employer or of affiliated employers (other than 403(b) plans) or a single fiduciary account opened by a trustee or other fiduciary (including a pension, profit-sharing, or other employee benefit trust created pursuant to a plan qualified under Section 401 of the Code) are not eligible for linking to other accounts attributable to such person to qualify for the right of accumulation discount, although all current purchases made by each such plan may be combined with existing aggregate balances of such plan in Putnam funds for purposes of determining the sales charge applicable to shares purchased at such time by the plan.

To obtain the right of accumulation discount on a purchase through an investment dealer, when each purchase is made the investor or dealer must provide Putnam Retail Management with sufficient information to verify that the purchase qualifies for the privilege or discount. The shareholder must furnish this information to Putnam Investor Services when making direct cash investments. Sales charge discounts under a right of accumulation apply only to current purchases. No credit for right of accumulation purposes is given for any higher sales charge paid with respect to previous purchases for the investor’s account or any linked accounts.

Statement of Intention. Investors may also obtain the reduced sales charges for class A, class M or class N shares shown in the prospectus for investments of a particular amount by means of a written Statement of Intention (also referred to as a Letter of Intention), which expresses the investor's intention to invest that amount (including certain "credits," as described below) within a period of 13 months in shares of any class of

February 28, 2021 II-11 

the fund or any other continuously offered Putnam fund (excluding Putnam money market funds, Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio, and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund), including through an account established as part of a Section 529 college savings plan managed by Putnam Management. Each purchase of class A shares, class M shares or class N shares under a Statement of Intention will be made at the lesser of (i) the offering price applicable at the time of such purchase and (ii) the offering price applicable on the date the Statement of Intention is executed to a single transaction of the total dollar amount indicated in the Statement of Intention.

An investor may receive a credit toward the amount indicated in the Statement of Intention equal to the maximum offering price as of the close of business on the previous day of all shares he or she owns, or which are eligible to be linked for purposes of the right of accumulation described above, on the date of the Statement of Intention which are eligible for purchase under a Statement of Intention (plus any shares of money market funds and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund acquired by exchange of such eligible shares, and any class N shares of Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund). Investors do not receive credit for shares purchased by the reinvestment of distributions. Investors qualifying for the "combined purchase privilege" (see above) may purchase shares under a single Statement of Intention.

The Statement of Intention is not a binding obligation upon the investor to purchase the full amount indicated. The minimum initial investment under a Statement of Intention is 5% of such amount, and must be invested immediately. Class A shares, class M shares or class N shares purchased with the first 5% of such amount will be held in escrow to secure payment of the higher sales charge applicable to the shares actually purchased if the full amount indicated is not purchased. When the full amount indicated has been purchased, the escrow will be released. If an investor desires to redeem escrowed shares before the full amount has been purchased, the shares will be released from escrow only if the investor pays the sales charge that, without regard to the Statement of Intention, would apply to the total investment made to date.

If an investor purchases more than the dollar amount indicated on the Statement of Intention and qualifies for a further reduced sales charge, the sales charge will be adjusted for the entire amount purchased at the end of the 13-month period, upon recovery by Putnam Retail Management from the investor's dealer of its portion of the sales charge adjustment. Once received from the dealer, which may take a period of time or may never occur, the sales charge adjustment will be used to purchase additional shares at the then current offering price applicable to the actual amount of the aggregate purchases. These additional shares will not be considered as part of the total investment for the purpose of determining the applicable sales charge pursuant to the Statement of Intention. No sales charge adjustment will be made unless and until the investor's dealer returns to Putnam Retail Management any excess commissions previously received.

If an investor purchases less than the dollar amount indicated on the Statement of Intention within the 13-month period, the sales charge will be adjusted upward for the entire amount purchased at the end of the 13-month period. This adjustment will be made by redeeming shares from the account to cover the additional sales charge, the proceeds of which will be paid to the investor's dealer and Putnam Retail Management. Putnam Retail Management will make a corresponding downward adjustment to the amount of the reallowance payable to the dealer with respect to purchases made prior to the investor’s failure to fulfill the conditions of the Statement of Intention. If the account exceeds an amount that would otherwise qualify for a reduced sales charge, that reduced sales charge will be applied. Adjustments to sales charges and dealer reallowances will not be made in the case of the shareholder’s death prior to the expiration of the 13-month period.

Statements of Intention are not available for certain employer-sponsored retirement plans.

Statement of Intention forms may be obtained from Putnam Retail Management or from investment dealers. In addition, shareholders may complete the applicable portion of the fund’s standard account application. Interested investors should read the Statement of Intention carefully.

February 28, 2021 II-12 

Commissions on Sales to Employee Retirement Plans

Purchases of class A and class R shares. On sales of class A shares at net asset value to certain employer-sponsored retirement plans and health reimbursement accounts and sales of class R shares, Putnam Retail Management may, at its discretion, pay commissions to the dealer of record on net monthly purchases up to the following rates for purchases before April 1, 2017: 1.00% of the first $1 million, 0.75% of the next $1 million and 0.50% thereafter. Effective April 1, 2017, Putnam Retail Management no longer makes such payments.

For commission payments made by Putnam Retail Management to dealers and other financial intermediaries with respect to other classes of shares offered to employer-sponsored retirement plans and other tax-favored plan investors, see the corresponding sub-heading under “—Sales Charges and Other Share Class Features—Retail Investors.”

DISTRIBUTION PLANS

If the fund or a class of shares of the fund has adopted a distribution (12b-1) plan, the prospectus describes the principal features of the plan. This SAI contains additional information which may be of interest to investors.

Continuance of a plan is subject to annual approval by a vote of the Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the fund and who have no direct or indirect interest in the plan or related arrangements (the "Qualified Trustees"), cast in person at a meeting called for that purpose. All material amendments to a plan must be likewise approved by the Trustees and the Qualified Trustees. No plan may be amended in order to increase materially the costs which the fund may bear for distribution pursuant to such plan without also being approved by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the fund or the relevant class of the fund, as the case may be. A plan terminates automatically in the event of its assignment and may be terminated without penalty, at any time, by a vote of a majority of the Qualified Trustees or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the fund or the relevant class of the fund, as the case may be.

The fund makes payments under each plan to Putnam Retail Management to compensate Putnam Retail Management for services provided and expenses incurred by it for purposes of promoting the sale of the relevant class of shares, reducing redemptions of shares or maintaining or improving services provided to shareholders by Putnam Retail Management and investment dealers.

Putnam Retail Management compensates qualifying dealers (including, for this purpose, certain financial institutions) for sales of shares and the maintenance of shareholder accounts.

Putnam Retail Management may suspend or modify its payments to dealers. The payments are also subject to the continuation of the relevant distribution plan, the terms of the service agreements between the dealers and Putnam Retail Management and any applicable limits imposed by FINRA. Unless noted below or where Putnam Retail Management and the applicable dealer have agreed otherwise, these payments commence in the first year after purchase.

Financial institutions receiving payments from Putnam Retail Management as described above may be required to comply with various state and federal regulatory requirements, including among others those regulating the activities of securities brokers or dealers.

Except as otherwise agreed between Putnam Retail Management and a dealer, for purposes of determining the amounts payable to dealers for shareholder accounts for which such dealers are designated as the dealer of record, "average net asset value" means the product of (i) the average daily share balance in such account(s) and (ii) the average daily net asset value of the relevant class of shares over the quarter.

February 28, 2021 II-13 

Class A shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at up to the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class A shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record) except as described below. No payments are made during the first year after purchase on shares purchased at net asset value by shareholders that invest at least the amount required to be eligible for the highest sales charge breakpoint as disclosed in the fund’s prospectus, unless, in the case of dealers of record for an employer-sponsored retirement plan investing at least $1 million, where such dealer has agreed to a reduced sales commission. In addition, no payments are made during the first year after purchase for shares purchased prior to April 1, 2017 where PRM has paid a commission as described above in “Commissions on Sales to Employee Retirement Plans.”

Rate*	Fund
Effective July 1, 2020:
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class A distribution plan, except for those listed below
0.10%	Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund
0.00%	Putnam Government Money Market Fund Putnam Money Market Fund
Prior to July 1, 2020:
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class A distribution plan, except for those listed below
0.20% for shares purchased before 3/21/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 3/21/05**	Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund
0.20% for shares purchased before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam Strategic Intermediate Municipal Fund
0.20% for shares purchased on or before 12/31/89; 0.25% for shares purchased after 12/31/89	Putnam Convertible Securities Fund George Putnam Balanced Fund Putnam Global Equity Fund Putnam Global Health Care Fund
0.20% for shares purchased on or before 3/31/90; 0.25% for shares purchased after 3/31/90	Putnam Mortgage Securities Fund
0.20% for shares purchased on or before 1/1/90; 0.25% for shares purchased after 1/1/90	Putnam Equity Income Fund
0.20% for shares purchased on or before 3/31/91; 0.25% for shares purchased after 3/31/91;	Putnam Income Fund
0.10%	Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund
0.20% for shares purchased after 3/6/92 but before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam Minnesota Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Ohio Tax Exempt Income Fund
0.15% for shares purchased on or before 5/11/92; 0.20% for shares purchased after 5/11/92 but before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam Massachusetts Tax Exempt Income Fund

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0.15% for shares purchased on or before 12/31/92; 0.20% for shares purchased after 12/31/92 but before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New Jersey Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund
0.15% for shares purchased on or before 7/8/93; 0.20% for shares purchased after 7/8/93 but before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam Pennsylvania Tax Exempt Income Fund
0.00%	Putnam Government Money Market Fund Putnam Money Market Fund

*For purposes of this table, shares are deemed to be purchased on date of settlement (i.e., once purchased and paid for). Shares issued in connection with dividend reinvestments are considered to be purchased on the date of their issuance, not the issuance of the original shares.

**Shares of Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund issued in connection with the merger of Putnam Municipal Income Fund into that fund pay a commission at the annual rate of 0.20% or 0.25%, based on the date of the original purchase of the shareholder’s corresponding shares of Putnam Municipal Income Fund, as set forth below: 0.20% for shares purchased on or before 5/7/92; 0.25% for shares purchased after 5/7/92.

Class B shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class B shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record).

Rate	Fund
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class B distribution plan, except for those listed below
0.25%, except that the first years’ service fees of 0.25% are prepaid at time of sale	Putnam Strategic Intermediate Municipal Fund Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund
0.20%, except that the first years’ service fees of 0.20% are prepaid at time of sale	Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Massachusetts Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Minnesota Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New Jersey Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Ohio Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Pennsylvania Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund
0.50%	Putnam Government Money Market Fund* Putnam Money Market Fund* Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund

* Effective as of the close of business on March 31, 2017, Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund limit the 12b-1 fees payable by class B shares to 0.00% of the average net asset value of class B shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record.

February 28, 2021 II-15 

Class C shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class C shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record). No payments are made during the first year after purchase unless the shares were initially purchased without a CDSC, except that payments for Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund will be made beginning in the first year.

Rate	Fund
1.00%	All funds currently making payments under a class C distribution plan, except for those listed below
0.50%	Putnam Government Money Market Fund * Putnam Money Market Fund* Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund

* Effective as of the close of business on March 31, 2017, Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund limit the 12b-1 fees payable by class C shares to 0.00% of the average net asset value of class C shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record.

Different rates may apply to shares sold outside the United States.

Class M shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class M shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record).

Rate	Fund
0.65%	George Putnam Balanced Fund
0.40%	Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund and Putnam Income Fund

Putnam Retail Management’s payments to dealers for plans investing in class M shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record may equal up to the annual rate of 0.75% of the average net asset value of such class M shares for George Putnam Balanced Fund and up to the annual rate of 0.50% of the average net asset value of such class M shares for Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam Global Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund, Putnam Income Fund, and Putnam Mortgage Securities Fund.

Different rates may apply to shares sold outside the United States.

February 28, 2021 II-16 

Class N shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rate set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class N shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record).

Rate	Fund
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class N distribution plan

Class R shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at up to the annual rate set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class R shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record). No payments are made to dealers during the first year after purchase, with respect to shares purchased before April 1, 2017, if Putnam Retail Management paid a commission to the dealer at purchase as described above in “Commissions on Sales to Employee Retirement Plans.”

Rate	Fund
0.50%	All funds currently making payments under a class R distribution plan*

* Effective as of the close of business on March 31, 2017, Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund limit the 12b-1 fees payable by class R shares to 0.00% of the average net asset value of class R shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record.

A portion of the class R distribution fee payable to dealers may be paid to third parties who provide services to plans investing in class R shares, and participants in such plans.

Class R3 shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at up to the annual rate set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class R3 shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record).

Rate	Fund
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class R3 distribution plan

A portion of the class R3 distribution fee payable to dealers may be paid to third parties who provide services to plans investing in class R3 shares and participants in such plans.

Additional Dealer Payments

As described earlier in this section, dealers may receive different commissions, sales charge reallowances and other payments with respect to sales of different classes of shares of the funds. These payments may include servicing payments to retirement plan administrators and other institutions up to the same levels as described above. For purposes of this section the term “dealer” includes any broker, dealer, bank, bank trust department,

February 28, 2021 II-17 

registered investment advisor, financial planner, retirement plan administrator and any other institution having a selling, services, or any similar agreement with Putnam Retail Management or one of its affiliates.

Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates pay additional compensation to selected dealers under the categories described below. These categories are not mutually exclusive, and a single dealer may receive payments under all categories. These payments may create an incentive for a dealer firm or its representatives to recommend or offer shares of the fund or other Putnam funds to its customers. These additional payments are made pursuant to agreements with dealers and do not change the price paid by investors for the purchase of a share or the amount a fund will receive as proceeds from such sales or the distribution (12b-1) fees and the expenses paid by the fund as shown under the heading “Fees and Expenses” in the prospectus.

Marketing Support Payments. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates make payments to certain dealers for marketing support services. These payments are individually negotiated with each dealer firm, taking into account the marketing support services provided by the dealer, including business planning assistance, educating dealer personnel about the Putnam funds and shareholder financial planning needs, placement on the dealer’s preferred or recommended fund company list, access to sales meetings, sales representatives and management representatives of the dealer, market data, as well as the size of the dealer’s relationship with Putnam Retail Management. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates compensate dealers differently depending upon, among other factors, the level and/or type of marketing support provided by the dealer. Payments are generally based on one or more of the following factors: average net assets of Putnam’s retail mutual funds attributable to that dealer, gross or net sales of Putnam’s retail mutual funds attributable to that dealer, reimbursement of ticket charges (fees that a dealer firm charges its representatives for effecting transactions in fund shares) or a negotiated lump sum payment for services rendered. In addition, payments typically apply to retail sales and assets, but may not, in certain situations, apply to other specific types of sales or assets, such as to retirement plans or fee-based advisory programs.

Although the total of marketing support payments made to dealers in any year may vary, on average, the aggregate payments are not expected, on an annual basis, to exceed 0.085% of the average assets of Putnam’s retail mutual funds attributable to the dealers.

The following dealers (and such dealers’ respective affiliates) received marketing support payments from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates during the calendar year ended December 31, 2020:

American Enterprise Investment Services Inc.	LPL Financial LLC
Ascensus, Inc.	Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company
Avantax Investment Services, Inc.	Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc.
AXA Advisors, LLC	Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC
Cambridge Investment Research, Inc.	OneAmerica Securities, Inc.
Cetera Advisor Networks LLC	Raymond James & Associates, Inc.
Cetera Advisors LLC	Raymond James Financial Services, Inc.
Cetera Financial Specialists LLC	RBC Capital Markets, LLC
Cetera Investment Services LLC	Resources Investment Advisors, LLC
Citigroup Global Markets Inc.	Retirement Plan Advisory Group
Commonwealth Equity Services	Royal Alliance Associates
First Allied Securities, Inc.	SagePoint Financial, Inc.
FSC Securities Corporation	Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated
HUB International Limited	Summit Brokerage Services, Inc.
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC	TD Ameritrade, Inc.
Janney Montgomery Scott LLC	TD Ameritrade Clearing, Inc.
John Hancock Retirement Plan Services, LLC	UBS Financial Services, Inc.
Kestra Investment Services, LLC	Vanguard Marketing Corporation
Lincoln Financial Advisors Corp.	Voya Financial Advisors, Inc.

February 28, 2021 II-18 

Lincoln Financial Distributors, Inc.	Wells Fargo Clearing Services, LLC
Lincoln Financial Securities Corporation	Woodbury Financial Services, Inc.

Additional dealers may receive marketing support payments in 2021 and in future years. Any additions, modifications or deletions to the list of dealers identified above that have occurred since December 31, 2020 are not reflected. You can ask your dealer about any payments it receives from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates.

Program Servicing Payments. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates also make payments to certain dealers that sell Putnam fund shares through dealer platforms and other investment programs to compensate dealers for a variety of services they provide. A dealer may perform program services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform program services. In addition to shareholder recordkeeping, reporting, or transaction processing, program services may include services rendered in connection with dealer platform development and maintenance, fund/investment selection and monitoring, or other similar services. Payments by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates for program servicing support to any one dealer are not expected, with certain limited exceptions, to exceed 0.20% of the total assets in the program on an annual basis. In addition, Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates make one-time or annual payments to selected dealers receiving program servicing payments in reimbursement of printing costs for literature for shareholders, account maintenance fees or fees for establishment of Putnam funds on the dealer’s system. The amounts of these payments may, but will not normally (except in cases where the aggregate assets in the program are small), cause the aggregate amount of the program servicing payments to such dealer on an annual basis to exceed the amounts set forth above.

The following dealers (and such dealers’ respective affiliates) received program servicing payments from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates during the calendar year ended December 31, 2020:

Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.	Pershing LLC
GWFS Equities, Inc.	RBC Capital Markets, LLC
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc.	Transamerica Advisors Life Insurance Company
National Financial Services LLC

Additional or different dealers may also receive program servicing payments in 2021 and in future years. Any additions, modifications or deletions to the list of dealers identified above that have occurred since December 31, 2020 are not reflected. You can ask your dealer about any payments it receives from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates.

Other Payments. From time to time, Putnam Retail Management, at its expense, may provide additional compensation to dealers which sell or arrange for the sale of shares of the fund to the extent not prohibited by laws or the rules of any self-regulatory agency, such as FINRA. Such compensation provided by Putnam Retail Management may include financial assistance to dealers that enables Putnam Retail Management to participate in and/or present at dealer-sponsored conferences or seminars, sales or training programs for invited registered representatives and other dealer employees, dealer entertainment, and other dealer-sponsored events, and travel expenses, including lodging incurred by registered representatives and other employees in connection with prospecting, retention and due diligence trips. Putnam Retail Management makes payments for entertainment events it deems appropriate, subject to Putnam Retail Management’s internal guidelines and applicable law. These payments may vary upon the nature of the event.

Sub-accounting payments. Certain dealers or other financial intermediaries also receive payments from Putnam Investor Services or its affiliates in recognition of sub-accounting or other services they provide to shareholders or plan participants who invest in the fund or other Putnam funds through their retirement plan. The amount paid for these services varies depending on the share class selected and by dealer or other financial intermediary, and may also take into account the extent to which the services provided by the dealer replace services that Putnam Investor Services or its affiliates would otherwise have to provide. Payments in respect of

February 28, 2021 II-19 

class R3 and class R4 shares are generally made at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of a fund’s average net assets attributable to such class of shares held by a dealer or other financial intermediary. Payments in respect of class R5 shares are generally made at an annual rate of up to 0.10% of a fund’s average net assets attributable to class R5 shares held by a dealer or other financial intermediary, except that an annual rate of up to 0.07% of a fund’s average net assets attributable to class R5 shares held by a dealer or other financial intermediary applies to Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Conservative Fund, Putnam Global Income Trust, Putnam Income Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund. There are no such payments in respect of class R6 shares. Payments for other classes vary. See the discussion under the heading “MANAGEMENT – Investor Servicing Agent” for more details.

You can ask your dealer for information about payments it receives from Putnam Retail Management or its affiliates and the services it provides for those payments.

MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISKS

As noted in the prospectus, in addition to the main investment strategies and the principal risks described in the prospectus, the fund may employ other investment practices and may be subject to other risks, which are described below. Because the following is a combined description of investment strategies of all of the Putnam funds, certain matters described herein may not apply to your fund. Unless a strategy or policy described below is specifically prohibited or limited by the investment restrictions discussed in the fund’s prospectus or in this SAI, or by applicable law, the fund may engage in each of the practices described below without limit. This section contains information on the investments and investment practices listed below. With respect to funds for which Putnam Investments Limited (“PIL”), The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC (“PAC”) and/or PanAgora Asset Management, Inc. (“PanAgora”) serve as sub-adviser (as described in the fund’s prospectus), references to Putnam Management in this section include PIL, PAC and/or PanAgora, as appropriate.

Bank Loans, Loan Participations, and Assignments	Market Risk
Borrowing and Other Forms of Leverage	Master Limited Partnerships (MLPs)
Collateralized Debt and Loan Obligations	Money Market Instruments
Commodities and Commodity-Related Investments	Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities
Derivatives	Options on Securities
ESG Considerations	Preferred Stocks and Convertible Securities
Exchange-Traded Notes	Private Placements and Restricted Securities
Floating Rate and Variable Rate Demand Notes	Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
Foreign Currency Transactions	Redeemable Securities
Foreign Investments and Related Risks	Repurchase Agreements
Forward Commitments and Dollar Rolls	Securities Loans
Futures Contracts and Related Options	Securities of Other Investment Companies
Hybrid Instruments	Short Sales
Illiquid Investments	Short-Term Trading
Inflation-Protected Securities	Special Purpose Acquisition Companies
Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)	Structured Investments
Interfund Borrowing and Lending	Swap Agreements
Inverse Floaters	Tax-exempt Securities
Investments in Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries	Temporary Defensive Strategies
Legal and Regulatory Risk Relating to Investment Strategy	Warrants
London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)	Zero-coupon and Payment-in-kind Bonds
Lower-rated Securities

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Bank Loans, Loan Participations, and Assignments

The fund may invest in bank loans. Bank loans are typically senior debt obligations of borrowers (issuers) and, as such, are considered to hold a senior position in the capital structure of the borrower. These may include loans that hold the most senior position, that hold an equal ranking with other senior debt, or loans that are, in the judgment of Putnam Management, in the category of senior debt of the borrower. This capital structure position generally gives the holders of these loans a priority claim on some or all of the borrower’s assets in the event of a default. Many loans are either partially or fully secured by the assets of the borrower, and most impose restrictive covenants which must be met by the borrower. Loans are typically made by a syndicate of banks, represented by an agent bank which has negotiated and structured the loan and which is responsible generally for collecting interest, principal, and other amounts from the borrower on its own behalf and on behalf of the other lending institutions in the syndicate, and for enforcing its and their other rights against the borrower. Each of the lending institutions, including the agent bank, lends to the borrower a portion of the total amount of the loan, and retains the corresponding interest in the loan.

By purchasing a loan, the fund acquires some or all of the interest of a bank or other lending institution in a loan to a particular borrower. The fund may acquire a loan interest directly by acting as a member of the original lending syndicate. The fund may also invest in a loan in other ways, including through novations, assignments and participating interests. In a novation, the fund assumes all of the rights of a lending institution in a loan, including the right to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts directly from the borrower and to enforce its rights as a lender directly against the borrower. The fund assumes the position of a co-lender with other syndicate members. In an assignment, the fund purchases a portion of a lender’s interest in a loan. In this case, the fund may be required generally to rely upon the assigning bank to demand payment and enforce its rights against the borrower, but would otherwise be entitled to all of such bank’s rights in the loan. The fund may also purchase a participating interest in a portion of the rights of a lending institution in a loan. Participation interests typically result in a contractual relationship only with the lending institution, not with the borrower. In such case, the fund will be entitled to receive payments of principal, interest and premium, if any, but will not generally be entitled to enforce its rights directly against the agent bank or the borrower, and must rely for that purpose on the lending institution. In addition, with a participation interest, the fund generally will have no rights of set-off against the borrower, and the fund may not directly benefit from the collateral supporting the loan in which it has purchased the participation.

The fund’s ability to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts in connection with loan interests held by it will depend primarily on the financial condition of the borrower (and, in some cases, the lending institution from which it purchases the loan). Adverse changes in the creditworthiness of the borrower may affect the borrower’s ability to pay principal and interest, and borrowers that are in bankruptcy or restructuring may never pay off their indebtedness, or may pay only a small fraction of the amount owed. The value of collateral, if any, securing a loan can decline, or may be insufficient to meet the borrower’s obligations or difficult to liquidate. In addition, the fund’s access to collateral may be limited by bankruptcy or other insolvency laws. The failure by the fund to receive scheduled interest or principal payments on a loan would adversely affect the income of the fund and would likely reduce the value of its assets, which would be reflected in a reduction in the fund’s net asset value. Banks and other lending institutions generally perform a credit analysis of the borrower before originating a loan or participating in a lending syndicate. In selecting the loan interests in which the fund will invest, however, Putnam Management will not rely solely on that credit analysis, but will perform its own investment analysis of the borrowers. Putnam Management’s analysis may include consideration of the borrower’s financial strength and managerial experience, debt coverage, additional borrowing requirements or debt maturity schedules, changing financial conditions, and responsiveness to changes in business conditions and interest rates. Putnam Management will generally not have access to non-public information to which other investors in syndicated loans may have access. Because loans in which the fund may invest are not generally rated by independent credit rating agencies, a decision by the fund to invest in a particular loan will depend almost exclusively on Putnam Management’s, and the original lending institution’s, credit analysis of the borrower. Investments in loans may be of any quality, including “distressed” loans, and will be subject to the fund’s credit quality policy. The loans in which the fund may invest include

February 28, 2021 II-21 

those that pay fixed rates of interest and those that pay floating rates – i.e., rates that adjust periodically based on a known lending rate, such as a bank’s prime rate. To the extent an applicable interest rate is based on LIBOR, the fund will be exposed to certain additional risks. See “London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)” below for more information.

The fund will in many cases be required to rely upon the lending institution from which it purchases the loan interest to collect and pass on to the fund such payments and to enforce the fund’s rights under the loan. This may subject the fund to greater delays, expenses, and risks than if the fund could enforce its rights directly against the borrower. For example, an insolvency, bankruptcy or reorganization of the lending institution may delay or prevent the fund from receiving principal, interest and other amounts with respect to the underlying loan. When the fund is required to rely upon a lending institution to pay to the fund principal, interest and other amounts received by it, Putnam Management will also evaluate the creditworthiness of the lending institution.

The borrower of a loan in which the fund holds an interest may, either at its own election or pursuant to terms of the loan documentation, prepay amounts of the loan from time to time. The rate of such prepayments may be affected by, among other things, general business and economic conditions, as well as the financial status of the borrower. Prepayment would cause the actual duration of a loan to be shorter than its stated maturity. There is no assurance that the fund will be able to reinvest the proceeds of any loan prepayment at the same interest rate or on the same terms as those of the original loan.

Corporate loans in which the fund may invest are generally made to finance internal growth, mergers, acquisitions, stock repurchases, leveraged buy-outs and other corporate activities. A significant portion of the corporate loan interests purchased by the fund may represent interests in loans made to finance highly leveraged corporate acquisitions, known as “leveraged buy-out” transactions, leveraged recapitalization loans and other types of acquisition financing. The highly leveraged capital structure of the borrowers in such transactions may make such loans especially vulnerable to adverse changes in economic or market conditions.

The market for bank loans may not be highly liquid. In addition, loan interests generally are subject to restrictions on transfer, and only limited opportunities may exist to sell such interests in secondary markets. As a result, the fund may be unable to sell loan interests at a time when it may otherwise be desirable to do so or may be able to sell them only at a price that is less than their fair market value. The fund may hold investments in loans for a very short period of time when opportunities to resell the investments that Putnam Management believes are attractive arise.

Certain of the loan interests acquired by the fund may involve letters of credit, revolving credit facilities, or other standby financing commitments obligating the fund to make additional loans upon demand by the borrower pursuant to the terms specified in the loan documentation. This obligation may have the effect of requiring the fund to increase its investment in a borrower at a time when it would not otherwise have done so. To the extent that the fund is committed to make additional loans under the loan documentation, it will at all times set aside on its books liquid assets in an amount sufficient to meet such commitments.

Certain of the loan interests acquired by the fund may also involve loans made in foreign (i.e., non-U.S.) currencies. The fund’s investment in such interests would involve the risks of currency fluctuations described in this SAI with respect to investments in the foreign securities.

With respect to its management of investments in bank loans, Putnam Management will normally seek to avoid receiving material, non-public information (“Confidential Information”) about the issuers of bank loans being considered for acquisition by the fund or held in the fund’s portfolio. In many instances, borrowers may offer to furnish Confidential Information to prospective investors, and to holders, of the issuer’s loans. Putnam Management’s decision not to receive Confidential Information may place Putnam Management at a disadvantage relative to other investors in loans (which could have an adverse effect on the price the fund pays or receives when buying or selling loans). Also, in instances where holders of loans are asked to grant amendments, waivers or consent, Putnam Management’s ability to assess their significance or desirability may be adversely affected. For these and other reasons, it is possible that Putnam Management’s decision not to

February 28, 2021 II-22 

receive Confidential Information under normal circumstances could adversely affect the fund’s investment performance.

Notwithstanding its intention generally not to receive material, non-public information with respect to its management of investments in loans, Putnam Management may from time to time come into possession of material, non-public information about the issuers of loan interests that may be held in the fund’s portfolio. Possession of such information may in some instances occur despite Putnam Management’s efforts to avoid such possession, but in other instances Putnam Management may choose to receive such information (for example, in connection with participation in a creditors’ committee with respect to a financially distressed issuer). As, and to the extent, required by applicable law, Putnam Management’s ability to trade in these loan interests for the account of the fund could potentially be limited by its possession of such information. Such limitations on Putnam Management’s ability to trade could have an adverse effect on the fund by, for example, preventing the fund from selling a loan interest that is experiencing a material decline in value. In some instances, these trading restrictions could continue in effect for a substantial period of time.

In some instances, other accounts managed by Putnam Management or an affiliate may hold other securities issued by borrowers in whose loans the fund may hold an interest. These other securities may include, for example, debt securities that are subordinate to the loan interests held in the fund’s portfolio, convertible debt or common or preferred equity securities. In certain circumstances, such as if the credit quality of the issuer deteriorates, the interests of holders of these other securities may conflict with the interests of the holders of the issuer’s loans. In such cases, Putnam Management may owe conflicting fiduciary duties to the fund and other client accounts. Putnam Management will endeavor to carry out its obligations to all of its clients (including the fund) to the fullest extent possible, recognizing that in some cases certain clients may achieve a lower economic return, as a result of these conflicting client interests, than if Putnam Management’s client accounts collectively held only a single category of the issuer’s securities.

The settlement period (the period between the execution of the trade and the delivery of cash to the purchaser) for some bank loan transactions may be significantly longer than the settlement period for other investments, and in some cases longer than seven days. Requirements to obtain the consent of the borrower and/or agent can delay or impede the fund’s ability to sell bank loan interests and can adversely affect the price that can be obtained. It is possible that sale proceeds from bank loan transactions will not be available to meet redemption obligations, in which case the fund may be required to utilize other sources to meet the redemption obligations, such as cash balances or proceeds from the sale of its more liquid investments or investments with shorter settlement periods.

Some loan interests may not be considered “securities” for certain purposes under the federal securities laws, and, as a result, purchasers, such as the fund, may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.

If legislation or federal or state regulators impose additional requirements or restrictions on the ability of financial institutions to make loans that are considered highly leveraged transactions, the availability of bank loans for investment by a fund may be adversely affected. In addition, such requirements or restrictions could reduce or eliminate sources of financing for certain borrowers. This would increase the risk of default. If legislation or federal or state regulators require financial institutions to dispose of bank loans that are considered highly leveraged transactions or subject such bank loans to increased regulatory scrutiny, financial institutions may determine to sell such bank loans. If a fund attempts to sell a bank loan at a time when a financial institution is engaging in such a sale, the price a fund could get for the bank loan may be adversely affected.

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Borrowing and Other Forms of Leverage

The fund may borrow money to the extent permitted by its investment policies and restrictions and by Section 18 of the 1940 Act. When the fund borrows money, it must pay interest and other fees, which will reduce the fund’s returns if such costs exceed the returns on the portfolio securities purchased or retained with such borrowings. In addition, if the fund makes additional investments while borrowings are outstanding, this may be considered a form of leverage.

Each Putnam fund (other than Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, Putnam RetirementReady® Funds, and Putnam Short-Term Investment Fund) participates in a committed line of credit provided by State Street Bank and Trust Company and an uncommitted line of credit provided by State Street Bank and Trust Company. These lines of credit are intended to provide a temporary source of cash in extraordinary or emergency circumstances, such as unexpected shareholder redemption requests. The fund may pay a commitment or other fee to maintain a line of credit, in addition to the stated interest rate. Each participating fund in the committed line of credit is required to maintain a specified asset coverage ratio.

In addition to borrowing money from banks, the fund may engage in certain other investment transactions that may be viewed as forms of financial leverage – for example, using dollar rolls, investing collateral from loans of portfolio securities, entering into when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward commitment transactions or using derivatives such as swaps, futures, forwards, and options. Because the fund either (1) sets aside cash (or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees) on its books in respect of such transactions during the period in which the transactions are open or (2) otherwise “covers” its obligations under the transactions, such as by holding offsetting investments, the fund does not consider these transactions to be borrowings for purposes of its investment restrictions or “senior securities” for purposes of the 1940 Act. In some cases (e.g., with respect to futures, options, forwards and certain swaps such as total return swaps that are contractually required to “cash-settle”), the fund is permitted under relevant guidance from the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or SEC staff to set aside assets with respect to an investment transaction in the amount of its net (marked-to-market) obligations thereunder, rather than the full notional amount of the transaction. By setting aside assets equal only to its net (marked-to-market) obligations, the fund will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if it set aside assets equal to the notional amount of the transaction, which may increase the risk associated with such investments. When the fund is a seller of credit protection under a credit default swap, the fund will set aside the full notional amount of the swap transaction.

Leveraging tends to exaggerate the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of the fund’s holding. When the fund borrows money or otherwise leverages its portfolio, the value of an investment in the fund will be more volatile and other investment risks will tend to be compounded. Leveraging also may require that the fund liquidate portfolio securities when it may not be advantageous to do so, to satisfy its obligations or to meet segregation requirements. Leveraging may expose the fund to losses in excess of the amounts invested. Furthermore, if the fund uses leverage through purchasing derivative instruments, the fund has the risk that losses may exceed the net assets of the fund.

Collateralized Debt and Loan Obligations.

The fund may invest in collateralized debt obligations ("CDOs"). CDOs are types of asset-backed securitized instruments and include collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) and other similarly structured securities. Although certain CDOs may benefit from credit enhancement in the form of a senior-subordinate structure, overcollateralization or bond insurance, such enhancement may not always be present, and may fail to protect a fund against the risk of loss on default of the collateral. CDOs may charge management and administrative fees, which are in addition to those of a fund. CDOs may be less liquid than other types of securities.

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The risks of an investment in a CDO largely depend on the type of underlying collateral securities and the tranche in which a fund invests. CDOs are subject to the typical risks associated with debt instruments and fixed income and/or asset-backed securities discussed elsewhere in the prospectus and in this SAI, including interest rate risk (which may be exacerbated if the interest rate payable on a structured financing changes based on multiples of changes in interest rates or inversely to changes in interest rates), prepayment risk, credit risk (including adverse credit spread moves), liquidity risk and market risk. , CDOs carry additional risks including, but not limited to: (i) the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments and one or more tranches may be subject to up to 100% loss of invested capital; (ii) the possibility that the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default, due to factors such as the availability of any credit enhancement, the level and timing of payments and recoveries on and the characteristics of the underlying receivables, loans, or other assets that are being securitized, remoteness of those assets from the originator or transferor, the adequacy of and ability to realize upon any related collateral, and the capability of the servicer of the securitized assets (particularly where the underlying collateral in a loan portfolio is not individually assessed prior to purchase); (iii) market and illiquidity risks affecting the price of a structured finance investment, if required to be sold, at the time of sale; and (iv) if the particular structured product is invested in a security in which a fund is also invested, this would tend to increase the fund’s overall exposure to the credit of the issuer of such securities, at least on an absolute, if not on a relative basis. In addition, due to the complex nature of a CDO, an investment in a CDO may not perform as expected. An investment in a CDO also is subject to the risk that the issuer and the investors may interpret the terms of the instrument differently, giving rise to disputes.

A CLO is an obligation of a trust or other special purpose vehicle typically collateralized by a pool of loans, which may include, among others, domestic and foreign senior secured loans, senior unsecured loans, and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade or equivalent unrated loans. CLOs may charge management and other administrative fees. Payments of principal and interest are passed through to investors in a CLO and divided into several tranches of rated debt securities, which vary in risk and yield, and typically at least one tranche of unrated subordinated securities, which may be debt or equity (“CLO Securities”). CLO Securities generally receive some variation of principal and/or interest installments and, with the exception of certain subordinated securities, bear different interest rates. If there are defaults or if a CLO’s collateral otherwise underperforms, scheduled payments to senior tranches typically take priority over less senior tranches.

CLO Securities may be privately placed and thus subject to restrictions on transfer to meet securities law and other legal requirements. In the event that any fund does not satisfy certain of the applicable transfer restrictions at any time that it holds CLO Securities, it may be forced to sell the related CLO Securities and may suffer a loss on sale. CLO Securities may be considered illiquid investments in the event there is no secondary market for the CLO Securities. CLOs are also subject to the same risks associated with CDOs, as described above.

Commodities and Commodity-Related Investments

Some funds may gain exposure to commodity markets by investing in physical commodities or commodity-related instruments directly or indirectly. Such instruments include, but are not limited to, futures contracts, swaps, options, forward contracts, and structured notes and equities, debt securities, convertible securities, and warrants of issuers in commodity-related industries.

Commodity prices can be extremely volatile and may be directly or indirectly affected by many factors, including changes in overall market movements, real or perceived inflationary trends, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates or currency exchange rates, population growth and changing demographics, and factors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, or other weather conditions or natural disasters, livestock disease, trade embargoes, economic sanctions, competition from substitute products, transportation bottlenecks or shortages, fluctuations in supply and demand, tariffs, and international regulatory, political, and economic developments (e.g., regime changes and changes in economic activity

February 28, 2021 II-25 

levels). In addition, some commodities are subject to limited pricing flexibility because of supply and demand factors, and others are subject to broad price fluctuations as a result of the volatility of prices for certain raw materials and the instability of supplies of other materials.

Actions of and changes in governments, and political and economic instability, in commodity-producing and -exporting countries may affect the production and marketing of commodities. In addition, commodity-related industries throughout the world are subject to greater political, environmental, and other governmental regulation than many other industries. Changes in government policies and the need for regulatory approvals may adversely affect the products and services of companies in the commodities industries. For example, the exploration, development, and distribution of coal, oil, and gas in the United States are subject to significant federal and state regulation, which may affect rates of return on coal, oil, and gas and the kinds of services that the federal and state governments may offer to companies in those industries. In addition, compliance with environmental and other safety regulations has caused many companies in commodity-related industries to incur production delays and significant costs. Government regulation also may impede the development of new technologies. The effect of future regulations affecting commodity-related industries cannot be predicted.

The value of commodity-related derivatives fluctuates based on changes in the values of the underlying commodity, commodity index, futures contract, or other economic variable to which they are related. Additionally, economic leverage will increase the volatility of these instruments as they may increase or decrease in value more quickly than the underlying commodity or other relevant economic variable. See “Derivatives,” “Forward Commitments and Dollar Rolls,” “Futures Contracts and Related Options,” “Hybrid Instruments,” “Investments in Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries,” “Short Sales,” “Structured Investments,” “Swap Agreements” and “Warrants” herein for more information on the fund’s investments in derivatives, including commodity-related derivatives such as swap agreements, commodity futures contracts, and options on commodity futures contracts.

In order for a fund to qualify as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) the fund must derive at least 90 percent of its gross income each taxable year from certain sources of “qualifying income” specified in the Code. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s investment in a wholly-owned foreign subsidiary is expected to provide the fund with exposure to the commodities markets within the limitations of the federal income tax requirements of Subchapter M of the Code. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s pursuit of its investment strategy may be limited by the fund’s intention to qualify for treatment as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. See the “Investments in Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries” and “Taxes” sections for more information.

Derivatives

Certain of the instruments in which the fund may invest, such as futures contracts, certain foreign currency transactions, options, warrants, hybrid instruments, forward contracts, swap agreements and structured investments, are considered to be “derivatives.” Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value or other attributes of one or more underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies. Investments in derivatives may be applied toward meeting a requirement to invest in a particular kind of investment if the derivatives have economic characteristics similar to that investment.

The value of derivatives may move in unexpected ways due to unanticipated market movements, the use of leverage, imperfect correlation between the derivatives instrument and the reference asset, or other factors, especially in unusual market conditions, and may result in increased volatility. Derivatives may be difficult to value and may increase the fund’s transactions costs. The successful use of derivatives depends on the ability to manage these sophisticated instruments. There is no assurance that the fund’s use of derivative instruments will enable the fund to achieve its investment objective or that Putnam Management will be able to predict correctly the direction of securities prices, interest rates, currency exchange rates and other economic factors.

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The fund’s use of derivatives may cause the fund to recognize higher amounts of short-term capital gains, which are generally taxed to individual shareholders at ordinary income tax rates, and higher amounts of ordinary income, and more generally may affect the timing, character and amount of a fund’s distributions to shareholders. The fund’s use of commodity-linked derivatives can be limited by the fund’s intention to qualify as a “regulated investment company” under the Code or bear adversely on the fund’s ability to so qualify, as discussed in “Taxes” below.

The fund’s use of certain derivatives may in some cases involve forms of financial leverage, which means they provide the fund with investment exposure greater than the value of the fund’s investment in the derivatives. The use of leverage involves risk and may increase the volatility of the fund’s net asset value. See “Borrowing and Other Forms of Leverage.”

In its use of derivatives, the fund may take both long positions (the values of which move in the same direction as the prices of the underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies), and short positions (the values of which move in the opposite direction from the prices of the underlying investments, pools of investments indexes or currencies). Short positions may involve greater risks than long positions, as the risk of loss may be theoretically unlimited (unlike a long position, in which the risk of loss may be limited to the amount invested). The fund may use derivatives that combine “long” and “short” positions in order to capture the difference between underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies.

Some derivatives transactions are required to be centrally cleared, and a party to a cleared derivatives transaction is subject to the credit risk of the clearing house and the clearing member through which it holds its cleared position. Credit risk of market participants with respect to derivatives that are centrally cleared is concentrated in a few clearing houses, and it is not clear how an insolvency proceeding of a clearing house would be conducted and what impact an insolvency of a clearing house would have on the financial system or on the fund’s ability to exercise remedies. Also, the fund is subject to risk if it enters into a derivatives transaction that is required to be cleared, and no clearing member is willing or able to clear the transaction on the fund’s behalf.

Some derivative contracts may be privately negotiated in the over-the-counter market. These contracts also involve exposure to credit risk, since contract performance depends in part on the financial condition of the counterparty, and counterparty risk, since the counterparty may be unable or unwilling to perform its obligations under the contract for reasons unrelated to its financial condition, such as operational issues, business interruptions or contract disputes. If a privately negotiated over-the-counter contract calls for payments by the fund, the fund must be prepared to make the payments when due. If a counterparty’s creditworthiness declines or the counterparty is otherwise unable or unwilling to perform its obligations under the contract, the fund may not receive payments owed under the contract, or the payments may be delayed and the value of the agreements with the counterparty may decline, potentially resulting in losses to the fund.

Derivatives also are subject to the risk that the fund may be delayed or prevented from recovering margin or other amounts deposited with a clearinghouse, futures commission merchant or other counterparty. If the fund has insufficient cash, it may have to sell securities to meet daily variation margin requirements at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so.

To the extent the fund is required to segregate or “set aside” (often referred to as “asset segregation”) liquid assets or otherwise cover open positions with respect to certain derivative instruments, the fund may be required to sell portfolio instruments to meet these asset segregation requirements. There is a possibility that segregation involving a large percentage of the fund’s assets could impede portfolio management or the fund’s ability to meet redemption requests or other current obligations.

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Other risks arise from the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions. A liquid secondary market may not always exist for the fund’s derivatives positions. In fact, some over-the-counter instruments may be considered illiquid, and it may not be possible for the fund to liquidate a derivative position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses.

Legislation and regulation of derivatives in the U.S. and other countries, including asset segregation, margin, clearing, trading and reporting requirements, and leveraging and position limits, may make derivatives more costly and/or less liquid, limit the availability of certain types of derivatives, cause the Fund to change its use of derivatives, or otherwise adversely affect a Fund’s use of derivatives.

Further information about these instruments and the risks involved in their use is included elsewhere in the prospectus and in this SAI.

Combined Positions

A fund may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts, options on futures contracts, indexed securities, swap agreements or other derivative instruments, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of its overall position. For example, a fund may purchase a put option and write a call option on the same underlying instrument, in order to construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract. Another possible combined position would involve writing a call option at one strike price and buying a call option at a lower price, in order to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.

ESG Considerations

A fund may integrate environmental, social, or governance (“ESG”) considerations into its research process and/or investment decision-making. Putnam Management believes that ESG considerations, like other, more traditional subjects of investment analysis such as market position, growth prospects, and business strategy, have the potential to impact risk and returns. The relevance and materiality of ESG considerations in a fund’s process will differ from strategy to strategy, from sector to sector, and from portfolio manager to portfolio manager, and, in some cases (such as where Putnam Management lacks relevant ESG data), ESG considerations may not represent a material component of a fund’s investment process. Other than in the case of Putnam Sustainable Future Fund and Putnam Sustainable Leaders Fund, the consideration of ESG factors as part of a fund’s investment process does not mean that a fund pursues a specific “ESG” or “sustainable” investment strategy, and, depending on the fund, Putnam Management may sometimes make investment decisions other than on the basis of relevant ESG considerations.

Exchange-Traded Notes

The fund may invest in exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”). An ETN is a type of senior, unsecured, unsubordinated debt security whose returns are linked to the performance of a particular market index or other reference assets less applicable fees and expenses. ETNs are listed on an exchange and traded in the secondary market. Investors may hold the ETN until maturity, at which time the issuer is obligated to pay a return linked to the performance of the relevant market index less applicable fees and expenses. ETNs typically do not make periodic interest payments and principal typically is not protected.

The market value of an ETN may be influenced by, among other things, time to maturity, level of supply and demand of the ETN, economic, legal, political or geographic events that affect the reference assets, volatility and lack of liquidity in the reference assets, changes in the applicable interest rates, the current performance of the market index to which the ETN is linked, and the credit rating of the ETN issuer. The market value of an ETN may differ from the performance of the applicable market index, and there may be times when an ETN

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trades at a premium or discount. This difference in price may be due to the fact that the supply and demand in the market for ETNs at any point in time is not always identical to the supply and demand in the market for the securities underlying the market index that the ETN seeks to track. A change in the issuer’s credit rating may also impact the value of an ETN despite the underlying market index remaining unchanged.

ETNs are also subject to tax risk. No assurance can be given that the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) will accept, or a court will uphold, how the fund characterizes and treats ETNs for tax purposes.

An ETN that is tied to a specific market index may not be able to replicate and maintain exactly the composition and relative weighting of securities, commodities or other components in the applicable market index. ETNs also incur certain expenses not incurred by their applicable market index, and the fund would bear a proportionate share of any fees and expenses borne by the ETN in which it invests.

The fund’s ability to sell its ETN holdings may be limited by the availability of a secondary market. In addition, although an ETN may be listed on an exchange, the issuer may not be required to maintain the listing, and there can be no assurance that a secondary market will exist for an ETN. Some ETNs that use leverage in an effort to amplify the returns of an underlying market index can, at times, be relatively illiquid and may therefore be difficult to purchase or sell at a fair price. Leveraged ETNs may offer the potential for greater return, but the potential for loss and speed at which losses can be realized also are greater. The extent of the fund’s investment in commodity-linked ETNs, if any, is limited by tax considerations. For more information regarding the tax treatment of commodity-linked ETNs, please see “Taxes” below.

ETNs are generally similar to structured investments and hybrid instruments. For discussion of these investments and the risks generally associated with them, see “Hybrid Instruments” and “Structured Investments” in this SAI.

Floating Rate and Variable Rate Demand Notes

The fund may purchase taxable or tax-exempt floating rate and variable rate demand notes for short-term cash management or other investment purposes. Floating rate and variable rate demand notes are debt instruments that provide for periodic adjustments in the interest rate. The interest rate on these instruments may be reset daily, weekly or on some other reset period and may have a floor or ceiling on interest rate changes. The interest rate of a floating rate instrument may be based on a known lending rate, such as a bank’s prime rate, and is reset whenever such rate is adjusted. The interest rate on a variable rate demand note is reset at specified intervals at a market rate. To the extent an applicable interest rate is based on LIBOR, the fund will be exposed to certain additional risks. See “London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)” below for more information.

Interest rate adjustments are designed to help stabilize the instrument’s price or maintain a fixed spread to a predetermined benchmark. While this feature may protect against a decline in the instrument’s market price when interest rates or benchmark rates rise, it lowers the fund’s income when interest rates or benchmark rates fall. The fund’s income from its floating rate and variable rate investments also may increase if interest rates rise. Floating rate and variable rate obligations are less effective than fixed rate instruments at locking in a particular yield. Nevertheless, such obligations may fluctuate in value in response to interest rate changes if there is a delay between changes in market interest rates and the interest reset date for the obligation, or for other reasons.

The fund’s ability to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts in connection with loans held by it will depend primarily on the financial condition of the issuer. The failure by the fund to receive scheduled interest or principal payments on a loan would adversely affect the income of the fund and would likely reduce the value of its assets, which would be reflected in a reduction in the fund’s NAV.

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Floating rate and variable rate demand notes and bonds may have a stated maturity in excess of one year, but may have features that permit a holder to demand payment of principal plus accrued interest upon a specified number of days’ notice. Frequently, such obligations are secured by letters of credit or other credit support arrangements provided by banks. If these obligations are not secured by letters of credit or other credit support arrangements, the fund’s right to demand payment will be dependent on the ability of the issuer to pay principal and interest on demand. In addition, these obligations frequently are not rated by credit rating agencies and may involve heightened risk of default by the issuer. The issuer of such obligations normally has a corresponding right, after a given period, to prepay in its discretion the outstanding principal of the obligation plus accrued interest upon a specific number of days notice to the holders. There is no assurance that the fund will be able to reinvest the proceeds of any prepayment at the same interest rate or on the same terms as those of the original instrument.

The absence of an active secondary market for floating rate and variable rate demand notes could make it difficult for the fund to dispose of the instruments, and the fund could suffer a loss if the issuer defaults or during periods in which the fund is not entitled to exercise its demand rights. When a reliable trading market for the floating rate and variable rate instruments held by the fund does not exist and the fund may not demand payment of the principal amount of such instruments within seven days, the instruments may be deemed illiquid and therefore subject to the fund’s limitation on investments in illiquid securities.

Foreign Currency Transactions

The fund may engage in foreign currency exchange transactions, including purchasing and selling foreign currency, foreign currency options, foreign currency forward contracts and foreign currency futures contracts and related options. The fund may engage in these transactions for a variety of reasons, including to manage the exposure to foreign currencies inherent in the fund’s investments, to increase its returns, and to offset some of the costs of hedging transactions. Foreign currency transactions involve costs, and, if unsuccessful, may reduce the fund’s return.

Generally, the fund may engage in both “transaction hedging” and “position hedging” (the sale of forward currency with respect to portfolio security positions). The fund may also engage in foreign currency transactions for non-hedging purposes, subject to applicable law. When it engages in transaction hedging, the fund enters into foreign currency transactions with respect to specific receivables or payables, generally arising in connection with the fund’s purchase or sale of portfolio securities. The fund will engage in transaction hedging when it desires to “lock in” the U.S. dollar price of a security it has agreed to purchase or sell, or the U.S. dollar equivalent of a dividend or interest payment in a foreign currency. By transaction hedging, the fund will attempt to protect itself against a possible loss resulting from an adverse change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and the applicable foreign currency during the period between the date on which the security is purchased or sold, or on which the dividend or interest payment is earned, and the date on which such payments are made or received. The fund may also engage in position hedging, in which the fund enters into foreign currency transactions on a particular currency with respect to portfolio positions denominated or quoted in that currency. By position hedging, the fund attempts to protect against a decline in the value relative to the U.S. dollar of the currencies in which its portfolio securities are denominated or quoted (or an increase in the value of the currency in which securities the fund intends to buy are denominated or quoted). While such a transaction would generally offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, such currency transactions would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors.

The fund may purchase or sell a foreign currency on a spot (i.e., cash) basis at the prevailing spot rate in connection with the settlement of transactions in portfolio securities denominated in that foreign currency or for other hedging or non-hedging purposes. If conditions warrant, for hedging or non-hedging purposes, the fund may also enter into contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies at a future date (“forward contracts”) and purchase and sell foreign currency futures contracts. The fund may also purchase or sell exchange-listed and over-the-counter call and put options on foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies.

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A foreign currency futures contract is a standardized exchange-traded contract for the future delivery of a specified amount of a foreign currency at a price set at the time of the contract. Foreign currency futures contracts traded in the United States are designed by and traded on exchanges regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”), such as the New York Mercantile Exchange, and have margin requirements.

A foreign currency forward contract is a negotiated agreement to exchange currency at a future time, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract as agreed by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. The contract price may be higher or lower than the current spot rate. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. For example, the maturity date of a forward contract may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, rather than a predetermined date in a given month. Forward contracts may be in any amount agreed upon by the parties rather than predetermined amounts. In addition, forward contracts are traded in the interbank market conducted directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers, so that no intermediary is required. A forward contract generally has no deposit requirement, and no commissions are charged at any stage for trades.

At the maturity of a forward or futures contract, the fund either may accept or make delivery of the currency specified in the contract, or at or prior to maturity enter into a closing transaction involving the purchase or sale of an offsetting contract. Closing transactions with respect to forward contracts are usually effected with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract. Closing transactions with respect to futures contracts may be effected only on a commodities exchange or board of trade which provides a secondary market in such contracts; a clearing corporation associated with the exchange assumes responsibility for closing out such contracts.

Positions in foreign currency futures contracts may be closed out only on an exchange or board of trade that provides a secondary market in such contracts or options. Although the fund intends to purchase or sell foreign currency futures contracts only on exchanges or boards of trade where there appears to be an active secondary market, there is no assurance that a secondary market on an exchange or board of trade will exist for any particular contract or at any particular time. In such event, it may not be possible to close a futures position and, in the event of adverse price movements, the fund would continue to be required to make daily cash payments of variation margin on its futures positions.

The precise matching of the amounts of foreign currency exchange transactions and the value of the portfolio securities involved will not generally be possible since the future value of such securities in foreign currencies will change as a consequence of market movements in the value of those securities between the dates the currency exchange transactions are entered into and the dates they mature. It is also impossible to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, it may be necessary for the fund to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot market (and bear the expense of such purchase) if the market value of the security or securities being hedged is less than the amount of foreign currency the fund is obligated to deliver and a decision is made to sell the security or securities and make delivery of the foreign currency. Conversely, it may be necessary to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency received upon the sale of the portfolio security or securities if the market value of such security or securities exceeds the amount of foreign currency the fund is obligated to deliver.

As noted above, the fund may purchase or sell exchange-listed and over-the-counter call and put options on foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies. A put option on a futures contract gives the fund the right to assume a short position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A put option on a currency gives the fund the right to sell the currency at an exercise price until the expiration of the option. A call option on a futures contract gives the fund the right to assume a long position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A call option on a currency gives the fund the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the expiration of the option.

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Options on foreign currencies operate similarly to options on securities, and are traded primarily in the over-the-counter market, although options on foreign currencies are also listed on several exchanges. Options are traded not only on the currencies of individual nations, but also on the euro, the joint currency of most countries in the European Union.

The fund will only purchase or write foreign currency options when Putnam Management believes that a liquid secondary market exists for such options. There can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for a particular option at any specific time. Options on foreign currencies may be affected by all of those factors which influence foreign exchange rates and investments generally.

The fund’s currency hedging transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency and may at times not involve currencies in which its portfolio securities are then denominated. Putnam Management will engage in such “cross hedging” activities when it believes that such transactions provide significant hedging opportunities for the fund. Cross hedging transactions by the fund involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies to which such transactions relate and changes in the value of the currency or other asset or liability which is the subject of the hedge.

Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that the fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange which one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, although these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency, they involve costs to the fund and tend to limit any potential gain which might result from the increase in value of such currency.

The fund may also engage in non-hedging currency transactions. For example, Putnam Management may believe that exposure to a currency is in the fund’s best interest but that securities denominated in that currency are unattractive. In this situation, the fund may purchase a currency forward contract or option in order to increase its exposure to the currency. In accordance with SEC regulations, the fund will set aside liquid assets on its books to cover forward contracts used for non-hedging purposes.

In addition, the fund may seek to increase its current return or to offset some of the costs of hedging against fluctuations in current exchange rates by writing covered call options and covered put options on foreign currencies. The fund receives a premium from writing a call or put option, which increases the fund’s current return if the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a net profit. The fund may terminate an option that it has written prior to its expiration by entering into a closing purchase transaction in which it purchases an option having the same terms as the option written.

The value of any currency, including U.S. dollars and foreign currencies, may be affected by complex political and economic factors applicable to the issuing country. In addition, the exchange rates of foreign currencies (and therefore the values of foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts) may be affected significantly, fixed, or supported directly or indirectly by U.S. and foreign government actions. Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces. The value of a foreign currency option, forward contract or futures contract reflects the value of an exchange rate, which in turn reflects relative values of two currencies -- the U.S. dollar and the foreign currency in question. Although foreign exchange dealers do not charge a fee for currency conversion, they do realize a profit based on the difference (the “spread”) between prices at which they are buying and selling various currencies. Thus, a dealer may offer to sell a foreign currency to the fund at one rate, while offering a lesser rate of exchange should the fund desire to resell that currency to the dealer. Because foreign currency transactions occurring in the interbank market involve substantially larger amounts than those that may be involved in the exercise of foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, the fund may be disadvantaged by having to deal in an odd-lot market for the underlying foreign currencies in connection with options at prices that are less favorable than for round lots. Foreign governmental restrictions or taxes could result in adverse changes in the cost of acquiring or disposing of foreign currencies.

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There is no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies and there is no regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis. Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the interbank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable. The interbank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that options markets are closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, significant price and rate movements may take place in the underlying markets that cannot be reflected in the options markets.

Numerous regulatory changes related to foreign currency transactions are expected to occur over time and could materially and adversely affect the ability of the fund to enter into foreign currency transactions or could increase the cost of foreign currency transactions. In the future, certain foreign currency transactions may be required to be subject to initial as well as variation margin requirements. Foreign currency transactions that are not centrally cleared are subject to the creditworthiness of the counterparty to the foreign currency transaction (usually large commercial banks), and their values may decline substantially if the counterparty’s creditworthiness deteriorates. In a cleared foreign currency transaction, performance of the transaction will be effected by a central clearinghouse rather than by the original counterparty to the transaction. Foreign currency transactions that are centrally cleared will be subject to the creditworthiness of the clearing member and the clearing organization involved in the transaction.

The decision as to whether and to what extent the fund will engage in foreign currency exchange transactions will depend on a number of factors, including prevailing market conditions, the composition of the fund’s portfolio and the availability of suitable transactions. There can be no assurance that suitable foreign currency transactions will be available for the fund at any time or that the fund will engage in foreign currency exchange transactions at any time or under any circumstances even if suitable transactions are available to it.

Successful use of currency management strategies will depend on Putnam Management’s skill in analyzing currency values. Currency management strategies may increase the volatility of the fund’s returns and could result in significant losses to the fund if currencies do not perform as Putnam Management anticipates. There is no assurance that Putnam Management’s use of currency management strategies will be advantageous to the fund or that it will hedge at appropriate times.

Foreign Investments and Related Risks

Foreign securities are normally denominated and traded in foreign currencies. As a result, the value of the fund’s foreign investments and the value of its shares may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. In addition, the fund is required to compute and distribute its income in U.S. dollars. Therefore, if the exchange rate for a foreign currency declines after a fund’s income has been earned and translated into U.S. dollars (but before payment), the fund could be required to liquidate portfolio securities to make such distributions. Similarly, if an exchange rate declines between the time a fund incurs expenses in U.S. dollars and the time such expenses are paid, the amount of such currency required to be converted into U.S. dollars in order to pay such expenses in U.S. dollars will be greater than the equivalent amount in any such currency of such expenses at the time they were incurred.

There may be less information publicly available about a foreign issuer than about a U.S. issuer, and foreign issuers may not be subject to accounting, auditing, custody, disclosure and financial reporting standards and practices comparable to those in the United States. In addition, there may be less (or less effective) regulation of exchanges, brokers and listed companies in some foreign countries. The securities of some foreign issuers are less liquid and at times more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. issuers. Foreign brokerage commissions, custodial expenses and other fees are also generally higher than in the United States.

Foreign settlement procedures and trade regulations may be more complex and involve certain risks (such as delay in payment or delivery of securities or in the recovery of the fund’s assets held abroad) and expenses not present in the settlement of investments in U.S. markets. For example, settlement of transactions involving

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foreign securities or foreign currencies (see below) may occur within a foreign country, and the fund may accept or make delivery of the underlying securities or currency in conformity with any applicable U.S. or foreign restrictions or regulations, and may pay fees, taxes or charges associated with such delivery. In addition, local market holidays or other factors may extend the time for settlement of purchases and sales of the Fund’s investments in securities that trade on foreign markets. Such investments may also involve the risk that an entity involved in the settlement may not meet its obligations. Extended settlement cycles or other delays in settlement may increase the fund’s liquidity risk and require the fund to employ alternative methods (e.g., through borrowings) to satisfy redemption requests during periods of large redemption activity in Fund shares.

In addition, foreign securities may be subject to the risk of nationalization or expropriation of assets, imposition of economic sanctions or embargoes (whether imposed by the United States. or another country or other governmental or non-governmental organization), currency exchange controls, foreign withholding or other taxes or restrictions on the repatriation of foreign currency, confiscatory taxation, political, social or financial instability and diplomatic developments which could affect the value of the fund’s investments in certain foreign countries. Such actions could result in the devaluation of a country’s currency or a decline in the value and liquidity of securities of issuers in that country. In some cases (including in the case of sanctions), such actions also could result in a freeze on an issuer’s securities which would prevent the fund from selling securities it holds. Governments of many countries have exercised and continue to exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector through the ownership or control of many companies, including some of the largest in these countries. As a result, government actions in the future could have a significant effect on economic conditions which may adversely affect prices of certain portfolio securities. There is also generally less government supervision and regulation of stock exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States. Moreover, foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. Dividends or interest on, or proceeds from the sale of, foreign securities may be subject to foreign withholding or other taxes, and special U.S. tax considerations may apply.

Note on MSCI indices. Due to the potential for foreign withholding taxes, MSCI, Inc. (MSCI) publishes two versions of its indices reflecting the reinvestment of dividends using two different methodologies: gross dividends and net dividends. While both versions reflect reinvested dividends, they differ with respect to the manner in which taxes associated with dividend payments are treated. In calculating the net dividends version, MSCI incorporates reinvested dividends applying the withholding tax rate applicable to foreign non-resident institutional investors that do not benefit from double taxation treaties. Putnam Management believes that the net dividends version of MSCI indices better reflects the returns U.S. investors might expect were they to invest directly in the component securities of an MSCI index.

Many foreign countries are heavily dependent upon exports, particularly to developed countries, and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be adversely affected by trade barriers, managed adjustments in relative currency values, and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the United States and other countries with which they trade. These economies also have been and may continue to be negatively impacted by economic conditions in the United States and other trading partners, which can lower the demand for goods produced in those countries.

Legal remedies available to investors in certain foreign countries may be more limited than those available with respect to investments in the United States or in other foreign countries.

The laws of some foreign countries may limit the fund’s ability to invest in securities of certain issuers organized under the laws of those foreign countries. These restrictions may take the form of prior governmental approval requirements, limits on the amount or type of securities held by foreigners and limits on the types of companies in which foreigners may invest (e.g., limits on investment in certain industries). Some countries also limit the investment of foreign persons to only a specific class of securities of an issuer that may have less advantageous terms or rights or preferences than securities of the issuer available for

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purchase by domestic parties (and such securities may be less liquid than other classes of securities of an issuer), or may directly limit foreign investors’ rights (such as voting rights). Although securities subject to such restrictions may be marketable abroad, they may be less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. Foreign laws may also impact the availability of derivatives or hedging techniques relating to a foreign country’s government securities. In each of these situations, the funds’ ability to invest significantly in desired issuers, or the terms of such investments, could be negatively impacted as a result of the relevant legal restriction. Sanctions imposed by the United States government on other countries or persons or issuers operating in such countries could restrict the fund’s ability to buy affected securities or to sell any affected securities it has previously purchased, which may subject the fund to greater risk of loss in those securities. Foreign countries may have reporting requirements with respect to the ownership of securities, and those reporting requirements may be subject to interpretation or change without prior notice to investors. No assurance can be given that the fund will satisfy applicable foreign reporting requirements at all times.

For purposes of some foreign holding limits or disclosure thresholds, all positions owned or controlled by the same person or entity, even if in different accounts, may be aggregated for purposes of determining whether the applicable limits or thresholds have been exceeded. Thus, even if the fund does not intend to exceed applicable limits, it is possible that different clients managed by Putnam Management and its affiliates (including separate affiliates owned by Power Corporation of Canada outside the Putnam Investments group) may be aggregated for this purpose. These limits may adversely affect the fund’s ability to invest in the applicable security.

The risks described above, including the risks of nationalization or expropriation of assets, typically are increased in connection with investments in developing countries, also known as “emerging markets.” For example, political and economic structures in these countries may be in their infancy and developing rapidly, and such countries may lack the social, political and economic stability characteristic of more developed countries. In such a dynamic environment, there can be no assurance that any or all of these capital markets will present viable investment opportunities for the fund. Certain of these countries have in the past failed to recognize private property rights and have at times nationalized and expropriated the assets of private companies. In such an event, it is possible that the fund could lose the entire value of its investments in the affected market. High rates of inflation or currency devaluations may adversely affect the economies and securities markets of such countries. In addition, the economies of certain developing or emerging market countries may be dependent on a single industry or limited group of industries, which may increase the risks described above and make those countries particularly vulnerable to global economic and market changes. Investments in emerging markets may be considered speculative.

The currencies of certain emerging market countries have experienced devaluations relative to the U.S. dollar, and future devaluations may adversely affect the value of assets denominated in such currencies. Many emerging market countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation for many years, and future inflation may adversely affect the economies and securities markets of such countries. When debt and similar obligations issued by foreign issuers are denominated in a currency (e.g., the U.S. dollar or the Euro) other than the local currency of the issuer, the subsequent strengthening of the non-local currency against the local currency will generally increase the burden of repayment on the issuer and may increase significantly the risk of default by the issuer.

In addition, unanticipated political or social developments may affect the value of investments in emerging markets and the availability of additional investments in these markets. The small size, limited trading volume and relative inexperience of the securities markets in these countries may make investments in securities traded in emerging markets illiquid and more volatile than investments in securities traded in more developed countries, and the fund may be required to establish special custodial or other arrangements before making investments in securities traded in emerging markets. There may be little financial or accounting information available with respect to issuers of emerging market securities, and it may be difficult as a result to assess the value or prospects of an investment in such securities. In certain countries with emerging capital markets, reporting standards vary widely. As a result, traditional investment measurements used in the United States, such as price/earnings ratios, may not be applicable.

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Practices in relation to settlement of securities transactions in emerging markets involve higher risks than those in developed markets, in part because the fund may need to use brokers and counterparties that are less well capitalized, and custody and registration of assets in some countries may be unreliable. The possibility of fraud, negligence, undue influence being exerted by the issuer, or refusal to recognize ownership exists in some emerging markets, and, along with other factors, could result in ownership registration being completely lost. The fund would absorb any loss resulting from such registration problems and may have no successful claim for compensation.

American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. The underlying shares are held in trust by a custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. However, ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing in foreign securities.

Certain of the foregoing risks may also apply to some extent to securities of U.S. issuers that are denominated in foreign currencies or that are traded in foreign markets, or securities of U.S. issuers having significant foreign operations or other exposure to foreign markets. If the fund invests in securities issued by foreign issuers, the fund may be subject to the risks described above even if all of the fund’s investments are denominated in U.S. dollars, especially with respect to issuers whose revenues are principally earned in a foreign currency but whose debt obligations have been issued in U.S. dollars or other hard currencies.

Investing through Stock Connect. The fund may, directly or indirectly (through, for example, participation notes or other types of equity-linked notes), purchase shares in mainland China-based companies that trade on Chinese stock exchanges such as the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (“China A-Shares”) through the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect (“Stock Connect”), or that may be available in the future through additional stock connect programs, a mutual market access program designed to, among other things, enable foreign investment in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) via brokers in Hong Kong.

There are significant risks inherent in investing in China A-Shares through Stock Connect. The underdeveloped state of PRC’s investment and banking systems subjects the settlement, clearing, and registration of China A-Shares transactions to heightened risks. Stock Connect can only operate when both PRC and Hong Kong markets are open for trading and when banking services are available in both markets on the corresponding settlement days. As such, if either or both markets are closed on a U.S. trading day, the fund may not be able to dispose of its China A-Shares in a timely manner, which could adversely affect the fund’s performance. Because Stock Connect is relatively new, its effects on the market for trading China A-shares are uncertain. In addition, the trading, settlement and information technology (“IT”) systems required to operate Stock Connect are relatively new and continuing to evolve. In the event that the relevant systems do not function properly, trading through Stock Connect could be disrupted.

PRC regulations require that, in order to sell its China A-Shares, the fund must pre-deliver the China A-Shares to a broker. If the China A-Shares are not in the broker’s possession before the market opens on the day of sale, the sell order will be rejected. This requirement could also limit the fund’s ability to dispose of its China A-Shares purchased through Stock Connect in a timely manner. Additionally, Stock Connect is subject to daily quota limitations on purchases of China A Shares. Once the daily quota is reached, orders to purchase additional China A-Shares through Stock Connect will be rejected. The fund’s investment in China A-Shares may only be traded through Stock Connect and is not otherwise transferable. Stock Connect utilizes an omnibus clearing structure, and the fund’s shares will be registered in its custodian’s name on the Central Clearing and Settlement System. This may limit the ability of Putnam Management to effectively manage the

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fund, and may expose the fund to the credit risk of its custodian or to greater risk of expropriation. Investment in China A-Shares through Stock Connect may be available only through a single broker that is an affiliate of the fund’s custodian, which may affect the quality of execution provided by such broker. Stock Connect restrictions could also limit the ability of the fund to sell its China A-Shares in a timely manner, or to sell them at all. Further, different fees, costs and taxes are imposed on foreign investors acquiring China A-Shares acquired through Stock Connect, and these fees, costs and taxes may be higher than comparable fees, costs and taxes imposed on owners of other securities providing similar investment exposure.

Stock Connect trades are settled in Renminbi (“RMB”), the official currency of PRC, and investors must have timely access to a reliable supply of RMB in Hong Kong, which cannot be guaranteed.

Investing through Bond Connect: Chinese debt instruments trade on the China Interbank Bond Market (“CIBM”) and may be purchased through a market access program that is designed to, among other things, enable foreign investment in the PRC (“Bond Connect”). There are significant risks inherent in investing in Chinese debt instruments, similar to the risks of investing in other fixed-income securities in emerging markets. The prices of debt instruments traded on the CIBM may fluctuate significantly due to low trading volume and potential lack of liquidity. The rules to access debt instruments that trade on the CIBM through Bond Connect are relatively new and subject to change, which may adversely affect the fund’s ability to invest in these instruments and to enforce its rights as a beneficial owner of these instruments. Trading through Bond Connect is subject to a number of restrictions that may affect the fund’s investments and returns. In addition, securities offered through Bond Connect may lose their eligibility for trading through the program at any time. If Bond Connect securities lose their eligibility for trading through the program, they may be sold but can no longer be purchased through Bond Connect. There can be no assurance as to the program’s continued existence or whether future developments regarding the program may restrict or adversely affect the fund’s investments or returns.

Investments made through Bond Connect are subject to order, clearance and settlement procedures that are relatively untested in China, which could pose risks to the fund. CIBM does not support all trading strategies (such as short selling) and investments in Chinese debt instruments that trade on the CIBM are subject to the risks of suspension of trading without cause or notice, trade failure or trade rejection and default of securities depositories and counterparties. Furthermore, Chinese debt instruments purchased via Bond Connect will be held via a book entry omnibus account in the name of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority Central Money Markets Unit (“CMU”) maintained with a China-based depository (either the China Central Depository & Clearing Co. (“CDCC”) or the Shanghai Clearing House (“SCH”)). The fund’s ownership interest in these Chinese debt instruments will not be reflected directly in book entry with CSDCC or SCH and will instead only be reflected on the books of the fund’s Hong Kong sub-custodian. Therefore, the fund’s ability to enforce its rights as a bondholder may depend on CMU’s ability or willingness as record-holder of the bonds to enforce the fund’s rights as a bondholder. Additionally, the omnibus manner in which Chinese debt instruments are held could expose the fund to the credit risk of the relevant securities depositories and the fund’s Hong Kong sub-custodian. While the fund holds a beneficial interest in the instruments it acquires through Bond Connect, the mechanisms that beneficial owners may use to enforce their rights are untested. In addition, courts in China have limited experience in applying the concept of beneficial ownership. Moreover, Chinese debt instruments acquired through Bond Connect generally may not be sold, purchased or otherwise transferred other than through Bond Connect in accordance with applicable rules.

The fund’s investments in Chinese debt instruments acquired through Bond Connect are generally subject to a number of regulations and restrictions, including Chinese securities regulations and listing rules, loss recovery limitations and disclosure of interest reporting obligations. The fund will not benefit from access to Hong Kong investor compensation funds, which are set up to protect against defaults of trades, when investing through Bond Connect.

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Bond Connect can only operate when both China and Hong Kong markets are open for trading and when banking services are available in both markets on the corresponding settlement days. In addition, the trading, settlement and IT systems required for non-Chinese investors in Bond Connect are relatively new. In the event of systems malfunctions or extreme market conditions, trading via Bond Connect could be disrupted. The rules applicable to taxation of Chinese debt instruments acquired through Bond Connect remain subject to further clarification. Uncertainties in the Chinese tax rules governing taxation of income and gains from investments via Bond Connect could result in unexpected tax liabilities for the fund, which may negatively affect investment returns for shareholder.

Bond Connect trades are settled in RMB, and investors must have timely access to a reliable supply of RMB in Hong Kong, which cannot be guaranteed.

Forward Commitments and Dollar Rolls

The fund may enter into contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time (“forward commitments”) if the fund sets aside on its books liquid assets in an amount sufficient to meet the purchase price, or if the fund enters into offsetting contracts for the forward sale of other securities it owns. In the case of to-be-announced (“TBA”) purchase commitments, the unit price and the estimated principal amount are established when the fund enters into a contract, with the actual principal amount being within a specified range of the estimate. Forward commitments may be considered securities in themselves, and involve a risk of loss if the value of the security to be purchased declines prior to the settlement date, which risk is in addition to the risk of decline in the value of the fund’s other assets. Where such purchases are made through dealers, the fund relies on the dealer to consummate the sale. The dealer’s failure to do so may result in the loss to the fund of an advantageous yield or price. Although the fund will generally enter into forward commitments with the intention of acquiring securities for its portfolio or for delivery pursuant to options contracts it has entered into, the fund may dispose of a commitment prior to settlement if Putnam Management deems it appropriate to do so. The fund may realize short-term profits or losses upon the sale of forward commitments.

The fund may enter into TBA sale commitments to hedge its portfolio positions, to sell securities it owns under delayed delivery arrangements, or to take a short position in mortgage-backed securities. Proceeds of TBA sale commitments are not received until the contractual settlement date. During the time a TBA sale commitment is outstanding, either equivalent deliverable securities or an offsetting TBA purchase commitment deliverable on or before the sale commitment date are held as “cover” for the transaction, or other liquid assets in an amount equal to the notional value of the TBA sale commitment are segregated. Where the fund purchases or sells an option, which is to be settled in cash, to buy or sell a TBA sale commitment, the fund will segregate cash or liquid assets in an amount equal to the current “mark-to-market” value of the option. Unsettled TBA sale commitments are valued at current market value of the underlying securities. If the TBA sale commitment is closed through the acquisition of an offsetting purchase commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss on the commitment without regard to any unrealized gain or loss on the underlying security. If the fund delivers securities under the commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss from the sale of the securities based upon the unit price established at the date the commitment was entered into.

The fund may enter into dollar roll transactions (generally using TBAs) in which it sells a fixed income security for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts to purchase similar securities (for example, same type, coupon and maturity) at an agreed upon future time. By engaging in a dollar roll transaction, the fund foregoes principal and interest paid on the security that is sold while the dollar roll is outstanding, but receives the difference between the current sales price and the forward price for the future purchase. In addition, the fund may reinvest the cash proceeds of the sale while the dollar roll is outstanding in an effort to enhance returns. The reinvestment of such proceeds may be considered a form of investment leverage and may increase the fund’s risk and volatility. If the income and capital gains from the investment of the cash from the initial sale do not exceed the income, capital appreciation and gain or loss that would have been realized on the securities sold as part of the dollar roll, the use of this technique will result in a lower

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return than would have been realized without the use of the dollar rolls. The fund accounts for dollar rolls as purchases and sales. Because cash (or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees) in the amount of the fund’s commitment under a dollar roll is set aside on the fund’s books, the fund does not consider these transactions to be borrowings for purposes of its investment restrictions.

Purchases of securities on a forward commitment basis may involve more risk than other types of purchases. The obligation to purchase securities on a specified future date involves the risk that the market value of the securities that the fund is obligated to purchase may decline below the purchase price. In addition, when entering into a forward commitment transaction, the fund will rely on the other party to consummate the transaction. In the event that the other party files for bankruptcy, becomes insolvent or defaults on its obligation, the fund may be adversely affected. For example, the other party’s failure to complete the transaction may result in the loss to the fund of an advantageous yield or price.

Futures Contracts and Related Options

Subject to applicable law, the fund may invest in futures contracts and related options for hedging and non-hedging purposes, such as to manage the effective duration of the fund’s portfolio or as a substitute for direct investment. A futures contract sale creates an obligation by the seller to deliver the type of financial instrument called for in the contract in a specified delivery month for a stated price. A futures contract purchase creates an obligation by the purchaser to take delivery of the type of financial instrument called for in the contract in a specified delivery month at a stated price. The specific instruments delivered or taken, respectively, at settlement date are not determined until on or near that date. The determination is made in accordance with the rules of the exchange on which the futures contract sale or purchase was made. Futures contracts are traded in the United States only on commodity exchanges or boards of trade -- known as “contract markets” -- approved for such trading by the CFTC, and must be executed through a futures commission merchant or brokerage firm which is a member of the relevant contract market. Examples of futures contracts that the fund may use include, without limitation, U.S. Treasury futures, index futures, corporate or municipal bond futures, U.S. Government agency futures, interest rate futures, commodities futures, futures contracts on sovereign debt, and Eurodollar futures. In addition, as described elsewhere in this SAI, the fund may use foreign currency futures.

The value of a futures contract tends to increase and decrease in tandem with the value of its underlying instrument. Therefore, purchasing futures contracts will tend to increase the fund’s exposure to positive and negative price fluctuations in the underlying instrument, much as if it had purchased the underlying instrument directly. When the fund sells a futures contract, by contrast, the value of its futures position will tend to move in a direction contrary to the market for the underlying instrument. Selling futures contracts, therefore, will tend to offset both positive and negative market price changes, much as if the underlying instrument had been sold.

When the fund enters into a futures contract, the fund is required to deliver to the futures broker an amount of liquid assets known as “initial margin.” The nature of initial margin in futures transactions is different from that of margin in security transactions in that futures contract margin does not involve the borrowing of funds to finance the transactions. Rather, initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit in that it is returned to the fund upon termination of the futures contract, assuming all contractual obligations have been satisfied. Initial margin requirements are established by the exchanges on which futures contracts trade and may, from time to time, change. Futures contracts also involve brokerage costs. Subsequent payments, called “variation margin” or “maintenance margin,” to and from the broker are made on a daily basis as the value of the futures contract fluctuates, a process known as “marking to the market.” For example, if the fund purchases a futures contract on an underlying security and the price of that security rises, the value of the futures contract will increase and the fund will receive from the broker a variation margin payment based on that increase in value. Conversely, if the price of the underlying security declines, the value of the futures contract will decrease and the fund will be required to make a variation margin payment to the broker based on

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that decrease in value. Upon the closing of a futures contract, the fund will receive or be required to pay additional cash based on a final determinations of variation margin.

Although futures contracts (other than index futures and futures based on the volatility or variance experienced by an index) by their terms call for actual delivery or acceptance of commodities or securities, in most cases the contracts are closed out before the settlement date without the making or taking of delivery. Index futures and futures based on the volatility or variance experienced by an index do not call for actual delivery or acceptance of commodities or securities, but instead require cash settlement of the futures contract on the settlement date specified in the contract. Such contracts may also be closed out before the settlement date. The fund may close some or all of its futures positions at any time prior to their expiration. Closing out a futures contract sale is effected by purchasing a futures contract for the same aggregate amount of the specific type of financial instrument or commodity with the same delivery date. If the price of the initial sale of the futures contract exceeds the price of the offsetting purchase, the seller is paid the difference and realizes a gain. Conversely, if the price of the offsetting purchase exceeds the price of the initial sale, the seller realizes a loss. If the fund is unable to enter into a closing transaction, the amount of the fund’s theoretical loss is unlimited. The closing out of a futures contract purchase is effected by the purchaser’s entering into a futures contract sale. If the offsetting sale price exceeds the purchase price, the purchaser realizes a gain, and if the purchase price exceeds the offsetting sale price, he realizes a loss. Such closing transactions involve additional commission costs.

A portion of any capital gains from futures contracts in which the fund invests directly will be treated for federal income tax purposes as short-term capital gains that, when distributed to taxable shareholders, will be taxable as ordinary income. The fund’s investments in futures may cause the fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make the distributions necessary to qualify and be eligible for treatment as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax. The fund may therefore need to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, to meet its distribution requirement.

Each of the funds and subsidiaries set forth below is a commodity pool under the Commodity Exchange Act (the “CEA”), and each of Putnam Management and PanAgora is registered as a “commodity pool operator” under the CEA with respect to each such fund. PanAgora is also registered as a “commodity trading advisor” under the CEA. Since Putnam Management, PanAgora, and the funds and subsidiaries set forth below are subject to regulation by the CFTC under the CEA, they are required to comply with applicable CFTC disclosure, reporting, and recordkeeping requirements. The disclosure, reporting and, recordkeeping requirements associated with registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” would ordinarily be in addition to those requirements already imposed onto the funds, Putnam Management, and PanAgora by the SEC. In August 2013, the CFTC issued a rule that permits a registered investment company to elect to comply with certain CFTC obligations by agreeing to comply with certain SEC disclosure, reporting, and recordkeeping requirements. The funds listed below have elected to comply with certain CFTC disclosure, reporting, and recordkeeping requirements by agreeing to comply with applicable SEC requirements.

Fund	Subsidiary
Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy	Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy, Ltd.
Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund	Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund, Ltd.

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As a result, additional CFTC-mandated disclosure, reporting and recordkeeping obligations apply to these funds and their respective subsidiaries (listed above), and compliance with the CFTC’s regulatory requirements could increase fund expenses, adversely affecting a fund’s total return. With respect to each other Putnam fund, Putnam Management has claimed an exclusion from the definition of the term “commodity pool operator” under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 (the “exclusion”). Accordingly, Putnam Management (with respect to these funds) is not subject to registration or regulation as a “commodity pool operator” under the CEA. To remain eligible for the exclusion, each of these funds will be limited in its ability to use commodity interests, including futures, options on futures and certain swaps. In the event that a fund’s investments in commodity interests are not within the thresholds set forth in the exclusion, Putnam Management may be required to register as a “commodity pool operator” with the CFTC with respect to that fund. Putnam Management’s eligibility to claim the exclusion with respect to a fund will be based upon, among other things, the level and scope of the fund’s investment in commodity interests, the purposes of such investments and the manner in which the fund holds out its use of commodity interests. A fund’s ability to invest in commodity interests is limited by Putnam Management’s intention to operate the fund in a manner that would permit Putnam Management to continue to claim the exclusion under Rule 4.5, which may adversely affect the fund’s total return. In the event the fund’s investments in commodity interests require Putnam Management to register with the CFTC as a commodity pool operator with respect to a fund, the fund’s expenses may increase, adversely affecting that fund’s total return.

Index futures. An index futures contract is a contract to buy or sell units of an index at a specified future date at a price agreed upon when the contract is made. Entering into a contract to buy units of an index is commonly referred to as buying or purchasing a contract or holding a long position in the index. Entering into a contract to sell units of an index is commonly referred to as selling a contract or holding a short position. A unit is the current value of the index. The fund may enter into stock index futures contracts, debt index futures contracts, or other index futures contracts appropriate to its objective(s). The fund may also purchase and sell options on index futures contracts.

For example, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Price Index (“S&P 500”) is composed of 500 selected U.S. common stocks. The S&P 500 assigns relative weightings to the common stocks that comprise the index, and the value of the index fluctuates with changes in the market values of those common stocks. In the case of the S&P 500, contracts are currently to buy or sell 250 units. Thus, if the value of the S&P 500 were $150, one contract would be worth $37,500 (250 units x $150). The stock index futures contract specifies that no delivery of the actual stocks making up the index will take place. Instead, settlement in cash must occur upon the termination of the contract, with the settlement being the difference between the contract price and the actual level of the stock index at the expiration of the contract. For example, if the fund enters into a futures contract to buy 250 units of the S&P 500 at a specified future date at a contract price of $150 and the S&P 500 is at $154 on that future date, the fund will gain $1,000 (250 units x gain of $4). If the fund enters into a futures contract to sell 250 units of the stock index at a specified future date at a contract price of $150 and the S&P 500 is at $152 on that future date, the fund will lose $500 (250 units x loss of $2).

Options on futures contracts. The fund may purchase and write call and put options on futures contracts it may buy or sell and enter into closing transactions with respect to such options to terminate existing positions. Options on futures contracts possess many of the same characteristics as options on securities and indices. An option on a futures contract gives the holder the right, in return for the premium paid to assume a long position (call) or short position (put) in a futures contract at a specified exercise price at any time during the period of the option (in the case of an American-style option) or on the expiration date (in the case of European-style option). After entering into a put or call option on a futures contract, the fund will be required to deposit initial margin and variation margin as described above for futures contracts.

When a call option on a futures contract is exercised, the holder acquires a long position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite short position. When a put option on a futures contract is exercised, the holder acquires a short position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite long position. When an option is exercised, the delivery of the futures position by the writer of the option to the holder of the option will be accompanied by delivery of the accumulated balance in the writer’s futures margin account, which represents the amount by which the market price of the futures contract, at exercise, exceeds (in the case

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of a call) or is less than (in the case of a put) the exercise price of the option on the future. If an option is exercised on the last trading day prior to its expiration date, the settlement will be made entirely in cash equal to the difference between the exercise price of the option and the closing level of the underlying asset on which the future is based on the expiration date. Purchasers of options who fail to exercise their options prior to the exercise date suffer a loss of the premium paid. The holder or writer of an option on a futures contract may terminate its position by selling or purchasing an offsetting option on the same financial instrument (subject to the availability of a liquid market).

The fund may use options on futures contracts in lieu of purchasing or writing options directly on the underlying instruments or purchasing and writing the underlying futures contracts. For example, to hedge against a possible decrease in the value of its portfolio securities, the fund may purchase put options or write call options on futures contracts rather than selling futures contracts. Similarly, the fund may purchase call options or write put options on futures contracts as a substitute for the purchase of futures contracts to hedge against a possible increase in the price of securities that the fund expects to purchase. Such options generally operate in the same manner, and involve the same risks, as options purchased or written directly on the underlying investments. As an alternative to purchasing or writing call and put options on index futures, the fund may purchase and write call and put options on the underlying indices themselves. Such options would be used in a manner identical to the use of options on index futures.

Compared to the purchase or sale of futures contracts, the purchase of call or put options on futures contracts generally involves less potential risk to the fund because the maximum amount at risk is the premium paid for the options (plus transaction costs). However, there may be circumstances when the purchase of a call or put option on a futures contract would result in a loss to the fund when the purchase or sale of a futures contract would not, such as when there is no movement in the prices of the hedged investments.

The writing of an option on a futures contract involves risks similar to those relating to the sale of futures contracts (which are described below). In addition, by writing a call option, the fund becomes obligated to sell a futures contract if the option is exercised, which may have a value higher than the exercise price. Similarly, by writing a put option, the fund becomes obligated to purchase a futures contract if the option is exercised, which may have a value lower than the exercise price. The writing of an option on a futures contract generates a premium, which may partially offset an increase (in the case of a written call option) or decrease (in the case of a written put option) in the value of the underlying futures contract. However, the loss incurred by the fund in writing options on futures contracts is potentially unlimited and may exceed the amount of the premium received. The fund will also incur transaction costs in connection with the writing of options on futures contracts.

Risks of transactions in futures contracts and related options. Successful use of futures contracts and options on futures contracts by the fund is subject to Putnam Management’s ability to predict movements in various factors affecting securities markets, including interest rates and market movements, and, in the case of index futures and futures based on the volatility or variance experienced by an index, Putnam Management’s ability to predict the future level of the index or the future volatility or variance experienced by an index. For example, it is possible that, where the fund has sold futures contracts to hedge its portfolio against a decline in the market, the index on which the futures contracts are written may advance and the value of securities held in the fund’s portfolio, which may differ from those that comprise the index, may decline. If this occurred, the fund would lose money on the futures contracts and experience a decline in value in its portfolio securities. It is also possible that, if the fund has hedged against the possibility of a decline in the market adversely affecting securities held in its portfolio and securities prices increase instead, the fund will lose part or all of the benefit of the increased value of those securities it has hedged because it will have offsetting losses in its futures positions.

The use of futures and options strategies also involves the risk of imperfect correlation among movements in the prices of the securities or other assets underlying the futures contracts and options purchased and sold by the fund, of the options and futures contracts themselves, and, in the case of hedging transactions, of the

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securities which are the subject of a hedge. In addition to the possibility that there may be an imperfect correlation, or no correlation at all, between movements in the futures contracts used by the fund and the portion of the portfolio being hedged, the prices of futures contracts may not correlate perfectly with movements in the underlying asset due to certain market distortions. First, all participants in the futures market are subject to margin deposit and maintenance requirements. Rather than meeting additional margin deposit requirements, investors may close futures contracts through offsetting transactions which could distort the expected relationship between the underlying asset and futures markets. Second, margin requirements in the futures market are less onerous than margin requirements in the securities market, and as a result the futures market may attract more speculators than the securities market does. Increased participation by speculators in the futures market may also cause temporary price distortions. Due to the possibility of price distortions in the futures market and also because of the imperfect correlation between movements in the underlying asset and movements in the prices of related futures, even a correct forecast of general market trends by Putnam Management may still not result in a profitable position. In addition, in the case of hedging transactions, an incorrect correlation could result in a loss on both the hedged securities in the fund and the hedging vehicle, so that the portfolio return might have been greater had hedging not been attempted.

The risk of a position in a futures contract may be very large compared to the relatively low level of margin a fund is required to deposit. In many cases, a relatively small price movement in a futures contract may result in immediate and substantial loss or gain to the fund relative to the size of a required margin deposit. In addition, if the fund has insufficient cash, it may have to sell securities to meet daily variation margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so. The fund will typically be required to post margin with its futures commission merchant in connection with its transactions in futures contracts. In the event of an insolvency of the futures commission merchant, the fund may not be able to recover all (or any) of the margin it has posted with the futures commission merchant, or to realize the value of any increase in the price of its positions. The fund also may be delayed or prevented from recovering margin or other amounts deposited with a futures commission merchant or futures clearinghouse.

There is no assurance that higher than anticipated trading activity or other unforeseen events might not, at times, render certain market clearing facilities inadequate, and thereby result in the institution by exchanges of special procedures that may interfere with the timely execution of customer orders. For example, futures exchanges may limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in certain futures contract prices during a single trading day. The daily limit establishes the maximum amount that the price of a futures contract may vary either up or down from the previous day’s settlement price at the end of the current trading session. Once the daily limit has been reached in a futures contract subject to the limit, no more trades may be made on that day at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a particular trading day and therefore does not limit potential losses because the limit may work to prevent the liquidation of unfavorable positions. Futures prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days with little or no trading, thereby preventing prompt liquidation of positions and subjecting some holders of futures contracts to substantial losses.

To reduce or eliminate a position held by the fund, the fund may seek to close out such position. The ability to establish and close out positions will be subject to the development and maintenance of a liquid secondary market. It is not certain that this market will develop or continue to exist for a particular futures contract or option. Reasons for the absence of a liquid secondary market on an exchange include the following: (i) there may be insufficient trading interest in certain contracts or options; (ii) restrictions may be imposed by an exchange on opening transactions or closing transactions or both; (iii) trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions may be imposed with respect to particular classes or series of contracts or options, or underlying securities; (iv) unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations on an exchange; (v) the facilities of an exchange or a clearing corporation may not at all times be adequate to handle current trading volume; or (vi) one or more exchanges could, for economic or other reasons, decide or be compelled at some future date to discontinue the trading of contracts or options (or a particular class or series of contracts or options), in which event the secondary market on that exchange for such contracts or options (or in the class or series of contracts or options) would cease to exist, although outstanding contracts or options on the exchange

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that had been issued by a clearing corporation as a result of trades on that exchange would continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms. If the fund were unable to liquidate a futures contract or an option on a futures contract due to the absence of a liquid secondary market, the imposition of price limits or otherwise, it could incur substantial losses. The fund would continue to be subject to market risk with respect to the position. Also, except in the case of purchased options, the fund would continue to be required to make daily variation margin payments and might be required to maintain a position being hedged by the futures contract or option or to maintain cash or securities in a segregated account.

Hybrid Instruments

Hybrid instruments are generally considered derivatives and include indexed or structured securities and combine the elements of futures contracts or options with those of debt, preferred equity, commodity or a depository instrument. A hybrid instrument may be a debt security, preferred stock, warrant, convertible security, certificate of deposit or other evidence of indebtedness on which a portion of or all interest payments, and/or the principal or stated amount payable at maturity, redemption or retirement is determined by reference to prices, changes in prices, or differences between prices, of securities, currencies, intangibles, goods, articles or commodities (collectively, “underlying assets”), or by another objective index, economic factor or other measure, including interest rates, currency exchange rates, or commodities or securities indices (collectively, “benchmarks”).

Hybrid instruments can be an efficient means of creating exposure to a particular market, or segment of a market, with the objective of enhancing total return. For example, a fund may wish to take advantage of expected declines in interest rates in several European countries but avoid the transaction costs associated with buying and currency-hedging the foreign bond positions. One solution would be to purchase a U.S. dollar-denominated hybrid instrument whose redemption price is linked to the average three-year interest rate in a designated group of countries. The redemption price formula would provide for payoffs of less than par if rates were above the specified level. Furthermore, a fund could limit the downside risk of the security by establishing a minimum redemption price so that the principal paid at maturity could not be below a predetermined minimum level if interest rates were to rise significantly. The purpose of this arrangement, known as a structured security with an embedded put option, would be to give the fund the desired European bond exposure while avoiding currency risk, limiting downside market risk, and lowering transaction costs. Of course, there is no guarantee that the strategy will be successful, and the fund could lose money if, for example, interest rates do not move as anticipated or credit problems develop with the issuer of the hybrid instrument.

The risks of investing in hybrid instruments reflect a combination of the risks of investing in securities, options, futures and currencies. An investment in a hybrid instrument may entail significant risks that are not associated with a similar investment in a traditional debt instrument that has a fixed principal amount, is denominated in U.S. dollars or pays interest either at a fixed rate or a floating rate determined by reference to a common, nationally published benchmark. The risks of a particular hybrid instrument will depend upon the terms of the instrument but may include the possibility of significant changes in the benchmark(s) or the prices of the underlying assets to which the instrument is linked. Such risks generally depend upon factors unrelated to the operations or credit quality of the issuer of the hybrid instrument, which may not be foreseen by the purchaser, such as economic and political events, the supply and demand of the underlying assets and interest rate movements. In addition, the various benchmarks and prices for underlying assets can be highly volatile.

Hybrid instruments are potentially more volatile and carry greater market risks than traditional debt instruments. Depending on the structure of the particular hybrid instrument, changes in a benchmark may be magnified by the terms of the hybrid instrument and have an even more dramatic and substantial effect upon the value of the hybrid instrument. Also, the prices of the hybrid instrument and the benchmark or underlying asset may not move in the same direction or at the same time.

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Hybrid instruments may bear interest or pay preferred dividends at below market (or even relatively nominal) rates. Alternatively, hybrid instruments may bear interest at above market rates but bear an increased risk of principal loss (or gain). The latter scenario may result if “leverage” is used to structure the hybrid instrument. Leverage risk occurs when the hybrid instrument is structured so that a given change in a benchmark or underlying asset is multiplied to produce a greater value change in the hybrid instrument, thereby magnifying the risk of loss as well as the potential for gain.

If the fund attempts to use a hybrid instrument as a hedge against, or as a substitute for, a portfolio investment, the hybrid instrument may not correlate as expected with the portfolio investment, resulting in losses to the fund. While hedging strategies involving hybrid instruments can reduce the risk of loss, they can also reduce the opportunity for gain or even result in losses by offsetting favorable price movements in other fund investments.

Hybrid instruments may also carry liquidity risk since the instruments are often “customized” to meet the portfolio needs of a particular investor, and therefore, the number of investors that are willing and able to buy such instruments in the secondary market may be smaller than that for more traditional debt securities. Under certain conditions, the redemption value of such an investment could be zero. In addition, because the purchase and sale of hybrid investments could take place in an over-the-counter market without the guarantee of a central clearing organization, or in a transaction between the fund and the issuer of the hybrid instrument, the creditworthiness of the counterparty of the issuer of the hybrid instrument would be an additional risk factor the fund would have to consider and monitor, and the value of the hybrid instrument may decline substantially if the issuer’s creditworthiness deteriorates. In addition, uncertainty regarding the tax treatment of hybrid instruments may reduce demand for such instruments. Hybrid instruments also may not be subject to regulation by the CFTC, which generally regulates the trading of commodity futures by U.S. persons, the SEC, which regulates the offer and sale of securities by and to U.S. persons, or any other governmental regulatory authority.

Illiquid Investments

Each Putnam money market fund will not invest in (a) securities which are not readily marketable, (b) securities restricted as to resale (excluding securities determined by the Trustees of the fund (or the person designated by the Trustees of the fund to make such determinations) to be readily marketable), and (c) repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days, if, as a result, more than 10% of the fund’s net assets (taken at current value) would be invested in securities described in (a), (b) and (c). Rule 22e-4 under the 1940 Act provides that mutual funds (other than money market funds) may not acquire any illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. The term “illiquid investment” for this purpose means any investment that a fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment.

A fund’s illiquid investments may be considered speculative and may be difficult to sell. The sale of many of these investments may be prohibited or limited by law or contract. Illiquid investments may be difficult to value for purposes of calculating a fund’s net asset value. A fund may not be able to sell illiquid investments when Putnam Management considers it desirable to do so, or a fund may be able to sell them only at less than their value. The larger size of certain fund holdings and the lack of liquidity in securities markets may limit a fund’s ability to sell illiquid investments, or to sell them at appropriate prices, thereby negatively impacting the fund.

Inflation-Protected Securities

The fund may invest in U.S. Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (“U.S. TIPS”), which are fixed income securities issued by the U.S. Department of Treasury, the principal amounts of which are adjusted daily based upon changes in the rate of inflation or deflation. The fund may also invest in other inflation-protected

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securities issued by non-U.S. governments or by private issuers. Two structures are common. While the U.S. Treasury and some other issuers use a structure that accrues inflation/deflation into the principal value of the bond, many other issuers adjust the coupon accruals for inflation-related changes.

U.S. TIPS pay interest on a semi-annual basis, equal to a fixed percentage of the inflation-adjusted principal amount. The interest rate on these securities is fixed at issuance, but over the life of the security this interest may be paid on an increasing or decreasing principal value that has been adjusted for inflation. U.S. TIPS currently are issued with maturities of five, ten, or thirty years, although it is possible that securities with other maturities will be issued in the future.

Repayment of the original principal upon maturity (as adjusted for inflation) is guaranteed for U.S. TIPS, even during a period of deflation. However, because the principal amount of U.S. TIPS would be adjusted downward during a period of deflation, the fund will be subject to deflation risk with respect to its investments in these securities. In addition, the current market value of U.S. TIPS is not guaranteed, and will fluctuate. If the fund purchases U.S. TIPS in the secondary market whose principal values have been adjusted upward due to inflation since issuance, the fund may experience a loss if there is a subsequent period of deflation. The fund may also invest in other inflation-related securities which may or may not provide a guarantee of principal. If a guarantee of principal is not provided, the adjusted principal value of the security repaid at maturity may be less than the original principal amount.

In addition, inflation-indexed securities do not protect holders from increases in interest rates due to reasons other than inflation (such as changes in currency exchange rates). The periodic adjustment of U.S. TIPS is currently tied to the Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers (“CPI-U”), which is calculated by the U.S. Department of Treasury. The CPI-U is a measurement of changes in the cost of living, made up of components such as housing, food, transportation and energy. Inflation-protected securities issued by a non-U.S. government are generally adjusted to reflect a comparable inflation index, calculated by that government. There can no assurance that the CPI-U or any non-U.S. inflation index will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services. If interest rates rise due to reasons other than inflation (for example, due to changes in currency exchange rates), investors in these securities may not be protected to the extent that the increase is not reflected in the security’s inflation measure, which could result in losses to the fund. In addition, there can be no assurance that the rate of inflation in a non-U.S. country will be correlated to the rate of inflation in the United States.

Although inflation-indexed bonds securities may protect their holders from long-term inflationary trends, short-term increases in inflation may result in a decline in value. In general, the value of inflation-protected securities is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in real interest rates, which are in turn tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. Therefore, if inflation were to rise at a faster rate than nominal interest rates, real interest rates might decline, leading to an increase in value of inflation-protected securities. In contrast, if nominal interest rates increased at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates might rise, leading to a decrease in value of inflation-protected securities. If inflation is lower than expected during the period the fund holds the security, the fund may earn less on the security than on a conventional bond.

Any increase in principal value is taxable in the year the increase occurs, even though holders do not receive cash representing the increase at that time. As a result, when the fund invests in inflation-protected securities, it could be required at times to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements as a regulated investment company and to eliminate any fund-level income tax liability under the Code.

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Initial Public Offerings

The fund may purchase debt or equity securities in initial public offerings (“IPOs”). These securities, which are often issued by unseasoned companies, may be subject to many of the same risks of investing in companies with smaller market capitalizations. Securities issued in an IPO frequently are very volatile in price (and may, therefore, involve greater risk) due to factors such as market psychology prevailing at the time of the IPO, the absence of a prior public market, unseasoned trading, the small number of shares available for trading, and limited availability of information about the issuer. Because of the price volatility of IPO securities, the fund may hold securities purchased in an IPO for a very short period of time. As a result, the fund’s investments in IPOs may increase portfolio turnover, which increases brokerage and administrative costs and may result in taxable distributions to shareholders.

There can be no assurance that investments in IPOs will be available to the funds or improve a fund’s performance. At any particular time or from time to time the fund may not be able to invest in securities issued in IPOs, or invest to the extent desired because, for example, only a small portion (if any) of the securities being offered in an IPO may be made available to the fund. In addition, under certain market conditions a relatively small number of companies may issue securities in IPOs. Similarly, to the extent that the number of Putnam funds to which IPO securities are allocated increases, the number of securities issued to any one fund may decrease. The investment performance of the fund during periods when it is unable to invest significantly or at all in IPOs may be lower than during periods when the fund is able to do so. When a fund’s asset base is small, a significant portion of the fund’s performance could be attributable to investments in IPOs because such investments would have a magnified impact on the fund. As the fund increases in size, the impact of IPOs on the fund’s performance will generally decrease.

Interfund Borrowing and Lending

To satisfy redemption requests or to cover unanticipated cash shortfalls, the fund has entered into an Amended and Restated Master Interfund Lending Agreement by and among each Putnam fund and Putnam Management (the “Interfund Lending Agreement”) under which a Putnam fund may lend or borrow money (Putnam money market funds may lend, but not borrow) for temporary purposes directly to or from another Putnam fund (an “Interfund Loan”), subject to meeting the conditions of an SEC exemptive order dated April 10, 2002 (the “Putnam Exemptive Order”) granted to the fund permitting such Interfund Loans. All Interfund Loans would consist only of uninvested cash reserves that the lending fund otherwise would invest in short-term repurchase agreements or other short-term instruments. At this time, Putnam Short-Term Investment Fund is the only Putnam fund expected to make its uninvested cash reserves available for Interfund Loans.

On March 23, 2020, the SEC issued a temporary exemptive order (the “Temporary Order”) granting relief to funds in response to the market impacts of COVID-19. The Temporary Order permitted the Putnam funds to deviate from certain terms and conditions of the Putnam Exemptive Order permitting the Putnam funds to participate in an interfund lending facility, including with respect to the maximum term of an interfund loan and the maximum percentage of a lending fund’s assets that may be loaned. Under the Temporary Order, a fund may lend up to 25% of its net assets notwithstanding provisions in the Putnam Exemptive Order that limit the aggregate loans to all borrowing funds to 15% of the lending fund’s net assets. A maximum term of 60 days for any interfund loan made in reliance on the Temporary Order is permitted.

If the fund has outstanding borrowings, any Interfund Loans to the fund (a) would be at an interest rate equal to or lower than that of any outstanding bank loan, (b) would be secured at least on an equal priority basis with at least an equivalent percentage of collateral to loan value as any outstanding bank loan that requires collateral, and (c) would have a maturity no longer than any outstanding bank loan (and in any event not over seven days). In addition, if an event of default were to occur under any agreement evidencing an outstanding bank loan to the fund, the event of default would automatically (without need for action or notice by the

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lending fund) constitute an immediate event of default under the Interfund Lending Agreement entitling the lending fund to call the Interfund Loan (and exercise all rights with respect to any collateral, if any). Such a call would be deemed made if a lending bank exercises its right to call its loan under its agreement with the borrowing fund.

The fund may make an unsecured borrowing under the Interfund Lending Agreement if its outstanding borrowings from all sources immediately after the interfund borrowing total 10% or less of its total assets; provided, that if the fund has a secured loan outstanding from any other lender, including but not limited to another Putnam fund, the fund’s Interfund Loan would be secured on at least an equal priority basis with at least an equivalent percentage of collateral to loan value as any outstanding loan secured by collateral. If (i) the fund’s total outstanding borrowings immediately after an interfund borrowing would be greater than 10% of its total assets,(ii) the fund’s total outstanding borrowings exceed 10% of its total assets for any reason (such as a decline in net asset value or because of shareholder redemptions), or (iii) the fund has outstanding secured Interfund Loans, the fund may borrow through the Interfund Lending Agreement on a secured basis only. All secured Interfund Loans would be secured by the pledge of segregated collateral with a market value equal to at least 102% of the outstanding principal value of the Interfund Loan. The fund may not borrow from any source if its total outstanding borrowings immediately after the borrowing would exceed the limits imposed by Section 18 of the 1940 Act or the fund’s fundamental investment restrictions.

The fund may not lend to another Putnam fund under the Interfund Lending Agreement if the Interfund Loan would cause its aggregate outstanding Interfund Loans to exceed 15% of the fund’s current net assets (25% under the Temporary Order) at the time of the Interfund Loan. The fund’s Interfund Loans to any one fund may not exceed 5% of the lending fund’s net assets. The duration of Interfund Loans would be limited to the time required to receive payment for securities sold, but in no event may the duration exceed seven days (60 days if the Interfund Loan is made in reliance on the Temporary Order). Interfund Loans effected within seven days of each other would be treated as separate loan transactions for purposes of this condition. Each Interfund Loan may be called on one business day’s notice by a lending fund and may be repaid on any day by a borrowing fund.

The limitations detailed above and the other conditions of the SEC exemptive order permitting interfund lending are designed to minimize the risks associated with interfund lending for both the lending fund and the borrowing fund. However, no borrowing or lending activity is without risk. If the fund borrows money from another fund, there is a risk that the Interfund Loan could be called on one business day’s notice or not renewed, in which case the fund may have to borrow from a bank at higher rates if an Interfund Loan were not available from another fund. A delay in repayment to a lending fund could result in a lost opportunity or additional lending costs, and interfund loans are subject to the risk that the borrowing fund could be unable to repay the loan when due. In the case of a default by a borrowing fund and to the extent that the loan is collateralized, the lending fund could take possession of collateral that it is not permitted to hold and, therefore, would be required to dispose of such collateral as soon as possible, which could result in a loss to the lending fund. Because Putnam Management provides investment management services to both the lending fund and the borrowing fund, Putnam Management may have a potential conflict of interest in determining whether an Interfund Loan is appropriate for the lending fund and the borrowing fund. The funds and Putnam Management have adopted policies and procedures that are designed to manage potential conflicts of interest, but the administration of the Interfund Program may be subject to such conflicts.

Inverse Floaters

Inverse floating rate debt securities (or “inverse floaters”) are debt securities structured with variable interest rates that reset in the opposite direction from the market rate of interest to which the inverse floater is indexed. An inverse floater may be considered to be leveraged to the extent that its interest rate varies by a magnitude that exceeds the magnitude of the change in the index rate of interest. As a result, inverse floaters may be more

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volatile and more sensitive to interest rate changes than other types of debt securities with comparable maturities. Inverse floaters may be subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale and therefore may be less liquid than other types of securities. Certain inverse floaters may be illiquid.

Investments in Wholly Owned Subsidiaries

Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund may invest up to 25% of its total assets in its wholly-owned and controlled subsidiary, organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company (each, a “Subsidiary” and collectively, the “Subsidiaries”) in order to gain exposure to the commodities markets within the limitations of the federal tax laws, rules and regulations that apply to regulated investment companies.

Generally, each Subsidiary will invest primarily in commodity futures, and, in the case of Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund, swaps on commodity futures, but each Subsidiary may also invest in other commodity-related instruments (such as financial futures, option and swap contracts). Each Subsidiary may also have exposure to equity and fixed income securities, cash and cash equivalents, pooled investment vehicles (including those that are not registered pursuant to the 1940 Act) and other investments, either as investments or to serve as margin or collateral for the Subsidiary’s derivative positions. Unlike a fund, a Subsidiary may invest without limitation in commodity-linked derivatives. By investing in a Subsidiary, each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund is indirectly exposed to the risks associated with the Subsidiary’s investments. Except as described below, the Subsidiaries are not registered under the 1940 Act and are not subject to all of the investor protections of the 1940 Act. Changes in the laws of the United States and/or the Cayman Islands could result in the inability of the fund and/or the Subsidiary to operate as described in the prospectus and could adversely affect the fund and its shareholders.

The Chief Compliance Officer of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund oversees implementation of each Subsidiary’s policies and procedures, and makes periodic reports to the Board regarding each Subsidiary’s compliance with its policies and procedures. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund test for compliance with investment restrictions on a consolidated basis with its Subsidiary, except that with respect to its investments in certain securities that may involve leverage, each Subsidiary complies with asset segregation requirements to the same extent as the applicable fund.

PanAgora provides investment management and other services to each Subsidiary. PanAgora does not receive increased compensation by virtue of providing each Subsidiary with investment management or administrative services. However, Putnam Management pays PanAgora based on each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s assets, including the assets invested in the applicable Subsidiary. Each Subsidiary will also enter into separate contracts for the provision of custody and audit services with the same or with affiliates of the same service providers that provide those services to the applicable fund.

The financial statements of each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund will be consolidated with the financial statements of the applicable Subsidiary in the fund’s Annual and Semi-Annual Reports. The fund’s Annual and Semi-Annual Reports are distributed to shareholders, and copies of the reports are provided without charge upon request as indicated on the back cover of the prospectus.

In order for the fund to qualify as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code the fund must derive at least 90 percent of its gross income each taxable year from certain sources of “qualifying income” specified in the Code. Income from certain commodity-linked derivative instruments in which the fund might invest may not be considered qualifying income. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s investment in a Subsidiary is expected to provide the fund with exposure to the commodities markets within the limitations of the federal income tax requirements of

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Subchapter M of the Code. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s pursuit of its investment strategy may be limited by the fund’s intention to qualify for treatment as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. If a net loss is realized by a Subsidiary, such loss is generally not available to offset income or capital gain generated from the fund’s other investments. In addition, a Subsidiary is not permitted to carry forward any net ordinary losses it realizes in a taxable year to offset ordinary income it realizes in subsequent taxable years.

Legal and Regulatory Risks Relating to Investment Strategy

The fund may be adversely affected by new (or revised) laws or regulations that may be imposed by the Internal Revenue System or Treasury Department, the CFTC, the SEC, the U.S. Federal Reserve or other banking regulators, or other governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise the financial markets. These agencies are empowered to promulgate a variety of rules pursuant to financial reform legislation in the United States. The fund may also be adversely affected by changes in the enforcement or interpretation of existing statutes and rules by these governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations. It is impossible to predict what, if any, changes in regulations may occur, but any regulation that restricts the ability of the fund to trade in securities or otherwise execute its investment strategy could have a material adverse impact on the fund’s performance.

The regulatory environment for funds is evolving, and changes in regulation may adversely affect the value of the investments held by the fund and the ability of the fund to execute its investment strategy. In addition, the securities and futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations and margin requirements. The CFTC, the SEC, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, other regulators and self-regulatory organizations and exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of market emergencies. The regulation of securitization and derivatives transactions and funds that engage in such transactions is an evolving area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action.

In October 2016, the SEC adopted a liquidity risk management rule, Rule 22e-4 under the 1940 Act (the “Liquidity Rule”) that requires each fund (other than Putnam money market funds) to establish a liquidity risk management program. The funds have implemented a liquidity risk management program, and the fund’s Board of Trustees has appointed Putnam Management to administer the program. Under the liquidity risk management program, the liquidity risk of each fund is assessed, managed, and periodically reviewed and each portfolio investment held by each fund is classified as a “highly liquid investment,” “moderately liquid investment,” “less liquid investment” or “illiquid investment.” The Liquidity Rule defines “liquidity risk” as the risk that a fund could not meet requests to redeem shares issued by the fund without significant dilution of the remaining investors’ interest in the fund. The liquidity of a fund’s portfolio investments is determined based on relevant market, trading and investment-specific considerations under the fund’s liquidity risk management program. The impact the Liquidity Rule will have on the funds, and on the open-end fund industry in general, is not yet fully known, but the rule could impact a fund’s performance and its ability to achieve its investment objective(s). Please see “Illiquid Investments” above for more information.

The U.S. government has enacted legislation that provides for new regulation of the derivatives market, including clearing, margin, reporting and registration requirements. The CFTC, SEC, and other federal regulators have adopted and continue to develop rules and regulations enacting the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”). The European Union (“EU”) and some other countries have implemented and are in the process of implementing similar requirements that affect the fund when it enters into derivatives transactions with a counterparty organized in that country or otherwise subject to that country’s derivatives regulations. For example, the U.S. government, the EU and certain other jurisdictions have adopted mandatory minimum margin requirements for bilateral derivatives.

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New variation margin requirements became effective in 2017 and new initial margin requirements are expected to become effective for swaps between swap dealers and many buy-side entities in the near future. Such requirements could increase the amount of margin the fund needs to provide in connection with its derivatives transactions and, therefore, make derivatives transactions more expensive.

In addition, in October 2020, the SEC adopted Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act (the “Derivatives Rule”), regulating the use by registered investment companies of derivatives and many related instruments (e.g. reverse repurchase agreements). The compliance date for the Derivatives Rule is expected to be on or about August 19, 2022. The Derivatives Rule requires, among other things, that certain entities adopt a derivatives risk management program, comply with limitations on leverage-related risk based on a “value-at-risk” test and update reporting and disclosure procedures. Funds that use derivative instruments in a limited amount will not be subject to the full requirements of the Derivatives Rule. In connection with the adoption of the Derivatives Rule, funds will no longer be required to comply with the asset segregation framework arising from prior SEC guidance for covering certain derivative instruments and related transactions. As the funds come into compliance, the approach to asset segregation and coverage requirements described in this SAI will be impacted.

Regulatory changes also may affect counterparty risk. For example, new regulatory requirements may limit the ability of the fund to protect its interests in the event of an insolvency of a derivatives counterparty. In the event of a counterparty’s (or its affiliate’s) insolvency, the fund’s ability to exercise remedies, such as the termination of transactions, netting of obligations and realization on collateral, could be stayed or eliminated under new special resolution regimes adopted in the United States, the EU and various other jurisdictions. Such regimes provide government authorities with broad authority to intervene when a financial institution is experiencing financial difficulty. In particular, with respect to counterparties who are subject to such proceedings in the EU, the liabilities of such counterparties to the fund could be reduced, eliminated, or converted to equity in such counterparties (sometimes referred to as a “bail in”).

The CFTC and domestic exchanges have established speculative position limits, referred to as “position limits,” on the maximum speculative positions which any person, or group of persons acting in concert, may hold or control in particular futures and options on futures contracts. All positions owned or controlled by the same person or entity, even if in different accounts, must be aggregated for purposes of determining whether the applicable position limits have been exceeded. Thus, even if the fund does not intend to exceed applicable position limits, it is possible that different clients managed by Putnam Management and its affiliates may be aggregated for this purpose. Any modification of trading decisions or elimination of open positions that may be required to avoid exceeding such limits may adversely affect the profitability of the fund. In addition, the CFTC recently adopted rules that, once effective, will materially expand the scope of contracts subject to federal limits to include additional futures and options on futures and certain swaps. Such regulations may adversely affect the fund’s ability to hold positions in certain futures contracts and related options and swaps.

The SEC has in the past adopted interim rules requiring reporting of all short positions above a certain de minimis threshold and may adopt rules requiring monthly public disclosure in the future. In addition, other non-U.S. jurisdictions where the fund may trade have adopted reporting requirements. If the fund’s short positions or its strategy become generally known, the fund’s ability to implement its investment strategy could be adversely affected. In particular, other investors could cause a “short squeeze” in the securities held short by the fund forcing the fund to cover its positions at a loss. Such reporting requirements may also limit the fund’s ability to access management and other personnel at certain companies where the fund seeks to take a short position. In addition, if other investors engage in copycat behavior by taking positions in the same issuers as the fund, the cost of borrowing securities to sell short could increase drastically and the availability of such securities to the fund could decrease drastically. Such events could make a fund unable to execute its investment strategy. Short sales are also subject to certain SEC regulations. If the SEC were to adopt additional restrictions on short sales, they could restrict the fund’s ability to engage in short sales in certain circumstances. The SEC and regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions may adopt (and in certain cases, have adopted) bans on new or increases in short sales of certain securities, including short positions on such securities acquired through swaps, in response to market events. Bans on short selling and such short positions

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may make it impossible for the fund to execute certain investment strategies and may have a material adverse effect on the fund’s ability to generate returns.

In October 2020, the SEC adopted certain regulatory changes and took other actions related to the ability of an investment company to invest in another investment company. These changes include, among other things, amendments to Rule 12d1-1, the rescission of Rule 12d1-2, the adoption of Rule 12d1-4, and the rescission of certain exemptive relief issued by the SEC permitting such investments in excess of statutory limits. These regulatory changes may adversely impact each fund’s investment strategies and operations.

Rules implementing the credit risk retention requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act for asset-backed securities require the sponsor of certain securitization vehicles to retain, and to refrain from transferring, selling, conveying to a third party, or hedging 5% of the credit risk in assets transferred, sold, or conveyed through the issuance of such vehicle, subject to certain exceptions. These requirements may increase the costs to originators, securitizers, and, in certain cases, collateral managers of securitization vehicles in which the fund may invest, which costs could be passed along to the fund as an investor in such transactions.

Some EU-regulated institutions (banks, certain investment firms, and authorized managers of alternative investment funds) are currently restricted from investing in securitizations (including U.S.-related securitizations), unless, in summary: (i) the institution is able to demonstrate that it has undertaken certain due diligence in respect of various matters, including its investment position, the underlying assets, and (in the case of authorized managers of alternative investment funds) the sponsor and the originator of the securitization; and (ii) the originator, sponsor, or original lender of the securitization has explicitly disclosed to the institution that it will retain, on an ongoing basis, a net economic interest of not less than five percent of specified credit risk tranches or asset exposures related to the securitization. In the future, EU insurance and reinsurance undertakings and UCITS funds are expected to become subject to similar restrictions. Although the requirements do not apply to the fund directly, the costs of compliance, in the case of any securitization within the EU risk retention rules in which the fund has invested or is seeking to invest, could be indirectly borne by the fund and the other investors in the securitization.

The regulations described in this SAI as well as other new or evolving regulations could, among other things, further restrict the fund’s ability to engage in, or increase the cost to the fund of, derivatives transactions, and the fund may be unable to execute its investment strategy as a result. Because these requirements are new and evolving, their ultimate impact on the fund and the financial system is not yet known. While the new rules and regulations and central clearing of some derivatives transactions are designed to reduce systemic risk (i.e., the risk that the interdependence of large derivatives dealers could cause them to suffer liquidity, solvency or other challenges simultaneously), there is no assurance that they will achieve that result, and in the meantime, the requirements can expose the fund to new kinds of costs and risks.

London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)

On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, announced a desire to phase out the use of LIBOR by the end of 2021. On December 4, 2020, the administrator of LIBOR published a consultation seeking market input on a proposal to delay the phase out of a majority of the U.S. dollar LIBOR publications until June 30, 2023, with the remainder of LIBOR publications to still end at the end of 2021. As a result of these developments, it remains unclear if, how and in what form, LIBOR will continue to exist. LIBOR has historically been a common benchmark interest rate index used to make adjustments to variable-rate loans. It is used throughout global banking and financial industries to determine interest rates for a variety of financial instruments and borrowing arrangements. Actions by regulators have resulted in the establishment of alternative reference rates to LIBOR in most major currencies. Various

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financial industry groups have begun planning for the transition from LIBOR, but there are obstacles to converting certain longer-term securities and transactions to new reference rates. Markets are developing slowly and questions around liquidity in these rates and how to appropriately adjust these rates to mitigate any economic value transfer at the time of transition remain a significant concern. Neither the effect of the transition process nor its ultimate success can yet be known. The transition process might lead to increased volatility and illiquidity in markets that currently rely on LIBOR to determine interest rates. It could also lead to a reduction in the value of some LIBOR-based investments and reduce the effectiveness of new hedges placed against existing LIBOR-based investments. While some LIBOR-based instruments may contemplate a scenario where LIBOR is no longer available by providing for an alternative rate-setting methodology, not all may have such provisions and there may be significant uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of any such alternative methodologies. Since the usefulness of LIBOR as a benchmark could deteriorate during the transition period, these effects could occur prior to the end of 2021.

Lower-rated Securities

The fund may invest in lower-rated fixed-income securities (commonly known as “junk bonds”) and may hold fixed-income securities that are downgraded to a lower rating after the time of purchase by the fund. Compared to higher-rated fixed-income securities, lower-rated securities generally offer the potential for higher investment returns but subject holders to greater credit, market and liquidity risk, including the possibility of default or bankruptcy. The lower ratings reflect a greater possibility that adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer or in general economic conditions, or both, or an unanticipated rise in interest rates, may impair the ability of the issuer to make payments of interest and principal. The inability (or perceived inability) of issuers to make timely payment of interest and principal would likely make the values of securities held by the fund more volatile and could limit the fund’s ability to sell its securities at prices approximating the values the fund had placed on such securities. The market price of lower-rated securities also generally responds to short-term corporate and market developments to a greater extent than do the price and liquidity of higher-rated securities because such developments are perceived to have a more direct relationship to the ability of an issuer of lower-rated securities to meet its ongoing debt obligations. In addition, the market may be less liquid for lower-rated securities than for higher-rated securities. In the absence of a liquid trading market for securities held by it, the fund at times may be unable to establish the fair value of such securities.

Securities ratings are based largely on the issuer’s historical financial condition and the rating agencies’ analysis at the time of rating. Consequently, the rating assigned to any particular security is not necessarily a reflection of the issuer’s current financial condition, which may be better or worse than the rating would indicate. In addition, the rating assigned to a security by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. or Standard & Poor’s (or by any other nationally recognized securities rating agency) does not reflect an assessment of the volatility of the security’s market value or the liquidity of an investment in the security. See “SECURITIES RATINGS.”

Like those of other fixed-income securities, the values of lower-rated securities fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates. A decrease in interest rates will generally result in an increase in the value of the fund’s fixed-income assets. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the value of the fund’s fixed-income assets will generally decline. The values of lower-rated securities may often be affected to a greater extent than higher-rated securities by changes in general economic conditions and business conditions affecting the issuers of such securities and their industries. Negative publicity or investor perceptions may also adversely affect the values of lower-rated securities, whether or not justified by fundamental factors. Changes by nationally recognized securities rating agencies in their ratings of any fixed-income security, changes in the ability of an issuer to make payments of interest and principal or regulation that limits the ability of certain categories of financial institutions to invest in lower-rated securities may also affect the value of these investments. Changes in the value of portfolio securities generally will not affect income derived from these securities, but will affect the fund’s net asset value. The fund will not necessarily dispose of a security when its rating is reduced below its rating at the time of purchase. However, Putnam Management will monitor the investment to determine whether its retention will assist in meeting the fund’s goal(s).

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Lower-rated securities may contain redemption, call or prepayment provisions which permit the issuer of such securities to, at its discretion, redeem the securities. During periods of falling interest rates, issuers of these securities are likely to redeem or prepay the securities and refinance them with debt securities with a lower interest rate. To the extent an issuer is able to refinance the securities, or otherwise redeem them, the fund may have to replace the securities with a lower yielding security, which would result in a lower return.

Issuers of lower-rated fixed-income securities may be (i) in poor financial condition, (ii) experiencing poor operating results, (iii) having substantial capital needs or negative net worth, or (iv) facing special competitive or product obsolescence problems, and may include companies involved in bankruptcy or other reorganizations or liquidation proceedings. Issuers of lower-rated securities are also often highly leveraged, and their relatively high debt-to-equity ratios increase the risk that their operations may not generate sufficient cash flow to service their debt obligations, especially during an economic downturn or during sustained periods of rising interest rates. Such issuers may not have more traditional methods of financing available to them and may be unable to repay outstanding obligations at maturity by refinancing. The risk of loss due to default in payment of interest or repayment of principal by issuers of lower-rated securities is significantly greater than for issuers of higher-rated securities because such securities frequently are unsecured and subordinated to the prior payment of senior indebtedness.

At times, a substantial portion of the fund’s assets may be invested in an issue of which the fund, by itself or together with other funds and accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates, holds all or a major portion. Although Putnam Management generally considers such securities to be liquid because of the availability of an institutional market for such securities, it is possible that, under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the fund could find it more difficult to sell these securities when Putnam Management believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell the securities only at prices lower than if they were more widely held. Under these circumstances, it may also be more difficult to determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of computing the fund’s net asset value. In order to enforce its rights in the event of a default, the fund may be required to participate in various legal proceedings or take possession of and manage assets securing the issuer’s obligations on such securities. This could increase the fund’s operating expenses and adversely affect the fund’s net asset value. In the case of tax-exempt funds, any income derived from the fund’s ownership or operation of such assets would not be tax-exempt. The ability of a holder of a tax-exempt security to enforce the terms of that security in a bankruptcy proceeding may be more limited than would be the case with respect to securities of private issuers. In addition, the fund’s intention to qualify as a “regulated investment company” under the Code may limit the extent to which the fund may exercise its rights by taking possession of such assets.

To the extent the fund invests in lower-rated securities, the achievement of the fund’s goals is more dependent on Putnam Management’s investment analysis than would be the case if the fund were investing in higher-rated securities

Market Risk

The value of securities in a fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions, investor sentiment and market perceptions (including perceptions about monetary policy, interest rates or the risk of default), government actions (including protectionist measures, intervention in the financial markets or other regulation, and changes in fiscal, monetary or tax policies), geopolitical events or changes (including natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics, terrorism and war), and factors related to a specific issuer, geography, industry or sector. In addition, the increasing popularity of passive index-based investing may have the potential to increase security price correlations and volatility. (As passive strategies generally buy or sell securities based simply on inclusion and representation in an index, securities prices will have an increasing tendency to rise or fall based on whether money is flowing into or out of passive strategies rather than based on an analysis of the prospects and valuation of individual securities. This may result in increased market volatility as more money is invested

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through passive strategies). These and other factors may lead to increased volatility and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings, particularly for larger investments. During those periods, the fund may experience high levels of shareholder redemptions, and may have to sell securities at times when it would otherwise not do so, and at unfavorable price.

Legal, political, regulatory and tax changes may cause fluctuations in markets and securities prices. In the past, governmental and non-governmental issuers have defaulted on, or have been forced to restructure, their debts, and many other issuers have faced difficulties obtaining credit. Defaults or restructurings by governments or others of their debts could have substantial adverse effects on economies, financial markets, and asset valuations around the world. In addition, financial regulators, including the U.S. Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank, at times have taken steps to maintain historically low interest rates, such as by purchasing bonds. Some governmental authorities at times have taken steps to devalue their currencies substantially or have taken other steps to counter actual or anticipated market or other developments. Steps by those regulators and authorities to implement, or to curtail or taper, these activities could have substantial negative effects on financial markets. The withdrawal of support, failure of efforts in response to a financial crisis, or investor perception that these efforts are not succeeding could negatively affect financial markets generally as well as the values and liquidity of certain securities.

The fund is subject to the risk that geopolitical events will disrupt securities markets and adversely affect global economies and markets. War, terrorism, economic uncertainty, and other geopolitical events (including sanctions, tariffs, exchange controls or other cross-border trade barriers) have led, and in the future may lead, to increased short-term market volatility and may have adverse long-term effects on U.S. and world economies and markets generally. In addition, trade disputes (such as the “trade war” between the United States and China that intensified in 2018 and 2019) may affect investor and consumer confidence and may adversely impact financial markets and the broader economy, perhaps suddenly and to a significant degree. Events such as these and their impact on the fund are difficult to predict.

Likewise, natural and environmental disasters, epidemics or pandemics, and systemic market dislocations may be highly disruptive to economies and markets, and may result in significant market volatility, exchange trading suspensions or closures, or a substantial economic downturn or recession. Those events, as well as other changes in foreign and domestic economic and political conditions, also could disrupt the operations of the fund or its service providers or adversely affect individual issuers or related groups of issuers, interest rates, credit ratings, default rates, inflation, supply chains, consumer demand, investor sentiment, and other factors affecting the value or liquidity of the fund’s investments.

An outbreak of respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus designated as COVID-19 was first detected in China in December 2019 and subsequently spread internationally. The transmission of COVID-19 and efforts to contain its spread have resulted in, among other things, border closings and other significant travel restrictions and disruptions; significant disruptions to business operations, supply chains and customer activity; lower consumer demand for goods and services; higher levels of unemployment; event cancellations and restrictions; service cancellations, reductions and other changes; significant challenges in healthcare service preparation and delivery; prolonged quarantines; and general concern and uncertainty. These impacts have negatively affected, and may continue to negatively affect, the global economy, the economies of individual countries, and the financial performance of individual issuers, sectors, industries, asset classes, and markets in significant and unforeseen ways. The COVID-19 pandemic also has resulted in significant market volatility, exchange trading suspensions and closures, declines in global financial markets, higher default rates, and economic downturns and recessions, and may continue to have similar effects in the future. In addition, actions taken by government and quasi-governmental authorities and regulators throughout the world in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including significant fiscal and monetary policies changes, may affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of some securities and other assets. Health crises caused by the COVID-19 pandemic may also exacerbate other pre-existing political, social, economic, market and financial risks. The effects of the outbreak in developing or emerging market countries may be greater due to less established health care systems. The foregoing could impair the fund’s ability to maintain operational standards (such as with respect

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to satisfying redemption requests), disrupt the operations of the fund’s service providers, adversely affect the value and liquidity of the fund’s investments, and negatively impact the fund’s performance and your investment in the fund. Given the significant uncertainty surrounding the magnitude, duration, reach, costs and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as actions that have been or could be taken by governmental authorities or other third parties, it is difficult to predict its potential impacts on a fund’s investments.

Securities and financial markets may be susceptible to market manipulation or other fraudulent trade practices, which could disrupt the orderly functioning of these markets, contribute to overall market volatility and adversely affect the values of the fund’s investments.

Given the increasing interdependence among global economies and markets, conditions in one country, region or market might adversely affect financial conditions or issuers in other countries, regions or markets. For example, any partial or complete dissolution of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, or any increased uncertainty as to its status, could have significant adverse effects on global currency and financial markets, and on the values of the fund’s investments. On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom formally withdrew from the European Union (commonly known as “Brexit”). An agreement between the United Kingdom and the European Union governing their future trade relationship became effective January 1, 2021.While the full impact of Brexit is unknown, Brexit has already resulted in volatility in European and global markets. Potential negative long-term effects could include, among others, greater market volatility and illiquidity, disruptions to world securities markets, currency fluctuations, deterioration in economic activity, a decrease in business confidence, and an increased likelihood of a recession in the United Kingdom. To the extent the fund has focused its investments in a particular country, region or market, adverse geopolitical and other events impacting that country, region or market could have a disproportionate impact on the fund.

Master Limited Partnerships (MLPs)

A MLP generally is a publicly traded company organized as a limited partnership or limited liability company and treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. MLPs may derive income and gains from, among other things, the exploration, development, mining or production, processing, refining, transportation (including pipelines transporting gas, oil, or products thereof), or the marketing of any mineral or natural resources. MLPs generally have two classes of owners, the general partner and limited partners. The general partner of an MLP is typically owned by one or more of the following: a major energy company, an investment fund, or the direct management of the MLP. The general partner may be structured as a private or publicly traded corporation or other entity. The general partner typically controls the operations and management of the MLP through an up to 2% equity interest in the MLP plus, in many cases, ownership of common units and subordinated units. Limited partners own the remainder of the partnership through ownership of common units and have a limited role in the partnership’s operations and management.

MLP securities in which certain funds may invest can include, but are not limited to: (i) equity securities of MLPs, including common units, preferred units or convertible subordinated units; (ii) debt securities of MLPs, including debt securities rated below investment grade; (iii) securities of MLP affiliates; (iv) securities of open-end funds, closed-end funds or exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that invest primarily in MLP securities; or (v) exchange-traded notes whose returns are linked to the returns of MLPs or MLP indices.

The risks of investing in an MLP are generally those inherent in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, MLP common units represent an equity ownership interest in a partnership, providing limited voting rights and entitling the holder to a share of the company’s success through distributions and/or capital appreciation. Unlike shareholders of a corporation, common unit holders do not elect directors annually and generally have the right to vote only on certain significant events, such as mergers, a sale of substantially all of the assets, removal of the general partner or material amendments to the partnership agreement. In addition, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded investors in an MLP than investors in a corporation.

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MLP common units and other equity securities can be affected by macro-economic and other factors affecting the stock market in general, expectations of interest rates, investor sentiment towards MLPs, changes in a particular issuer’s financial condition, or unfavorable or unanticipated poor performance of a particular issuer (in the case of MLPs, generally measured in terms of distributable cash flow). Prices of common units of individual MLPs and other equity securities can also be affected by fundamentals unique to the partnership or company, including earnings power and coverage ratios.

Additional risks involved with investing in an MLP are risks associated with the specific industry or industries in which the partnership invests. For example, companies operating in the energy MLP sector are subject to risks that are specific to the industry in which they operate. MLPs and other companies that provide crude oil, refined product and natural gas services are subject to supply and demand fluctuations in the markets they serve which may be impacted by a wide range of factors including fluctuating commodity prices, weather, increased conservation or use of alternative fuel sources, increased governmental or environmental regulation, depletion, rising interest rates, declines in domestic or foreign production, accidents or catastrophic events, and economic conditions, among others. Energy MLP companies are subject to varying demand for oil, natural gas or refined products in the markets they serve, as well as changes in the supply of products requiring gathering, transport, processing, or storage due to natural declines in reserves and production in the supply areas serviced by the companies’ facilities. Declines in oil or natural gas prices, as well as adverse regulatory decisions, may cause producers to curtail production or reduce capital spending for production or exploration activities, which may in turn reduce the need for the services provided by energy MLP companies. Lower prices may also create lower processing margins. Energy MLPs may also be subject to regulation by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) with respect to tariff rates that these companies may charge for interstate pipeline transportation services. An adverse determination by FERC with respect to tariff rates of a pipeline MLP could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial conditions, result of operations, cash flows and prospects of that pipeline MLP and its ability to make cash distributions to its equity owners.

Money Market Instruments

Money market instruments, or short-term debt instruments, consist of obligations such as commercial paper, bank obligations (e.g., certificates of deposit and bankers’ acceptances), repurchase agreements, and various government obligations, such as Treasury bills. These instruments have a remaining maturity of one year or less and are generally of high credit quality. Money market instruments may be structured to be, or may employ a trust or other form so that they are, eligible investments for money market funds. For example, put features can be used to modify the maturity of a security or interest rate adjustment features can be used to enhance price stability. If a structure fails to function as intended, adverse tax or investment consequences may result. Neither the IRS nor any other regulatory authority has ruled definitively on certain legal issues presented by certain structured securities. Future tax or other regulatory determinations could adversely affect the value, liquidity, or tax treatment of the income received from these securities or the nature and timing of distributions made by the funds.

Commercial paper is a money market instrument issued by banks or companies to raise money for short-term purposes. Commercial paper is usually sold on a discounted basis rather than as an interest-bearing instrument. Unlike some other debt obligations, commercial paper is typically unsecured, which increases the credit risk associated with this type of investment. In some cases, commercial paper may be backed by some form of credit enhancement, typically in the form of a guarantee by a commercial bank. Commercial paper backed by guarantees of foreign banks may involve additional risk due to the difficulty of obtaining and enforcing judgments against such banks and the generally less restrictive regulations to which such banks are subject. Commercial paper also may be issued as an asset-backed security (that is, backed by a pool of assets representing the obligations of a number of different issuers), in which case certain of the risks discussed in “Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed securities” would apply. Commercial paper is traded primarily among institutions.

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Certificates of deposit are receipts issued by a depository institution in exchange for the deposit of funds. The issuer agrees to pay the amount deposited plus interest to the bearer of the receipt on the date specified on the certificate. The certificate usually can be traded in the secondary market prior to maturity. Certificates of deposit may include those issued by foreign banks outside the United States. Such certificates of deposit include Eurodollar and Yankee certificates of deposit. Eurodollar certificates of deposit are U.S. dollar-denominated certificates of deposit issued by branches of foreign and domestic banks located outside the United States. Yankee certificates of deposit are certificates of deposit issued by a U.S. branch of a foreign bank denominated in U.S. dollars and held in the United States.

Bankers’ acceptances typically arise from short-term credit arrangements designed to enable businesses to obtain funds to finance commercial transactions. Generally, an acceptance is a time draft drawn on a bank by an exporter or an importer to obtain a stated amount of funds to pay for specific merchandise. The draft is then “accepted” by a bank that, in effect, unconditionally guarantees to pay the face value of the instrument on its maturity date. The acceptance may then be held by the accepting bank as an earning asset or it may be sold in the secondary market at the going rate of discount for a specific maturity. Although maturities for acceptances can be as long as 270 days, most acceptances have maturities of six months or less. Putnam Money Market Fund may invest in bankers’ acceptances issued by banks with deposits in excess of $2 billion (or the foreign currency equivalent) at the close of the last calendar year. If the Trustees change this minimum deposit requirement, shareholders would be notified. Other Putnam funds may invest in bankers’ acceptances without regard to this requirement.

Time deposits are interest-bearing non-negotiable deposits at a bank or a savings and loan association that have a specific maturity date. A time deposit earns a specific rate of interest over a definite period of time. Time deposits cannot be traded on the secondary market and those exceeding seven days and with a withdrawal penalty are considered to be illiquid.

In accordance with rules issued by the SEC, the fund may from time to time invest all or a portion of its cash balances in money market and/or short-term bond funds advised by Putnam Management. In connection with such investments, Putnam Management may waive a portion of the advisory fees otherwise payable by the fund. See “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI for the amount, if any, waived by Putnam Management in connection with such investments.

Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities

Mortgage-backed securities, including collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) and certain stripped mortgage-backed securities, represent a participation in, or are secured by, mortgage loans. Mortgage-backed securities may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government, such as Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, and FHLBs), foreign governments (or their agencies or instrumentalities), or non-governmental issuers. Interest and principal payments (including prepayments) on the mortgage loans underlying mortgage-backed securities pass through to the holders of the mortgage-backed securities. Asset-backed securities are structured like mortgage-backed securities, but instead of mortgage loans or interests in mortgage loans, the underlying assets may include such items as motor vehicle installment sales or installment loan contracts, home equity loans, leases of various types of real, personal and other property and receivables from credit card agreements. Similar to mortgage-backed securities, other types of asset-backed securities may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government), foreign governments (or their agencies or instrumentalities), or non-governmental issuers.

Mortgage-backed securities have yield and maturity characteristics corresponding to the underlying assets. Unlike traditional debt securities, which may pay a fixed rate of interest until maturity, when the entire principal amount comes due, payments on certain mortgage-backed securities include both interest and a partial repayment of principal. Besides the scheduled repayment of principal, repayments of principal may

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result from the voluntary prepayment, refinancing or foreclosure of the underlying mortgage loans. If property owners make unscheduled prepayments of their mortgage loans, these prepayments will result in early payment of the applicable mortgage-backed securities. In that event the fund may be unable to invest the proceeds from the early payment of the mortgage-backed securities in an investment that provides as high a yield as the mortgage-backed securities. Consequently, early payment associated with mortgage-backed securities may cause these securities to experience significantly greater price and yield volatility than that experienced by traditional fixed-income securities. The occurrence of mortgage prepayments is affected by factors including the level of interest rates, general economic conditions, the location and age of the mortgage and other social and demographic conditions. During periods of falling interest rates, the rate of mortgage prepayments tends to increase, thereby tending to decrease the life of mortgage-backed securities. During periods of rising interest rates, the rate of mortgage prepayments usually decreases, thereby tending to increase the life of mortgage-backed securities. If the life of a mortgage-backed security is inaccurately predicted, the fund may not be able to realize the rate of return it expected.

Adjustable rate mortgage securities (“ARMs”), like traditional mortgage-backed securities, are interests in pools of mortgage loans that provide investors with payments consisting of both principal and interest as mortgage loans in the underlying mortgage pool are paid off by the borrowers. Unlike fixed-rate mortgage-backed securities, ARMs are collateralized by or represent interests in mortgage loans with variable rates of interest. These interest rates are reset at periodic intervals, usually by reference to an interest rate index or market interest rate. Although the rate adjustment feature may act as a buffer to reduce sharp changes in the value of adjustable rate securities, these securities are still subject to changes in value based on, among other things, changes in market interest rates or changes in the issuer’s creditworthiness. If rates increase due to a reset, the risk of default by underlying borrowers may increase. Because the interest rates are reset only periodically, changes in the interest rate on ARMs may lag changes in prevailing market interest rates. The market value of an ARM may be adversely affected if interest rates increase faster than the rates of interest payable on the ARM or by the adjustable rate mortgage loans underlying the ARM. Also, some ARMs (or the underlying mortgages) are subject to caps or floors that limit the maximum change in the interest rate during a specified period or over the life of the security. As a result, changes in the interest rate on an ARM may not fully reflect changes in prevailing market interest rates during certain periods.

The fund may also invest in “hybrid” ARMs, whose underlying mortgages combine fixed-rate and adjustable rate features. A hybrid ARM is a type of mortgage in which the interest rate is fixed for a specified period and then resets periodically, or floats, for the remaining mortgage term. During the initial interest period, hybrid ARMs behave more like fixed income securities and are thus subject to the risks associated with fixed income securities. All hybrid ARMs have reset dates. A reset date is the date when a hybrid ARM changes from a fixed interest rate to a floating interest rate. At the reset date, a hybrid ARM can adjust by a maximum specified amount based on a margin over an identified index. Like ARMs, hybrid ARMs have periodic and lifetime limitations on the increases that can be made to the interest rates that mortgagors pay. Therefore, if during a floating rate period interest rates rise above the interest rate limits of the hybrid ARM, a fund holding the hybrid ARM does not benefit from further increases in interest rates.

Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are less effective than other types of securities as a means of “locking in” attractive long-term interest rates. One reason is the need to reinvest prepayments of principal; another is the possibility of significant unscheduled prepayments resulting from declines in interest rates. These prepayments would have to be reinvested at lower rates. The automatic interest rate adjustment feature of mortgages underlying ARMs likewise reduces the ability to lock-in attractive rates. As a result, mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities may have less potential for capital appreciation during periods of declining interest rates than other securities of comparable maturities, although they may have a similar risk of decline in market value during periods of rising interest rates. Prepayments may also significantly shorten the effective maturities of these securities, especially during periods of declining interest rates. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, a reduction in prepayments may increase the effective maturities of these securities, subjecting them to a greater risk of decline in market value in response to rising interest rates than traditional debt securities, and, therefore, potentially increasing the volatility of the fund.

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At times, some mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities will have higher than market interest rates and therefore will be purchased at a premium above their par value. Prepayments may cause losses on securities purchased at a premium. To the extent an applicable interest rate is based on LIBOR, the fund will be exposed to certain additional risks. See “London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)” above for more information.

Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are subject to varying degrees of credit risk, depending on whether they are issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government) or by non-governmental issuers. Securities issued by private organizations may not be readily marketable, and since the deterioration of worldwide economic and liquidity conditions that became acute in 2008, mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities have been subject to greater liquidity risk. These conditions may occur again. Also, government actions and proposals affecting the terms of underlying home loans, changes in demand for products (e.g., automobiles) financed by those loans, and the inability of borrowers to refinance existing loans (e.g., sub-prime mortgages), have had, and may continue to have, adverse valuation and liquidity effects on mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. Although liquidity of mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities has improved recently, there can be no assurance that in the future the market for mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities will continue to improve and become more liquid.

CMOs may be issued by a U.S. government agency or instrumentality or by a private issuer. Although payment of the principal of, and interest on, the underlying collateral securing privately issued CMOs may be guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities (such as Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, or Ginnie Mae), these CMOs represent obligations solely of the private issuer and are not insured or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities or any other person or entity. CMOs may also be less liquid and may exhibit greater price volatility than other types of mortgage- or other asset-backed securities.

Prepayments could cause early retirement of CMOs. CMOs are designed to reduce the risk of prepayment for investors by issuing multiple classes of securities (or “tranches”), each having different maturities, interest rates and payment schedules, and with the principal and interest on the underlying mortgages allocated among the several classes in various ways. Payment of interest or principal on some classes or series of CMOs may be subject to contingencies or some classes or series may bear some or all of the risk of default on the underlying mortgages. CMOs of different classes or series are generally retired in sequence as the underlying mortgage loans in the mortgage pool are repaid. If enough mortgages are repaid ahead of schedule, the classes or series of a CMO with the earliest maturities generally will be retired prior to their maturities. Thus, the early retirement of particular classes or series of a CMO would have the same effect as the prepayment of mortgages underlying other mortgage-backed securities. Conversely, slower than anticipated prepayments can extend the effective maturities of CMOs, subjecting them to a greater risk of decline in market value in response to rising interest rates than traditional debt securities, and, therefore, potentially increasing their volatility.

Prepayments could result in losses on stripped mortgage-backed securities. Stripped mortgage-backed securities are usually structured with two classes that receive different portions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage loans. A common type of stripped mortgage-backed security will have one class receiving all of the interest from the mortgage assets (interest only or “IOs”), while the other class will receive all of the principal (principal only or “POs”). The yield to maturity on an IO class of stripped mortgage-backed securities is extremely sensitive not only to changes in prevailing interest rates but also to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the underlying assets. A rapid rate of principal prepayments may have a measurable adverse effect on the fund’s yield to maturity to the extent it invests in IOs. If the assets underlying the IO experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in these securities. Conversely, POs tend to increase in value if prepayments are greater than anticipated and decline if prepayments are slower than anticipated. Generally, the market value of POs is unusually volatile in response to changes in interest rates. The secondary market for stripped mortgage-backed securities may be more volatile and less liquid than that for other mortgage-backed securities, potentially limiting the fund’s ability to buy or sell those securities at any particular time.

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The risks associated with other asset-backed securities (including in particular the risks of issuer default and of early prepayment) are generally similar to those described above for CMOs. In addition, because asset-backed securities generally do not have the benefit of a security interest in the underlying assets that is comparable to a mortgage, asset-backed securities present certain additional risks that are not present with mortgage-backed securities. The ability of an issuer of asset-backed securities to enforce its security interest in the underlying assets may be limited. For example, revolving credit receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors on such receivables are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give debtors the right to set-off certain amounts owed, thereby reducing the balance due. Automobile receivables generally are secured, but by automobiles, rather than by real property.

Asset-backed securities may be collateralized by the fees earned by service providers. The value of asset-backed securities may be substantially dependent on the servicing of the underlying asset and are therefore subject to risks associated with negligence by, or defalcation of, their servicers. In certain circumstances, the mishandling of related documentation may also affect the rights of the security holders in and to the underlying collateral. The insolvency of entities that generate receivables or that utilize the assets may result in added costs and delays in addition to losses associated with a decline in the value of the underlying assets.

Payment of interest on asset-backed securities and repayment of principal largely depends on the cash flows generated by the underlying assets backing the securities and, in certain cases, may be supported by letters of credit, surety bonds, or other credit enhancements. The amount of market risk associated with asset-backed securities depends on many factors, including the deal structure (i.e., determination as to the amount of underlying assets or other support needed to produce the cash flows necessary to service interest and make principal payments), the quality of the underlying assets, the level of credit support, if any, provided for the securities, and the credit quality of the credit-support provider, if any. In recent years, a significant number of asset-backed security insurers have defaulted on their obligations.

Consistent with the fund’s investment objective and policies, the fund may invest in other types of mortgage- and asset-backed securities offered currently or in the future, including certain yet-to-be-developed types of mortgage- and asset-backed securities which may be created as the market evolves.

Options on Securities

Writing covered options. The fund may write (i.e., sell) covered call options and covered put options on optionable securities held in its portfolio or that it has an absolute and immediate right to acquire without additional cash consideration (or, if additional cash consideration is required, cash or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees, in such amount as are set aside on the fund’s books), when in the opinion of Putnam Management such transactions are consistent with the fund’s goal(s) and policies. Call options written by the fund give the purchaser the right to buy the underlying securities from the fund at a stated exercise price, regardless of the security’s market price; put options written by the fund give the purchaser the right to sell the underlying securities to the fund at a stated exercise price, regardless of the security’s market price.

The fund may write only covered options, which means that, so long as the fund is obligated as the writer of a call option, it will own the underlying securities subject to the option (or comparable securities satisfying the cover requirements of securities exchanges) or have an absolute and immediate right to acquire without additional cash consideration (or, if additional cash consideration is required, cash or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees, in such amount as are set aside on the fund’s books). In the case of put options, the fund will set aside on its books assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees and equal in value to the price to be paid if the option is exercised. In addition, the fund will be considered to have covered a put or call option if and to the extent that it holds an option that offsets some or all of the risk of the option it has written. The fund may write combinations of covered puts and calls (straddles) on the same underlying security.

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The fund will receive a premium from writing a put or call option, which increases the fund’s return on the underlying security in the event the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a profit. The amount of the premium reflects, among other things, the relationship between the exercise price and the current market value of the underlying security, the volatility of the underlying security, the amount of time remaining until expiration, current interest rates, and the effect of supply and demand in the options market and in the market for the underlying security. By writing a call option, if the fund holds the security, the fund limits its opportunity to profit from any increase in the market value of the underlying security above the exercise price of the option but continues to bear the risk of a decline in the value of the underlying security. If the fund does not hold the underlying security, the fund bears the risk that, if the market price exceeds the option strike price, the fund will suffer a loss equal to the difference at the time of exercise. By writing a put option, the fund assumes the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying security for an exercise price higher than its then-current market value, resulting in a potential capital loss unless the security subsequently appreciates in value.

The fund may terminate an option that it has written prior to its expiration by entering into a closing purchase transaction, in which it purchases an offsetting option. A closing purchase transaction will ordinarily be effected in order to realize a profit on an outstanding option, to prevent an underlying instrument from being called, to permit the sale of the underlying instrument or to permit the writing of a new option containing different terms on such underlying instrument. The fund realizes a profit or loss from a closing transaction if the cost of the transaction (option premium plus transaction costs) is less or more than the premium received from writing the option. Because increases in the market price of a call option generally reflect increases in the market price of the security underlying the option, any loss resulting from a closing purchase transaction may be offset in whole or in part by unrealized appreciation of the underlying security.

If the fund writes a call option but does not own the underlying security, and when it writes a put option, the fund may be required to deposit cash or securities with its broker as “margin,” or collateral, for its obligation to buy or sell the underlying security. As the value of the underlying security varies, the fund may have to deposit additional margin with the broker. Margin requirements are complex and are fixed by individual brokers, subject to minimum requirements currently imposed by the Federal Reserve Board and by stock exchanges and other self-regulatory organizations.

Purchasing put options. The fund may purchase put options to protect its portfolio holdings in an underlying security against a decline in market value. Such protection is provided during the life of the put option since the fund, as holder of the option, is able to sell the underlying security at the put exercise price regardless of any decline in the underlying security’s market price. If such a price decline occurs, the put option will permit the fund to sell the security at the higher exercise price or to close out the option at a profit. In order for a put option to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must decline sufficiently below the exercise price to cover the premium and transaction costs. By using put options in this manner, the fund will reduce any profit it might otherwise have realized from appreciation of the underlying security by the premium paid for the put option and by transaction costs. The fund may also purchase put options for other investment purposes, including to take a short position in the security underlying the put option.

Purchasing call options. The fund may purchase call options to hedge against an increase in the price of securities that the fund wants ultimately to buy. Such protection is provided during the life of the call option since the fund, as holder of the call option, is able to buy the underlying security at the exercise price regardless of any increase in the underlying security’s market price. If such a price increase occurs, a call option will permit the fund to purchase the securities at the exercise price or to close out the option at a profit. In order for a call option to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must rise sufficiently above the exercise price to cover the premium and transaction costs. The fund may also purchase call options for other investment purposes.

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Risk factors in options transactions. The successful use of the fund’s options strategies depends on the ability of Putnam Management to forecast correctly interest rate and market movements. For example, if the fund were to write a call option based on Putnam Management’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if the fund were to write a put option based on Putnam Management’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.

When the fund purchases an option, it runs the risk that it will lose its entire investment in the option in a relatively short period of time, unless the fund exercises the option or enters into a closing sale transaction before the option’s expiration. If the price of the underlying security does not rise (in the case of a call) or fall (in the case of a put) to an extent sufficient to cover the option premium and transaction costs, the fund will lose part or all of its investment in the option. This contrasts with an investment by the fund in the underlying security, since the fund will not realize a loss if the security’s price does not change.

The effective use of options also depends on the fund’s ability to terminate option positions at times when Putnam Management deems it desirable to do so. There is no assurance that the fund will be able to effect closing transactions at any particular time or at an acceptable price. If a secondary market in options were to become unavailable, the fund could no longer engage in closing transactions. Lack of investor interest might adversely affect the liquidity of the market for particular options or series of options. A market may discontinue trading of a particular option or options generally. In addition, a market could become temporarily unavailable if unusual events -- such as volume in excess of trading or clearing capability -- were to interrupt its normal operations. Although the fund may be able to offset to some extent any adverse effects of being unable to terminate an option position, the fund may experience losses in some cases as a result of such inability.

A market may at times find it necessary to impose restrictions on particular types of options transactions, such as opening transactions. For example, if an underlying security ceases to meet qualifications imposed by the market or the Options Clearing Corporation, new series of options on that security will no longer be opened to replace expiring series, and opening transactions in existing series may be prohibited. If an options market were to become unavailable, the fund as a holder of an option would be able to realize profits or limit losses only by exercising the option, and the fund, as option writer, would remain obligated under the option until expiration or exercise.

Disruptions in the markets for the securities underlying options purchased or sold by the fund could result in losses on the options. For example, if a fund is unable to purchase a security underlying a put option it had purchased, the fund may be unable to exercise the put option. If trading is interrupted in an underlying security, the trading of options on that security is normally halted as well. As a result, the fund as purchaser or writer of an option will be unable to close out its positions until options trading resumes, and it may be faced with considerable losses if trading in the security reopens at a substantially different price. In addition, the Options Clearing Corporation or other options markets may impose exercise restrictions. If a prohibition on exercise is imposed at the time when trading in the option has also been halted, the fund as purchaser or writer of an option will be locked into its position until one of the two restrictions has been lifted. If the Options Clearing Corporation were to determine that the available supply of an underlying security appears insufficient to permit delivery by the writers of all outstanding calls in the event of exercise, it may prohibit indefinitely the exercise of put options. The fund, as holder of such a put option, could lose its entire investment if it is unable to exercise the put option prior to its expiration.

The fund may use both European-style options, which are only exercisable immediately prior to their expiration, and American-style options, which are exercisable at any time prior to the expiration date. Since an American-style option allows the holder to exercise its rights any time before the option’s expiration, the writer of an American-style option has no control over when it will be required to fulfill its obligations as a

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writer of the option. (The writer of a European-style option is not subject to this risk because the holder may only exercise the option on its expiration date.)

Options can be traded either through established exchanges (“exchange traded options”) or privately negotiated transactions (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Exchange traded options are standardized with respect to, among other things, the underlying interest, expiration date, contract size and strike price. The terms of OTC options are generally negotiated by the parties to the option contract which allows the parties greater flexibility in customizing the agreement, but OTC options are generally less liquid than exchange traded options. OTC options purchased by the fund and assets held to cover OTC options written by the fund may, under certain circumstances, be considered illiquid securities for purposes of any limitation on the fund’s ability to invest in illiquid securities. All option contracts involve credit risk if the counterparty to the option contract (e.g., the clearing house or OTC counterparty) or the third party effecting the transaction in the case of cleared options (e.g., futures commission merchant or broker/dealer) fails to perform. The credit risk in OTC options that are not cleared is dependent on the credit worthiness of the individual counterparty to the contract and may be greater than the credit risk associated with cleared options.

Foreign-traded options are subject to many of the same risks presented by internationally-traded securities. In addition, because of time differences between the United States and other countries, and because different holidays are observed in different countries, foreign options markets may be open for trading during hours or on days when U.S. markets are closed. As a result, option premiums may not reflect the current prices of the underlying interest in the United States.

There are significant differences between the securities and options markets that could result in an imperfect correlation between these markets, causing a given transaction not to achieve its objectives. In addition, many options, in particular OTC options, are complex and often valued based on subjective factors. Improper valuations can result in increased cash payment requirements to counterparties or a loss of value to the fund.

The market price of an option is affected by many factors, including changes in the market prices or dividend rates of underlying securities (or in the case of indices, the securities in such indices); the time remaining before expiration; changes in interest rates or exchange rates; and changes in the actual or perceived volatility of the relevant stock market and underlying securities. The market price of an option also may be adversely affected if the market for the option becomes less liquid.

In addition to options on securities and futures, the fund may also enter into options on futures, swaps, or other instruments as described elsewhere in this SAI.

Preferred Stocks and Convertible Securities

The fund may invest in preferred stocks or convertible securities. A preferred stock is a class of stock that generally pays dividends at a specified rate and has preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of an issuer’s assets but is junior to the debt securities of the issuer in those same respects. Under ordinary circumstances, preferred stock does not carry voting rights. As with all equity securities, the value of preferred stock fluctuates based on changes in a company’s financial condition and on overall market and economic conditions. The value of preferred stocks is particularly sensitive to changes in interest rates and is more sensitive to changes in an issuer’s creditworthiness than is the value of debt securities. In addition, many preferred stocks may be called or redeemed prior to their maturity by the issuer under certain conditions, which can limit the benefit to investors of a decline in interest rates. Shareholders of preferred stock may suffer a loss of value if dividends are not paid. Additionally, if the issuer of preferred stock experiences economic or financial difficulties, its preferred stock may lose value due to the reduced likelihood that its board of directors will declare a dividend. Certain preferred stocks contain provisions that allow an issuer under certain conditions to skip or defer distributions. If the fund owns a preferred stock that is deferring its distribution, it may be required to report income for tax purposes despite the fact that it is not receiving current income on this position. Preferred stocks often are subject to legal provisions that allow for redemption in the event of certain

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tax or legal changes or at the issuer’s call. In the event of redemption, the fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds at comparable rates of return. Preferred stocks are subordinated to bonds and other debt securities in an issuer’s capital structure in terms of priority for corporate income and liquidation payments, and therefore will be subject to greater credit risk than those debt securities. Preferred stocks may trade less frequently and in a more limited volume and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than many other securities, such as common stocks, corporate debt securities, and U.S. government securities.

Convertible securities include bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks and other securities that may be converted into or exchanged for, at a specific price or formula within a particular period of time, a prescribed amount of common stock or other equity securities of the same or a different issuer. The conversion may occur automatically upon the occurrence of a predetermined event or at the option of either the issuer or the security holder. The holder of a convertible security is generally entitled to participate in the capital appreciation resulting from a market price increase in the issuer’s common stock and to receive interest paid or accrued on debt or dividends paid or accrued until the convertible security matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. Before conversion, convertible securities have characteristics similar to non-convertible debt or preferred securities, as applicable. Convertible securities rank senior to common stock in an issuer’s capital structure and, therefore, normally entail less risk than the issuer’s common stock. However, convertible securities may also be subordinate to any senior debt obligations of the issuer, and, therefore, an issuer’s convertible securities may entail more risk than such senior debt obligations. Convertible securities usually offer lower interest or dividend yields than non-convertible debt securities of similar credit quality because of the potential for capital appreciation. In addition, convertible securities are often lower-rated securities.

The market value of a convertible security is a function of its “investment value” and its “conversion value.” A security’s “investment value” represents the value of the security without its conversion feature (i.e., a nonconvertible fixed income security). The investment value may be determined by reference to its credit quality and the current value of its yield to maturity or probable call date. At any given time, investment value may be dependent upon such factors as the general level of interest rates, the yield of similar nonconvertible securities, the financial strength of the issuer and the seniority of the security in the issuer’s capital structure. A security’s “conversion value” is determined by multiplying the number of shares the holder is entitled to receive upon conversion or exchange by the current market price of the underlying security. Because of the conversion feature, the market value of a convertible security will normally fluctuate in some proportion to changes in the market value of the underlying security, and, accordingly, convertible securities are subject to risks relating to the activities of the issuer and/or general market and economic conditions.

A convertible security generally will sell at a premium over its conversion value by the extent to which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed income security. If the conversion value of a convertible security is significantly below its investment value, the convertible security generally trades like nonconvertible debt or preferred stock and its market value will not be influenced greatly by fluctuations in the market price of the underlying security. Conversely, if the conversion value of a convertible security is near or above its investment value, the market value of the convertible security is typically more heavily influenced by fluctuations in the market price of the underlying security. Generally, the amount of the premium decreases as the convertible security approaches maturity. Convertible securities generally have less potential for gain than common stocks.

The fund’s investments in convertible securities may at times include securities that have a mandatory conversion feature, pursuant to which the securities convert automatically into common stock or other equity securities at a specified date and a specified conversion ratio, or that are convertible at the option of the issuer. Because conversion of the security is not at the option of the holder, the fund may be required to convert the security into the underlying common stock even at times when the value of the underlying common stock or other equity security has declined substantially.

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The fund’s investments in preferred stocks and convertible securities, particularly securities that are convertible into securities of an issuer other than the issuer of the convertible security, may be illiquid. The fund may not be able to dispose of such securities in a timely fashion or for a fair price, which could result in losses to the fund.

Private Placements and Restricted Securities

The fund may invest in securities that are purchased in private placements and, accordingly, are subject to restrictions on resale as a matter of contract or under federal securities laws. Because there may be relatively few potential purchasers for such investments, especially under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the fund could find it more difficult to sell such securities when Putnam Management believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell such securities only at prices lower than if such securities were more widely held. There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist for any such security at any particular time, and a security which when purchased was liquid in the institutional markets may subsequently become illiquid.

Many private placement securities are issued by companies that are not required to file periodic financial reports, leading to challenges in evaluating the company’s overall business prospects and gauging how the investment is likely to perform over time. In addition, market quotations for these securities are less readily available. Due to the more limited financial information and lack of publicly available prices, it may be more difficult to determine the fair value of these securities for purposes of computing the fund’s net asset value. As a result, the judgment of Putnam Management may at times play a greater role in valuing these securities than in the case of publicly traded securities, and the fair value prices determined for the fund could differ from those of other market participants.

While such private placements may offer attractive opportunities for investment not otherwise available on the open market, the securities so purchased are often “restricted securities,” i.e., securities which cannot be sold to the public without registration under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) or the availability of an exemption from registration (such as Rules 144, 144A or Regulation S), or which are “not readily marketable” because they are subject to other legal or contractual delays in or restrictions on resale. In addition, the issuer typically does not have an obligation to provide liquidity to investors by buying the securities back when the investor wants to sell. Disposing of these securities may involve time-consuming negotiation and legal expenses, and it may be difficult or impossible for the fund to sell them promptly at an acceptable price. The fund may have to bear the extra expense of registering these securities for resale and the risk of substantial delay in effecting the registration. Since the offering is not registered with the SEC, investors in a private placement have less protection under the federal securities laws against improper practices than investors in registered securities.

Generally speaking, restricted securities may be sold only to qualified institutional buyers, or in a privately negotiated transaction to a limited number of purchasers, or in limited quantities after they have been held for a specified period of time and other conditions are met pursuant to an exemption from registration, or in a public offering for which a registration statement is in effect under the Securities Act. The fund may be deemed to be an “underwriter” for purposes of the Securities Act when selling restricted securities to the public, and in such event the fund may be liable to purchasers of such securities if the registration statement prepared by the issuer, or the prospectus forming a part of it, is materially inaccurate or misleading. The SEC Staff currently takes the view that any delegation by the Trustees of the authority to determine that a restricted security is readily marketable (as described in the investment restrictions of the funds) must be pursuant to written procedures established by the Trustees and the Trustees have delegated such authority to Putnam Management.

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Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

The fund may invest in REITs. REITs are pooled investment vehicles that invest primarily in income-producing real estate or real estate related loans or interests. REITs may concentrate their investments in specific geographic areas or in specific property types (i.e., hotels, shopping malls, residential complexes and office buildings). Like regulated investment companies such as the fund, REITs are not taxed on income distributed to shareholders provided that they comply with certain requirements under the Code. The fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any expenses (such as operating expenses and advisory fees) paid by REITs in which it invests in addition to the fund’s own expenses.

Investing in REITs may involve certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general (such as possible declines in the value of real estate, lack of availability of mortgage funds, or extended vacancies of property). The market value of REIT shares and the ability of the REITs to distribute income may be adversely affected by several factors, including rising interest rates, changes in the national, state and local economic climate and real estate conditions, perceptions of prospective tenants of the safety, convenience and attractiveness of the properties, the ability of the owners to provide adequate management, maintenance and insurance, the cost of complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act, increased competition from new properties, the impact of present or future environmental legislation and compliance with environmental laws, failing to maintain their exemptions from registration under the Investment Company Act, changes in real estate taxes and other operating expenses, adverse changes in governmental rules and fiscal policies, adverse changes in zoning laws, and other factors beyond the control of the issuers of the REITs.

REITs are generally classified as equity REITs, mortgage REITs or a combination of equity and mortgage REITs (“hybrid REITs”). Equity REITs invest the majority of their assets directly in real property and derive income primarily from the collection of rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value. Mortgage REITs invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive income from the collection of interest payments. Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the REITs, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the risk of borrower default, the likelihood of which is increased for mortgage REITs that invest in sub-prime mortgages. REITs, and mortgage REITs in particular, are also subject to interest rate risk. Rising interest rates may cause REIT investors to demand a higher annual yield, which may, in turn, cause a decline in the market price of the equity securities issued by a REIT. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of the fund’s REIT investments to decline. During periods when interest rates are declining, mortgages are often refinanced. Refinancing may reduce the yield on investments in mortgage REITs. In addition, since REITs depend on payment under their mortgage loans and leases to generate cash to make distributions to their shareholders, investments in REITs may be adversely affected by defaults on such mortgage loans or leases. A hybrid REIT combines the characteristics of equity REITs and mortgage REITs, generally by holding both ownership interests and mortgage interests in real estate, and thus may be subject to risks associated with both real estate ownership and investments in mortgage-related securities.

Investing in certain REITs, which often have small market capitalizations, may also involve the same risks as investing in other small capitalization companies. REITs may have limited financial resources and their securities may trade less frequently and in limited volume and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than larger company securities. Historically, small capitalization stocks, such as REITs, have been more volatile in price than the larger capitalization stocks such as those included in the S&P 500 Index. The management of a REIT may be subject to conflicts of interest with respect to the operation of the business of the REIT and may be involved in real estate activities competitive with the REIT. REITs may own properties through joint ventures or in other circumstances in which the REIT may not have control over its investments. REITs may incur significant amounts of leverage.

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REITs are dependent upon their operators’ management skills, are generally not diversified (except to the extent the Code requires), and are subject to heavy cash flow dependency, borrower default or self-liquidation. REITs are also subject to the possibility of failing to qualify for the tax-advantaged treatment available to REITs under the Code or failing to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act. In addition, REITs may be adversely affected by changes in federal tax law, for example, by limiting their permissible businesses or investments. REITs may have limited financial resources, may trade less frequently and in a limited volume, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than more widely held securities.

The fund’s investment in a REIT may result in the fund making distributions that constitute a return of capital to fund shareholders for federal income tax purposes or may require the fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. In addition, distributions by a fund from REITs will not qualify for the corporate dividends-received deduction, or, generally, for treatment as qualified dividend income.

Redeemable Securities

Certain securities held by the fund may permit the issuer at its option to “call” or redeem its securities. Issuers of redeemable securities are generally more likely to exercise a “call” option in periods when interest rates are below the rate at which the original security was issued. If an issuer were to redeem securities held by the fund during a time of declining interest rates, the fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds in securities providing the same investment return as the securities redeemed. The fund also may fail to recover additional amounts (i.e., premiums) paid for securities with higher interest rates, resulting in an unexpected capital loss.

Repurchase Agreements

Under normal circumstances, each fund may enter into repurchase agreements amounting to not more than 25% of its total assets, except that this 25% limitation does not apply to repurchase agreements entered into in connection with short sales and to investments by a money market fund and Putnam Short Term Investment Fund. Money market funds and Putnam Short Term Investment Fund may invest without limit in repurchase agreements. A repurchase agreement is a contract under which the fund, the buyer under the contract, acquires a security for a relatively short period (usually not more than one week) subject to the obligation of the seller (or repurchase agreement counterparty) to repurchase, and the fund to resell, the security at a fixed time and price, which represents the fund’s cost plus interest (or, for repurchase agreements under which the fund acquires a security and then sells it short, the fund’s cost of “borrowing” the security). A repurchase agreement with a stated maturity of longer than one week is generally considered an illiquid investment. It is the fund’s present intention to enter into repurchase agreements only with banks and registered broker-dealers. The fund may enter into repurchase agreements, including with respect to securities it wishes to sell short. See “Short Sales” in this SAI. Certain of the repurchase agreements related to securities sold short may provide that, at the option of the fund, settlement may be made by delivery of cash equal to the difference between (a) the sum of (i) the market value of the securities sold short at the time the repurchase agreement is closed out and (ii) transaction costs associated with the acquisition in the market by the repurchase agreement counterparty of the securities sold short and (b) the repurchase price specified in the repurchase agreement.

The fund may be exposed to the credit risk of the repurchase agreement counterparty (or seller) in the event that the counterparty is unable or unwilling to close out the repurchase agreement in accordance with its terms or the parties disagree as to the meaning or application of those terms. In such an event, the fund may be subject to expenses, delays, and risk of loss, including: (i) possible declines in the value of the underlying security while the fund seeks to enforce its rights under the agreement; (ii) possible reduced levels of income and lack of access to income during this period; and (iii) the inability to enforce its rights and the expenses involved in attempted enforcement. If the seller defaults, the fund could realize a loss on the sale of the underlying security to the extent that the proceeds of the sale including accrued interest are less than the resale price provided in the agreement including interest. In addition, if the seller should be involved in bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, the fund may incur delay and costs in selling the underlying security or may suffer a

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loss of principal and interest if the fund is treated as an unsecured creditor and required to return the underlying collateral to the seller’s estate. The fund is also subject to the risk that the repurchase agreement instrument may not perform as expected.

Pursuant to no-action relief granted by the SEC, the fund may transfer uninvested cash balances into a joint account, along with cash of other Putnam funds and certain other accounts. These balances may be invested in one or more repurchase agreements and/or short-term money market instruments

The fund may also enter into reverse repurchase agreements. Under a reverse repurchase agreement, the fund sells portfolio assets to another party subject to an agreement by the fund to repurchase the same assets from that party at an agreed upon price and date. During the reverse repurchase agreement period, the fund continues to receive principal and interest payments on the assets and also has the opportunity to earn a return on the collateral furnished by the counterparty to secure its obligation to redeliver the assets. The fund can use the proceeds received from entering into a reverse repurchase agreement to make additional investments, which generally causes the fund’s portfolio to behave as if it were leveraged.

When entering into a reverse repurchase agreement, the fund bears the risk of delay and costs involved in recovery of securities if the initial purchaser of the securities fails to return the securities upon repurchase or fails financially. These delays and costs could be greater with respect to foreign securities. Although securities repurchase transactions are generally marked to market daily, the fund also faces the risk that securities subject to a reverse repurchase transaction will decline quickly in value, and the fund will remain obligated to repurchase those securities at a higher price, potentially resulting in a loss. If the buyer in a reverse repurchase agreement files for bankruptcy or becomes insolvent, the fund may be unable to recover the securities it sold and as a result would realize a loss equal to the difference between the value of those securities and the payment it received for them. The size of this loss will depend upon the difference between what the buyer paid for the securities the fund sold to it and the value of those securities (e.g., a buyer may pay $95 for a bond with a market value of $100). In the event of a buyer’s bankruptcy or insolvency, the fund’s use of proceeds from the sale of its securities may be restricted while the other party or its trustee or receiver determines whether to honor the fund’s right to repurchase the securities. The fund’s use of reverse repurchase agreements also subjects the fund to interest costs based on the difference between the sale and repurchase price of a security involved in such a transaction. Additionally, reverse repurchase agreements entail the same risks as over-the-counter derivatives. These include the risk that the counterparty to the reverse repurchase agreement may not be able to fulfill its obligations, as discussed above, that the parties may disagree as to the meaning or application of contractual terms, or that the instrument may not perform as expected.

Securities Loans

The fund may make secured loans of its portfolio securities, on either a short-term or long-term basis, amounting to not more than 25% of its total assets, thereby potentially realizing additional income. The risks in lending portfolio securities, as with other extensions of credit, consist of possible delay in recovery of the securities or possible loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower fail financially. If a borrower defaults, the value of the collateral may decline before the fund can dispose of it. As a matter of policy, securities loans are made to broker-dealers or other financial institutions pursuant to agreements requiring that the loans be continuously secured by collateral consisting of cash or short-term debt obligations at least equal at all times to the value of the securities on loan, “marked-to-market” daily. The borrower pays to the fund an amount equal to any dividends or interest received on securities lent. The fund retains all or a portion of the interest received on investment of the cash collateral or receives a fee from the borrower. The fund bears the risk of any loss on the investment of the collateral; any such loss may exceed, potentially by a substantial amount, any profit to the fund from its securities lending activities. Although voting rights, or rights to consent, with respect to the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, the fund retains the right to call the loans at any time on reasonable notice, and it will do so to enable the fund to exercise voting rights on any matters materially affecting the

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investment. The fund may also call such loans in order to sell the securities. The fund may pay fees in connection with arranging loans of its portfolio securities.

Securities of Other Investment Companies

Securities of other investment companies, including shares of open- and closed-end investment companies and unit investment trusts (which may include ETFs), represent interests in collective investment portfolios that, in turn, invest directly in underlying instruments. The fund may invest in other investment companies when it has more uninvested cash than Putnam Management believes is advisable, when it receives cash collateral from securities lending arrangements, when there is a shortage of direct investments available, or when Putnam Management believes that investment companies offer attractive values.

Investment companies may be structured to perform in a similar fashion to a broad-based securities index or may focus on a particular strategy or class of assets. ETFs typically seek to track the performance or dividend yield of specific indexes or companies in related industries, though unlike the index, an ETF incurs administrative expenses and transaction costs in trading securities. These indexes may be broad-based, sector-based or international. Investing in investment companies involves substantially the same risks as investing directly in the underlying instruments, but also involves expenses at the investment company-level, such as portfolio management fees and operating expenses. These expenses are in addition to the fees and expenses of the fund itself, which may lead to duplication of expenses while the fund owns another investment company’s shares. In addition, investing in investment companies involves the risk that they will not perform in exactly the same fashion, or in response to the same factors, as the underlying instruments or index. To the extent the fund invests in other investment companies that are professionally managed, its performance will also depend on the investment and research abilities of investment managers other than Putnam Management.

Open-end investment companies typically offer their shares continuously at net asset value plus any applicable sales charge and stand ready to redeem shares upon shareholder request. The shares of certain other types of investment companies, such as ETFs and closed-end investment companies, typically trade on a stock exchange or over-the-counter at a premium or a discount to their net asset value. In the case of closed-end investment companies, the number of shares is typically fixed. The securities of closed-end investment companies and ETFs carry the risk that the price the fund pays or receives may be higher or lower than the investment company’s net asset value. ETFs also are subject to the risk that the timing and magnitude of cash inflows and outflows from and to investors buying and redeeming shares in the ETF could create cash balances that cause the ETF’s performance to deviate from the index (which remains “fully invested” at all times). Performance of an ETF and the index it is designed to track also may diverge because the composition of the index and the securities held by the ETF may occasionally differ. ETFs and closed-end investment companies are also subject to certain additional risks, including the risks of illiquidity and of possible trading halts or interruptions due to policies of the relevant exchange, unusual market conditions or other reasons. There can be no assurance that shares of a closed-end investment company or ETF will continue to be listed on an active exchange. The shares of investment companies, particularly closed-end investment companies, may also be leveraged, which would increase the volatility of the fund’s net asset value.

The extent to which the fund can invest in securities of other investment companies, including ETFs, is generally limited by federal securities laws. For more information regarding the tax treatment of ETFs, please see “Taxes” below.

Short Sales

The fund may engage in short sales of securities either as a hedge against potential declines in value of a portfolio security or to realize appreciation when a security that the fund does not own declines in value. Short sales are transactions in which the fund sells a security it does not own to a third party by borrowing the security in anticipation of purchasing the same security at the market price on a later date to close out the short position. The fund may also engage in short sales by entering into a repurchase agreement with respect to the

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security it wishes to sell short. See “- Repurchase Agreements” in this SAI. The fund will incur a gain if the price of the security declines between the date of the short sale and the date on which the fund replaces the borrowed security (or closes out the related repurchase agreement); and the fund will incur a loss if the price of the security increases between those dates. Such a loss is theoretically unlimited since the potential increase in the market price of the security sold short is not limited. Until the security is replaced, the fund must pay the lender (or repurchase agreement counterparty) any dividends or interest that accrues during the period of the loan (or repurchase agreement). To borrow (or enter into a repurchase agreement with respect to) the security, the fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. The fund’s successful use of short sales is subject to Putnam Management’s ability to accurately predict movements in the market price of the security sold short. Short selling may involve financial leverage because the fund is exposed both to changes in the market price of the security sold short and to changes in the value of securities purchased with the proceeds of the short sale, effectively leveraging its assets. Under adverse market conditions, a fund may have difficulty purchasing securities to meet its short sale delivery obligations, and may be required to close out its short position at a time when the fund would not choose to do so, and may therefore have to sell portfolio securities to raise the capital necessary to meet its short sale obligations at a time when fundamental investment considerations may not favor such sales. There is also a risk that a borrowed security will need to be returned to the lender on short notice. If a request for return of borrowed securities and/or currencies occurs at a time when other short sellers of the securities and/or currencies are receiving similar requests, a “short squeeze” can occur, and the fund may be compelled to replace borrowed securities and/or currencies previously sold short with purchases on the open market at the most disadvantageous time, possibly at prices significantly in excess of the proceeds received in originally selling the securities and/or currencies short. In addition, the fund may have difficulty purchasing securities and/or currencies to meet its delivery obligations in the case of less liquid securities and/or currencies sold short by the fund, such as certain emerging market country securities or securities of companies with smaller market capitalizations. While the fund has an open short position, it will segregate, by appropriate notation on its books or the books of its custodian, cash or liquid assets at least equal in value to the market value of the securities sold short. The segregated amount will be “marked-to-market” daily. Because of this segregation, the fund does not consider these transactions to be “senior securities” for purposes of the 1940 Act. In connection with short sale transactions, the fund may be required to pledge certain additional assets for the benefit of the securities lender (or repurchase agreement counterparty) and the fund may, while such assets remain pledged, be limited in its ability to invest those assets in accordance with the fund’s investment strategies.

Short selling is a technique that may be considered speculative and involves risks beyond the initial capital necessary to secure each transaction. It should be noted that possible losses from short sales differ from those losses that could arise from a cash investment in a security because losses from a short sale may be limitless, while the losses from a cash investment in a security cannot exceed the total amount of the investment in the security.

Certain of the repurchase agreements related to securities sold short may provide that, at the option of the fund, in lieu of delivering the securities sold short, settlement may be made by delivery of cash equal to the difference between (a) the sum of (i) the market value of the securities sold short at the time the repurchase agreement is closed out and (ii) transaction costs associated with the acquisition in the market by the repurchase agreement counterparty of the securities sold short and (b) the repurchase price specified in the repurchase agreement. Because that cash amount represents the fund’s maximum loss in the event of the insolvency of the counterparty, the fund will, except where the local market practice for foreign securities to be sold short requires payment prior to delivery of such securities, treat such amount, rather than the full notional amount of the repurchase agreement, as its “investment” in securities of the counterparty for purposes of all applicable investment restrictions, including its fundamental policy with respect to diversification.

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Short-Term Trading

In seeking the fund’s objective(s), Putnam Management will buy or sell portfolio securities whenever Putnam Management believes it appropriate to do so. From time to time the fund will buy securities intending to seek short-term trading profits. A change in the securities held by the fund is known as “portfolio turnover” and generally involves some expense to the fund. This expense may include brokerage commissions or dealer markups and other transaction costs on both the sale of securities and the reinvestment of the proceeds in other securities. If sales of portfolio securities cause the fund to realize net short-term capital gains, such gains will be taxable as ordinary income when distributed to taxable individual shareholders. As a result of the fund’s investment policies, under certain market conditions the fund’s portfolio turnover rate may be higher than that of other mutual funds. Portfolio turnover rate for a fiscal year is the ratio of the lesser of purchases or sales of portfolio securities to the monthly average of the value of portfolio securities -- excluding securities whose maturities at acquisition were one year or less. The fund’s portfolio turnover rate is not a limiting factor when Putnam Management considers a change in the fund’s portfolio.

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies

The fund may invest in stock, rights, warrants, and other securities of special purpose acquisition companies (“SPACs”) or similar special purpose entities. A SPAC is a publicly traded company that raises investment capital in the form of a blind pool via an IPO for the purpose of acquiring an existing company. The shares of a SPAC are typically issued in “units” that include one share of common stock and one right or warrant (or partial right or warrant) conveying the right to purchase additional shares or partial shares. At a specified time following the SPAC’s IPO (generally 1-2 months), the rights and warrants may be separated from the common stock at the election of the holder, after which they become freely tradeable. After going public and until an acquisition is completed, a SPAC generally invests the proceeds of its IPO (less a portion retained to cover expenses), which are held in trust, in U.S. government securities, money market securities and cash. To the extent the SPAC is invested in cash or similar securities, this may impact a Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective. If a SPAC does not complete an acquisition within a specified period of time after going public, the SPAC is dissolved, at which point the invested funds are returned to the SPAC’s shareholders (less certain permitted expenses) and any rights or warrants issued by the SPAC expire worthless.

Because SPACs and similar entities are in essence blank check companies without an operating history or ongoing business other than seeking acquisitions, the value of their securities is particularly dependent on the ability of the entity’s management to identify and complete a profitable acquisition. Some SPACs may pursue acquisitions only within certain industries or regions, which may increase the volatility of their prices. In addition, the securities issued by a SPAC, which are typically traded in the over-the-counter market, may be considered illiquid and/or be subject to restrictions on resale.

Structured Investments

A structured investment is a security having a return tied to an underlying index or other security or asset class. Structured investments generally are individually negotiated agreements and may be traded over-the-counter. Structured investments are organized and operated to restructure the investment characteristics of the underlying security. This restructuring involves the deposit with or purchase by an entity, such as a corporation or trust, or specified instruments (such as commercial bank loans) and the issuance by that entity or one or more classes of securities (“structured securities”) backed by, or representing interests in, the underlying instruments. The cash flow on the underlying instruments may be apportioned among the newly issued structured securities to create securities with different investment characteristics, such as varying maturities, payment priorities and interest rate provisions, and the extent of such payments made with respect to structured securities is dependent on the extent of the cash flow on the underlying instruments. Because structured securities typically involve no credit enhancement, their credit risk generally will be equivalent to that of the underlying instruments. Investments in structured securities are generally of a class of structured securities that is either subordinated or unsubordinated to the right of payment of another class. Subordinated structured

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securities typically have higher yields and present greater risks than unsubordinated structured securities. Structured securities are typically sold in private placement transactions, and there currently is no active trading market for structured securities. Investments in government and government-related and restructured debt instruments are subject to special risks, including the inability or unwillingness to repay principal and interest, requests to reschedule or restructure outstanding debt and requests to extend additional loan amounts.

Swap Agreements

The fund may enter into swap agreements and other types of over-the-counter transactions such as caps, floors and collars with broker-dealers or other financial institutions for hedging or investment purposes. A swap involves the exchange by the fund with another party of their respective commitments to pay or receive cash flows, e.g., an exchange of floating rate payments for fixed-rate payments. The purchase of a cap entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index or other underlying financial measure exceeds a predetermined value on a predetermined date or dates, to receive payments on a notional principal amount from the party selling the cap. The purchase of a floor entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index or other underlying financial measure falls or other underlying measure below a predetermined value on a predetermined date or dates, to receive payments on a notional principal amount from the party selling the floor. A collar combines elements of a cap and a floor.

Swap agreements and similar transactions can be individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors. A swap agreement may be structured with reference to an index of securities that is created and maintained by the swap counterparty. Depending on their structures, swap agreements may increase or decrease the fund’s exposure to long-or short-term interest rates (in the United States or abroad), foreign currency values, mortgage securities, mortgage rates, corporate borrowing rates, or other factors such as security prices, inflation rates or the volatility of an index or one or more securities. For example, if the fund agrees to exchange payments in U.S. dollars for payments in a non-U.S. currency, the swap agreement would tend to decrease the fund’s exposure to U.S. interest rates and increase its exposure to that non-U.S. currency and interest rates. To the extent an applicable interest rate is based on LIBOR, the fund will be exposed to certain additional risks. See “London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)” above for more information.

The fund may also engage in total return swaps, in which payments made by the fund or the counterparty are based on the total return of a particular reference asset or assets (such as an equity or fixed-income security, a combination of such securities, or an index). Total return swap agreements may be used to obtain exposure to a security, commodity, or market without owning or taking physical custody of such security or investing directly in such market. The fund may also enter into swap agreements on futures contracts including, but not limited to, index futures contracts. Swap agreements on futures contracts are generally subject to the same risks involved in the fund’s use of futures contracts, in addition to the risks involved in the fund’s use of swap agreements. See “-Futures Contracts and Related Options.” A total return swap, or a swap on a futures contract, may add leverage to a portfolio by providing investment exposure to an underlying asset or market where the fund does not own or take physical custody of such asset or invest directly in such market.

The value of the fund’s swap positions would increase or decrease depending on the changes in value of the underlying rates, currency values, volatility or other indices or measures. Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. Depending on how they are used, swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the fund’s investments and its share price. The fund’s ability to engage in certain swap transactions may be limited by tax considerations.

The fund’s ability to realize a profit from such transactions will depend on the ability of the financial institutions with which it enters into the transactions to meet their obligations to the fund. If a counterparty’s creditworthiness declines, the value of the agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses. If a default occurs by the other party to such transaction, the fund will have contractual remedies pursuant to the agreements related to the transaction, which may be limited by applicable law in the case of a

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counterparty’s insolvency. If the returns of an index upon which a swap is based are unavailable or cannot be calculated (including where the index is created and maintained by the swap counterparty), the fund may experience difficulty in valuing the swap or in determining the amounts owed to or by the counterparty, regardless of whether the counterparty has defaulted. Under certain circumstances, suitable transactions may not be available to the fund, or the fund may be unable to close out its position under such transactions at the same time, or at the same price, as if it had purchased comparable publicly traded securities. Swaps carry counterparty risks that cannot be fully anticipated. Also, because swap transactions typically involve a contract between the two parties, such swap investments can be extremely illiquid, as it is uncertain as to whether another counterparty would wish to take assignment of the rights under the swap contract at a price acceptable to the fund.

The fund’s investments in swaps will generate ordinary income and losses for federal income tax purposes and may cause the fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make the distributions necessary to qualify and be eligible for treatment as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax. The fund may therefore need to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, to meet its distribution requirement. The fund is not permitted to carry forward any net ordinary losses it realizes in a taxable year to offset ordinary income it realizes in subsequent taxable years.

A credit default swap is an agreement between the fund and a counterparty that enables the fund to buy or sell protection against a credit event related to a particular issuer. One party, acting as a “protection buyer,” makes periodic payments to the other party, a “protection seller,” in exchange for a promise by the protection seller to make a payment to the protection buyer if a negative credit event (such as a delinquent payment or default) occurs with respect to a referenced bond or group of bonds. Credit default swaps may also be structured based on the debt of a basket of issuers, rather than a single issuer, and may be customized with respect to the default event that triggers purchase or other factors (for example, the Nth default within a basket, or defaults by a particular combination of issuers within the basket, may trigger a payment obligation). The fund may enter into credit default swap contracts for investment purposes. As a credit protection seller in a credit default swap contract, the fund would be required to pay the par (or other agreed-upon) value of a referenced debt obligation to the counterparty in the event of a default by a third party, such as a U.S. or non-U.S. corporate issuer, on the debt obligation. In return for its obligation, the fund would receive from the counterparty a periodic stream of payments over the term of the contract provided that no event of default has occurred. If no default occurs, the fund would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations to the counterparty. As the seller, the fund would be subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap.

The fund may also purchase credit default swap contracts in order to hedge against the risk of default of the debt of a particular issuer or basket of issuers or attempt to profit from changes or perceived changes in the creditworthiness of the particular issuer(s) (also known as “buying credit protection”). In these cases, the fund would function as the counterparty referenced in the preceding paragraph. This would involve the risk that the investment may expire worthless and would only generate income in the event of an actual default by the issuer(s) of the underlying obligation(s) (or, as applicable, a credit downgrade or other indication of financial instability). It would also involve the risk that the seller may fail to satisfy its payment obligations to the fund in the event of a default. The purchase of credit default swaps involves costs, which will reduce the fund’s return.

Credit default swaps involve a number of special risks. A protection seller may have to pay out amounts following a negative credit event greater than the value of the reference obligation delivered to it by its counterparty and the amount of periodic payments previously received by it from the counterparty. When the fund acts as a seller of a credit default swap, it is exposed to, among other things, leverage risk because if an event of default occurs the seller must pay the buyer the full notional value of the reference obligation. Each party to a credit default swap is subject to the credit risk of its counterparty (the risk that its counterparty may be unwilling or unable to perform its obligations on the swap as they come due). The value of the credit default swap to each party will change based on changes in the actual or perceived creditworthiness of the underlying issuer.

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A protection buyer may lose its investment and recover nothing should an event of default not occur. The fund may seek to realize gains on its credit default swap positions, or limit losses on its positions, by selling those positions in the secondary market. There can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist at any given time for any particular credit default swap or for credit default swaps generally.

The market for credit default swaps has at times become more volatile as the creditworthiness of certain counterparties has been questioned and/or downgraded. The parties to a credit default swap may be required to post collateral to each other. If the fund posts initial or periodic collateral to its counterparty, it may not be able to recover that collateral from the counterparty in accordance with the terms of the swap. In addition, if the fund receives collateral from its counterparty, it may be delayed or prevented from realizing on the collateral in the event of the insolvency or bankruptcy of the counterparty. The Fund may exit its obligations under a credit default swap only by terminating the contract and paying applicable breakage fees, or by entering into an offsetting credit default swap position, which may cause the Fund to incur more losses.

The fund may also enter into options on swap agreements (“swaptions”). A swaption is a contract that gives a counterparty the right (but not the obligation) to enter into a new swap agreement or to shorten, extend, cancel or otherwise modify an existing swap agreement, at some designated future time on specified terms. The fund may purchase and write (sell) put and call swaptions to the same extent it may make use of standard options on securities or other instruments. Swaptions are generally subject to the same risks involved in the fund’s use of options. See “-Options on Securities.”

Many swaps are complex and often valued subjectively. Many over-the-counter derivatives are complex and their valuation often requires modeling and judgment, which increases the risk of mispricing or incorrect valuation. The pricing models used may not produce valuations that are consistent with the values the Fund realizes when it closes or sells an over-the-counter derivative. Valuation risk is more pronounced when the Fund enters into over-the-counter derivatives with specialized terms because the market value of those derivatives in some cases is determined in part by reference to similar derivatives with more standardized terms. Incorrect valuations may result in increased cash payment requirements to counterparties, undercollateralization and/or errors in calculation of the Fund’s NAV.

Tax-exempt Securities

General description. As used in this SAI, the term “Tax-exempt Securities” includes debt obligations issued by a state, a territory or possession of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam and their political subdivisions (for example, counties, cities, towns, villages, districts and authorities), agencies, instrumentalities or other governmental units, the interest from which is, in the opinion of bond counsel, exempt from federal income tax and (if applicable) the corresponding state’s personal income tax. Such obligations are issued to obtain funds for various public purposes, including the construction of a wide range of public facilities, such as airports, bridges, highways, housing, hospitals, mass transportation, schools, streets and water and sewer works. Other public purposes for which Tax-exempt Securities may be issued include to refund of outstanding obligations, to obtain funds for general operating expenses, or to obtain funds to lend to other public institutions and facilities in anticipation of the receipt of revenue or the issuance of other obligations.

Tax-exempt Securities can be classified into two principal categories, including “general obligation” bonds and other securities and “revenue” bonds and other securities. General obligation bonds are secured by the issuer’s full faith, credit and taxing power for the payment of principal and interest. Revenue securities are payable only from the revenues derived from a particular facility or class of facilities or, in some cases, from the proceeds of a special excise tax or other specific revenue source, such as the user of the facility being financed. Tax-exempt Securities may be structured as fixed-, variable- or floating-rate obligations or as zero-coupon, payment-in-kind and step-coupon securities and may be privately placed or publicly offered.

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Short-term Tax-exempt Securities are generally issued by state and local governments and public authorities as interim financing in anticipation of tax collections, revenue receipts or bond sales to finance such public purposes.

In addition, certain types of “private activity” bonds may be issued by public authorities to finance projects of privately-owned entities, such as privately - operated housing facilities; certain local facilities for supplying water, gas or electricity; sewage or solid waste disposal facilities; student loans; or public or private institutions for the construction of educational, hospital, housing and other facilities. Such obligations are included within the term Tax-exempt Securities if the interest paid thereon is, in the opinion of bond counsel, exempt from federal income tax and (if applicable) state personal income tax (such interest may, however, be subject to federal alternative minimum tax). Other types of private activity bonds, the proceeds of which are used for the construction, repair or improvement of, or to obtain equipment for, privately operated industrial or commercial facilities, may also constitute Tax-exempt Securities, although the current federal tax laws place substantial limitations on the size of such issues. The credit quality of private activity bonds is usually directly related to the credit standing of the corporate user of the facility involved.

Tax-exempt Securities share many of the structural features and risks of other bonds, as described elsewhere in this SAI. For example, the fund may purchase callable Tax-exempt Securities, zero-coupon Tax-exempt Securities, or “stripped” Tax-exempt Securities, which entail additional risks. The fund may also purchase structured or asset-backed Tax-exempt Securities, such as the securities (including preferred stock) of special purpose entities that hold interests in the Tax-exempt Securities of one or more issuers and issue “tranched” securities that are entitled to receive payments based on the cash flows from those underlying securities. See “Redeemable securities,” “-Zero-coupon and Payment-in-kind Bonds,” “-Structured investments,” and “Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities” in this SAI. Structured Tax-exempt Securities may involve increased risk that the interest received by the fund may not be exempt from federal or state income tax, or that such interest may result in liability for the alternative minimum tax for shareholders of the fund. For example, in certain cases, the issuers of certain securities held by a special purpose entity may not have received an unqualified opinion of bond counsel that the interest from the securities will be exempt from federal income tax and (if applicable) the corresponding state’s personal income tax.

Even though Tax-exempt Securities are interest-bearing investments that promise a stable flow of income, their prices are generally inversely affected by changes in interest rates and, therefore, are subject to the risk of market price fluctuations. The values of Tax-exempt Securities with longer remaining maturities typically fluctuate more than those of similarly rated Tax-exempt Securities with shorter remaining maturities. The values of Tax-exempt Securities also may be affected by changes in their actual or perceived credit quality. The credit quality of Tax-exempt Securities can be affected by, among other things, the financial condition of the issuer or guarantor, the issuer’s future borrowing plans and sources of revenue, the economic feasibility of the revenue bond project or general borrowing purpose, political or economic developments in the state or region where the security is issued, and the liquidity of the security. The amount of information about the financial condition of an issuer of Tax-exempt Securities may not be as extensive as that which is made available by corporations whose securities are publicly traded. As a result, the achievement of the fund’s goals is more dependent on Putnam Management’s investment analysis than would be the case if the fund were investing in securities of better-known issuers. In addition, Tax-exempt Securities may be harder to value than securities issued by corporations that are publicly traded.

The secondary market for some Tax-exempt Securities issued within a state (including issues that are privately placed with the fund) is less liquid than that for taxable debt obligations or other more widely traded municipal obligations. No established resale market exists for certain of the Tax-exempt Securities in which the fund may invest. The market for Tax-exempt Securities rated below investment grade is also likely to be less liquid than the market for higher rated obligations. As a result, the fund may be unable to dispose of these municipal obligations at times when it would otherwise wish to do so at the prices at which they are valued.

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Tax-exempt Securities Issued by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Tax-exempt Securities issued by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico or its political subdivisions, agencies, instrumentalities, or public corporations may be affected by economic, market, political, and social conditions in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico has recently experienced (and may in the future experience) significant fiscal and economic challenges, including substantial debt service obligations, high levels of unemployment, underfunded public retirement systems, and persistent government budget deficits. These challenges may negatively affect the value of the fund’s investments in Puerto Rico Tax-Exempt Securities. Major ratings agencies have downgraded the general obligation debt of Puerto Rico to below investment grade and continue to maintain a negative outlook for this debt, which increases the likelihood that the rating will be lowered further. In both August 2015 and January 2016, Puerto Rico defaulted on its debt by failing to make full payment due on its outstanding bonds, and there can be no assurance that Puerto Rico will be able to satisfy its future debt obligations. Further downgrades or defaults may place additional strain on the Puerto Rico economy and may negatively affect the value, liquidity, and volatility of the fund’s investments in Puerto Rico Tax-exempt Securities. In 2016, the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act, known as “PROMESA,” was signed into law. Among other things, PROMESA established a federally-appointed Oversight Board to oversee Puerto Rico’s financial operations and provides Puerto Rico a path to restructuring its debts, thus increasing the risk that Puerto Rico may never pay off municipal indebtedness, or may pay only a small fraction of the amount owed. Proceedings under PROMESA remain ongoing, and it is unclear at this time how those proceedings will be resolved or what impact they will have on the value of a Fund’s investments in Puerto Rico municipal securities.

These challenges and uncertainties have been exacerbated by Hurricane Maria and the resulting natural disaster in Puerto Rico. In September 2017, Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico, causing major damage across the Commonwealth, including damage to its water, power, and telecommunications infrastructure. The length of time needed to rebuild Puerto Rico’s infrastructure is unclear, but could amount to years, during which the Commonwealth is likely to be in an uncertain economic state. The full extent of the natural disaster’s impact on Puerto Rico’s economy and foreign investment in Puerto Rico is difficult to estimate.

Escrow-secured or pre-refunded bonds. These securities are created when an issuer uses the proceeds from a new bond issue to buy high grade, interest-bearing debt securities, generally direct obligations of the U.S. government, in order to redeem (or “pre-refund”), before maturity, an outstanding bond issue that is not immediately callable. These securities are then deposited in an irrevocable escrow account held by a trustee bank to secure all future payments of principal and interest on the pre-refunded bond until that bond’s call date. Pre-refunded bonds often receive an ‘AAA’ or equivalent rating. Because pre-refunded bonds still bear the same interest rate, and have a very high credit quality, their price may increase. However, as the original bond approaches its call date, the bond’s price will fall to its call price. The escrow account securities pledged to pay the principal and interest of the pre-refunded municipal bonds held by the fund nonetheless still subject the fund to interest rate risk and market risk. In addition, while a secondary market exists for pre-refunded municipal bonds, if the fund sells pre-refunded municipal bonds prior to maturity, the price received may be more or less than the original cost, depending on market conditions at the time of sale. The interest on pre-refunded bonds issued on or before December 31, 2017 is exempt from federal income tax; the interest on such bonds issued after December 31, 2017 is not exempt from federal income tax.

Tender option bonds. The fund may invest in tender option bonds (“TOBs”), which are created by depositing municipal securities in a trust and dividing the income stream of an underlying municipal bond in two parts, one, a variable rate security and the other, a TOB. The interest rate for the variable rate security is determined by an index or a periodic auction process, while the TOB holder receives the balance of the income from the underlying municipal bond less an auction fee. The market prices of TOBs may be highly sensitive to changes in market rates and may decrease significantly when market rates increase. TOBs are subject to restrictions on resale and are highly sensitive to changes in interest rates and the value of the underlying bond. Generally, coupon income on TOBs will decrease when interest rates increase, and will increase when interest rates decrease. Such securities can have the effect of providing a degree of investment leverage, since they may increase or decrease in value in response to changes in market interest rates at a rate that is a multiple of the actual rate at which fixed-rate securities increase or decrease in response to such changes. As a result, the market values of such securities will generally be more volatile than the market values of fixed-rate securities.

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Tobacco Settlement Revenue Bonds. The fund may invest in tobacco settlement revenue bonds, which are secured by an issuing state’s proportionate share of periodic payments by tobacco companies made under the Master Settlement Agreement (“MSA”). The MSA is an agreement that was reached out of court in November 1998 between 46 states and six U.S. jurisdictions and tobacco manufacturers representing an overwhelming majority of U.S. market share in settlement of certain smoking-related litigation. The MSA provides for annual payments by the manufacturers to the states and jurisdictions in perpetuity in exchange for releasing all claims against the manufacturers and a pledge of no further litigation. The MSA established a base payment schedule and a formula for adjusting payments each year. Tobacco manufacturers pay into a master escrow trust based on their market share, and each state receives a fixed percentage of the payment as set forth in the MSA. Within some states, certain localities may in turn be allocated a specific portion of the state’s MSA payment pursuant to an arrangement with the state.

A number of state and local governments have securitized the future flow of payments under the MSA by selling bonds pursuant to indentures, some through distinct governmental entities created for such purpose. The bonds are backed by the future revenue flow that is used for principal and interest payments on the bonds. Annual payments on the bonds, and thus risk to the fund, are dependent on the receipt of future settlement payments by the state or its instrumentality. The actual amount of future settlement payments may vary based on, among other things, annual domestic cigarette shipments, inflation, the financial capability of participating tobacco companies, and certain offsets for disputed payments. Payments made by tobacco manufacturers could be reduced if cigarette shipments continue to decline below the base levels used in establishing manufacturers’ payment obligations under the MSA. Demand for cigarettes in the U.S. could continue to decline based on many factors, including, without limitation, anti-smoking campaigns, tax increases, price increases implemented to recoup the cost of payments by tobacco companies under the MSA, reduced ability to advertise, enforcement of laws prohibiting sales to minors, elimination of certain sales venues such as vending machines, the spread of local ordinances restricting smoking in public places, and increases in the use of other nicotine delivery devices (such as electronic cigarettes, smoking cessation products, and smokeless tobacco).

Because tobacco settlement bonds are backed by payments from the tobacco manufacturers, and generally not by the credit of the state or local government issuing the bonds, their creditworthiness depends on the ability of tobacco manufacturers to meet their obligations. The bankruptcy of an MSA-participating manufacturer could cause delays or reductions in bond payments, which would affect the fund’s net asset value. Under the MSA, a market share loss by MSA-participating tobacco manufacturers to non-MSA participating manufacturers would also cause a downward adjustment in the payment amounts under some circumstances.

The MSA and tobacco manufacturers have been and continue to be subject to various legal claims, including, among others, claims that the MSA violates federal antitrust law. In addition, the United States Department of Justice has alleged in a civil lawsuit that the major tobacco companies defrauded and misled the American public about the health risks associated with smoking cigarettes. An adverse outcome to this lawsuit or to any other litigation matters or regulatory actions relating to the MSA or affecting tobacco manufacturers could adversely affect the payment streams associated with the MSA or cause delays or reductions in bond payments by tobacco manufacturers.

In addition to the risks described above, tobacco settlement revenue bonds are subject to other risks described in this SAI, including the risks of asset-backed securities discussed under “Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities.”

Participation interests (Money Market Funds only). The money market funds may invest in Tax-exempt Securities either by purchasing them directly or by purchasing certificates of accrual or similar instruments evidencing direct ownership of interest payments or principal payments, or both, on Tax-exempt Securities, provided that, in the opinion of counsel, any discount accruing on a certificate or instrument that is purchased at a yield not greater than the coupon rate of interest on the related Tax-exempt Securities will be exempt from federal income tax to the same extent as interest on the Tax-exempt Securities. The money market funds may

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also invest in Tax-exempt Securities by purchasing from banks participation interests in all or part of specific holdings of Tax-exempt Securities. These participations may be backed in whole or in part by an irrevocable letter of credit or guarantee of the selling bank. The selling bank may receive a fee from the money market funds in connection with the arrangement. The money market funds will not purchase such participation interests unless it receives an opinion of counsel or a ruling of the IRS that interest earned by it on Tax-exempt Securities in which it holds such participation interests is exempt from federal income tax. No money market fund expects to invest more than 5% of its assets in participation interests.

Stand-by commitments. When the fund purchases Tax-exempt Securities, it has the authority to acquire stand-by commitments from banks and broker-dealers with respect to those Tax-exempt Securities. A stand-by commitment is a right acquired by the fund to sell up to the principal amount of such Tax-exempt Securities back to the seller or a third party (typically an institution such as a bank or broker-dealer) at an agreed-upon price or yield within specified periods prior to their maturity dates. A stand-by commitment may be considered a security independent of the Tax-exempt security to which it relates. The amount payable by a bank or dealer during the time a stand-by commitment is exercisable, absent unusual circumstances, would be substantially the same as the market value of the underlying Tax-exempt security to a third party at any time. The fund expects that stand-by commitments generally will be available without the payment of direct or indirect consideration. The fund does not expect to assign any value to stand-by commitments when determining the fund’s net asset value. The fund will be subject to credit risk with respect to an institution providing a stand-by commitment and a decline in the credit quality of the institution could cause losses to the fund.

Yields. The yields on Tax-exempt Securities depend on a variety of factors, including general money market conditions, effective marginal tax rates, the financial condition of the issuer, general conditions of the Tax-exempt security market, the size of a particular offering, the maturity of the obligation and the rating of the issue. The ratings of nationally recognized securities rating agencies represent their opinions as to the credit quality of the Tax-exempt Securities which they undertake to rate. It should be emphasized, however, that ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality. Consequently, Tax-exempt Securities with the same maturity, interest rate and rating may have different yields while Tax-exempt Securities of the same maturity and interest rate but with different ratings may have the same yield. Yield disparities may occur for reasons not directly related to the investment quality of particular issues or the general movement of interest rates and may be due to such factors as changes in the overall demand or supply of various types of Tax-exempt Securities or changes in the investment objectives of investors. Subsequent to purchase by the fund, an issue of Tax-exempt Securities or other investments may cease to be rated, or its rating may be reduced below the minimum rating required for purchase by the fund. Putnam Management will consider such an event in its determination of whether the fund should continue to hold an investment in its portfolio. Downgrades of Tax-exempt Securities held by a money market fund may require the fund to sell such securities, potentially at a loss.

“Moral obligation” bonds. The fund may invest in so-called “moral obligation” bonds, where repayment of the bond is backed by a moral (but not legally binding) commitment of an entity other than the issuer, such as a state legislature, to pay. Such a commitment may be in addition to the legal commitment of the issuer to repay the bond or may represent the only payment obligation with respect to the bond (where, for example, no amount has yet been specifically appropriated to pay the bond. See “-Municipal leases” below.)

Municipal leases. The fund may acquire participations in lease obligations or installment purchase contract obligations (collectively, “lease obligations”) of municipal authorities or entities. A lease obligation is an obligation in the form of a lease or installment purchase that is issued by a state or local government to acquire equipment and facilities. Income from such obligations generally is exempt from state and local tax in the state of issuance. Lease obligations may be secured or unsecured. Lease obligations do not constitute general obligations of the municipality for which the municipality’s taxing power is pledged.

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Municipal leases may be subject to greater risks than general obligation or revenue bonds. Although lease obligations do not constitute general obligations of the municipality, a lease obligation ordinarily is backed by the municipality’s covenant to budget for, appropriate, and make the payments due under the lease obligation. However, certain of these lease obligations contain “non-appropriation” clauses, which provide that the municipality has no obligation to make lease or installment purchase payments in future years unless money is appropriated for such purpose on a yearly basis. In the case of a “non-appropriation” lease, the fund’s ability to recover under the lease in the event of non-appropriation or default will be limited solely to the repossession of the leased property, and in any event, foreclosure of that property might prove difficult. If a municipality does not fulfill its payment obligation, it may be difficult to sell the lease obligation and the proceeds of a sale may not cover the fund’s loss.

In addition to the “non-appropriation” risk, many municipal lease obligations have not yet developed the depth of marketability associated with municipal bonds. Moreover, such leases may be subject to the temporary abatement of payments in the event the issuer is prevented from maintaining occupancy of the leased premises or utilizing the leased equipment or facilities. Although the obligations may be secured by the leased equipment or facilities, the disposition of the property in the event of non-appropriation or foreclosure might prove difficult, time consuming and costly, and result in a delay in recovering, or the failure to recover fully, the fund’s original investment.

Additional risks. Securities in which the fund may invest, including Tax-exempt Securities, are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors, such as the federal Bankruptcy Code (including special provisions related to municipalities and other public entities), and laws, if any, that may be enacted by Congress or state legislatures extending the time for payment of principal or interest, or both, or imposing other constraints upon enforcement of such obligations. There is also the possibility that, as a result of litigation or other conditions, such as the recent bankruptcy-type proceedings by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico the power, ability or willingness of issuers to meet their obligations for the payment of interest and principal on their Tax-exempt Securities may be materially affected or their obligations may be found to be invalid or unenforceable. Such litigation or conditions may from time to time have the effect of introducing uncertainties in the market for municipal bonds or certain segments thereof, or of materially affecting the credit risk with respect to particular bonds. Adverse economic, business, legal or political developments might affect all or a substantial portion of the fund’s municipal bonds in the same manner.

From time to time, legislation may be introduced or litigation may arise that may restrict or eliminate the federal income tax exemption for interest on debt obligations issued by states and their political subdivisions. Federal tax laws limit the types and amounts of tax-exempt bonds issuable for certain purposes, especially industrial development bonds and private activity bonds. Such limits may affect the future supply and yields of these types of Tax-exempt Securities. Further proposals limiting the issuance of Tax-exempt Securities may well be introduced in the future. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors for the current law on tax-exempt bonds and securities.

Temporary Defensive Strategies

In response to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions, the fund may take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with its principal investment strategies. However, a fund may choose not to use these temporary defensive strategies for a variety of reasons, even in very volatile market conditions. In implementing temporary defensive strategies, the fund may invest primarily in, among other things, debt securities, preferred stocks, U.S. government and agency obligations, cash or money market instruments (including, to the extent permitted by law or applicable exemptive relief, money market funds), or any other securities Putnam Management considers consistent with such defensive strategies. When the fund takes temporary defensive positions, the fund may miss out on investment opportunities, and the fund may not achieve its investment objective. In addition, while temporary defensive strategies are mainly designed to limit losses, such strategies may not work as intended.

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Warrants

The fund may invest in or acquire warrants, which are instruments that give the fund the right (but not the obligation) to purchase certain securities from an issuer at a specific price (the “strike price”) until a stated expiration date. The purchase of warrants involves the risk that the effective price paid for the warrant added to the strike price of the underlying security may exceed the value of the security’s market price, such as when there is no movement in the level of the underlying security. Also, the strike price of warrants typically is much lower than the current market price of the underlying securities, yet they are subject to similar price fluctuations. As a result, warrants may be more volatile investments than the underlying securities and may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying securities and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. Also, the value of the warrant does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities and a warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to the expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments.

In addition to warrants on securities, the fund may purchase put warrants and call warrants whose values vary depending on the change in the value of one or more specified securities indices (“index warrants”). Index warrants are generally issued by banks or other financial institutions and give the holder the right, at any time during the term of the warrant, to receive upon exercise of the warrant a cash payment from the issuer based on the value of the underlying index at the time of exercise. In general, if the value of the underlying index rises above the exercise price of the index warrant, the holder of a call warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the value of the index and the exercise price of the warrant; if the value of the underlying index falls, the holder of a put warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the exercise price of the warrant and the value of the index. The holder of a warrant would not be entitled to any payments from the issuer at any time when, in the case of a call warrant, the exercise price is greater than the value of the underlying index, or, in the case of a put warrant, the exercise price is less than the value of the underlying index. If the fund were not to exercise an index warrant prior to its expiration, then the fund would lose the amount of the purchase price paid by it for the warrant.

The fund will normally use index warrants in a manner similar to its use of options on securities indices. The risks of the fund’s use of index warrants are generally similar to those relating to its use of index options. Unlike most index options, however, index warrants are issued in limited amounts and are not obligations of a regulated clearing agency, but are backed only by the credit of the bank or other institution which issues the warrant. Also, index warrants generally have longer terms than index options. Index warrants are not likely to be as liquid as certain index options backed by a recognized clearing agency. In addition, the terms of index warrants may limit the fund’s ability to exercise the warrants at such time, or in such quantities, as the fund would otherwise wish to do.

Zero-coupon and Payment-in-kind Bonds

The fund may invest without limit in so-called “zero-coupon” bonds and “payment-in-kind” bonds. Zero-coupon bonds are issued at a significant discount from their principal amount in lieu of paying interest periodically. Payment-in-kind bonds allow the issuer, at its option, to make current interest payments on the bonds either in cash or in additional bonds. Because zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds do not pay current interest in cash, their value is subject to greater fluctuation in response to changes in market interest rates than bonds that pay interest currently. Both zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds allow an issuer to avoid the need to generate cash to meet current interest payments. Accordingly, such bonds may involve greater credit risks than bonds paying interest currently in cash. The fund is required to accrue interest income on such investments and to distribute such amounts at least annually to shareholders even though such bonds do not pay current interest in cash. Thus, it may be necessary at times for the fund to liquidate investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements under the Code.

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The market for zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds may be limited, making it difficult for the fund to value them or dispose of its holdings quickly at an acceptable price.

TAXES

The following discussion of U.S. federal income tax consequences is based on the Code, existing U.S. Treasury regulations, and other applicable authority, as of the date of this SAI. These authorities are subject to change by legislative or administrative action, possibly with retroactive effect. The following discussion is only a summary of some of the important U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to investments in the fund. There may be other tax considerations applicable to particular shareholders. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding their particular situation and the possible application of foreign, state and local tax laws.

Taxation of the fund. The fund intends to qualify each year as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. In order to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded regulated investment companies and their shareholders, the fund must, among other things:

(a) derive at least 90% of its gross income for each taxable year from (i) dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies, and (ii) net income from interests in “qualified publicly traded partnerships” (as defined below);

(b) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of the fund’s taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the market value of the fund’s total assets is represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies, and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to a value not greater than 5% of the value of the fund’s total assets and not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of the fund’s total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, (x) in the securities (other than those of the U.S. government or other regulated investment companies) of any one issuer or of two or more issuers which the fund controls and which are engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or businesses, or (y) in the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (as defined below); and

(c) distribute with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code without regard to the deduction for dividends paid—generally, taxable ordinary income and the excess, if any, of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses) and net tax-exempt interest income, for such year.

In general, for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement described in paragraph (a) above, income derived from a partnership will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership which would be qualifying income if realized by the regulated investment company. However, 100% of the net income of a regulated investment company derived from an interest in a “qualified publicly traded partnership” (defined as a partnership (i) interests in which are traded on an established securities market or readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof, and (ii) that derives less than 90% of its income from the qualifying income described in paragraph (a)(i) above) will be treated as qualifying income. In general, such entities will be treated as partnerships for federal income tax purposes because they meet the passive income requirement under Code section 7704(c)(2). In addition, although in general the passive loss rules of the Code do not apply to regulated investment companies, such rules do apply to a regulated investment company with respect to items attributable to an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership.

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For purposes of the diversification test in paragraph (b) above, identification of the issuer (or, in some cases, issuers) of a particular fund investment will depend on the terms and conditions of that investment. In some cases, identification of the issuer (or issuers) is uncertain under current law, and an adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS with respect to issuer identification for a particular type of investment may adversely affect the fund’s ability to meet the diversification test in (b) above. Also, for the purposes of the diversification test in paragraph (b) above, the term “outstanding voting securities of such issuer” will include the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership.

If the fund qualifies as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment, the fund will not be subject to U. S. federal income tax on income or gains distributed in a timely manner to its shareholders in the form of dividends (including Capital Gain Dividends, as defined below).

If the fund were to fail to meet the income, diversification or distribution test described above, the fund could in some cases cure such failure, including by paying a fund-level tax, paying interest, making additional distributions, or disposing of certain assets. If the fund were ineligible to or otherwise did not cure such failure for any year, or were otherwise to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company accorded special tax treatment in any taxable year, the fund would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates, and all distributions from earnings and profits, including any distributions of net tax-exempt income and net long-term capital gains, would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. Some portions of such distributions may be eligible for the dividends received deduction in the case of corporate shareholders, and may be eligible to be treated as “qualified dividend income” in the case of shareholders taxed as individuals, provided, in both cases, that the shareholder meets certain holding period and other requirements in respect of the fund’s shares (as described below). In addition, the fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment.

The fund intends to distribute at least annually to its shareholders all or substantially all of its investment company taxable income (computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction) and its net tax-exempt income (if any). The fund may distribute its net capital gain (that is, the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss, in each case determined with reference to any loss carryforwards). Investment company taxable income (which is retained by the fund) will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates. The fund may also retain for investment its net capital gain. If the fund retains any net capital gain, it will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained, but may designate the retained amount as undistributed capital gains in a notice to its shareholders who will be (i) required to include in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as long-term capital gain, their shares of such undistributed amount, and (ii) entitled to credit their proportionate shares of the tax paid by the fund on such undistributed amount against their U.S. federal income tax liabilities, if any, and to claim refunds on a properly-filed U.S. tax return to the extent the credit exceeds such liabilities. If the fund makes this designation, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the tax basis of shares owned by a shareholder of the fund will be increased by an amount equal to the difference between the amount of undistributed capital gains included in the shareholder’s gross income under clause (i) of the preceding sentence and the tax deemed paid by the shareholder under clause (ii) of the preceding sentence. The fund is not required to, and there can be no assurance the fund will, make this designation if it retains all or a portion of its net capital gain in a taxable year.

In determining its net capital gain, including in connection with determining the amount available to support a Capital Gain Dividend (as defined below), its taxable income and its earnings and profits, a regulated investment company generally may also elect to treat part or all of any post-October capital loss (defined as any net capital loss attributable to the portion, if any, of the taxable year after October 31 or, if there is no such loss, the net long-term capital loss or net short-term capital loss attributable to any such portion of the taxable year) or late-year ordinary loss (generally, the sum of its (i) net ordinary loss, if any, from the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of property, attributable to the portion, if any, of the taxable year after October 31, and its (ii) other net ordinary loss, if any, attributable to the portion, if any, of the taxable year after December 31) as if incurred in the succeeding taxable year.

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If the fund fails to distribute in a calendar year at least an amount equal to the sum of 98% of its ordinary income for such year and 98.2% of its capital gain net income for the one-year period ending October 31 of such year, plus any retained amount from the prior year, the fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax on the undistributed amounts. For these purposes, ordinary gains and losses from the sale, exchange, or other taxable disposition of property that would otherwise be properly taken into account after October 31 are treated as arising on January 1 of the following calendar year. For purposes of the excise tax, the fund will be treated as having distributed any amount on which it has been subject to corporate income tax in the taxable year ending within the calendar year. A dividend paid to shareholders in January of a year generally is deemed to have been paid by the fund on December 31 of the preceding year, if the dividend was declared and payable to shareholders of record on a date in October, November or December of that preceding year. The fund intends generally to make distributions sufficient to avoid imposition of the 4% excise tax, although there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so.

The fund distributes its net investment income and capital gains to shareholders as dividends at least annually to the extent required to qualify as a regulated investment company under the Code and generally to avoid U.S. federal income or excise tax. Provided it is not treated as a “personal holding company” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the fund is permitted to treat the portion of redemption proceeds paid to redeeming shareholders that represents the redeeming shareholders’ portion of the fund’s accumulated earnings and profits as a dividend on the fund’s tax return. This practice, which involves the use of tax equalization, will have the effect of reducing the amount of income and gains that the fund is required to distribute as dividends to shareholders in order for the fund to avoid U. S. federal income tax and excise tax. This practice may also reduce the amount of distributions required to be made to non-redeeming shareholders and the amount of any undistributed income will be reflected in the value of the shares of the fund; the total return on a shareholder’s investment will not be reduced as a result of this distribution policy.

Fund distributions. Distributions from the fund (other than exempt-interest dividends, as discussed below) generally are taxable to shareholders as ordinary income to the extent derived from the fund’s investment income and net short-term capital gains. Distributions are taxable whether shareholders receive them in cash or reinvest them in additional shares of the fund or other Putnam funds.

Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the fund owned (or is deemed to have owned) the investments that generated them, rather than how long a shareholder has owned his or her shares. In general, the fund will recognize long-term capital gain or loss on investments it has owned for more than one year, and short-term capital gain or loss on investments it has owned for one year or less. Tax rules can alter the fund’s holding period in investments and thereby affect the tax treatment of gain or loss on such investments. Distributions of net capital gain that are properly reported by the fund as capital gain dividends (“Capital Gain Dividends”) will be treated as long-term capital gains includible in net capital gain and taxed to individuals at reduced rates. The IRS and the Department of the Treasury have issued regulations that impose special rules in respect of Capital Gain Dividends received through partnership interests constituting “applicable partnership interests” under Section 1061 of the Code. Distributions from capital gains generally are made after applying any available capital loss carryforwards. Distributions of net short-term capital gain (as reduced by any net long-term capital loss for the taxable year) will be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. Investors who purchase shares shortly before the record date of a distribution will pay the full price for the shares and then receive some portion of the price back as a taxable distribution.

The Code generally imposes a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on the net investment income of certain individuals, trusts and estates to the extent their income exceeds certain threshold amounts. For these purposes, “net investment income” generally includes, among other things, (i) distributions paid by the fund of net investment income and capital gains (other than exempt-interest dividends) as described herein, and (ii) any net gain from the sale, redemption, exchange or other taxable disposition of fund shares. Shareholders are advised to consult their tax advisers regarding the possible implications of this additional tax on their investment in the fund.

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Distributions of investment income reported by the fund as “qualified dividend income” received by an individual will be taxed at the reduced rates applicable to net capital gain. In order for some portion of the dividends received by a fund shareholder to be qualified dividend income, the fund must meet holding period and other requirements with respect to some portion of the dividend-paying stocks in its portfolio and the shareholder must meet holding period and other requirements with respect to the fund’s shares. In general, a dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income (at either the fund or shareholder level) (1) if the dividend is received with respect to any share of stock held for fewer than 61 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date which is 60 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend (or, on the case of certain preferred stock, 91 days during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before such date), (2) to the extent that the recipient is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property, (3) if the recipient elects to have the dividend income treated as investment interest, or (4) if the dividend is received from a foreign corporation that is (a) not eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States (with the exception of dividends paid on stock of such a foreign corporation readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States) or (b) treated as a passive foreign investment company. Each fund, other than fixed-income and money market funds, generally expects to report eligible dividends as qualified dividend income.

In general, distributions of investment income reported by the fund as derived from qualified dividend income will be treated as qualified dividend income by a shareholder taxed as an individual provided the shareholder meets the holding period and other requirements described above with respect to such fund’s shares. In any event, if the aggregate qualified dividends received by the fund during any taxable year are 95% or more of its gross income (excluding net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss), then 100% of the fund’s dividends (other than dividends properly reported as Capital Gain Dividends) will be eligible to be treated as qualified dividend income.

Distributions by the fund to its shareholders that the fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” as defined and subject to certain conditions described below, are treated as qualified REIT dividends in the hands of non-corporate shareholders.

Subject to future regulatory guidance to the contrary, distributions attributable to qualified publicly traded partnership income from a fund's investments in MLPs will ostensibly not qualify for the deduction available to non-corporate taxpayers in respect of such amounts received directly from an MLP.

In general, fixed-income and money market funds receive interest, rather than dividends, from their portfolio securities. As a result, it is not currently expected that any significant portion of such funds’ distributions to shareholders will be derived from qualified dividend income. For information regarding qualified dividend income received from underlying funds, see “Funds of funds” below.

In general, dividends of net investment income received by corporate shareholders of the fund will qualify for the dividends-received deduction generally available to corporations only to the extent of the amount of eligible dividends received by the fund from domestic corporations for the taxable year. A dividend received by the fund will not be treated as a dividend eligible for the dividends-received deduction (1) if it has been received with respect to any share of stock that the fund has held for less than 46 days (91 days in the case of certain preferred stock) during the 91-day period beginning on the date which is 45 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend (during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before such date in the case of certain preferred stock) or (2) to the extent that the fund is under an obligation (pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. Moreover, the dividends received deduction may otherwise be disallowed or reduced (1) if the corporate shareholder fails to satisfy the foregoing requirements with respect to its shares of the fund or (2) by application of various provisions of the Code (for instance, the dividends-received deduction is reduced in the case of a dividend received on debt-financed portfolio stock (generally,

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stock acquired with borrowed funds)). For information regarding eligibility for the dividends-received deduction of dividend income derived from an underlying fund, see “Funds of funds” below.

Exempt-interest dividends. A fund will be qualified to pay exempt-interest dividends to its shareholders if, at the close of each quarter of the fund’s taxable year, at least 50% of the total value of the fund’s assets consists of obligations the interest on which is exempt from federal income tax under Section 103(a) of the Code. In some cases, the fund may also pass through to its shareholders the tax-exempt character of any exempt-interest dividends it receives from underlying funds in which it invests (see “Funds of funds,” below). Distributions that the fund reports as exempt-interest dividends are treated as interest excludable from shareholders’ gross income for federal income tax purposes but may be taxable for federal alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) purposes and for state and local purposes. If the fund intends to qualify to pay exempt-interest dividends, the fund may be limited in its ability to enter into taxable transactions involving forward commitments, repurchase agreements, financial futures and options contracts on financial futures, tax-exempt bond indices and other assets.

Part or all of the interest on indebtedness, if any, incurred or continued by a shareholder to purchase or carry shares of the fund paying exempt-interest dividends is not deductible. The portion of interest that is not deductible is equal to the total interest paid or accrued on the indebtedness, multiplied by the percentage of the fund’s total distributions (not including distributions from net long-term capital gains) paid to the shareholder that are exempt-interest dividends. Under rules used by the IRS to determine when borrowed funds are considered used for the purpose of purchasing or carrying particular assets, the purchase of shares may be considered to have been made with borrowed funds even though such funds are not directly traceable to the purchase of shares.

In general, exempt-interest dividends, if any, attributable to interest received on certain private activity obligations and certain industrial development bonds will not be tax-exempt to any shareholders who are “substantial users” of the facilities financed by such obligations or bonds or who are “related persons” of such substantial users.

A fund that is qualified to pay exempt-interest dividends will notify its shareholders in a written statement of the portion of distributions for the taxable year that constitutes exempt-interest dividends.

Exempt-interest dividends may be taxable for purposes of the federal AMT. For individual shareholders, exempt-interest dividends that are derived from interest on private activity bonds that are issued after August 7, 1986 (other than a “qualified 501(c)(3) bond,” as such term is defined in the Code) generally must be included in an individual’s tax base for purposes of calculating the shareholder’s liability for U.S. federal AMT. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, corporations are no longer subject to the federal AMT.

Funds of funds. If the fund invests in shares of underlying funds, a portion of its distributable income and gains will consist of distributions from the underlying funds and gains and losses on the disposition of shares of the underlying funds. To the extent that an underlying fund realizes net losses on its investments for a given taxable year, the fund will not be able to recognize its share of those losses (so as to offset distributions of net income or capital gains from other underlying funds) until and only to the extent that it disposes of shares of the underlying fund in a transaction qualifying for sale or exchange treatment or those losses reduce distributions required to be made by the underlying fund. Moreover, even when the fund does make such a disposition, a portion of its loss may be recognized as a long-term capital loss, which will not be treated as favorably for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a short-term capital loss or an ordinary deduction. In particular, the fund will not be able to offset any capital losses from its dispositions of underlying fund shares against its ordinary income (including distributions of any net short-term capital gains realized by an underlying fund).

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In addition, in certain circumstances, the “wash sale” rules under Section 1091 of the Code may apply to the fund’s sales of underlying fund shares that have generated losses. A wash sale occurs if shares of an underlying fund are sold by the fund at a loss and the fund acquires additional shares of that same underlying fund 30 days before or after the date of the sale. The wash-sale rules could defer losses in the fund’s hands on sales of underlying fund shares (to the extent such sales are wash sales) for extended (and, in certain cases, potentially indefinite) periods of time.

As a result of the foregoing rules, and certain other special rules, the amounts of net investment income and net capital gains that the fund will be required to distribute to shareholders may be greater than such amounts would have been had the fund invested directly in the securities held by the underlying funds, rather than investing in shares of the underlying funds. For similar reasons, the amount or timing of distributions from the fund qualifying for treatment as being of a particular character (e.g., as long-term capital gain, exempt interest, eligible for dividends-received deduction, etc.) will not necessarily be the same as it would have been had the fund invested directly in the securities held by the underlying funds.

If the fund receives dividends from an underlying fund that qualifies as a regulated investment company, and the underlying fund reports such dividends as “qualified dividend income,” then the fund may, in turn, report a portion of its distributions as “qualified dividend income” as well, provided the fund meets the holding period and other requirements with respect to shares of the underlying fund.

If the fund receives dividends from an underlying fund and the underlying fund reports such dividends as eligible for the dividends-received deduction, then the fund is permitted, in turn, to designate a portion of its distributions as eligible for the dividends-received deduction, provided the fund meets the holding period and other requirements with respect to shares of the underlying fund.

If the fund were to own 20% or more of the voting interests of an underlying fund, subject to a safe harbor in respect of certain fund of funds arrangements, the fund would be required to “look through” the underlying fund to its holdings and combine the appropriate percentage (as determined pursuant to the applicable Treasury Regulations) of the underlying fund’s assets with the fund’s assets for purposes of satisfying the 25% diversification test described above.

If, at the close of each quarter of the fund’s taxable year, at least 50% of its total assets consists of interests in other regulated investment companies (such fund, a “qualified fund of funds”), the fund will be permitted to distribute exempt-interest dividends and thereby pass through to its shareholders the tax-exempt character of any exempt-interest dividends it receives from underlying funds in which it invests, or interest on any tax-exempt obligations in which it directly invests, if any. For further information regarding exempt-interest dividends, see “Exempt-interest dividends,” above.

If the fund is a qualified fund of funds, the fund will be entitled to elect to pass through to its shareholders a credit or deduction for foreign taxes (if any) borne in respect of foreign securities income earned by the fund, or by any underlying funds and passed through to the fund. If the fund so elects, shareholders will include in gross income from foreign sources their pro rata shares of such taxes, if any, treated as paid by the fund. Even if the fund is eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. If the fund elects to pass through to its shareholders foreign tax credits or deductions, tax-exempt shareholders and those who invest in the fund through tax-advantaged accounts such as IRAs will not benefit from any such tax credit or deduction. See “Foreign taxes” below for more information.

Derivatives, hedging and related transactions; certain exposure to commodities. In general, option premiums received by the fund are not immediately included in the income of the fund. Instead, the premiums are recognized when the option contract expires, the option is exercised by the holder, or the fund transfers or otherwise terminates the option (e.g., through a closing transaction). If a call option written by the fund is exercised and the fund sells or delivers the underlying stock, the fund generally will recognize capital gain or loss equal to (a) the sum of the strike price and the option premium received by the fund minus (b) the fund’s

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basis in the stock. Such gain or loss generally will be short-term or long-term depending upon the holding period of the underlying stock. If securities are purchased by the fund pursuant to the exercise of a put option written by it, the fund generally will subtract the premium received for purposes of computing its cost basis in the securities purchased. Gain or loss arising in respect of a termination of the fund’s obligation under an option other than through the exercise of the option will be short-term gain or loss depending on whether the premium income received by the fund is greater or less than the amount paid by the fund (if any) in terminating the transaction. Thus, for example, if an option written by the fund expires unexercised, the fund generally will recognize short-term gain equal to the premium received.

Certain covered call writing activities of the fund may trigger the U.S. federal income tax straddle rules contained primarily in Section 1092 of the Code. Very generally, where applicable, Section 1092 requires (i) that losses be deferred on positions deemed to be offsetting positions with respect to “substantially similar or related property,” to the extent of unrealized gain in the latter, and (ii) that the holding period of such a straddle position that has not already been held for the long-term holding period be terminated and begin anew once the position is no longer part of a straddle. Options on single stocks that are not “deep in the money” may constitute qualified covered calls, which generally are not subject to the straddle rules; the holding period on stock underlying qualified covered calls that are “in the money” although not “deep in the money” will be suspended during the period that such calls are outstanding. Thus, the straddle rules and the rules governing qualified covered calls could cause gains that would otherwise constitute long-term capital gains to be treated as short-term capital gains, and distributions that would otherwise constitute “qualified dividend income” or qualify for the dividends-received deduction to fail to satisfy the holding period requirements and therefore to be taxed as ordinary income or to fail to qualify for the dividends-received deduction, as the case may be.

In general, 40% of the gain or loss arising from the closing out of a futures contract traded on an exchange approved by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission is treated as short-term gain or loss, and 60% is treated as long-term gain or loss, although certain foreign currency gains and losses from such contracts may be treated as ordinary in character. Also, such contracts held by the fund at the end of each taxable year (and, for purposes of the 4% excise tax, on certain other dates as prescribed under the Code) are “marked to market” with the result that unrealized gains or losses are treated as though they were realized and the resulting gain or loss is treated as ordinary or 60/40 gain or loss, as applicable.

The fund’s investment in swaps, if any, will generate ordinary income and losses for federal income tax purposes. The fund’s investments in futures and swaps may cause the fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make the distributions necessary to qualify and be eligible for treatment as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax. The fund may therefore need to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, to meet its distribution requirement. The fund is not permitted to carry forward any net ordinary losses it realizes in a taxable year to offset ordinary income it realizes in subsequent taxable years.

In addition to the special rules described above in respect of options, futures transactions and swaps, the fund’s derivative transactions, including transactions in options, futures contracts, straddles, securities loan and other similar transactions, including for hedging purposes, will be subject to special tax rules (including constructive sale, mark-to-market, straddle, wash sale, and short sale rules), the effect of which may be to accelerate income to the fund, defer losses to the fund, cause adjustments in the holding periods of the fund’s securities, convert long-term capital gains into short-term capital gains, short-term capital losses into long-term capital losses, or capital gains into ordinary income. These rules could therefore affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders. The fund may make any applicable elections pertaining to such transactions consistent with the interests of the fund.

Because these and other tax rules applicable to these types of transactions are in some cases uncertain under current law, an adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS with respect to these rules (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect whether the fund has made sufficient distributions,

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and otherwise satisfied the relevant requirements, to maintain its qualification as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax.

A fund’s use of commodity-linked derivatives can be limited by the fund’s intention to qualify as a regulated investment company and can bear on its ability to so qualify. Income and gains from certain commodity-linked derivatives do not constitute qualifying income to a regulated investment company for purposes of the 90% gross income test described above. The tax treatment of certain other commodity-linked derivative instruments in which the fund might invest is not certain, in particular with respect to whether income or gains from such instruments constitute qualifying income to a regulated investment company. If the fund were to treat income or gain from a particular instrument as qualifying income and the income or gain were later determined not to constitute qualifying income and, together with any other nonqualifying income, caused the fund’s nonqualifying income to exceed 10% of its gross income in any taxable year, the fund would fail to qualify as a regulated investment company unless it is eligible to and does pay a tax at the fund level.

The tax rules are uncertain with respect to the treatment of income or gains arising in respect of commodity-linked exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”) and certain commodity-linked structured notes; also, the timing and character of income or gains arising from ETNs can be uncertain. An adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect the fund’s ability to qualify for treatment as a regulated investment company and to avoid a fund-level tax.

To the extent that, in order to achieve exposure to commodities, the fund invests in entities that are treated as pass-through vehicles for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including, for instance, certain ETFs (e.g., ETFs investing in gold bullion) and partnerships other than qualified publicly traded partnerships (as defined earlier), all or a portion of any income and gains from such entities could constitute non-qualifying income to the fund for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement described above. In such a case, the fund’s investments in such entities could be limited by its intention to qualify as a regulated investment company and could bear on its ability to so qualify. Certain commodities-related ETFs may qualify as qualified publicly traded partnerships. In such cases, the net income derived from such investments will constitute qualifying income for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement. If, however, such a vehicle were to fail to qualify as a qualified publicly traded partnership in a particular year, a portion of the gross income derived from it in such year could constitute non-qualifying income to the fund for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement and thus could adversely affect the fund’s ability to qualify as a regulated investment company for a particular year. In addition, the diversification requirement described above for regulated investment company qualification will limit the fund’s investments in one or more vehicles that are qualified publicly traded partnerships to 25% of the fund’s total assets as of the close of each quarter of the fund’s taxable year.

Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund intends to gain exposure to commodities and commodity-related investments, in whole or in part, through each fund’s respective Subsidiary. A U.S. person who owns (directly, indirectly or constructively) 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of a foreign corporation or 10% or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of a foreign corporation is a “United States Shareholder” for purposes of the controlled foreign corporation (“CFC”) provisions of the Code. A foreign corporation is a CFC if, on any day of its taxable year, more than 50% of the voting power or value of its stock is owned (directly, indirectly or constructively) by “United States Shareholders.” Because each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund is a U.S. person that owns all of the stock of its respective Subsidiary, each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund is a “United States Shareholder” and each Subsidiary is a CFC. As a “United States Shareholder,” each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund is required to include in gross income for United States federal income tax purposes, as ordinary income, all of its Subsidiary’s “subpart F income” for the CFC’s taxable year ending with or within the fund’s taxable year, whether or not such income is distributed by the applicable Subsidiary, which may increase the ordinary income recognized by the fund. “Subpart F income” generally includes interest, original issue discount, dividends, net gains from the disposition of stocks or securities, receipts with respect to securities loans and net payments received with

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respect to equity swaps and similar derivatives. “Subpart F income” also includes the excess of gains over losses from transactions (including futures, forward and similar transactions) in commodities. It is expected that all of the Subsidiaries’ income will be “subpart F income.” Each fund’s recognition of its Subsidiary’s “subpart F income” will increase such fund’s tax basis in its Subsidiary’s shares. Distributions by a Subsidiary to the applicable fund will be tax-free, to the extent of such Subsidiary’s previously undistributed “subpart F income,” and will correspondingly reduce the fund’s tax basis in its Subsidiary’s shares. “Subpart F income” is treated as ordinary income, regardless of the character of a Subsidiary’s underlying income. Under Treasury regulations, income, if any, realized by a wholly-owned non-U.S. subsidiary (such as a Subsidiary) of a fund and included in such fund’s annual income of U.S. federal income purposes, will constitute qualifying income to the extent it is either (i) timely and currently repatriated or (ii) derived with respect to the fund’s business of investing in stock, securities or currencies. If a net loss is realized by a Subsidiary, such loss is not available to offset income or capital gain generated from the fund’s other investments. In addition, a Subsidiary is not permitted to carry forward any net ordinary losses it realizes in a taxable year to offset ordinary income it realizes in subsequent taxable years.

Certain of the fund’s investments in derivative instruments and foreign currency-denominated instruments, and any of the fund's transactions in foreign currencies and hedging activities, are likely to produce a difference between its book income and its taxable income. If such a difference arises, and the fund’s book income is less than its taxable income (or, for tax-exempt funds, the sum of its net tax-exempt and taxable income), the fund could be required to make distributions exceeding book income to qualify as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment and to eliminate fund-level income tax. In the alternative, if the fund’s book income exceeds the sum of its taxable income and tax-exempt income, the distribution (if any) of such excess will be treated as (i) a dividend to the extent of the fund’s remaining earnings and profits (including earnings and profits arising from tax-exempt income), (ii) thereafter as a return of capital to the extent of the recipient’s basis in the shares, and (iii) thereafter as gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset.

Investments in REITs. The fund’s investment in REIT equity securities may result in the fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings. If the fund distributes such amounts, such distribution could constitute a return of capital to the fund shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividends received by the fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income and will not qualify for the corporate dividends-received deduction.

Distributions by the fund to its shareholders that the fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” as defined and subject to certain conditions described below, are treated as qualified REIT dividends in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. Non-corporate shareholders are permitted a federal income tax deduction equal to 20% of qualified REIT dividends received by them, subject to certain limitations. Very generally, a “section 199A dividend” is any dividend or portion thereof that is attributable to certain dividends received by a regulated investment company from REITs, to the extent such dividends are properly reported as such by the regulated investment company in a written notice to its shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying regulated investment company shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. A fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.

Mortgage-related securities. The fund may invest in REITs, including REITs that hold residual interests in real estate mortgage investment conduits (“REMICs”) (including by investing in residual interests in collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) with respect to which an election to be treated as a REMIC is in effect), REITs that are themselves taxable mortgage pools (“TMPs”) or REITs that invest in TMPs. Under a notice issued by the IRS in October 2006 and Treasury regulations that have not yet been issued, but apply retroactively, a portion of the fund’s income from a REIT that is attributable to the REIT’s residual interest in a REMIC or TMP (referred to in the Code as an “excess inclusion”) will be subject to U.S. federal income tax in all events. This notice also provides, and the regulations are expected to provide, that excess inclusion income

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of a regulated investment company, such as the fund, will be allocated to shareholders of the regulated investment company in proportion to the dividends received by such shareholders, with the same consequences as if the shareholders held the related REMIC or TMP residual interest directly. As a result, a fund investing in such interests may not be a suitable investment for charitable remainder trusts, as noted below.

In general, excess inclusion income allocated to shareholders (i) cannot be offset by net operating losses (subject to a limited exception for certain thrift institutions), (ii) will constitute unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”) to entities (including a qualified pension plan, an individual retirement account, a 401(k) plan, a Keogh plan or other tax-exempt entity) subject to tax on UBTI, thereby potentially requiring such an entity that is allocated excess inclusion income, and otherwise might not be required to file a tax return, to file a tax return and pay tax on such income, and (iii) in the case of a non-U.S. shareholder, will not qualify for any reduction in U.S. federal withholding tax. A shareholder will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such inclusions notwithstanding any exemption from such income tax otherwise available under the Code. Any investment in residual interests of CMO that has elected to be treated as a REMIC can create complex tax problems, especially if the fund has state or local governments or other tax-exempt organizations as shareholders.

Income of a fund that would be UBTI if earned directly by a tax-exempt entity generally will not constitute UBTI when distributed to a tax-exempt shareholder of the fund. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a tax-exempt shareholder will recognize UBTI by virtue of its investment in the fund if shares in the fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of Code Section 514(b). Furthermore, a tax-exempt shareholder may recognize UBTI if the fund recognizes excess inclusion income derived from direct or indirect investments in REMIC residual interests or TMPs if the amount of such income recognized by the fund exceeds the fund's investment company taxable income (after taking into account deductions for dividends paid by the fund).

Under legislation enacted in December 2006, a charitable remainder trust (“CRT”), as defined in Section 664 of the Code, that realizes UBTI for a taxable year must pay an excise tax annually of an amount equal to such UBTI. Under IRS guidance issued in October 2006, a CRT will not recognize UBTI solely as a result of investing in a fund that recognizes excess inclusion income. Rather, if at any time during any taxable year a CRT (or one of certain other tax-exempt shareholders, such as the United States, a state or political subdivision, or an agency or instrumentality thereof, and certain energy cooperatives) is a record holder of a share in a fund that recognizes excess inclusion income, then the fund will be subject to a tax on that portion of its excess inclusion income for the taxable year that is allocable to such shareholders at the highest federal corporate income tax rate. The extent to which this IRS guidance remains applicable in light of the December 2006 legislation is unclear. To the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the fund may elect to specially allocate any such tax to the applicable CRT, or other shareholder, and thus reduce such shareholder’s distributions for the year by the amount of the tax that relates to such shareholder’s interest in the fund. CRTs and other tax-exempt investors are urged to consult their tax advisors concerning the consequences of investing in the fund.

Return of capital distributions. If the fund makes a distribution in and with respect to any taxable year to a shareholder in excess of the fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, the excess distribution will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of such shareholder’s tax basis in its shares, and thereafter as capital gain. A return of capital is not taxable, but it reduces a shareholder’s tax basis in its shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on a subsequent taxable disposition by the shareholder of its shares.

Dividends and distributions on the fund’s shares generally are subject to federal income tax as described herein to the extent they do not exceed the fund’s realized income and gains, even though such dividends and distributions may economically represent a return of a particular shareholder’s investment. Such distributions are likely to occur in respect of shares purchased at a time when the fund’s net asset value reflects gains that are either unrealized, or realized but not distributed. Such realized income and gains may be required to be distributed even when the fund’s net asset value also reflects unrealized losses. Distributions are taxable to a shareholder even if they are paid from income or gains earned by the fund prior to the shareholder’s investment (and thus included in the price paid by the shareholder).

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Securities issued or purchased at a discount. Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance (and zero-coupon debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance) that are acquired by the fund will be treated as debt obligations that are issued originally at a discount. Generally, the amount of the original issue discount (“OID”) is treated as interest income and is included in the fund’s income (and required to be distributed by the fund) over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt security. In addition, payment-in-kind securities will give rise to income which is required to be distributed and is taxable even though the fund holding the security receives no interest payment in cash on the security during the year.

Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance that are acquired by the fund in the secondary market may be treated as having “market discount.” Very generally, market discount is the excess of the stated redemption price of a debt obligation (or in the case of an obligation issued with OID, its “revised issue price”) over the purchase price of such obligation. Subject to the discussion below regarding Section 451 of the Code, (i) generally any gain recognized on the disposition of, and any partial payment of principal on, a debt security having market discount is treated as ordinary income to the extent the gain, or principal payment, does not exceed the “accrued market discount” on such debt security, (ii) alternatively, the fund may elect to accrue market discount currently, in which case the fund will be required to include the accrued market discount in the fund's income (as ordinary income) and thus distribute it over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt security, and (iii) the rate at which the market discount accrues, and thus is included in the fund's income, will depend upon which of the permitted accrual methods the fund elects. Notwithstanding the foregoing, effective for taxable years beginning after 2017, Section 451 of the Code generally requires any accrual method taxpayer to take into account items of gross income no later than the time at which such items are taken into account as revenue in the taxpayer's financial statements. The IRS and Treasury Department have issued proposed regulations providing that this rule does not apply to the accrual of market discount. If the rule were to apply to the accrual of market discount, the fund would be required to include in income any market discount as it takes the same into account on its financial statements.

Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of one year or less from the date of issuance that are acquired by the fund may be treated as having “acquisition discount” (very generally, the excess of the stated redemption price over the purchase price) or OID. The fund will be required to include the acquisition discount or OID in income over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, usually when the debt security matures. The fund may make one or more of the elections applicable to debt obligations having acquisition discount or OID, which could affect the character and timing of recognition of income.

If the fund holds the foregoing kinds of obligations, or other obligations subject to special rules under the Code, it may be required to pay out as an income distribution each year an amount which is greater than the total amount of cash interest the fund actually received. Such distributions may be made from the cash assets of the fund or, if necessary, by disposition of portfolio securities including at a time when it may not be advantageous to do so. These dispositions may cause the fund to realize higher amounts of short-term capital gains (generally taxed to shareholders at ordinary income tax rates) and, in the event the fund realizes net capital gains from such transactions, its shareholders may receive a larger capital gain distribution than if the fund had not held such obligations.

Securities purchased at a premium. Very generally, where the fund purchases a bond at a price that exceeds the redemption price at maturity (i.e., a premium), the premium is amortizable over the remaining term of the bond. In the case of a taxable bond, if the fund makes an election applicable to all such bonds it purchases, which election is irrevocable without consent of the IRS, the fund reduces the current taxable income from the bond by the amortized premium and reduces its tax basis in the bond by the amount of such offset; upon the disposition or maturity of such bonds acquired on or after January 4, 2013, the fund is permitted to deduct any

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remaining premium allocable to a prior period. In the case of a tax-exempt bond, tax rules require the fund to reduce its tax basis by the amount of amortized premium.

Higher-Risk obligations. The fund may invest to a significant extent in debt obligations that are in the lowest rating categories or are unrated, including debt obligations of issuers not currently paying interest or who are in default. Investments in debt obligations that are at risk of or in default present special tax issues for the fund. Tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as whether the fund should recognize market discount on a debt obligation and, if so, the amount of market discount the fund should recognize; when the fund may cease to accrue interest, OID or market discount, when and to what extent deductions may be taken for bad debts or worthless securities and how payments received on obligations in default should be allocated between principal and income. These and other related issues will be addressed by the fund when, as and if it invests in such obligations, in order to seek to ensure that it distributes sufficient income to preserve its status as a regulated investment company and does not become subject to U.S. federal income or excise tax.

Capital loss carryforward. Distributions from capital gains generally are made after applying any available capital loss carryforwards. Capital loss carryforwards are reduced to the extent they offset current-year net realized capital gains, whether the fund retains or distributes such gains. If a fund incurs or has incurred capital losses in excess of capital gains (“net capital losses”), those losses will be carried forward to one or more subsequent taxable years; any such carryforward losses will retain their character as short-term or long-term.

Foreign taxes. If more than 50% of the fund’s assets at taxable year end consists of the securities of foreign corporations, the fund may elect to permit shareholders to claim a credit or deduction on their income tax returns for their pro rata portion of qualified taxes paid by the fund to foreign countries in respect of foreign securities the fund has held for at least the minimum period specified in the Code. A qualified fund of funds also may elect to pass through to its shareholders foreign taxes it has paid or foreign taxes passed through to it by any underlying fund that itself elected to pass through such taxes to shareholders (see “Funds of funds” above). In such a case, shareholders will include in gross income from foreign sources their pro rata shares of such taxes. A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, as a result of which a shareholder may not get a full credit or deduction for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their U.S. federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if the fund is eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. However, even if the fund elects to pass through to its shareholders foreign tax credits or deductions, tax-exempt shareholders and those who invest in the fund through tax-advantaged accounts such as IRAs will not benefit from any such tax credit or deduction.

Passive Foreign Investment Companies. Investments treated as equity for federal income tax purposes in certain “passive foreign investment companies” (“PFICs”, as defined below) could subject the fund to a U.S. federal income tax (including interest charges) on distributions received from the company or on the proceeds from the disposition of its investment in such a company. This tax cannot be eliminated by making distributions to fund shareholders; however, this tax can be avoided by making an election to mark such investments to market annually or to treat the passive foreign investment company as a “qualified electing fund.” The QEF and mark-to-market elections may have the effect of accelerating the recognition of income (without the receipt of cash) and increasing the amount required to be distributed by the fund to avoid taxation. Making either of these elections therefore may require the fund to liquidate other investments to meet its distribution requirement, which may also accelerate the recognition of gain and affect the fund’s total return. Dividends paid by PFICs will not be eligible to be treated as “qualified dividend income.” If the fund indirectly invests in PFICs by virtue of the fund’s investments in other funds, it may not make such PFIC elections; rather, the underlying funds directly investing in the PFICs would decide whether to make such elections.

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Because it is not always possible to identify a foreign corporation as a PFIC, the fund may incur the tax and interest charges described above in some instances.

A PFIC is any foreign corporation: (i) 75 percent or more of the income of which for the taxable year is passive income, or (ii) the average percentage of the assets of which (generally by value, but by adjusted tax basis in certain cases) that produce or are held for the production of passive income is at least 50 percent. Generally, passive income for this purpose means dividends, interest (including income equivalent to interest), royalties, rents, annuities, the excess of gains over losses from certain property transactions and commodities transactions, and foreign currency gains. Passive income for this purpose does not include rents and royalties received by the foreign corporation from active business and certain income received from related persons.

Foreign currency-denominated transactions and related hedging transactions. The fund’s transactions in foreign currencies, foreign currency-denominated debt obligations and certain foreign currency options, futures contracts and forward contracts (and similar instruments) may give rise to ordinary income or loss to the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency concerned. Any such net gains could require a larger dividend toward the end of the calendar year. Any such net losses generally will reduce and potentially require the recharacterization of prior ordinary income distributions. Such ordinary income treatment may accelerate fund distributions to shareholders and increase the distributions taxed to shareholders as ordinary income. Any net ordinary losses so created cannot be carried forward by the fund to offset income or gains earned in subsequent taxable years.

Sale, exchange or redemption of shares. The sale, exchange or redemption of fund shares may give rise to a gain or loss. In general, any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than 12 months. Otherwise the gain or loss on the sale, exchange or redemption of fund shares will be treated as short-term capital gain or loss. However, if a shareholder sells shares at a loss within six months of purchase, any loss generally will be disallowed for federal income tax purposes to the extent of any exempt-interest dividends received on such shares. This loss disallowance, however, does not apply with respect to redemptions of fund shares held for six months or less with respect to a regular exempt-interest dividend paid by the fund if such fund declares substantially all of its net tax-exempt income as exempt-interest dividends on a daily basis, and pays such dividends at least on a monthly basis. In addition, any loss (not already disallowed as provided in the preceding sentences) realized upon a taxable disposition of shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any Capital Gain Dividends received (or deemed received) by the shareholder with respect to the shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of fund shares will be disallowed if other shares of the same fund are purchased within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.

Cost basis reporting. Upon the redemption or exchange of a shareholder’s shares in the fund, the fund, or, if such shareholder’s shares are then held through a financial intermediary, the financial intermediary, will be required to provide the shareholder and the IRS with cost basis and certain other related tax information about the fund shares the shareholder redeemed or exchanged. This cost basis reporting requirement is effective for shares purchased, including through dividend reinvestment, on or after January 1, 2012. Shareholders can visit www.putnam.com/costbasis, or call the fund at 1-800-225-1581, or consult their financial representatives, as appropriate, for more information regarding available methods for cost basis reporting and how to select a particular method. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine which available cost basis method is best for them.

Shares purchased through tax-qualified plans. Special tax rules apply to investments through employer-sponsored retirement plans and other tax-qualified plans or tax-advantaged arrangements. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the suitability of shares of the fund as an investment through such plans and arrangements and the precise effect of an investment on their particular tax situation.

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Backup withholding. The fund generally is required to withhold and remit to the U.S. Treasury a percentage of the taxable dividends and other distributions paid to any individual shareholder who fails to furnish the fund with a correct taxpayer identification number (TIN), who has under-reported dividends or interest income, or who fails to certify to the fund that he or she is not subject to such withholding. The backup withholding rules may also apply to distributions that are properly reported as exempt-interest dividends. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be credited against the shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the appropriate information is furnished to the IRS.

In order for a foreign investor to qualify for exemption from the backup withholding tax rates and for reduced withholding tax rates under income tax treaties, the foreign investor must comply with special certification and filing requirements. Foreign investors in a fund should consult their tax advisors in this regard.

Tax shelter reporting regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, if a shareholder recognizes a loss on disposition of fund shares of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a regulated investment company are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all regulated investment companies. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.

Non-U.S. shareholders. Distributions by the fund to shareholders that are not “U.S. persons” within the meaning of the Code (“foreign shareholders”) properly reported by the fund as (1) Capital Gain Dividends, (2) interest-related dividends, (3) short-term capital gain dividends, each as defined below and subject to certain conditions described below, and (4) exempt-interest dividends generally are not subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax.

In general, the Code defines (1) “short-term capital gain dividends” as distributions of net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses and (2) “interest-related dividends” as distributions from U.S. source interest income of types similar to those not subject to U.S. federal income tax if earned directly by an individual foreign shareholder, in each case to the extent such distributions are properly reported as such by the fund in a written notice to shareholders. The exceptions to withholding for Capital Gain Dividends and short-term capital gain dividends do not apply to (A) distributions to an individual foreign shareholder who is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the distribution and (B) distributions attributable to gain that is treated as effectively connected with the conduct by the foreign shareholder of a trade or business within the United States under special rules regarding the disposition of U.S. real property interests as described below. The exception to withholding for interest-related dividends does not apply to distributions to a foreign shareholder (A) that has not provided a satisfactory statement that the beneficial owner is not a U.S. person, (B) to the extent that the dividend is attributable to certain interest on an obligation if the foreign shareholder is the issuer or is a 10% shareholder of the issuer, (C) that is within certain foreign countries that have inadequate information exchange with the United States, or (D) to the extent the dividend is attributable to interest paid by a person that is a related person of the foreign shareholder and the foreign shareholder is a controlled foreign corporation. If the fund invests in other regulated investment companies that pay Capital Gain Dividends, short-term capital gain dividends or interest-related dividends to the fund, such distributions retain their character as not subject to withholding if properly reported when paid by the fund to foreign shareholders. The fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as interest-related and/or short-term capital gain dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so. In the case of shares held through an intermediary, the intermediary may withhold even if the fund reports all or a portion of a payment as an interest-related or short-term capital gain dividend to shareholders.

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The fact that a fund achieves its goals by investing in underlying funds generally does not adversely affect the fund’s ability to pass on to foreign shareholders the full benefit of the interest-related dividends and short-term capital gain dividends that it receives from its investments in underlying funds, except possibly to the extent that (1) interest-related dividends received by the fund are offset by deductions allocable to the fund’s qualified interest income or (2) short-term capital gain dividends received by the fund are offset by the fund’s net short- or long-term capital losses, in which case the amount of a distribution from the fund to a foreign shareholder that is properly reported as either an interest-related dividend or a short-term capital gain dividend, respectively, may be less than the amount that such shareholder would have received had they invested directly in the underlying funds.

Distributions by the fund to foreign shareholders other than Capital Gain Dividends, interest-related dividends, and short-term capital gain dividends and exempt-interest dividends (e.g., dividends attributable to dividend and foreign-source interest income or to short-term capital gains or U.S.-source interest income to which the exception from withholding described above does not apply) are generally subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate).

Under U.S. federal tax law, a beneficial holder of shares who is a foreign shareholder is not, in general, subject to U.S. federal income tax on gains (and is not allowed a deduction for losses) realized on the sale of shares of the fund, unless (i) such gain is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business carried on by such holder within the United States; (ii) in the case of an individual holder, the holder is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the sale and certain other conditions are met; or (iii) the special rules relating to gain attributable to the sale or exchange of “U.S. real property interests” (“USRPIs”) apply to the foreign shareholder's sale of shares of the fund (as described below).

If a beneficial holder who is a foreign shareholder has a trade or business in the United States, and the dividends are effectively connected with the conduct by the beneficial holder of a trade or business in the United States, the dividend will be subject to U.S. federal net income taxation at regular income tax rates and, in the case of a foreign corporation, may also be subject to a branch profits tax. If a foreign shareholder is eligible for the benefits of a tax treaty, any effectively connected income or gain will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net basis only if it is also attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the shareholder in the United States. More generally, foreign shareholders who are residents in a country with an income tax treaty with the United States may obtain different tax results than those described herein, and are urged to consult their tax advisors.

Special rules would apply if the fund were a qualified investment entity (“QIE”) because it is either a “U.S. real property holding corporation” (“USRPHC”) or would be a USRPHC but for the operation of certain exceptions to the definition of USRPIs described below. Very generally, a USRPHC is a domestic corporation that holds USRPIs the fair market value of which equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market values of the corporation’s USRPIs, interests in real property located outside the United States, and other trade or business assets. USRPIs generally are defined as any interest in U.S. real property and any interest (other than solely as a creditor) in a USRPHC or, very generally, an entity that has been a USRPHC in the last five years. A fund that holds, directly or indirectly, significant interests in REITs may be a USRPHC. Interests in domestically controlled QIEs, including regulated investment companies and REITs that are QIEs, not-greater-than-10% interests in publicly traded classes of stock in REITs and not-greater-than-5% interests in publicly traded classes of stock in regulated investment companies generally are not USRPIs, but these exceptions do not apply for purposes of determining whether a fund is a QIE.

If an interest in the fund were a USRPI, the fund would be required to withhold U.S. tax on the proceeds of a share redemption by a greater-than-5% foreign shareholder, in which case such foreign shareholder generally would also be required to file U.S. tax returns and pay any additional taxes due in connection with the redemption.

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If the fund were a QIE under a special “look-through” rule, any distributions by the fund to a foreign shareholder (including, in certain cases, distributions made by the fund in redemption of its shares) attributable directly or indirectly to (i) distributions received by the fund from a lower-tier regulated investment company or REIT that the fund is required to treat as USRPI gain in its hands and (ii) gains realized on the disposition of USRPIs by the fund would retain their character as gains realized from USRPIs in the hands of the fund’s foreign shareholders and would be subject to U.S. tax withholding. In addition, such distributions could result in the foreign shareholder being required to file a U.S. tax return and pay tax on the distributions at regular U.S. federal income tax rates. The consequences to a foreign shareholder, including the rate of such withholding and character of such distributions (e.g., as ordinary income or USRPI gain), would vary depending upon the extent of the foreign shareholder’s current and past ownership of the fund.

Foreign shareholders of the fund also may be subject to “wash sale” rules to prevent the avoidance of the tax-filing and -payment obligations discussed above through the sale and repurchase of fund shares.

Foreign shareholders should consult their tax advisers and, if holding shares through intermediaries, their intermediaries, concerning the application of these rules to their investment in the fund.

Other reporting and withholding requirements. Sections 1471-1474 of the Code and the U.S. Treasury and IRS guidance issued thereunder (collectively, “FATCA”) generally require a fund to obtain information sufficient to identify the status of each of its shareholders under FATCA or under an applicable intergovernmental agreement (an “IGA”) between the United States and a foreign government. If a shareholder fails to provide the requested information or otherwise fails to comply with FATCA or an IGA, the fund may be required to withhold under FATCA at a rate of 30% with respect to that shareholder on ordinary dividends it pays. The IRS and the Department of Treasury have issued proposed regulations providing that these withholding rules will not be applicable to the gross proceeds of share redemptions or Capital Gain Dividends the fund pays. If a payment by the fund is subject to FATCA withholding, the fund is required to withhold even if such payment would otherwise be exempt from withholding under the rules applicable to foreign shareholders described above (e.g., short-term capital gain dividends and interest-related dividends).

Each prospective investor is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the applicability of FATCA and any other reporting requirements with respect to the prospective investor’s own situation, including investments through an intermediary.

General Considerations. The U.S. federal income tax discussion set forth above is for general information only. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisers regarding the specific federal tax consequences of purchasing, holding, and disposing of shares of the fund, as well as the effects of state, local and foreign tax law and any proposed tax law changes.

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MANAGEMENT

Trustees

Name, Address1, Year of Birth, Position(s) Held with Fund and Length of Service as a Putnam Fund Trustee2	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Other Directorships Held by Trustee
Liaquat Ahamed (Born 1952), Trustee since 2012	Author; won Pulitzer Prize for Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World.	Chairman of the Sun Valley Writers Conference, a literary not-for-profit organization; and a Trustee of the Journal of Philosophy.
Ravi Akhoury (Born 1947), Trustee since 2009	Private investor.	Director of English Helper, Inc., a private software company; Trustee of the Rubin Museum, serving on the Investment Committee; and previously a director of RAGE Frameworks, Inc.
Barbara M. Baumann (Born 1955), Trustee since 2010	President of Cross Creek Energy Corporation, a strategic consultant to domestic energy firms and direct investor in energy projects.	Director of Devon Energy Corporation, a publicly traded independent natural gas and oil exploration and production company; Director of National Fuel Gas Company, a publicly traded energy company that engages in the production, gathering, transportation, distribution and marketing of natural gas; Senior Advisor to the energy private equity firm First Reserve; Director of Ascent Resources, LLC, a private exploration and production company established to acquire, explore for, develop and produce natural gas, oil and natural gas liquids reserve in the Appalachian Basin; Director of Texas American Resources Company II, a private, independent oil and gas exploration and production company; member of the Finance Committee of the Children’s Hospital of Colorado; member of the Investment Committee of the Board of The Denver Foundation; and previously a director of publicly traded companies Buckeye Partners, LP, UNS Energy Corporation, CVR Energy Company and SM Energy Corporation.
Katinka Domotorffy (Born 1975), Trustee since 2012	Voting member of the Investment Committees of the Anne Ray Foundation and Margaret A. Cargill Foundation, part of the Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropies.	Director of the Great Lakes Science Center and of College Now Greater Cleveland.

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Catharine Bond Hill (Born 1954), Trustee since 2017	Managing Director of Ithaka S+R, a not-for-profit service that helps the academic community navigate economic and technological change. From 2006 to 2016, Dr. Hill served as the 10th president of Vassar College.	Director of Yale-NUS College; and Trustee of Yale University.
Paul L. Joskow (Born 1947), Trustee since 1997	The Elizabeth and James Killian Professor of Economics, Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).. From 2008 to 2017, the President of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, a philanthropic institution focused primarily on research and education on issues related to science, technology and economic performance.	Trustee of Yale University; a Director of Exelon Corporation, an energy company focused on power services; and a Member Emeritus of the Board of Advisors of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
Kenneth R. Leibler (Born 1949), Trustee since 2006, Vice Chair from 2016 to 2018 and Chair since 2018	Vice Chairman Emeritus of Trustees of Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital in Boston. Member of the Investment Committee of the Boston Arts Academy Foundation.	Director of Eversource Corporation, which operates New England’s largest energy delivery system; previously the Chairman of the Boston Options Exchange, an electronic market place for the trading of listed derivatives securities; previously the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Boston Stock Exchange; and previously the President and Chief Operating Officer of the American Stock Exchange.
George Putnam, III (Born 1951), Trustee since 1984	Chairman of New Generation Research, Inc., a publisher of financial advisory and other research services, and President of New Generation Advisors, LLC, a registered investment adviser to private funds.	Director of The Boston Family Office, LLC, a registered investment advisor; a Trustee of the Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute; previously, a Trustee of the Marine Biological Laboratory; and previously a Trustee of Epiphany School.

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Manoj P. Singh (Born 1952), Trustee since 2017	Until 2015, chief operating officer and global managing director at Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Ltd., a global professional services organization, serving on the Deloitte U.S. board of directors and the boards of Deloitte member firms in China, Mexico and Southeast Asia.	Director of Abt Associates, a global research firm working in the fields of health, social and environmental policy, and international development; Trustee of Carnegie Mellon University; Director of Pratham USA, an organization dedicated to children’s education in India; member of the advisory board of Altimetrik, a business transformation and technology solutions firm; and Director of DXC Technology, a global IT services and consulting company.
Mona K. Sutphen (Born 1967), Trustee since 2020	Senior Adviser at The Vistra Group, a private investment firm focused on middle-market companies in the healthcare, education, and financial services industries. From 2014 to 2018, Partner at Marco Advisory Partners, a global consulting firm.	Director of Unitek Learning, a private nursing and medical services education provider in the United States; previous Director of Pattern Energy, a publicly traded renewable energy company; Board Member, International Rescue Committee; Co-Chair of the Board of Human Rights First; Trustee of Mount Holyoke College; and Member of the Advisory Board for the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs.

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Interested Trustees
*Robert L. Reynolds (Born 1952), Trustee since 2008	President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments; President and Chief Executive Officer of Great-West Financial, a financial services company that provides retirement savings plans, life insurance, and annuity and executive benefits products, and of Great-West Lifeco U.S. Inc.; President and Chief Executive Officer of Great-West Lifeco U.S. Inc., a holding company that owns Putnam Investments and Great-West Financial; and a member of Putnam Investments’ and Great-West Financial’s Board of Directors.	Director of West Virginia University Foundation; director of the Concord Museum; director of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Chairman of Massachusetts Competitive Partnership; director of Boston Chamber of Commerce; member of the Chief Executives Club of Boston; member of the National Innovation Initiative; member of the Massachusetts General Hospital President’s Council; member of the Council on Competitiveness; and previously the President of the Commercial Club of Boston.

¹ The address of each Trustee is 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110. As of December 31, 2020, there were 97 Putnam funds.

² Each Trustee serves for an indefinite term, until his or her resignation, retirement during the year he or she reaches age 75, death or removal.

*Trustee who is an “interested person” (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the fund and Putnam Management. Mr. Reynolds is deemed an “interested person” by virtue of his positions as an officer of the fund and Putnam Management. Mr. Reynolds is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments, LLC and President of your fund and each of the other Putnam funds.

Trustee Qualifications

Each of the fund’s Trustees, with the exception of Dr. Hill, Ms. Sutphen, and Mr. Singh, was most recently elected by shareholders of the fund during 2014, although most of the Trustees have served on the Board for many years. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee is responsible for recommending proposed nominees for election to the full Board of Trustees for its approval. As part of its deliberative process, the Committee considers the experience, qualifications, attributes and skills that it determines would benefit the Putnam funds at the time.

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In recommending the election of the board members as Trustees, the Committee generally considered the educational, business and professional experience of each Trustee in determining his or her qualifications to serve as a Trustee of the fund, including the Trustee's record of service as a director or trustee of public and private organizations. (This included, but was not limited to, consideration of the specific experience noted in the preceding table.) In the case of most members of the Board, the Committee considered his or her previous service as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Putnam funds, which demonstrated a high level of diligence and commitment to the interests of fund shareholders and an ability to work effectively and collegially with other members of the Board.

The Committee also considered, among other factors, the particular attributes described below with respect to the various individual Trustees and considered the attributes as indicative of the person’s ability to deal effectively with the types of financial, regulatory, and/or investment matters that typically arise in the course of a Trustee’s work:

Liaquat Ahamed -- Mr. Ahamed’s experience as Chief Executive Officer of a major investment management organization and as head of the investment division at the World Bank, as well as his experience as an author of economic literature.

Ravi Akhoury -- Mr. Akhoury's experience as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of a major investment management organization.

Barbara M. Baumann -- Ms. Baumann’s experience in the energy industry as a consultant, an investor, and in both financial and operational management positions at a global energy company, and her service as a director of multiple NYSE companies.

Katinka Domotorffy -- Ms. Domotorffy’s experience as Chief Investment Officer and Global Head of Quantitative Investment Strategies at a major asset management organization.

Catharine Bond Hill -- Dr. Hill’s education and experience as an economist and as president and provost of colleges in the United States.

Paul L. Joskow -- Dr. Joskow's education and experience as a professional economist familiar with financial economics and related issues and his service on multiple for-profit boards.

Kenneth R. Leibler -- Mr. Leibler's extensive experience in the financial services industry, including as Chief Executive Officer of a major asset management organization, and his service as a director of various public and private companies.

George Putnam, III -- Mr. Putnam’s training and experience as an attorney, his experience as the founder and Chief Executive Officer of an investment management firm and his experience as an author of various publications on the subject of investments.

Manoj P. Singh -- Mr. Singh’s experience as chief operating officer and global managing director of a global professional services organization that provided accounting, consulting, tax, risk management, and financial advisory services.

Mona K. Sutphen – Ms. Sutphen’s extensive experience advising corporate, philanthropic and institutional investors on the intersection of geopolitics, policy and markets, as well as her prior service as White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy and as a US Foreign Service Officer, her work advising financial services companies on macro risks, and her service as director of public companies

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Interested Trustee

Robert L. Reynolds -- Mr. Reynolds’s extensive experience as a senior executive of one of the largest mutual fund organizations in the United States and his current role as President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments.

Officers

In addition to Robert L. Reynolds, the fund’s President, the other officers of the fund are shown below. All of the officers of your fund are employees of Putnam Management or its affiliates or are members of the Trustees’ independent administrative staff.

Name, Address1, Year of Birth, Position(s) Held with Fund	Length of Service with the Putnam Funds2	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years and Position(s) with Fund’s Investment Adviser and Distributor3
Jonathan S. Horwitz4 (Born 1955) Executive Vice President, Principal Executive Officer, and Compliance Liaison	Since 2004	Executive Vice President, Principal Executive Officer, and Compliance Liaison, The Putnam Funds.
Robert T. Burns (Born 1961) Vice President and Chief Legal Officer	Since 2011	General Counsel, Putnam Investments, Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management.
James F. Clark3 (Born 1974) Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer	Since 2016	Chief Compliance Officer, Putnam Investments and Putnam Management (2016 – Present). Associate General Counsel, Putnam Investments, Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management (2003-2015).
Michael J. Higgins4 (Born 1976) Vice President, Treasurer, and Clerk	Since 2010	Vice President, Treasurer, and Clerk, The Putnam Funds.
Richard T. Kircher (Born 1962) Vice President and BSA Compliance Officer	Since 2019	Assistant Director, Operational Compliance, Putnam Investments and Putnam Retail Management (2015 – Present). Sr. Manager, Operational Compliance, Putnam Investments and Putnam Retail Management (2004-2015).
Janet C. Smith (Born 1965) Vice President, Principal Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer, and Assistant Treasurer	Since 2007	Head of Fund Administration Services, Putnam Investments and Putnam Management.
Susan G. Malloy (Born 1957) Vice President and Assistant Treasurer	Since 2007	Head of Accounting, Middle Office, and Control Services, Putnam Investments, and Putnam Management.
Mark C. Trenchard (Born 1962) Vice President	Since 2002	Director of Operational Compliance, Putnam Investments and Putnam Retail Management.
Nancy E. Florek4 (Born 1957) Vice President, Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate Governance, Assistant Clerk, and Assistant Treasurer	Since 2000	Vice President, Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate Governance, Assistant Clerk, and Assistant Treasurer, The Putnam Funds.
Denere P. Poulack4 (Born 1968) Assistant Vice President, Assistant Clerk, and Assistant Treasurer	Since 2004	Assistant Vice President, Assistant Clerk, and Assistant Treasurer, The Putnam Funds.

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¹The address of each Officer is 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110.

²Each officer serves for an indefinite term, until his or her resignation, retirement, death or removal.

³Prior positions and/or officer appointments with the fund or the fund’s investment adviser and distributor have been omitted.

⁴Officers of the fund indicated are members of the Trustees’ independent administrative staff. Compensation for these individuals is fixed by the Trustees and reimbursed to Putnam Management by the funds.

Except as stated above, the principal occupations of the officers and Trustees for the last five years have been with the employers as shown above, although in some cases they have held different positions with such employers.

Leadership Structure and Standing Committees of the Board of Trustees

For details regarding the number of times the standing committees of the Board of Trustees met during a fund's last fiscal year, see "Trustee responsibilities and fees" in Part I of this SAI.

Board Leadership Structure. Currently, 10 of the 11 Trustees of your fund are Independent Trustees, meaning that they are not considered "interested persons" of your fund or its investment manager. These Independent Trustees must vote separately to approve all financial arrangements and other agreements with your fund’s investment manager and other affiliated parties. The role of independent trustees has been characterized as that of a “watchdog” charged with oversight to protect shareholders’ interests against overreaching and abuse by those who are in a position to control or influence a fund. Your fund’s Independent Trustees meet regularly as a group in executive session (i.e., without representatives of your fund’s investment manager or its affiliates present). An Independent Trustee currently serves as chair of the Board.

Taking into account the number, the diversity and the complexity of the funds overseen by the Board and the aggregate amount of assets under management, your fund’s Trustees have determined that the efficient conduct of the Board's affairs makes it desirable to delegate responsibility for certain specific matters to committees of the Board. The Executive Committee, Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee, and Board Policy and Nominating Committee are authorized to take action on certain matters as specified in their charters or in policies and procedures relating to the governance of the funds; with respect to other matters, these committees review and evaluate and make recommendations to the Trustees as they deem appropriate. The other committees also review and evaluate matters specified in their charters and make recommendations to the Trustees as they deem appropriate. Each committee may utilize the resources of your fund’s independent staff, counsel and independent registered public accountants as well as other experts. The committees meet as often as appropriate, either in conjunction with regular meetings of the Trustees or otherwise. The membership and chair of each committee are appointed by the Trustees upon recommendation of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee. Each committee is chaired by an Independent Trustee and, except as noted below, the membership and chairs of each committee consist exclusively of Independent Trustees.

The Trustees have determined that this committee structure also allows the Board to focus more effectively on the oversight of risk as part of its broader oversight of the fund's affairs. While risk management is the primary responsibility of the fund's investment manager, the Trustees receive reports regarding investment risks, compliance risks and other risks. The Board and certain committees also meet periodically with the funds’ Chief Compliance Officer to receive compliance reports. In addition, the Board and its Investment Oversight Committees meet periodically with the portfolio managers of the funds to receive reports regarding the management of the funds. The Board's committee structure allows separate committees to focus on different aspects of these risks and their potential impact on some or all of the funds and to discuss with the fund's investment manager how it monitors and controls risks.

The Board recognizes that the reports it receives concerning risk management matters are, by their nature, typically summaries of the relevant information. Moreover, the Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect your fund can be identified in advance; that it may not be practical or cost effective to eliminate or to

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mitigate certain risks; that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) in seeking to achieve your fund’s investment objectives; and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. As a result of the foregoing and for other reasons, the Board’s risk management oversight is subject to substantial limitations.

Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee. The Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee provides oversight on matters relating to the integrity of the funds’ financial statements, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, the performance of each fund’s internal audit function, Codes of Ethics issues, and certain aspects of overseeing Putnam Management’s risk assessment and risk management. This oversight is discharged by regularly meeting with management and the funds’ independent registered public accountants and remaining current with respect to industry developments. Duties of this Committee also include the review and evaluation of all matters and relationships pertaining to the funds’ independent registered public accountants, including their independence, and the review of Putnam Management’s oversight of the funds’ significant other service providers (unless another committee, or the Board, has this responsibility). The Committee also oversees all dividends and distributions by the funds. The Committee makes recommendations to the Trustees of the funds regarding the amount and timing of dividends and distributions paid by the funds, and determines such matters when the Trustees are not in session. The Committee also oversees the policies and procedures pursuant to which Putnam Management prepares recommendations for dividends and distributions, and meets regularly with representatives of Putnam Management to review the implementation of these policies and procedures. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The members of the Committee include only Independent Trustees. Each member of the Committee also is “independent,” as that term is interpreted for purposes of Rule 10A-3(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and the listing standards of the NYSE. The Board has adopted a written charter for the Committee, a current copy of which is available at putnam.com/about-putnam. The current members are Messrs. Singh (Chair) and Akhoury, Drs. Hill and Joskow, and Ms. Domotorffy.

Board Policy and Nominating Committee. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee reviews matters pertaining to the operations of the Board of Trustees and its Committees, the compensation of the Trustees and their staff, and the conduct of legal affairs for the funds. The Committee evaluates and recommends all candidates for election as Trustees and recommends the appointment of members and chairs of each board committee. The Committee will consider nominees for Trustee recommended by shareholders of a fund provided that such recommendations are submitted by the date disclosed in the fund’s proxy statement and otherwise comply with applicable securities laws, including Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act. The Committee also reviews policy matters affecting the operation of the Board and its independent staff. In addition, the Committee oversees the voting of proxies associated with portfolio investments of the funds with the goal of ensuring that these proxies are voted in the best interest of the funds’ shareholders. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee generally believes that the Board benefits from diversity of background, experience and views among its members, and considers this as a factor in evaluating the composition of the Board, but has not adopted any specific policy in this regard. The Committee is composed entirely of Independent Trustees. The current members are Dr. Joskow (Chairp), Messrs. Leibler and Putnam, and Ms. Baumann.

Brokerage Committee. The Brokerage Committee reviews the funds' policies regarding the execution of portfolio trades and Putnam Management's (and its affiliates’) practices and procedures relating to the implementation of those policies. The Committee reviews periodic reports on the cost and quality of execution of portfolio transactions and the extent to which brokerage commissions have been used (i) by Putnam Management (or its affiliates) to obtain brokerage and research services generally useful to it (or its affiliates) in managing the portfolios of the funds and of its other clients, and (ii) by the funds to pay for certain fund expenses. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee is composed entirely of Independent Trustees. The current members are Messrs. Ahamed (Chair), Leibler and Putnam, and Mses. Baumann and Sutphen.

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Contract Committee. The Contract Committee reviews and evaluates at least annually all arrangements pertaining to (i) the engagement of Putnam Management and its affiliates to provide services to the funds, (ii) the expenditure of the funds' assets for distribution purposes pursuant to Distribution Plans of the funds, and (iii) the engagement of other persons to provide material services to the funds, including in particular those instances where the cost of services is shared between the funds and Putnam Management and its affiliates or where Putnam Management or its affiliates have a material interest. The Committee also reviews the proposed organization of new fund products, proposed structural changes to existing funds and certain matters relating to closed-end funds. In addition, the Committee also reviews communications with, and the quality of services provided to, shareholders and oversees the marketing and sale of fund shares by Putnam Retail Management. The Committee reports and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee is composed entirely of Independent Trustees. The current members are Messrs. Putnam (Chair), Ahamed and Leibler, and Mses. Baumann and Sutphen.

Executive Committee. The functions of the Executive Committee are twofold. The first is to ensure that the funds’ business may be conducted at times when it is not feasible to convene a meeting of the Trustees or for the Trustees to act by written consent. The Committee may exercise any or all of the power and authority of the Trustees when the Trustees are not in session. The second is to review annual and ongoing goals, objectives and priorities for the Board and to facilitate coordination of all efforts between the Trustees and Putnam Management on behalf of the shareholders of the funds. The Committee currently consists of Messrs. Leibler (Chair) and Putnam, and Ms. Baumann.

Investment Oversight Committees. The Investment Oversight Committees regularly meet with investment personnel of Putnam Management and its affiliates to review the investment performance and strategies of the funds in light of their stated goals and policies. The Committees seek to identify any compliance issues that are unique to the applicable categories of funds and work with the appropriate board committees to ensure that any such issues are properly addressed. The Committees review the proposed investment objectives, policies and restrictions of new fund products and proposed changes to investment objectives, policies and restrictions of existing funds. The current members of Investment Oversight Committee A are Mses. Domotorffy (Chair) and Sutphen, Dr. Joskow, and Messrs. Ahamed, Reynolds, and Singh, and the current members of Investment Oversight Committee B are Messrs. Akhoury (Chair), Leibler and Putnam, Dr. Hill, and Ms. Baumann.

Pricing Committee. The Pricing Committee oversees the valuation of assets of the Putnam funds and reviews the funds’ policies and procedures for achieving accurate and timely pricing of fund shares. The Committee oversees implementation of these policies, including fair value determinations of individual securities made by Putnam Management or other designated agents of the funds. The Committee also reviews (i) compliance by money market funds with Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act, (ii) in-kind redemptions by the fund affiliates, (iii) the correction of occasional pricing errors, and (iv) Putnam Management’s oversight of pricing vendors. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee is composed entirely of Independent Trustees. The current members are Messrs. Singh (Chair) and Akhoury, Drs. Hill and Joskow, and Ms. Domotorffy.

Indemnification of Trustees

The Agreement and Declaration of Trust of each fund provides that the fund will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the fund, except if it has been finally adjudicated that (a) they have not acted in good faith, (b) they have not acted in the reasonable belief that their actions were (i) in the best interests of the fund or (ii) at least were not opposed to the best interests of the fund, (c) in the case of a criminal proceeding, they had reasonable cause to believe the action was unlawful or (d) they were liable to the fund or its shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. The fund, at its expense, provides liability insurance for the benefit of its Trustees and officers.

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For details of Trustees’ fees paid by the fund and information concerning retirement guidelines for the Trustees, see “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI.

Putnam Management and its Affiliates

Putnam Management is one of America’s oldest and largest money management firms. Putnam Management’s staff of experienced portfolio managers and research analysts selects securities and constantly supervises the fund’s portfolio. By pooling an investor’s money with that of other investors, a greater variety of securities can be purchased than would be the case individually; the resulting diversification helps reduce investment risk. Putnam Management has been managing mutual funds since 1937.

Putnam Management is a subsidiary of Putnam Investments. Great-West Lifeco Inc., a financial services holding company with operations in Canada, the United States and Europe and a member of the Power Financial Corporation group of companies, owns a majority interest in Putnam Investments. Power Financial Corporation, a diversified management and holding company with direct and indirect interests in the financial services sector in Canada, the United States and Europe, is a subsidiary of Power Corporation of Canada, a diversified international management and holding company with interests in companies in the financial services, communications and other business sectors. The Desmarais Family Residuary Trust, a trust established pursuant to the Last Will and Testament of the Honourable Paul G. Desmarais, directly and indirectly controls a majority of the voting shares of Power Corporation of Canada.

Trustees and officers of the fund who are also officers of Putnam Management or its affiliates or who are stockholders of Putnam Investments or its parent companies will benefit from the advisory fees, sales commissions, distribution fees and transfer agency fees paid or allowed by the fund.

The Management Contract

Under a Management Contract between the fund and Putnam Management, subject to such policies as the Trustees may determine, Putnam Management, at its expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for the fund and makes investment decisions on behalf of the fund. Subject to the control of the Trustees, Putnam Management also manages, supervises and conducts the other affairs and business of the fund, furnishes office space and equipment, provides bookkeeping and clerical services (including determination of the fund’s net asset value, but excluding shareholder accounting services) and places all orders for the purchase and sale of the fund’s portfolio securities. Putnam Management may place fund portfolio transactions with broker-dealers that furnish Putnam Management, without cost to it, certain research, statistical and quotation services of value to Putnam Management and its affiliates in advising the fund and other clients. In so doing, Putnam Management may cause the fund to pay greater brokerage commissions than it might otherwise pay.

For details of Putnam Management’s compensation under the Management Contract, see “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI. Putnam Management’s compensation under the Management Contract may be reduced in any year if the fund’s expenses exceed the limits on investment company expenses imposed by any statute or regulatory authority of any jurisdiction in which shares of the fund are qualified for offer or sale. The term “expenses” is defined in the statutes or regulations of such jurisdictions, and generally excludes brokerage commissions, taxes, interest, extraordinary expenses and, if the fund has a distribution plan, payments made under such plan.

Fund-specific expense limitation. Under the Management Contract, Putnam Management may reduce its compensation to the extent that the fund’s expenses exceed such lower expense limitation as Putnam Management may, by notice to the fund, declare to be effective. For the purpose of determining any such limitation on Putnam Management’s compensation, expenses of the fund shall not reflect the application of commissions or cash management credits that may reduce designated fund expenses. The terms of any such expense limitation specific to a particular fund are described in the prospectus and/or Part I of this SAI.

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General expense limitation.

For retail open-end funds except Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Equity Fund, Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, Putnam RetirementReady® Funds, and Putnam Short-Term Investment Fund. As of December 1, 2019, through the expiration of the one-year period following the effective date of the next annual update of each fund’s registration statement, Putnam Management will waive fees and/or reimburse expenses of the fund to the extent necessary to limit the cumulative expenses of the fund, exclusive of brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses (including borrowing costs, i.e., short selling and lines of credit costs), extraordinary expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses, and payments under the fund’s investor servicing contract, the fund’s investment management contract (including any applicable performance-based upward or downward adjustment to a fund’s base management fee), and the fund’s distribution plans, to an annual (measured on a fiscal year basis) rate of 0.20% of the fund’s average net assets.

For Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Equity Fund Only: Putnam Management has contractually agreed to waive fees and/or reimburse expenses of the fund through September 30, 2021 to the extent necessary to limit the cumulative expenses of the fund, exclusive of brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses (including borrowing costs, i.e., short selling and lines of credit costs), extraordinary expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses, and payments under the fund’s investor servicing contract, the fund’s investment management contract, and the fund’s distribution plans, to an annual (measured on a fiscal year basis) rate of 0.02% of the fund’s average net assets.

For all funds: In addition to the fee paid to Putnam Management, the fund reimburses Putnam Management for the compensation and related expenses of certain officers of the fund and their assistants who provide certain administrative services for the fund and the other Putnam funds, each of which bears an allocated share of the foregoing costs. The aggregate amount of all such payments and reimbursements is determined annually by the Trustees.

The amount of this reimbursement for the fund’s most recent fiscal year is included in “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI. Putnam Management pays all other salaries of officers of the fund. The fund pays all expenses not assumed by Putnam Management including, without limitation, auditing, legal, custodial, investor servicing and shareholder reporting expenses. The fund pays the cost of typesetting for its prospectuses and the cost of printing and mailing any prospectuses sent to its shareholders. Putnam Retail Management pays the cost of printing and distributing all other prospectuses.

The Management Contract provides that Putnam Management shall not be subject to any liability to the fund or to any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its duties on the part of Putnam Management.

The Management Contract may be terminated without penalty by vote of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by Putnam Management, on not less than 60 days’ written notice. It may be amended only by a vote of the shareholders of the fund. The Management Contract also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. The Management Contract provides that it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” as defined in the 1940 Act.

Putnam Management has entered into a Master Sub-Accounting Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company ("State Street"), under which Putnam Management has delegated to State Street responsibility for providing certain administrative, pricing, and bookkeeping services for the fund. Putnam Management pays State Street a fee, monthly, based on a combination of fixed annual charges and charges

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based on the fund's assets and the number and types of securities held by the fund, and reimburses State Street for certain out-of-pocket expenses.

The Sub-Manager

If so disclosed in the fund’s prospectus, PIL, an affiliate of Putnam Management, has been retained as the sub-manager for a portion of the assets of the fund, as determined by Putnam Management from time to time, pursuant to a sub-management agreement between Putnam Management and PIL. Under the terms of the sub-management contract, PIL, at its own expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for that portion of each such fund that is allocated to PIL from time to time by Putnam Management and makes investment decisions on behalf of such portion of the fund, subject to the supervision of Putnam Management. Putnam Management may also, at its discretion, request PIL to provide assistance with purchasing and selling securities for the fund, including placement of orders with certain broker-dealers. PIL, at its expense, furnishes all necessary investment and management facilities, including salaries of personnel, required for it to execute its duties.

The sub-management contract provides that PIL shall not be subject to any liability to Putnam Management, the fund or any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties on the part of PIL.

The sub-management contract may be terminated with respect to a fund without penalty by vote of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by PIL or Putnam Management, on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice. The sub-management contract also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. Subject to applicable law, it may be amended by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. The sub-management contract provides that it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” as defined in the 1940 Act.

The Sub-Adviser

The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC

If so disclosed in the fund’s prospectus, PAC, an affiliate of Putnam Management, has been retained as a sub-adviser for a portion of the assets of the fund, as determined from time to time by Putnam Management or, with respect to portions of a fund’s assets for which PIL acts as sub-manager as described above, by PIL pursuant to a sub-advisory contract among Putnam Management, PIL and PAC. Under certain terms of the sub-advisory contract, PAC, at its own expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for that portion of each such fund that is allocated to PAC from time to time by Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable and makes investment decisions on behalf of such portion of the fund, subject to the supervision of Putnam Management or PIL, as the case may be. Putnam Management or PIL, as the case may be, may also, at its discretion, request PAC to provide assistance with purchasing and selling securities for the fund, including placement of orders with certain broker-dealers.

PAC, at its expense, furnishes all necessary investment and management facilities, including salaries of personnel, required for it to execute its duties. The sub-advisory contract provides that PAC shall not be subject to any liability to Putnam Management, PIL, the fund or any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties on the part of PAC.

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The sub-advisory contract may be terminated with respect to a fund without penalty by vote of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by PAC, PIL or Putnam Management, on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice. The sub-advisory contract also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. Subject to applicable law, it may be amended by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. The sub-advisory contract provides that it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” as defined in the 1940 Act.

PanAgora Asset Management, Inc.

If so disclosed in the fund’s prospectus, PanAgora, an affiliate of Putnam Management, has been retained as the sub-adviser for a portion of the assets of the fund, as determined from time to time by Putnam Management, by Putnam Management pursuant to a sub-advisory agreement between Putnam Management and PanAgora.

PanAgora, a Delaware corporation organized in 1985 and incorporated in 1989, is located at One International Place, 24th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02110. The voting interests in PanAgora are owned by Power Financial Corporation (through a series of subsidiaries, including Great West Lifeco Inc. and Putnam Investments, LLC). In addition, certain PanAgora employees own non-voting interests in PanAgora. Assuming all employee stock and options are issued and exercised, up to 20% of the economic interest in PanAgora would be owned by PanAgora employees.

Under certain terms of the sub-advisory agreement, PanAgora, at its own expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for that portion of each such fund that is allocated to PanAgora from time to time by Putnam Management, and makes investment decisions on behalf of such portion of the fund, subject to the supervision of the Board of Trustees and Putnam Management.

PanAgora, at its expense, furnishes all necessary investment and management facilities, including salaries of personnel, required for it to execute its duties. The sub-advisory agreement provides that PanAgora shall not be subject to any liability to Putnam Management, the fund or any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties on the part of PanAgora.

The sub-advisory agreement may be terminated with respect to a fund without penalty by vote of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by PanAgora or Putnam Management, on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice. The sub-advisory agreement also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. Subject to applicable law, it may be amended by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. The sub-advisory agreement provides that it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” as defined in the 1940 Act.

Portfolio Transactions

Potential conflicts of interest in managing multiple accounts.

Putnam Management

Like other investment professionals with multiple clients, the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s) may face certain potential conflicts of interest in connection with managing both the fund and the other accounts listed under “PORTFOLIO MANAGER(S)” “Other accounts managed” at the same time. The paragraphs below

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describe some of these potential conflicts, which Putnam Management believes are faced by investment professionals at most major financial firms. As described below, Putnam Management and the Trustees of the Putnam funds have adopted compliance policies and procedures that attempt to address certain of these potential conflicts.

The management of accounts with different advisory fee rates and/or fee structures, including accounts that pay advisory fees based on account performance (“performance fee accounts”), may raise potential conflicts of interest by creating an incentive to favor higher-fee accounts. These potential conflicts may include, among others:

• The most attractive investments could be allocated to higher-fee accounts or performance fee accounts.

• The trading of higher-fee accounts could be favored as to timing and/or execution price. For example, higher-fee accounts could be permitted to sell securities earlier than other accounts when a prompt sale is desirable or to buy securities at an earlier and more opportune time.

• The trading of other accounts could be used to benefit higher-fee accounts (front-running).

• The investment management team could focus their time and efforts primarily on higher-fee accounts due to a personal stake in compensation.

Putnam Management attempts to address these potential conflicts of interest relating to higher-fee accounts through various compliance policies that are generally intended to place all accounts, regardless of fee structure, on the same footing for investment management purposes. For example, under Putnam Management’s policies:

• Performance fee accounts must be included in all standard trading and allocation procedures with all other accounts.

• All accounts must be allocated to a specific category of account and trade in parallel with allocations of similar accounts based on the procedures generally applicable to all accounts in those groups (e.g., based on relative risk budgets of accounts).

• All trading must be effected through Putnam’s trading desks and normal queues and procedures must be followed (i.e., no special treatment is permitted for performance fee accounts or higher-fee accounts based on account fee structure).

• Front running is strictly prohibited.

• Except as provided in Part I of this SAI, the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s) may not be guaranteed or specifically allocated any portion of a performance fee.

As part of these policies, Putnam Management has also implemented trade oversight and review procedures in order to monitor whether particular accounts (including higher-fee accounts or performance fee accounts) are being favored over time.

Potential conflicts of interest may also arise when the Portfolio Manager(s) have personal investments in other accounts that may create an incentive to favor those accounts. As a general matter and subject to limited exceptions, Putnam Management’s investment professionals do not have the opportunity to invest in client accounts, other than the Putnam funds. However, in the ordinary course of business, Putnam Management or related persons may from time to time establish “pilot” or “incubator” accounts for the purpose of testing proposed investment strategies and products before offering them to clients. These pilot accounts may be in the form of registered investment companies, private funds such as partnerships or separate accounts established by Putnam Management or an affiliate. Putnam Management or an affiliate supplies the funding for these accounts. Putnam employees, including the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s), may also invest in certain pilot accounts. Putnam Management, and to the extent applicable, the Portfolio Manager(s) will benefit from the favorable investment performance of pilot accounts. Pilot funds and accounts may, and frequently do, invest in the same securities as the client accounts. Putnam Management’s policy is to treat pilot accounts in the same manner as client accounts for purposes of trading allocation – neither favoring nor disfavoring them except as

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is legally required. For example, pilot accounts are normally included in Putnam Management’s daily block trades to the same extent as client accounts (except that pilot accounts do not participate in initial public offerings).

A potential conflict of interest may arise when the fund and other accounts purchase or sell the same securities. On occasions when the Portfolio Manager(s) consider the purchase or sale of a security to be in the best interests of the fund as well as other accounts, Putnam Management’s trading desk may, to the extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations and where practicable, aggregate the securities to be sold or purchased in order to obtain the best execution and lower brokerage commissions, if any. Aggregation of trades may create the potential for unfairness to the fund or another account if one account is favored over another in allocating the securities purchased or sold – for example, by allocating a disproportionate amount of a security that is likely to increase in value to a favored account. Putnam Management’s trade allocation policies generally provide that each day’s transactions in securities that are purchased or sold by multiple accounts are, insofar as possible, averaged as to price and allocated between such accounts (including the fund) in a manner which in Putnam Management’s opinion is equitable to each account and in accordance with the amount being purchased or sold by each account. However, accounts advised or sub-advised by PIL will only place trades at an execution-only commission rate, whereas other Putnam accounts may pay an additional amount for research and other products and services (a “bundled” or “full service” rate). Putnam Management may aggregate trades in PIL accounts with other Putnam accounts that pay a bundled rate as long as all participating accounts pay the same execution rate. To the extent that non-PIL accounts pay a bundled rate, the PIL and other Putnam Management accounts would not be paying the same total commission rate. Certain other exceptions exist for specialty, regional or sector accounts. Trade allocations are reviewed on a periodic basis as part of Putnam Management’s trade oversight procedures in an attempt to ensure fairness over time across accounts.

“Cross trades,” in which one Putnam account sells a particular security to another account (potentially saving transaction costs for both accounts), may also pose a potential conflict of interest. Cross trades may be seen to involve a potential conflict of interest if, for example, one account is permitted to sell a security to another account at a higher price than an independent third party would pay, or if such trades result in more attractive investments being allocated to higher-fee accounts. Putnam Management and the fund’s Trustees have adopted compliance procedures that provide that any transactions between the fund and another Putnam-advised account are to be made at an independent current market price, as required by law.

Another potential conflict of interest may arise based on the different goals and strategies of the fund and other accounts. For example, another account may have a shorter-term investment horizon or different goals, policies or restrictions than the fund. Depending on goals or other factors, the Portfolio Manager(s) may give advice and make decisions for another account that may differ from advice given, or the timing or nature of decisions made, with respect to the fund. In addition, investment decisions are the product of many factors in addition to basic suitability for the particular account involved. Thus, a particular security may be bought or sold for certain accounts even though it could have been bought or sold for other accounts at the same time. More rarely, a particular security may be bought for one or more accounts managed by the Portfolio Manager(s) when one or more other accounts are selling the security (including short sales). There may be circumstances when purchases or sales of portfolio securities for one or more accounts may have an adverse effect on other accounts. As noted above, Putnam Management has implemented trade oversight and review procedures to monitor whether any account is systematically favored over time.

Under federal securities laws, a short sale of a security by another client of Putnam Management or its affiliates (other than another registered investment company) within five business days prior to a public offering of the same securities (the timing of which is generally not known to Putnam in advance) may prohibit the fund from participating in the public offering, which could cause the fund to miss an otherwise favorable investment opportunity or to pay a higher price for the securities in the secondary markets.

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The fund’s Portfolio Manager(s) may also face other potential conflicts of interest in managing the fund, and the description above is not a complete description of every conflict that could be deemed to exist in managing both the fund and other accounts. For information on restrictions imposed on personal securities transactions of the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s), please see “Personal Investments by Employees of Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management and Officers and Trustees of the Fund.”

PanAgora

The portfolio managers’ management of other accounts may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts include retirement plans and separately managed accounts (“SMA’s”), as well as incubated accounts. The other accounts might have similar investment objectives as the fund, or hold, purchase or sell securities that are eligible to be held, purchased or sold by the fund. While the portfolio managers’ management of other accounts may give rise to the following potential conflicts of interest, PanAgora does not believe that the conflicts, if any, are material or, to the extent any such conflicts are material, PanAgora believes that it has designed policies and procedures to manage those conflicts in an appropriate way.

A potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the portfolio managers’ day-to-day management of the fund. Because of their positions with the fund, the portfolio managers know the size, timing and possible market impact of the fund’s trades. It is theoretically possible that the portfolio managers could use this information to the advantage of other accounts they manage and to the possible detriment of the fund. However, PanAgora has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to allocate investment opportunities on a fair and equitable basis over time.

A potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the portfolio managers’ management of the fund, and other accounts, which, in theory, may allow them to allocate investment opportunities in a way that favors other accounts over the fund. This conflict of interest may be exacerbated to the extent that PanAgora or the portfolio managers receive, or expect to receive, greater compensation from their management of the other accounts than the fund. Notwithstanding this theoretical conflict of interest, it is PanAgora’s policy to manage each account based on its investment objectives and related restrictions and, as discussed above, PanAgora has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to allocate investment opportunities on a fair and equitable basis over time and in a manner consistent with each account’s investment objectives and related restrictions. For example, while the portfolio managers may buy for other accounts securities that differ in identity or quantity from securities bought for the fund, such securities might not be suitable for the fund given its investment objective and related restrictions.

For information about other funds and accounts managed by the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s), please refer to “Who oversees and manages the fund(s)?” in the prospectus and “PORTFOLIO MANAGER(S)” “Other accounts managed” in Part I of the SAI.

Brokerage and research services.

Transactions on stock exchanges, commodities markets and futures markets and other agency transactions involve the payment by the fund of negotiated brokerage commissions. Such commissions may vary among different brokers. A particular broker may charge different commissions according to such factors as execution venue and exchange. Although the fund does not typically pay commissions for principal transactions in the over-the-counter markets, such as the markets for most fixed income securities and certain derivatives, an undisclosed amount of profit or “mark-up” is included in the price the fund pays. In underwritten offerings, the price paid by the fund includes a disclosed, fixed commission or discount retained by the underwriter or dealer. See "Charges and expenses" in Part I of this SAI for information concerning commissions paid by the fund.

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It has for many years been a common practice in the investment advisory business for broker-dealers that execute portfolio transactions for the clients of advisers of investment companies and other institutional investors to provide those advisers with brokerage and research services, as defined in Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act. Consistent with this practice, Putnam Management receives brokerage and research services from broker-dealers with which Putnam Management places the fund's portfolio transactions. The products and services that broker-dealers may provide to Putnam Management’s managers and analysts include, among others, trading systems and other brokerage services, economic and political analysis, fundamental and macro investment research, industry and company reviews, statistical information, market data, evaluations of investments, strategies, markets and trading venues, recommendations as to the purchase and sale of investments, performance measurement services and meetings with management of current or prospective portfolio companies or with industry experts. Some of these services are of value to Putnam Management and its affiliates in advising various of their clients (including the fund), although not all of these services are necessarily useful and of value in managing the fund. Research services provided by broker-dealers are supplemental to Putnam Management’s own research efforts and relieve Putnam Management of expenses it might otherwise have borne in generating such research. The management fee paid by the fund is not reduced because Putnam Management and its affiliates receive brokerage and research services even though Putnam Management might otherwise be required to purchase some of these services for cash. Putnam Management may also use portfolio transactions to generate “soft dollar” credits to pay for “mixed-use” services (i.e., products or services that may be used both for investment/brokerage- and non-investment/brokerage-related purposes), but in such instances Putnam Management uses its own resources to pay for that portion of the mixed-use product or service that in its good-faith judgment does not relate to investment or brokerage purposes. Putnam Management may also allocate trades to generate soft dollar credits for third-party investment research reports and related fundamental research.

Putnam Management places all orders for the purchase and sale of portfolio investments for the funds, and buys and sells investments for the funds, through a substantial number of brokers and dealers. In selecting broker-dealers to execute the funds’ portfolio transactions, Putnam Management uses its best efforts to obtain for each fund the most favorable price and execution reasonably available under the circumstances, except to the extent it may be permitted to pay higher brokerage commissions as described below. In seeking the most favorable price and execution and in considering the overall reasonableness of the brokerage commissions paid, Putnam Management, having in mind the fund's best interests, considers all factors it deems relevant, including, in no particular order of importance, and by way of illustration, the price, size and type of the transaction, the nature of the market for the security or other investment, the amount of the commission, research and brokerage services provided by a broker-dealer (except that research is not a factor in selecting broker-dealers in the case of funds sub-advised by PIL), the timing of the transaction taking into account market prices and trends, the reputation, experience and financial stability of the broker-dealer involved, the benefit of any capital committed by a broker-dealer to facilitate the efficient execution of the transaction and the quality of service rendered by the broker-dealer in other transactions.

Except with respect to research services for funds sub-advised by PIL, Putnam Management may cause the fund to pay a broker-dealer that provides "brokerage and research services" (as defined in the Exchange Act and as described above) to Putnam Management an amount of disclosed commission for effecting securities transactions on stock exchanges and other transactions for the fund on an agency basis in excess of the commission another broker-dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction. Putnam Management may also instruct an executing broker to “step out” a portion of the trades placed with a broker to other brokers that provide brokerage and research services to Putnam Management. Putnam Management's authority to cause the fund to pay any such greater commissions or to instruct a broker to “step out” a portion of a trade is subject to the requirements of applicable law and such policies as the Trustees may adopt from time to time. It is the position of the staff of the SEC that Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act does not apply to the payment of such greater commissions in "principal" transactions. Accordingly, Putnam Management will use its best effort to obtain the most favorable price and execution available with respect to such transactions, as described above.

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PIL may not obtain research using brokerage commissions paid by funds sub-advised by PIL. PIL will use only “hard dollars” (i.e., from its own resources) to acquire external research used by London-based personnel, including fixed income personnel.

The Trustees of the funds have directed Putnam Management, subject to seeking most favorable pricing and execution, to use its best efforts to allocate a portion of overall fund trades to trading programs which generate commission credits to pay fund expenses (other than funds for which PIL serves as sub-adviser) such as shareholder servicing and custody charges. The extent of any commission credits generated for this purpose may vary significantly from time to time and from fund to fund depending on, among other things, the nature of each fund's trading activities and market conditions.

The Management Contract provides that commissions, fees, brokerage or similar payments received by Putnam Management or an affiliate in connection with the purchase and sale of portfolio investments of the fund, less any direct expenses approved by the Trustees, shall be recaptured by the fund through a reduction of the fee payable by the fund under the Management Contract. Putnam Management seeks to recapture for the fund soliciting dealer fees on the tender of the fund's portfolio securities in tender or exchange offers. Any such fees which may be recaptured are likely to be minor in amount.

Principal Underwriter

Putnam Retail Management, located at 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110, is the principal underwriter of shares of the fund and the other continuously offered Putnam funds (other than Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio, which does not have a principal underwriter). Putnam Retail Management is not obligated to sell any specific amount of shares of the fund and will purchase shares for resale only against orders for shares. See “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI for information on sales charges and other payments received by Putnam Retail Management.

Personal Investments by Employees of Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management and Officers and Trustees of the Fund

Employees of Putnam Management, PIL, PAC, PanAgora and Putnam Retail Management and officers and Trustees of the fund are subject to significant restrictions on engaging in personal securities transactions. These restrictions are set forth in the Codes of Ethics adopted by Putnam Management, PIL, PAC and Putnam Retail Management (the “Putnam Investments Code of Ethics”), by PanAgora (the “PanAgora Code of Ethics”) and by the fund (the “Putnam Funds Code of Ethics” and each of the Putnam Investments Code of Ethics, the PanAgora Code of Ethics and the Putnam Funds Code of Ethics, a “Code of Ethics”). Each Code of Ethics, in accordance with Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act, contain provisions and requirements designed to identify and address certain conflicts of interest between personal investment activities and the interests of the fund.

The Putnam Investments Code of Ethics and, as applicable, the PanAgora Code of Ethics do not prohibit personnel from investing in securities that may be purchased or held by the fund. However, each Code of Ethics, consistent with standards recommended by the Investment Company Institute’s Advisory Group on Personal Investing and requirements established by Rule 17j-1 and rules adopted under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, among other things, prohibits personal securities investments without pre-clearance, imposes time periods during which personal transactions may not be made in certain securities by employees with access to investment information, and requires the timely submission of broker confirmations and quarterly reporting of personal securities transactions. Additional restrictions apply to portfolio managers, traders, research analysts and others involved in the investment advisory process.

The Putnam Funds Code of Ethics incorporates and applies the restrictions of the Putnam Investments Code of Ethics to officers and Trustees of the fund who are affiliated with Putnam Investments. The Putnam Funds Code of Ethics does not prohibit unaffiliated officers and Trustees from investing in securities that may be held by the fund; however, the Putnam Funds Code of Ethics regulates the personal securities transactions of

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unaffiliated Trustees of the fund, including limiting the time periods during which they may personally buy and sell certain securities and requiring them to submit reports of personal securities transactions under certain circumstances.

The fund’s Trustees, in compliance with Rule 17j-1, approved each Code of Ethics and are required to approve any material changes to each Code of Ethics. The Trustees also provide continued oversight of personal investment policies and annually evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of each Code of Ethics.

Investor Servicing Agent

Putnam Investor Services, located at 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110, is the fund’s investor servicing agent (transfer, plan and dividend disbursing agent), for which it receives fees that are paid monthly by the fund (other than Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio, which does not pay fees to Putnam Investor Services).

For all funds other than the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds and Putnam RetirementReady® Funds, the fee paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to assets attributable to non-defined contribution plan accounts (which include accounts maintained directly with the fund, accounts underlying omnibus accounts maintained by financial intermediaries with the fund, accounts of Section 529 college savings plans that are allocated to the fund and accounts of certain funds that operate as funds-of-funds that are allocated to the fund (collectively “retail accounts”)) holding class A, class B, class C, class M, class N, class R and class Y shares, subject to certain limitations, is an annual fee that includes (1) a per account fee for each retail account of the fund that is applicable to the funds in its specified product category, and (2) a fee based on a specified rate of each fund’s average daily net assets that is based on the rate applicable to the funds in its specified product category. The fund categories used for purposes of calculating the per account fee described above are based on product type. The accounts of 529 plans are included in the determination of the number of accounts at the underlying fund level in proportion to the percentage of the investing fund’s net assets that are invested in the particular underlying fund.

For the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, the fees paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to class A, class C, class R, class R3, class R4, class R5, class R6 and class Y shares, are based on a specified rate of the fund’s average daily net assets attributable to each such class of shares.

For the Putnam RetirementReady® Funds, the fees paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to assets attributable to retail accounts holding class A, class B, class C, class R and class Y shares, are based on a specified rate of the fund’s average daily net assets attributable to such retail accounts.

The fees paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to defined contribution plan accounts holding class A, class B, class C, class R and class Y shares are based on a specified rate of the average of the net assets attributable to such defined contribution plan accounts invested in a fund as of the end of the month and the end of the prior month.

As of June 26, 2020, except with respect to the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, Putnam Investor Services has agreed, through the later of the one year period following the effective date of the next annual update of each fund’s registration statement or August 31, 2021, that the aggregate investor servicing fees for the fund’s retail and defined contribution plan accounts will not exceed an annual rate of 0.250% of the fund’s average daily net assets attributable to such accounts.

Other than for the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, the fee paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to class R5 shares is based on an annual rate of 0.15% of each fund’s average daily net assets attributable to class R5 shares, except that an annual rate of 0.12% of each fund’s average daily net assets attributable to class R5 shares applies to Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Conservative Fund, Putnam Global Income Trust and Putnam Income Fund.

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For all funds other than the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, the fee paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to class R6 shares is based on an annual rate of 0.05% of each fund’s average daily net assets attributable to class R6 shares.

The fee paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to class I, class G and class P shares is based on an annual rate of 0.01% of each fund’s average daily net assets attributable to class I shares, class G and class P shares, respectively.

No fee is paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to shares of Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio.

Financial intermediaries (including brokers, dealers, banks, bank trust departments, registered investment advisers, financial planners, and retirement plan administrators) may own shares of the fund for the benefit of their customers in an omnibus account (including retirement plans). In these circumstances, the financial intermediaries or other third parties may provide certain sub-accounting and similar recordkeeping services for their customers’ accounts.

In recognition of these services, Putnam Investor Services may make payments to these financial intermediaries or other third parties. Payments may be based on the number of underlying accounts in an omnibus account or the assets or share class held in an account. Putnam Investor Services also makes payments to financial intermediaries that charge networking fees for certain services provided in connection with the maintenance of shareholder accounts. These payments are described above under the heading “Distribution Plans – Additional Dealer Payments.”

Custodian

State Street Bank and Trust Company, located at 2 Avenue de Lafayette, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, is the fund’s custodian and the custodian of each Subsidiary. State Street is responsible for safeguarding and controlling the fund’s cash and securities, handling the receipt and delivery of securities, collecting interest and dividends on the fund’s investments, serving as the fund’s foreign custody manager, providing reports on foreign securities depositaries, making payments covering the expenses of the fund and performing other administrative duties. State Street does not determine the investment policies of the fund or decide which securities the fund will buy or sell. State Street has a lien on the fund’s assets to secure charges and advances made by it. The fund may from time to time enter into brokerage arrangements that reduce or recapture fund expenses, including custody expenses. The fund also has an offset arrangement that may reduce the fund’s custody fee based on the amount of cash maintained by its custodian.

Counsel to the Fund and the Independent Trustees

Ropes & Gray LLP serves as counsel to the fund and the Independent Trustees, and is located at Prudential Tower, 800 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02199.

DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE

The fund determines the net asset value per share of each class of shares once each day the NYSE is open. Currently, the NYSE is closed Saturdays, Sundays and the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. The fund determines net asset value as of the close of regular trading on the NYSE, normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The net asset value per share of each class equals the total value of its assets, less its liabilities, divided by the number of its outstanding shares.

Assets of money market funds are valued at amortized cost pursuant to Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act. For other funds, securities and other assets (“Securities”) for which market quotations are readily available are valued at prices which, in the opinion of Putnam Management, most nearly represent the market values of such

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Securities. Currently, prices for these Securities are determined using the last reported sale price (or official closing price for Securities listed on certain markets) or, if no sales are reported (as in the case of some Securities traded over-the-counter), the last reported bid price, except that certain Securities are valued at the mean between the last reported bid and ask prices. All other Securities are valued by Putnam Management or other parties at their fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees.

Reliable market quotations are not considered to be readily available for, among other Securities, long-term corporate bonds and notes, certain preferred stocks, tax-exempt securities, and certain foreign securities. These investments are valued at fair value, generally on the basis of valuations furnished by approved pricing services, which determine valuations for normal, institutional-size trading units of such securities using methods based on market transactions for comparable securities and various relationships between securities that are generally recognized by institutional traders. Other Securities, such as various types of options, are valued at fair value on the basis of valuations furnished by broker-dealers or other market intermediaries.

Putnam Management values all other Securities at fair value using its internal resources. The valuation procedures applied in any specific instance are likely to vary from case to case. However, consideration is generally given to the financial position of the issuer and other fundamental analytical data relating to the investment and to the nature of the restrictions on disposition of the Securities (including any registration expenses that might be borne by the fund in connection with such disposition). In addition, specific factors are also generally considered, such as the cost of the investment, the market value of any unrestricted Securities of the same class, the size of the holding, the prices of any recent transactions or offers with respect to such Securities and any available analysts’ reports regarding the issuer. In the case of Securities that are restricted as to resale, Putnam Management determines fair value based on the inherent worth of the Security without regard to the restrictive feature, adjusted for any diminution in value resulting from the restrictive feature.

Generally, trading in certain Securities (such as foreign securities) is substantially completed each day at various times before the close of the NYSE. The closing prices for these Securities in markets or on exchanges outside the U.S. that close before the close of the NYSE may not fully reflect events that occur after such close but before the close of the NYSE. As a result, the fund has adopted fair value pricing procedures, which, among other things, require the fund to fair value foreign equity securities if there has been a movement in the U.S. market that exceeds a specified threshold. Although the threshold may be revised from time to time and the number of days on which fair value prices will be used will vary, it is possible that fair value prices will be used by the fund to a significant extent. In addition, Securities held by some of the funds may be traded in foreign markets that are open for business on days that the fund is not, and the trading of such Securities on those days may have an impact on the value of a shareholder’s investment at a time when the shareholder cannot buy and sell shares of the fund.

Currency exchange rates used in valuing Securities are normally determined as of 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

Occasionally, events affecting such exchange rates may occur between the time of the determination of exchange rates and the close of the NYSE, which, in the absence of fair valuation, would not be reflected in the computation of the fund’s net asset value. If events materially affecting the currency exchange rates occur during such period, then the exchange rates used in valuing affected Securities will be valued by Putnam Management at their fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees.

In addition, because of the amount of time required to collect and process trading information as to large numbers of securities issues, the values of certain Securities (such as convertible bonds, U.S. government securities and tax-exempt securities) are determined based on market quotations collected before the close of the NYSE. Occasionally, events affecting the value of such Securities may occur between the time of the determination of value and the close of the NYSE, which, in the absence of fair value prices, would not be reflected in the computation of the fund’s net asset value. If events materially affecting the value of such Securities occur during such period, then these Securities will be valued by Putnam Management at their fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees. It is expected that any such instance would be very rare.

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The fair value of Securities is generally determined as the amount that the fund could reasonably expect to realize from an orderly disposition of such Securities over a reasonable period of time. By its nature, a fair value price is a good faith estimate of the value of a Security at a given point in time and does not reflect an actual market price.

The fund may also value its Securities at fair value under other circumstances pursuant to procedures approved by the Trustees.

Money Market Funds

“Retail money market funds” and “government money market funds” each as defined by Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act generally value their portfolio securities at amortized cost according to Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act.

Since the net income of a money market fund is declared as a dividend each time it is determined, the net asset value per share of a retail money market fund and government money market fund typically remains at $1.00 per share immediately after such determination and dividend declaration. Any increase in the value of a shareholder’s investment in a money market fund representing the reinvestment of dividend income is reflected by an increase in the number of shares of that fund in the shareholder’s account on the last business day of each month. It is expected that a money market fund’s net income will normally be positive each time it is determined. However, if because of realized losses on sales of portfolio investments, a sudden rise in interest rates, or for any other reason the net income of a fund determined at any time is a negative amount, a money market fund may offset such amount allocable to each then shareholder’s account from dividends accrued during the month with respect to such account. If, at the time of payment of a dividend, such negative amount exceeds a shareholder’s accrued dividends, a money market fund may reduce the number of outstanding shares by treating the shareholder as having contributed to the capital of the fund that number of full and fractional shares which represent the amount of the excess. Each shareholder is deemed to have agreed to such contribution in these circumstances by his or her investment in a money market fund.

INVESTOR SERVICES

Shareholder Information

Each time shareholders buy or sell shares, a statement confirming the transaction and listing their current share balance will be made available for viewing electronically or delivered via mail. (Under certain investment plans, a statement may only be sent quarterly.) The fund also sends annual and semiannual reports that keep shareholders informed about its portfolio and performance, and year-end tax information to simplify their recordkeeping. To help shareholders take full advantage of their Putnam investment, publications covering many topics of interest to investors are available on our website or from Putnam Investor Services. Shareholders may call Putnam Investor Services toll-free weekdays at 1-800-225-1581 between 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time for more information, including account balances. Shareholders can also visit the Putnam website at http://www.putnam.com.

Your Investing Account

The following information provides more detail concerning the operation of a Putnam Investing Account. For further information or assistance, investors should consult Putnam Investor Services. Shareholders who purchase shares through an employer-sponsored retirement plan should note that not all of the services or features described below may be available to them, and they should contact their employer for details.

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A shareholder may reinvest a cash distribution without a front-end sales charge or without the reinvested shares being subject to a CDSC, as the case may be, by delivering to Putnam Investor Services the uncashed distribution check. Putnam Investor Services must receive the properly endorsed check within 1 year after the date of the check.

The Investing Account also provides a way to accumulate shares of the fund. In most cases, after an initial investment, a shareholder may send checks to Putnam Investor Services, made payable to the fund, to purchase additional shares at the applicable offering price next determined after Putnam Investor Services receives the check. Checks must be drawn on a U.S. bank and must be payable in U.S. dollars.

Putnam Investor Services acts as the shareholder's agent whenever it receives instructions to carry out a transaction on the shareholder's account. Upon receipt of instructions that shares are to be purchased for a shareholder's account, shares will be purchased through the investment dealer designated by the shareholder. Shareholders may change investment dealers at any time by written notice to Putnam Investor Services, provided the new dealer has a sales agreement with Putnam Retail Management.

Shares credited to an account are transferable upon written instructions in good order to Putnam Investor Services and may be sold to the fund as described under "How do I sell or exchange fund shares?" in the prospectus. Putnam funds no longer issue share certificates. A shareholder may send to Putnam Investor Services any certificates which have been previously issued to enable more convenient maintenance of the account as a book-entry account.

Putnam Retail Management, at its expense, may provide certain additional reports and administrative material to qualifying institutional investors with fiduciary responsibilities to assist these investors in discharging their responsibilities. Institutions seeking further information about this service should contact Putnam Retail Management, which may modify or terminate this service at any time.

The fund pays Putnam Investor Services' fees for maintaining Investing Accounts.

Checkwriting Privilege. For those funds that allow shareholders, as disclosed in the prospectus, to redeem shares by check, Putnam is currently waiving the minimum per-check amount stated in the prospectus.

Reinstatement Privilege

An investor who has redeemed shares of the fund may reinvest within 90 days of such redemption the proceeds of such redemption in shares of the same class of the fund, or may reinvest within 90 days of such redemption the proceeds in shares of the same class of one of the other continuously offered Putnam funds (through the exchange privilege described in the prospectus), including, in the case of shares subject to a CDSC, the amount of CDSC charged on the redemption. Any such reinvestment would be at the net asset value of the shares of the fund(s) the investor selects, next determined after Putnam Retail Management receives a Reinstatement Authorization. The time that the previous investment was held will be included in determining any applicable CDSC due upon redemptions and, in the case of class B shares, the eight-year period for conversion to class A shares. Reinstatements into class B, class C or class M shares may be permitted even if the resulting purchase would otherwise be rejected for causing a shareholder’s investments in such class to exceed the applicable investment maximum. Shareholders will receive from Putnam Retail Management the amount of any CDSC paid at the time of redemption as part of the reinstated investment, which may be treated as capital gains to the shareholder for tax purposes. Redemption orders for class B shares placed after March 31, 2017 are not eligible for the reinstatement privilege.

Exercise of the Reinstatement Privilege does not alter the federal income tax treatment of any capital gains realized on a sale of fund shares, but to the extent that any shares are sold at a loss and the proceeds are reinvested in shares of the fund, some or all of the loss may be disallowed as a deduction. Consult your tax

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adviser. Investors who desire to exercise the Reinstatement Privilege should contact their investment dealer or Putnam Investor Services.

Exchange Privilege

Except as otherwise set forth in this section, by calling Putnam Investor Services, investors may exchange shares valued in the aggregate up to $500,000 between accounts with identical registrations, provided that no certificates are outstanding for such shares. During periods of unusual market changes and shareholder activity, shareholders may experience delays in contacting Putnam Investor Services by telephone to exercise the telephone exchange privilege.

Putnam Investor Services also makes exchanges promptly after receiving a properly completed Exchange Authorization Form and, if issued, share certificates. If the shareholder is a corporation, partnership, agent, or surviving joint owner, Putnam Investor Services will require additional documentation of a customary nature. Because an exchange of shares involves the redemption of fund shares and reinvestment of the proceeds in shares of another Putnam fund, completion of an exchange may be delayed under unusual circumstances if the fund were to suspend redemptions or postpone payment for the fund shares being exchanged, in accordance with federal securities laws. Exchange Authorization Forms and prospectuses of the other Putnam funds are available from Putnam Retail Management or investment dealers having sales contracts with Putnam Retail Management. The prospectus of each fund describes its goal(s) and policies, and shareholders should obtain a prospectus and consider these objectives and policies carefully before requesting an exchange. Shares of certain Putnam funds are not available to residents of all states. The fund reserves the right to change or suspend the exchange privilege at any time. Shareholders would be notified of any change or suspension. Additional information is available from Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581.

Shareholders of other Putnam funds may also exchange their shares at net asset value for shares of the fund, as set forth in the current prospectus of each fund. Exchanges from Putnam Government Money Market Fund, Putnam Money Market Fund or Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund into another Putnam fund may be subject to an initial sales charge. Class A shares of a Putnam fund may be exchanged for class N shares of other Putnam funds, if available. Class N shares of a Putnam fund may be exchanged for class A shares of other Putnam funds, if available.

For federal income tax purposes, an exchange is a sale on which the investor generally will realize a capital gain or loss depending on whether the net asset value at the time of the exchange is more or less than the investor's basis.

Same-Fund Exchange Privilege. Class A shareholders who are eligible to purchase class I (Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund only), class N, class R5, class R6 or class Y shares may exchange their class A shares for class I, class N, class R5, class R6 or class Y shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state, that the class A shares are no longer subject to a CDSC, in the case of class R5 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan and, in the case of class R6 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform.

Class C shareholders who are eligible to purchase class A shares without a sales charge because the shareholders are (i) clients of broker-dealers, financial institutions, financial intermediaries or registered investment advisors that are approved by Putnam Retail Management and charge a fee for advisory or investment services or (ii) clients of broker-dealers, financial institutions, or financial intermediaries that have entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management to offer shares through a fund ‘supermarket’ or retail self-directed brokerage account (with or without the imposition of a transaction fee) may exchange their class C shares for class A shares of the same fund, provided that (i) the class C shares are no longer subject to a CDSC and (ii) class A shares of such fund are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state.

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Class C shareholders who are eligible to purchase class Y shares may exchange their class C shares for class Y shares of the same fund, provided that the class C shares are no longer subject to a CDSC, or class Y shares of such fund are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state.

Class I shareholders of Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund who are eligible to purchase class A, class R6 or class Y shares may exchange their class I shares for class A, class R6 or class Y shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and, in the case of class R6 shares, are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform.

Class M shareholders who are eligible to purchase class Y shares may exchange their class M shares for class Y shares of the same fund, provided that class Y shares of such fund are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and, if applicable, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class N shareholders who are eligible to purchase class A shares may exchange their class N shares for

class A shares of the same fund, provided that class A shares of such fund are offered to residents of the

shareholder’s state, the class N shares are no longer subject to a CDSC, and, if applicable, the class A shares are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R shareholders who are eligible to purchase class R3, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares may exchange their class R shares for class R3, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state, in the case of class R3, R4 and R5 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan and, in the case of class R6 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform.

Class R3 shareholders who are eligible to purchase class R, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares may exchange their class R3 shares for class R, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R4 shareholders who are eligible to purchase class R, class R3, class R5 or class R6 shares may exchange their class R4 shares for class R, class R3, class R5 or class R6 shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R5 shareholders who are eligible to purchase class R, class R3, class R4 or class R6 shares may exchange their class R5 shares for class R, class R3, class R4 or class R6 of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R6 shareholders who are eligible to purchase class A, class I (Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund only), class R, class R3, class R4, class R5 or class Y shares may exchange their class R6 shares for class A, class I, class R, class R5 or class Y shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform.

Class Y shareholders who are eligible to purchase class A, class I (Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund only), class C, class N, class R3, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares may exchange their class Y shares for class A, class I, class C, class N, class R3, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state, in the case of class R3, class R4 and class R5 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan and, in the case of class R6 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform. Class Y shareholders should be aware that the financial institution or intermediary through which they hold class Y shares may have the authority under its account or similar agreement to exchange class Y shares for class A shares, class C shares or class N shares under certain circumstances, and none of the Putnam Funds, Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services are responsible for any actions taken by a shareholder’s financial institution or intermediary in this regard.

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Dividends PLUS

Shareholders may invest the fund's distributions of net investment income or distributions combining net investment income and short-term capital gains in shares of the same class of another continuously offered Putnam fund (the "receiving fund") using the net asset value per share of the receiving fund determined on the date the fund's distribution is payable. No sales charge or CDSC will apply to the purchased shares. The prospectus of each fund describes its goal(s) and policies, and shareholders should obtain a prospectus and consider these goal(s) and policies carefully before investing their distributions in the receiving fund. Shares of certain Putnam funds are not available to residents of all states.

Shareholders of other Putnam funds may also use their distributions to purchase shares of the fund at net asset value.

For federal tax purposes, distributions from the fund which are reinvested in another fund are treated as paid by the fund to the shareholder and invested by the shareholder in the receiving fund and thus, to the extent composed of taxable income and deemed paid to a taxable shareholder, are taxable.

The Dividends PLUS program may be revised or terminated at any time.

Plans Available to Shareholders

The plans described below are fully voluntary and may be terminated at any time without the imposition by the fund or Putnam Investor Services of any penalty. All plans provide for automatic reinvestment of all distributions in additional shares of the fund at net asset value. The fund, Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services may modify or cease offering these plans at any time.

Systematic Withdrawal Plan ("SWP"). An investor who owns or buys shares of the fund valued at $5,000 or more at the current offering price may open a SWP plan and have a designated sum of money ($50 or more) paid monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually to the investor or another person. Shares are deposited in a plan account, and all distributions are reinvested in additional shares of the fund at net asset value (except where the plan is utilized in connection with a charitable remainder trust). Shares in a plan account are then redeemed at net asset value to make each withdrawal payment. Payment will be made to any person the investor designates; however, if shares are registered in the name of a trustee or other fiduciary, payment will be made only to the fiduciary, except in the case of a profit-sharing or pension plan where payment will be made to a designee. As withdrawal payments may include a return of principal, they cannot be considered a guaranteed annuity or actual yield of income to the investor. The redemption of shares in connection with a plan generally will result in a gain or loss for tax purposes. Some or all of the losses realized upon redemption may be disallowed pursuant to the so-called wash sale rules if shares of the same fund from which shares were redeemed are purchased (including through the reinvestment of fund distributions) within a period beginning 30 days before, and ending 30 days after, such redemption. In such a case, the basis of the replacement shares will be increased to reflect the disallowed loss. Continued withdrawals in excess of income will reduce and possibly exhaust invested principal, especially in the event of a market decline. The cost of administering these plans for the benefit of those shareholders participating in them is borne by the fund as an expense of all shareholders. The fund, Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services may terminate or change the terms of the plan at any time. A plan will be terminated if communications mailed to the shareholder are returned as undeliverable.

Investors should consider carefully with their own financial advisers whether the plan and the specified amounts to be withdrawn are appropriate in their circumstances. The fund and Putnam Investor Services make no recommendations or representations in this regard.

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Tax-favored plans. (Not offered by funds investing primarily in Tax-exempt Securities.) Investors may purchase shares of the fund through the following Tax Qualified Retirement Plans, available to qualified individuals or organizations:

Standard and variable profit-sharing (including 401(k)) and money purchase pension plans; and Individual Retirement Account Plans (IRAs), including SIMPLE IRAs, Roth IRAs, SEP IRAs; and Coverdell Education savings plans.

Forms and further information on these Plans are available from investment dealers or from Putnam Retail Management. In addition, plan administration arrangements are available on an optional basis; contact Putnam Investor Services at 1-866-207-7261.

Consultation with a competent financial and tax adviser regarding these Plans and consideration of the suitability of fund shares as an investment under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, or otherwise, is recommended.

Automatic Rebalancing Arrangements. Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services may enter into arrangements with certain dealers which provide for automatic periodic rebalancing of shareholders’ accounts in Putnam funds. For more information about these arrangements, please contact Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services.

SIGNATURE GUARANTEES

Requests to redeem shares having a net asset value of $100,000 or more, or to transfer shares or make redemption proceeds payable to anyone other than the registered account owners, must be signed by all registered owners or their legal representatives and must be guaranteed by a bank, broker/dealer, municipal securities dealer or broker, credit union, national securities exchange, registered securities association, clearing agency, savings association or trust company, provided such institution is authorized and acceptable under and conforms with Putnam Investor Services’ signature guarantee procedures. A copy of such procedures is available upon request. In certain situations, for example, if you want your redemption proceeds sent to an address other than your address as it appears on Putnam’s records, you may also need to provide a signature guarantee. Putnam Investor Services usually requires additional documentation for the sale of shares by a corporation, partnership, agent or fiduciary, or a surviving joint owner. Contact Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581 for more information on Putnam’s signature guarantee and documentation requirements.

REDEMPTIONS

Suspension of redemptions. The fund may not suspend shareholders’ right of redemption, or postpone payment for more than seven days, unless the Exchange is closed for other than customary weekends or holidays, or if permitted by the rules of the SEC during periods when trading on the Exchange is restricted or during any emergency which makes it impracticable for the fund to dispose of its securities or to determine fairly the value of its net assets, or during any other period permitted by order of the Commission for protection of investors.

In-kind redemptions. To the extent consistent with applicable laws and regulations, the fund will consider satisfying all or a portion of a redemption request by distributing securities or other property in lieu of cash (“in-kind” redemptions). Any transaction costs or other expenses involved in liquidating securities received in an in-kind redemption will be borne by the redeeming investor. For information regarding procedures for in-kind redemptions, please contact Putnam Retail Management.

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POLICY ON EXCESSIVE SHORT-TERM TRADING

As disclosed in the prospectus of each fund other than Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Management and the fund’s Trustees have adopted policies and procedures intended to discourage excessive short-term trading. Putnam Management’s Compliance Department currently uses multiple reporting tools in an attempt to detect short-term trading activity occurring in shareholder accounts. Putnam Management measures excessive short-term trading in the fund by the number of “round trip” transactions, as defined in the prospectus, above a specified dollar amount within a specified period of time. Generally, if an investor has been identified as having completed two “round trip” transactions with values of at least $25,000 within a rolling 90-day period, Putnam Management will issue the investor and/or his or her financial intermediary, if any, a written warning. To the extent that short-term trading activity continues, additional measures may be taken. Putnam Management’s practices for measuring excessive short-term trading activity and issuing warnings may change from time to time.

SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY

Under Massachusetts law, shareholders could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable for the obligations of the fund. However, the Agreement and Declaration of Trust disclaims shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the fund and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation, or instrument entered into or executed by the fund or the Trustees. The Agreement and Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of fund property for all loss and expense of any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the fund. Thus, the risk of a shareholder incurring financial loss on account of shareholder liability is limited to circumstances in which the fund would be unable to meet its obligations. The likelihood of such circumstances appears to be remote.

DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO INFORMATION

The Trustees of the Putnam funds have adopted policies with respect to the disclosure of the fund’s portfolio holdings by the fund, Putnam Management, or their affiliates. These policies provide that information about the fund’s portfolio generally may not be released to any party prior to (i) the day after the posting of such information on the Putnam Investments website, (ii) the filing of the information with the SEC in a required filing, or (iii) the dissemination of such information to all shareholders simultaneously. Certain limited exceptions pursuant to the fund’s policies are described below. In addition, these policies do not apply to the sharing of fund portfolio holdings information with Putnam Investment personnel involved in the management of other Putnam funds that invest in such fund. The Trustees will periodically receive reports from the fund’s Chief Compliance Officer regarding the operation of these policies and procedures, including any arrangements to make non-public disclosures of the fund’s portfolio information to third parties. Putnam Management and its affiliates are not permitted to receive compensation or other consideration in connection with disclosing information about the fund’s portfolio holdings to third parties.

Public Disclosures

The fund’s portfolio holdings are currently disclosed to the public through filings with the SEC and postings on the Putnam Investments website. The fund files its portfolio holdings with the SEC twice each year on Form N-CSR (with respect to each annual period and semi-annual period). In addition, money market funds file reports of portfolio holdings on Form N-MFP each month (with respect to the prior month), and funds other than money market funds file reports of portfolio holdings on Form N-PORT 60 days after each fiscal quarter (for the respective fiscal quarter), with the schedule of portfolio holdings filed on Form N-PORT for the third month of the first and third fiscal quarter made publicly available. Shareholders may obtain the Form N-CSR and N-MFP filings and the publicly available portions of Form N-PORT filings on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. Form N-CSR filings are available upon filing, Form N-MFP filings are available 60 days after each calendar month end, and information reported on Form N-PORT filings for the third month of

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a fiscal quarter is available 60 days after the end of the fiscal quarter. You may call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for information about the SEC’s website.

For Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund, the following information is publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table. This information will remain available on the website for six months thereafter, after which the information can be found on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly Monthly	No later than 5 business days after the end of each month. Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

For Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund, Putnam Management makes the fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments institutional website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly Monthly	Last business day of the month after the end of each month. Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

For Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Management makes the fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly Monthly	On or after 5 business days after the end of each month. Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

For Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Market Neutral Fund, Putnam Management makes each fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings	Quarterly	Approximately 45 days after the end of each calendar quarter.

For Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund, Putnam Management makes the fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

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Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings	Quarterly	The last business day of the month following the end of each calendar quarter.

For Putnam Equity Income Fund, Putnam Emerging Markets Equity Fund, Putnam Focused Equity Fund, Putnam Global Technology Fund, Putnam International Value Fund, Putnam Multi-Cap Core Fund, Putnam Small Cap Growth Fund, George Putnam Balanced Fund, Putnam Global Equity Fund, Putnam Global Health Care Fund, Putnam International Equity Fund, Putnam Growth Opportunities Fund, Putnam International Capital Opportunities Fund, Putnam Research Fund, Putnam Small Cap Value Fund, Putnam Sustainable Future Fund, and Putnam Sustainable Leaders Fund, Putnam Management makes each fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings	Quarterly	8 business days after the end of each calendar quarter.
Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly	Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

For all other funds, Putnam Management also currently makes the fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information (1)	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings	Monthly	8 business days after the end of each month.
Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly	Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

(1) Putnam mutual funds that are not currently offered to the general public (such as Putnam Short Term Investment Fund, Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Equity Fund, and Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio) do not post portfolio holdings on the Putnam Investments website, except to the extent required by applicable regulations. Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds and Putnam RetirementReady® Funds invest solely in other Putnam funds. Please see these funds’ prospectuses for their target allocations.

The scope of the information relating to the fund’s portfolio that is made available on the website may change from time to time without notice. In addition, the posting of fund holdings may be delayed in some instances for technical reasons.

Putnam Management or its affiliates may include fund portfolio information that has already been made public through a Web posting or SEC filing in marketing literature and other communications to shareholders, advisors or other parties, provided that, in the case of information made public through the Web, the information is disclosed no earlier than the day after the date of posting to the website.

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Other Disclosures

In order to address potential conflicts between the interest of fund shareholders, on the one hand, and those of Putnam Management, Putnam Retail Management or any affiliated person of those entities or of the fund, on the other hand, the fund’s policies require that non-public disclosures of information regarding the fund’s portfolio may be made only if there is a legitimate business purpose consistent with fiduciary duties to all shareholders of the fund. In addition, the party receiving the non-public information must sign a non-disclosure agreement unless otherwise approved by the Chief Compliance Officer of the fund. Arrangements to make non-public disclosures of the fund’s portfolio information must be approved by the Chief Compliance Officer of the fund. The Chief Compliance Officer will report on an ongoing basis to a committee of the fund’s Board of Trustees consisting only of Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the fund or Putnam Management regarding any such arrangement that the fund may enter into with third parties other than service providers to the fund.

The fund periodically discloses its portfolio information on a confidential basis to various service providers that require such information in order to assist the fund with its day-to-day business affairs. In addition to Putnam Management and its affiliates, including Putnam Investor Services and PRM, these service providers include the fund’s custodian (State Street Bank and Trust Company) and any sub-custodians (including one or more sub-custodians for each non-U.S. market in which the fund purchases securities), accounting providers (State Street Bank and Trust Company, SS&C Advent and BNY Mellon), pricing services (including IDC, Reuters, Markit, Statpro, Standard & Poors, Bloomberg, ICE ClearCredit, LCH Swapclear, PriceServ and CME Group), independent registered public accounting firm (KPMG LLP or PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP), legal counsel (Ropes & Gray LLP and, for funds sold in Japan, Mori Hamada & Matsumoto), financial printer and filing agent (McMunn Associates, Inc., Newsfile Corp.), proxy voting service (Glass, Lewis & Co), compliance limit monitoring (Consensys Limited) and securities lending agent (Goldman Sachs Bank USA). These service providers are required to keep such information confidential, and are prohibited from trading based on the information or otherwise using the information except as necessary in providing services to the fund.

The fund may also periodically provide non-public information about its portfolio holdings to rating and ranking organizations and other providers of industry data, such as Lipper Inc., Morningstar Inc., Bloomberg and Thomson Reuters, in connection with those firms’ research on and classification of the fund and in order to gather information about how the fund’s attributes (such as volatility, turnover, and expenses) compare with those of peer funds. The fund may also periodically provide non-public information about its portfolio holdings to consultants that provide portfolio analysis services or other investment research or trading analytics. Such recipients of portfolio holdings include Barclays, Factset, ITG, Trade Infomatics, ConsenSys, ENSO Financial Analytics, Bloomberg and Credit Suisse. Any such rating, ranking, or consulting or other firm would be required to keep the fund’s portfolio information confidential and would be prohibited from trading based on the information or otherwise using the information except as necessary in providing services to the fund. Such firms may receive portfolio holdings information only from certain funds (such as equity funds or fixed income funds) and such information may be provided in greater or lesser detail depending on the nature of the services provided by the relevant firm.

In addition, Putnam Management offers model SMA portfolios to sponsoring broker-dealers that in turn offer those portfolios to their customers. The model SMA portfolios may follow investment programs that are similar or identical in material respects to those of specific Putnam funds or other client accounts and, as a result, there may be substantial overlap between the securities holdings and transactions of a model SMA portfolio and those of any similarly managed funds or accounts. When Putnam Management makes changes to a model SMA portfolio, it communicates those changes to sponsoring broker-dealers, and these communications include certain non-public portfolio holdings information and trading instructions. Putnam Management typically provides these changes to sponsoring broker-dealers at the same time that it instructs its trading desk to place trades to effect the same changes for any similarly managed funds or accounts. As a result, it is possible that a broker-dealer offering a model SMA portfolio to its clients, or the clients

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themselves, may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of any Putnam fund or client account that is managed similarly to the model SMA portfolio and may use this information for their own benefit, which could negatively impact the fund’s or client account’s ability to execute purchase and sale transactions or the price at which those transactions may be executed. To protect against these risks, Putnam Management’s agreements with broker-dealers sponsoring model SMA portfolios contain confidentiality provisions aimed at preventing the misuse of non-public portfolio holdings information. Furthermore, while Putnam Management typically provides sponsoring broker-dealers with trading instructions for model SMA portfolios on a real-time basis, Putnam Management only releases full model SMA portfolio holdings to current and prospective sponsoring broker-dealers in accordance with the portfolio holdings release schedule used for its funds.

INFORMATION SECURITY RISKS

Cyber security risk. With the increased use of interconnected technologies such as the Internet and the dependence on computer systems to perform necessary business functions, investment companies such as the fund and its service providers may be prone to operational, information security and related risks resulting from third-party cyber-attacks and/or other technological malfunctions. Cyber-attacks may include stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, preventing legitimate users from accessing information or services on a website, releasing confidential information without authorization, and causing operational disruption. Successful cyber-attacks against, or security or technology breakdowns of, the fund or its adviser, custodian, transfer agent, or other affiliated or third-party service providers may adversely affect the fund and its shareholders. For example, cyber-attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the fund’s ability to calculate its net asset value, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential fund information, impede trading, cause reputational damage, and subject the fund or others to regulatory fines, penalties or financial losses, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and additional compliance costs. Similar types of cyber security risks also are present for issuers of securities in which the fund invests, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers, and may cause the fund’s investment in such securities to lose value. The fund and Putnam Investments may have limited ability to prevent or mitigate cyber-attacks or security or technology breakdowns affecting the fund’s third-party service providers. While Putnam has established business continuity plans and systems designed to prevent or reduce the impact of cyber-attacks, such plans and systems are subject to inherent limitations.

PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES

The Trustees of the Putnam funds have established proxy voting guidelines and procedures that govern the voting of proxies for the securities held in the funds’ portfolios. The proxy voting guidelines summarize the funds’ positions on various issues of concern to investors, and provide direction to the proxy voting service used by the funds as to how fund portfolio securities should be voted on proposals dealing with particular issues. The proxy voting procedures explain the role of the Trustees, Putnam Management, the proxy voting service and the funds’ proxy manager in the proxy voting process, describe the procedures for referring matters involving investment considerations to the investment personnel of Putnam Management and describe the procedures for handling potential conflicts of interest. The Putnam funds’ proxy voting guidelines and procedures are included in this SAI as Appendix A. Information regarding how the funds voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the 12-month period ended June 30, 2020 is available on the Putnam Individual Investor website, www.putnam.com/individual, and on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. If you have questions about finding forms on the SEC’s website, you may call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. You may also obtain the Putnam funds’ proxy voting guidelines and procedures by calling Putnam’s Shareholder Services at 1-800-225-1581.

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SECURITIES RATINGS

The ratings of securities in which the fund may invest will be measured at the time of purchase and, to the extent a security is assigned a different rating by one or more of the various rating agencies, Putnam Management may use the highest rating assigned by any agency. Putnam Management will not necessarily sell an investment if its rating is reduced. Below are descriptions of ratings, as provided by the rating agencies, which represent opinions as to the quality of various debt instruments.

Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.

Global Long-Term Rating Scale (original maturity of 1 year or more)

Aaa – Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.

Aa – Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.

A – Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.

Baa – Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.

Ba – Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.

B – Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.

Caa – Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.

Ca – Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.

C – Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.

Note: Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category. Additionally, a “(hyb)” indicator is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms.

By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.

Global Short-Term Rating Scale (original maturity of 13 months or less)

P-1 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.

P-2 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.

P-3 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.

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NP – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.

US Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings

MIG 1 – This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.

MIG 2 – This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.

MIG 3 – This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.

SG – This designation denotes speculative grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.

US Municipal Demand Obligation Ratings

VMIG 1 – This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

VMIG 2 – This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

VMIG 3 – This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

SG – This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

Standard & Poor’s

Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings (original maturity of one year or more)

AAA – An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by Standard & Poor’s. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong.

AA – An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is very strong.

A – An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong.

BBB – An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

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BB; B; CCC; CC and C – Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the lowest degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.

BB – An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

B – An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

CCC – An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

CC – An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred, but Standard & Poor’s expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.

C – An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared to obligations that are rated higher.

D – An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless Standard & Poor’s believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation’s rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.

NR – This indicates that no rating has been requested, or that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that Standard & Poor’s does not rate a particular obligation as a matter of policy.

Note: The ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.

Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings (original maturity of 365 days or less)

A-1 – A short-term obligation rated’A-1’ is rated in the highest category by Standard & Poor’s. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on these obligations is extremely strong.

A-2 – A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is satisfactory.

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A-3 – A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

B – A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.

C – A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

D – A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the due date, unless Standard & Poor’s believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation’s rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.

Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings (original maturity of 3 years or less)

SP-1 – Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.

SP-2 – Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.

SP-3 – Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.

Fitch Ratings

Long-Term Rating Scales

AAA – Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of default risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.

AA – Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low default risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.

A – High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low default risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.

BBB – Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.

BB – Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to default risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial flexibility exists which supports the servicing of financial commitments.

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B – Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material default risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is vulnerable to deterioration in the business and economic environment.

CCC – Substantial credit risk. Default is a real possibility.

CC – Very high levels of credit risk. Default of some kind appears probable.

C – Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. Default is imminent or inevitable, or the issuer is in standstill. Conditions that are indicative of a ‘C’ category rating for an issuer include:

a. the issuer has entered into a grace or cure period following non-payment of a material financial obligation;

b. the issuer has entered into a temporary negotiated waiver or standstill agreement following a payment default on a material financial obligation; or

c. Fitch Ratings otherwise believes a condition of ‘RD’ or ‘D’ to be imminent or inevitable, including through the formal announcement of a distressed debt exchange.

RD – Restricted default. ‘RD’ ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch Ratings’ opinion has experienced an uncured payment default on a bond, loan or other material financial obligation but which has not entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other formal winding-up procedure, and which has not otherwise ceased operating. This would include:

a. the selective payment default on a specific class or currency of debt;

b. the uncured expiry of any applicable grace period, cure period or default forbearance period following a payment default on a bank loan, capital markets security or other material financial obligation;

c. the extension of multiple waivers or forbearance periods upon a payment default on one or more material financial obligations, either in series or in parallel; or

d. execution of a distressed debt exchange on one or more material financial obligations.

D – Default. ‘D’ ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch Ratings’ opinion has entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other formal winding-up procedure, or which has otherwise ceased business.

Default ratings are not assigned prospectively to entities or their obligations; within this context, non-payment on an instrument that contains a deferral feature or grace period will generally not be considered a default until after the expiration of the deferral or grace period, unless a default is otherwise driven by bankruptcy or other similar circumstance, or by a distressed debt exchange.

“Imminent” default typically refers to the occasion where a payment default has been intimated by the issuer, and is all but inevitable. This may, for example, be where an issuer has missed a scheduled payment, but (as is typical) has a grace period during which it may cure the payment default. Another alternative would be where an issuer has formally announced a distressed debt exchange, but the date of the exchange still lies several days or weeks in the immediate future.

In all cases, the assignment of a default rating reflects the agency’s opinion as to the most appropriate rating category consistent with the rest of its universe of ratings, and may differ from the definition of default under the terms of an issuer’s financial obligations or local commercial practice.

Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ Long-Term Issuer Default Rating (IDR) category, or to Long-Term IDR categories below ‘B’.

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Short-Term Ratings

F1 – Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.

F2 – Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.

F3 – Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.

B – Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.

C – High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.

RD – Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.

D – Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.

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Appendix A

Proxy voting guidelines of The Putnam Funds

The proxy voting guidelines below summarize the funds’ positions on various issues of concern to investors, and give a general indication of how fund portfolio securities will be voted on proposals dealing with particular issues. The funds’ proxy voting service is instructed to vote all proxies relating to fund portfolio securities in accordance with these guidelines, except as otherwise instructed by the Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate Governance (“Proxy Voting Director”), a member of the Office of the Trustees who is appointed to assist in the coordination and voting of the funds’ proxies.

The proxy voting guidelines are just that – guidelines. The guidelines are not exhaustive and do not address all potential voting issues. Because the circumstances of individual companies are so varied, there may be instances when the funds do not vote in strict adherence to these guidelines. For example, the proxy voting service is expected to bring to the Proxy Voting Director’s attention proxy questions that are company-specific and of a non-routine nature and that, even if covered by the guidelines, may be more appropriately handled on a case-by-case basis. In addition, in interpreting the funds’ proxy voting guidelines, the Trustees of The Putnam Funds are mindful of emerging best practices in the areas of corporate governance, environmental stewardship and sustainability, and social responsibility. Recognizing that these matters may, in some instances, bear on investment performance, they may from time to time be considerations in the funds’ voting decisions.

Similarly, Putnam Management’s investment professionals, as part of their ongoing review and analysis of all fund portfolio holdings, are responsible for monitoring significant corporate developments, including proxy proposals submitted to shareholders, and notifying the Proxy Voting Director of circumstances where the interests of fund shareholders may warrant a vote contrary to these guidelines. In such instances, the investment professionals submit a written recommendation to the Proxy Voting Director and the person or persons designated by Putnam Management’s Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing referral items under the funds’ “Proxy Voting Procedures.” The Proxy Voting Director, in consultation with a senior member of the Office of the Trustees and/or the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee, as appropriate, will determine how the funds’ proxies will be voted. When indicated, the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee may consult with other members of the Committee or the full Board of Trustees.

The following guidelines are grouped according to the types of proposals generally presented to shareholders. Part I deals with proposals submitted by management and approved and recommended by a company’s board of directors. Part II deals with proposals submitted by shareholders. Part III addresses unique considerations pertaining to non-U.S. issuers.

The Trustees of The Putnam Funds are committed to promoting strong corporate governance practices and encouraging corporate actions that enhance shareholder value through the judicious voting of the funds’ proxies. It is the funds’ policy to vote their proxies at all shareholder meetings where it is practicable to do so. In furtherance of this, the funds’ have requested that their securities lending agent recall each domestic issuer’s voting securities that are on loan, in

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advance of the record date for the issuer’s shareholder meetings, so that the funds may vote at the meetings.

The Putnam funds will disclose their proxy votes not later than August 31 of each year for the most recent 12-month period ended June 30, in accordance with the timetable established by SEC rules.

I.       BOARD-APPROVED PROPOSALS¹

The vast majority of matters presented to shareholders for a vote involve proposals made by a company itself (sometimes referred to as “management proposals”), which have been approved and recommended by its board of directors. In view of the enhanced corporate governance practices currently being implemented in public companies and of the funds’ intent to hold corporate boards accountable for their actions in promoting shareholder interests, the funds’ proxies generally will be voted for the decisions reached by majority independent boards of directors, except as otherwise indicated in these guidelines. Accordingly, the funds’ proxies will be voted for board-approved proposals, except as follows:

Matters relating to the Board of Directors

Uncontested Election of Directors

The funds’ proxies will be voted for the election of a company’s nominees for the board of directors, except as follows:

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· the board does not have a majority of independent directors,

· the board has not established independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees,

· the board has more than 15 members or fewer than five members, absent special circumstances,

· the board has not acted to implement a policy requested in a shareholder proposal that received the support of a majority of the shares of the company cast at its previous two annual meetings, or

· the board has adopted or renewed a shareholder rights plan (commonly referred to as a “poison pill”) without shareholder approval during the current or prior calendar year.

Ø The funds will on a case-by-case basis withhold votes from the entire board of directors, or from particular directors as may be appropriate, if the board has approved compensation

^{_____________________
1} The guidelines in this section apply to proposals at U.S. companies. Please refer to Section III, Voting Shares of Non-U.S. Issuers, for additional guidelines applicable to proposals at non-U.S. companies.

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arrangements for one or more company executives that the funds determine are unreasonably excessive relative to the company’s performance or has otherwise failed to observe good corporate governance practices.

Ø In light of the funds’ belief that companies benefit from diversity on the board, the funds will withhold votes from the chair of the nominating committee if:

there are no women on the board, or

in the case of a board of ten members or more, there are fewer than two women on the board.

Ø The funds will withhold votes from any nominee for director:

· who is considered an independent director by the company and who has received compensation within the last three years from the company other than for service as a director (e.g., investment banking, consulting, legal, or financial advisory fees),

· who attends fewer than 75% of board and committee meetings without valid reasons for the absences (e.g., illness, personal emergency, etc.) (if the director attendance disclosure does not explain the absences, or is otherwise inadequate, the funds will also withhold votes from the chair of the governance committee),

· of a public company (Company A) who is employed as a senior executive of another company (Company B), if a director of Company B serves as a senior executive of Company A (commonly referred to as an “interlocking directorate”),

· who serves on more than four unaffiliated public company boards (for the purpose of this guideline, boards of affiliated registered investment companies will count as one board),

· who serves as an executive officer of any public company (“home company”) while serving on more than two public company boards other than the home company board (the funds will withhold votes from the nominee at each company where the funds are shareholders; in addition, if the funds are shareholders of the executive’s home company, the funds will withhold votes from members of the home company’s governance committee), or

· who is a member of the governance or other responsible committee, if the company has adopted without shareholder approval a bylaw provision shifting legal fees and costs to unsuccessful plaintiffs in intra-corporate litigation.

Commentary:

Board independence: Unless otherwise indicated, for the purposes of determining whether a board has a majority of independent directors and independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees, an “independent director” is a director who (1) meets all requirements to serve as an independent director of a company under the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules (e.g., no material business relationships with the company and no present or recent employment relationship with the company including employment of an immediate family member as an

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executive officer), and (2) has not within the last three years accepted directly or indirectly any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the company other than in his or her capacity as a member of the board of directors or any board committee. The funds’ Trustees believe that the recent (i.e., within the last three years) receipt of any amount of compensation for services other than service as a director raises significant independence issues.

Board size: The funds’ Trustees believe that the size of the board of directors can have a direct impact on the ability of the board to govern effectively. Boards that have too many members can be unwieldy and ultimately inhibit their ability to oversee management performance. Boards that have too few members can stifle innovation and lead to excessive influence by management.

Board diversity: The funds’ Trustees believe that a company benefits from diversity on the board, including diversity with respect to gender, ethnicity, race, and experience. The Trustees are sensitive to the need for a variety of backgrounds among board members to further creative and independent thought during board deliberations. The Trustees expect company boards to strive for diversity in membership and to clearly explain their efforts and goals in this regard.

Time commitment: Being a director of a company requires a significant time commitment to adequately prepare for and attend the company’s board and committee meetings. Directors must be able to commit the time and attention necessary to perform their fiduciary duties in proper fashion, particularly in times of crisis. The funds’ Trustees are concerned about over-committed directors. In some cases, directors may serve on too many boards to make a meaningful contribution. This may be particularly true for senior executives of public companies (or other directors with substantially full-time employment) who serve on more than a few outside boards. Generally, the funds withhold support from directors serving on more than four unaffiliated public company boards, although an exception may be made in the case of a director who represents an investing firm with the sole purpose of managing a portfolio of investments that includes the company. The funds also withhold support from directors who serve as executive officers at a public company and on the boards of more than two unaffiliated public companies. The funds may also withhold votes from such directors on a case-by-case basis where it appears that they may be unable to discharge their duties properly because of excessive commitments.

Interlocking directorships: The funds’ Trustees believe that interlocking directorships are inconsistent with the degree of independence required for outside directors of public companies.

Corporate governance practices: Board independence depends not only on its members’ individual relationships, but also on the board’s overall attitude toward management and shareholders. Independent boards are committed to good corporate governance practices and, by providing objective independent judgment, enhancing shareholder value. The funds may withhold votes on a case-by-case basis from some or all directors who, through their lack of independence or otherwise, have failed to observe good corporate governance practices or, through specific corporate action, have demonstrated a disregard for the interests of shareholders. Such instances may include cases where a board of directors has approved compensation arrangements for one or more members of management that, in the judgment of the funds’ Trustees, are excessive by reasonable corporate standards relative to the company’s record of performance. It may also represent a disregard for the interests of shareholders if a board of directors fails to register an appropriate response when a director who fails to win the support of

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a majority of shareholders in an election (sometimes referred to as a “rejected director”) continues to serve on the board, or if a board of directors permits an executive to serve on an excessive number of public company boards. While the Trustees recognize that it may in some circumstances be appropriate for a rejected director to continue his or her service on the board, steps should be taken to address the concerns reflected by the shareholders’ lack of support for the rejected director. Adopting a fee-shifting bylaw provision without shareholder approval, which may discourage legitimate shareholders lawsuits as well as frivolous ones, is another example of disregard for shareholder interests.

Contested Elections of Directors

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis in contested elections of directors.

Classified Boards

Ø The funds will vote against proposals to classify a board, absent special circumstances indicating that shareholder interests would be better served by this structure.

Commentary: Under a typical classified board structure, the directors are divided into three classes, with each class serving a three-year term. The classified board structure results in directors serving staggered terms, with usually only a third of the directors up for re-election at any given annual meeting. The funds’ Trustees generally believe that it is appropriate for directors to stand for election each year, but recognize that, in special circumstances, shareholder interests may be better served under a classified board structure.

Other Board-Related Proposals

The funds will generally vote for proposals that have been approved by a majority independent board, and on a case-by-case basis on proposals that have been approved by a board that fails to meet the guidelines’ basic independence standards (i.e., majority of independent directors and independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees).

Executive Compensation

The funds generally favor compensation programs that relate executive compensation to a company’s long-term performance. The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals relating to executive compensation, except as follows:

Ø Except where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, the funds will vote for stock option and restricted stock plans that will result in an average annual dilution of 1.67% or less (based on the disclosed term of the plan and including all equity-based plans).

Ø The funds will vote against stock option and restricted stock plans that will result in an average annual dilution of greater than 1.67% (based on the disclosed term of the plan and including all equity-based plans).

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Ø The funds will vote against any stock option or restricted stock plan where the company’s actual grants of stock options and restricted stock under all equity-based compensation plans during the prior three (3) fiscal years have resulted in an average annual dilution of greater than 1.67%.

Ø The funds will vote against stock option plans that permit the replacing or repricing of underwater options (and against any proposal to authorize a replacement or repricing of underwater options).

Ø The funds will vote against stock option plans that permit issuance of options with an exercise price below the stock’s current market price.

Ø The funds will vote against stock option plans with evergreen features providing for automatic share replenishment.

Ø Except where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, the funds will vote for an employee stock purchase plan that has the following features: (1) the shares purchased under the plan are acquired for no less than 85% of their market value; (2) the offering period under the plan is 27 months or less; and (3) dilution is 10% or less.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve a company’s executive compensation program (i.e., “say on pay” proposals in which the company’s board proposes that shareholders indicate their support for the company’s compensation philosophy, policies, and practices), except that the funds will vote against the proposal if the company is assigned to the lowest category, through independent third party benchmarking performed by the funds’ proxy voting service, for the correlation of the company’s executive compensation program with its performance.

Ø The funds will vote for bonus plans under which payments are treated as performance-based compensation that is deductible under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, except that the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis if any of the following circumstances exist:

the amount per employee under the plan is unlimited, or

the plan’s performance criteria is undisclosed, or

the company is assigned to the lowest category, through independent third party benchmarking performed by the funds’ proxy voting service, for the correlation of the company’s executive compensation program with its performance.

Commentary: Companies should have compensation programs that are reasonable and that align shareholder and management interests over the longer term. Further, disclosure of compensation programs should provide absolute transparency to shareholders regarding the sources and amounts of, and the factors influencing, executive compensation. Appropriately designed equity-based compensation plans can be an effective way to align the interests of long-term shareholders with the interests of management. However, the funds may vote against these or other executive compensation proposals on a case-by-case basis where compensation is excessive by reasonable corporate standards, where a company fails to provide transparent disclosure of executive compensation, or, in some instances, where independent third-party

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benchmarking indicates that compensation is inadequately correlated with performance, relative to peer companies. (Examples of excessive executive compensation may include, but are not limited to, equity incentive plans that exceed the dilution criteria noted above, evergreen provisions, excessive perquisites, performance-based compensation programs that do not properly correlate reward and performance, “golden parachutes” or other severance arrangements that present conflicts between management’s interests and the interests of shareholders, and “golden coffins” or unearned death benefits.) In voting on a proposal relating to executive compensation, the funds will consider whether the proposal has been approved by an independent compensation committee of the board.

Capitalization

Many proxy proposals involve changes in a company’s capitalization, including the authorization of additional stock, the issuance of stock, the repurchase of outstanding stock, or the approval of a stock split. The management of a company’s capital structure involves a number of important issues, including cash flow, financing needs, and market conditions that are unique to the circumstances of the company. As a result, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals involving changes to a company’s capitalization, except that where the funds are not otherwise withholding votes from the entire board of directors:

Ø The funds will vote for proposals relating to the authorization and issuance of additional common stock, except that the funds will evaluate such proposals on a case-by-case basis if they relate to a specific transaction or to common stock with special voting rights.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to effect stock splits (excluding reverse stock splits).

Ø The funds will vote for proposals authorizing share repurchase programs, except that the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis if there are concerns that there may be abusive practices related to the share repurchase programs.

Commentary: A company may decide to authorize additional shares of common stock for reasons relating to executive compensation or for routine business purposes. For the most part, these decisions are best left to the board of directors and senior management. The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis, however, on other proposals to change a company’s capitalization, including the authorization of common stock with special voting rights, the authorization or issuance of common stock in connection with a specific transaction (e.g., an acquisition, merger or reorganization), the authorization or issuance of preferred stock, or the authorization of share repurchase programs that have the potential to facilitate abusive practices. Actions such as these involve a number of considerations that may affect a shareholder’s investment and that warrant a case-by-case determination. One such consideration is the funds’ belief that, as a general matter, common shareholders should have equal voting rights. With respect to proposals authorizing share repurchase programs, potentially abusive practices may involve programs that allow insiders’ shares to be repurchased at a higher price than the price that would be received in an open-market sale, using a share repurchase program to manipulate metrics for incentive compensation, or engaging in greenmail or repurchases that may impact a company’s long-term viability.

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Acquisitions, Mergers, Reincorporations, Reorganizations and Other Transactions

Shareholders may be confronted with a number of different types of transactions, including acquisitions, mergers, reorganizations involving business combinations, liquidations, and the sale of all or substantially all of a company’s assets, which may require their consent. Voting on such proposals involves considerations unique to each transaction. As a result, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals to effect these types of transactions, except as follows:

Ø The funds will vote for mergers and reorganizations involving business combinations designed solely to reincorporate a company in Delaware.

Commentary: A company may reincorporate into another state through a merger or reorganization by setting up a “shell” company in a different state and then merging the company into the new company. While reincorporation into states with extensive and established corporate laws – notably Delaware – provides companies and shareholders with a more well-defined legal framework, shareholders must carefully consider the reasons for a reincorporation into another jurisdiction, including especially an offshore jurisdiction.

Anti-Takeover Measures

Some proxy proposals involve efforts by management to make it more difficult for an outside party to take control of the company without the approval of the company’s board of directors. These include the adoption of a shareholder rights plan, requiring supermajority voting on particular issues, the adoption of fair price provisions, the issuance of blank check preferred stock, and the creation of a separate class of stock with disparate voting rights. Such proposals may adversely affect shareholder rights, lead to management entrenchment, or create conflicts of interest. As a result, the funds will vote against board-approved proposals to adopt such anti-takeover measures, except as follows:

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to ratify or approve shareholder rights plans; and

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to adopt fair price provisions.

Commentary: The funds’ Trustees recognize that poison pills and fair price provisions may enhance or protect shareholder value under certain circumstances, and accordingly the funds will consider proposals to approve such matters on a case-by-case basis.

Other Business Matters

Many proxies involve approval of routine business matters, such as changing a company’s name, ratifying the appointment of auditors, and procedural matters relating to the shareholder meeting. For the most part, these routine matters do not materially affect shareholder interests and are best left to the board of directors and senior management of the company. The funds will vote for board-approved proposals approving such matters, except as follows:

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Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to amend a company’s charter or bylaws (except for charter amendments necessary to effect stock splits, to change a company’s name or to authorize additional shares of common stock).

Ø The funds will vote against authorization to transact other unidentified, substantive business at the meeting.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to ratify the selection of independent auditors if there is evidence that the audit firm’s independence or the integrity of an audit is compromised.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals that conflict with shareholder proposals.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on other business matters where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

Commentary: Charter and bylaw amendments (for example, amendments implementing proxy access proposals), board-approved proposals that conflict with shareholder proposals, and the transaction of other unidentified, substantive business at a shareholder meeting may directly affect shareholder rights and have a significant impact on shareholder value. As a result, the funds do not view these items as routine business matters. Putnam Management’s investment professionals and the funds’ proxy voting service may also bring to the Proxy Voting Director’s attention company-specific items that they believe to be non-routine and warranting special consideration. Under these circumstances, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis.

The fund’s proxy voting service may identify circumstances that call into question an audit firm’s independence or the integrity of an audit. These circumstances may include recent material restatements of financials, unusual audit fees, egregious contractual relationships (including inappropriately one-sided dispute resolution procedures), and aggressive accounting policies. The funds will consider proposals to ratify the selection of auditors in these circumstances on a case-by-case basis. In all other cases, given the existence of rules that enhance the independence of audit committees and auditors by, for example, prohibiting auditors from performing a range of non-audit services for audit clients, the funds will vote for the ratification of independent auditors.

II.       SHAREHOLDER PROPOSALS

SEC regulations permit shareholders to submit proposals for inclusion in a company’s proxy statement. These proposals generally seek to change some aspect of the company’s corporate governance structure or to change some aspect of its business operations. The funds generally will vote in accordance with the recommendation of the company’s board of directors on all shareholder proposals, except as follows:

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals requiring that the chairman’s position be filled by someone other than the chief executive officer.

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Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals asking that director nominees receive support from holders of a majority of votes cast or a majority of shares outstanding in order to be (re)elected.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to declassify a board, absent special circumstances which would indicate that shareholder interests are better served by a classified board structure.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to eliminate supermajority vote requirements in the company’s charter documents, except that the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on such proposals at controlled companies (companies in which an individual or a group voting collectively holds a majority of the voting interest).

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to require shareholder approval of shareholder rights plans.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to amend a company’s charter documents to permit shareholders to call special meetings, but only if both of the following conditions are met:

· the proposed amendment limits the right to call special meetings to shareholders holding at least 15% of the company’s outstanding shares, and

· applicable state law does not otherwise provide shareholders with the right to call special meetings.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals relating to proxy access.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring companies to make cash payments under management severance agreements only if both of the following conditions are met:

· the company undergoes a change in control, and

· the change in control results in the termination of employment for the person receiving the severance payment.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring companies to accelerate vesting of equity awards under management severance agreements only if both of the following conditions are met:

· the company undergoes a change in control, and

· the change in control results in the termination of employment for the person receiving the severance payment.

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Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals to limit a company’s ability to make excise tax gross-up payments under management severance agreements as well as proposals to limit income or other tax gross-up payments.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals requesting that the board adopt a policy to recoup, in the event of a significant restatement of financial results or significant extraordinary write-off, to the fullest extent practicable, for the benefit of the company, all performance-based bonuses or awards that were paid to senior executives based on the company having met or exceeded specific performance targets to the extent that the specific performance targets were not, in fact, met.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals calling for the company to obtain shareholder approval for any future golden coffins or unearned death benefits (payments or awards of unearned salary or bonus, accelerated vesting or the continuation of unvested equity awards, perquisites or other payments or awards in respect of an executive following his or her death), and for shareholder proposals calling for the company to cease providing golden coffins or unearned death benefits.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring a company to report on its executive retirement benefits (e.g., deferred compensation, split-dollar life insurance, SERPs and pension benefits).

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring a company to disclose its relationships with executive compensation consultants (e.g., whether the company, the board or the compensation committee retained the consultant, the types of services provided by the consultant over the past five years, and a list of the consultant’s clients on which any of the company’s executives serve as a director).

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals related to environmental and social initiatives.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals that are consistent with the funds’ proxy voting guidelines for board-approved proposals.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals that conflict with board-approved proposals.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on other shareholder proposals where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

Commentary: The funds’ Trustees believe that effective corporate reforms should be promoted by holding boards of directors – and in particular their independent directors – accountable for their actions, rather than by imposing additional legal restrictions on board governance through piecemeal proposals. As stated above, the funds’ Trustees believe that boards of directors and management are responsible for ensuring that their businesses are operating in accordance with high legal and ethical standards and should be held accountable for resulting corporate behavior. Accordingly, the funds will generally support the recommendations of boards that meet the basic independence and governance standards established in these guidelines. Where boards fail to

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meet these standards, the funds will generally evaluate shareholder proposals on a case-by-case basis.

There are some types of proposals that the funds will evaluate on a case-by-case basis in any event. For example, when shareholder proposals conflict with board-approved approvals, the funds will generally evaluate both proposals on a case-by-case basis, considering the materiality of the differences between the proposals, the benefits to shareholders from each proposal, and the strength of the company’s corporate governance, among other factors, in determining which proposal to support. In addition, the funds will also consider proposals requiring that the chairman’s position be filled by someone other than the company’s chief executive officer on a case-by-case basis, recognizing that in some cases this separation may advance the company’s corporate governance while in other cases it may be less necessary to the sound governance of the company. The funds will take into account the level of independent leadership on a company’s board in evaluating these proposals. The funds will be more likely to vote for shareholder proposals calling for the separation of the roles of the chief executive and chair of the board if the company has a non-independent board, non-independent directors on the nominating, compensation or audit committees, or a weak lead independent director role, or if the board has not worked toward addressing material risks to the company, has chosen not to intervene when management interests conflict with shareholder interests, or has had other material governance failures.

While the funds will also consider shareholder proposals relating to proxy access on a case-by-case basis, the funds will generally vote in favor of market-standard proxy access proposals (for example, proxy access proposals allowing a shareholder or group of up to 20 shareholders holding three percent of a company’s outstanding shares for at least three years the right to nominate the greater of up to two directors or 20% of the board). The funds believe that shareholders meeting these criteria generally have demonstrated a sufficient interest in the company that they should be granted access to a company’s proxy materials to include their nominees for election alongside the company’s nominees.

The funds generally support shareholder proposals to implement majority voting for directors, observing that majority voting is an emerging standard intended to encourage directors to be attentive to shareholders’ interests. The funds also generally support shareholder proposals to declassify a board, to eliminate supermajority vote requirements, or to require shareholder approval of shareholder rights plans. (For proposals to eliminate supermajority vote requirements at companies in which an individual or a group voting collectively holds a majority of the voting interest, the funds vote on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the interests of minority shareholders.) The funds’ Trustees believe that these shareholder proposals further the goals of reducing management entrenchment and conflicts of interest, and aligning management’s interests with shareholders’ interests in evaluating proposed acquisitions of the company. The Trustees also believe that shareholder proposals to limit severance payments may further these goals in some instances. In general, the funds favor arrangements in which severance payments are made to an executive only when there is a change in control and the executive loses his or her job as a result. Arrangements in which an executive receives a payment upon a change of control even if the executive retains employment introduce potential conflicts of interest and may distract management focus from the long term success of the company.

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In evaluating shareholder proposals that address severance payments, the funds distinguish between cash and equity payments. The funds generally do not favor cash payments to executives upon a change in control transaction if the executive retains employment. However, the funds recognize that accelerated vesting of equity incentives, even without termination of employment, may help to align management and shareholder interests in some instances, and will evaluate shareholder proposals addressing accelerated vesting of equity incentive payments on a case-by-case basis.

When severance payments exceed a certain amount based on the executive’s previous compensation, the payments may be subject to an excise tax. Some compensation arrangements provide for full excise tax gross-ups, which means that the company pays the executive sufficient additional amounts to cover the cost of the excise tax. The funds are concerned that the benefits of providing full excise tax gross-ups to executives may be outweighed by the cost to the company of the gross-up payments. Accordingly, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals to curtail excise tax gross-up payments. The funds generally favor arrangements in which severance payments do not trigger an excise tax or in which the company’s obligations with respect to gross-up payments are limited in a reasonable manner.

The funds’ Trustees believe that performance-based compensation can be an effective tool for aligning management and shareholder interests. However, to fulfill its purpose, performance compensation should only be paid to executives if the performance targets are actually met. A significant restatement of financial results or a significant extraordinary write-off may reveal that executives who were previously paid performance compensation did not actually deliver the required business performance to earn that compensation. In these circumstances, it may be appropriate for the company to recoup this performance compensation. The funds will consider on a case-by-case basis shareholder proposals requesting that the board adopt a policy to recoup, in the event of a significant restatement of financial results or significant extraordinary write-off, performance-based bonuses or awards paid to senior executives based on the company having met or exceeded specific performance targets to the extent that the specific performance targets were not, in fact, met. The funds do not believe that such a policy should necessarily disadvantage a company in recruiting executives, as executives should understand that they are only entitled to performance compensation based on the actual performance they deliver.

The funds’ Trustees disfavor golden coffins or unearned death benefits, and the funds will generally support shareholder proposals to restrict or terminate these practices. The Trustees will also consider whether a company’s overall compensation arrangements, taking all of the pertinent circumstances into account, constitute excessive compensation or otherwise reflect poorly on the corporate governance practices of the company. As the Trustees evaluate these matters, they will be mindful of evolving practices and legislation relevant to executive compensation and corporate governance.

The funds’ Trustees recognize the importance of environmental and social responsibility. In evaluating shareholder proposals with respect to environmental and social initiatives (including initiatives related to climate change and gender pay equity), the funds will take into account the relevance of the proposal to the company’s business and the practicality of implementing the proposal, including the impact on the company’s business activities, operations, and stakeholders. The funds will generally vote for proposals calling for reasonable study or

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reporting relating to climate change matters that are clearly relevant to the company’s business activities, taking into consideration, when appropriate, the company’s current publicly available disclosure and the company’s level of disclosure and oversight of climate change matters relative to its industry peers. With respect to shareholder proposals related to diversity initiatives, the funds will assess the proposals in a manner that is broadly consistent with the funds’ approach to holding the board of directors directly accountable for diversity on the board.

The funds’ Trustees also believe that shareholder proposals that are intended to increase transparency, particularly with respect to executive compensation, without establishing rigid restrictions upon a company’s ability to attract and motivate talented executives, are generally beneficial to sound corporate governance without imposing undue burdens. The funds will generally support shareholder proposals calling for reasonable disclosure.

III.       VOTING SHARES OF NON-U.S. ISSUERS

Many of the Putnam funds invest on a global basis, and, as a result, they may hold, and have an opportunity to vote, shares in non-U.S. issuers – i.e., issuers that are incorporated under the laws of foreign jurisdictions and whose shares are not listed on a U.S. securities exchange or the NASDAQ stock market.

In many non-U.S. markets, shareholders who vote proxies of a non-U.S. issuer are not able to trade in that company’s stock on or around the shareholder meeting date. This practice is known as “share blocking.” In countries where share blocking is practiced, the funds will vote proxies only with direction from Putnam Management’s investment professionals.

In addition, some non-U.S. markets require that a company’s shares be re-registered out of the name of the local custodian or nominee into the name of the shareholder for the shareholder to be able to vote at the meeting. This practice is known as “share re-registration.” As a result, shareholders, including the funds, are not able to trade in that company’s stock until the shares are re-registered back in the name of the local custodian or nominee following the meeting. In countries where share re-registration is practiced, the funds will generally not vote proxies.

Protection for shareholders of non-U.S. issuers may vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Laws governing non-U.S. issuers may, in some cases, provide substantially less protection for shareholders than do U.S. laws. As a result, the guidelines applicable to U.S. issuers, which are premised on the existence of a sound corporate governance and disclosure framework, may not be appropriate under some circumstances for non-U.S. issuers. However, the funds will vote proxies of non-U.S. issuers in accordance with the guidelines applicable to U.S. issuers except as follows:

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Uncontested Board Elections

China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors, or

· the board has not established audit, compensation and nominating committees each composed of a majority of independent directors.

Commentary: Whether a director is considered “independent” or not will be determined by reference to local corporate law or listing standards.

Europe ex-United Kingdom

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· the board has not established audit and compensation committees each composed of a majority of independent, non-executive directors, or

· the board has not established a nominating committee composed of a majority of independent directors.

Commentary: An “independent director” under the European Commission’s guidelines is one who is free of any business, family or other relationship, with the company, its controlling shareholder or the management of either, that creates a conflict of interest such as to impair his judgment. A “non-executive director” is one who is not engaged in the daily management of the company.

Germany

Ø For companies subject to “co-determination,” the funds will vote for the election of nominees to the supervisory board, except that the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis for any nominee who is either an employee of the company or who is otherwise affiliated with the company (as determined by the funds’ proxy voting service).

Ø The funds will withhold votes for the election of a former member of the company’s managerial board to chair of the supervisory board.

Commentary: German corporate governance is characterized by a two-tier board system—a managerial board composed of the company’s executive officers, and a supervisory board. The supervisory board appoints the members of the managerial board. Shareholders elect members of the supervisory board, except that in the case of companies with a large number of employees, company employees are allowed to elect some of the supervisory board members (one-half of supervisory board members are elected by company employees at companies with more than 2,000 employees; one-third of the supervisory board members are elected by company employees at companies with more than 500 employees but fewer than 2,000). This “co-

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determination” practice may increase the chances that the supervisory board of a large German company does not contain a majority of independent members. In this situation, under the Fund’s proxy voting guidelines applicable to U.S. issuers, the funds would vote against all nominees. However, in the case of companies subject to “co-determination” and with the goal of supporting independent nominees, the Funds will vote for supervisory board members who are neither employees of the company nor otherwise affiliated with the company.

Consistent with the funds’ belief that the interests of shareholders are best protected by boards with strong, independent leadership, the funds will withhold votes for the election of former chairs of the managerial board to chair of the supervisory board.

Hong Kong

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors, or

· the board has not established audit, compensation and nominating committees each with at least a majority of its members being independent directors, or

· the chair of the audit, compensation or nominating committee is not an independent director.

Commentary. For purposes of these guidelines, an “independent director” is a director that has no material, financial or other current relationships with the company. In determining whether a director is independent, the funds will apply the standards included in the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited Section 3.13.

Italy

Ø The funds will withhold votes from any director not identified in the proxy materials.

Commentary: In Italy, companies have the right to nominate co-opted directors² for election to the board at the next annual general meeting, but do not have to indicate, until the day of the annual meeting, whether or not they are nominating a co-opted director for election. When a company does not explicitly state in its proxy materials that co-opted directors are standing for election, shareholders will not know for sure who the board nominees are until the actual meeting occurs. The funds will withhold support from any such co-opted director on the grounds that there was insufficient information for evaluation before the meeting.

Japan

Ø For companies that have established a U.S.-style corporate governance structure, the funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· the board does not have a majority of outside directors,

^{____________
2} A co-opted director is an individual appointed to the board by incumbent directors to replace a director who was elected by directors but who leaves the board (through resignation or death) before the end of his or her term.

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· the board has not established nominating and compensation committees composed of a majority of outside directors, or

· the board has not established an audit committee composed of a majority of independent directors.

Ø The funds will withhold votes for the appointment of members of a company’s board of statutory auditors if a majority of the members of the board of statutory auditors is not independent.

Commentary:

Board structure: Recent amendments to the Japanese Commercial Code give companies the option to adopt a U.S.-style corporate governance structure (i.e., a board of directors and audit, nominating, and compensation committees). The funds will vote for proposals to amend a company’s articles of incorporation to adopt the U.S.-style corporate structure.

Definition of outside director and independent director: Corporate governance principles in Japan focus on the distinction between outside directors and independent directors. Under these principles, an outside director is a director who is not and has never been a director, executive, or employee of the company or its parent company, subsidiaries or affiliates. An outside director is “independent” if that person can make decisions completely independent from the managers of the company, its parent, subsidiaries, or affiliates and does not have a material relationship with the company (i.e., major client, trading partner, or other business relationship; familial relationship with current director or executive; etc.). The guidelines have incorporated these definitions in applying the board independence standards above.

Korea

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· fewer than half of the directors are outside directors,

· the board has not established a nominating committee with at least half of the members being outside directors, or

· the board has not established an audit committee composed of at least three members and in which at least two-thirds of its members are outside directors.

Ø The funds will vote withhold votes from nominees to the audit committee if the board has not established an audit committee composed of (or proposed to be composed of) at least three members, and of which at least two-thirds of its members are (or will be) outside directors.

Commentary: For purposes of these guidelines, an “outside director” is a director that is independent from the management or controlling shareholders of the company, and holds no interests that might impair the performance his or her duties impartially with respect to the company, management or controlling shareholder. In determining whether a director is an outside director, the funds will also apply the standards included in Article 415-2(2) of the

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Korean Commercial Code (i.e., no employment relationship with the company for a period of two years before serving on the committee, no director or employment relationship with the company’s largest shareholder, etc.) and may consider other business relationships that would affect the independence of an outside director.

Malaysia

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· in the case of a board with an independent director serving as chair, fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors; or, in the case of a board not chaired by an independent director, less than a majority of the directors are independent directors,

· the board has not established audit and nominating committees with at least a majority of the members being independent directors and all of the members being non-executive directors, or

· the board has not established a compensation committee with at least a majority of the members being non-executive directors.

Commentary. For purposes of these guidelines, an “independent director” is a director who has no material, financial or other current relationships with the company. In determining whether a director is independent, the funds will apply the standards included in the Malaysia Code of Corporate Governance, Commentary to Recommendation 3.1. A “non-executive director” is a director who does not take on primary responsibility for leadership of the company.

Russia

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis for the election of nominees to the board of directors.

Commentary: In Russia, director elections are typically handled through a cumulative voting process. Cumulative voting allows shareholders to cast all of their votes for a single nominee for the board of directors, or to allocate their votes among nominees in any other way. In contrast, in “regular” voting, shareholders may not give more than one vote per share to any single nominee. Cumulative voting can help to strengthen the ability of minority shareholders to elect a director.

In Russia, as in some other emerging markets, standards of corporate governance are usually behind those in developed markets. Rather than vote against the entire board of directors, as the funds generally would in the case of a company whose board fails to meet the funds’ standards for independence, the funds may, on a case by case basis, cast all of their votes for one or more independent director nominees. The funds believe that it is important to increase the number of independent directors on the boards of Russian companies to mitigate the risks associated with dominant shareholders.

Singapore

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

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· in the case of a board with an independent director serving as chair, fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors; or, in the case of a board not chaired by an independent director, fewer than half of the directors are independent directors,

· the board has not established audit and compensation committees, each with an independent director serving as chair, with at least a majority of the members being independent directors, and with all of the directors being non-executive directors, or

· the board has not established a nominating committee, with an independent director serving as chair, and with at least a majority of the members being independent directors.

Commentary: For purposes of these guidelines, an “independent director” is a director that has no material, financial or other current relationships with the company. In determining whether a director is independent, the funds will apply the standards included in the Singapore Code of Corporate Governance, Guideline 2.3. A “non-executive director” is a director who is not employed with the company.

United Kingdom

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· fewer than half of the directors are independent non-executive directors,

· the board has not established a nomination committee composed of a majority of independent non-executive directors, or

· the board has not established compensation and audit committees composed of (1) at least three directors (in the case of smaller companies, two directors) and (2) solely independent non-executive directors, provided that, to the extent permitted under the United Kingdom’s Combined Code on Corporate Governance, the company chairman may serve on (but not serve as chairman of) the compensation and audit committees if the chairman was considered independent upon his or her appointment as chairman.

Ø The funds will withhold votes from any nominee for director who is considered an independent director by the company and who has received compensation within the last three years from the company other than for service as a director, such as investment banking, consulting, legal, or financial advisory fees.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to amend a company’s articles of association to authorize boards to approve situations that might be interpreted to present potential conflicts of interest affecting a director.

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Commentary:

Application of guidelines: Although the United Kingdom’s Combined Code on Corporate Governance (“Combined Code”) has adopted the “comply and explain” approach to corporate governance, the funds’ Trustees believe that the guidelines discussed above with respect to board independence standards are integral to the protection of investors in U.K. companies. As a result, these guidelines will generally be applied in a prescriptive manner.

Definition of independence: For the purposes of these guidelines, a non-executive director shall be considered independent if the director meets the independence standards in section A.3.1 of the Combined Code (i.e., no material business or employment relationships with the company, no remuneration from the company for non-board services, no close family ties with senior employees or directors of the company, etc.), except that the funds do not view service on the board for more than nine years as affecting a director’s independence. Company chairmen in the U.K. are generally considered affiliated upon appointment as chairman due to the nature of the position of chairman. Consistent with the Combined Code, a company chairman who was considered independent upon appointment as chairman: may serve as a member of, but not as the chairman of, the compensation (remuneration) committee; and, in the case of smaller companies, may serve as a member of, but not as the chairman of, the audit committee.

Smaller companies: A smaller company is one that is below the FTSE 350 throughout the year immediately prior to the reporting year.

Conflicts of interest: The Companies Act 2006 requires a director to avoid a situation in which he or she has, or can have, a direct or indirect interest that conflicts, or possibly may conflict, with the interests of the company. This broadly written requirement could be construed to prevent a director from becoming a trustee or director of another organization. Provided there are reasonable safeguards, such as the exclusion of the relevant director from deliberations, the funds believe that the board may approve this type of potential conflict of interest in its discretion.

All other jurisdictions

Ø The funds will vote for supervisory board nominees when the supervisory board meets the funds’ independence standards, otherwise the funds will vote against supervisory board nominees.

Commentary: Companies in many jurisdictions operate under the oversight of supervisory boards. In the absence of jurisdiction-specific guidelines, the funds will generally hold supervisory boards to the same standards of independence as it applies to boards of directors in the United States.

Contested Board Elections

Italy

Ø The funds will vote for the management- or board-sponsored slate of nominees if the board meets the funds’ independence standards, and against the management- or board-sponsored slate

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of nominees if the board does not meet the funds’ independence standards; the funds will not vote on shareholder-proposed slates of nominees.

Commentary: Contested elections in Italy may involve a variety of competing slates of nominees. In these circumstances, the funds will focus their analysis on the board- or management-sponsored slate.

Corporate Governance

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to change the size of a board if the board meets the funds’ independence standards, and against proposals to change the size of a board if the board does not meet the funds’ independence standards.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals calling for a majority of a company’s directors to be independent of management.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals seeking to increase the independence of board nominating, audit, and compensation committees.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals that implement corporate governance standards similar to those established under U.S. federal law and the listing requirements of U.S. stock exchanges, and that do not otherwise violate the laws of the jurisdiction under which the company is incorporated.

Australia

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board spill resolutions.

Commentary: The Corporations Amendment (Improving Accountability on Director and Executive Compensation) Bill 2011 provides that, if a company’s remuneration report receives a “no” vote of 25% or more of all votes cast at two consecutive annual general meetings, at the second annual general meeting, a spill resolution must be proposed. If the spill resolution is approved (by simple majority), then a further meeting to elect a new board (excluding the managing director) must be held within 90 days. The funds will consider board spill resolutions on a case-by-case basis.

Europe

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to ratify board acts, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Taiwan

Ø The funds will vote against proposals to release directors from their non-competition obligations (their obligations not to engage in any business that is competitive with the company), unless the proposal is narrowly drafted to permit directors to engage in a business that is competitive with the company only on behalf of a wholly-owned subsidiary of the company.

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Compensation

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve annual directors’ fees, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis in each case in which the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against such a proposal.

Ø The funds will vote for non-binding proposals to approve remuneration reports, except that the funds will vote against proposals to approve remuneration reports that indicate that awards under a long-term incentive plan are not linked to performance targets.

Commentary: Since proposals relating to directors’ fees for non-U.S. issuers generally address relatively modest fees paid to non-executive directors, the funds generally support these proposals, provided that the fees are consistent with directors’ fees paid by the company’s peers and do not otherwise appear unwarranted. Consistent with the approach taken for U.S. issuers, the funds generally favor compensation programs that relate executive compensation to a company’s long-term performance and will support non-binding remuneration reports unless such a correlation is not made.

Europe and Asia ex-Japan

Ø In the case of proposals that do not include sufficient information for determining average annual dilution, the funds will vote for stock option and restricted stock plans that will result in an average gross potential dilution of 5% or less.

Commentary: Asia ex-Japan means China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. In these markets, companies may not disclose the life of the plan and there may not be a specific number of shares requested; therefore, it may not be possible to determine the average annual dilution related to the plan and apply the funds’ standard dilution test.

France

Ø The funds will vote for an employee stock purchase plan or share save scheme that has the following features: (1) the shares purchased under the plan are acquired for no less than 70% of their market value; (2) the vesting period is greater than or equal to 10 years; (3) the offering period under the plan is 27 months or less; and (4) dilution is 10% or less.

Commentary: To conform to local market practice, the funds support plans or schemes at French issuers that permit the purchase of shares at up to a 30% discount (i.e., shares may be purchased for no less than 70% of their market value). By comparison, for U.S. issuers, the funds do not support employee stock purchase plans that permit shares to be acquired at more than a 15% discount (i.e., for less than 85% of their market value); in the United Kingdom, up to a 20% discount is permitted.

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United Kingdom

Ø The funds will vote for an employee stock purchase plan or share save scheme that has the following features: (1) the shares purchased under the plan are acquired for no less than 80% of their market value; (2) the offering period under the plan is 27 months or less; and (3) dilution is 10% or less.

Commentary: These are the same features that the funds require of employee stock purchase plans proposed by U.S. issuers, except that, to conform to local market practice, the funds support plans or schemes at United Kingdom issuers that permit the purchase of shares at up to a 20% discount (i.e., shares may be purchased for no less than 80% of their market value). By comparison, for U.S. issuers, the funds do not support employee stock purchase plans that permit shares to be acquired at more than a 15% discount (i.e., for less than 85% of their market value).

Capitalization

Unless a proposal is directly addressed by a country-specific guideline:

Ø The funds will vote for proposals

· to issue additional common stock representing up to 20% of the company’s outstanding common stock, where shareholders do not have preemptive rights, or

· to issue additional common stock representing up to 100% of the company’s outstanding common stock, where shareholders do have preemptive rights.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to authorize share repurchase programs that are recommended for approval by the funds’ proxy voting service; otherwise, the funds will vote against such proposals.

Australia

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to carve out, from the general cap on non-pro rata share issues of 15% of total equity in a rolling 12-month period, a particular proposed issue of shares or a particular issue of shares made previously within the 12-month period, if the company’s board meets the funds’ independence standards; if the company’s board does not meet the funds’ independence standards, then the funds will vote against these proposals.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve the grant of equity awards to directors, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

China

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to issue and/or to trade in non-convertible, convertible and/or exchangeable debt obligations, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

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Hong Kong

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve a general mandate permitting the company to engage in non-pro rata share issues of up to 20% of total equity in a year if the company’s board meets the funds’ independence standards; if the company’s board does not meet the funds’ independence standards, then the funds will vote against these proposals.

Ø The funds will for proposals to approve the reissuance of shares acquired by the company under a share repurchase program, provided that: (1) the funds supported (or would have supported, in accordance with these guidelines) the share repurchase program, (2) the reissued shares represent no more than 10% of the company’s outstanding shares (measured immediately before the reissuance), and (3) the reissued shares are sold for no less than 85% of current market value.

France

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to increase authorized shares, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Ø The funds will vote against proposals to authorize the issuance of common stock or convertible debt instruments and against proposals to authorize the repurchase and/or reissuance of shares where those authorizations may be used, without further shareholder approval, as anti-takeover measures.

New Zealand

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve the grant of equity awards to directors, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Commentary: In light of the prevalence of certain types of capitalization proposals in Australia, China, Hong Kong, France and New Zealand, the funds have adopted guidelines specific to those jurisdictions.

Other Business Matters

Ø The funds will vote for proposals permitting companies to deliver reports and other materials electronically (e.g., via website posting).

Ø The funds will vote for proposals permitting companies to issue regulatory reports in English.

Ø The funds will vote against proposals to shorten shareholder meeting notice periods to fourteen days.

Commentary: Under Directive 2007/36/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, companies have the option to request shareholder approval to set the notice period for special meetings at 14 days provided that certain electronic voting and communication requirements are met. The funds believe that the 14 day notice period is too short to provide

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overseas shareholders with sufficient time to analyze proposals and to participate meaningfully at special meetings and, as a result, have determined to vote against such proposals.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to amend a company’s charter or bylaws, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Commentary: If the substance of any proposed amendment is covered by a specific guideline included herein, then that guideline will govern.

France

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve a company’s related party transactions, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Ø If a company has not proposed an opt-out clause in its articles of association and the implementation of double-voting rights has not been approved by shareholders, the funds will vote against the ratification of board acts for the previous fiscal year, will withhold votes from the re-election of members of the board’s governance committee (or in the absence of a governance committee, against the chair of the board or the next session board member up for re-election) and, if there is no opportunity to vote against ratification of board acts or to withhold votes from directors, will vote against the approval of the company’s accounts and reports.

Commentary: In France, shareholders are generally requested to approve any agreement between the company and: (i) its directors, chair of the board, CEO and deputy CEOs; (ii) the members of the supervisory board and management board, for companies with a dual structure; and (iii) a shareholder who directly or indirectly owns at least 10% of the company’s voting rights. This includes agreements under which compensation may be paid to executive officers after the end of their employment, such as severance payments, supplementary retirement plans and non-competition agreements. The funds will generally support these proposals unless the funds’ proxy voting service recommends a vote against, in which case the funds will consider the proposal on a case-by-case basis.

Under French law, shareholders of French companies with shares held in registered form under the same name for at least two years will automatically be granted double-voting rights, unless a company has amended its articles of association to opt out of the double-voting rights regime. Awarding double-voting rights in this manner is likely to disadvantage non-French institutional shareholders. Accordingly, the funds will take actions to signal disapproval of double-voting rights at companies that have not opted-out from the double-voting rights regime and that have not obtained shareholder approval of the double-voting rights regime.

Germany

Ø The funds will vote in accordance with the recommendation of the company’s board of directors on shareholder countermotions added to a company’s meeting agenda, unless the countermotion is directly addressed by one of the funds’ other guidelines.

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Commentary: In Germany, shareholders are able to add both proposals and countermotions to a meeting agenda. Countermotions, which must correspond to a proposal on the agenda, generally call for shareholders to oppose the existing proposal, although they may also propose separate voting decisions. Countermotions may be proposed by any shareholder and they are typically added throughout the period between the publication of the meeting agenda and the meeting date. This guideline reflects the funds’ intention to focus on the original proposal, which is expected to be presented a reasonable period of time before the shareholder meeting so that the funds will have an appropriate opportunity to evaluate it.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve profit-and-loss transfer agreements between a controlling company and its subsidiaries.

Commentary: These agreements are customary in Germany and are typically entered into for tax purposes. In light of this and the prevalence of these proposals, the funds have adopted a guideline to vote for this type of proposal.

Taiwan

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to amend a Taiwanese company’s procedural rules.

Commentary: Since procedural rules, which address such matters as a company’s policies with respect to capital loans, endorsements and guarantees, and acquisitions and disposal of assets, are generally adopted or amended to conform to changes in local regulations governing these transactions, the funds have adopted a guideline to vote for these transactions.

As adopted January 24, 2020

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Proxy voting procedures of The Putnam Funds

The proxy voting procedures below explain the role of the funds’ Trustees, proxy voting service, and Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate Governance (“Proxy Voting Director”), as well as how the process works when a proxy question needs to be handled on a case-by-case basis, or when there may be a conflict of interest.

The role of the funds’ Trustees

The Trustees of The Putnam Funds exercise control of voting proxies through their Board Policy and Nominating Committee, which is composed entirely of independent Trustees. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee oversees the proxy voting process and participates, as needed, in the resolution of issues that need to be handled on a case-by-case basis. The Committee annually reviews and recommends, for Trustee approval, guidelines governing the funds’ proxy votes, including how the funds will vote on specific proposals and which matters are to be considered on a case-by-case basis. The Trustees are assisted in this process by the Proxy Voting Director, independent legal counsel, and an independent proxy voting service. The Trustees also receive assistance from Putnam Investment Management, LLC (“Putnam Management”), the funds’ investment adviser, on matters involving investment judgments. In all cases, the ultimate decision on voting proxies rests with the Trustees, acting as fiduciaries on behalf of the shareholders of the funds.

The role of the proxy voting service

The funds have engaged an independent proxy voting service to assist in the voting of proxies. The proxy voting service is responsible for coordinating with the funds’ custodian(s) to ensure that all proxy materials received by the custodians relating to the funds’ portfolio securities are processed in a timely fashion. To the extent applicable, the proxy voting service votes all proxies in accordance with the proxy voting guidelines established by the Trustees. The proxy voting service will refer proxy questions to the Proxy Voting Director for instructions under circumstances where: (1) the application of the proxy voting guidelines is unclear; (2) a particular proxy question is not covered by the guidelines; or (3) the guidelines call for specific instructions on a case-by-case basis. The proxy voting service is also requested to call to the attention of the Proxy Voting Director specific proxy questions that, while governed by a guideline, appear to involve unusual or controversial issues. The funds also utilize research services relating to proxy questions provided by the proxy voting service and by other firms.

The role of the Proxy Voting Director

The Proxy Voting Director, a member of the Office of the Trustees (the Trustees’ independent administrative staff), assists in the coordination and voting of the funds’ proxies. The Proxy Voting Director deals directly with the proxy voting service and, in the case of proxy questions referred by the proxy voting service, solicits voting recommendations and instructions from the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee and Putnam Management’s investment professionals, as appropriate. The Proxy Voting Director is responsible for ensuring that these

February 28, 2021 II-162 

questions and referrals are responded to in a timely fashion and for transmitting appropriate voting instructions to the proxy voting service. In addition, the Proxy Voting Director is the contact person for receiving recommendations from Putnam Management’s investment professionals with respect to any proxy question in circumstances where the investment professional believes that the interests of fund shareholders warrant a vote contrary to the fund’s proxy voting guidelines.

On occasion, representatives of a company in which the funds have an investment may wish to meet with the company’s shareholders in advance of the company’s shareholder meeting, typically to explain and to provide the company’s perspective on the proposals up for consideration at the meeting. As a general matter, the Proxy Voting Director will participate in meetings with these company representatives.

The Proxy Voting Director is also responsible for ensuring that the funds file the required annual reports of their proxy voting records with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Proxy Voting Director coordinates with the funds’ proxy voting service to prepare and file on Form N-PX, by August 31 of each year, the funds’ proxy voting record for the most recent twelve-month period ended June 30. In addition, the Proxy Voting Director is responsible for coordinating with Putnam Management to arrange for the funds’ proxy voting record for the most recent twelve-month period ended June 30 to be available on the funds’ website.

Voting procedures for referral items

As discussed above, the proxy voting service will refer proxy questions to the Proxy Voting Director under certain circumstances. Unless the referred proxy question involves investment considerations (i.e., the proxy question might be seen as having a bearing on the economic interests of a shareholder in the company) and is referred to Putnam Management’s investment professionals for a voting recommendation as described below, the Proxy Voting Director will assist in interpreting the guidelines and, if necessary, consult with the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee on how the funds’ shares will be voted or confer with a senior member of the Office of the Trustees.

The Proxy Voting Director will refer proxy questions that involve investment considerations, through an electronic request form, to Putnam Management’s investment professionals for a voting recommendation. These referrals will be made in cooperation with the person or persons designated by Putnam Management’s Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing referral items. In connection with each item referred to Putnam Management’s investment professionals, the Legal and Compliance Department will conduct a conflicts of interest review, as described below under “Conflicts of interest,” and provide electronically a conflicts of interest report (the “Conflicts Report”) to the Proxy Voting Director describing the results of the review. After receiving a referral item from the Proxy Voting Director, Putnam Management’s investment professionals will provide a recommendation electronically to the Proxy Voting Director and the person or persons designated by the Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing referral items. The recommendation will set forth (1) how the proxies should be voted; and (2) any contacts the investment professionals have had with respect to the referral item with non-investment personnel of Putnam Management or with outside parties (except for routine communications from proxy solicitors). The Proxy Voting Director will review the

February 28, 2021 II-163 

recommendation of Putnam Management’s investment professionals (and the related Conflicts Report) in determining how to vote the funds’ proxies. The Proxy Voting Director will maintain a record of all proxy questions that have been referred to Putnam Management’s investment professionals, the voting recommendation, and the Conflicts Report. An exception to this referral process is that the Proxy Voting Director will not refer proxy questions in respect of portfolio securities that are held only in funds sub-advised by PanAgora Asset Management, Inc.

In some situations, the Proxy Voting Director may determine that a particular proxy question raises policy issues requiring consultation with the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee, who, in turn, may decide to bring the particular proxy question to the Committee or the full Board of Trustees for consideration.

Conflicts of interest

Occasions may arise where a person or organization involved in the proxy voting process may have a conflict of interest. A conflict of interest may exist, for example, if Putnam Management has a business relationship with (or is actively soliciting business from) either the company soliciting the proxy or a third party that has a material interest in the outcome of a proxy vote or that is actively lobbying for a particular outcome of a proxy vote. Any individual with knowledge of a personal conflict of interest (e.g., familial relationship with company management or a significant personal investment in the company) relating to a particular referral item shall disclose that conflict to the Proxy Voting Director and the Legal and Compliance Department and may be asked to remove himself or herself from the proxy voting process. The Legal and Compliance Department will review each item referred to Putnam Management’s investment professionals to determine if a conflict of interest exists and will provide the Proxy Voting Director with a Conflicts Report for each referral item that: (1) describes any conflict of interest; (2) discusses the procedures used to address such conflict of interest; and (3) discloses any contacts from parties outside Putnam Management (other than routine communications from proxy solicitors) with respect to the referral item not otherwise reported in an investment professional’s recommendation. The Conflicts Report will also include written confirmation that any recommendation from an investment professional provided under circumstances where a conflict of interest exists was made solely on the investment merits and without regard to any other consideration.

As adopted March 11, 2005 and revised most recently on January 24, 2020.

February 28, 2021 II-164 

Appendix B

February 28, 2021 II-165 

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Trustees of Putnam Funds Trust and Shareholders of
Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund:

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying statement of assets and liabilities, including the fund’s portfolio, of Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund (one of the funds constituting Putnam Funds Trust, referred to hereafter as the “Fund”) as of October 31, 2020, the related statement of operations for the year ended October 31, 2020, the statement of changes in net assets for each of the two years in the period ended October 31, 2020, including the related notes, and the financial highlights for each of the periods indicated therein (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Fund as of October 31, 2020, the results of its operations for the year then ended, the changes in its net assets for each of the two years in the period ended October 31, 2020 and the financial highlights for each of the periods indicated therein in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Fund’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our procedures included confirmation of securities owned as of October 31, 2020 by correspondence with the custodian, transfer agent, agent banks and brokers; when replies were not received from brokers, we performed other auditing procedures. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
December 10, 2020

We have served as the auditor of one or more investment companies in the Putnam Investments family of mutual funds since at least 1957. We have not been able to determine the specific year we began serving as auditor.

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 25 

The fund’s portfolio 10/31/20

U.S. GOVERNMENT AND AGENCY	Principal
MORTGAGE OBLIGATIONS (46.2%)*	amount	Value
U.S. Government Guaranteed Mortgage Obligations (0.7%)
Government National Mortgage Association Pass-Through Certificates
5.50%, 5/20/49	$74,143	$84,997
5.00%, 5/20/49	176,533	198,803
4.00%, TBA, 11/1/50	5,000,000	5,318,164
3.50%, 11/20/49	108,624	119,479
		5,721,443
U.S. Government Agency Mortgage Obligations (45.5%)
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Pass-Through Certificates
3.50%, 8/1/43	438,891	487,197
3.00%, 3/1/43	369,336	392,464
Federal National Mortgage Association Pass-Through Certificates
5.50%, 1/1/38	955,224	1,099,826
5.00%, with due dates from 1/1/49 to 8/1/49	118,295	131,715
4.50%, 5/1/49	52,424	58,023
3.50%, 6/1/56	1,949,720	2,180,765
3.50%, with due dates from 6/1/42 to 7/1/43	795,099	868,248
3.00%, with due dates from 2/1/43 to 2/1/43	866,010	920,243
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities
5.50%, TBA, 11/1/50	3,000,000	3,335,156
4.50%, TBA, 11/1/50	2,000,000	2,162,812
4.00%, TBA, 12/1/50	24,000,000	25,637,813
4.00%, TBA, 11/1/50	49,000,000	52,320,897
3.50%, TBA, 12/1/50	40,000,000	42,254,688
3.50%, TBA, 11/1/50	79,000,000	83,412,893
3.00%, TBA, 11/1/50	6,000,000	6,271,406
2.50%, TBA, 12/1/50	16,000,000	16,646,250
2.50%, TBA, 11/1/50	35,000,000	36,471,092
2.00%, TBA, 12/1/50	56,000,000	57,618,747
2.00%, TBA, 11/1/50	12,000,000	12,375,937
1.50%, TBA, 12/1/50	9,000,000	9,041,485
1.50%, TBA, 11/1/50	8,000,000	8,053,750
		361,741,407
Total U.S. government and agency mortgage obligations (cost $367,037,312)		$367,462,850
	Principal
U.S. TREASURY OBLIGATIONS (0.2%)*	amount	Value
U.S. Treasury Notes
2.125%, 6/30/21 i	$274,000	$279,563
2.00%, 8/15/25 i	706,000	763,624
1.75%, 9/30/22 i	396,000	408,644
1.50%, 10/31/24 i	66,000	69,676
Total U.S. treasury obligations (cost $1,521,507)		$1,521,507
COMMON STOCKS (25.0%)*	Shares	Value
Basic materials (2.2%)
Anglo American Platinum, Ltd. (South Africa)	31,337	$2,051,571
Anhui Conch Cement Co., Ltd. Class H (China)	511,000	3,198,110

26 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

COMMON STOCKS (25.0%)* cont.	Shares	Value
Basic materials cont.
China Resources Cement Holdings, Ltd. (China)	1,180,000	$1,540,906
Kumba Iron Ore, Ltd. (South Africa)	38,116	1,124,971
MMC Norilsk Nickel PJSC ADR (Russia)	114,710	2,734,686
Press Metal Aluminium Holdings Bhd (Malaysia)	173,500	229,480
Southern Copper Corp. (Peru)	71,001	3,716,192
Vale SA ADR (Brazil) S	294,742	3,115,423
		17,711,339
Capital goods (0.9%)
Daelim Industrial Co., Ltd. (South Korea)	21,177	1,464,015
Frontken Corp Bhd (Malaysia)	261,700	221,159
Haitian International Holdings, Ltd. (China)	166,000	411,463
Hartalega Holdings Bhd (Malaysia)	381,300	1,659,519
Hyundai Mobis Co., Ltd. (South Korea)	5,890	1,178,786
Samsung Engineering Co., Ltd. (South Korea)  †	65,495	682,517
United Integrated Services Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)	89,000	618,958
Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science and Technology Co., Ltd.
Class H (China)	628,800	554,336
		6,790,753
Communication services (0.7%)
Advanced Info Service PCL (Thailand)	620,500	3,434,226
Far EasTone Telecommunications Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)	176,000	369,443
Hellenic Telecommunications Organization SA (Greece)	73,867	982,454
KT Corp. (South Korea)	19,316	377,301
PLDT, Inc. (Philippines)	22,215	608,738
		5,772,162
Consumer cyclicals (1.5%)
Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings, Inc.  †	62,644	56,004
Com7 PCL (Thailand)	690,300	908,071
Feng Tay Enterprise Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)	107,000	648,556
iHeartMedia, Inc. Class A  † S	26,640	218,981
Kia Motors Corp. (South Korea)	30,454	1,364,769
NICE Information Service Co., Ltd. (South Korea)	17,748	304,950
Nien Made Enterprise Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)	120,000	1,354,027
President Chain Store Corp. (Taiwan)	89,000	801,179
Puregold Price Club, Inc. (Philippines)	179,100	152,662
Sinotruk Hong Kong, Ltd. (China)	449,500	1,160,095
Teco Electric and Machinery Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)	251,000	262,598
Tofas Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi AS (Turkey)	114,854	366,239
Top Glove Corp. Bhd (Malaysia)	1,107,000	2,298,719
Zhongsheng Group Holdings, Ltd. (China)	319,500	2,283,274
		12,180,124
Consumer staples (2.8%)
BIM Birlesik Magazalar AS (Turkey)	42,592	339,536
Charoen Pokphand Foods PCL (Thailand)	3,671,700	2,974,587
China Feihe, Ltd. (China)	620,000	1,401,924
China Yuhua Education Corp., Ltd. (China)	538,000	427,198
Dino Polska SA (Poland)  †	21,147	1,161,360
Hindustan Unilever, Ltd. (India)	87,483	2,444,501
Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk PT (Indonesia)	965,600	459,107

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 27 

COMMON STOCKS (25.0%)* cont.	Shares	Value
Consumer staples cont.
JD.com, Inc. ADR (China)  †	72,144	$5,881,179
Marfrig Global Foods SA (Brazil)  †	227,400	545,717
Meituan Dianping Class B (China)  †	21,200	793,026
Orion Corp. (Republic of Korea) (South Korea)	7,041	674,954
Sime Darby Bhd (Malaysia)	756,100	438,293
Want Want China Holdings, Ltd. (China)	1,330,000	878,555
Yum China Holdings, Inc. (China)	77,457	4,123,036
		22,542,973
Energy (0.8%)
CHC Group, LLC (acquired 3/23/17, cost $27,318)  † ∆∆	1,884	19
China Shenhua Energy Co., Ltd. (China)	394,500	682,096
CNOOC, Ltd. (China)	2,220,000	2,028,117
Dialog Group Bhd (Malaysia)	442,500	394,224
Ecopetrol SA ADR (Colombia) S	65,236	603,433
Lukoil PJSC ADR (Russia)	37,213	1,900,096
Petronas Gas Bhd (Malaysia)	83,700	317,211
PTT Exploration & Production PCL (Foreign depository shares) (Thailand)	99,800	252,162
		6,177,358
Financials (3.8%)
Banco BBVA Argentina SA ADR (Argentina)  †	88,594	215,283
Banco Macro SA ADR (Argentina)  †	60,709	724,258
Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. (Units) (Brazil)	323,571	1,807,344
Bank Tabungan Pensiunan Nasional Syariah Tbk PT (Indonesia)	751,300	188,088
Bursa Malaysia Bhd (Malaysia)	363,400	699,816
Chailease Holding Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)	346,480	1,680,984
China Minsheng Banking Corp., Ltd. Class H (China)	3,560,000	1,948,489
Commercial International Bank (CIB) Egypt SAE GDR (Egypt)	96,094	371,403
Country Garden Services Holdings Co, Ltd. (China)	599,000	3,775,847
CTBC Financial Holding Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)	1,334,000	843,025
Fubon Financial Holding Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)	1,380,000	1,966,390
Grupo Financiero Galicia SA ADR (Argentina) S	196,131	1,227,780
Hana Financial Group, Inc. (South Korea)	130,184	3,513,099
Hong Leong Bank Bhd (Malaysia)	90,000	320,977
KB Financial Group, Inc. (South Korea)	106,397	3,797,597
KWG Living Group Holdings, Ltd. (China)  †	50,500	39,605
KWG Property Holdings, Ltd. (China)	101,000	134,258
Logan Group Co., Ltd. (China)	594,000	932,023
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co. of China, Ltd. Class H (China)	467,000	4,794,164
Qualitas Controladora SAB de CV (Mexico)	47,494	190,343
Ruentex Development Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)	137,000	189,561
Taishin Financial Holding Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)	1,441,000	634,996
Tisco Financial Group PCL (Thailand)	267,700	607,677
		30,603,007
Health care (0.8%)
Advanz Pharma Corp., Ltd. (Canada)  †	8,181	39,841
Celltrion, Inc. (South Korea)	716	152,424
China Biologic Products Holdings, Inc. (China)  †	1,137	132,131
Dr Reddy’s Laboratories, Ltd. (India)	48,368	3,193,682
Hengan International Group Co., Ltd. (China)	66,500	462,717

28 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

COMMON STOCKS (25.0%)* cont.	Shares	Value
Health care cont.
Hypera SA (Brazil)	188,058	$914,406
Seegene, Inc. (South Korea)	5,644	1,305,558
		6,200,759
Technology (11.3%)
Alibaba Group Holding, Ltd. (China)  †	313,616	11,939,028
Alibaba Group Holding, Ltd. ADR (China)  †	29,876	9,102,918
Globalwafers Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)	134,000	1,949,258
Infosys, Ltd. (India)	348,459	4,983,829
LG Electronics, Inc. (South Korea)	47,704	3,559,966
Lite-On Technology Corp. (Taiwan)	576,000	938,407
NetEase, Inc. ADR (China)	42,934	3,726,242
Parade Technologies, Ltd. (Taiwan)	44,000	1,683,973
Pegatron Corp. (Taiwan)	265,000	570,571
Quanta Computer, Inc. (Taiwan)	623,000	1,571,013
Radiant Opto-Electronics Corp. (Taiwan)	366,000	1,442,450
Realtek Semiconductor Corp. (Taiwan)	178,000	2,218,228
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (South Korea)	256,019	12,838,417
Synnex Technology International Corp. (Taiwan)	429,000	637,535
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. ADR (Taiwan)	115,175	9,659,727
Tata Consultancy Services, Ltd. (India)	123,873	4,451,935
Tech Mahindra, Ltd. (India)	102,138	1,120,126
Tencent Holdings, Ltd. (China)	151,300	11,605,682
United Microelectronics Corp. (Taiwan)	2,907,000	3,106,706
Wipro, Ltd. (India)	437,221	2,008,590
		89,114,601
Transportation (—%)
MISC Bhd (Malaysia)	70,600	111,874
		111,874
Utilities and power (0.2%)
Cia de Transmissao de Energia Eletrica Paulista (Preference) (Brazil)	213,800	875,999
Electricity Generating PCL (Thailand)	37,800	201,325
Federal Grid Co. Unified Energy System PJSC (Russia)	92,750,865	221,582
Glow Energy PCL (Thailand) F	35,800	11
Texas Competitive Electric Holdings Co., LLC/TCEH Finance, Inc. (Rights)	25,989	28,588
		1,327,505
Total common stocks (cost $155,858,813)		$198,532,455
INVESTMENT COMPANIES (10.3%)*	Shares	Value
Communication Services Select Sector SPDR Fund S	225,400	$13,343,680
Consumer Discretionary Select Sector SPDR Fund S	95,000	13,582,150
Consumer Staples Select Sector SPDR Fund	225,900	14,064,534
Health Care Select Sector SPDR Fund S	127,600	12,971,816
Materials Select Sector SPDR Fund S	231,000	14,594,580
Technology Select Sector SPDR Fund	119,000	13,192,340
Total investment companies (cost $76,943,996)		$81,749,100

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 29 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (9.6%)*	amount	Value
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations (6.3%)
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
REMICs IFB Ser. 2990, Class LB, ((-2.556 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 16.95%), 16.566%, 6/15/34	$107,715	$131,412
REMICs IFB Ser. 3747, Class SA, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.50%), 6.352%, 10/15/40	1,757,321	342,619
REMICs IFB Ser. 4073, Class AS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.05%), 5.902%, 8/15/38	1,870,004	47,257
REMICs IFB Ser. 3852, Class NT, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.00%),
5.852%, 5/15/41	1,260,246	1,386,969
REMICs Ser. 4122, Class TI, IO, 4.50%, 10/15/42	926,269	112,996
REMICs Ser. 4568, Class MI, IO, 4.00%, 4/15/46	4,855,104	483,142
REMICs Ser. 4530, Class HI, IO, 4.00%, 11/15/45	2,655,694	234,219
REMICs Ser. 4389, Class IA, IO, 4.00%, 9/15/44	2,886,548	301,255
REMICs Ser. 4355, Class DI, IO, 4.00%, 3/15/44	2,113,590	89,305
REMICs Ser. 4193, Class PI, IO, 4.00%, 3/15/43	1,898,557	223,764
REMICs Ser. 4213, Class GI, IO, 4.00%, 11/15/41	1,042,341	64,662
REMICs Ser. 3996, Class IK, IO, 4.00%, 3/15/39	377,197	1,269
REMICs Ser. 4369, Class IA, IO, 3.50%, 7/15/44	650,822	69,804
REMICs Ser. 4501, Class BI, IO, 3.50%, 10/15/43	958,984	18,164
REMICs Ser. 4663, Class KI, IO, 3.50%, 11/15/42	813,026	11,147
REMICs Ser. 4136, Class IW, IO, 3.50%, 10/15/42	2,229,434	229,203
REMICs Ser. 4097, Class PI, IO, 3.50%, 11/15/40	1,750,629	28,213
REMICs Ser. 4150, Class DI, IO, 3.00%, 1/15/43	1,880,360	169,232
REMICs Ser. 4158, Class TI, IO, 3.00%, 12/15/42	3,487,879	276,310
REMICs Ser. 4134, Class PI, IO, 3.00%, 11/15/42	2,827,148	277,964
REMICs Ser. 4183, Class MI, IO, 3.00%, 2/15/42	1,365,500	86,573
REMICs Ser. 4206, Class IP, IO, 3.00%, 12/15/41	2,616,263	150,762
Structured Pass-Through Certificates FRB Ser. 8, Class A9, IO,
0.437%, 11/15/28 W	128,756	1,770
Structured Pass-Through Certificates FRB Ser. 59, Class 1AX, IO,
0.284%, 10/25/43 W	516,024	5,160
Structured Pass-Through Certificates Ser. 48, Class A2, IO,
0.212%, 7/25/33 W	814,249	6,107
REMICs Ser. 3206, Class EO, PO, zero %, 8/15/36	9,299	8,834
REMICs Ser. 3175, Class MO, PO, zero %, 6/15/36	7,930	7,454
Strips Ser. 315, PO, zero %, 9/15/43	1,579,130	1,446,202
Federal National Mortgage Association
REMICs IFB Ser. 05-74, Class NK, ((-5 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 27.50%), 26.754%, 5/25/35	44,413	68,055
REMICs IFB Ser. 05-122, Class SE, ((-3.5 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 23.10%), 22.578%, 11/25/35	41,789	61,012
REMICs IFB Ser. 11-4, Class CS, ((-2 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 12.90%),
12.602%, 5/25/40	519,221	633,449
REMICs Ser. 16-3, Class NI, IO, 6.00%, 2/25/46	3,098,326	655,371
REMICs IFB Ser. 17-8, Class SB, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 6.10%), 5.951%, 2/25/47	7,317,253	1,607,674
REMICs IFB Ser. 17-74, Class SA, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 5.75%), 5.601%, 10/25/47	8,483,467	1,591,809
REMICs Ser. 18-58, Class IO, IO, 5.50%, 8/25/48	2,730,936	530,525
REMICs Ser. 15-28, IO, 5.50%, 5/25/45	4,264,305	852,520

30 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (9.6%)* cont.	amount	Value
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations cont.
Federal National Mortgage Association
Interest Strip Ser. 397, Class 2, IO, 5.00%, 9/25/39	$23,139	$3,572
REMICs Ser. 17-113, IO, 5.00%, 1/25/38	840,303	104,264
REMICs Ser. 12-104, Class QI, IO, 4.50%, 5/25/42	1,184,630	138,116
REMICs Ser. 17-48, Class LI, IO, 4.00%, 5/25/47	2,674,311	256,787
REMICs Ser. 17-2, Class KI, IO, 4.00%, 2/25/47	1,141,557	118,128
REMICs Ser. 14-47, Class IP, IO, 4.00%, 3/25/44	2,770,674	233,571
REMICs Ser. 12-124, Class UI, IO, 4.00%, 11/25/42	3,272,252	401,240
REMICs Ser. 12-22, Class CI, IO, 4.00%, 3/25/41	2,155,350	136,029
REMICs Ser. 15-73, Class PI, IO, 3.50%, 10/25/45	1,028,323	41,048
REMICs Ser. 15-10, Class AI, IO, 3.50%, 8/25/43	659,627	43,143
REMICs Ser. 12-136, Class PI, IO, 3.50%, 11/25/42	908,485	52,237
REMICs Ser. 14-10, IO, 3.50%, 8/25/42	1,365,411	110,033
REMICs Ser. 12-101, Class PI, IO, 3.50%, 8/25/40	749,782	5,611
REMICs Ser. 13-21, Class AI, IO, 3.50%, 3/25/33	1,998,506	192,400
REMICs Ser. 12-151, Class PI, IO, 3.00%, 1/25/43	1,743,717	157,266
REMICs Ser. 6, Class BI, IO, 3.00%, 12/25/42	1,627,873	83,098
REMICs Ser. 13-35, Class IP, IO, 3.00%, 6/25/42	1,434,365	68,009
REMICs Ser. 13-23, Class PI, IO, 3.00%, 10/25/41	1,510,070	38,417
REMICs Ser. 13-31, Class NI, IO, 3.00%, 6/25/41	1,902,926	57,014
REMICs Trust Ser. 98-W5, Class X, IO, 0.781%, 7/25/28 W	258,369	7,428
REMICs Ser. 08-36, Class OV, PO, zero %, 1/25/36	6,162	5,703
REMICs Trust Ser. 98-W2, Class X, IO, zero %, 6/25/28 W	857,285	27,862
Government National Mortgage Association
IFB Ser. 18-91, Class SJ, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.25%),
6.099%, 7/20/48	3,902,667	628,681
IFB Ser. 13-129, Class SN, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.15%),
5.999%, 9/20/43	503,317	101,766
IFB Ser. 13-99, Class VS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.10%),
5.954%, 7/16/43	575,332	102,461
IFB Ser. 20-15, Class CS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.05%),
5.899%, 2/20/50	316,761	35,338
IFB Ser. 19-99, Class KS, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.05%),
5.899%, 8/20/49	198,495	25,994
IFB Ser. 19-78, Class SJ, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.05%),
5.899%, 6/20/49	283,485	32,144
IFB Ser. 11-17, Class S, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.05%),
5.899%, 2/20/41	1,103,465	201,777
IFB Ser. 10-134, Class ES, IO, ((-1 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 6.00%),
5.849%, 11/20/39	1,091,472	45,940
Ser. 17-132, Class IB, IO, 5.50%, 9/20/47	697,051	152,297
Ser. 16-150, Class I, IO, 5.00%, 11/20/46	3,489,753	582,265
Ser. 18-127, Class IC, IO, 5.00%, 10/20/44	1,791,798	322,165
Ser. 14-76, IO, 5.00%, 5/20/44	2,030,498	334,110
Ser. 14-163, Class NI, IO, 5.00%, 2/20/44	1,671,374	250,123
Ser. 14-2, Class IC, IO, 5.00%, 1/16/44	3,954,056	776,449
Ser. 13-3, Class IT, IO, 5.00%, 1/20/43	710,940	126,192
Ser. 11-116, Class IB, IO, 5.00%, 10/20/40	10,242	884
Ser. 10-35, Class UI, IO, 5.00%, 3/20/40	495,737	87,364
Ser. 10-20, Class UI, IO, 5.00%, 2/20/40	769,753	135,919

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 31 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (9.6%)* cont.	amount	Value
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations cont.
Government National Mortgage Association
Ser. 10-9, Class UI, IO, 5.00%, 1/20/40	$2,527,672	$466,836
Ser. 09-121, Class UI, IO, 5.00%, 12/20/39	1,964,062	348,464
Ser. 17-160, Class AI, IO, 4.50%, 10/20/47	672,126	106,135
Ser. 16-49, IO, 4.50%, 11/16/45	2,000,276	334,419
Ser. 15-80, Class IA, IO, 4.50%, 6/20/45	3,527,409	570,102
Ser. 18-127, Class IB, IO, 4.50%, 6/20/45	2,775,192	232,783
Ser. 15-167, Class BI, IO, 4.50%, 4/16/45	1,574,069	296,429
Ser. 14-108, Class IP, IO, 4.50%, 12/20/42	368,622	30,153
Ser. 10-35, Class AI, IO, 4.50%, 3/20/40	1,184,878	105,451
Ser. 10-35, Class QI, IO, 4.50%, 3/20/40	582,631	90,677
Ser. 13-151, Class IB, IO, 4.50%, 2/20/40	940,484	141,768
Ser. 10-9, Class QI, IO, 4.50%, 1/20/40	679,268	104,471
Ser. 09-121, Class BI, IO, 4.50%, 12/16/39	365,462	66,711
Ser. 17-99, Class AI, IO, 4.00%, 1/20/47	2,078,296	245,738
Ser. 15-99, Class LI, IO, 4.00%, 7/20/45	782,903	55,121
Ser. 17-57, Class AI, IO, 4.00%, 6/20/45	1,538,927	151,661
Ser. 15-53, Class MI, IO, 4.00%, 4/16/45	3,509,018	631,623
Ser. 15-187, Class JI, IO, 4.00%, 3/20/45	2,321,341	283,478
Ser. 14-63, Class PI, IO, 4.00%, 7/20/43	621,764	48,667
Ser. 13-24, Class PI, IO, 4.00%, 11/20/42	909,107	95,054
Ser. 12-106, Class QI, IO, 4.00%, 7/20/42	374,376	52,413
Ser. 12-47, Class CI, IO, 4.00%, 3/20/42	1,230,091	167,746
Ser. 14-104, IO, 4.00%, 3/20/42	3,472,934	410,154
Ser. 12-50, Class PI, IO, 4.00%, 12/20/41	1,167,623	101,542
Ser. 12-8, Class PI, IO, 4.00%, 5/20/41	1,931,508	172,213
Ser. 14-133, Class AI, IO, 4.00%, 10/20/36	2,002,026	42,112
Ser. 18-127, Class IE, IO, 3.50%, 1/20/46	1,821,530	126,669
Ser. 15-24, Class IA, IO, 3.50%, 2/20/45	1,271,859	120,827
Ser. 13-102, Class IP, IO, 3.50%, 6/20/43	695,454	16,888
Ser. 13-100, Class MI, IO, 3.50%, 2/20/43	1,510,069	94,440
Ser. 13-37, Class JI, IO, 3.50%, 1/20/43	1,121,056	96,074
Ser. 12-145, IO, 3.50%, 12/20/42	1,286,391	206,126
Ser. 13-27, Class PI, IO, 3.50%, 12/20/42	322,267	27,696
Ser. 18-127, Class IA, IO, 3.50%, 4/20/42	636,365	41,224
Ser. 13-37, Class LI, IO, 3.50%, 1/20/42	878,535	50,516
Ser. 12-141, Class WI, IO, 3.50%, 11/20/41	1,352,276	39,987
Ser. 15-36, Class GI, IO, 3.50%, 6/16/41	1,370,694	79,911
Ser. 13-157, Class IA, IO, 3.50%, 4/20/40	1,363,214	61,680
Ser. 13-79, Class XI, IO, 3.50%, 11/20/39	3,280,256	159,791
Ser. 183, Class AI, IO, 3.50%, 10/20/39	1,381,124	50,595
Ser. 13-6, Class AI, IO, 3.50%, 8/20/39	2,000,565	164,328
Ser. 15-118, Class EI, IO, 3.50%, 7/20/39	1,183,434	15,787
Ser. 15-124, Class NI, IO, 3.50%, 6/20/39	2,113,412	60,866
Ser. 15-96, Class NI, IO, 3.50%, 1/20/39	3,787,702	99,571
Ser. 15-82, Class GI, IO, 3.50%, 12/20/38	1,084,483	3,707
Ser. 15-24, Class IC, IO, 3.50%, 11/20/37	1,535,983	69,119
Ser. 16-H03, Class AI, IO, 3.323%, 1/20/66	10,168,092	835,583
Ser. 15-H09, Class AI, IO, 3.223%, 4/20/65	9,497,772	769,614

32 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (9.6%)* cont.	amount	Value
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations cont.
Government National Mortgage Association
Ser. 16-H07, Class HI, IO, 3.093%, 2/20/66	$6,570,350	$569,998
Ser. 16-H02, Class BI, IO, 3.052%, 11/20/65	12,873,482	1,124,486
Ser. 16-H04, Class KI, IO, 3.019%, 2/20/66	9,403,071	643,612
Ser. 15-H26, Class DI, IO, 2.837%, 10/20/65	5,621,056	505,114
FRB Ser. 16-H16, Class DI, IO, 2.644%, 6/20/66	4,852,987	453,740
Ser. 16-H23, Class NI, IO, 2.617%, 10/20/66	7,670,052	748,597
Ser. 15-H22, Class GI, IO, 2.596%, 9/20/65	7,908,736	822,509
FRB Ser. 15-H16, Class XI, IO, 2.446%, 7/20/65	8,936,006	882,877
Ser. 17-H11, Class NI, IO, 2.426%, 5/20/67	12,493,239	1,253,684
Ser. 16-H04, Class HI, IO, 2.383%, 7/20/65	5,032,644	329,135
Ser. 17-H02, Class BI, IO, 2.352%, 1/20/67	6,068,250	611,406
Ser. 14-H21, Class AI, IO, 2.259%, 10/20/64	10,692,160	854,282
Ser. 15-H20, Class CI, IO, 2.19%, 8/20/65	14,031,254	1,303,490
Ser. 15-H25, Class BI, IO, 2.134%, 10/20/65	12,894,712	1,170,840
Ser. 16-H11, Class HI, IO, 2.102%, 1/20/66	4,954,245	348,492
Ser. 15-H24, Class HI, IO, 2.045%, 9/20/65	16,751,917	912,711
Ser. 15-H15, Class JI, IO, 1.97%, 6/20/65	9,927,101	880,534
Ser. 15-H19, Class NI, IO, 1.924%, 7/20/65	13,245,444	1,084,802
Ser. 15-H25, Class EI, IO, 1.865%, 10/20/65	9,331,786	746,543
Ser. 15-H18, Class IA, IO, 1.857%, 6/20/65	5,823,670	334,279
Ser. 15-H10, Class CI, IO, 1.816%, 4/20/65	14,090,574	1,054,849
Ser. 15-H26, Class GI, IO, 1.815%, 10/20/65	9,044,020	728,948
Ser. 15-H26, Class EI, IO, 1.732%, 10/20/65	9,670,049	783,274
Ser. 17-H14, Class DI, IO, 1.726%, 6/20/67	9,522,292	564,034
Ser. 15-H09, Class BI, IO, 1.701%, 3/20/65	13,221,142	949,450
Ser. 15-H25, Class AI, IO, 1.631%, 9/20/65	12,829,868	910,921
Ser. 15-H10, Class EI, IO, 1.629%, 4/20/65	10,255,309	441,829
Ser. 15-H24, Class BI, IO, 1.622%, 8/20/65	14,470,341	546,053
Ser. 15-H14, Class BI, IO, 1.576%, 5/20/65	14,891,606	605,880
Ser. 11-H15, Class AI, IO, 1.545%, 6/20/61	3,521,369	172,832
Ser. 16-H08, Class GI, IO, 1.443%, 4/20/66	12,669,262	641,761
Ser. 11-H08, Class GI, IO, 1.27%, 3/20/61 W	6,271,725	254,632
Ser. 15-H26, Class CI, IO, 0.535%, 8/20/65	16,454,430	225,426
GSMPS Mortgage Loan Trust 144A FRB Ser. 99-2, IO,
0.431%, 9/19/27 W	77,495	291
		50,439,259
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (1.8%)
Banc of America Commercial Mortgage Trust FRB Ser. 07-1,
Class XW, IO, 0.425%, 1/15/49 W	124,819	2
Banc of America Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 08-1,
Class C, 6.567%, 2/10/51 (In default)  † W	1,107,980	88,638
Banc of America Merrill Lynch Commercial Mortgage, Inc. FRB
Ser. 05-1, Class C, 5.482%, 11/10/42 W	721,000	187,460
Bear Stearns Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust
FRB Ser. 07-T26, Class AJ, 5.432%, 1/12/45 W	884,000	698,360
Ser. 05-PWR7, Class D, 5.264%, 2/11/41 W	806,000	612,560
Ser. 05-PWR7, Class C, 5.235%, 2/11/41 W	489,000	539,431

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 33 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (9.6%)* cont.	amount	Value
Commercial mortgage-backed securities cont.
Bear Stearns Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust 144A FRB
Ser. 06-PW11, Class B, 5.518%, 3/11/39 (In default)  † W	$491,242	$348,782
COMM Mortgage Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 14-CR17, Class D, 4.847%, 5/10/47 W	315,000	252,764
Ser. 12-CR3, Class F, 4.75%, 10/15/45 W	725,000	224,400
Ser. 12-LC4, Class E, 4.25%, 12/10/44	1,056,000	619,577
Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Securities Corp. 144A FRB
Ser. 03-C3, Class AX, IO, 2.173%, 5/15/38 W	93,259	1,828
GS Mortgage Securities Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 14-GC24, Class D, 4.532%, 9/10/47 W	1,168,000	443,840
FRB Ser. 06-GG8, Class X, IO, 1.046%, 11/10/39 W	7,977,271	80
JPMBB Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 14-C18, Class D, 4.81%, 2/15/47 W	2,751,000	1,405,079
FRB Ser. 13-C14, Class E, 4.702%, 8/15/46 W	1,491,000	1,020,734
JPMorgan Chase Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust FRB
Ser. 07-LDPX, Class X, IO, 0.052%, 1/15/49 W	592,062	6
JPMorgan Chase Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 12-C6, Class F, 5.152%, 5/15/45 W	766,000	232,731
FRB Ser. 13-LC11, Class E, 3.25%, 4/15/46 W	370,000	224,734
Ser. 12-C6, Class G, 2.972%, 5/15/45 W	1,166,000	232,117
LB-UBS Commercial Mortgage Trust FRB Ser. 07-C2, Class XW, IO,
0.165%, 2/15/40 W	90,152	10
ML-CFC Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 06-4, Class XC,
IO, 0.546%, 12/12/49 W	703,438	2,794
Morgan Stanley Bank of America Merrill Lynch Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 13-C11, Class E, 4.352%, 8/15/46 W	1,350,000	243,035
FRB Ser. 13-C11, Class F, 4.352%, 8/15/46 W	1,720,000	533,200
FRB Ser. 13-C10, Class D, 4.082%, 7/15/46 W	2,538,000	1,348,812
Morgan Stanley Capital I Trust
Ser. 07-HQ11, Class C, 5.558%, 2/12/44 W	527,658	116,085
Ser. 06-HQ10, Class B, 5.448%, 11/12/41 W	1,865,057	1,837,311
Morgan Stanley Capital I Trust 144A FRB Ser. 11-C3, Class G,
5.244%, 7/15/49 W	795,000	393,196
UBS-Barclays Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A Ser. 12-C2, Class F,
5.00%, 5/10/63 W	853,000	152,753
Wachovia Bank Commercial Mortgage Trust FRB Ser. 06-C29, IO,
0.266%, 11/15/48 W	946,732	28
Wachovia Bank Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 05-C21,
Class E, 5.099%, 10/15/44 W	479,131	436,009
Wells Fargo Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 13-LC12,
Class D, 4.275%, 7/15/46 W	1,041,000	416,400
WF-RBS Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A
Ser. 11-C4, Class E, 5.221%, 6/15/44 W	87,000	48,653
Ser. 11-C4, Class F, 5.00%, 6/15/44 W	1,355,000	764,473
Ser. 11-C3, Class E, 5.00%, 3/15/44 W	367,000	139,952
FRB Ser. 13-C15, Class D, 4.494%, 8/15/46 W	673,004	345,530
FRB Ser. 12-C10, Class E, 4.428%, 12/15/45 W	697,000	136,607
		14,047,971

34 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (9.6%)* cont.	amount	Value
Residential mortgage-backed securities (non-agency) (1.5%)
American Home Mortgage Investment Trust FRB Ser. 07-1,
Class GA1C, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.19%), 0.339%, 5/25/47	$390,864	$196,700
Citigroup Mortgage Loan Trust, Inc. FRB Ser. 07-AMC3, Class A2D,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 0.35%), 0.499%, 3/25/37	720,304	662,553
Countrywide Alternative Loan Trust FRB Ser. 06-OA10, Class 1A1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 0.96%), 1.842%, 8/25/46	307,917	286,769
Countrywide Home Loans Mortgage Pass-Through Trust FRB
Ser. 05-3, Class 1A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.62%), 0.769%, 4/25/35	268,202	228,385
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Structured Agency
Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-DNA1, Class B, (1 Month US LIBOR
+ 10.00%), 10.148%, 7/25/28	1,228,533	1,288,838
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation 144A
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 18-HQA2, Class B2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 11.00%), 11.149%, 10/25/48	161,000	144,147
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 19-DNA2, Class B2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 10.50%), 10.649%, 3/25/49	63,000	59,062
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 19-DNA3, Class B2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 8.15%), 8.299%, 7/25/49	92,000	78,434
Seasoned Credit Risk Transfer Trust Ser. 19-4, Class M,
4.50%, 2/25/59 W	458,000	455,817
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 18-HQA2, Class B1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.25%), 4.399%, 10/25/48	596,000	556,515
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 18-DNA2, Class B1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.70%), 3.849%, 12/25/30	180,000	167,905
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 19-DNA1, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.65%), 2.799%, 1/25/49	101,970	100,325
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 19-DNA2, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.45%), 2.599%, 3/25/49	11,147	10,973
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 19-HQA1, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.35%), 2.499%, 2/25/49	40,540	39,818
Federal National Mortgage Association
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C02, Class 1B,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 12.25%), 12.399%, 9/25/28	2,217,359	2,611,667
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C04, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.70%), 5.849%, 4/25/28	894,301	946,838
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C04, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.55%), 5.699%, 4/25/28	62,327	65,369
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C03, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.00%), 5.149%, 7/25/25	86,442	88,943
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 17-C03, Class 1B1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.85%), 4.999%, 10/25/29	265,000	267,697
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C01, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.55%), 4.699%, 2/25/25	46,832	47,569
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 17-C06, Class 2B1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.45%), 4.599%, 2/25/30	451,000	439,725
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C02, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.00%), 4.149%, 5/25/25	43,099	43,408
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C02, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.00%), 4.149%, 5/25/25	77,730	78,639

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 35 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (9.6%)* cont.	amount	Value
Residential mortgage-backed securities (non-agency) cont.
Federal National Mortgage Association
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 17-C05, Class 1B1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.60%), 3.749%, 1/25/30	$346,000	$326,612
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 17-C06, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.80%), 2.949%, 2/25/30	81,115	80,691
GCAT Trust 144A Ser. 20-NQM2, Class A3, 2.935%, 4/25/65	101,867	101,814
GSAA Trust FRB Ser. 07-6, Class 1A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.12%),
0.269%, 5/25/47	180,655	134,210
MortgageIT Trust FRB Ser. 04-1, Class M2, (1 Month US LIBOR
+ 1.01%), 1.154%, 11/25/34	183,043	168,876
Pretium Mortgage Credit Partners, LLC 144A FRB Ser. 20-RPL1,
Class A1, 3.819%, 5/27/60	243,783	244,092
Residential Accredit Loans, Inc. FRB Ser. 06-QO5, Class 1A1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 0.22%), 0.364%, 5/25/46	181,240	159,491
Residential Accredit Loans, Inc. Trust FRB Ser. 06-QO10, Class A1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 0.16%), 0.309%, 1/25/37	214,010	202,891
Structured Asset Mortgage Investments II Trust
FRB Ser. 07-AR7, Class 1A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.85%),
0.999%, 5/25/47	150,345	115,835
FRB Ser. 07-AR1, Class 2A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.18%),
0.329%, 1/25/37	849,894	743,319
WaMu Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates Trust FRB Ser. 05-AR14,
Class 1A2, 3.372%, 12/25/35 W	523,891	509,854
		11,653,781
Total mortgage-backed securities (cost $89,205,681)		$76,141,011
	Principal
COMMODITY LINKED NOTES (7.1%)*†††	amount	Value
Bank of America Corp. 144A sr. unsec. unsub. notes 1-month LIBOR less
0.13%, 2021 (Indexed to the BofA Merrill Lynch Commodity MLBX4SX6
Excess Return Strategy multiplied by 3)	$791,000	$691,166
Bank of America Corp. 144A sr. unsec. unsub. notes 1-month LIBOR less
0.16%, 2021 (Indexed to the BofA Merrill Lynch Commodity MLBX4SX6
Excess Return Strategy multiplied by 3)	11,700,000	17,492,730
Citigroup Global Markets Holdings, Inc. sr. notes Ser. N, 1-month
USD LIBOR less 0.16%, 2021 (Indexed to the Citi Commodities
F3 vs F0 — 4x Leveraged Index multiplied by 3)	12,858,000	18,587,499
Citigroup Global Markets Holdings, Inc. 144A sr. notes, 2021
(Indexed to the Citi Cross-Asset Trend 10% Vol Index multiplied by 3)	13,045,000	13,967,217
Goldman Sachs International 144A notes zero %, 2021 (Indexed to the
S&P GSCI Excess Return Index multiplied by 3)	5,647,000	6,120,243
Total commodity Linked Notes (cost $44,041,000)		$56,858,855

	Expiration	Strike
WARRANTS (3.4%)* †	date	price	Warrants	Value
Bank of Shanghai Co., Ltd. 144A (China)	12/2/20	$0.00	1,813,581	$2,127,376
Foshan Haitian Flavouring & Food Co., Ltd.
144A (China)	4/12/21	0.00	53,500	1,280,720
Gree Electric Appliances, Inc. of Zhuhai (China)	8/24/21	0.00	3	26
Hundsun Technologies, Inc. 144A (China)	7/29/21	0.00	141,600	1,966,544
Jiangsu Hengli Hydraulic Co., Ltd. 144A
Class A (China)	3/23/22	0.00	100,500	1,136,240

36 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

	Expiration	Strike
WARRANTS (3.4%)* † cont.	date	price	Warrants	Value
Kweichow Moutai Co., Ltd. 144A (China)	10/1/21	$0.00	15,477	$3,862,302
Luenmei Quantum Co., Ltd. 144A Class A (China)	12/2/21	0.00	268,400	529,413
Poly Developments and Holdings Group Co., Ltd.
144A (China)	7/29/21	0.00	1,406,723	3,228,773
RiseSun Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. 144A
Class A (China)	11/2/21	0.00	1,551,000	1,629,313
Sany Heavy Industry Co., Ltd. 144A (China)	12/21/20	0.00	948,000	3,676,067
Seazen Holdings Co., Ltd. 144A (China)	5/6/21	0.00	139,500	677,687
Shandong Buchang Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.
144A Class A (China)	12/2/21	0.00	272,300	985,100
Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd.
144A (China)	11/11/20	0.00	194,000	268,442
Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co.,
Ltd. 144A (China)	11/11/20	0.00	66,308	3,832,571
Stearns Holdings, LLC Class B, F	11/5/39	0.01	70,872	70,872
Suofeiya Home Collection Co., Ltd. 144A
Class A, (China)	6/14/21	0.00	431,400	1,817,888
Total warrants (cost $23,201,933)				$27,089,334

	Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (2.6%)*	amount	Value
AES Corp. (The) sr. unsec. unsub. notes 5.50%, 4/15/25	$3,529,000	$3,626,048
Ally Financial, Inc. sub. unsec. notes 5.75%, 11/20/25	600,000	681,892
ATS Automation Tooling Systems, Inc. 144A sr. unsec. notes 6.50%,
6/15/23 (Canada)	2,500,000	2,530,469
Cemex SAB de CV 144A company guaranty sr. sub. notes 5.70%,
1/11/25 (Mexico)	2,585,000	2,653,503
Crown Castle International Corp. sr. unsec. notes 3.15%, 7/15/23 R	840,000	892,719
Endo DAC/Endo Finance, LLC/Endo Finco, Inc. 144A company
guaranty notes 9.50%, 7/31/27 (Ireland)	118,000	126,580
Endo DAC/Endo Finance, LLC/Endo Finco, Inc. 144A company
guaranty sr. unsec. notes 6.00%, 6/30/28 (Ireland)	149,000	115,103
Icahn Enterprises LP/Icahn Enterprises Finance Corp. company
guaranty sr. unsec. notes 6.25%, 2/1/22	2,015,000	2,020,038
iHeartCommunications, Inc. company guaranty sr. notes
6.375%, 5/1/26	150,658	156,873
iHeartCommunications, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
8.375%, 5/1/27	273,068	266,241
NRG Energy, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
7.25%, 5/15/26	3,308,000	3,477,535
Oasis Petroleum, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
6.875%, 3/15/22 (In default)  †	1,023,000	199,485
Par Pharmaceutical, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. notes
7.50%, 4/1/27	59,000	62,614
Petrobras Global Finance BV company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
bonds 7.375%, 1/17/27 (Brazil)	602,000	725,410
Petrobras Global Finance BV company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 6.25%, 3/17/24 (Brazil)	60,000	67,500
Petrobras Global Finance BV company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 5.999%, 1/27/28 (Brazil)	127,000	141,923
Petroleos de Venezuela SA company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 5.375%, 4/12/27 (Venezuela) (In default)  †	1,809,000	63,315

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 37 

		Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (2.6%)* cont.		amount	Value
Petroleos Mexicanos company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. FRB
7.69%, 1/23/50 (Mexico)		$242,000	$201,085
Petroleos Mexicanos company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. FRB
5.95%, 1/28/31 (Mexico)		130,000	108,810
Petroleos Mexicanos company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
6.50%, 3/13/27 (Mexico)		35,000	32,298
Townsquare Media, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
6.50%, 4/1/23		390,000	362,700
Virgin Media Secured Finance PLC 144A company guaranty sr.
bonds 5.00%, 4/15/27 (United Kingdom)	GBP	425,000	569,677
VTB Bank OJSC Via VTB Capital SA 144A unsec. sub. bonds 6.95%,
10/17/22 (Russia)		$1,800,000	1,912,500
Total corporate bonds and notes (cost $21,665,444)			$20,994,318

	Principal
SENIOR LOANS (1.4%)*c	amount	Value
CPG International, Inc. bank term loan FRN (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 3.75%), 4.75%, 5/5/24	$228,074	$227,504
Diamond Resorts International, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B,
(BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 3.75%), 4.75%, 9/2/23	1,094,827	977,134
Golden Nugget, LLC bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (1 Month US LIBOR
+ 2.50%), 4.081%, 10/4/23	993,034	872,381
Jaguar Holding Co. II bank term loan FRN (BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month
+ 2.50%), 3.50%, 8/18/22	1,516,000	1,503,252
Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B,
(BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 3.25%), 3.39%, 6/30/25	1,154,425	1,114,020
Rackspace Hosting, Inc. bank term loan FRN (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 3.00%), 4.00%, 11/3/23	484,982	473,396
Reynolds Group Holdings, Inc. bank term loan FRN (BBA LIBOR
USD 3 Month + 3.00%), 4.463%, 2/5/23	158,541	155,427
Scientific Games International, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B5,
(BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 2.75%), 2.898%, 8/14/24	2,612,972	2,425,983
Talbots, Inc. (The) bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 7.00%), 7.22%, 11/28/22	1,543,765	1,219,575
TransDigm, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. E, (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 2.25%), 3.659%, 5/30/25	250,467	235,231
TransDigm, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. F, (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 2.25%), 3.909%, 12/9/25	916,750	860,727
Univision Communications, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B,
(BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 3.75%), 4.75%, 3/24/26	972,793	946,215
Welbilt, Inc. bank term loan FRN Ser. B, (BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month
+ 2.50%), 2.648%, 10/23/25	397,051	363,302
Total senior loans (cost $12,272,494)		$11,374,147
FOREIGN GOVERNMENT AND AGENCY	Principal
BONDS AND NOTES (1.1%)*	amount	Value
Argentina (Republic of) 144A sr. unsec. notes 7.125%,
8/1/27 (Argentina)	$535,000	$259,480
Buenos Aires (Province of) sr. unsec. unsub. bonds Ser. REGS,
7.875%, 6/15/27 (Argentina) (In default)  †	275,000	89,829
Buenos Aires (Province of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. REGS,
6.50%, 2/15/23 (Argentina) (In default)  †	255,000	82,054

38 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

FOREIGN GOVERNMENT AND AGENCY		Principal
BONDS AND NOTES (1.1%)* cont.		amount	Value
Buenos Aires (Province of) unsec. FRN 34.027%,
5/31/22 (Argentina)	ARS	13,300,000	$147,718
Buenos Aires (Province of) 144A sr. unsec. unsub. notes 9.125%,
3/16/24 (Argentina) (In default)  †		$735,000	236,224
Dominican (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. bonds Ser. REGS, 6.50%,
2/15/48 (Dominican Republic)		208,000	213,722
Dominican (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. REGS, 6.875%,
1/29/26 (Dominican Republic)		316,000	356,290
Dominican (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. REGS, 5.95%,
1/25/27 (Dominican Republic)		577,000	630,373
Egypt (Arab Republic of) sr. unsec. notes Ser. REGS, 7.60%,
3/1/29 (Egypt)		200,000	208,001
Egypt (Arab Republic of) 144A sr. unsec. bonds 7.053%,
1/15/32 (Egypt)		510,000	497,611
Egypt (Arab Republic of) 144A sr. unsec. notes 5.75%,
5/29/24 (Egypt)		270,000	276,493
Indonesia (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. REGS, 5.875%,
1/15/24 (Indonesia)		1,005,000	1,151,976
Indonesia (Republic of) 144A sr. unsec. notes 4.75%,
1/8/26 (Indonesia)		300,000	346,505
Ivory Coast (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. bonds Ser. REGS,
6.125%, 6/15/33 (Ivory Coast)		1,310,000	1,323,100
Ivory Coast (Republic of) 144A sr. unsec. unsub. bonds 5.25%,
3/22/30 (Ivory Coast)	EUR	190,000	213,277
Kenya (Republic of) sr. unsec. bonds Ser. REGS, 8.00%,
5/22/32 (Kenya)		$280,000	293,309
Qatar (State of) 144A sr. unsec. notes 3.75%, 4/16/30 (Qatar)		270,000	313,468
Senegal (Republic of) unsec. bonds Ser. REGS, 6.25%,
5/23/33 (Senegal)		1,260,000	1,282,050
South Africa (Republic of) sr. unsec. unsub. notes 4.85%, 9/27/27
(South Africa)		495,000	503,043
United Mexican States sr. unsec. unsub. bonds 3.25%,
4/16/30 (Mexico)		383,000	395,746
Venezuela (Republic of) sr. unsec. notes 7.65%, 4/21/25
(Venezuela) (In default)  †		815,000	71,313
Total foreign government and agency bonds and notes (cost $9,726,899)			$8,891,582

	Principal
ASSET-BACKED SECURITIES (0.8%)*	amount	Value
1Sharpe Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 20-1, Class NOTE,
(BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month + 2.90%), 3.125%, 7/25/24	$1,011,000	$1,013,528
Mello Warehouse Securitization Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 20-1, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.90%),
1.049%, 10/25/53	455,000	455,000
FRB Ser. 19-1, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.80%),
0.949%, 6/25/52	1,450,000	1,442,750
MRA Issuance Trust 144A FRB Ser. 20-2, Class A2, (1 Month
US LIBOR + 1.45%), 1.599%, 7/21/21	783,000	783,000
Station Place Securitization Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 20-13, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.50%),
1.649%, 10/10/21	549,000	549,000
FRB Ser. 20-WL1, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.15%),
1.299%, 6/25/51	478,000	478,000

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 39 

	Principal
ASSET-BACKED SECURITIES (0.8%)* cont.	amount	Value
Station Place Securitization Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 20-2, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.83%),
0.979%, 3/26/21	$1,228,000	$1,228,000
FRB Ser. 20-15, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.37%),
zero %, 12/10/21	545,000	545,000
Total asset-backed securities (cost $6,499,000)		$6,494,278

PURCHASED SWAP OPTIONS OUTSTANDING (—%)*
Counterparty		Notional/
Fixed right % to receive or (pay)/	Expiration	contract
Floating rate index/Maturity date	date/strike	amount	Value
Barclays Bank PLC
(0.418)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-26
(United Kingdom)	Jan-21/0.418	$25,774,700	$136,090
Total purchased swap options outstanding (cost $91,729)			$136,090

PURCHASED OPTIONS	Expiration
OUTSTANDING (0.8%)*	date/strike	Notional		Contract
Counterparty	price	amount		amount	Value
Bank of America N.A.
AUD/USD (Put)	Nov-20/$0.70	12,239,860	AUD	17,412,134	$91,132
EUR/USD (Call)	Feb-21/1.23	29,642,723	EUR	25,440,030	73,331
EUR/USD (Call)	Jan-21/1.22	20,164,485	EUR	17,305,600	50,125
GBP/USD (Put)	Dec-20/1.23	14,308,554	GBP	11,048,650	50,054
SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (Put)	Oct-21/275.00	24,488,867		$74,995	1,255,194
SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (Put)	May-21/235.00	26,929,754		82,470	458,731
Citibank, N.A.
SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (Put)	Aug-21/275.00	21,823,648		66,833	992,564
SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (Put)	Jul-21/255.00	22,871,841		70,043	686,133
Credit Suisse International
EUR/CHF (Call)	Dec-20/CHF 1.10	31,465,643	EUR	27,004,500	11,196
Goldman Sachs International
USD/CAD (Put)	Jan-21/CAD 1.29	17,740,600		$17,740,600	61,773
USD/MXN (Put)	Apr-21/MXN 20.50	13,924,800		13,924,800	279,150
HSBC Bank USA, National
Association
AUD/USD (Call)	Mar-21/$0.76	18,510,431	AUD	26,332,500	65,670
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.
SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (Put)	Sep-21/270.00	20,334,625		$62,273	904,622
SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (Put)	Jun-21/250.00	25,219,337		77,232	639,033
Morgan Stanley & Co.
International PLC
EUR/USD (Call)	Mar-21/1.23	19,761,815	EUR	16,960,020	59,257
USD/CNH (Put)	Apr-21/CNH 6.65	23,208,000		$23,208,000	217,900
UBS AG
EUR/USD (Call)	Feb-21/$1.23	29,642,723	EUR	25,440,030	73,331
Total purchased options outstanding (cost $8,737,824)					$5,969,196

40 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

	Principal
CONVERTIBLE BONDS AND NOTES (—%)*	amount	Value
CHC Group, LLC/CHC Finance, Ltd. cv. notes Ser. AI, zero %,
10/1/21, (acquired 2/2/17, cost $88,142) ∆∆	$96,895	$14,534
Total convertible bonds and notes (cost $96,895)		$14,534

	Principal amount/
SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS (50.0%)*		shares	Value
Australia & New Zealand Banking Group, Ltd. commercial paper
0.160%, 12/16/20		$5,000,000	$4,999,282
Barclays Bank PLC CCP asset backed commercial paper
0.220%, 11/19/20		4,000,000	3,999,673
CRC Funding, LLC asset backed commercial paper
0.170%, 12/8/20		5,000,000	4,999,139
Federal Home Loan Banks discount notes commercial paper
0.110%, 12/11/20		8,500,000	8,499,171
Federal Home Loan Banks discount notes commercial paper
0.092%, 12/2/20		5,000,000	4,999,624
FMS Wertmanagement asset backed commercial paper
0.150%, 11/6/20		4,000,000	3,999,946
Liberty Street Funding, LLC asset backed commercial paper
0.160%, 12/8/20		5,000,000	4,999,140
Manhattan Asset Funding Co., LLC asset backed commercial
paper 0.150%, 11/16/20		5,000,000	4,999,856
Mizuho Bank, Ltd./New York, NY commercial paper
0.170%, 11/16/20		3,000,000	2,999,831
Nationwide Building Society commercial paper 0.165%, 12/9/20		4,500,000	4,499,234
Nationwide Building Society commercial paper 0.180%, 11/2/20		4,750,000	4,749,945
Nestle Finance International, Ltd. commercial paper
0.140%, 12/17/20		5,000,000	4,999,561
NRW.Bank commercial paper 0.130%, 11/12/20		4,250,000	4,249,843
Old Line Funding, LLC asset backed commercial paper
0.190%, 12/21/20		5,000,000	4,998,794
Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC 0.18% d	Shares	54,965,683	54,965,683
Putnam Short Term Investment Fund Class P 0.17% L	Shares	194,264,638	194,264,638
State Street Institutional U.S. Government Money Market Fund,
Premier Class 0.03% P	Shares	4,115,000	4,115,000
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.088%, 11/17/20 ∆ §		$24,500,000	24,499,268
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.112%, 12/15/20 # ∆ §		15,000,000	14,998,477
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.092%, 11/19/20 # ∆ §		14,200,000	14,199,463
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.102%, 12/8/20 ∆		11,300,000	11,299,011
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.109%, 12/10/20 ∆ §		6,600,000	6,599,373
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.107%, 12/3/20 # ∆		4,400,000	4,399,679
U.S. Treasury Cash Management Bills 0.083%, 1/19/21 ∆ §		700,000	699,871
Total short-term investments (cost $398,030,863)			$398,033,502
TOTAL INVESTMENTS
Total investments (cost $1,214,931,390)			$1,261,262,759

Key to holding’s currency abbreviations

ARS	Argentine Peso
AUD	Australian Dollar
CAD	Canadian Dollar

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 41 

CHF	Swiss Franc
CNH	Chinese Yuan (Offshore)
EUR	Euro
GBP	British Pound
MXN	Mexican Peso
NOK	Norwegian Krone
NZD	New Zealand Dollar
SEK	Swedish Krona

Key to holding’s abbreviations

ADR	American Depository Receipts: represents ownership of foreign securities on deposit with a custodian bank
bp	Basis Points
DAC	Designated Activity Company
ETF	Exchange Traded Fund
FRB	Floating Rate Bonds: the rate shown is the current interest rate at the close of the reporting period. Rates may
	be subject to a cap or floor. For certain securities, the rate may represent a fixed rate currently in place at the
	close of the reporting period.
FRN	Floating Rate Notes: the rate shown is the current interest rate or yield at the close of the reporting period.
	Rates may be subject to a cap or floor. For certain securities, the rate may represent a fixed rate currently in
	place at the close of the reporting period.
GDR	Global Depository Receipts: represents ownership of foreign securities on deposit with a custodian bank
IFB	Inverse Floating Rate Bonds, which are securities that pay interest rates that vary inversely to changes in the
	market interest rates. As interest rates rise, inverse floaters produce less current income. The rate shown is
	the current interest rate at the close of the reporting period. Rates may be subject to a cap or floor.
IO	Interest Only
OJSC	Open Joint Stock Company
OTC	Over-the-counter
PJSC	Public Joint Stock Company
PO	Principal Only
REGS	Securities sold under Regulation S may not be offered, sold or delivered within the United States except
	pursuant to an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the registration requirements of the
	Securities Act of 1933.
SPDR	S&P Depository Receipts
TBA	To Be Announced Commitments

Notes to the fund’s portfolio

Unless noted otherwise, the notes to the fund’s portfolio are for the close of the fund’s reporting period, which ran from November 1, 2019 through October 31, 2020 (the reporting period). Within the following notes to the portfolio, references to “Putnam Management” represent Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the fund’s manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments, LLC and references to “ASC 820” represent Accounting Standards Codification 820 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures.

^* Percentages indicated are based on net assets of $795,592,117.

^††† The value of the commodity linked notes, which are marked to market daily, may be based on a multiple of the performance of the index. The multiple (or leverage) will increase the volatility of the note’s value relative to the change in the underlying index.

^† This security is non-income-producing.

^∆∆ This security is restricted with regard to public resale. The total fair value of this security and any other restricted securities (excluding 144A securities), if any, held at the close of the reporting period was $14,553, or less than 0.1% of net assets.

^# This security, in part or in entirety, was pledged and segregated with the broker to cover margin requirements for futures contracts at the close of the reporting period. Collateral at period end totaled $11,741,301 and is included in Investments in securities on the Statement of assets and liabilities (Notes 1 and 9).

42 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

^∆ This security, in part or in entirety, was pledged and segregated with the custodian for collateral on certain derivative contracts at the close of the reporting period. Collateral at period end totaled $48,411,618 and is included in Investments in securities on the Statement of assets and liabilities (Notes 1 and 9).

^§ This security, in part or in entirety, was pledged and segregated with the custodian for collateral on the initial margin on certain centrally cleared derivative contracts at the close of the reporting period. Collateral at period end totaled $6,939,304 and is included in Investments in securities on the Statement of assets and liabilities (Notes 1 and 9).

^c Senior loans are exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, but contain certain restrictions on resale and cannot be sold publicly. These loans pay interest at rates which adjust periodically. The interest rates shown for senior loans are the current interest rates at the close of the reporting period. Senior loans are also subject to mandatory and/or optional prepayment which cannot be predicted. As a result, the remaining maturity may be substantially less than the stated maturity shown (Notes 1 and 7).

^d Affiliated company. See Notes 1 and 5 to the financial statements regarding securities lending. The rate quoted in the security description is the annualized 7-day yield of the fund at the close of the reporting period.

^F This security is valued by Putnam Management at fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees. Securities are classified as Level 3 for ASC 820 based on the securities’ valuation inputs. At the close of the reporting period, fair value pricing was also used for certain foreign securities in the portfolio (Note 1).

ⁱ This security was pledged, or purchased with cash that was pledged, to the fund for collateral on certain derivative contracts (Note 1).

^L Affiliated company (Note 5). The rate quoted in the security description is the annualized 7-day yield of the fund at the close of the reporting period.

^P This security was pledged, or purchased with cash that was pledged, to the fund for collateral on certain derivative contracts. The rate quoted in the security description is the annualized 7-day yield of the fund at the close of the reporting period.

^R Real Estate Investment Trust.

^S Security on loan, in part or in entirety, at the close of the reporting period (Note 1).

^W The rate shown represents the weighted average coupon associated with the underlying mortgage pools. Rates may be subject to a cap or floor.

At the close of the reporting period, the fund maintained liquid assets totaling $401,161,919 to cover certain derivative contracts, delayed delivery securities and the settlement of certain securities.

Unless otherwise noted, the rates quoted in Short-term investments security descriptions represent the weighted average yield to maturity.

Debt obligations are considered secured unless otherwise indicated.

144A after the name of an issuer represents securities exempt from registration under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. These securities may be resold in transactions exempt from registration, normally to qualified institutional buyers.

See Note 1 to the financial statements regarding TBA commitments.

The dates shown on debt obligations are the original maturity dates.

DIVERSIFICATION BY COUNTRY 

Distribution of investments by country of risk at the close of the reporting period, excluding collateral received, if any (as a percentage of Portfolio Value):

United States	76.3%	Germany	0.7%
China	8.4	Brazil	0.7
Taiwan	2.8	Canada	0.6
South Korea	2.6	Russia	0.6
India	1.5	Malaysia	0.6
United Kingdom	1.2	Other	3.3
Thailand	0.7	Total	100.0%

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 43 

FORWARD CURRENCY CONTRACTS at 10/31/20 (aggregate face value $241,257,752)
						Unrealized
		Contract	Delivery		Aggregate	appreciation/
Counterparty	Currency	type*	date	Value	face value	(depreciation)
Bank of America N.A.
	Australian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	$1,701,504	$1,776,554	$(75,050)
	Canadian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	2,672,324	2,677,025	4,701
	Euro	Buy	12/16/20	2,211,152	2,254,339	(43,187)
	Hong Kong Dollar	Sell	11/18/20	3,025,096	3,025,374	278
	Japanese Yen	Sell	11/18/20	5,621,535	5,584,287	(37,248)
	New Zealand Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	788,451	766,627	(21,824)
	Swedish Krona	Buy	12/16/20	631,014	643,370	(12,356)
Barclays Bank PLC
	British Pound	Buy	12/16/20	789,605	812,250	(22,645)
	Canadian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	116,462	116,978	516
	Euro	Sell	12/16/20	7,600,296	7,748,113	147,817
	Japanese Yen	Buy	11/18/20	3,858,979	3,835,649	23,330
	New Zealand Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	2,364,227	2,376,099	(11,872)
	Swedish Krona	Sell	12/16/20	2,645,539	2,696,850	51,311
Citibank, N.A.
	British Pound	Sell	12/16/20	1,632,732	1,679,246	46,514
	Canadian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	396,767	398,524	(1,757)
	Chilean Peso	Buy	1/20/21	2,516,605	2,449,514	67,091
	Euro	Buy	12/16/20	671,646	714,599	(42,953)
	Hong Kong Dollar	Buy	11/18/20	617,353	617,449	(96)
	Japanese Yen	Buy	11/18/20	116,793	116,923	(130)
	New Zealand Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	2,693,652	2,705,007	11,355
	Swedish Krona	Sell	12/16/20	1,241,519	1,265,264	23,745
	Swiss Franc	Sell	12/16/20	35,819	36,104	285
Credit Suisse International
	Australian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	13,150	13,445	295
	British Pound	Sell	12/16/20	294,563	311,537	16,974
	Canadian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	1,377,348	1,383,386	6,038
	Euro	Sell	12/16/20	3,209,353	3,253,546	44,193
	New Zealand Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	708,508	712,028	(3,520)
Goldman Sachs International
	Australian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	979,822	1,000,575	20,753
	British Pound	Sell	12/16/20	1,006,283	1,036,044	29,761
	Canadian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	1,937,208	1,945,991	(8,783)
	Euro	Sell	12/16/20	1,537,174	1,564,863	27,689
	Hong Kong Dollar	Buy	11/18/20	656,024	655,930	94
	Japanese Yen	Sell	11/18/20	2,740,157	2,718,267	(21,890)
	New Taiwan Dollar	Sell	2/17/21	2,390,452	2,403,189	12,737
	New Zealand Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	1,425,413	1,427,111	1,698
	Norwegian Krone	Buy	12/16/20	735,889	743,358	(7,469)
	Swedish Krona	Buy	12/16/20	4,646,028	4,733,104	(87,076)
	Swiss Franc	Buy	12/16/20	914,594	921,858	(7,264)

44 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

FORWARD CURRENCY CONTRACTS at 10/31/20 (aggregate face value $241,257,752) cont.
						Unrealized
		Contract	Delivery		Aggregate	appreciation/
Counterparty	Currency	type*	date	Value	face value	(depreciation)
HSBC Bank USA, National Association
	Australian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	$5,084,614	$5,196,393	$(111,779)
	British Pound	Buy	12/16/20	1,425,126	1,450,933	(25,807)
	Canadian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	5,311,007	5,335,431	(24,424)
	Euro	Buy	12/16/20	4,075,114	4,122,396	(47,282)
	Hong Kong Dollar	Sell	11/18/20	4,129,472	4,129,849	377
	Indian Rupee	Buy	2/17/21	5,848	30,359	(24,511)
	Japanese Yen	Buy	11/18/20	3,283,462	3,258,555	24,907
	New Zealand Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	125,237	125,837	600
	Norwegian Krone	Buy	12/16/20	883,572	902,560	(18,988)
	South Korean Won	Buy	2/17/21	2,443,326	2,391,249	52,077
	Swedish Krona	Buy	12/16/20	382,696	383,965	(1,269)
	Swiss Franc	Sell	12/16/20	1,417,156	1,412,242	(4,914)
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.
	Australian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	76,015	77,638	1,623
	British Pound	Buy	12/16/20	651,978	621,880	30,098
	Canadian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	2,082,954	2,093,165	10,211
	Chinese Yuan (Offshore)	Buy	2/18/21	54,144	61,072	(6,928)
	Euro	Sell	12/16/20	14,511,108	14,758,988	247,880
	Indian Rupee	Buy	2/17/21	5,846	27,731	(21,885)
	Japanese Yen	Sell	11/18/20	2,997,320	2,963,573	(33,747)
	New Taiwan Dollar	Sell	2/17/21	2,403,981	2,438,138	34,157
	New Zealand Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	359,907	361,753	(1,846)
	Norwegian Krone	Sell	12/16/20	1,036,408	1,104,761	68,353
	South Korean Won	Buy	2/17/21	2,437,623	2,376,585	61,038
	Swedish Krona	Sell	12/16/20	185,586	180,247	(5,339)
	Swiss Franc	Sell	12/16/20	425,245	428,674	3,429
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC
	Australian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	1,143,103	1,167,446	(24,343)
	British Pound	Buy	12/16/20	1,852,391	1,805,528	46,863
	Canadian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	3,072,545	3,081,360	(8,815)
	Euro	Buy	12/16/20	387,062	394,608	(7,546)
	Japanese Yen	Buy	11/18/20	710,236	693,806	16,430
	New Zealand Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	2,850,958	2,884,620	(33,662)
	Norwegian Krone	Buy	12/16/20	480,197	515,141	(34,944)
	Swedish Krona	Buy	12/16/20	243,752	268,971	(25,219)
	Swiss Franc	Buy	12/16/20	88,128	95,941	(7,813)
NatWest Markets PLC
	Australian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	1,756,213	1,794,791	38,578
	British Pound	Buy	12/16/20	1,868,202	1,879,294	(11,092)
	Canadian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	2,154,814	2,163,445	(8,631)
	Euro	Buy	12/16/20	493,970	493,616	354
	Japanese Yen	Buy	11/18/20	604,514	596,372	8,142
	Japanese Yen	Sell	11/18/20	600,084	596,503	(3,581)
	New Zealand Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	1,653,471	1,661,399	7,928

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 45 

FORWARD CURRENCY CONTRACTS at 10/31/20 (aggregate face value $241,257,752) cont.
						Unrealized
		Contract	Delivery		Aggregate	appreciation/
Counterparty	Currency	type*	date	Value	face value	(depreciation)
NatWest Markets PLC cont.
	Swedish Krona	Sell	12/16/20	$1,813,984	$1,843,108	$29,124
	Swiss Franc	Buy	12/16/20	497,648	497,033	615
State Street Bank and Trust Co.
	Australian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	4,690,476	4,765,171	74,695
	British Pound	Sell	12/16/20	2,667,138	2,868,705	201,567
	Canadian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	445,050	452,415	(7,365)
	Euro	Sell	12/16/20	7,108,890	7,221,577	112,687
	Hong Kong Dollar	Sell	11/18/20	11,183,441	11,184,226	785
	Japanese Yen	Sell	11/18/20	8,622,044	8,568,899	(53,145)
	New Zealand Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	978,224	979,172	(948)
	Norwegian Krone	Sell	12/16/20	1,102,651	1,079,226	(23,425)
	Swedish Krona	Buy	12/16/20	1,868,316	1,874,323	(6,007)
	Swiss Franc	Buy	12/16/20	427,757	444,911	(17,154)
Toronto-Dominion Bank
	Australian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	2,118,847	2,163,990	(45,143)
	British Pound	Sell	12/16/20	282,900	305,981	23,081
	Canadian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	3,570,907	3,586,831	15,924
	Euro	Sell	12/16/20	3,046,833	3,111,723	64,890
	Hong Kong Dollar	Sell	11/18/20	1,512,561	1,512,723	162
	New Zealand Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	535,927	538,561	2,634
	Swedish Krona	Sell	12/16/20	586,071	594,283	8,212
	Swiss Franc	Sell	12/16/20	503,545	507,601	4,056
UBS AG
	Australian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	5,369,264	5,442,683	73,419
	Australian Dollar	Buy	3/15/21	3,027,737	3,084,496	(56,759)
	Australian Dollar	Sell	3/15/21	3,027,737	3,106,426	78,689
	British Pound	Sell	12/16/20	2,826,147	2,925,262	99,115
	Canadian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	2,022,883	2,032,295	(9,412)
	Euro	Buy	12/16/20	4,475,234	4,567,780	(92,546)
	Hong Kong Dollar	Sell	11/18/20	1,638,247	1,638,386	139
	Japanese Yen	Buy	11/18/20	6,767,638	6,712,749	54,889
	New Zealand Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	3,749,636	3,769,116	(19,480)
	Swedish Krona	Buy	12/16/20	3,204,713	3,254,335	(49,622)
WestPac Banking Corp.
	Australian Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	74,959	66,647	(8,312)
	British Pound	Buy	12/16/20	1,766,213	1,741,549	24,664
	Canadian Dollar	Buy	1/20/21	1,509,879	1,516,458	(6,579)
	Chinese Yuan (Offshore)	Buy	2/18/21	54,129	61,077	(6,948)
	Euro	Buy	12/16/20	535,708	537,648	(1,940)
	Japanese Yen	Sell	11/18/20	921,213	914,963	(6,250)
	New Zealand Dollar	Sell	1/20/21	336,566	338,231	1,665
Unrealized appreciation						2,061,232
Unrealized (depreciation)						(1,310,520)
Total						$750,712

^* The exchange currency for all contracts listed is the United States Dollar.

46 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

FUTURES CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20
					Unrealized
	Number of	Notional		Expiration	appreciation/
	contracts	amount	Value	date	(depreciation)
MSCI EAFE Index (Short)	81	$7,209,344	$7,224,795	Dec-20	$415,986
S&P 500 Index E-Mini (Long)	26	4,250,948	4,244,110	Dec-20	(98,356)
S&P 500 Index E-Mini (Short)	373	60,984,754	60,886,655	Dec-20	1,433,591
U.S. Treasury Note 2 yr (Short)	1,430	315,806,563	315,806,563	Dec-20	(1,827)
U.S. Treasury Note 10 yr (Long)	4,124	570,014,125	570,014,126	Dec-20	(3,700,529)
U.S. Treasury Note Ultra 10 yr (Short)	128	20,132,000	20,132,000	Dec-20	281,712
Unrealized appreciation					2,131,289
Unrealized (depreciation)					(3,800,712)
Total					$(1,669,423)

WRITTEN SWAP OPTIONS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 (premiums $102,016)
Counterparty		Notional/
Fixed Obligation % to receive or (pay)/	Expiration	contract
Floating rate index/Maturity date	date/strike	amount	Value
Barclays Bank PLC
(0.418)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/Jan-26	Jan-21/0.418	$25,774,700	$63,664
Total			$63,664

WRITTEN OPTIONS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 (premiums $968,718)
	Expiration	Notional		Contract
Counterparty	date/strike price	amount		amount	Value
Bank of America N.A.
AUD/USD (Put)	Nov-20/$0.68	$6,119,930	AUD	8,706,067	$12,190
EUR/USD (Call)	Feb-21/1.27	29,642,723	EUR	25,440,030	22,370
GBP/USD (Put)	Dec-20/1.20	14,308,554	GBP	11,048,650	22,372
Credit Suisse International
EUR/CHF (Call)	Dec-20/CHF 1.12	31,465,643	EUR	27,004,500	1,573
Goldman Sachs International
USD/CAD (Put)	Jan-21/CAD 1.26	17,740,600		$17,740,600	24,535
USD/MXN (Put)	Apr-21/MXN 19.00	27,849,500		27,849,500	133,927
HSBC Bank USA, National Association
AUD/USD (Call)	Mar-21/$0.80	18,510,431	AUD	26,332,500	12,660
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC
EUR/USD (Call)	Mar-21/1.27	19,761,815	EUR	16,960,020	20,227
USD/CNH (Put)	Apr-21/CNH 6.50	23,208,000		$23,208,000	81,623
UBS AG
EUR/USD (Call)	Feb-21/$1.27	29,642,723	EUR	25,440,030	22,370
Total					$353,847

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 47 

FORWARD PREMIUM SWAP OPTION CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20
Counterparty
Fixed right or obligation % to receive		Notional/	Premium	Unrealized
or (pay)/Floating rate index/	Expiration	contract	receivable/	appreciation/
Maturity date	date/strike	amount	(payable)	(depreciation)
Bank of America N.A.
(1.275)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Mar-50 (Purchased)	Mar-30/1.275	$479,600	$(62,468)	$6,940
(2.3075)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jun-52 (Purchased)	Jun-22/2.3075	359,700	(8,138)	(921)
1.275/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Mar-50 (Purchased)	Mar-30/1.275	479,600	(62,468)	(14,105)
2.3075/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Jun-52 (Purchased)	Jun-22/2.3075	359,700	(169,122)	(73,562)
Goldman Sachs International
2.8175/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Mar-47 (Purchased)	Mar-27/2.8175	166,600	(21,033)	21,210
(2.8175)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Mar-47 (Purchased)	Mar-27/2.8175	166,600	(21,033)	(15,312)
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.
2.8325/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Feb-52 (Purchased)	Feb-22/2.8325	833,400	(116,363)	209,833
(2.8325)/3 month USD-LIBOR-BBA/
Feb-52 (Purchased)	Feb-22/2.8325	833,400	(116,363)	(111,334)
Unrealized appreciation				237,983
Unrealized (depreciation)				(215,234)
Total				$22,749

TBA SALE COMMITMENTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 (proceeds receivable $124,803,066)
	Principal	Settlement
Agency	amount	date	Value
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities, 4.00%, 11/1/50	$24,000,000	11/12/20	$25,626,562
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities, 3.50%, 11/1/50	40,000,000	11/12/20	42,234,376
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities, 2.50%, 11/1/50	35,000,000	11/12/20	36,471,092
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities, 2.00%, 11/1/50	12,000,000	11/12/20	12,375,937
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities, 1.50%, 11/1/50	8,000,000	11/12/20	8,053,750
Total			$124,761,717

CENTRALLY CLEARED INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20
		Upfront
		premium				Unrealized
		received	Termination	Payments	Payments	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	made by fund	received by fund	(depreciation)
$391,400	$49,485 E	$(6)	12/7/30	2.184% —	3 month USD-	$(49,490)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
470,500	25,562 E	(5)	6/5/29	3 month USD-	2.2225% —	25,557
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
39,300	9,613 E	(1)	6/22/52	2.3075% —	3 month USD-	(9,614)
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly

48 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

CENTRALLY CLEARED INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
			Upfront
			premium				Unrealized
			received	Termination	Payments	Payments	appreciation/
Notional amount		Value	(paid)	date	made by fund	received by fund	(depreciation)
	$835,100	$37,588 E	$(28)	1/27/47	3 month USD-	1.27% —	$(37,616)
					LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
					Quarterly
	70,500	3,094 E	(2)	3/7/50	1.275% —	3 month USD-	3,092
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
	48,854,000	3,420 E	(22,900)	12/16/22	3 month USD-	0.25% —	(19,480)
					LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
					Quarterly
	13,882,000	78,156 E	187	12/16/25	0.35% —	3 month USD-	78,342
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
	253,000	9,543 E	(1,038)	12/16/50	1.15% —	3 month USD-	8,505
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
	21,081,000	404,334 E	(48,404)	12/16/30	0.70% —	3 month USD-	355,929
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
	21,238,000	447,272 E	(75,343)	12/16/30	0.45% —	Secured	371,933
					Annually	Overnight
						Financing Rate —
						Annually
	4,979,000	60,943	(66)	10/16/30	3 month USD-	0.7505% —	(59,961)
					LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
					Quarterly
	146,000	4,914	381	10/16/50	3 month USD-	1.16% —	(4,478)
					LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
					Quarterly
	22,936,000	688	(86)	10/23/22	3 month USD-	0.2345% —	(778)
					LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
					Quarterly
	3,775,000	12,609	(50)	10/23/30	0.84250% —	3 month USD-	12,049
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
	2,930,000	11,075	(39)	10/23/30	0.838% —	3 month USD-	10,644
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
	1,858,000	17,688	(25)	10/30/30	3 month USD-	0.7805% —	(17,695)
					LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
					Quarterly
	1,230,000	4,133	(16)	11/3/30	0.8454% —	3 month USD-	4,116
					Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
						Quarterly
AUD	12,905,000	51,976 E	2,666	12/16/30	6 month AUD-	0.85% —	54,642
					BBR-BBSW —	Semiannually
					Semiannually
CAD	25,000	201 E	(147)	12/16/30	1.05% —	3 month CAD-	55
					Semiannually	BA-CDOR —
						Semiannually

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 49 

CENTRALLY CLEARED INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
			Upfront
			premium				Unrealized
			received	Termination	Payments	Payments	appreciation/
Notional amount		Value	(paid)	date	made by fund	received by fund	(depreciation)
CHF	647,000	$3,620 E	$348	12/16/30	0.30% plus	—	$3,968
					6 month CHF-
					LIBOR-BBA —
					Semiannually
EUR	3,857,000	54,489 E	6,196	12/16/30	—	0.15% plus	(48,293)
						6 month
						EUR-EURIBOR-
						REUTERS —
						Semiannually
GBP	2,267,000	176 E	(10,377)	12/16/30	Sterling	0.20% —	(10,201)
					Overnight	Annually
					Index Average —
					Annually
NOK	52,301,000	10,847 E	144	12/16/30	6 month NOK-	0.95% —	(10,704)
					NIBOR-NIBR —	Annually
					Semiannually
NZD	1,578,000	7,189 E	5,022	12/16/30	0.60% —	3 month NZD-	(2,167)
					Semiannually	BBR-FRA —
						Quarterly
SEK	21,017,000	165 E	(11,900)	12/16/30	0.30% —	3 month SEK-	(11,735)
					Annually	STIBOR-SIDE —
						Quarterly
Total			$(155,489)				$646,620

^E Extended effective date.

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
Bank of America N.A.
$257,874,615	$260,553,781	$—	6/20/23	(3 month USD-	A basket (MLFCF15)	$3,067,078
				LIBOR-BBA plus	of common
				0.10%) — Quarterly	stocks — Quarterly*
257,874,328	261,289,610	—	6/20/23	3 month USD-	Russell 1000 Total	(3,379,267)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Return Index —
				0.07% — Quarterly	Quarterly
Barclays Bank PLC
2,039,331	2,038,452	—	1/12/40	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	2,913
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
327,534	327,393	—	1/12/40	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	467
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
123,690	123,637	—	1/12/40	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	177
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly

50 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
Barclays Bank PLC cont.
$10,846,670	$10,867,578	$—	1/12/41	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	$45,245
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
1,517,953	1,520,900	—	1/12/40	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	6,378
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
758,922	761,040	—	1/12/39	(6.00%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX	(4,100)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 6.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
12,956,060	12,984,150	—	1/12/38	(6.50%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX	(63,311)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
103,276	101,871	—	1/12/43	(3.50%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	29
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 3.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
35,331	35,354	—	1/12/39	6.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	484
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
104,992	104,868	—	1/12/38	6.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	1,235
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
5,261	5,255	—	1/12/38	6.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	62
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
Citibank, N.A.
321,909,535	298,682,442	—	6/10/21	(3 month USD-	A basket	(23,206,612)
				LIBOR-BBA	(CGPUTQL2) of
				plus 0.34%) —	common stocks —
				Quarterly	Quarterly*
854,767	892,077	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	ACI Worldwide,	(37,433)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Inc. — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
8,344,589	7,885,224	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Advance Auto Parts	458,163
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Inc. — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
3,923,588	4,225,206	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Axon Enterprise,	(302,182)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Inc. — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
1,148,640	1,076,875	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	B&G Foods, Inc. —	46,922
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				1.85% — Monthly

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 51 

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
Citibank, N.A. cont.
$3,462,951	$3,533,624	$—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Bausch Health Cos,	$(70,329)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Inc. — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
5,464,408	4,434,985	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Beyond Meat Inc. —	1,028,636
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
958,615	911,723	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Biotelemetry Inc. —	46,754
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
978,156	1,053,971	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Bruker Corp —	(75,654)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
4,234,782	4,222,145	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Century Link, Inc. —	12,637
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
1,727,924	1,572,008	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Cimpress, PLC —	155,667
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
11,945,341	9,976,029	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Citrix Systems,	1,975,845
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Inc. — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
1,509,773	1,456,714	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Conmed Corp. —	52,842
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
569,629	552,441	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Cooper Tire &	22,307
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Rubber Co. —
				0.35% — Monthly	Monthly
3,595,017	3,785,959	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Dentsply Sirona,	(199,483)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Inc. — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
1,250,941	1,387,703	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Dycom Industries,	(136,942)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Inc. — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
300,128	247,729	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Ebix, Inc. — Monthly	52,602
				LIBOR-BBA minus
				1.25% — Monthly
910,289	825,589	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Edgewell Personal	84,569
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Care — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
3,507,356	3,862,327	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Elanco Animal	(355,475)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Health, Inc. —
				0.35% — Monthly	Monthly
1,981,047	1,891,633	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Energizer Holdings,	92,243
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Inc. — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
6,603,983	5,591,807	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Everbridge, Inc. —	1,011,226
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly

52 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
Citibank, N.A. cont.
$7,654,504	$9,318,690	$—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	First Solar Inc. —	$(1,665,287)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
6,554,796	6,721,136	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Five Below —	(165,690)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Monthly
				Monthly
3,749,075	3,500,326	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Guidewire Software,	248,209
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Inc. — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
2,510,598	2,410,114	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Hanesbrands, Inc. —	100,123
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
5,079,149	4,666,266	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Horizon	412,152
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Therapeutics,
				0.35% — Monthly	PLC — Monthly
8,442,055	7,815,383	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Illumina, Inc. —	625,457
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
7,723,124	7,993,759	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Middleby Corp —	(271,746)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
35,841,544	35,847,070	—	9/17/21	3 month USD-	MSCI Emerging	63,220
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Markets TR Net
				0.38% — Quarterly	USD — Quarterly
74,252,956	75,501,967	—	3/19/21	3 month USD-	MSCI Emerging	(1,279,317)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Markets TR Net
				0.60% — Quarterly	USD — Quarterly
2,423,561	2,117,394	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Oshkosh Corp. —	305,818
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
495,545	472,451	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	OSI systems Inc. —	23,095
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
4,673,522	4,457,250	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Plug Power, Inc. —	216,272
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
1,240,737	1,177,013	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Pluralsight Inc. —	63,545
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
1,145,769	1,038,265	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Prestige Brands	107,339
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Holdings, Inc. —
				0.35% — Monthly	Monthly
2,053,365	2,065,357	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Prosperity	(12,288)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Bancshares Inc. —
				0.35% — Monthly	Monthly
1,258,064	1,123,865	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Qualys, Inc. —	134,018
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 53 

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
Citibank, N.A. cont.
$4,105,309	$3,822,282	$—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Ralph Lauren	$282,435
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Corp. — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
7,749,945	6,848,414	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Restoration	902,300
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Hardware Holdings,
				0.65% — Monthly	Inc. — Monthly
149,774,458	139,152,918	—	6/10/21	3 month USD-	Russell 1000 Total	10,631,380
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Return Index —
				0.11% — Quarterly	Quarterly
2,422,578	2,376,855	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Skechers USA, Inc.-	45,374
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Cl A — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
760,661	765,533	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Solarwinds, Corp. —	(4,981)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
1,797,879	1,600,468	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Store Capital	197,153
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Corp. — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
1,372,541	1,303,416	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	SVMK, Inc. —	68,928
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
682,224	683,539	—	1/12/41	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	2,846
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
327,718	328,350	—	1/12/41	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	1,367
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
5,504,894	5,018,133	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Tesla, Inc. —	485,968
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				1.30% — Monthly
967,769	1,031,291	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	TPI Composites,	(63,661)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Inc. — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
2,249,439	2,230,483	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Vertiv Holdings Co —	18,632
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
4,814,854	4,431,489	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	WABTEC, Corp. —	383,842
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
946,082	1,212,519	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	WD–40 Co. —	(269,911)
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
1,739,302	1,717,749	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	XP Inc. Class A —	21,553
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
991,972	684,285	—	7/5/22	1 month USD-	Zynex, Inc. —	306,753
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				3.25% — Monthly

54 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
Credit Suisse International
$472,046	$472,956	$—	1/12/41	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	$1,970
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
164,433	162,196	—	1/12/43	3.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	(47)
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 3.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
104,674	103,250	—	1/12/43	3.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	(29)
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 3.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
41,225	40,664	—	1/12/43	3.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	(12)
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 3.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
7,849	7,742	—	1/12/43	3.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	(2)
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 3.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
403,686	409,129	—	1/12/45	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	11,538
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
100,747	102,105	—	1/12/45	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	2,879
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
62,496	59,670	—	1/12/41	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	(1,943)
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
6,421	6,131	—	1/12/41	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	(200)
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
80,211	76,585	—	1/12/41	(4.00%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	2,494
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
Goldman Sachs International
22,692,781	21,790,312	—	12/15/25	(1 month USD-	A basket	(904,890)
				LIBOR-BBA plus	(GSGLPHCL) of
				0.35%) — Monthly	common stocks —
					Monthly*
225,618,376	213,871,264	—	12/15/25	(1 month USD-	A basket	(11,728,651)
				LIBOR-BBA plus	(GSGLPW2L) of
				0.45%) — Monthly	common stocks —
					Monthly*

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 55 

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
Goldman Sachs International cont.
$226,089,229	$214,364,039	$—	12/15/25	1 month USD-	A basket	$11,698,026
				LIBOR-BBA minus	(GSGLPW2S) of
				0.15% — Monthly	common stocks —
					Monthly*
292,364,465	277,901,002	—	12/15/25	(1 month USD-	A basket	(14,358,830)
				LIBOR-BBA plus	(GSGLPWDL) of
				0.50%) — Monthly	common stocks —
					Monthly*
287,700,665	272,268,108	—	12/15/25	1 month USD-	A basket	15,238,182
				LIBOR-BBA minus	(GSGLPWDS) of
				0.15% — Monthly	common stocks —
					Monthly*
34,401,240	33,745,546	—	12/15/20	(0.20%) — Monthly	Goldman Sachs	(658,943)
					Cross Asset Trend
					Series 27 Excess
					Return Strategy —
					Monthly†††
7,505,031	7,382,313	—	12/15/25	(0.45%) — Monthly	Goldman Sachs	(123,938)
					Volatility Carry US
					Enhanced 3x Excess
					Return Strategy —
					Monthly††
8,711,106	8,568,667	—	12/15/20	(0.45%) — Monthly	Goldman Sachs	(144,290)
					Volatility Carry US
					Enhanced 3x Excess
					Return Strategy —
					Monthly††
20,302,882	20,032,308	—	12/15/25	(0.45%) — Monthly	Goldman Sachs	(273,874)
					Volatility Carry US
					Series 85 Excess
					Return Strategy —
					Monthly††
28,415,872	28,037,177	—	12/15/20	(0.45%) — Monthly	Goldman Sachs	(384,734)
					Volatility Carry US
					Series 85 Excess
					Return Strategy —
					Monthly††
5,197,970	5,288,372	—	12/15/20	(0.30%) — Monthly	Goldman Sachs	89,665
					Volatility of Volatility
					Carry Excess Return
					Strategy — Monthly†
14,535,875	14,695,333	—	12/15/20	(0.30%) — Monthly	Goldman Sachs	157,400
					Volatility of Volatility
					Carry Series 69
					Excess Return
					Strategy — Monthly†
15,665,170	15,254,799	—	12/14/20	1 month USD-	MSCI Emerging	413,652
				LIBOR-BBA plus	Markets TR Net
				0.25% — Monthly	USD — Monthly

56 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
Goldman Sachs International cont.
$1,446,885	$1,278,424	$—	12/15/25	1 month USD-	Open Text Corp. —	$169,681
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
8,253,126	7,685,774	—	12/15/25	1 month USD-	Seagate Technology	566,748
				LIBOR-BBA minus	PLC — Monthly
				0.35% — Monthly
311,786	312,387	—	1/12/41	5.00% (1 month	Synthetic MBX	1,301
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 5.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
45,209	45,307	—	1/12/38	(6.50%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX	(221)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
120,532	120,794	—	1/12/38	(6.50%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX	(589)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
252,158	252,704	—	1/12/38	(6.50%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX	(1,232)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
671,222	672,677	—	1/12/38	(6.50%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX	(3,280)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
919,479	921,473	—	1/12/38	(6.50%) 1 month	Synthetic MBX	(4,493)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
238,537	237,574	—	1/12/44	(3.00%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	(2,270)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 3.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
214,905	211,981	—	1/12/43	(3.50%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	61
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 3.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
263,577	267,131	—	1/12/45	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	7,533
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
11,294	10,784	—	1/12/41	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	(351)
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
294,409	294,600	—	1/12/39	6.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	4,031
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 57 

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
Goldman Sachs International cont.
$213,604	$213,742	$—	1/12/39	6.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	$2,925
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
114,099	114,173	—	1/12/39	6.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	1,562
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
620	621	—	1/12/39	6.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	8
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
183,725	183,507	—	1/12/38	6.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	2,160
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
146,518	146,344	—	1/12/38	6.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	1,722
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
133,693	133,534	—	1/12/38	6.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	1,572
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
103,141	103,018	—	1/12/38	6.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	1,212
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
4,466	4,460	—	1/12/38	6.50% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	52
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 6.50% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.
161,175,760	159,123,035	—	10/29/21	(1 month USD-	A basket	(2,052,724)
				LIBOR-BBA plus	(JPCMPTFL) of
				0.35%) — Monthly	common stocks —
					Monthly*
JPMorgan Securities LLC
120,137	114,410	—	1/12/44	4.00% (1 month	Synthetic TRS	(4,090)
				USD-LIBOR) —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
120,137	114,410	—	1/12/44	(4.00%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	4,090
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
205,675	208,448	—	1/12/45	(4.00%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	(5,879)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly

58 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium	Termina-	Payments	Total return	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	tion	received (paid)	received by	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	by fund	or paid by fund	(depreciation)
JPMorgan Securities LLC cont.
$562,335	$569,917	$—	1/12/45	(4.00%) 1 month	Synthetic TRS	$(16,073)
				USD-LIBOR —	Index 4.00% 30 year
				Monthly	Fannie Mae pools —
					Monthly
UBS AG
321,538,827	304,446,222	—	5/22/23	(1 month USD-	A basket	(17,010,820)
				LIBOR-BBA plus	(UBSPUSER) of
				0.35%) — Monthly	common stocks —
					Monthly*
105,382,003	102,901,022	—	8/18/21	1 month USD-	MSCI Emerging	2,480,857
				LIBOR-BBA minus	Markets TR Net
				0.15% — Monthly	USD — Monthly
324,345,625	308,139,135	—	5/22/23	1 month USD-	S&P 500 Total	16,225,341
				LIBOR-BBA plus	Return 4 Jan 1988 —
				0.20% — Monthly	Monthly
Upfront premium received		—		Unrealized appreciation		70,898,922
Upfront premium (paid)		—		Unrealized (depreciation)		(79,246,074)
Total		$—		Total		$(8,347,152)

^† Replicates exposure to the difference between the implied and the realized volatility risk premium in the CBOE Volatility Index option market, with a delta hedge overlay.

^†† Replicates exposure to the difference between the implied and the realized volatility risk premium on the S&P500 Index, with a delta hedge overlay.

^††† Provides synthetic exposure to assets in several asset classes (equity, credit, foreign exchange and interest rates). The Strategy is calculated on an “excess return” basis and does not include any synthetic interest rate return on a notional cash amount.

* The 50 largest components, and any individual component greater than 1% of basket value, are shown below.

A BASKET (MLFCF15) OF COMMON STOCKS
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Apple, Inc.	Technology	159,182	$17,328,572	6.65%
Amazon.com, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	4,496	13,651,611	5.24%
Alphabet, Inc. Class A	Technology	7,830	12,654,462	4.86%
Microsoft Corp.	Technology	46,148	9,343,559	3.59%
Procter & Gamble Co. (The)	Consumer staples	43,476	5,960,528	2.29%
Verizon Communications, Inc.	Communication services	100,787	5,743,858	2.20%
JPMorgan Chase & Co.	Financials	56,328	5,522,367	2.12%
Qualcomm, Inc.	Technology	44,476	5,486,584	2.11%
Adobe, Inc.	Technology	11,478	5,131,878	1.97%
NVIDIA Corp.	Technology	9,568	4,797,203	1.84%
Lockheed Martin Corp.	Capital goods	12,173	4,262,278	1.64%
Intuit, Inc.	Technology	13,376	4,209,037	1.62%
Cisco Systems, Inc.	Technology	107,805	3,870,208	1.49%
eBay, Inc.	Technology	75,307	3,586,865	1.38%
Medtronic PLC	Health care	34,358	3,455,370	1.33%
Johnson & Johnson	Health care	23,623	3,238,957	1.24%

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 59 

A BASKET (MLFCF15) OF COMMON STOCKS cont.
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Coca-Cola Co. (The)	Consumer staples	63,362	$3,045,178	1.17%
PepsiCo, Inc.	Consumer staples	22,656	3,019,765	1.16%
ServiceNow, Inc.	Technology	6,006	2,988,379	1.15%
Citigroup, Inc.	Financials	69,735	2,888,407	1.11%
McDonald’s Corp.	Consumer staples	12,946	2,757,459	1.06%
DocuSign, Inc.	Technology	13,580	2,746,589	1.05%
Comcast Corp. Class A	Communication services	64,830	2,738,430	1.05%
Honeywell International, Inc.	Capital goods	16,103	2,656,198	1.02%
Abbott Laboratories	Health care	24,424	2,567,202	0.99%
Merck & Co., Inc.	Health care	33,533	2,522,011	0.97%
Veeva Systems, Inc. Class A	Technology	9,243	2,495,948	0.96%
Activision Blizzard, Inc.	Technology	32,432	2,456,067	0.94%
Humana, Inc.	Health care	5,982	2,388,682	0.92%
MetLife, Inc.	Financials	59,959	2,269,443	0.87%
Southern Co. (The)	Utilities and power	39,438	2,265,729	0.87%
Best Buy Co., Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	19,312	2,154,220	0.83%
Northrop Grumman Corp.	Capital goods	7,107	2,059,745	0.79%
Edwards Lifesciences Corp.	Health care	27,418	1,965,596	0.75%
Cummins, Inc.	Capital goods	8,909	1,958,973	0.75%
Eli Lilly and Co.	Health care	14,353	1,872,509	0.72%
American Electric Power Co., Inc.	Utilities and power	20,620	1,854,364	0.71%
Okta, Inc.	Technology	8,275	1,736,244	0.67%
Chevron Corp.	Energy	24,954	1,734,289	0.67%
Allstate Corp. (The)	Financials	19,052	1,690,848	0.65%
Xilinx, Inc.	Technology	14,047	1,667,221	0.64%
Morgan Stanley	Financials	34,267	1,649,945	0.63%
Target Corp.	Consumer cyclicals	10,710	1,630,309	0.63%
Altria Group, Inc.	Consumer staples	45,153	1,629,121	0.63%
Exelon Corp.	Utilities and power	39,605	1,579,859	0.61%
Old Dominion Freight Line, Inc.	Transportation	8,264	1,573,200	0.60%
Crown Castle International Corp.	Communication services	10,043	1,568,699	0.60%
Facebook, Inc. Class A	Technology	5,772	1,518,757	0.58%
Fortinet, Inc.	Technology	13,547	1,495,142	0.57%
Synopsys, Inc.	Technology	6,906	1,476,869	0.57%
A BASKET (CGPUTQL2) OF COMMON STOCKS
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Amazon.com, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	5,541	$16,822,070	5.63%
Apple, Inc.	Technology	136,194	14,826,122	4.96%
Microsoft Corp.	Technology	63,579	12,872,747	4.31%
Alphabet, Inc. Class A	Technology	6,897	11,146,967	3.73%
Verizon Communications, Inc.	Communication services	121,610	6,930,574	2.32%
Adobe, Inc.	Technology	14,156	6,329,247	2.12%
JPMorgan Chase & Co.	Financials	60,178	5,899,841	1.98%

60 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

A BASKET (CGPUTQL2) OF COMMON STOCKS cont.
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Medtronic PLC	Health care	55,506	$5,582,224	1.87%
Intuit, Inc.	Technology	16,235	5,108,853	1.71%
Mondelez International, Inc. Class A	Consumer staples	95,873	5,092,789	1.71%
Vontier Corp.	Technology	174,764	5,022,727	1.68%
Intercontinental Exchange, Inc.	Financials	52,224	4,929,950	1.65%
PACCAR, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	57,157	4,880,047	1.63%
Sherwin-Williams Co. (The)	Basic materials	6,725	4,626,459	1.55%
Lockheed Martin Corp.	Capital goods	13,212	4,625,887	1.55%
Fidelity National Information	Technology	37,078	4,619,520	1.55%
Services, Inc.
Veeva Systems, Inc. Class A	Technology	17,042	4,602,117	1.54%
NVIDIA Corp.	Technology	8,766	4,395,033	1.47%
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The)	Financials	22,651	4,281,889	1.43%
Domino’s Pizza, Inc.	Consumer staples	10,768	4,073,927	1.36%
Clorox Co. (The)	Consumer cyclicals	18,809	3,898,079	1.31%
Texas Instruments, Inc.	Technology	26,942	3,895,508	1.30%
Electronic Arts, Inc.	Technology	32,408	3,883,447	1.30%
eBay, Inc.	Technology	81,328	3,873,631	1.30%
DTE Energy Co.	Utilities and power	30,956	3,820,576	1.28%
Waste Management, Inc.	Capital goods	35,103	3,787,969	1.27%
Johnson & Johnson	Health care	27,334	3,747,759	1.25%
Exelon Corp.	Utilities and power	91,331	3,643,211	1.22%
Expeditors International of	Transportation	39,813	3,518,242	1.18%
Washington, Inc.
Costco Wholesale Corp.	Consumer staples	9,690	3,465,225	1.16%
Allstate Corp. (The)	Financials	38,802	3,443,696	1.15%
Charter Communications, Inc. Class A	Communication services	5,582	3,370,819	1.13%
Synopsys, Inc.	Technology	15,760	3,370,387	1.13%
Knight-Swift Transportation	Transportation	88,504	3,362,276	1.13%
Holdings, Inc.
Roper Technologies, Inc.	Technology	9,045	3,358,906	1.12%
Garmin, Ltd.	Technology	30,262	3,147,888	1.05%
Salesforce.com, Inc.	Technology	13,401	3,112,760	1.04%
Arthur J. Gallagher & Co.	Financials	29,157	3,023,833	1.01%
Procter & Gamble Co. (The)	Consumer staples	21,780	2,986,103	1.00%
Hershey Co. (The)	Consumer staples	21,337	2,933,015	0.98%
Baxter International, Inc.	Health care	37,160	2,882,481	0.97%
Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc.	Technology	18,349	2,842,692	0.95%
Facebook, Inc. Class A	Technology	10,673	2,808,304	0.94%
Kinder Morgan, Inc.	Utilities and power	232,991	2,772,590	0.93%
Cisco Systems, Inc.	Technology	73,809	2,649,735	0.89%
Leidos Holdings, Inc.	Technology	31,678	2,629,311	0.88%
Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. R	Financials	16,827	2,549,648	0.85%
Dollar General Corp.	Consumer cyclicals	12,051	2,515,196	0.84%
Cadence Design Systems, Inc.	Technology	22,874	2,501,704	0.84%
PepsiCo, Inc.	Consumer staples	16,911	2,254,036	0.75%

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 61 

A BASKET (GSGLPHCL) OF COMMON STOCKS
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.	Health care	2,097	$992,322	4.55%
PerkinElmer, Inc.	Health care	7,544	977,385	4.49%
Merck KGaA (Germany)	Health care	6,439	953,727	4.38%
Mettler-Toledo International, Inc.	Health care	938	935,914	4.30%
Waters Corp.	Health care	4,033	898,641	4.12%
Zoetis, Inc.	Health care	5,419	859,180	3.94%
Agilent Technologies, Inc.	Technology	8,383	855,798	3.93%
IQVIA Holdings, Inc.	Health care	5,339	822,193	3.77%
Ipsen SA (France)	Health care	8,960	815,659	3.74%
Pfizer, Inc.	Health care	22,838	810,303	3.72%
Merck & Co., Inc.	Health care	9,704	729,872	3.35%
Johnson & Johnson	Health care	4,484	614,758	2.82%
Illumina, Inc.	Health care	2,039	596,908	2.74%
GlaxoSmithKline PLC (United	Health care	35,689	596,118	2.74%
Kingdom)
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	Health care	5,176	596,018	2.74%
Mylan NV	Health care	40,134	583,544	2.68%
Sanofi (France)	Health care	6,441	580,476	2.66%
Perrigo Co. PLC	Health care	13,223	580,091	2.66%
AbbVie, Inc.	Health care	6,028	512,987	2.35%
Taisho Pharmaceutical Holdings	Health care	8,294	497,437	2.28%
Co., Ltd. (Japan)
Biogen, Inc.	Health care	1,835	462,626	2.12%
Sartorius Stedim Biotech (France)	Health care	1,217	461,566	2.12%
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.	Health care	7,853	459,033	2.11%
AstraZeneca PLC (United Kingdom)	Health care	4,336	435,432	2.00%
Bayer AG (Germany)	Health care	9,096	427,623	1.96%
CSL, Ltd. (Australia)	Health care	2,110	426,122	1.96%
Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma	Health care	34,612	404,596	1.86%
Co., Ltd. (Japan)
Amgen, Inc.	Health care	1,668	361,941	1.66%
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd.	Health care	40,737	355,224	1.63%
ADR (Israel)
Gilead Sciences, Inc.	Health care	5,780	336,092	1.54%
Galapagos NV (Belgium)	Health care	2,569	303,445	1.39%
Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc.	Health care	5,618	267,356	1.23%
(Japan)
Galenica AG (Switzerland)	Health care	2,357	265,223	1.22%
Eisai Co., Ltd. (Japan)	Health care	3,219	249,052	1.14%
Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	Health care	7,982	247,324	1.14%
(Japan)
Eli Lilly and Co.	Health care	1,622	211,609	0.97%
Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC	Health care	5,828	189,157	0.87%
(United Kingdom)
Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (Japan)	Health care	3,829	180,335	0.83%
H Lundbeck A/S (Denmark)	Health care	4,953	139,501	0.64%

62 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

A BASKET (GSGLPHCL) OF COMMON STOCKS cont.
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Astellas Pharma, Inc. (Japan)	Health care	9,343	$128,247	0.59%
UCB SA (Belgium)	Health care	1,263	124,631	0.57%
Incyte Corp.	Health care	1,350	116,999	0.54%
Grifols SA (Spain)	Health care	3,675	99,269	0.46%
Eurofins Scientific (Luxembourg)	Health care	100	80,018	0.37%
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	Health care	129	69,937	0.32%
Novartis AG (Switzerland)	Health care	712	55,503	0.25%
Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. (Japan)	Health care	1,940	50,996	0.23%
Recordati SpA (Italy)	Health care	559	28,954	0.13%
Orion Oyj Class B (Finland)	Health care	579	24,766	0.11%
Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	Health care	99	20,583	0.09%
A BASKET (GSGLPW2L) OF COMMON STOCKS
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Deutsche Telekom AG (Germany)	Communication services	171,749	$2,614,806	1.22%
Koninklijke Ahold Delhaize NV	Consumer staples	86,158	2,367,527	1.11%
(Netherlands)
Carlsberg A/S Class B (Denmark)	Consumer staples	17,626	2,231,009	1.04%
KDDI Corp. (Japan)	Communication services	76,897	2,054,095	0.96%
CK Hutchison Holdings, Ltd.	Consumer cyclicals	323,984	1,951,044	0.91%
(Hong Kong)
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.	Financials	69,277	1,909,201	0.89%
(Japan)
Volvo AB (Sweden)	Consumer cyclicals	97,316	1,893,051	0.89%
Rio Tinto PLC (United Kingdom)	Basic materials	33,557	1,890,461	0.88%
Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings, Inc.	Financials	69,893	1,860,983	0.87%
(Japan)
Novartis AG (Switzerland)	Health care	23,189	1,808,695	0.85%
CK Asset Holdings, Ltd. (Hong Kong)	Financials	361,694	1,674,411	0.78%
Endesa SA (Spain)	Utilities and power	62,075	1,663,808	0.78%
Aena SME SA (Spain)	Transportation	12,342	1,661,946	0.78%
Obayashi Corp. (Japan)	Capital goods	198,377	1,650,926	0.77%
Wesfarmers, Ltd. (Australia)	Consumer cyclicals	50,711	1,636,705	0.77%
Peugeot SA (France)	Consumer cyclicals	85,695	1,540,255	0.72%
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV (Italy)	Consumer cyclicals	125,410	1,540,019	0.72%
Allianz SE (Germany)	Financials	8,554	1,505,140	0.70%
Aurizon Holdings, Ltd. (Australia)	Transportation	567,192	1,501,630	0.70%
Resona Holdings, Inc. (Japan)	Financials	457,387	1,498,516	0.70%
Zurich Insurance Group AG	Financials	4,517	1,498,295	0.70%
(Switzerland)
Sandvik AB (Sweden)	Capital goods	83,805	1,492,291	0.70%
Unilever PLC (United Kingdom)	Consumer staples	26,102	1,486,352	0.69%
Enel SpA (Italy)	Utilities and power	185,773	1,478,862	0.69%
Anglo American PLC (United Kingdom) Basic materials		59,562	1,394,880	0.65%

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 63 

A BASKET (GSGLPW2L) OF COMMON STOCKS cont.
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Compagnie Generale des	Consumer cyclicals	12,711	$1,371,654	0.64%
Etablissements Michelin SCA (France)
Nippon Express Co., Ltd. (Japan)	Transportation	24,320	1,360,952	0.64%
Kyushu Railway Co. (Japan)	Transportation	64,063	1,359,823	0.64%
Partners Group Holding AG	Financials	1,499	1,352,071	0.63%
(Switzerland)
Koninklijke DSM NV (Netherlands)	Basic materials	8,428	1,349,422	0.63%
Nitto Denko Corp. (Japan)	Basic materials	19,222	1,344,135	0.63%
Coca-Cola HBC AG (Switzerland)	Consumer staples	59,114	1,341,427	0.63%
Roche Holding AG (Switzerland)	Health care	4,108	1,321,235	0.62%
Japan Post Insurance Co., Ltd. (Japan)	Financials	80,825	1,275,689	0.60%
Nomura Holdings, Inc. (Japan)	Financials	280,833	1,247,818	0.58%
Snam SpA (Italy)	Utilities and power	253,969	1,239,553	0.58%
Nomura Research Institute, Ltd.	Technology	41,850	1,239,013	0.58%
(Japan)
Nintendo Co., Ltd. (Japan)	Consumer cyclicals	2,255	1,228,908	0.57%
Galaxy Entertainment Group, Ltd.	Consumer cyclicals	182,014	1,199,365	0.56%
(Hong Kong)
Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB	Financials	134,363	1,151,750	0.54%
(Sweden)
Schneider Electric SA (France)	Capital goods	9,481	1,150,778	0.54%
Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. (Japan)	Basic materials	8,447	1,122,286	0.52%
Compagnie De Saint-Gobain (France)	Basic materials	28,658	1,118,324	0.52%
Legrand SA (France)	Capital goods	14,892	1,101,159	0.51%
Swiss Life Holding AG (Switzerland)	Financials	3,272	1,100,376	0.51%
Yuanta Financial Holding Co., Ltd.	Financials	1,771,516	1,099,321	0.51%
(Taiwan)
Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Japan)	Health care	38,301	1,088,864	0.51%
Mitsui & Co., Ltd. (Japan)	Conglomerates	69,352	1,081,351	0.51%
Daiwa House Industry Co., Ltd. (Japan) Consumer cyclicals		40,315	1,054,915	0.49%
Berkeley Group Holdings PLC (The)	Consumer cyclicals	19,984	1,048,302	0.49%
(United Kingdom)
A BASKET (GSGLPW2S) OF COMMON STOCKS
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Pernod Ricard SA (France)	Consumer staples	13,490	$2,174,799	1.01%
MS&AD Insurance Group Holdings	Financials	76,351	2,077,481	0.97%
(Japan)
Ferrovial SA (Spain)	Basic materials	94,912	2,053,624	0.96%
National Grid PLC (United Kingdom)	Utilities and power	164,270	1,951,965	0.91%
Commonwealth Bank of Australia	Financials	39,518	1,915,433	0.89%
(Australia)
Hong Kong & China Gas Co., Ltd.	Utilities and power	1,326,443	1,905,462	0.89%
(Hong Kong)
Assicurazioni Generali SpA (Italy)	Financials	136,263	1,826,929	0.85%
Sumitomo Corp. (Japan)	Consumer staples	165,406	1,810,861	0.84%

64 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

A BASKET (GSGLPW2S) OF COMMON STOCKS cont.
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Givaudan SA (Switzerland)	Basic materials	442	$1,801,470	0.84%
Aeon Co., Ltd. (Japan)	Consumer cyclicals	67,997	1,732,441	0.81%
Toyota Motor Corp. (Japan)	Consumer cyclicals	26,315	1,712,483	0.80%
Danone SA (France)	Consumer staples	29,705	1,640,131	0.77%
Swiss Re AG (Switzerland)	Financials	22,604	1,621,300	0.76%
Toyota Industries Corp. (Japan)	Consumer cyclicals	24,895	1,600,307	0.75%
EssilorLuxottica SA (France)	Health care	12,777	1,580,636	0.74%
Vinci SA (France)	Capital goods	19,629	1,550,722	0.72%
FUJIFILM Holdings Corp. (Japan)	Technology	29,082	1,479,421	0.69%
Heineken NV (Netherlands)	Consumer staples	16,581	1,471,723	0.69%
Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. (Japan)	Energy	72,939	1,468,685	0.69%
Intesa Sanpaolo SpA (Italy)	Financials	874,730	1,446,472	0.67%
Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)	Communication services	385,962	1,443,806	0.67%
SAP AG (Germany)	Technology	12,578	1,340,510	0.63%
Croda International PLC	Basic materials	16,874	1,316,522	0.61%
(United Kingdom)
Kerry Group PLC Class A (Ireland)	Consumer staples	10,987	1,314,335	0.61%
Line Corp. (Japan)	Technology	25,226	1,295,828	0.60%
London Stock Exchange Group PLC	Financials	12,043	1,289,008	0.60%
(United Kingdom)
Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	Health care	41,240	1,277,758	0.60%
(Japan)
Cellnex Telecom, SA 144A (Spain)	Communication services	19,634	1,260,610	0.59%
Odakyu Electric Railway Co., Ltd.	Transportation	51,757	1,244,172	0.58%
(Japan)
Komatsu, Ltd. (Japan)	Capital goods	54,979	1,231,160	0.57%
SSE PLC (United Kingdom)	Utilities and power	75,672	1,227,939	0.57%
Beiersdorf AG (Germany)	Consumer staples	11,594	1,214,079	0.57%
Alcon, Inc. (Switzerland)	Health care	21,027	1,195,264	0.56%
HSBC Holdings PLC (United Kingdom)	Financials	284,543	1,194,064	0.56%
RELX PLC (United Kingdom)	Consumer cyclicals	57,996	1,145,446	0.53%
Canon, Inc. (Japan)	Capital goods	66,138	1,139,108	0.53%
Yaskawa Electric Corp. (Japan)	Technology	28,832	1,112,856	0.52%
Mitsubishi Materials Corp. (Japan)	Basic materials	60,768	1,109,680	0.52%
Cathay Financial Holding Co., Ltd.	Financials	823,620	1,105,704	0.52%
(Taiwan)
Panasonic Corp. (Japan)	Consumer cyclicals	120,207	1,104,676	0.52%
St. James’s Place PLC (United	Financials	94,300	1,096,398	0.51%
Kingdom)
Nordea Bank ABP (Finland)	Financials	143,819	1,077,375	0.50%
Daimler AG (Registered Shares)	Consumer cyclicals	20,732	1,072,234	0.50%
(Germany)
Transurban Group (Units) (Australia)	Transportation	112,638	1,064,684	0.50%
Worldline SA (France)	Consumer cyclicals	14,312	1,060,992	0.49%
ABB, Ltd. (Switzerland)	Capital goods	43,441	1,054,558	0.49%
NatWest Group PLC (United Kingdom)	Financials	656,482	1,054,248	0.49%

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 65 

A BASKET (GSGLPW2S) OF COMMON STOCKS cont.
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Compagnie Financiere Richemont SA	Consumer cyclicals	16,762	$1,051,582	0.49%
(Switzerland)
Shiseido Co., Ltd. (Japan)	Consumer staples	17,030	1,050,730	0.49%
DSV A/S (Denmark)	Transportation	6,476	1,048,696	0.49%
A BASKET (GSGLPWDL) OF COMMON STOCKS
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
AMETEK, Inc.	Conglomerates	25,173	$2,471,976	0.89%
Air Liquide SA (France)	Basic materials	15,901	2,325,277	0.84%
Xcel Energy, Inc.	Utilities and power	33,071	2,315,958	0.83%
WEC Energy Group, Inc.	Utilities and power	22,388	2,251,144	0.81%
Partners Group Holding AG	Financials	2,467	2,224,228	0.80%
(Switzerland)
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce	Financials	28,825	2,149,860	0.77%
(Canada)
Church & Dwight Co., Inc.	Consumer staples	23,903	2,112,792	0.76%
Givaudan SA (Switzerland)	Basic materials	512	2,088,433	0.75%
Roche Holding AG (Switzerland)	Health care	6,463	2,078,293	0.75%
London Stock Exchange Group PLC	Financials	19,380	2,077,638	0.75%
(United Kingdom)
Swisscom AG (Switzerland)	Communication services	4,036	2,052,999	0.74%
Cadence Design Systems, Inc.	Technology	18,670	2,041,970	0.73%
Royal Bank of Canada (Canada)	Financials	28,678	2,005,053	0.72%
CMS Energy Corp.	Utilities and power	30,456	1,928,761	0.69%
Logitech International SA	Technology	22,761	1,916,908	0.69%
(Switzerland)
Hormel Foods Corp.	Consumer staples	39,256	1,911,375	0.69%
Paychex, Inc.	Technology	23,222	1,910,017	0.69%
Toronto-Dominion Bank (Canada)	Financials	41,605	1,835,365	0.66%
Copart, Inc.	Consumer staples	16,432	1,813,431	0.65%
Segro PLC R (United Kingdom)	Financials	153,780	1,796,364	0.65%
Dover Corp.	Capital goods	15,668	1,734,560	0.62%
Tesco PLC (United Kingdom)	Consumer staples	649,507	1,728,550	0.62%
Halma PLC (United Kingdom)	Technology	55,934	1,715,307	0.62%
Atmos Energy Corp.	Utilities and power	18,295	1,677,123	0.60%
Muenchener Rueckversicherungs-	Financials	7,150	1,672,958	0.60%
Gesellschaft AG in Muenchen
(Germany)
Mettler-Toledo International, Inc.	Health care	1,608	1,605,114	0.58%
Roper Technologies, Inc.	Technology	4,299	1,596,228	0.57%
Wolters Kluwer NV (Netherlands)	Consumer cyclicals	19,630	1,591,500	0.57%
ANSYS, Inc.	Technology	5,185	1,578,164	0.57%
Hannover Rueck SE (Germany)	Financials	10,785	1,567,009	0.56%
Rio Tinto PLC (United Kingdom)	Basic materials	27,540	1,553,955	0.56%
lululemon athletica, Inc. (Canada)	Consumer cyclicals	4,814	1,537,167	0.55%
DTE Energy Co.	Utilities and power	12,384	1,528,440	0.55%

66 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

A BASKET (GSGLPWDL) OF COMMON STOCKS cont.
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Iberdrola SA (Spain)	Utilities and power	128,039	$1,510,558	0.54%
Pinnacle West Capital Corp.	Utilities and power	18,354	1,497,121	0.54%
Metro, Inc. (Canada)	Consumer staples	32,069	1,495,788	0.54%
Sun Life Financial, Inc. (Canada)	Financials	36,654	1,458,245	0.52%
Accenture PLC Class A	Technology	6,704	1,454,203	0.52%
Comcast Corp. Class A	Communication services	34,052	1,438,351	0.52%
Amphenol Corp. Class A	Technology	12,554	1,416,612	0.51%
Avery Dennison Corp.	Capital goods	10,029	1,387,918	0.50%
Globe Life, Inc.	Financials	16,896	1,370,104	0.49%
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.	Health care	2,896	1,370,072	0.49%
PACCAR, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	15,928	1,359,894	0.49%
HEICO Corp. Class A	Capital goods	14,502	1,355,922	0.49%
NTT DoCoMo, Inc. (Japan)	Communication services	35,992	1,336,539	0.48%
T Rowe Price Group, Inc.	Financials	10,500	1,329,882	0.48%
Rockwell Automation, Inc.	Technology	5,597	1,327,102	0.48%
AutoZone, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	1,152	1,300,096	0.47%
OGE Energy Corp.	Utilities and power	42,217	1,299,029	0.47%
A BASKET (GSGLPWDS) OF COMMON STOCKS
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
ABB, Ltd. (Switzerland)	Capital goods	97,941	$2,377,329	0.87%
Abbott Laboratories	Health care	21,745	2,285,669	0.84%
Prologis, Inc. R	Financials	22,587	2,240,642	0.82%
Daimler AG (Registered Shares)	Consumer cyclicals	40,389	2,089,500	0.77%
(Germany)
Bank of New York Mellon Corp. (The)	Financials	58,694	2,016,738	0.74%
Waste Connections, Inc.	Capital goods	20,027	1,989,099	0.73%
Caterpillar, Inc.	Capital goods	12,556	1,971,878	0.72%
Eastman Chemical Co.	Basic materials	24,273	1,962,225	0.72%
Fidelity National Information	Technology	15,492	1,930,148	0.71%
Services, Inc.
Lonza Group AG (Switzerland)	Health care	3,161	1,914,519	0.70%
CVS Health Corp.	Health care	34,005	1,907,319	0.70%
NiSource, Inc.	Utilities and power	79,867	1,834,539	0.67%
Nordea Bank ABP (Finland)	Financials	244,178	1,830,621	0.67%
Southern Co. (The)	Utilities and power	31,624	1,816,824	0.67%
IBM Corp.	Technology	16,137	1,801,838	0.66%
Zurich Insurance Group AG	Financials	5,412	1,794,977	0.66%
(Switzerland)
Coca-Cola Co. (The)	Consumer staples	37,280	1,791,679	0.66%
Analog Devices, Inc.	Technology	15,031	1,781,634	0.65%
Fortis, Inc. (Canada)	Utilities and power	44,400	1,753,748	0.64%
WPP PLC (United Kingdom)	Consumer cyclicals	218,406	1,744,034	0.64%
Sensata Technologies Holding PLC	Technology	39,357	1,720,301	0.63%
MS&AD Insurance Group Holdings	Financials	61,739	1,677,724	0.62%
(Japan)

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 67 

A BASKET (GSGLPWDS) OF COMMON STOCKS cont.
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Illinois Tool Works, Inc.	Capital goods	8,550	$1,674,691	0.62%
Deere & Co.	Capital goods	7,289	1,646,618	0.60%
Walgreens Boots Alliance, Inc.	Consumer staples	46,831	1,594,116	0.59%
Macquarie Group, Ltd. (Australia)	Financials	17,721	1,578,947	0.58%
Xylem, Inc.	Capital goods	18,076	1,575,159	0.58%
Walmart, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	11,329	1,571,902	0.58%
Public Service Enterprise Group, Inc.	Utilities and power	25,921	1,507,298	0.55%
Boston Scientific Corp.	Health care	42,484	1,455,910	0.53%
Lowe’s Cos., Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	9,023	1,426,517	0.52%
Microchip Technology, Inc.	Technology	13,506	1,419,259	0.52%
Intel Corp.	Technology	31,966	1,415,440	0.52%
Sekisui House, Ltd. (Japan)	Financials	85,483	1,409,956	0.52%
Berkshire Hathaway, Inc. Class B	Financials	6,932	1,399,540	0.51%
Autodesk, Inc.	Technology	5,862	1,380,665	0.51%
Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. R	Financials	9,062	1,373,126	0.50%
NRG Energy, Inc.	Utilities and power	43,299	1,369,117	0.50%
Gartner, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	11,338	1,361,669	0.50%
Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW) AG	Consumer cyclicals	19,767	1,351,524	0.50%
(Germany)
Novartis AG (Switzerland)	Health care	17,137	1,336,509	0.49%
Compagnie Financiere Richemont SA	Consumer cyclicals	21,220	1,331,119	0.49%
(Switzerland)
UBS Group AG (Switzerland)	Financials	114,205	1,326,254	0.49%
Corning, Inc.	Communication services	41,262	1,319,153	0.48%
Chubb, Ltd.	Financials	10,131	1,316,178	0.48%
TOTO, Ltd. (Japan)	Basic materials	29,000	1,314,605	0.48%
Koninklijke KPN NV (Netherlands)	Communication services	484,506	1,309,748	0.48%
Emera, Inc. (Canada)	Utilities and power	32,475	1,295,386	0.48%
Adobe, Inc.	Technology	2,891	1,292,739	0.47%
Loews Corp.	Financials	37,246	1,291,700	0.47%
A BASKET (JPCMPTFL) OF COMMON STOCKS
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
United Rentals, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	14,051	$2,505,123	1.57%
TransDigm Group, Inc.	Capital goods	5,236	2,499,759	1.57%
GCI Liberty, Inc. Class A	Communication services	30,349	2,465,279	1.55%
Spirit AeroSystems Holdings, Inc.	Capital goods	132,245	2,405,534	1.51%
Class A
Lamb Weston Holdings, Inc.	Consumer staples	37,891	2,404,204	1.51%
Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	137,238	2,390,678	1.50%
Charles River Laboratories	Health care	10,446	2,378,509	1.49%
International, Inc.
GrubHub, Inc.	Consumer staples	31,778	2,350,290	1.48%
BorgWarner, Inc.	Capital goods	57,600	2,014,863	1.27%
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Class A	Health care	3,373	1,978,068	1.24%
Dick’s Sporting Goods, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	33,954	1,923,515	1.21%

68 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

A BASKET (JPCMPTFL) OF COMMON STOCKS cont.
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Thor Industries, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	22,720	$1,921,626	1.21%
Coty, Inc. Class A	Consumer staples	661,396	1,918,048	1.21%
Teradyne, Inc.	Technology	21,501	1,888,838	1.19%
Mettler-Toledo International, Inc.	Health care	1,854	1,849,993	1.16%
Waters Corp.	Health care	8,254	1,839,063	1.16%
Carvana Co.	Consumer cyclicals	9,690	1,796,070	1.13%
Allison Transmission Holdings, Inc.	Capital goods	45,933	1,660,485	1.04%
Quidel Corp.	Health care	5,760	1,545,220	0.97%
Micron Technology, Inc.	Technology	29,746	1,497,429	0.94%
AECOM	Capital goods	32,135	1,440,936	0.91%
Kohl’s Corp.	Consumer cyclicals	67,267	1,432,105	0.90%
RingCentral, Inc. Class A	Technology	5,486	1,417,166	0.89%
Ford Motor Co.	Consumer cyclicals	182,775	1,412,849	0.89%
Alliance Data Systems Corp.	Financials	27,410	1,412,713	0.89%
Trade Desk, Inc. (The) Class A	Consumer cyclicals	2,494	1,412,484	0.89%
Microchip Technology, Inc.	Technology	13,413	1,409,473	0.89%
DexCom, Inc.	Health care	4,398	1,405,442	0.88%
Western Digital Corp.	Technology	37,087	1,399,297	0.88%
Target Corp.	Consumer cyclicals	8,655	1,317,475	0.83%
Coupa Software, Inc.	Technology	4,882	1,306,831	0.82%
Generac Holdings, Inc.	Capital goods	6,188	1,300,328	0.82%
Dollar General Corp.	Consumer cyclicals	6,139	1,281,223	0.81%
PRA Health Sciences, Inc.	Health care	12,799	1,247,137	0.78%
Zynga, Inc. Class A	Technology	137,372	1,234,972	0.78%
Qorvo, Inc.	Technology	9,599	1,222,493	0.77%
Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.	Communication services	71,079	1,208,341	0.76%
Penske Automotive Group, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	23,277	1,190,845	0.75%
Lear Corp.	Consumer cyclicals	9,670	1,168,251	0.73%
lululemon athletica, Inc. (Canada)	Consumer cyclicals	3,640	1,162,334	0.73%
Roku, Inc.	Technology	5,665	1,146,533	0.72%
HubSpot, Inc.	Technology	3,924	1,138,125	0.72%
Bio-Techne Corp.	Health care	4,469	1,128,006	0.71%
Air Lease Corp.	Financials	40,872	1,113,359	0.70%
Gilead Sciences, Inc.	Health care	19,065	1,108,612	0.70%
Jazz Pharmaceuticals PLC	Health care	7,358	1,060,328	0.67%
Nuance Communications, Inc.	Technology	33,225	1,060,223	0.67%
Tapestry, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	47,280	1,051,037	0.66%
Foot Locker, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	28,158	1,038,470	0.65%
Apple, Inc.	Technology	9,492	1,033,291	0.65%
A BASKET (UBSPUSER) OF COMMON STOCKS
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Microsoft Corp.	Technology	117,926	$23,876,576	7.84%
Apple, Inc.	Technology	154,429	16,811,159	5.52%
Amazon.com, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	5,069	15,388,930	5.05%

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 69 

A BASKET (UBSPUSER) OF COMMON STOCKS cont.
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Alphabet, Inc. Class C	Technology	5,103	$8,271,798	2.72%
Walmart, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	49,412	6,855,926	2.25%
Charter Communications, Inc. Class A	Communication services	10,035	6,059,573	1.99%
American Tower Corp. R	Communication services	24,726	5,678,223	1.87%
Danaher Corp.	Conglomerates	24,445	5,611,008	1.84%
PayPal Holdings, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	28,336	5,274,160	1.73%
Northrop Grumman Corp.	Capital goods	17,642	5,113,023	1.68%
Visa, Inc. Class A	Financials	27,116	4,927,255	1.62%
Fidelity National Information	Technology	38,724	4,824,596	1.58%
Services, Inc.
Home Depot, Inc. (The)	Consumer cyclicals	17,783	4,742,887	1.56%
Union Pacific Corp.	Transportation	26,680	4,727,352	1.55%
Eli Lilly and Co.	Health care	35,138	4,584,069	1.51%
JPMorgan Chase & Co.	Financials	45,159	4,427,411	1.45%
Adobe, Inc.	Technology	9,800	4,381,722	1.44%
Facebook, Inc. Class A	Technology	16,235	4,271,541	1.40%
UnitedHealth Group, Inc.	Health care	13,559	4,137,363	1.36%
Texas Instruments, Inc.	Technology	27,607	3,991,668	1.31%
Salesforce.com, Inc.	Technology	16,734	3,886,763	1.28%
Mastercard, Inc. Class A	Consumer cyclicals	13,024	3,759,111	1.23%
NIKE, Inc. Class B	Consumer cyclicals	30,665	3,682,195	1.21%
Procter & Gamble Co. (The)	Consumer staples	26,823	3,677,484	1.21%
NVIDIA Corp.	Technology	7,221	3,620,242	1.19%
Johnson & Johnson	Health care	26,355	3,613,594	1.19%
Bank of America Corp.	Financials	152,429	3,612,569	1.19%
IDEXX Laboratories, Inc.	Health care	8,277	3,516,438	1.16%
Citigroup, Inc.	Financials	80,162	3,320,307	1.09%
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	Health care	6,041	3,283,914	1.08%
Qualcomm, Inc.	Technology	24,851	3,065,663	1.01%
Merck & Co., Inc.	Health care	38,650	2,906,844	0.95%
PepsiCo, Inc.	Consumer staples	21,390	2,851,008	0.94%
United Rentals, Inc.	Consumer cyclicals	15,783	2,813,889	0.92%
American Electric Power Co., Inc.	Utilities and power	30,016	2,699,340	0.89%
Cigna Corp.	Health care	15,654	2,613,796	0.86%
AbbVie, Inc.	Health care	29,835	2,538,958	0.83%
Amgen, Inc.	Health care	11,483	2,491,088	0.82%
Exelon Corp.	Utilities and power	62,308	2,485,474	0.82%
Verizon Communications, Inc.	Communication services	42,592	2,427,317	0.80%
Johnson Controls International PLC	Capital goods	56,079	2,367,110	0.78%
Comcast Corp. Class A	Communication services	55,556	2,346,683	0.77%
Cisco Systems, Inc.	Technology	65,196	2,340,521	0.77%
NRG Energy, Inc.	Utilities and power	72,928	2,305,986	0.76%
Freeport-McMoRan, Inc. (Indonesia)	Basic materials	130,503	2,262,919	0.74%
Estee Lauder Cos., Inc. (The) Class A	Consumer staples	10,259	2,253,530	0.74%
Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	Health care	10,638	2,216,566	0.73%
Target Corp.	Consumer cyclicals	14,180	2,158,526	0.71%

70 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

A BASKET (UBSPUSER) OF COMMON STOCKS cont.
				Percentage
Common stocks	Sector	Shares	Value	value
Dow, Inc.	Basic materials	47,154	$2,145,051	0.70%
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The)	Financials	10,735	2,029,261	0.67%

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION SOLD at 10/31/20
		Upfront
		premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	Notional		nation	received	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	Rating***	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Bank of America N.A.
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	$4,580	$67,000	$21,715	5/11/63	300 bp —	$(17,096)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	6,498	114,000	36,947	5/11/63	300 bp —	(30,383)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	15,001	243,000	78,756	5/11/63	300 bp —	(63,613)
Index						Monthly
Barclays Bank PLC
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	26,163	236,000	76,488	5/11/63	300 bp —	(50,187)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7	BB+/P	8,583	1,527,000	381,139	1/17/47	300 bp —	(371,666)
Index						Monthly
Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.
CMBX NA BB.6	B+/P	237,268	1,654,000	829,646	5/11/63	500 bp —	(590,770)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7	B+/P	32,151	630,000	280,728	1/17/47	500 bp —	(247,964)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	886,347	13,919,000	4,511,148	5/11/63	300 bp —	(3,616,681)
Index						Monthly
Credit Suisse International
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	3,581,285	38,114,000	12,352,747	5/11/63	300 bp —	(8,749,230)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7	BB+/P	41,182	521,000	130,042	1/17/47	300 bp —	(88,556)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7	BB+/P	551,479	7,461,000	1,862,266	1/17/47	300 bp —	(1,306,434)
Index						Monthly
Goldman Sachs International
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	12,819	162,000	52,504	5/11/63	300 bp —	(39,591)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	14,345	170,000	55,097	5/11/63	300 bp —	(40,652)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	15,423	178,000	57,690	5/11/63	300 bp —	(42,164)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	21,266	252,000	81,673	5/11/63	300 bp —	(60,261)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	32,134	292,000	94,637	5/11/63	300 bp —	(62,333)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	22,005	323,000	104,684	5/11/63	300 bp —	(82,491)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	43,866	508,000	164,643	5/11/63	300 bp —	(120,480)
Index						Monthly

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 71 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION SOLD at 10/31/20 cont.
		Upfront
		premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	Notional		nation	received	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	Rating***	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Goldman Sachs International cont.
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	$72,333	$521,000	$168,856	5/11/63	300 bp —	$(96,219)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	54,650	727,000	235,621	5/11/63	300 bp —	(180,547)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	43,204	871,000	282,291	5/11/63	300 bp —	(238,579)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	113,818	1,020,000	330,582	5/11/63	300 bp —	(216,169)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	113,818	1,020,000	330,582	5/11/63	300 bp —	(216,169)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	90,667	1,094,000	354,565	5/11/63	300 bp —	(263,261)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	123,458	1,108,000	359,103	5/11/63	300 bp —	(234,998)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	67,079	1,286,000	416,793	5/11/63	300 bp —	(348,963)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	217,829	2,012,000	652,089	5/11/63	300 bp —	(433,086)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	440,741	3,998,000	1,295,752	5/11/63	300 bp —	(852,678)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7	BB+/P	171,603	2,462,000	614,515	1/17/47	300 bp —	(441,476)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7	BB+/P	587,623	7,950,000	1,984,320	1/17/47	300 bp —	(1,392,059)
Index						Monthly
JPMorgan Securities LLC
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	16,227,132	50,757,000	16,450,344	5/11/63	300 bp —	(193,603)
Index						Monthly
Merrill Lynch International
CMBX NA BB.7	B+/P	23,979	210,000	93,576	1/17/47	500 bp —	(69,393)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	1,339,271	14,999,000	4,861,176	5/11/63	300 bp —	(3,513,155)
Index						Monthly
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	320,980	4,845,000	1,570,265	5/11/63	300 bp —	(1,246,458)
Index						Monthly
Upfront premium received		25,560,580		Unrealized appreciation			—
Upfront premium (paid)		—		Unrealized (depreciation)			(25,517,365)
Total		$25,560,580		Total			$(25,517,365)

^* Payments related to the referenced debt are made upon a credit default event.

^** Upfront premium is based on the difference between the original spread on issue and the market spread on day of execution.

^*** Ratings for an underlying index represent the average of the ratings of all the securities included in that index. The Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s or Fitch ratings are believed to be the most recent ratings available at October 31, 2020. Securities rated by Fitch are indicated by “/F.” Securities rated by Putnam are indicated by “/P.” The Putnam rating categories are comparable to the Standard & Poor’s classifications.

72 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION PURCHASED at 10/31/20
	Upfront
	premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/	received	Notional		nation	(paid)	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.
CMBX NA A.6 Index	$3,715	$433,000	$54,212	5/11/63	(200 bp) —	$57,758
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.10 Index	(25,000)	228,000	102,942	11/17/59	(500 bp) —	77,720
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.10 Index	(21,916)	210,000	94,815	11/17/59	(500 bp) —	72,695
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.11 Index	(81,623)	630,000	224,154	11/18/54	(500 bp) —	141,919
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.11 Index	(18,193)	193,000	68,669	11/18/54	(500 bp) —	50,289
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(255,056)	2,471,000	1,095,394	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	837,936
					Monthly
Credit Suisse International
CMBX NA BB.10 Index	(51,729)	435,000	196,403	11/17/59	(500 bp) —	144,251
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.10 Index	(55,104)	413,000	186,470	11/17/59	(500 bp) —	130,964
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(29,194)	1,654,000	829,646	5/11/63	(500 bp) —	798,844
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(112,076)	1,118,000	495,609	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	382,446
					Monthly
Goldman Sachs International
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(30,568)	202,000	90,011	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	59,247
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(296,107)	1,622,000	722,763	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	425,079
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(43,113)	255,000	113,628	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	70,267
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(19,899)	98,000	43,669	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	23,675
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(22,144)	184,000	81,567	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	59,244
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(21,896)	184,000	81,567	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	59,492
					Monthly
JPMorgan Securities LLC
CMBX NA BB.17 Index	(1,514,014)	3,092,000	1,377,795	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	(139,225)
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7 Index	(2,665,497)	11,354,000	2,833,958	1/17/47	(300 bp) —	161,838
					Monthly
Merrill Lynch International
CMBX NA A.6 Index	8,647	520,000	65,104	5/11/63	(200 bp) —	73,548
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.10 Index	(23,898)	420,000	189,630	11/17/59	(500 bp) —	165,324
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.11 Index	(273,312)	553,000	196,757	11/18/54	(500 bp) —	(77,092)
					Monthly

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 73 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION PURCHASED at 10/31/20 cont.
	Upfront
	premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/	received	Notional		nation	(paid)	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Merrill Lynch International cont.
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	$(29,958)	$769,000	$340,898	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	$310,192
					Monthly
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC
CMBX NA BBB–.7 Index	(315,451)	3,096,000	772,762	1/17/47	(300 bp) —	455,504
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.10 Index	(22,024)	210,000	94,815	11/17/59	(500 bp) —	72,587
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(44,620)	368,000	163,134	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	118,157
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(22,310)	184,000	81,567	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	59,078
					Monthly
Upfront premium received	12,362		Unrealized appreciation			4,808,054
Upfront premium (paid)	(5,994,702)		Unrealized (depreciation)			(216,317)
Total	$(5,982,340)		Total			$4,591,737

^* Payments related to the referenced debt are made upon a credit default event.

^** Upfront premium is based on the difference between the original spread on issue and the market spread on day of execution.

CENTRALLY CLEARED CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION SOLD at 10/31/20
		Upfront
		premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
		received	Notional		nation	received	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	Rating***	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
NA HY Series 35	B+/P	$(2,398,749)	$58,469,000	$2,049,338	12/20/25	500 bp —	$(97,669)
Index						Quarterly
Total		$(2,398,749)					$(97,669)

^* Payments related to the referenced debt are made upon a credit default event.

^** Upfront premium is based on the difference between the original spread on issue and the market spread on day of execution.

^*** Ratings for an underlying index represent the average of the ratings of all the securities included in that index. The Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s or Fitch ratings are believed to be the most recent ratings available at October 31, 2020. Securities rated by Fitch are indicated by “/F.” Securities rated by Putnam are indicated by “/P.” The Putnam rating categories are comparable to the Standard & Poor’s classifications.

CENTRALLY CLEARED CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION PURCHASED at 10/31/20
	Upfront
	premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Referenced	received	Notional		nation	(paid)	appreciation/
debt*	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
EM Series 34	$(4,724,199)	$64,692,000	$3,642,936	12/20/25	(100 bp) —	$(1,147,752)
Index					Quarterly
NA HY Series 35	3,187,858	76,864,000	2,694,083	12/20/25	(500 bp) —	141,481
Index					Quarterly
Total	$(1,536,341)					$(1,006,271)

^* Payments related to the referenced debt are made upon a credit default event.

^** Upfront premium is based on the difference between the original spread on issue and the market spread on day of execution.

74 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

ASC 820 establishes a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of the fund’s investments. The three levels are defined as follows:

Level 1: Valuations based on quoted prices for identical securities in active markets.

Level 2: Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

The following is a summary of the inputs used to value the fund’s net assets as of the close of the reporting period:

			Valuation inputs
Investments in securities:	Level 1	Level 2		Level 3
Common stocks*:
Basic materials	$12,742,843	$4,968,496		$—
Capital goods	—	6,790,753		—
Communication services	4,416,680	1,355,482		—
Consumer cyclicals	1,549,295	10,630,829		—
Consumer staples	15,025,415	7,517,558		—
Energy	2,755,691	3,421,667		—
Financials	5,183,693	25,419,314		—
Health care	1,086,378	5,114,381		—
Technology	22,488,887	66,625,714		—
Transportation	—	111,874		—
Utilities and power	1,298,906	28,588		11
Total common stocks	66,547,788	131,984,656		11
Asset-backed securities	—	6,494,278		—
Commodity linked notes	—	56,858,855		—
Convertible bonds and notes	—	14,534		—
Corporate bonds and notes	—	20,994,318		—
Foreign government and agency bonds and notes	—	8,891,582		—
Investment companies	81,749,100	—		—
Mortgage-backed securities	—	76,141,011		—
Purchased options outstanding	—	5,969,196		—
Purchased swap options outstanding	—	136,090		—
Senior loans	—	11,374,147		—
U.S. government and agency mortgage obligations	—	367,462,850		—
U.S. treasury obligations	—	1,521,507		—
Warrants	—	27,018,462		70,872
Short-term investments	198,379,638	199,653,864		—
Totals by level	$346,676,526	$914,515,350		$70,883

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 75 

			Valuation inputs
Other financial instruments:	Level 1	Level 2		Level 3
Forward currency contracts	$—	$750,712		$—
Futures contracts	(1,669,423)	—		—
Written options outstanding	—	(353,847)		—
Written swap options outstanding	—	(63,664)		—
Forward premium swap option contracts	—	22,749		—
TBA sale commitments	—	(124,761,717)		—
Interest rate swap contracts	—	802,109		—
Total return swap contracts	—	(8,347,152)		—
Credit default contracts	—	(37,672,718)		—
Totals by level	$(1,669,423)	$(169,623,528)		$—

^* Common stock classifications are presented at the sector level, which may differ from the fund’s portfolio presentation.

At the start and close of the reporting period, Level 3 investments in securities represented less than 1% of the fund’s net assets and were not considered a significant portion of the fund’s portfolio.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

76 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

Statement of assets and liabilities 10/31/20

ASSETS
Investment in securities, at value, including $53,295,550 of securities on loan (Notes 1 and 9):
Unaffiliated issuers (identified cost $965,701,069)	$1,012,032,438
Affiliated issuers (identified cost $249,230,321) (Notes 1 and 5)	249,230,321
Cash	2,138,328
Foreign currency (cost $482,287) (Note 1)	482,311
Dividends, interest and other receivables	3,081,297
Foreign tax reclaim	360,304
Receivable for shares of the fund sold	684,719
Receivable for investments sold	31,285,516
Receivable for sales of TBA securities (Note 1)	82,742,098
Receivable for variation margin on futures contracts (Note 1)	786,550
Receivable for variation margin on centrally cleared swap contracts (Note 1)	194,422
Unrealized appreciation on forward premium swap option contracts (Note 1)	237,983
Unrealized appreciation on forward currency contracts (Note 1)	2,061,232
Unrealized appreciation on OTC swap contracts (Note 1)	75,706,976
Premium paid on OTC swap contracts (Note 1)	5,994,702
Prepaid assets	24,979
Total assets	1,467,044,176
LIABILITIES
Payable for investments purchased	30,211,856
Payable for purchases of TBA securities (Note 1)	319,054,964
Payable for shares of the fund repurchased	1,886,481
Payable for compensation of Manager (Note 2)	179,879
Payable for custodian fees (Note 2)	243,923
Payable for investor servicing fees (Note 2)	157,121
Payable for Trustee compensation and expenses (Note 2)	257,129
Payable for administrative services (Note 2)	1,396
Payable for distribution fees (Note 2)	122,266
Payable for variation margin on futures contracts (Note 1)	822,130
Payable for variation margin on centrally cleared swap contracts (Note 1)	85,348
Unrealized depreciation on OTC swap contracts (Note 1)	104,979,756
Premium received on OTC swap contracts (Note 1)	25,572,942
Unrealized depreciation on forward currency contracts (Note 1)	1,310,520
Unrealized depreciation on forward premium swap option contracts (Note 1)	215,234
Written options outstanding, at value (premiums $1,070,734) (Note 1)	417,511
TBA sale commitments, at value (proceeds receivable $124,803,066) (Note 1)	124,761,717
Collateral on securities loaned, at value (Note 1)	54,965,683
Collateral on certain derivative contracts, at value (Notes 1 and 9)	5,636,507
Other accrued expenses	569,696
Total liabilities	671,452,059
Net assets	$795,592,117

(Continued on next page)

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 77 

Statement of assets and liabilities cont.

REPRESENTED BY
Paid-in capital (Unlimited shares authorized) (Notes 1 and 4)	$848,272,937
Total distributable earnings (Note 1)	(52,680,820)
Total — Representing net assets applicable to capital shares outstanding	$795,592,117
COMPUTATION OF NET ASSET VALUE AND OFFERING PRICE
Net asset value and redemption price per class A share
($226,129,077 divided by 21,984,543 shares)	$10.29
Offering price per class A share (100/94.25 of $10.29)*	$10.92
Net asset value and offering price per class B share ($9,036,732 divided by 912,808 shares)**	$9.90
Net asset value and offering price per class C share ($73,200,454 divided by 7,420,495 shares)**	$9.86
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class P share
($277,871,658 divided by 26,735,824 shares)	$10.39
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class R share
($2,606,801 divided by 258,397 shares)	$10.09
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class R6 share
($10,763,540 divided by 1,032,750 shares)	$10.42
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class Y share
($195,983,855 divided by 18,910,150 shares)	$10.36

^* On single retail sales of less than $50,000. On sales of $50,000 or more the offering price is reduced.

^** Redemption price per share is equal to net asset value less any applicable contingent deferred sales charge.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

78 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

Statement of operations Year ended 10/31/20

INVESTMENT INCOME
Interest (including interest income of $2,225,872 from investments in affiliated issuers) (Note 5)	$13,372,469
Dividends (net of foreign tax of $1,010,692)	10,182,770
Securities lending (net of expenses) (Notes 1 and 5)	109,481
Total investment income	23,664,720
EXPENSES
Compensation of Manager (Note 2)	3,901,376
Investor servicing fees (Note 2)	1,109,131
Custodian fees (Note 2)	312,760
Trustee compensation and expenses (Note 2)	42,728
Distribution fees (Note 2)	1,815,898
Administrative services (Note 2)	25,607
Other	466,158
Fees waived and reimbursed by Manager (Note 2)	(344,784)
Total expenses	7,328,874
Expense reduction (Note 2)	(23,321)
Net expenses	7,305,553
Net investment income	16,359,167
REALIZED AND UNREALIZED GAIN (LOSS)
Net realized gain (loss) on:
Securities from unaffiliated issuers (Notes 1 and 3)	5,930,455
Foreign currency transactions (Note 1)	(218,754)
Forward currency contracts (Note 1)	(2,571,429)
Futures contracts (Note 1)	(40,880,221)
Swap contracts (Note 1)	(91,833,042)
Written options (Note 1)	(1,618,757)
Total net realized loss	(131,191,748)
Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on:
Securities from unaffiliated issuers and TBA sale commitments (net of foreign tax of $316,275)	20,543,322
Assets and liabilities in foreign currencies	(25,847)
Forward currency contracts	1,453,465
Futures contracts	6,665,523
Swap contracts	(19,515,317)
Written options	517,900
Total change in net unrealized appreciation	9,639,046
Net loss on investments	(121,552,702)
Net decrease in net assets resulting from operations	$(105,193,535)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 79 

Statement of changes in net assets

DECREASE IN NET ASSETS	Year ended 10/31/20	Year ended 10/31/19
Operations
Net investment income	$16,359,167	$29,882,588
Net realized gain (loss) on investments
and foreign currency transactions	(131,191,748)	59,300,920
Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation)
of investments and assets and liabilities
in foreign currencies	9,639,046	(43,822,898)
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting
from operations	(105,193,535)	45,360,610
Distributions to shareholders (Note 1):
From ordinary income
Net investment income
Class A	—	(10,749,169)
Class B	—	(626,705)
Class C	—	(4,931,612)
Class M	—	(237,977)
Class P	—	(8,181,491)
Class R	—	(132,773)
Class R6	—	(486,975)
Class Y	—	(19,812,783)
From return of capital
Class A	—	(111,271)
Class B	—	(6,487)
Class C	—	(51,050)
Class M	—	(2,464)
Class P	—	(84,692)
Class R	—	(1,374)
Class R6	—	(5,041)
Class Y	—	(205,095)
Decrease from capital share transactions (Note 4)	(232,472,827)	(379,275,362)
Total decrease in net assets	(337,666,362)	(379,541,711)
NET ASSETS
Beginning of year	1,133,258,479	1,512,800,190
End of year	$795,592,117	$1,133,258,479

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

80 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

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Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 81 

Financial highlights (For a common share outstanding throughout the period)

	INVESTMENT OPERATIONS				LESS DISTRIBUTIONS							RATIOS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
														Ratio of net
	Net asset	Net	Net realized			From							Ratio of	investment
	value,	investment	and unrealized	Total from	From net	net realized			Non-recurring	Net asset	Total return	Net assets,	expenses	income (loss)	Portfolio
	beginning	income	gain (loss) on	investment	investment	gain on	From	Total	reimburse-	value, end	at net asset	end of period	to average	to average	turnover
Period ended	of period	(loss)a	investments	operations	income	investments	return of capital	distributions	ments	of period	value (%)b	(in thousands)	net assets (%)c	net assets (%)	(%)e
Class A
October 31, 2020	$11.47	.17	(1.35)	(1.18)	—	—	—	—	—	$10.29	(10.29)	$226,129	.86d	1.56d	416
October 31, 2019	11.39	.27	.18	.45	(.37)	—	—h	(.37)	—	11.47	4.24	285,722	.89d	2.36d	638
October 31, 2018	12.34	.23	(.88)	(.65)	(.24)	(.06)	—	(.30)	—f	11.39	(5.43)	357,330	1.02d,g	1.96d	479
October 31, 2017	11.28	.24	.82	1.06	—	—	—	—	—	12.34	9.40	262,943	1.16	2.01	559
October 31, 2016	12.45	.25	(.50)	(.25)	(.78)	(.12)	(.02)	(.92)	—	11.28	(1.81)	316,497	1.19d	2.21d	578
Class B
October 31, 2020	$11.12	.09	(1.31)	(1.22)	—	—	—	—	—	$9.90	(10.97)	$9,037	1.61d	.85d	416
October 31, 2019	11.04	.18	.18	.36	(.28)	—	—h	(.28)	—	11.12	3.48	16,092	1.64d	1.62d	638
October 31, 2018	11.95	.14	(.86)	(.72)	(.13)	(.06)	—	(.19)	—f	11.04	(6.11)	26,759	1.77d,g	1.20d	479
October 31, 2017	11.01	.15	.79	.94	—	—	—	—	—	11.95	8.54	23,289	1.91	1.30	559
October 31, 2016	12.16	.16	(.47)	(.31)	(.70)	(.12)	(.02)	(.84)	—	11.01	(2.50)	28,632	1.94d	1.45d	578
Class C
October 31, 2020	$11.08	.09	(1.31)	(1.22)	—	—	—	—	—	$9.86	(11.01)	$73,200	1.61d	.86d	416
October 31, 2019	11.01	.18	.18	.36	(.29)	—	—h	(.29)	—	11.08	3.47	139,156	1.64d	1.62d	638
October 31, 2018	11.93	.14	(.86)	(.72)	(.14)	(.06)	—	(.20)	—f	11.01	(6.13)	201,582	1.77d,g	1.22d	479
October 31, 2017	10.99	.15	.79	.94	—	—	—	—	—	11.93	8.55	151,075	1.91	1.29	559
October 31, 2016	12.16	.16	(.48)	(.32)	(.71)	(.12)	(.02)	(.85)	—	10.99	(2.54)	186,452	1.94d	1.46d	578
Class P
October 31, 2020	$11.54	.21	(1.36)	(1.15)	—	—	—	—	—	$10.39	(9.97)	$277,872	.46d	1.92d	416
October 31, 2019	11.47	.31	.18	.49	(.42)	—	—h	(.42)	—	11.54	4.58	258,501	.50d	2.77d	638
October 31, 2018	12.42	.29	(.90)	(.61)	(.28)	(.06)	—	(.34)	—f	11.47	(5.03)	220,539	.63d,g	2.42d	479
October 31, 2017	11.31	.29	.82	1.11	—	—	—	—	—	12.42	9.81	89,518	.78	2.41	559
October 31, 2016 †	11.25	.04	.02	.06	—	—	—	—	—	11.31	.53*	71,489	.14*	.39*	578
Class R
October 31, 2020	$11.27	.14	(1.32)	(1.18)	—	—	—	—	—	$10.09	(10.47)	$2,607	1.11d	1.33d	416
October 31, 2019	11.20	.24	.17	.41	(.34)	—	—h	(.34)	—	11.27	3.93	3,746	1.14d	2.13d	638
October 31, 2018	12.16	.19	(.86)	(.67)	(.23)	(.06)	—	(.29)	—f	11.20	(5.65)	4,377	1.27d,g	1.65d	479
October 31, 2017	11.15	.20	.81	1.01	—	—	—	—	—	12.16	9.06	4,597	1.41	1.73	559
October 31, 2016	12.31	.22	(.49)	(.27)	(.75)	(.12)	(.02)	(.89)	—	11.15	(2.05)	1,861	1.44d	1.96d	578
Class R6
October 31, 2020	$11.58	.21	(1.37)	(1.16)	—	—	—	—	—	$10.42	(10.02)	$10,764	.50d	1.93d	416
October 31, 2019	11.50	.31	.18	.49	(.41)	—	—h	(.41)	—	11.58	4.60	13,717	.54d	2.73d	638
October 31, 2018	12.45	.27	(.88)	(.61)	(.28)	(.06)	—	(.34)	—f	11.50	(5.06)	13,971	.67d,g	2.29d	479
October 31, 2017	11.35	.28	.82	1.10	—	—	—	—	—	12.45	9.69	9,071	.82	2.37	559
October 31, 2016	12.51	.29	(.49)	(.20)	(.82)	(.12)	(.02)	(.96)	—	11.35	(1.40)	7,817	.85d	2.54d	578

See notes to financial highlights at the end of this section.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

82 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund  Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 83 

Financial highlights cont.

	INVESTMENT OPERATIONS				LESS DISTRIBUTIONS							RATIOS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
														Ratio of net
	Net asset	Net	Net realized			From							Ratio of	investment
	value,	investment	and unrealized	Total from	From net	net realized			Non-recurring	Net asset	Total return	Net assets,	expenses	income (loss)	Portfolio
	beginning	income	gain (loss) on	investment	investment	gain on	From	Total	reimburse-	value, end	at net asset	end of period	to average	to average	turnover
Period ended	of period	(loss)a	investments	operations	income	investments	return of capital	distributions	ments	of period	value (%)b	(in thousands)	net assets (%)c	net assets (%)	(%)e
Class Y
October 31, 2020	$11.52	.21	(1.37)	(1.16)	—	—	—	—	—	$10.36	(10.07)	$195,984	.61d	1.89d	416
October 31, 2019	11.45	.30	.17	.47	(.40)	—	—h	(.40)	—	11.52	4.39	409,994	.64d	2.61d	638
October 31, 2018	12.40	.26	(.88)	(.62)	(.27)	(.06)	—	(.33)	—f	11.45	(5.16)	679,839	.77d,g	2.19d	479
October 31, 2017	11.31	.27	.82	1.09	—	—	—	—	—	12.40	9.64	622,673	.91	2.29	559
October 31, 2016	12.47	.28	(.49)	(.21)	(.81)	(.12)	(.02)	(.95)	—	11.31	(1.48)	602,704	.94d	2.47d	578

^* Not annualized.

^† For the period August 31, 2016 (commencement of operations) to October 31, 2016.

^a Per share net investment income (loss) has been determined on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period.

^b Total return assumes dividend reinvestment and does not reflect the effect of sales charges.

^c Includes amounts paid through expense offset and/or brokerage service arrangements, if any (Note 2). Also excludes acquired fund fees and expenses, if any.

^d Reflects a voluntary waiver of certain fund expenses in effect during the period. As a result of such waivers, the expenses of each class reflect a reduction of the following amounts as a percentage of average net assets (Note 2):

	10/31/20	10/31/19	10/31/18	10/31/16
Class A	0.04%	0.03%	0.02%	<0.01%
Class B	0.04	0.03	0.02	<0.01
Class C	0.04	0.03	0.02	<0.01
Class R	0.04	0.03	0.02	<0.01
Class P	0.04	0.03	0.02	—
Class R6	0.04	0.03	0.02	<0.01
Class Y	0.04	0.03	0.02	<0.01

^e Portfolio turnover includes TBA purchase and sale commitments.

^f Reflects a non-recurring reimbursement pursuant to a settlement between the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) and Barclay’s Capital Inc. which amounted to less than $0.01 per share outstanding on November 20, 2017.

^g Includes one-time merger costs of 0.01%.

^h Amount represents less than $0.01 per share.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

84 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund  Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 85 

Notes to financial statements 10/31/20

Within the following Notes to financial statements, references to “State Street” represent State Street Bank and Trust Company, references to “the SEC” represent the Securities and Exchange Commission, references to “Putnam Management” represent Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the fund’s manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments, LLC and references to “OTC”, if any, represent over-the-counter. Unless otherwise noted, the “reporting period” represents the period from November 1, 2019 through October 31, 2020.

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund (the fund) is a diversified series of Putnam Funds Trust (the Trust), a Massachusetts business trust registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, as an open-end management investment company. The goal of the fund is to seek positive total return. In pursuing a positive total return, the fund’s strategies are generally intended to produce lower volatility over a reasonable period of time than has been historically associated with traditional asset classes that have earned similar levels of return over long historical periods. The fund aims to accomplish this objective by combining “directional” strategies and “non-directional” strategies. The directional strategies seek efficient, diversified exposure to investment markets. They also seek to balance risk and provide positive total return by investing, without limit, in many different asset classes, including U.S., international, and emerging markets equity securities (growth or value stocks or both) and fixed-income securities; mortgage- and asset-backed securities; below-investment-grade securities (sometimes referred to as “junk bonds”); inflation-protected securities; commodities; and real estate investment trusts (REITs). The non-directional strategies aim to provide positive returns that have minimal correlation with traditional asset classes, such as equities or equity-like investments. The non-directional strategies are generally implemented using paired long and short positions in an effort to capitalize on long-term market inefficiencies and short-term opportunities. The non-directional strategies may involve the use of active trading strategies, currency transactions and options transactions.

Putnam Management may consider, among other factors, a company’s valuation, financial strength, growth potential, competitive position in its industry, projected future earnings, cash flows and dividends when deciding whether to buy or sell equity investments, and, among other factors, credit, interest rate and prepayment risks when deciding whether to buy or sell fixed-income investments. Putnam Management may also take into account general market conditions when making investment decisions. The fund typically uses derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions, warrants and swap contracts, to a significant extent for hedging purposes and to increase the fund’s exposure to the asset classes and strategies mentioned above, which may create investment leverage.

The fund offers class A, class B, class C, class P, class R, class R6 and class Y shares. Effective November 25, 2019, all class M shares were converted to class A shares and are no longer available for purchase. Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment. Class A shares are sold with a maximum front-end sales charge of 5.75%. Class A shares generally are not subject to a contingent deferred sales charge, and class P, class R, class R6 and class Y shares are not subject to a contingent deferred sales charge. Prior to November 25, 2019, class M shares were sold with a maximum front-end sales charge of 3.50% and were not subject to a contingent deferred sales charge. Class B shares, which convert to class A shares after approximately eight years, are not subject to a front-end sales charge and are subject to a contingent deferred sales charge if those shares are redeemed within six years of purchase. Class C shares are subject to a one-year 1.00% contingent deferred sales charge and generally convert to class A shares after approximately ten years. Class R shares, which are not available to all investors, are sold at net asset value. The expenses for class A, class B, class C and class R shares may differ based on the distribution fee of each class, which is identified in Note 2. Class P, class R6 and class Y shares, which are sold at net asset value, are generally subject to the same expenses as class A, class B, class C and class R shares, but do not bear a distribution fee, and in the case of class P and class R6 shares, bear a lower investor servicing fee, which is identified in Note 2. Class P shares are only available to other Putnam funds and other accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates. Class R6 and class Y shares are not available to all investors.

In the normal course of business, the fund enters into contracts that may include agreements to indemnify another party under given circumstances. The fund’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown as this would involve future claims that may be, but have not yet been, made against the fund. However, the fund’s management team expects the risk of material loss to be remote.

The fund has entered into contractual arrangements with an investment adviser, administrator, distributor, shareholder servicing agent and custodian, who each provide services to the fund. Unless expressly stated otherwise, shareholders are not parties to, or intended beneficiaries of these contractual arrangements, and these

86 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

contractual arrangements are not intended to create any shareholder right to enforce them against the service providers or to seek any remedy under them against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the fund.

Under the fund’s Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust, any claims asserted against or on behalf of the Putnam Funds, including claims against Trustees and Officers, must be brought in state and federal courts located within the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Note 1: Significant accounting policies

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies consistently followed by the fund in the preparation of its financial statements. The preparation of financial statements is in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the reported amounts of increases and decreases in net assets from operations. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Subsequent events after the Statement of assets and liabilities date through the date that the financial statements were issued have been evaluated in the preparation of the financial statements.

Investment income, realized and unrealized gains and losses and expenses of the fund are borne pro-rata based on the relative net assets of each class to the total net assets of the fund, except that each class bears expenses unique to that class (including the distribution fees applicable to such classes). Each class votes as a class only with respect to its own distribution plan or other matters on which a class vote is required by law or determined by the Trustees. If the fund were liquidated, shares of each class would receive their pro-rata share of the net assets of the fund. In addition, the Trustees declare separate dividends on each class of shares.

Security valuation Portfolio securities and other investments are valued using policies and procedures adopted by the Board of Trustees. The Trustees have formed a Pricing Committee to oversee the implementation of these procedures and have delegated responsibility for valuing the fund’s assets in accordance with these procedures to Putnam Management. Putnam Management has established an internal Valuation Committee that is responsible for making fair value determinations, evaluating the effectiveness of the pricing policies of the fund and reporting to the Pricing Committee.

Investments for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the last reported sales price on their principal exchange, or official closing price for certain markets, and are classified as Level 1 securities under Accounting Standards Codification 820 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (ASC 820). If no sales are reported, as in the case of some securities that are traded OTC, a security is valued at its last reported bid price and is generally categorized as a Level 2 security.

Investments in open-end investment companies (excluding exchange-traded funds), if any, which can be classified as Level 1 or Level 2 securities, are valued based on their net asset value. The net asset value of such investment companies equals the total value of their assets less their liabilities and divided by the number of their outstanding shares.

Market quotations are not considered to be readily available for certain debt obligations (including short-term investments with remaining maturities of 60 days or less) and other investments; such investments are valued on the basis of valuations furnished by an independent pricing service approved by the Trustees or dealers selected by Putnam Management. Such services or dealers determine valuations for normal institutional-size trading units of such securities using methods based on market transactions for comparable securities and various relationships, generally recognized by institutional traders, between securities (which consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities and ratings). These securities will generally be categorized as Level 2.

Many securities markets and exchanges outside the U.S. close prior to the scheduled close of the New York Stock Exchange and therefore the closing prices for securities in such markets or on such exchanges may not fully reflect events that occur after such close but before the scheduled close of the New York Stock Exchange. Accordingly, on certain days, the fund will fair value certain foreign equity securities and total return swaps taking into account multiple factors including movements in the U.S. securities markets, currency valuations and comparisons to the valuation of American Depository Receipts, exchange-traded funds and futures contracts. The foreign equity securities, which would generally be classified as Level 1 securities, will be transferred to Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy when they are valued at fair value. The number of days on which fair value prices will be used will depend on market activity and it is possible that fair value prices will be used by the fund to a significant extent. At the close of the reporting period, fair value pricing was used for certain foreign securities and total return swaps in the portfolio. Securities quoted in foreign currencies, if any, are translated into U.S. dollars at the current exchange rate.

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 87 

To the extent a pricing service or dealer is unable to value a security or provides a valuation that Putnam Management does not believe accurately reflects the security’s fair value, the security will be valued at fair value by Putnam Management in accordance with policies and procedures approved by the Trustees. Certain investments, including certain restricted and illiquid securities and derivatives, are also valued at fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees. These valuations consider such factors as significant market or specific security events such as interest rate or credit quality changes, various relationships with other securities, discount rates, U.S. Treasury, U.S. swap and credit yields, index levels, convexity exposures, recovery rates, sales and other multiples and resale restrictions. These securities are classified as Level 2 or as Level 3 depending on the priority of the significant inputs.

To assess the continuing appropriateness of fair valuations, the Valuation Committee reviews and affirms the reasonableness of such valuations on a regular basis after considering all relevant information that is reasonably available. Such valuations and procedures are reviewed periodically by the Trustees. Certain securities may be valued on the basis of a price provided by a single source. The fair value of securities is generally determined as the amount that the fund could reasonably expect to realize from an orderly disposition of such securities over a reasonable period of time. By its nature, a fair value price is a good faith estimate of the value of a security in a current sale and does not reflect an actual market price, which may be different by a material amount.

Security transactions and related investment income Security transactions are recorded on the trade date (the date the order to buy or sell is executed). Gains or losses on securities sold are determined on the identified cost basis.

Interest income, net of any applicable withholding taxes, if any, and including amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts on debt securities, is recorded on the accrual basis. Dividend income, net of any applicable withholding taxes, is recognized on the ex-dividend date except that certain dividends from foreign securities, if any, are recognized as soon as the fund is informed of the ex-dividend date. Non-cash dividends, if any, are recorded at the fair value of the securities received. Dividends representing a return of capital or capital gains, if any, are reflected as a reduction of cost and/or as a realized gain.

The fund may have earned certain fees in connection with its senior loan purchasing activities. These fees, if any, are treated as market discount and are amortized into income in the Statement of operations.

Securities purchased or sold on a delayed delivery basis may be settled at a future date beyond customary settlement time; interest income is accrued based on the terms of the securities. Losses may arise due to changes in the fair value of the underlying securities or if the counterparty does not perform under the contract.

Stripped securities The fund may invest in stripped securities which represent a participation in securities that may be structured in classes with rights to receive different portions of the interest and principal. Interest-only securities receive all of the interest and principal-only securities receive all of the principal. If the interest-only securities experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in these securities. Conversely, principal-only securities increase in value if prepayments are greater than anticipated and decline if prepayments are slower than anticipated. The fair value of these securities is highly sensitive to changes in interest rates.

Foreign currency translation The accounting records of the fund are maintained in U.S. dollars. The fair value of foreign securities, currency holdings, and other assets and liabilities is recorded in the books and records of the fund after translation to U.S. dollars based on the exchange rates on that day. The cost of each security is determined using historical exchange rates. Income and withholding taxes are translated at prevailing exchange rates when earned or incurred. The fund does not isolate that portion of realized or unrealized gains or losses resulting from changes in the foreign exchange rate on investments from fluctuations arising from changes in the market prices of the securities. Such gains and losses are included with the net realized and unrealized gain or loss on investments. Net realized gains and losses on foreign currency transactions represent net realized exchange gains or losses on disposition of foreign currencies, currency gains and losses realized between the trade and settlement dates on securities transactions and the difference between the amount of investment income and foreign withholding taxes recorded on the fund’s books and the U.S. dollar equivalent amounts actually received or paid. Net unrealized appreciation and depreciation of assets and liabilities in foreign currencies arise from changes in the value of assets and liabilities other than investments at the period end, resulting from changes in the exchange rate.

Options contracts The fund uses options contracts to hedge duration and convexity, to isolate prepayment risk, to gain exposure to interest rates, to hedge against changes in values of securities it owns, owned or expects to own, to hedge prepayment risk, to generate additional income for the portfolio, to enhance returns on securities owned, to gain exposure to securities and to manage downside risks.

88 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

The potential risk to the fund is that the change in value of options contracts may not correspond to the change in value of the hedged instruments. In addition, losses may arise from changes in the value of the underlying instruments if there is an illiquid secondary market for the contracts, if interest or exchange rates move unexpectedly or if the counterparty to the contract is unable to perform. Realized gains and losses on purchased options are included in realized gains and losses on investment securities. If a written call option is exercised, the premium originally received is recorded as an addition to sales proceeds. If a written put option is exercised, the premium originally received is recorded as a reduction to the cost of investments.

Exchange-traded options are valued at the last sale price or, if no sales are reported, the last bid price for purchased options and the last ask price for written options. OTC traded options are valued using prices supplied by dealers.

Options on swaps are similar to options on securities except that the premium paid or received is to buy or grant the right to enter into a previously agreed upon interest rate or credit default contract. Forward premium swap option contracts include premiums that have extended settlement dates. The delayed settlement of the premiums is factored into the daily valuation of the option contracts. In the case of interest rate cap and floor contracts, in return for a premium, ongoing payments between two parties are based on interest rates exceeding a specified rate, in the case of a cap contract, or falling below a specified rate in the case of a floor contract.

Written option contracts outstanding at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Futures contracts The fund uses futures contracts to manage exposure to market risk, to hedge prepayment risk, to hedge interest rate risk, to gain exposure to interest rates and to equitize cash.

The potential risk to the fund is that the change in value of futures contracts may not correspond to the change in value of the hedged instruments. In addition, losses may arise from changes in the value of the underlying instruments, if there is an illiquid secondary market for the contracts, if interest or exchange rates move unexpectedly or if the counterparty to the contract is unable to perform. With futures, there is minimal counterparty credit risk to the fund since futures are exchange traded and the exchange’s clearinghouse, as counterparty to all exchange traded futures, guarantees the futures against default. Risks may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities. When the contract is closed, the fund records a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed.

Futures contracts are valued at the quoted daily settlement prices established by the exchange on which they trade. The fund and the broker agree to exchange an amount of cash equal to the daily fluctuation in the value of the futures contract. Such receipts or payments are known as “variation margin.”

Futures contracts outstanding at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Forward currency contracts The fund buys and sells forward currency contracts, which are agreements between two parties to buy and sell currencies at a set price on a future date. These contracts are used to hedge foreign exchange risk and to gain exposure to currencies.

The U.S. dollar value of forward currency contracts is determined using current forward currency exchange rates supplied by a quotation service. The fair value of the contract will fluctuate with changes in currency exchange rates. The contract is marked to market daily and the change in fair value is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss. The fund records a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed when the contract matures or by delivery of the currency. The fund could be exposed to risk if the value of the currency changes unfavorably, if the counterparties to the contracts are unable to meet the terms of their contracts or if the fund is unable to enter into a closing position. Risks may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

Forward currency contracts outstanding at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Interest rate swap contracts The fund entered into OTC and/or centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts, which are arrangements between two parties to exchange cash flows based on a notional principal amount, to hedge interest rate risk, to gain exposure on interest rates and to hedge prepayment risk.

An OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap can be purchased or sold with an upfront premium. For OTC interest rate swap contracts, an upfront payment received by the fund is recorded as a liability on the fund’s books. An upfront payment made by the fund is recorded as an asset on the fund’s books. OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts are marked to market daily based upon quotations from an independent pricing service or market makers. Any change is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss on OTC interest rate swaps. Daily fluctuations in the value of centrally cleared interest rate swaps are settled through a central clearing agent and are recorded in variation margin on the Statement of assets and liabilities and recorded as unrealized gain or loss. Payments,

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 89 

including upfront premiums, received or made are recorded as realized gains or losses at the reset date or the closing of the contract. Certain OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts may include extended effective dates. Payments related to these swap contracts are accrued based on the terms of the contract.

The fund could be exposed to credit or market risk due to unfavorable changes in the fluctuation of interest rates or if the counterparty defaults, in the case of OTC interest rate contracts, or the central clearing agency or a clearing member defaults, in the case of centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts, on its respective obligation to perform under the contract. The fund’s maximum risk of loss from counterparty risk or central clearing risk is the fair value of the contract. This risk may be mitigated for OTC interest rate swap contracts by having a master netting arrangement between the fund and the counterparty and for centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts through the daily exchange of variation margin. There is minimal counterparty risk with respect to centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts due to the clearinghouse guarantee fund and other resources that are available in the event of a clearing member default. Risk of loss may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts outstanding, including their respective notional amounts at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Total return swap contracts The fund entered into OTC and/or centrally cleared total return swap contracts, which are arrangements to exchange a market-linked return for a periodic payment, both based on a notional principal amount, to hedge sector exposure, to manage exposure to specific sectors or industries, to manage exposure to specific securities, to gain exposure to a basket of securities, to gain exposure to specific markets or countries and to gain exposure to specific sectors or industries.

To the extent that the total return of the security, index or other financial measure underlying the transaction exceeds or falls short of the offsetting interest rate obligation, the fund will receive a payment from or make a payment to the counterparty. OTC and/or centrally cleared total return swap contracts are marked to market daily based upon quotations from an independent pricing service or market maker. Any change is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss on OTC total return swaps. Daily fluctuations in the value of centrally cleared total return swaps are settled through a central clearing agent and are recorded in variation margin on the Statement of assets and liabilities and recorded as unrealized gain or loss. Payments received or made are recorded as realized gains or losses. Certain OTC and/or centrally cleared total return swap contracts may include extended effective dates. Payments related to these swap contracts are accrued based on the terms of the contract. The fund could be exposed to credit or market risk due to unfavorable changes in the fluctuation of interest rates or in the price of the underlying security or index, the possibility that there is no liquid market for these agreements or that the counterparty may default on its obligation to perform. The fund’s maximum risk of loss from counterparty risk or central clearing risk is the fair value of the contract. This risk may be mitigated for OTC total return swap contracts by having a master netting arrangement between the fund and the counterparty and for centrally cleared total return swap contracts through the daily exchange of variation margin. There is minimal counterparty risk with respect to centrally cleared total return swap contracts due to the clearinghouse guarantee fund and other resources that are available in the event of a clearing member default. Risk of loss may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

OTC and/or centrally cleared total return swap contracts outstanding, including their respective notional amounts at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Credit default contracts The fund entered into OTC and/or centrally cleared credit default contracts to hedge credit risk, to hedge market risk and to gain exposure on individual names and/or baskets of securities.

In OTC and centrally cleared credit default contracts, the protection buyer typically makes a periodic stream of payments to a counterparty, the protection seller, in exchange for the right to receive a contingent payment upon the occurrence of a credit event on the reference obligation or all other equally ranked obligations of the reference entity. Credit events are contract specific but may include bankruptcy, failure to pay, restructuring and obligation acceleration. For OTC credit default contracts, an upfront payment received by the fund is recorded as a liability on the fund’s books. An upfront payment made by the fund is recorded as an asset on the fund’s books. Centrally cleared credit default contracts provide the same rights to the protection buyer and seller except the payments between parties, including upfront premiums, are settled through a central clearing agent through variation margin payments. Upfront and periodic payments received or paid by the fund for OTC and centrally cleared credit default contracts are recorded as realized gains or losses at the reset date or close of the contract. The OTC and centrally cleared credit default contracts are marked to market daily based upon quotations from an independent pricing service or market makers. Any change in value of OTC credit default contracts is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss. Daily fluctuations in the value of centrally cleared credit default contracts are recorded

90 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

in variation margin on the Statement of assets and liabilities and recorded as unrealized gain or loss. Upon the occurrence of a credit event, the difference between the par value and fair value of the reference obligation, net of any proportional amount of the upfront payment, is recorded as a realized gain or loss.

In addition to bearing the risk that the credit event will occur, the fund could be exposed to market risk due to unfavorable changes in interest rates or in the price of the underlying security or index or the possibility that the fund may be unable to close out its position at the same time or at the same price as if it had purchased the underlying reference obligations. In certain circumstances, the fund may enter into offsetting OTC and centrally cleared credit default contracts which would mitigate its risk of loss. Risks of loss may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities. The fund’s maximum risk of loss from counterparty risk, either as the protection seller or as the protection buyer, is the fair value of the contract. This risk may be mitigated for OTC credit default contracts by having a master netting arrangement between the fund and the counterparty and for centrally cleared credit default contracts through the daily exchange of variation margin. Counterparty risk is further mitigated with respect to centrally cleared credit default swap contracts due to the clearinghouse guarantee fund and other resources that are available in the event of a clearing member default. Where the fund is a seller of protection, the maximum potential amount of future payments the fund may be required to make is equal to the notional amount.

OTC and centrally cleared credit default contracts outstanding, including their respective notional amounts at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

TBA commitments The fund may enter into TBA (to be announced) commitments to purchase securities for a fixed unit price at a future date beyond customary settlement time. Although the unit price and par amount have been established, the actual securities have not been specified. However, it is anticipated that the amount of the commitments will not significantly differ from the principal amount. The fund holds, and maintains until settlement date, cash or high-grade debt obligations in an amount sufficient to meet the purchase price, or the fund may enter into offsetting contracts for the forward sale of other securities it owns. Income on the securities will not be earned until settlement date.

The fund may also enter into TBA sale commitments to hedge its portfolio positions, to sell mortgage-backed securities it owns under delayed delivery arrangements or to take a short position in mortgage-backed securities. Proceeds of TBA sale commitments are not received until the contractual settlement date. During the time a TBA sale commitment is outstanding, either equivalent deliverable securities or an offsetting TBA purchase commitment deliverable on or before the sale commitment date are held as “cover” for the transaction, or other liquid assets in an amount equal to the notional value of the TBA sale commitment are segregated. If the TBA sale commitment is closed through the acquisition of an offsetting TBA purchase commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss. If the fund delivers securities under the commitment, the fund realizes a gain or a loss from the sale of the securities based upon the unit price established at the date the commitment was entered into.

TBA commitments, which are accounted for as purchase and sale transactions, may be considered securities themselves, and involve a risk of loss due to changes in the value of the security prior to the settlement date as well as the risk that the counterparty to the transaction will not perform its obligations. Counterparty risk is mitigated by having a master agreement between the fund and the counterparty.

Unsettled TBA commitments are valued at their fair value according to the procedures described under “Security valuation” above. The contract is marked to market daily and the change in fair value is recorded by the fund as an unrealized gain or loss. Based on market circumstances, Putnam Management will determine whether to take delivery of the underlying securities or to dispose of the TBA commitments prior to settlement.

TBA purchase commitments outstanding at period end, if any, are listed within the fund’s portfolio and TBA sale commitments outstanding at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Master agreements The fund is a party to ISDA (International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc.) Master Agreements that govern OTC derivative and foreign exchange contracts and Master Securities Forward Transaction Agreements that govern transactions involving mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities that may result in delayed delivery (Master Agreements) with certain counterparties entered into from time to time. The Master Agreements may contain provisions regarding, among other things, the parties’ general obligations, representations, agreements, collateral requirements, events of default and early termination. With respect to certain counterparties, in accordance with the terms of the Master Agreements, collateral posted to the fund is held in a segregated account by the fund’s custodian and, with respect to those amounts which can be sold or repledged, are presented in the fund’s portfolio. Collateral posted to the fund which cannot be sold or repledged totaled $368,103 at the close of the reporting period.

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 91 

Collateral pledged by the fund is segregated by the fund’s custodian and identified in the fund’s portfolio. Collateral can be in the form of cash or debt securities issued by the U.S. Government or related agencies or other securities as agreed to by the fund and the applicable counterparty. Collateral requirements are determined based on the fund’s net position with each counterparty.

With respect to ISDA Master Agreements, termination events applicable to the fund may occur upon a decline in the fund’s net assets below a specified threshold over a certain period of time. Termination events applicable to counterparties may occur upon a decline in the counterparty’s long-term or short-term credit ratings below a specified level. In each case, upon occurrence, the other party may elect to terminate early and cause settlement of all derivative and foreign exchange contracts outstanding, including the payment of any losses and costs resulting from such early termination, as reasonably determined by the terminating party. Any decision by one or more of the fund’s counterparties to elect early termination could impact the fund’s future derivative activity.

At the close of the reporting period, the fund had a net liability position of $45,837,439 on open derivative contracts subject to the Master Agreements. Collateral posted by the fund at period end for these agreements totaled $48,411,618 and may include amounts related to unsettled agreements.

Securities lending The fund may lend securities, through its agent, to qualified borrowers in order to earn additional income. The loans are collateralized by cash in an amount at least equal to the fair value of the securities loaned. The fair value of securities loaned is determined daily and any additional required collateral is allocated to the fund on the next business day. The remaining maturities of the securities lending transactions are considered overnight and continuous. The risk of borrower default will be borne by the fund’s agent; the fund will bear the risk of loss with respect to the investment of the cash collateral. Income from securities lending, net of expenses, is included in investment income on the Statement of operations. Cash collateral is invested in Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC, a limited liability company managed by an affiliate of Putnam Management. Investments in Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC are valued at its closing net asset value each business day. There are no management fees charged to Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC. At the close of the reporting period, the fund received cash collateral of $54,965,683 and the value of securities loaned amounted to $53,295,550.

Interfund lending The fund, along with other Putnam funds, may participate in an interfund lending program pursuant to an exemptive order issued by the SEC. This program allows the fund to borrow from or lend to other Putnam funds that permit such transactions. Interfund lending transactions are subject to each fund’s investment policies and borrowing and lending limits. Interest earned or paid on the interfund lending transaction will be based on the average of certain current market rates. During the reporting period, the fund did not utilize the program.

Lines of credit The fund participates, along with other Putnam funds, in a $317.5 million unsecured committed line of credit and a $235.5 million unsecured uncommitted line of credit, both provided by State Street. Borrowings may be made for temporary or emergency purposes, including the funding of shareholder redemption requests and trade settlements. Interest is charged to the fund based on the fund’s borrowing at a rate equal to 1.25% plus the higher of (1) the Federal Funds rate and (2) the Overnight Bank Funding Rate (overnight LIBOR prior to October 16, 2020) for the committed line of credit and 1.30% plus the higher of (1) the Federal Funds rate and (2) the Overnight Bank Funding Rate (1.30% prior to October 16, 2020) for the uncommitted line of credit. A closing fee equal to 0.04% of the committed line of credit and 0.04% of the uncommitted line of credit has been paid by the participating funds. In addition, a commitment fee of 0.21% per annum on any unutilized portion of the committed line of credit is allocated to the participating funds based on their relative net assets and paid quarterly. During the reporting period, the fund had no borrowings against these arrangements.

Federal taxes It is the policy of the fund to distribute all of its taxable income within the prescribed time period and otherwise comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), applicable to regulated investment companies. It is also the intention of the fund to distribute an amount sufficient to avoid imposition of any excise tax under Section 4982 of the Code.

The fund is subject to the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification 740 Income Taxes (ASC 740). ASC 740 sets forth a minimum threshold for financial statement recognition of the benefit of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The fund did not have a liability to record for any unrecognized tax benefits in the accompanying financial statements. No provision has been made for federal taxes on income, capital gains or unrealized appreciation on securities held nor for excise tax on income and capital gains. Each of the fund’s federal tax returns for the prior three fiscal years remains subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service.

The fund may also be subject to taxes imposed by governments of countries in which it invests. Such taxes are generally based on either income or gains earned or repatriated. The fund accrues and applies such taxes to net

92 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

investment income, net realized gains and net unrealized gains as income and/or capital gains are earned. In some cases, the fund may be entitled to reclaim all or a portion of such taxes, and such reclaim amounts, if any, are reflected as an asset on the fund’s books. In many cases, however, the fund may not receive such amounts for an extended period of time, depending on the country of investment.

Under the Regulated Investment Company Modernization Act of 2010, the fund will be permitted to carry forward capital losses incurred for an unlimited period and the carry forwards will retain their character as either short-term or long-term capital losses. At October 31, 2020, the fund had the following capital loss carryovers available, to the extent allowed by the Code, to offset future net capital gain, if any:

	Loss carryover
Short-term	Long-term	Total
$47,750,266	$25,760,671	$73,510,937

Distributions to shareholders Distributions to shareholders from net investment income are recorded by the fund on the ex-dividend date. Distributions from capital gains, if any, are recorded on the ex-dividend date and paid at least annually. The amount and character of income and gains to be distributed are determined in accordance with income tax regulations, which may differ from generally accepted accounting principles. These differences include temporary and/or permanent differences from losses on wash sale transactions, foreign currency gains and losses, defaulted bond interest, realized and unrealized gains and losses on certain futures contracts, unrealized gains and losses on passive foreign investment companies, net operating loss, income on swap contracts, interest-only securities, restitution payments and real estate mortgage investment conduits. Reclassifications are made to the fund’s capital accounts to reflect income and gains available for distribution (or available capital loss carryovers) under income tax regulations. At the close of the reporting period, the fund reclassified $3,739,740 to increase undistributed net investment income, $83,903,877 to decrease paid-in capital and $80,164,137 to decrease accumulated net realized loss.

Tax cost of investments includes adjustments to net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) which may not necessarily be final tax cost basis adjustments, but closely approximate the tax basis unrealized gains and losses that may be realized and distributed to shareholders. The tax basis components of distributable earnings and the federal tax cost as of the close of the reporting period were as follows:

Unrealized appreciation	$173,930,409
Unrealized depreciation	(151,860,508)
Net unrealized appreciation	22,069,901
Capital loss carryforward	(73,510,937)
Cost for federal income tax purposes	$1,067,889,829

Expenses of the Trust Expenses directly charged or attributable to any fund will be paid from the assets of that fund. Generally, expenses of the Trust will be allocated among and charged to the assets of each fund on a basis that the Trustees deem fair and equitable, which may be based on the relative assets of each fund or the nature of the services performed and relative applicability to each fund.

Note 2: Management fee, administrative services and other transactions

The fund pays Putnam Management a management fee (base fee) (based on the fund’s average net assets and computed and paid monthly) at annual rates that may vary based on the average of the aggregate net assets of all open-end mutual funds sponsored by Putnam Management (excluding net assets of funds that are invested in, or that are invested in by, other Putnam funds to the extent necessary to avoid “double counting” of those assets). Effective April 30, 2018, such annual rates may vary as follows:

0.880%	of the first $5 billion,	0.680%	of the next $50 billion,
0.830%	of the next $5 billion,	0.660%	of the next $50 billion,
0.780%	of the next $10 billion,	0.650%	of the next $100 billion and
0.730%	of the next $10 billion,	0.645%	of any excess thereafter.

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 93 

Prior to April 30, 2018, the annual rates were as follows:

1.030%	of the first $5 billion,	0.830%	of the next $50 billion,
0.980%	of the next $5 billion,	0.810%	of the next $50 billion,
0.930%	of the next $10 billion,	0.800%	of the next $100 billion and
0.880%	of the next $10 billion,	0.795%	of any excess thereafter.

The applicable base fee is increased or decreased for each month by an amount based on the performance of the fund. The amount of the increase or decrease is calculated monthly based on a performance adjustment rate that is equal to 0.04 multiplied by the difference between the fund’s annualized performance (measured by Putnam Absolute Return 500 Fund’s class A shares for periods prior to April 30, 2018 and by the fund’s class A shares for periods thereafter) and the annualized performance of the ICE BofA Merrill Lynch U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 5.00% over the thirty-six month period then ended (the “performance period”). The maximum annualized performance adjustment rate is +/–0.20%. Each month, the performance adjustment rate is multiplied by the fund’s combined average net assets (calculated as the combined average net assets of Putnam Absolute Return 500 Fund and the fund for periods prior to April 30, 2018 and as the fund’s average net assets for periods thereafter) over the performance period and the result is divided by twelve. The resulting dollar amount is added to, or subtracted from, the base fee for that month. The monthly base fee is determined based on the fund’s average net assets for the month, while the performance adjustment is determined based on the fund’s combined average net assets over the performance period of up to thirty-six months. This means it is possible that, if the fund underperforms significantly over the performance period, and the fund’s assets have declined significantly over that period, the negative performance adjustment may exceed the base fee. In this event, Putnam Management would make a payment to the fund.

Prior to April 30, 2018, the applicable base fee was increased or decreased for each month by an amount based on the performance of the fund. The amount of the increase or decrease was calculated monthly based on a performance adjustment rate that was equal to 0.04 multiplied by the difference between the fund’s annualized performance (measured by the fund’s class A shares) and the annualized performance of the ICE BofA Merrill Lynch U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 7.00% over the thirty-six month period then ended (the “performance period”). The maximum annualized performance adjustment rate was +/- 0.28%. Each month, the performance adjustment rate was multiplied by the fund’s average net assets over the performance period and the result is divided by twelve. The resulting dollar amount was added to, or subtracted from, the base fee for that month. The monthly base fee was determined based on the fund’s average net assets for the month, while the performance adjustment was determined based on the fund’s average net assets over the performance period of up to thirty-six months.

The management contract also provides for a reduction of the management fee for the fund in any circumstance where the fee payable by the fund is higher than what the management fee would have been under the prior fee schedule in effect for the fund prior to the funds merger with Putnam Absolute Return 500 Fund on April 30, 2018 (the “Prior Management Contract”). Under those circumstances, Putnam Management has agreed to reduce its management fee to reflect the lower amount that would have been payable under the Prior Management Contract.

Because the performance adjustment is based on the fund’s performance relative to its applicable benchmark index, and not its absolute performance, the performance adjustment could increase Putnam Management’s fee even if the fund’s shares lose value during the performance period provided that the fund outperformed its benchmark index, and could decrease Putnam Management’s fee even if the fund’s shares increase in value during the performance period provided that the fund underperformed its benchmark index.

For the reporting period, the management fee represented an effective rate (excluding the impact of any expense waiver in effect) of 0.402% of the fund’s average net assets, which included an effective base fee of 0.719% and a decrease of 0.317% ($3,078,616) based on performance.

Putnam Management has contractually agreed to waive fees (and, to the extent necessary, bear other expenses) of the fund through February 28, 2022, to the extent that the total expenses of the fund (before any applicable performance-based upward or downward adjustments to the fund’s management fee and excluding payments under the fund’s distribution plans, brokerage, interest, taxes, investor servicing fees, investment-related expenses, extraordinary expenses, and acquired fund fees and expenses) would exceed an annual rate of 0.77% of the fund’s average net assets. During the reporting period, the fund’s expenses were reduced by $344,784 as a result of this limit.

94 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

Putnam Management has also contractually agreed, through February 28, 2022, to waive fees and/or reimburse the fund’s expenses to the extent necessary to limit the cumulative expenses of the fund, exclusive of brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses, extraordinary expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses and payments under the fund’s investor servicing contract, investment management contract and distribution plans, on a fiscal year-to-date basis to an annual rate of 0.20% of the fund’s average net assets over such fiscal year-to-date period. During the reporting period, the fund’s expenses were not reduced as a result of this limit.

Putnam Investments Limited (PIL), an affiliate of Putnam Management, is authorized by the Trustees to manage a separate portion of the assets of the fund as determined by Putnam Management from time to time. PIL did not manage any portion of the assets of the fund during the reporting period. If Putnam Management were to engage the services of PIL, Putnam Management would pay a quarterly sub-management fee to PIL for its services at an annual rate of 0.35% of the average net assets of the portion of the fund managed by PIL.

The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC (PAC), an affiliate of Putnam Management, is authorized by the Trustees to manage a separate portion of the assets of the fund, as designated from time to time by Putnam Management or PIL. PAC did not manage any portion of the assets of the fund during the reporting period. If Putnam Management or PIL were to engage the services of PAC, Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable, would pay a quarterly sub-advisory fee to PAC for its services at the annual rate of 0.35% of the average net assets of the portion of the fund’s assets for which PAC is engaged as sub-adviser.

The fund reimburses Putnam Management an allocated amount for the compensation and related expenses of certain officers of the fund and their staff who provide administrative services to the fund. The aggregate amount of all such reimbursements is determined annually by the Trustees.

Custodial functions for the fund’s assets are provided by State Street. Custody fees are based on the fund’s asset level, the number of its security holdings and transaction volumes.

Putnam Investor Services, Inc., an affiliate of Putnam Management, provides investor servicing agent functions to the fund. Putnam Investor Services, Inc. received fees for investor servicing for class A, class B, class C, class M, class R and class Y shares that included (1) a per account fee for each direct and underlying non-defined contribution account (retail account) of the fund; (2) a specified rate of the fund’s assets attributable to defined contribution plan accounts; and (3) a specified rate based on the average net assets in retail accounts. Putnam Investor Services, Inc. has agreed that the aggregate investor servicing fees for each fund’s retail and defined contribution accounts for these share classes will not exceed an annual rate of 0.25% of the fund’s average assets attributable to such accounts. Effective November 25, 2019, the fund converted all of its class M shares to class A shares and class M shares were no longer able to be purchased.

Class P shares paid a monthly fee based on the average net assets of class P shares at an annual rate of 0.01%.

Class R6 shares paid a monthly fee based on the average net assets of class R6 shares at an annual rate of 0.05%.

During the reporting period, the expenses for each class of shares related to investor servicing fees were as follows:

Class A	$400,893	Class R	5,259
Class B	18,932	Class R6	6,214
Class C	161,014	Class Y	489,118
Class M	678	Total	$1,109,131
Class P	27,023

The fund has entered into expense offset arrangements with Putnam Investor Services, Inc. and State Street whereby Putnam Investor Services, Inc.’s and State Street’s fees are reduced by credits allowed on cash balances. For the reporting period, the fund’s expenses were reduced by $23,321 under the expense offset arrangements.

Each Independent Trustee of the fund receives an annual Trustee fee, of which $595, as a quarterly retainer, has been allocated to the fund, and an additional fee for each Trustees meeting attended. Trustees also are reimbursed for expenses they incur relating to their services as Trustees.

The fund has adopted a Trustee Fee Deferral Plan (the Deferral Plan) which allows the Trustees to defer the receipt of all or a portion of Trustees fees payable on or after July 1, 1995. The deferred fees remain invested in certain Putnam funds until distribution in accordance with the Deferral Plan.

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 95 

The fund has adopted an unfunded noncontributory defined benefit pension plan (the Pension Plan) covering all Trustees of the fund who have served as a Trustee for at least five years and were first elected prior to 2004. Benefits under the Pension Plan are equal to 50% of the Trustee’s average annual attendance and retainer fees for the three years ended December 31, 2005. The retirement benefit is payable during a Trustee’s lifetime, beginning the year following retirement, for the number of years of service through December 31, 2006. Pension expense for the fund is included in Trustee compensation and expenses in the Statement of operations. Accrued pension liability is included in Payable for Trustee compensation and expenses in the Statement of assets and liabilities. The Trustees have terminated the Pension Plan with respect to any Trustee first elected after 2003.

The fund has adopted distribution plans (the Plans) with respect to the following share classes pursuant to Rule 12b–1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940. The purpose of the Plans is to compensate Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments, LLC, for services provided and expenses incurred in distributing shares of the fund. The Plans provide payments by the fund to Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership at an annual rate of up to the following amounts (Maximum %) of the average net assets attributable to each class. The Trustees have approved payment by the fund at the following annual rate (Approved %) of the average net assets attributable to each class. During the reporting period, the class-specific expenses related to distribution fees were as follows:

	Maximum %	Approved %	Amount
Class A	0.35%	0.25%	$641,435
Class B	1.00%	1.00%	121,415
Class C	1.00%	1.00%	1,032,929
ClassM *	1.00%	0.75%	3,272
Class R	1.00%	0.50%	16,847
Total			$1,815,898

^* Effective November 25, 2019, the fund converted all of its class M shares to class A shares and class M shares were no longer able to be purchased.

For the reporting period, Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership, acting as underwriter, received net commissions of $17,690 and $9 from the sale of class A and class M shares, respectively, and received $3,877 and $643 in contingent deferred sales charges from redemptions of class B and class C shares, respectively.

A deferred sales charge of up to 1.00% is assessed on certain redemptions of class A shares. For the reporting period, Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership, acting as underwriter, received $1 on class A redemptions.

Note 3: Purchases and sales of securities

During the reporting period, the cost of purchases and the proceeds from sales, excluding short-term investments, were as follows:

	Cost of purchases	Proceeds from sales
Investments in securities, including TBA commitments (Long-term)	$3,454,910,818	$3,538,203,111
U.S. government securities (Long-term)	—	—
Total	$3,454,910,818	$3,538,203,111

The fund may purchase or sell investments from or to other Putnam funds in the ordinary course of business, which can reduce the fund’s transaction costs, at prices determined in accordance with SEC requirements and policies approved by the Trustees. During the reporting period, purchases or sales of long-term securities from or to other Putnam funds, if any, did not represent more than 5% of the fund’s total cost of purchases and/or total proceeds from sales.

96 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

Note 4: Capital shares

At the close of the reporting period, there were an unlimited number of shares of beneficial interest authorized. Transactions, including, if applicable, direct exchanges pursuant to share conversions, in capital shares were as follows:

	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class A	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	3,781,573	$41,210,635	2,981,569	$33,765,730
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	—	—	987,686	10,489,228
	3,781,573	41,210,635	3,969,255	44,254,958
Shares repurchased	(6,715,405)	(72,525,305)	(10,419,206)	(116,692,695)
Net decrease	(2,933,832)	$(31,314,670)	(6,449,951)	$(72,437,737)
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class B	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	1,640	$17,850	10,689	$118,876
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	—	—	60,207	624,347
	1,640	17,850	70,896	743,223
Shares repurchased	(536,444)	(5,621,200)	(1,046,404)	(11,487,384)
Net decrease	(534,804)	$(5,603,350)	(975,508)	$(10,744,161)
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class C	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	209,619	$2,201,487	474,856	$5,208,451
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	—	—	454,795	4,698,035
	209,619	2,201,487	929,651	9,906,486
Shares repurchased	(5,351,053)	(55,880,946)	(6,673,093)	(72,697,182)
Net decrease	(5,141,434)	$(53,679,459)	(5,743,442)	$(62,790,696)
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20*		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class M	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	166	$1,834	5,748	$63,141
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	—	—	22,926	238,663
	166	1,834	28,674	301,804
Shares repurchased	(566,186)	(6,211,429)	(217,506)	(2,388,174)
Net decrease	(566,020)	$(6,209,595)	(188,832)	$(2,086,370)

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 97 

	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class P	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	36,369,149	$389,443,438	8,538,201	$97,243,839
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	—	—	776,785	8,266,183
	36,369,149	389,443,438	9,314,986	105,510,022
Shares repurchased	(32,033,437)	(341,892,105)	(6,148,258)	(69,644,104)
Net increase	4,335,712	$47,551,333	3,166,728	$35,865,918
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class R	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	12,247	$131,079	28,612	$317,579
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	—	—	12,804	134,060
	12,247	131,079	41,416	451,639
Shares repurchased	(86,156)	(896,136)	(99,772)	(1,116,374)
Net decrease	(73,909)	$(765,057)	(58,356)	$(664,735)
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class R6	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	334,908	$3,737,256	173,134	$1,978,244
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	—	—	46,026	492,016
	334,908	3,737,256	219,160	2,470,260
Shares repurchased	(487,051)	(5,310,883)	(249,121)	(2,848,966)
Net decrease	(152,143)	$(1,573,627)	(29,961)	$(378,706)
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class Y	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	6,413,934	$69,737,986	10,443,912	$118,147,371
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	—	—	1,634,373	17,406,077
	6,413,934	69,737,986	12,078,285	135,553,448
Shares repurchased	(23,084,310)	(250,616,388)	(35,894,628)	(401,592,323)
Net decrease	(16,670,376)	$(180,878,402)	(23,816,343)	$(266,038,875)

^* Effective November 25, 2019, the fund converted all of its class M shares to class A shares and class M shares were no longer able to be purchased.

At the close of the reporting period, the Putnam RetirementReady Funds owned 33.9% of the outstanding shares of the fund.

98 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

Note 5: Affiliated transactions

Transactions during the reporting period with any company which is under common ownership or control were as follows:

					Shares
					outstanding
					and fair
	Fair value as	Purchase	Sale	Investment	value as
Name of affiliate	of 10/31/19	cost	proceeds	income	of 10/31/20
Short-term investments
Putnam Cash Collateral
Pool, LLC*	$78,173,680	$931,832,288	$955,040,285	$387,662	$54,965,683
Putnam Short Term
Investment Fund**	261,465,475	570,936,529	638,137,366	2,225,872	194,264,638
Total Short-term
investments	$339,639,155	$1,502,768,817	$1,593,177,651	$2,613,534	$249,230,321

^* No management fees are charged to Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC (Note 1). Investment income shown is included in securities lending income on the Statement of operations. There were no realized or unrealized gains or losses during the period.

^** Management fees charged to Putnam Short Term Investment Fund have been waived by Putnam Management. There were no realized or unrealized gains or losses during the period.

Note 6: Market, credit and other risks

In the normal course of business, the fund trades financial instruments and enters into financial transactions where risk of potential loss exists due to changes in the market (market risk) or failure of the contracting party to the transaction to perform (credit risk). The fund may be exposed to additional credit risk that an institution or other entity with which the fund has unsettled or open transactions will default. Investments in foreign securities involve certain risks, including those related to economic instability, unfavorable political developments, and currency fluctuations. The fund may invest in higher-yielding, lower-rated bonds that may have a higher rate of default. The fund may invest a significant portion of its assets in securitized debt instruments, including mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments. The yields and values of these investments are sensitive to changes in interest rates, the rate of principal payments on the underlying assets and the market’s perception of the issuers. The market for these investments may be volatile and limited, which may make them difficult to buy or sell.

On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, announced a desire to phase out the use of LIBOR by the end of 2021. LIBOR has historically been a common benchmark interest rate index used to make adjustments to variable-rate loans. It is used throughout global banking and financial industries to determine interest rates for a variety of financial instruments and borrowing arrangements. The transition process might lead to increased volatility and illiquidity in markets that currently rely on LIBOR to determine interest rates. It could also lead to a reduction in the value of some LIBOR-based investments and reduce the effectiveness of new hedges placed against existing LIBOR-based investments. While some LIBOR-based instruments may contemplate a scenario where LIBOR is no longer available by providing for an alternative rate-setting methodology, not all may have such provisions and there may be significant uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of any such alternative methodologies. Since the usefulness of LIBOR as a benchmark could deteriorate during the transition period, these effects could occur prior to the end of 2021.

Beginning in January 2020, global financial markets have experienced, and may continue to experience, significant volatility resulting from the spread of a virus known as COVID–19. The outbreak of COVID–19 has resulted in travel and border restrictions, quarantines, supply chain disruptions, lower consumer demand, and general market uncertainty. The effects of COVID–19 have adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, the global economy, the economies of certain nations, and individual issuers, all of which may negatively impact the fund’s performance.

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 99 

Note 7: Senior loan commitments

Senior loans are purchased or sold on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis and may be settled a month or more after the trade date, which from time to time can delay the actual investment of available cash balances; interest income is accrued based on the terms of the securities. Senior loans can be acquired through an agent, by assignment from another holder of the loan, or as a participation interest in another holder’s portion of the loan. When the fund invests in a loan or participation, the fund is subject to the risk that an intermediate participant between the fund and the borrower will fail to meet its obligations to the fund, in addition to the risk that the borrower under the loan may default on its obligations.

Note 8: Summary of derivative activity

The volume of activity for the reporting period for any derivative type that was held during the period is listed below and was based on an average of the holdings at the end of each fiscal quarter:

Purchased equity option contracts (contract amount)	$500,000
Purchased currency option contracts (contract amount)	$164,800,000
Purchased swap option contracts (contract amount)	$15,800,000
Written equity option contracts (contract amount)	$71,000
Written currency option contracts (contract amount)	$151,100,000
Written swap option contracts (contract amount)	$11,900,000
Futures contracts (number of contracts)	6,000
Forward currency contracts (contract amount)	$380,700,000
Centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts (notional)	$428,100,000
OTC total return swap contracts (notional)	$3,680,800,000
OTC credit default contracts (notional)	$192,400,000
Centrally cleared credit default contracts (notional)	$175,100,000
Warrants (number of warrants)	10,700,000

The following is a summary of the fair value of derivative instruments as of the close of the reporting period:

Fair value of derivative instruments as of the close of the reporting period
	ASSET DERIVATIVES		LIABILITY DERIVATIVES
Derivatives not
accounted for as	Statement of		Statement of
hedging instruments	assets and		assets and
under ASC 815	liabilities location	Fair value	liabilities location	Fair value
	Receivables, Net
	assets — Unrealized		Payables, Net assets —
Credit contracts	appreciation	$16,451,604*	Unrealized depreciation	$54,124,322*
Foreign exchange
contracts	Investments, Receivables	3,094,151	Payables	1,664,367
	Investments,
	Receivables, Net
	assets — Unrealized		Payables, Net assets —
Equity contracts	appreciation	104,665,797*	Unrealized depreciation	79,236,308*
	Investments,
	Receivables, Net
	assets — Unrealized		Payables, Net assets —
Interest rate contracts	appreciation	1,818,534*	Unrealized depreciation	4,341,703*
Total		$126,030,086		$139,366,700

^* Includes cumulative appreciation/depreciation of futures contracts and/or centrally cleared swaps as reported in the fund’s portfolio. Only current day’s variation margin is reported within the Statement of assets and liabilities.

100 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

The following is a summary of realized and change in unrealized gains or losses of derivative instruments in the Statement of operations for the reporting period (Note 1):

Amount of realized gain or (loss) on derivatives recognized in net gain or (loss) on investments
Derivatives not
accounted for as
hedging				Forward
instruments				currency
under ASC 815	Warrants	Options	Futures	contracts	Swaps	Total
Credit contracts	$—	$—	$—	$—	$1,945,760	$1,945,760
Foreign exchange
contracts	—	(212,537)	—	(2,571,429)	—	(2,783,966)
Equity contracts	4,032,615	1,028,276	(74,998,365)	—	(80,269,810)	(150,207,284)
Interest rate
contracts	—	229,509	34,118,144	—	(13,508,992)	20,838,661
Total	$4,032,615	$1,045,248	$(40,880,221)	$(2,571,429)	$(91,833,042) $(130,206,829)
Change in unrealized appreciation or (depreciation) on derivatives recognized in net gain or (loss)
on investments
Derivatives not
accounted for as
hedging				Forward
instruments				currency
under ASC 815	Warrants	Options	Futures	contracts	Swaps	Total
Credit contracts	$—	$—	$—	$—	$(24,401,892)	$(24,401,892)
Foreign exchange
contracts	—	237,511	—	1,453,465	—	1,690,976
Equity contracts	2,520,652	269,111	2,924,594	—	2,827,258	8,541,615
Interest rate
contracts	—	88,300	3,740,929	—	2,059,317	5,888,546
Total	$2,520,652	$594,922	$6,665,523	$1,453,465	$(19,515,317)	$(8,280,755)

Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 101 

Note 9: Offsetting of financial and derivative assets and liabilities

The following table summarizes any derivatives, repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements, at the end of the reporting period, that are subject to an enforceable master netting agreement or similar agreement. For securities lending transactions or borrowing transactions associated with securities sold short, if any, see Note 1. For financial reporting purposes, the fund does not offset financial assets and financial liabilities that are subject to the master netting agreements in the Statement of assets and liabilities.

	Bank of America N.A.	Barclays Bank PLC	Barclays Capital, Inc. (clearing broker)	BofA Securities, Inc.	Citibank, N.A.	Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.	Credit Suisse International	Goldman Sachs International	HSBC Bank USA, National Association	JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.	JPMorgan Securities LLC	Merrill Lynch International	Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC	NatWest Markets PLC	State Street Bank and Trust Co.	Toronto- Dominion Bank	UBS AG	WestPac Banking Corp.	Total
Assets:
Centrally cleared interest rate
swap contracts§	$ —	$ —	$ 159,069	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ 159,069
OTC Total return
swap contracts*#	3,067,078	56,990	—	—	20,688,192	—	18,881	28,357,493	—	—	4,090	—	—	—	—	—	18,706,198	—	70,898,922
OTC Credit default
contracts — protection sold*#	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
OTC Credit default
contracts — protection
purchased*#	—	—	—	—	—	1,636,390	1,704,608	1,130,731	—	—	4,202,124	790,493	1,109,731	—	—	—	—	—	10,574,077
Centrally cleared credit
default contracts§	—	—	35,353	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	35,353
Futures contracts§	—	—	—	742,550	—	—	—	—	—	—	44,000	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	786,550
Forward currency contracts#	4,979	222,974	—	—	148,990	—	67,500	92,732	77,961	456,789	—	—	63,293	84,741	389,734	118,959	306,251	26,329	2,061,232
Forward premium swap
option contracts#	6,940	—	—	—	—	—	—	21,210	—	209,833	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	237,983
Purchased swap options**#	—	136,090	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	136,090
Purchased options**#	1,978,567	—	—	—	1,678,697	—	11,196	340,923	65,670	1,543,655	—	—	277,157	—	—	—	73,331	—	5,969,196
Total Assets	$5,057,564	$416,054	$194,422	$742,550	$22,515,879	$1,636,390	$1,802,185	$29,943,089	$143,631	$2,210,277	$4,250,214	$790,493	$1,450,181	$84,741	$389,734	$118,959	$19,085,780	$26,329	$90,858,472
Liabilities:
Centrally cleared interest rate
swap contracts§	—	—	85,348	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	85,348
OTC Total return
swap contracts*#	3,379,267	67,411	—	—	28,116,991	—	2,233	28,590,586	—	2,052,724	26,042	—	—	—	—	—	17,010,820	—	79,246,074
OTC Credit default
contracts — protection sold*#	137,171	456,599	—	—	—	5,611,181	14,318,166	7,620,857	—	—	16,420,735	4,945,798	1,567,438	—	—	—	—	—	51,077,945
OTC Credit default
contracts — protection
purchased*#	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Centrally cleared credit
default contracts§	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Futures contracts§	—	—	—	48,880	—	—	—	—	—	—	773,250	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	822,130
Forward currency contracts#	189,665	34,517	—	—	44,936	—	3,520	132,482	258,974	69,745	—	—	142,342	23,304	108,044	45,143	227,819	30,029	1,310,520
Forward premium swap
option contracts#	88,588	—	—	—	—	—	—	15,312	—	111,334	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	215,234
Written swap options#	—	63,664	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	63,664
Written options#	56,932	—	—	—	—	—	1,573	158,462	12,660	—	—	—	101,850	—	—	—	22,370	—	353,847
Total Liabilities	$3,851,623	$622,191	$85,348	$48,880	$28,161,927	$5,611,181	$14,325,492	$36,517,699	$271,634	$2,233,803	$17,220,027	$4,945,798	$1,811,630	$23,304	$108,044	$45,143	$17,261,009	$30,029	$133,174,762

102 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund  Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 103 

	Bank of America N.A.	Barclays Bank PLC	Barclays Capital, Inc. (clearing broker)	BofA Securities, Inc.	Citibank, N.A.	Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.	Credit Suisse International	Goldman Sachs International	HSBC Bank USA, National Association	JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.	JPMorgan Securities LLC	Merrill Lynch International	Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC	NatWest Markets PLC	State Street Bank and Trust Co.	Toronto- Dominion Bank	UBS AG	WestPac Banking Corp.	Total
Total Financial and
Derivative Net Assets	$1,205,941	$(206,137)	$109,074	$693,670	$(5,646,048)	$(3,974,791)	$(12,523,307)	$(6,574,610)	$(128,003)	$(23,526)	$(12,969,813)	$(4,155,305)	$(361,449)	$61,437	$281,690	$73,816	$1,824,771	$(3,700)	$(42,316,290)
Total collateral received
(pledged)†##	$921,318	$(206,137)	$—	$—	$(5,646,048)	$(3,974,791)	$(12,523,307)	$(5,518,782)	$(121,988)	$4,115,000	$(12,272,377)	$(4,145,976)	$(361,449)	$61,437	$279,563	$—	$368,103	$—
Net amount	$284,623	$—	$109,074	$693,670	$—	$—	$—	$(1,055,828)	$(6,015)	$(4,138,526)	$(697,436)	$(9,329)	$—	$—	$2,127	$73,816	$1,456,668	$(3,700)
Controlled collateral
received (including
TBA commitments)**	$1,172,268	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$4,115,000	$—	$—	$—	$69,676	$279,563	$—	$—	$—	$5,636,507
Uncontrolled collateral
received	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$368,103	$—	$368,103
Collateral (pledged) (including
TBA commitments)**	$(250,950)	$(301,981)	$—	$—	$(8,734,537)	$(3,995,662)	$(12,575,381)	$(5,518,782)	$(121,988)	$—	$(12,272,377)	$(4,145,976)	$(493,984)	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$(48,411,618)

^* Excludes premiums, if any. Included in unrealized appreciation and depreciation on OTC swap contracts on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

^** Included with Investments in securities on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

^† Additional collateral may be required from certain brokers based on individual agreements.

^# Covered by master netting agreement (Note 1).

^## Any over-collateralization of total financial and derivative net assets is not shown. Collateral may include amounts related to unsettled agreements.

§ Includes current day’s variation margin only as reported on the Statement of assets and liabilities, which is not collateralized. Cumulative appreciation/(depreciation) for futures contracts and centrally cleared swap contracts is represented in the tables listed after the fund’s portfolio. Collateral pledged for initial margin on futures contracts and centrally cleared swap contracts, which is not included in the table above, amounted to $11,741,301 and $6,939,304, respectively.

Note 10: New accounting pronouncements

In March 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2017–08, Receivables — Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310–20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. The amendments in the ASU shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium, to be amortized to the earliest call date. The ASU is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of these amendments is not material to the financial statements.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020–04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) — Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The amendments in ASU 2020–04 provide optional temporary financial reporting relief from the effect of certain types of contract modifications due to the planned discontinuation of LIBOR and other interbank-offered based reference rates as of the end of 2021. ASU 2020–04 is effective for certain reference rate-related contract modifications that occur during the period March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. Management is currently evaluating the impact, if any, of applying this provision.

Federal tax information (Unaudited)

The Form 1099 that will be mailed to you in January 2021 will show the tax status of all distributions paid to your account in calendar 2020.

104 Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund  Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 105 

Table of contents

Fund summary	2
What are the fund’s main investment strategies and related risks?	8
Who oversees and manages the fund?	14
How does the fund price its shares?	17
How do I buy fund shares?	18
How do I sell or exchange fund shares?	27
Policy on excessive short-term trading	30
Distribution plans and payments to dealers	32
Fund distributions and taxes	34
Financial highlights	36
Appendix	41

Fund summary

Goal

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund seeks as high a rate of current income as Putnam Investment Management, LLC (Putnam Management) believes is consistent with preservation of capital.

Fees and expenses

The following tables describe the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy, hold and sell shares of the fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples below. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $100,000 in Putnam funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in How do I buy fund shares? beginning on page 18 of the fund’s prospectus, in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus, and in How to buy shares beginning on page II-1 of the fund’s statement of additional information (SAI).

Shareholder fees (fees paid directly from your investment)

Share class	Maximum sales charge (load) imposed on purchases (as a percentage of offering price)	Maximum deferred sales charge (load) (as a percentage of original purchase price or redemption proceeds, whichever is lower)
Class A	2.25%	0.75%*
Class B	None	1.00%**
Class C	None	1.00%***
Class R	None	None
Class R6	None	None
Class Y	None	None

2          Prospectus

Annual fund operating expenses
(expenses you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)

Share class	Management fees	Distribution and service (12b-1) fees	Other expenses	Total annual fund operating expenses
Class A	0.37%	0.25%	0.01%	0.63%
Class B	0.37%	0.45%	0.01%	0.83%
Class C	0.37%	1.00%	0.01%	1.38%
Class R	0.37%	0.50%	0.01%	0.88%
Class R6	0.37%	—	0.01%	0.38%
Class Y	0.37%	—	0.01%	0.38%

*   Applies only to certain redemptions of shares bought with no initial sales charge.

**   This charge is phased out over two years.

***   This charge is eliminated after one year.

Example

The following hypothetical example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the fund with the cost of investing in other funds. It assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods indicated and then, except as indicated, redeem all your shares at the end of those periods. It assumes a 5% return on your investment each year and that the fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Your actual costs may be higher or lower.

Share class	1 year	3 years	5 years	10 years
Class A	$288	$422	$568	$994
Class B	$185	$265	$460	$968
Class B (no redemption)	$85	$265	$460	$968
Class C	$240	$437	$755	$1,657
Class C (no redemption)	$140	$437	$755	$1,657
Class R	$90	$281	$488	$1,084
Class R6	$39	$122	$213	$480
Class Y	$39	$122	$213	$480

Portfolio turnover

The fund pays transaction-related costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when the fund’s shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or the above example, affect fund performance. The fund’s turnover rate in the most recent fiscal year was 19%.

Prospectus          3

Investments, risks, and performance

Investments

We invest in a diversified portfolio of fixed income securities. The fund’s investments may include corporate credit, including investment-grade debt, below-investment-grade debt (sometimes referred to as “junk bonds”), bank loans and structured credit; sovereign debt, including obligations of governments in developed and emerging markets; and securitized assets, including asset-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities (which may be backed by non-qualified or “sub-prime” mortgages), commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.

Under normal circumstances, the fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets in bonds (bonds include any debt instrument, and may be represented by other investment instruments, including derivatives). This policy may be changed only after 60 days’ notice to shareholders. We normally maintain an effective duration of three years or less. Effective duration provides a measure of a fund’s interest-rate sensitivity. The longer a fund’s duration, the more sensitive the fund is to shifts in interest rates.

We may consider, among other factors, credit, interest rate and prepayment risks, as well as general market conditions, when deciding whether to buy or sell investments. We may also use derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions and swap contracts, for both hedging and non-hedging purposes.

We may invest in securities that are purchased in private placements, which may be illiquid because they are subject to restrictions on resale.

Risks

It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

The effects of inflation may erode the value of your investment over time. The value of investments in the fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions, investor sentiment and market perceptions, government actions, geopolitical events or changes, and factors related to a specific issuer, geography, industry or sector. These and other factors may lead to increased volatility and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain its spread are likely to negatively affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of the securities and other assets in which the fund invests and exacerbate other risks that apply to the fund. These effects could negatively impact the fund’s performance and lead to losses on your investment in the fund.

The risks associated with fixed income investments include interest rate risk, which is the risk that the value of the fund’s investments is likely to fall if interest rates rise. Fixed income investments are also subject to credit risk, which is the risk that the issuer of a fixed income investment may default on payment of interest or principal. Fixed income investments may be more susceptible to downgrades or defaults during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress. Interest rate risk is generally

4          Prospectus

greater for longer-term bonds, and credit risk is generally greater for below-investment-grade bonds, which can be more sensitive to changes in markets, credit conditions, and interest rates, and may be considered speculative. Mortgage- and asset-backed investments, unlike traditional debt investments, are also subject to prepayment risk, which means that they may increase in value less than other bonds when interest rates decline and decline in value more than other bonds when interest rates rise. We may have to invest the proceeds from prepaid investments, including mortgage- and asset-backed investments, in other investments with less attractive terms and yields. The fund’s investments in mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities, and in certain other securities and derivatives, may be or become illiquid. The fund’s investments in mortgage-backed securities may make the fund’s net asset value more susceptible to economic, market, political and other developments affecting the residential and commercial real estate markets and the servicing of mortgage loans secured by real estate properties. During periods of difficult economic conditions, delinquencies and losses on commercial mortgage-backed investments in particular generally increase, including as a result of the effects of those conditions on commercial real estate markets, the ability of commercial tenants to make loan payments, and the ability of a property to attract and retain commercial tenants.

The value of international investments traded in foreign currencies may be adversely impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates. International investments, particularly investments in emerging markets, may carry risks associated with potentially less stable economies or governments (such as the risk of seizure by a foreign government, the imposition of currency or other restrictions, or high levels of inflation or deflation), and may be or become illiquid.

Our use of derivatives may increase the risks of investing in the fund by increasing investment exposure (which may be considered leverage) or, in the case of many over-the-counter instruments, because of the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions and the potential failure of the other party to the instrument to meet its obligations.

There is no guarantee that the investment techniques, analyses, or judgments that we apply in making investment decisions for the fund will produce the intended outcome or that the investments we select for the fund will perform as well as other securities that were not selected for the fund. We, or the fund’s other service providers, may experience disruptions or operating errors that could negatively impact the fund.

The fund may not achieve its goal, and it is not intended to be a complete investment program. An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

Performance

The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time. Before June 1, 2018, the fund was managed with a materially different investment strategy and may have achieved materially different performance results

Prospectus          5

under its current investment strategy from that shown for periods before this date. The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower. Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results. Monthly performance figures for the fund are available at putnam.com.

Annual total returns for class A shares before sales charges

Average annual total returns after sales charges (for periods ended 12/31/20)

Share class	1 year	5 years	10 years
Class A before taxes	0.88%	2.56%	1.55%
Class A after taxes on distributions	0.11%	1.62%	0.81%
Class A after taxes on distributions and sale of fund shares	0.51%	1.54%	0.86%
Class B before taxes	1.90%	2.81%	1.62%
Class C before taxes	1.33%	2.26%	1.02%
Class R before taxes	2.94%	2.76%	1.52%
Class R6 before taxes*	3.35%	3.29%	2.04%
Class Y before taxes	3.36%	3.27%	2.03%
ICE BofA 1-3 Year U.S. Corporate Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)	4.16%	3.09%	2.56%
ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill - ICE BofA 1-3 Year U.S. Corporate Linked Benchmark (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)a	4.16%	2.57%	1.33%

*   Performance for class R6 shares prior to their inception (7/2/12) is derived from the historical performance of class Y shares and has not been adjusted for the lower investor servicing fees applicable to class R6 shares; had it, returns would have been higher.

^a   The ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill-ICE BofA 1-3 Year U.S. Corporate Linked Benchmark represents performance of the ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index from the inception date of the fund, December 23, 2008, through May 31, 2018, and performance of the ICE BofA 1-3 Year U.S. Corporate Index from June 1, 2018, and thereafter.

ICE BofA Indexes: ICE Data Indices, LLC (“ICE BofA”), used with permission. ICE BofA permits use of the ICE BofA indices and related data on an “as is” basis; makes no warranties regarding same; does not guarantee the suitability, quality, accuracy, timeliness, and/or completeness of the ICE BofA indices or any data included in, related to, or derived therefrom; assumes no liability in connection with the use of the foregoing; and does not sponsor, endorse, or recommend Putnam Investments, or any of its products or services.

6          Prospectus

After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes. These after-tax returns do not apply if you hold your fund shares through a 401(k) plan, an IRA, or another tax-advantaged arrangement.

Class B share performance reflects conversion to class A shares after eight years.

Your fund’s management

Investment advisor

Putnam Investment Management, LLC

Portfolio managers

Emily Shanks
Portfolio Manager, portfolio manager
of the fund since 2018

Albert Chan
Portfolio Manager, portfolio manager
of the fund since 2017

D. William Kohli*
Co-Chief Investment Officer, Fixed
Income, portfolio manager of the fund
since 2008

Brett Kozlowski
Portfolio Manager, portfolio manager
of the fund since 2018

*   Mr. Kohli will retire as portfolio manager of the fund effective June 30, 2021.

Sub-advisors

Putnam Investments Limited*

The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC*

*   Though the investment advisor has retained the services of both Putnam Investments Limited (PIL) and The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC (PAC), PIL and PAC do not currently manage any assets of the fund.

Purchase and sale of fund shares

You can open an account, purchase and/or sell fund shares, or exchange them for shares of another Putnam fund by contacting your financial professional or by calling Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581. Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment.

When opening an account, you must complete and mail a Putnam account application, along with a check made payable to the fund, to: Putnam Investments, P.O. Box 219697, Kansas City, MO 64121-9697. The minimum initial investment of $500 is currently waived, although Putnam reserves the right to reject initial investments under $500 at its discretion. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.

You can sell your shares back to the fund or exchange them for shares of another Putnam fund any day the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is open. Shares may be sold or exchanged by mail, by phone, or online at putnam.com. Some restrictions may apply.

Prospectus          7

Tax information

The fund’s distributions will be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains unless you hold the shares through a tax-advantaged arrangement, in which case you will generally be taxed only upon withdrawal of monies from the arrangement.

Financial intermediary compensation

If you purchase the fund through a broker/dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank or financial professional), the fund and its related companies may pay that intermediary for the sale of fund shares and related services. Please bear in mind that these payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker/dealer or other intermediary to recommend the fund over another investment. Ask your advisor or visit your advisor’s website for more information.

What are the fund’s main investment strategies and related risks?

This section contains greater detail on the fund’s main investment strategies and the related risks you would face as a fund shareholder. It is important to keep in mind that risk and reward generally go hand in hand; the higher the potential reward, the greater the risk. As mentioned in the fund summary, we pursue the fund’s goal by investing in a diversified portfolio of fixed income securities, while, under normal circumstances, maintaining an effective duration of three years or less.

• Interest rate risk. The values of bonds and other debt instruments usually rise and fall in response to changes in interest rates. Interest rates can change in response to the supply and demand for credit, government and/or central bank monetary policy and action, inflation rates, and other factors. Declining interest rates generally result in an increase in the value of existing fixed income securities, and rising interest rates generally result in a decrease in the value of existing fixed income securities. Changes in a fixed income security’s value usually will not affect the amount of interest income paid to the fund, but will affect the value of the fund’s shares. Interest rate risk is generally greater for investments with longer maturities.

Under normal circumstances, the fund is expected to maintain an effective duration of three years or less. Short-term investments may have lower yields than longer-term investments. Effective duration provides a measure of a fund’s interest-rate sensitivity. The longer a fund’s duration, the more sensitive the fund is to shifts in interest rates. As a general rule, a 1% rise in interest rates means a 1% fall in value for every year of duration.

Some investments that we purchase have an interest rate that changes based on a market interest rate and/or allow the holder to demand payment of principal and accrued interest before the scheduled maturity date. We measure the maturity of these obligations using the relatively short period until the interest rate resets and/or payment could be demanded. Because the interest rate on these investments can change, these investments are unlikely to be able to lock in favorable longer-term interest rates.

8          Prospectus

Some investments give the issuer the option to call or redeem an investment before its maturity date. If an issuer calls or redeems an investment during a time of declining interest rates, we might have to reinvest the proceeds in an investment offering a lower yield, and therefore, the fund might not benefit from any increase in value as a result of declining interest rates.

• Credit risk. Investors normally expect to be compensated in proportion to the risk they are assuming. Thus, debt of issuers with poor credit prospects usually offers higher yields than debt of issuers with more secure credit. Higher-rated investments generally have lower credit risk.

We invest mainly in investment-grade investments. These are rated at least BBB or its equivalent at the time of purchase by a nationally recognized securities rating agency, or are unrated investments we believe are of comparable quality. We will not necessarily sell an investment if its rating is reduced after we buy it. We may also invest in securities rated below-investment-grade. Investments rated below BBB or its equivalent are below-investment-grade in quality and may be considered speculative. This rating reflects a greater possibility that the issuers may be unable to make timely payments of interest and principal and thus default. If a default occurs, or is perceived as likely to occur, the values of those investments will usually be more volatile and could decrease. A default or expected default could also make it difficult for us to sell the investments at prices approximating the values previously placed on them. Lower-rated debt usually has a more limited market than higher-rated debt, which may at times make it difficult for us to buy or sell certain debt instruments or to establish their fair values. Credit risk is generally greater for zero-coupon bonds and other investments that are issued at less than their face value and that are required to make interest payments only at maturity rather than at intervals during the life of the investment.

Credit ratings are based largely on the issuer’s historical financial condition and the rating agencies’ investment analysis at the time of rating. The rating assigned to any particular investment does not necessarily reflect the issuer’s current financial condition, and does not reflect an assessment of the investment’s volatility or liquidity. Although we consider credit ratings in making investment decisions, we perform our own investment analysis and do not rely only on ratings assigned by the rating agencies. Our success in achieving the fund’s goal may depend more on our own credit analysis when we buy lower-rated debt than when we buy investment-grade debt. We may have to participate in legal proceedings involving the issuer. This could increase the fund’s operating expenses and decrease its net asset value.

Fixed income investments may be more susceptible to downgrades or defaults during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress, which can significantly strain the financial resources of debt issuers, including the issuers of the fixed income securities in which the fund invests (or has exposure to). This may make it less likely that those issuers can meet their financial obligations when due and may adversely impact the value of their securities, which could negatively impact the performance of the fund. It is difficult to predict the level of financial stress and duration of such stress issuers may experience.

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Although investment-grade investments generally have lower credit risk, they may share some of the risks of lower-rated investments. U.S. government investments generally have the least credit risk, but are not completely free of credit risk. While some investments, such as U.S. Treasury obligations and Ginnie Mae certificates, are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, others are backed only by the credit of the issuer. Mortgage-backed securities may be subject to the risk that underlying borrowers will be unable to meet their obligations.

The value of a debt instrument may also be affected by changes in, or perceptions of, the financial condition of the issuer, borrower, counterparty, or other entity, or underlying collateral or assets, or changes in, or perceptions of, specific or general market, economic, industry, political, regulatory, geopolitical, environmental, public health, and other conditions.

• Prepayment risk. Traditional debt investments typically pay a fixed rate of interest until maturity, when the entire principal amount is due. In contrast, payments on securitized debt instruments, including mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments, typically include both interest and partial payment of principal. Principal may also be prepaid voluntarily or as a result of refinancing or foreclosure. We may have to invest the proceeds from prepaid investments in other investments with less attractive terms and yields.

Compared to debt that cannot be prepaid, mortgage-backed investments are less likely to increase in value during periods of declining interest rates and have a higher risk of decline in value during periods of rising interest rates. These investments may increase the volatility of the fund. Some mortgage-backed investments receive only the interest portion or the principal portion of payments on the underlying mortgages. The yields and values of these investments are extremely sensitive to changes in interest rates and in the rate of principal payments on the underlying mortgages. The market for these investments may be volatile and limited, which may make them difficult to buy or sell. Asset-backed securities are structured like mortgage-backed securities, but instead of mortgage loans or interests in mortgage loans, the underlying assets may include such items as motor vehicle installment sales or installment loan contracts, leases of various types of real and personal property and receivables from credit card agreements. Asset-backed securities are subject to risks similar to those of mortgage-backed securities.

• Derivatives. We may engage in a variety of transactions involving derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions and swap contracts. Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value of something else, such as one or more underlying investments, pools of investments or indexes. We may make use of “short” derivatives positions, the values of which typically move in the opposite direction from the price of the underlying investment, pool of investments or index. We may use derivatives both for hedging and non-hedging purposes. For example, we may use derivatives to increase or decrease the fund’s exposure to long- or short-term interest rates (in the United States or abroad) or as a substitute for a direct investment in the securities of one

10          Prospectus

or more issuers. However, we may also choose not to use derivatives based on our evaluation of market conditions or the availability of suitable derivatives. Investments in derivatives may be applied toward meeting a requirement to invest in a particular kind of investment if the derivatives have economic characteristics similar to that investment. The fund’s investment in derivatives may be limited by its intention to qualify as a regulated investment company.

Derivatives involve special risks and may result in losses. The successful use of derivatives depends on our ability to manage these sophisticated instruments. Some derivatives are “leveraged,” which means they provide the fund with investment exposure greater than the value of the fund’s investment in the derivatives. As a result, these derivatives may magnify or otherwise increase investment losses to the fund. The risk of loss from certain short derivatives positions is theoretically unlimited. The value of derivatives may move in unexpected ways due to the use of leverage or other factors, especially in unusual market conditions, and may result in increased volatility.

Other risks arise from the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions. A liquid secondary market may not always exist for the fund’s derivatives positions. In fact, many over-the-counter instruments (investments not traded on an exchange) will not be liquid. Over-the-counter instruments also involve the risk that the other party to the derivatives transaction will not meet its obligations. For further information about additional types and risks of derivatives and the fund’s asset segregation policies, see Miscellaneous Investments, Investment Practices and Risks in the SAI.

• Liquidity and illiquid investments. We may invest up to 15% of the fund’s assets in illiquid investments, which may be considered speculative and which may be difficult to sell. The sale of many of these investments is prohibited or limited by law or contract. Some investments may be difficult to value for purposes of determining the fund’s net asset value. Certain other investments may not have an active trading market due to adverse market, economic, industry, political, regulatory, geopolitical, environmental, public health, and other conditions, including investors trying to sell large quantities of a particular investment or type of investment, or lack of market makers or other buyers for a particular investment or type of investment. Commercial mortgage-backed securities may be less liquid and exhibit greater price volatility than other types of mortgage- or asset-backed securities. We may not be able to sell these investments when we consider it desirable to do so, or we may be able to sell them only at less than their value.

• Foreign investments. Foreign investments involve certain special risks, including:

—   Unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates: Foreign investments are typically issued and traded in foreign currencies. As a result, their values may be affected by changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar.

—   Political and economic developments: Foreign investments may be subject to the risks of seizure by a foreign government, direct or indirect impact of sovereign debt default, imposition of economic sanctions or restrictions on the exchange or export of foreign currency, and tax increases.

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—   Unreliable or untimely information: There may be less information publicly available about a foreign company than about most publicly-traded U.S. companies, and foreign companies are usually not subject to accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and practices as stringent as those in the United States. Foreign securities may trade on markets that are closed when the U.S. markets are open. As a result, accurate pricing information based on foreign market prices may not always be available.

—   Limited legal recourse: Legal remedies for investors may be more limited than the remedies available in the United States.

—   Limited markets: Certain foreign investments may be less liquid (harder to buy and sell) and more volatile than most U.S. investments, which means we may at times be unable to sell these foreign investments at desirable prices. In addition, there may be limited or no markets for bonds of issuers that become distressed. For the same reason, we may at times find it difficult to value the fund’s foreign investments.

—   Trading practices: Brokerage commissions and other fees are generally higher for foreign investments than for U.S. investments. The procedures and rules governing foreign transactions and custody may also involve delays in payment, delivery or recovery of money or investments.

—   Sovereign issuers: The willingness and ability of sovereign issuers to pay principal and interest on government securities depends on various economic factors, including the issuer’s balance of payments, overall debt level, and cash flow from tax or other revenues. In addition, there may be no legal recourse for investors in the event of default by a sovereign government.

The risks of foreign investments are typically increased in countries with less developed markets, which are sometimes referred to as emerging markets. Emerging markets may have less developed economies and legal and regulatory systems, and may be susceptible to greater political and economic instability than developed foreign markets. Countries with emerging markets are also more likely to experience high levels of inflation, currency devaluation, and investments in emerging markets may be more volatile and less liquid than investments in developed markets. For these and other reasons, investments in emerging markets are often considered speculative.

Certain risks related to foreign investments may also apply to some extent to U.S.-traded investments that are denominated in foreign currencies, investments in U.S. companies that are traded in foreign markets, or investments in U.S. companies that have significant foreign operations.

• Market risk. The value of investments in the fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions; investor sentiment and market perceptions (including perceptions about monetary policy, interest rates or the risk of default); government actions (including protectionist measures, intervention in the financial markets or other regulation, and changes in fiscal, monetary or tax policies);

12          Prospectus

geopolitical events or changes (including natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics, terrorism and war); and factors related to a specific issuer, geography, industry or sector. Foreign financial markets have their own market risks, and they may be more or less volatile than U.S. markets and may move in different directions. These and other factors may lead to increased volatility and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings. During those periods, the fund may experience high levels of shareholder redemptions, and may have to sell securities at times when it would otherwise not do so, and at unfavorable prices. These risks may be exacerbated during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress.

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain its spread have negatively affected, and are likely to continue to negatively affect, the global economy, the economies of the United States and other individual countries, and the financial performance of individual issuers, sectors, industries, asset classes, and markets in significant and unforeseen ways. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant market volatility, exchange trading suspensions and closures, declines in global financial markets, higher default rates, and economic downturns and recessions, and these effects may continue for an extended period of time and may increase in severity over time. In addition, actions taken by government and quasi-governmental authorities and regulators throughout the world in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including significant fiscal and monetary policy changes, may affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of some securities and other assets. Given the significant uncertainty surrounding the magnitude, duration, reach, costs and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as actions that have been or could be taken by governmental authorities or other third parties, it is difficult to predict its potential impacts on the fund’s investments. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic also are likely to exacerbate other risks that apply to the fund, including the risks disclosed in this prospectus, which could negatively impact the fund’s performance and lead to losses on your investment in the fund.

• Management and operational risk. The fund is actively managed and its performance will reflect, in part, our ability to make investment decisions that seek to achieve the fund’s investment objective. There is no guarantee that the investment techniques, analyses, or judgments that we apply in making investment decisions for the fund will produce the intended outcome or that the investments we select for the fund will perform as well as other securities that were not selected for the fund. As a result, the fund may underperform its benchmark or other funds with a similar investment goal and may realize losses. In addition, we, or the fund’s other service providers, may experience disruptions or operating errors that could negatively impact the fund. Although service providers may have operational risk management policies and procedures and take appropriate precautions to avoid and mitigate risks that could lead to disruptions and operating errors, it may not be possible to identify all of the operational risks that may affect the fund or to develop processes and controls to completely eliminate or mitigate their occurrence or effects.

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• Other investments. In addition to the main investment strategies described above, the fund may make other types of investments, such as investments in hybrid and structured bonds and notes, and preferred securities that would be characterized as debt securities under applicable accounting standards and tax laws. These practices may be subject to other risks, as described under Miscellaneous Investments, Investment Practices and Risks in the SAI.

• Temporary defensive strategies. In response to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions, we may take temporary defensive positions, such as investing some or all of the fund’s assets in cash and cash equivalents, that differ from the fund’s usual investment strategies. However, we may choose not to use these temporary defensive strategies for a variety of reasons, even in very volatile market conditions. These strategies may cause the fund to miss out on investment opportunities, and may prevent the fund from achieving its goal. Additionally, while temporary defensive strategies are mainly designed to limit losses, such strategies may not work as intended.

• Changes in policies. The Trustees may change the fund’s goal, investment strategies and other policies set forth in this prospectus without shareholder approval, except as otherwise provided in the prospectus or SAI.

• Portfolio turnover rate. The fund’s portfolio turnover rate measures how frequently the fund buys and sells investments. A portfolio turnover rate of 100%, for example, would mean that the fund sold and replaced securities valued at 100% of the fund’s assets within a one-year period.

From time to time the fund may engage in frequent trading.

• Portfolio holdings. The SAI includes a description of the fund’s policies with respect to the disclosure of its portfolio holdings. For more specific information on the fund’s portfolio, you may visit the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, where the fund’s top 10 holdings and related portfolio information may be viewed monthly beginning approximately 15 days after the end of each month, and full portfolio holdings may be viewed monthly beginning on the 8th business day after the end of each month. This information will remain available on the website at least until the fund files a Form N-CSR or publicly available Form N-PORT with the SEC for the period that includes the date of the information, after which such information can be found on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

Who oversees and manages the fund?

The fund’s Trustees

As a shareholder of a mutual fund, you have certain rights and protections, including representation by a Board of Trustees. The Putnam Funds’ Board of Trustees oversees the general conduct of the fund’s business and represents the interests of the Putnam fund shareholders. At least 75% of the members of the Putnam Funds’ Board of Trustees are independent, which means they are not officers of the fund or affiliated with Putnam Investment Management, LLC (Putnam Management).

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The Trustees periodically review the fund’s investment performance and the quality of other services such as administration, custody, and investor services. At least annually, the Trustees review the fees paid to Putnam Management and its affiliates for providing or overseeing these services, as well as the overall level of the fund’s operating expenses. In carrying out their responsibilities, the Trustees are assisted by an administrative staff, auditors and legal counsel that are selected by the Trustees and are independent of Putnam Management and its affiliates.

Contacting the fund’s Trustees
Address correspondence to:
The Putnam Funds Trustees
100 Federal Street
Boston, MA 02110

The fund’s investment manager

The Trustees have retained Putnam Management, which has managed mutual funds since 1937, to be the fund’s investment manager, responsible for making investment decisions for the fund and managing the fund’s other affairs and business.

The basis for the Trustees’ approval of the management contract, and the sub-management and sub-advisory contracts described below is discussed in the fund’s annual report to shareholders dated October 31, 2019.

Under the fund’s management contract, the fund pays a monthly management fee to Putnam Management, calculated and paid monthly by applying an annual rate of 0.37% of the fund’s average net assets for the month. In return for the management fees, Putnam Management provides the fund investment management service and investor servicing and bears the fund’s organizational and operating expenses, excluding performance fee adjustments (if applicable), distribution and service (12b-1) fees, brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses, extraordinary expenses, and acquired fund fees and expenses. This fee structure is sometimes referred to as an “all in” or “unitary” management fee.

For periods beginning on August 1, 2018 through November 30, 2019, the fund’s monthly management fee described above was subject to reduction, but not increase, by a performance adjustment. The amount of the performance adjustment was calculated monthly based on a performance adjustment rate that was equal to 0.04 multiplied by the difference between the fund’s annualized performance (measured by the fund’s class A shares) and the annualized performance of the ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 100 basis points (the “Performance Adjustment Benchmark”), measured over the performance period. The performance period was the thirty-six month period then ended. The performance adjustment rate was multiplied by the fund’s average net assets over the performance period, divided by twelve, to yield the performance adjustment. The fund’s management fee was adjusted downward if the performance adjustment was negative (meaning that the fund underperformed the Performance Adjustment Benchmark over the performance period), but was not adjusted upward if the performance adjustment

Prospectus          15

was positive (meaning that the fund outperformed the Performance Adjustment Benchmark over the performance period). The maximum annualized negative performance adjustment rate for the fund was 0.04% and the maximum annualized positive performance adjustment rate for the fund was 0.00%.

The fund paid Putnam Management a management fee (after any applicable waivers) for the fund’s last fiscal year (reflected as a percentage of average net assets for the fund’s last fiscal year) of 0.37%.

Putnam Management’s address is 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110.

Putnam Management has retained its affiliate PIL to make investment decisions for such fund assets as may be designated from time to time for its management by Putnam Management. PIL is not currently managing any fund assets. If PIL were to manage any fund assets, Putnam Management (and not the fund) would pay a quarterly sub-management fee to PIL for its services at the annual rate of 0.35% of the average net asset value (NAV) of any fund assets managed by PIL. PIL, which provides a full range of international investment advisory services to institutional clients, is located at 16 St James’s Street, London, England, SW1A 1ER.

Putnam Management and PIL have retained their affiliate PAC to make investment decisions for such fund assets as may be designated from time to time for its management by Putnam Management. PAC is not currently managing any fund assets. If PAC were to manage any fund assets, Putnam Management (and not the fund) would pay a quarterly sub-advisory fee to PAC for its services at the annual rate of 0.35% of the average NAV of any fund assets managed by PAC. PAC, which provides financial services to institutions and individuals through separately-managed accounts and pooled investment vehicles, has its headquarters at 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110, with additional investment management personnel located in Singapore.

Pursuant to these arrangements, Putnam investment professionals who are based in foreign jurisdictions may serve as portfolio managers of the fund or provide other investment services, consistent with local regulations.

• Portfolio managers. The officers of Putnam Management identified below are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the fund’s portfolio.

Portfolio managers	Joined fund	Employer	Positions over past five years
Emily Shanks	2018	Putnam Management 2012 – Present	Portfolio Manager Previously, Analyst
Albert Chan	2017	Putnam Management 2002 – Present	Portfolio Manager Previously, Analyst
D. William Kohli	2008	Putnam Management 1994 – Present	Co-Chief Investment Officer, Fixed Income Previously, Chief Investment Officer, Fixed Income and Co-Head of Fixed Income
Brett Kozlowski	2018	Putnam Management 2008 – Present	Portfolio Manager

16          Prospectus

The SAI provides information about these individuals’ compensation, other accounts managed by these individuals and these individuals’ ownership of securities in the fund.

How does the fund price its shares?

The price of the fund’s shares is based on its NAV. The NAV per share of each class equals the total value of its assets, less its liabilities, divided by the number of its outstanding shares. Shares are only valued as of the scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE each day the exchange is open.

The fund values its investments for which market quotations are readily available at market value. It values all other investments and assets at their fair value, which may differ from recent market prices. For example, the fund may value a stock traded on a U.S. exchange at its fair value when the exchange closes early or trading in the stock is suspended. It may also value a stock at fair value if recent transactions in the stock have been very limited or if, in the case of a security traded on a market that closes before the NYSE closes, material information about the issuer becomes available after the close of the relevant market.

Market quotations are not considered to be readily available for many debt securities. These securities are generally valued at fair value on the basis of valuations provided by an independent pricing service approved by the fund’s Trustees or dealers selected by Putnam Management. Pricing services and dealers determine valuations for normal institutional-size trading units of such securities using information with respect to transactions in the bond being valued, market transactions for comparable securities and various relationships, generally recognized by institutional traders, between securities. To the extent a pricing service or dealer is unable to value a security or provides a valuation that Putnam Management does not believe accurately reflects the security’s fair value, the security will be valued at fair value by Putnam Management.

The fund translates prices for its investments quoted in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates, which are generally determined as of 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time each day the NYSE is open. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar may affect the fund’s NAV. Because foreign markets may be open at different times than the NYSE, the value of the fund’s shares may change on days when shareholders are not able to buy or sell them. Many securities markets and exchanges outside the U.S. close before the close of the NYSE, and the closing prices for securities in those markets or exchanges may not reflect events that occur after the close but before the scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE. As a result, the fund has adopted fair value pricing procedures, which, among other things, require the fund to fair value foreign equity securities if there has been a movement in the U.S. market, after the close of the foreign securities market, that exceeds a specified threshold that may change from time to time. If events materially affecting the values of the fund’s foreign fixed-income investments occur between the close of foreign markets and the scheduled close of regular trading on

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the NYSE, these investments will also be valued at their fair value. As noted above, the value determined for an investment using the fund’s fair value pricing procedures may differ from recent market prices for the investment.

The fund’s most recent NAV is available on Putnam Investments’ website at putnam.com/individual or by contacting Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581.

How do I buy fund shares?

Opening an account

You can open a fund account and purchase class A, B and C shares by contacting your financial representative or Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581 and obtaining a Putnam account application. Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment. The completed application, along with a check made payable to the fund, must then be returned to Putnam Investor Services at the following address:

Putnam Investments
P.O. Box 219697
Kansas City, MO 64121-9697

You can open a fund account with as little as $500. The minimum investment is waived if you make regular investments weekly, semi-monthly or monthly through automatic deductions from your bank checking or savings account. Although Putnam is currently waiving the minimum, it reserves the right to reject initial investments under the minimum at its discretion.

The fund sells its shares at the offering price, which is the NAV plus any applicable sales charge (class A shares only). Your financial representative or Putnam Investor Services generally must receive your completed buy order before the close of regular trading on the NYSE for your shares to be bought at that day’s offering price.

If you participate in an employer-sponsored retirement plan that offers the fund, please consult your employer for information on how to purchase shares of the fund through the plan, including any restrictions or limitations that may apply.

Federal law requires mutual funds to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies investors opening new accounts. Investors must provide their full name, residential or business address, Social Security or tax identification number, and date of birth. Entities, such as trusts, estates, corporations and partnerships must also provide additional identifying documentation. For trusts, the fund must obtain and verify identifying information for each trustee listed in the account registration. For certain legal entities, the fund must also obtain and verify identifying information regarding beneficial owners and/or control persons. The fund is unable to accept new accounts if any required information is not provided. If Putnam Investor Services cannot verify identifying information after opening your account, the fund reserves the right to close your account at the then-current NAV, which may be more or less

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than your original investment, net of any applicable sales charges. Putnam Investor Services may share identifying information with third parties for the purpose of verification subject to the terms of Putnam’s privacy policy.

Also, the fund may periodically close to new purchases of shares or refuse any order to buy shares if the fund determines that doing so would be in the best interests of the fund and its shareholders.

Purchasing additional shares

Once you have an existing account, you can make additional investments at any time in any amount in the following ways:

• Through a financial representative. Your representative will be responsible for furnishing all necessary documents to Putnam Investor Services and may charge you for his or her services.

• Through Putnam’s Systematic Investing Program. You can make regular investments weekly, semi-monthly or monthly through automatic deductions from your bank checking or savings account.

• Via the Internet or phone. If you have an existing Putnam fund account and you have completed and returned an Electronic Investment Authorization Form, you can buy additional shares online at putnam.com or by calling Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581.

• By mail. You may also request a book of investment stubs for your account. Complete an investment stub and write a check for the amount you wish to invest, payable to the fund. Return the check and investment stub to Putnam Investor Services.

• By wire transfer. You may buy fund shares by bank wire transfer of same-day funds. Please call Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581 for wiring instructions. Any commercial bank can transfer same-day funds by wire. The fund will normally accept wired funds for investment on the day received if they are received by the fund’s designated bank before the close of regular trading on the NYSE. Your bank may charge you for wiring same-day funds. Although the fund’s designated bank does not currently charge you for receiving same-day funds, it reserves the right to charge for this service. You cannot buy shares for employer-sponsored retirement plans by wire transfer.

Which class of shares is best for me?

This prospectus offers you three classes of fund shares: A, B and C. Employer-sponsored retirement plans may also choose class R or R6 shares, and certain investors described below may also choose class Y or R6 shares. Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment. Each share class represents investments in the same portfolio of securities, but each class has its own sales charge and expense structure, as illustrated in the Fund summary — Fees and expenses section, allowing you and your financial representative to choose the class that best suits your investment needs.

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When you purchase shares of the fund, you must choose a share class. Deciding which share class best suits your situation depends on a number of factors that you should discuss with your financial representative, including:

• How long you expect to hold your investment. Class B shares charge a contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC) on redemptions that is phased out over the first two years; class C shares charge a CDSC on redemptions in the first year.

• How much you intend to invest. While investments of less than $100,000 can be made in any share class, class A offers sales charge discounts starting at $100,000.

• Total expenses associated with each share class. As shown in the section entitled Fund summary – Fees and expenses, each share class offers a different combination of up-front and ongoing expenses. Generally, the lower the up-front sales charge, the greater the ongoing expenses.

Here is a summary of the differences among the classes of shares

Class A shares

• Initial sales charge of up to 2.25%

• Lower sales charges available for investments of $100,000 or more

• No deferred sales charge (except that a deferred sales charge of 0.75% may be imposed on certain redemptions of shares bought without an initial sales charge)

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class B or C shares because of lower 12b-1 fees.

Class B shares

• Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment.

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• Deferred sales charge of up to 1.00% if shares are sold within two years of purchase

• Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A shares because of higher 12b-1 fees

• Convert automatically to class A shares after eight years, thereby reducing future 12b-1 fees.

Class C shares

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• Deferred sales charge of 1.00% if shares are sold within one year of purchase

• Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A or B shares because of higher 12b-1 fees

• Effective March 1, 2021, convert automatically to class A shares after eight years, thereby reducing future 12b-1 fees, provided that Putnam Investor Services or the financial intermediary through which a shareholder purchased class C shares has records verifying that the class C shares have been held for at least eight years,

20          Prospectus

and that class A shares are available for purchase by residents in the shareholder’s jurisdiction. In certain cases, records verifying that the class C shares have been held for at least eight years may not be available (for example, participant level share lot aging may not be tracked by group retirement plan recordkeeping platforms through which class C shares of the fund are held in an omnibus account). If such records are unavailable, Putnam Investor Services or the relevant financial intermediary may not effect the conversion or may effect the conversion on a different schedule determined by Putnam Investor Services or the financial intermediary, which may be shorter or longer than eight years. Investors should consult their financial representative for more information about their eligibility for class C share conversion. Prior to March 1, 2021, class C shares converted to class A shares after ten years.

• Orders for class C shares of one or more Putnam funds, other than class C shares sold to employer-sponsored retirement plans, will be refused when the total value of the purchase, plus existing account balances that are eligible to be linked under a right of accumulation for purchases of class A shares (as described below), is $250,000 or more. Investors considering cumulative purchases of $250,000 or more should consider whether class A shares would be more advantageous and consult their financial representative.

• May be exchanged automatically for class A shares if the shareholder is investing through an account or platform with a financial intermediary, to the extent described in the Appendix, provided that class A shares are available for purchase by residents in the shareholder’s jurisdiction.

Class R shares (available only to employer-sponsored retirement plans)

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• No deferred sales charge

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class C shares because of lower 12b-1 fees

• Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A or B shares because of higher 12b-1 fees

• No conversion to class A shares, so no reduction in future 12b-1 fees.

Class R6 shares (available only to investors listed below)

• The following investors may purchase class R6 shares:

—   employer-sponsored retirement plans that are clients of third-party administrators (including affiliates of Putnam) that have entered into agreements with Putnam;

—   investors purchasing shares through an asset-based fee program that is sponsored by a registered broker-dealer or other financial institution;

—   investors purchasing shares through a commission-based platform of a registered broker-dealer or other financial institution that charges you additional fees or commissions, other than those described in the prospectus and statement of additional information, and that has entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management to offer class R6 shares through such a program;

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—   corporations, endowments, foundations and other institutional investors that have been approved by Putnam; and

—   unaffiliated investment companies (whether registered or private) that have been approved by Putnam.

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• No deferred sales charge

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class A, B, C or R shares because of no 12b-1 fees and lower investor servicing fees.

Class Y shares (available only to investors listed below)

• The following investors may purchase class Y shares if approved by Putnam:

—   employer-sponsored retirement plans that are clients of third-party administrators (including affiliates of Putnam) that have entered into agreements with Putnam;

—   bank trust departments and trust companies that have entered into agreements with Putnam and offer institutional share class pricing to their clients;

—   corporate individual retirement accounts (IRAs) administered by Putnam, if another retirement plan of the sponsor is eligible to purchase class Y shares;

—   college savings plans that qualify for tax-exempt treatment under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code;

—   other Putnam funds and Putnam investment products;

—   investors purchasing shares through an asset-based fee program that is sponsored by a registered broker-dealer or other financial institution;

—   investors purchasing shares through a commission-based platform of a registered broker-dealer or other financial institution that charges you additional fees or commissions, other than those described in the prospectus and SAI, and that has entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership (PRM) to offer class Y shares through such a program;

—   clients of a financial representative who are charged a fee for consulting or similar services;

—   corporations, endowments, foundations, and other institutional investors that have been approved by Putnam;

—   unaffiliated investment companies (whether registered or private) that have been approved by Putnam;

—   current and retired Putnam employees and their immediate family members (including an employee’s spouse, domestic partner, fiancé(e), or other family members who are living in the same household) as well as, in each case, Putnam-offered health savings accounts, IRAs, and other similar tax-advantaged plans solely owned by the foregoing individuals; current and retired directors of Putnam

22          Prospectus

Investments, LLC; current and retired Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Company employees; and current and retired Trustees of the fund. Upon the departure of any member of this group of individuals from Putnam, Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Company, or the fund’s Board of Trustees, the member’s class Y shares convert automatically to class A shares, unless the member’s departure is a retirement, as determined by Putnam in its discretion for employees and directors of Putnam and employees of Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Company and by the Board of Trustees in its discretion for Trustees; provided that conversion will not take place with respect to class Y shares held by former Putnam employees and their immediate family members in health savings accounts where it is not operationally practicable due to platform or other limitations; and

—   personal and family member IRAs of registered representatives and other employees of broker-dealers and other financial institutions having a sales agreement with Putnam Retail Management, if (1) the registered representative or other employee is the broker of record or financial representative for the account, (2) the broker-dealer or other financial institution’s policies prohibit the use of class A shares or other classes of fund shares that pay 12b-1 fees in such accounts to avoid potential prohibited transactions under Internal Revenue Service rules due to the account owners’ status as “disqualified persons” under those rules, and (3) the broker-dealer or other financial institution has an agreement with Putnam Retail Management related to the use of class Y shares in these accounts.

Trust companies or bank trust departments that purchased class Y shares for trust accounts may transfer them to the beneficiaries of the trust accounts, who may continue to hold them or exchange them for class Y shares of other Putnam funds. Defined contribution plans (including corporate IRAs) that purchased class Y shares under prior eligibility criteria may continue to purchase class Y shares.

• No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately

• No deferred sales charge

• Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class A, B, C or R shares because of no 12b-1 fees.

Initial sales charges for class A shares

	Class A sales charge as a percentage of*:
Amount of purchase at offering price ($)	Net amount invested	Offering price**
Under 100,000	2.30%	2.25%
100,000 but under 249,999	1.27%	1.25%
250,000 and over	NONE	NONE

*   Because of rounding in the calculation of offering price and the number of shares purchased, actual sales charges you pay may be more or less than these percentages.

**   Offering price includes sales charge.

Prospectus          23

Reducing your class A sales charge

The fund offers two principal ways for you to qualify for discounts on initial sales charges on class A shares, often referred to as “breakpoint discounts”:

• Right of accumulation. You can add the amount of your current purchases of class A shares of the fund and other Putnam funds to the value of your existing accounts in the fund and other Putnam funds. Individuals can also include purchases by, and accounts owned by, their spouse and minor children, including accounts established through different financial representatives. For your current purchases, you will pay the initial sales charge applicable to the total value of the linked accounts and purchases, which may be lower than the sales charge otherwise applicable to each of your current purchases. Shares of Putnam money market funds, other than money market fund shares acquired by exchange from other Putnam funds, are not included for purposes of the right of accumulation.

To calculate the total value of your existing accounts and any linked accounts, the fund will use the higher of (a) the current maximum public offering price of those shares or (b) if you purchased the shares after December 31, 2007, the initial value of the total purchases, or, if you held the shares on December 31, 2007, the market value at maximum public offering price on that date, in either case, less the market value on the applicable redemption date of any of those shares that you have redeemed.

• Statement of intention. A statement of intention is a document in which you agree to make purchases of class A shares in a specified amount within a period of 13 months. For each purchase you make under the statement of intention, you will pay the initial sales charge applicable to the total amount you have agreed to purchase. While a statement of intention is not a binding obligation on you, if you do not purchase the full amount of shares within 13 months, the fund will redeem shares from your account in an amount equal to the difference between the higher initial sales charge you would have paid in the absence of the statement of intention and the initial sales charge you actually paid.

Account types that may be linked with each other to obtain breakpoint discounts using the methods described above include:

• Individual accounts

• Joint accounts

• Accounts established as part of a retirement plan and IRA accounts (some restrictions may apply)

• Shares of Putnam funds owned through accounts in the name of your dealer or other financial intermediary (with documentation identifying beneficial ownership of shares)

• Accounts held as part of a Section 529 college savings plan managed by Putnam Management (some restrictions may apply)

24          Prospectus

In order to obtain a breakpoint discount, you should inform your financial representative at the time you purchase shares of the existence of other accounts or purchases that are eligible to be linked for the purpose of calculating the initial sales charge. The fund or your financial representative may ask you for records or other information about other shares held in your accounts and linked accounts, including accounts opened with a different financial representative. Restrictions may apply to certain accounts and transactions. Further details about breakpoint discounts can be found on Putnam Investments’ website at putnam.com/individual by selecting Mutual Funds, then Pricing and performance, and then About fund costs, and in the SAI.

• Additional reductions and waivers of sales charges. In addition to the breakpoint discount methods described above for class A shares, the fund may sell the classes of shares specified below without a sales charge or CDSC under the circumstances described below. The sales charge and CDSC waiver categories described below do not apply to customers purchasing shares of the fund through any of the financial intermediaries specified in the Appendix to this prospectus (each, a “Specified Intermediary”).

Different financial intermediaries may impose different sales charges. Please refer to the Appendix for the sales charge or CDSC waivers that are applicable to each Specified Intermediary.

Class A shares

The following categories of investors are eligible to purchase class A shares without payment of a sales charge:

(i)   current and former Trustees of the fund, their family members, business and personal associates; current and former employees of Putnam Management and certain current and former corporate affiliates, their family members, business and personal associates; employer-sponsored retirement plans for the foregoing; and partnerships, trusts or other entities in which any of the foregoing has a substantial interest;

(ii)   clients of administrators or other service providers of employer-sponsored retirement plans (for purposes of this waiver, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, SIMPLE IRAs or SARSEPs) (not applicable to tax-exempt funds);

(iii)   registered representatives and other employees of broker-dealers having sales agreements with Putnam Retail Management; employees of financial institutions having sales agreements with Putnam Retail Management or otherwise having an arrangement with any such broker-dealer or financial institution with respect to sales of fund shares; and their immediate family members (spouses and children under age 21, including step-children and adopted children);

Prospectus          25

(iv)   a trust department of any financial institution purchasing shares of the fund in its capacity as trustee of any trust (other than a tax-qualified retirement plan trust), through an arrangement approved by Putnam Retail Management, if the value of the shares of the fund and other Putnam funds purchased or held by all such trusts exceeds $1 million in the aggregate;

(v)   clients of (i) broker-dealers, financial institutions, financial intermediaries or registered investment advisors that charge a fee for advisory or investment services or (ii) broker-dealers, financial institutions, or financial intermediaries that have entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management to offer shares through a retail self-directed brokerage account with or without the imposition of a transaction fee;

(vi)   college savings plans that qualify for tax-exempt treatment under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”); and

(vii)   shareholders reinvesting the proceeds from a Putnam Corporate IRA Plan distribution into a nonretirement plan account.

Administrators and other service providers of employer-sponsored retirement plans are required to enter into contractual arrangements with Putnam Investor Services in order to offer and hold fund shares. Administrators and other service providers of employer-sponsored retirement plans seeking to place trades on behalf of their plan clients should consult Putnam Investor Services as to the applicable requirements.

Class B and class C shares

A CDSC is waived in the event of a redemption under the following circumstances:

(i)   a withdrawal from a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (“SWP”) of up to 12% of the net asset value of the account (calculated as set forth in the SAI);

(ii)   a redemption of shares that are no longer subject to the CDSC holding period therefor;

(iii)   a redemption of shares that were issued upon the reinvestment of distributions by the fund;

(iv)   a redemption of shares that were exchanged for shares of another Putnam fund, provided that the shares acquired in such exchange or subsequent exchanges (including shares of a Putnam money market fund or Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund) will continue to remain subject to the CDSC, if applicable, until the applicable holding period expires; and

(v)   in the case of individual, joint or Uniform Transfers to Minors Act accounts, in the event of death or post-purchase disability of a shareholder, for the purpose of paying benefits pursuant to tax-qualified retirement plans (“Benefit Payments”), or, in the case of living trust accounts, in the event of the death or post-purchase disability of the settlor of the trust.

Additional information about reductions and waivers of sales charges, including deferred sales charges, is included in the SAI. You may consult your financial representative or Putnam Retail Management for assistance.

26          Prospectus

How do I sell or exchange fund shares?

You can sell your shares back to the fund or exchange them for shares of another Putnam fund any day the NYSE is open, either through your financial representative or directly to the fund.

If you redeem your shares shortly after purchasing them, your redemption payment for the shares may be delayed until the fund collects the purchase price of the shares, which may be up to 7 calendar days after the purchase date.

Regarding exchanges, not all Putnam funds offer all classes of shares or may be open to new investors. If you exchange shares otherwise subject to a deferred sales charge, the transaction will not be subject to the deferred sales charge. When you redeem the shares acquired through the exchange, however, the redemption may be subject to the deferred sales charge, depending upon when and from which fund you originally purchased the shares. The deferred sales charge will be computed using the schedule of any fund into or from which you have exchanged your shares that would result in your paying the highest deferred sales charge applicable to your class of shares. Class B shares of most other Putnam funds have a higher deferred sales charge than the fund. For purposes of computing the deferred sales charge, the length of time you have owned your shares will be measured from the date of original purchase, unless you originally purchased the shares from another Putnam fund that does not directly charge a deferred sales charge, in which case the length of time you have owned your shares will be measured from the date you exchange those shares for shares of another Putnam fund that does charge a deferred sales charge, and will not be affected by any subsequent exchanges among funds.

• Selling or exchanging shares through your financial representative. Your representative must receive your request in proper form before the close of regular trading on the NYSE for you to receive that day’s NAV, less any applicable deferred sales charge. Your representative will be responsible for furnishing all necessary documents to Putnam Investor Services on a timely basis and may charge you for his or her services.

• Selling or exchanging shares directly with the fund. Putnam Investor Services must receive your request in proper form before the close of regular trading on the NYSE in order to receive that day’s NAV, less any applicable deferred sales charge.

• By mail. Send a letter of instruction signed by all registered owners or their legal representatives to Putnam Investor Services. If you have certificates for the shares you want to sell or exchange, you must return them unendorsed with your letter of instruction.

• By telephone. You may use Putnam’s telephone redemption privilege to redeem shares valued at less than $100,000 unless you have notified Putnam Investor Services of an address change within the preceding 15 days, in which case other requirements may apply. Unless you indicate otherwise on the account application, Putnam Investor Services will be authorized to accept redemption instructions received by telephone. A telephone exchange privilege is currently available. Sale or exchange

Prospectus          27

of shares by telephone is not permitted if there are certificates for your shares. The telephone redemption and exchange privileges may be modified or terminated without notice.

• Via the Internet. You may also exchange shares via the Internet at putnam.com/individual.

• Shares held through your employer’s retirement plan. For information on how to sell or exchange shares of the fund that were purchased through your employer’s retirement plan, including any restrictions and charges that the plan may impose, please consult your employer.

• Additional requirements. In certain situations, for example, if you sell shares with a value of $100,000 or more, the signatures of all registered owners or their legal representatives must be guaranteed by a bank, broker-dealer or certain other financial institutions. In addition, Putnam Investor Services usually requires additional documents for the sale of shares by a corporation, partnership, agent or fiduciary, or surviving joint owner. For more information concerning Putnam’s signature guarantee and documentation requirements, contact Putnam Investor Services.

The fund also reserves the right to revise or terminate the exchange privilege, limit the amount or number of exchanges or reject any exchange. The fund into which you would like to exchange may also reject your exchange. These actions may apply to all shareholders or only to those shareholders whose exchanges Putnam Management determines are likely to have a negative effect on the fund or other Putnam funds. Consult Putnam Investor Services before requesting an exchange. Ask your financial representative or Putnam Investor Services for prospectuses of other Putnam funds. Some Putnam funds are not available in all states.

Deferred sales charges for class B, class C and certain class A shares

If you sell (redeem) class B shares within two years of purchase, you will generally pay a deferred sales charge according to the following schedule:

Year after purchase	1	2	3+
Charge	1%	0.50%	0%

A deferred sales charge of 1.00% will apply to class C shares if redeemed within one year of purchase. For purchases prior to January 1, 2020, class A shares that are part of a purchase of $250,000 or more (other than by an employer-sponsored retirement plan) will be subject to a 1.00% deferred sales charge if redeemed within nine months or purchase. For purchases on or after January 1, 2021, class A shares that are part of a purchase of $250,000 or more (other than by an employer-sponsored retirement plan) will be subject to a 0.75% deferred sales charge if redeemed within nine months of purchase.

Deferred sales charges will be based on the lower of the shares’ cost and current NAV. Shares not subject to any charge will be redeemed first, followed by shares held longest. You may sell shares acquired by reinvestment of distributions without a charge at any time.

28          Prospectus

• Payment information. The fund typically expects to send you payment for your shares the business day after your request is received in good order, although if you hold your shares through certain financial intermediaries or financial intermediary programs, the fund typically expects to send payment for your shares within three business days after your request is received in good order. However, it is possible that payment of redemption proceeds may take up to seven days. Under unusual circumstances, the fund may suspend redemptions, or postpone payment for more than seven days, as permitted by federal securities law. Under normal market conditions, the fund typically expects to satisfy redemption requests by using holdings of cash and cash equivalents or selling portfolio assets to generate cash. Under stressed market conditions, the fund may also satisfy redemption requests by borrowing under the fund’s lines of credit or interfund lending arrangements. For additional information regarding the fund’s lines of credit and interfund lending arrangements, please see the Statement of Additional Information.

To the extent consistent with applicable laws and regulations, the fund reserves the right to satisfy all or a portion of a redemption request by distributing securities or other property in lieu of cash (“in-kind” redemptions), under both normal and stressed market conditions. The fund generally expects to use in-kind redemptions only in stressed market conditions or stressed conditions specific to the fund, such as redemption requests that represent a large percentage of the fund’s net assets in order to minimize the effect of the large redemption on the fund and its remaining shareholders. The fund will not use in-kind redemptions for retail investors who hold shares of the fund through a financial intermediary. Any in-kind redemption will be effected through a pro rata distribution of all publicly traded portfolio securities or securities for which quoted bid prices are available, subject to certain exceptions. The securities distributed in an in-kind redemption will be valued in the same manner as they are valued for purposes of computing the fund’s net asset value. Once distributed in-kind to an investor, securities may increase or decrease in value before the investor is able to convert them into cash. Any transaction costs or other expenses involved in liquidating securities received in an in-kind redemption will be borne by the redeeming investor. The fund has committed, in connection with an election under Rule 18f-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, to pay all redemptions of fund shares by a single shareholder during any 90-day period in cash, up to the lesser of (i) $250,000 or (ii) 1% of the fund’s net assets measured as of the beginning of such 90-day period. For information regarding procedures for in-kind redemptions, please contact Putnam Retail Management. You will not receive interest on uncashed redemption checks.

• Redemption by the fund. If you own fewer shares than the minimum set by the Trustees (presently 20 shares), the fund may redeem your shares without your permission and send you the proceeds after providing you with at least 60 days’ notice to attain the minimum. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the fund may also redeem shares if you own more than a maximum amount set by the Trustees. There is presently no maximum, but the Trustees could set a maximum that would apply to both present and future shareholders.

Prospectus          29

Policy on excessive short-term trading

• Risks of excessive short-term trading. Excessive short-term trading activity may reduce the fund’s performance and harm all fund shareholders by interfering with portfolio management, increasing the fund’s expenses and diluting the fund’s NAV. Depending on the size and frequency of short-term trades in the fund’s shares, the fund may experience increased cash volatility, which could require the fund to maintain undesirably large cash positions or buy or sell portfolio securities it would not have bought or sold otherwise. The need to execute additional portfolio transactions due to these cash flows may also increase the fund’s brokerage and administrative costs and, for investors in taxable accounts, may increase taxable distributions received from the fund.

Because the fund invests in foreign securities, its performance may be adversely impacted and the interests of longer-term shareholders may be diluted as a result of time-zone arbitrage, a short-term trading practice that seeks to exploit changes in the value of the fund’s investments that result from events occurring after the close of the foreign markets on which the investments trade, but prior to the later close of trading on the NYSE, the time as of which the fund determines its NAV. If an arbitrageur is successful, he or she may dilute the interests of other shareholders by trading shares at prices that do not fully reflect their fair value.

Because the fund invests in securities that may trade infrequently or may be more difficult to value, such as lower-rated bonds, it may be susceptible to trading by short-term traders who seek to exploit perceived price inefficiencies in the fund’s investments. In addition, the market for lower-rated bonds may at times show “market momentum,” in which positive or negative performance may continue from one day to the next for reasons unrelated to the fundamentals of the issuer. Short-term traders may seek to capture this momentum by trading frequently in the fund’s shares, which will reduce the fund’s performance and may dilute the interests of other shareholders. Because lower-rated debt may be less liquid than higher-rated debt, the fund may also be unable to buy or sell these securities at desirable prices when the need arises (for example, in response to volatile cash flows caused by short-term trading). Similar risks may apply if the fund holds other types of less liquid securities.

• Fund policies. In order to protect the interests of long-term shareholders of the fund, Putnam Management and the fund’s Trustees have adopted policies and procedures intended to discourage excessive short-term trading. The fund seeks to discourage excessive short-term trading by using fair value pricing procedures to value investments under some circumstances. In addition, Putnam Management monitors activity in those shareholder accounts about which it possesses the necessary information in order to detect excessive short-term trading patterns and takes steps to deter excessive short-term traders.

• Account monitoring. Putnam Management’s Compliance Department currently uses multiple reporting tools to detect short-term trading activity occurring in accounts for investors held directly with the Putnam funds as well as within accounts held through certain financial intermediaries. Putnam Management measures excessive short-term

30          Prospectus

trading in the fund by the number of “round trip” transactions above a specified dollar amount within a specified period of time. A “round trip” transaction is defined as a purchase or exchange into a fund followed, or preceded, by a redemption or exchange out of the same fund. Generally, if an investor has been identified as having completed two “round trip” transactions with values above a specified amount within a rolling 90-day period, Putnam Management will issue the investor and/or his or her financial intermediary, if any, a written warning. Putnam Management’s practices for measuring excessive short-term trading activity and issuing warnings may change from time to time. Certain types of transactions are exempt from monitoring, such as those in connection with systematic investment or withdrawal plans and reinvestment of dividend and capital gain distributions.

• Account restrictions. In addition to these monitoring practices, Putnam Management and the fund reserve the right to reject or restrict purchases or exchanges for any reason. Continued excessive short-term trading activity by an investor or intermediary following a warning may lead to the termination of the exchange privilege for that investor or intermediary. Putnam Management or the fund may determine that an investor’s trading activity is excessive or otherwise potentially harmful based on various factors, including an investor’s or financial intermediary’s trading history in the fund, other Putnam funds or other investment products, and may aggregate activity in multiple accounts in the fund or other Putnam funds under common ownership or control for purposes of determining whether the activity is excessive. If the fund identifies an investor or intermediary as a potential excessive trader, it may, among other things, require future trades to be submitted by mail rather than by phone or over the Internet, impose limitations on the amount, number, or frequency of future purchases or exchanges, or temporarily or permanently bar the investor or intermediary from investing in the fund or other Putnam funds. The fund may take these steps in its discretion even if the investor’s activity does not fall within the fund’s current monitoring parameters.

• Limitations on the fund’s policies. There is no guarantee that the fund will be able to detect excessive short-term trading in all accounts. For example, Putnam Management currently does not have access to sufficient information to identify each investor’s trading history, and in certain circumstances there are operational or technological constraints on its ability to enforce the fund’s policies. In addition, even when Putnam Management has sufficient information, its detection methods may not capture all excessive short-term trading.

In particular, many purchase, redemption and exchange orders are received from financial intermediaries that hold omnibus accounts with the fund. Omnibus accounts, in which shares are held in the name of an intermediary on behalf of multiple beneficial owners, are a common form of holding shares among retirement plans and financial intermediaries such as brokers, advisers and third-party administrators. The fund is generally not able to identify trading by a particular beneficial owner within an omnibus account, which makes it difficult or impossible to determine if a particular shareholder is engaging in excessive short-term trading. Putnam Management monitors aggregate cash flows in omnibus accounts on an

Prospectus          31

ongoing basis. If high cash flows or other information indicate that excessive short-term trading may be taking place, Putnam Management will contact the financial intermediary, plan sponsor or recordkeeper that maintains accounts for the beneficial owner and attempt to identify and remedy any excessive trading. However, the fund’s ability to monitor and deter excessive short-term traders in omnibus accounts ultimately depends on the capabilities and cooperation of these third-party financial firms. A financial intermediary or plan sponsor may impose different or additional limits on short-term trading.

Distribution plans and payments to dealers

Putnam funds are distributed primarily through dealers (including any broker, dealer, bank, bank trust department, registered investment advisor, financial planner, retirement plan administrator, and any other institution having a selling, services, or any similar agreement with Putnam Retail Management or one of its affiliates). In order to pay for the marketing of fund shares and services provided to shareholders, the fund has adopted distribution and service (12b-1) plans, which increase the annual operating expenses you pay each year in certain share classes, as shown in the table of annual fund operating expenses in the section Fund summary — Fees and expenses. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates also make additional payments to dealers that do not increase your fund expenses, as described below.

• Distribution and service (12b-1) plans. The fund’s 12b-1 plans provide for payments at annual rates (based on average net assets) of up to 0.35% on class A shares and 1.00% on class B, class C and class R shares. The Trustees currently limit payments on class A, class B and class R shares to 0.25%, 0.45% and 0.50% of average net assets, respectively. Because these fees are paid out of the fund’s assets on an ongoing basis, they will increase the cost of your investment. The higher fees for class B, class C and class R shares may cost you more over time than paying the initial sales charge for class A shares. Because class R shares, unlike class B and class C shares, do not convert to class A shares, class R shares may cost you more over time than class B and class C shares. Class R6 and class Y shares, for shareholders who are eligible to purchase them, will be less expensive than other classes of shares because they do not bear sales charges or 12b-1 fees.

• Payments to dealers. If you purchase your shares through a dealer, your dealer generally receives payments from Putnam Retail Management representing some or all of the sales charges and distribution and service (12b-1) fees, if any, shown in the tables under Fund summary — Fees and expenses at the front of this prospectus.

Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates also pay additional compensation to selected dealers in recognition of their marketing support and/or program servicing (each of which is described in more detail below). These payments may create an incentive for a dealer firm or its representatives to recommend or offer shares of the fund or other Putnam funds to its customers. These additional payments are made by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates and do not increase the amount paid by you or the fund as shown under Fund summary — Fees and expenses.

32          Prospectus

The additional payments to dealers by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates are generally based on one or more of the following factors: average net assets of a fund attributable to that dealer, sales or net sales of a fund attributable to that dealer, or reimbursement of ticket charges (fees that a dealer firm charges its representatives for effecting transactions in fund shares), or on the basis of a negotiated lump sum payment for services provided.

Marketing support payments are generally available to most dealers engaging in significant sales of Putnam fund shares. These payments are individually negotiated with each dealer firm, taking into account the marketing support services provided by the dealer, including business planning assistance, educating dealer personnel about the Putnam funds and shareholder financial planning needs, placement on the dealer’s preferred or recommended fund company list, access to sales meetings, sales representatives and management representatives of the dealer, market data, as well as the size of the dealer’s relationship with Putnam Retail Management. Although the total amount of marketing support payments made to dealers in any year may vary, on average, the aggregate payments are not expected, on an annual basis, to exceed 0.085% of the average net assets of Putnam’s retail mutual funds attributable to the dealers.

Program servicing payments, which are paid in some instances to dealers in connection with investments in the fund through dealer platforms and other investment programs, are not expected, with certain limited exceptions, to exceed 0.20% of the total assets in the program on an annual basis. These payments are made for program or platform services provided by the dealer, including shareholder recordkeeping, reporting, or transaction processing, as well as services rendered in connection with dealer platform development and maintenance, fund/investment selection and monitoring, or other similar services.

You can find a list of all dealers to which Putnam made marketing support and/or program servicing payments in 2020 in the SAI, which is on file with the SEC and is also available on Putnam’s website at putnam.com. You can also find other details in the SAI about the payments made by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates and the services provided by your dealer. Your dealer may charge you fees or commissions in addition to those disclosed in this prospectus. You can also ask your dealer about any payments it receives from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates and any services your dealer provides, as well as about fees and/or commissions it charges.

• Other payments. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates may make other payments (including payments in connection with educational seminars or conferences) or allow other promotional incentives to dealers to the extent permitted by SEC and NASD (as adopted by FINRA) rules and by other applicable laws and regulations. The fund’s transfer agent may also make payments to certain financial intermediaries in recognition of subaccounting or other services they provide to shareholders or plan participants who invest in the fund or other Putnam funds

Prospectus          33

through their retirement plan. See the discussion in the SAI under Management — Investor Servicing Agent for more details.

Fund distributions and taxes

The fund normally distributes any net investment income monthly and any net realized capital gains annually. You may choose to reinvest distributions from net investment income, capital gains or both in additional shares of your fund or other Putnam funds, or you may receive them in cash in the form of a check or an electronic deposit to your bank account. If you do not select an option when you open your account, all distributions will be reinvested. If you choose to receive distributions in cash, but correspondence from the fund or Putnam Investor Services is returned as “undeliverable,” the distribution option on your account may be converted to reinvest future distributions in the fund. You will not receive interest on uncashed distribution checks.

For shares purchased through your employer’s retirement plan, the terms of the plan will govern how the plan may receive distributions from the fund.

For federal income tax purposes, distributions of net investment income are generally taxable to you as ordinary income. Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the fund owned (or is deemed to have owned) the investments that generated them, rather than by how long you have owned (or are deemed to have owned) your shares. Distributions that the fund properly reports to you as gains from investments that the fund owned for more than one year are generally taxable to you as long-term capital gains includible in net capital gain and taxed to individuals at reduced rates. Distributions of gains from investments that the fund owned for one year or less and gains on the sale of or payment on bonds characterized as market discount are generally taxable to you as ordinary income. Distributions are taxable in the manner described in this paragraph whether you receive them in cash or reinvest them in additional shares of this fund or other Putnam funds.

Distributions by the fund to retirement plans that qualify for tax-advantaged treatment under federal income tax laws will not be taxable. Special tax rules apply to investments through such plans. You should consult your tax advisor to determine the suitability of the fund as an investment through such a plan and the tax treatment of distributions (including distributions of amounts attributable to an investment in the fund) from such a plan.

Unless you are investing through a tax-advantaged retirement account (such as an IRA), you should consider avoiding a purchase of fund shares shortly before the fund makes a distribution because doing so may cost you money in taxes. Distributions are taxable to you even if they are paid from income or gains earned by the fund before your investment (and thus were included in the price you paid). Contact your financial representative or Putnam to find out the distribution schedule for your fund.

34          Prospectus

The fund’s investments in certain debt obligations may cause the fund to recognize taxable income in excess of the cash generated by such obligations. Thus, the fund could be required at times to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements.

The fund’s investments in foreign securities, if any, may be subject to foreign withholding or other taxes. In that case, the fund’s return on those investments would be decreased. Shareholders generally will not be entitled to claim a credit or deduction with respect to these foreign taxes. In addition, the fund’s investments in foreign securities or foreign currencies may increase or accelerate the fund’s recognition of ordinary income and may affect the timing or amount of the fund’s distributions.

The fund’s investments in derivative financial instruments, including investments by which the fund seeks exposure to assets other than securities, are subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. Moreover, the fund’s intention to qualify as a “regulated investment company” and receive favorable treatment under the federal income tax rules may limit its ability to invest in such instruments. The applicable tax rules could affect whether gains and losses recognized by the fund are treated as ordinary or capital, accelerate the recognition of income or gains to the fund, defer or possibly prevent the recognition or use of certain losses by the fund and cause adjustments in the holding periods of the fund’s securities, thereby affecting, among other things, whether capital gains and losses are treated as short-term or long-term. The rules could, in turn, affect the amount, timing and character of the income distributed to shareholders by the fund and, therefore, may increase the amount of taxes payable by shareholders. In addition, because the application of these rules may be uncertain under current law, an adverse determination or future Internal Revenue Service guidance with respect to these rules (which determination or future guidance may be retroactive) may affect whether the fund has made sufficient distributions and otherwise satisfied the relevant requirements to maintain its qualification as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax.

Any gain resulting from the sale or exchange of your shares generally also will be subject to tax.

The above is a general summary of the tax implications of investing in the fund. Please refer to the SAI for further details. You should consult your tax advisor for more information on your own tax situation, including possible foreign, state and local taxes.

Information about the Summary Prospectus, Prospectus, and SAI

The summary prospectus, prospectus, and SAI for a fund provide information concerning the fund. The summary prospectus, prospectus, and SAI are updated at least annually and any information provided in a summary prospectus, prospectus, or SAI can be changed without a shareholder vote unless specifically stated otherwise. The summary prospectus, prospectus, and the SAI are not contracts between the

Prospectus          35

fund and its shareholders and do not give rise to any contractual rights or obligations or any shareholder rights other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.

Financial highlights

The financial highlights tables are intended to help you understand the fund’s recent financial performance. Certain information reflects financial results for a single fund share. The total returns represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost on an investment in the fund, assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions. Information for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2020 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, and information for the fiscal years or periods ended October 31, 2016 through October 31, 2019 was audited by the fund’s previous independent public accounting firm. The Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s report and the fund’s financial statements are included in the fund’s annual report to shareholders, which is available upon request.

36          Prospectus

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Prospectus          37

Financial highlights (For a common share outstanding throughout the period)

	INVESTMENT OPERATIONS				LESS DISTRIBUTIONS					RATIOS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
Period ended	Net asset value, beginning of period	Net investment income (loss)	Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments	Total from investment operations	From net investment income	From return of capital	Total distributions	Net asset value, end of period	Total return at net asset value (%) b	Net assets, end of period (in thousands)	Ratio of expenses to average net assets (%) c	Ratio of net investment income (loss) to average net assets (%)	Portfolio turnover (%)
Class A
October 31, 2020	$10.15	.20	.06	.26	(.20)	—	(.20)	$10.21	2.61	$1,208,656	.62	1.89	19
October 31, 2019	10.01	.28 a	.19	.47	(.32)	(.01)	(.33)	10.15	4.78	612,829	.62	2.75	18
October 31, 2018	10.15	.27 a	(.09)	.18	(.32)	—	(.32)	10.01	1.80	105,367	.65	2.67	386 d
October 31, 2017	10.04	.24 a	.11	.35	(.24)	—	(.24)	10.15	3.60	74,649	.65	2.40	256 d
October 31, 2016	10.07	.21 a	(.08)	.13	(.16)	—	(.16)	10.04	1.29	90,313	.62	2.11	129 d
Class B
October 31, 2020	$10.14	.18	.06	.24	(.18)	—	(.18)	$10.20	2.41	$1,327	.82	1.70	19
October 31, 2019	10.00	.26 a	.19	.45	(.30)	(.01)	(.31)	10.14	4.55	909	.82	2.62	18
October 31, 2018	10.10	.25 a	(.08)	.17	(.27)	—	(.27)	10.00	1.71	711	.85	2.46	386 d
October 31, 2017	10.00	.22 a	.11	.33	(.23)	—	(.23)	10.10	3.34	1,212	.85	2.19	256 d
October 31, 2016	10.03	.19 a	(.09)	.10	(.13)	—	(.13)	10.00	1.01	1,633	.82	1.92	129 d
Class C
October 31, 2020	$10.12	.12	.06	.18	(.12)	—	(.12)	$10.18	1.85	$30,751	1.37	1.17	19
October 31, 2019	9.98	.21 a	.18	.39	(.24)	(.01)	(.25)	10.12	4.00	20,930	1.37	2.08	18
October 31, 2018	10.06	.19 a	(.08)	.11	(.19)	—	(.19)	9.98	1.09	12,518	1.40	1.92	386 d
October 31, 2017	9.95	.16 a	.11	.27	(.16)	—	(.16)	10.06	2.71	15,086	1.40	1.64	256 d
October 31, 2016	9.98	.13 a	(.08)	.05	(.08)	—	(.08)	9.95	.53	19,601	1.37	1.37	129 d
Class R
October 31, 2020	$10.20	.17	.07	.24	(.18)	—	(.18)	$10.26	2.35	$1,167	.87	1.63	19
October 31, 2019	10.06	.27 a	.17	.44	(.29)	(.01)	(.30)	10.20	4.49	426	.87	2.64	18
October 31, 2018	10.19	.24 a	(.08)	.16	(.29)	—	(.29)	10.06	1.58	341	.90	2.41	386 d
October 31, 2017	10.09	.24 a	.09	.33	(.23)	—	(.23)	10.19	3.36	482	.90	2.33	256 d
October 31, 2016	10.00	.19 a	(.10)	.09	—	—	—	10.09	.90	286	.87	1.98	129 d
Class R6
October 31, 2020	$10.19	.22	.07	.29	(.23)	—	(.23)	$10.25	2.86	$8,496	.37	2.14	19
October 31, 2019	10.05	.29 a	.20	.49	(.34)	(.01)	(.35)	10.19	5.01	4,326	.37	2.87	18
October 31, 2018	10.21	.30 a	(.09)	.21	(.37)	—	(.37)	10.05	2.08	635	.40	2.94	386 d
October 31, 2017	10.10	.27 a	.11	.38	(.27)	—	(.27)	10.21	3.87	452	.40	2.68	256 d
October 31, 2016	10.13	.24 a	(.09)	.15	(.18)	—	(.18)	10.10	1.55	530	.37	2.38	129 d
Class Y
October 31, 2020	$10.16	.22	.08	.30	(.23)	—	(.23)	$10.23	2.97	$768,824	.37	2.11	19
October 31, 2019	10.02	.30 a	.19	.49	(.34)	(.01)	(.35)	10.16	5.03	365,277	.37	3.01	18
October 31, 2018	10.19	.30 a	(.10)	.20	(.37)	—	(.37)	10.02	1.99	84,601	.40	2.95	386 d
October 31, 2017	10.08	.27 a	.11	.38	(.27)	—	(.27)	10.19	3.88	70,567	.40	2.71	256 d
October 31, 2016	10.11	.24 a	(.09)	.15	(.18)	—	(.18)	10.08	1.55	64,053	.37	2.39	129 d

See notes to financial highlights at the end of this section.

38     Prospectus Prospectus    39

Financial highlights (Continued)

Before June 1, 2018, the fund was managed with a materially different investment strategy and may have achieved materially different performance results under its current investment strategy from that shown for periods before that date.

^a   Per share net investment income (loss) has been determined on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period.

^b   Total return assumes dividend reinvestment and does not reflect the effect of sales charges.

^c   Includes amounts paid through expense offset arrangements, if any. Also excludes acquired fund fees, if any.

^d   Portfolio turnover includes TBA purchase and sale commitments.

40          Prospectus

Appendix

Financial intermediary specific sales charge waiver information

As described in the prospectus, class A shares may be subject to an initial sales charge and class B and C shares may be subject to a CDSC. Certain financial intermediaries may impose different initial sales charges or waive the initial sales charge or CDSC in certain circumstances. This Appendix details the variations in sales charge waivers by financial intermediary. Not all financial intermediaries specify financial intermediary-specific sales charge waiver categories for every share class. For information about sales charges and waivers available for share classes other than those listed below, please see the section “Additional reductions and waivers of sales charges” in the prospectus. You should consult your financial representative for assistance in determining whether you may qualify for a particular sales charge waiver.

AMERIPRISE FINANCIAL

Class A Shares Front-End Sales Charge Waivers Available at Ameriprise Financial

The following information applies to class A share purchases if you have an account with or otherwise purchase class A shares through Ameriprise Financial:

Effective January 15, 2021, shareholders purchasing fund shares through an Ameriprise Financial account are eligible for the following front-end sales charge waivers, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this fund’s prospectus or SAI:

• Employer-sponsored retirement plans (e.g., 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans). For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs or SAR-SEPs.

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing shares of the same Fund (but not any other fund within the same fund family).

• Shares exchanged from Class C shares of the same fund in the month of or following the 7-year anniversary of the purchase date. To the extent that this prospectus elsewhere generally provides for a waiver with respect to exchanges of Class C shares or conversion of Class C shares following a shorter holding period, that waiver or shorter holding period, as applicable, will apply.

• Employees and registered representatives of Ameriprise Financial or its affiliates and their immediate family members.

• Shares purchased by or through qualified accounts (including IRAs, Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, 401(k)s, 403(b) TSCAs subject to ERISA and defined benefit plans) that are held by a covered family member, defined as an Ameriprise financial advisor and/or the advisor’s spouse, advisor’s lineal ascendant (mother, father, grandmother, grandfather, great grandmother, great grandfather), advisor’s lineal descendant (son, step-son, daughter, step-daughter, grandson, granddaughter,

Prospectus          41

great grandson, great granddaughter) or any spouse of a covered family member who is a lineal descendant.

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales load (i.e. Rights of Reinstatement).

D.A. DAVIDSON & CO. (“D.A. DAVIDSON”)

Effective December 30, 2020, shareholders purchasing fund shares including existing fund shareholders through a D.A. Davidson platform or account, or through an introducing broker-dealer or independent registered investment advisor for which D.A. Davidson provides trade execution, clearance, and/or custody services, will be eligible for the following sales charge waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and contingent deferred, or back-end, sales charge waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this prospectus or SAI.

Front-End Sales Charge Waivers on Class A Shares available at D.A. Davidson

• Shares purchased within the same fund family through a systematic reinvestment of capital gains and dividend distributions.

• Shares purchased by employees and registered representatives of D.A. Davidson or its affiliates and their family members as designated by D.A. Davidson.

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales charge (known as Rights of Reinstatement).

• A shareholder in the Fund’s Class C shares will have their shares converted at net asset value to Class A shares of the Fund if the shares are no longer subject to a CDSC and the conversion is consistent with D.A. Davidson’s policies and procedures.

CDSC Waivers on Classes A and C shares available at D.A. Davidson

• Death or disability of the shareholder.

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in this prospectus.

• Return of excess contributions from an IRA Account.

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA or other qualifying retirement accounts pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code.

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement.

Front-end sales charge discounts available at D.A. Davidson: breakpoints, rights of accumulation and/or letters of intent

• Breakpoints as described in this prospectus.

• Rights of accumulation which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at D.A. Davidson. Eligible fund family assets not held at D.A. Davidson may be included in the calculation of rights

42          Prospectus

of accumulation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

Letters of intent which allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases within a fund family, over a 13-month time period. Eligible fund family assets not held at D.A. Davidson may be included in the calculation of letters of intent only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets

EDWARD D. JONES & CO., L.P. (“EDWARD JONES”)

Policies Regarding Transactions Through Edward Jones

The following information has been provided by Edward Jones:

Effective on or after March 1, 2021, the following information supersedes prior information with respect to transactions and positions held in fund shares through an Edward Jones system. Clients of Edward Jones (also referred to as “shareholders”) purchasing fund shares on the Edward Jones commission and fee-based platforms are eligible only for the following sales charge discounts (also referred to as “breakpoints”) and waivers, which can differ from discounts and waivers described elsewhere in the mutual fund prospectus or statement of additional information (“SAI”) or through another broker-dealer. In all instances, it is the shareholder’s responsibility to inform Edward Jones at the time of purchase of any relationship, holdings of fund family, or other facts qualifying the purchaser for discounts or waivers. Edward Jones can ask for documentation of such circumstance. Shareholders should contact Edward Jones if they have questions regarding their eligibility for these discounts and waivers.

Breakpoints

• Breakpoint pricing, otherwise known as volume pricing, at dollar thresholds as described in the prospectus.

Rights of Accumulation (“ROA”)

• The applicable sales charge on a purchase of Class A shares is determined by taking into account all share classes (except certain money market funds and any assets held in group retirement plans) of the mutual fund family held by the shareholder or in an account grouped by Edward Jones with other accounts for the purpose of providing certain pricing considerations (“pricing groups”). If grouping assets as a shareholder, this includes all share classes held on the Edward Jones platform and/or held on another platform. The inclusion of eligible fund family assets in the ROA calculation is dependent on the shareholder notifying Edward Jones of such assets at the time of calculation. Money market funds are included only if such shares were sold with a sales charge at the time of purchase or acquired in exchange for shares purchased with a sales charge.

• The employer maintaining a SEP IRA plan and/or SIMPLE IRA plan may elect to establish or change ROA for the IRA accounts associated with the plan to a plan-level grouping as opposed to including all share classes at a shareholder or pricing group level.

• ROA is determined by calculating the higher of cost minus redemptions or market value (current shares x NAV).

Prospectus          43

Letter of Intent (“LOI”)

• Through a LOI, shareholders can receive the sales charge and breakpoint discounts for purchases shareholders intend to make over a 13-month period from the date Edward Jones receives the LOI. The LOI is determined by calculating the higher of cost or market value of qualifying holdings at LOI initiation in combination with the value that the shareholder intends to buy over a 13-month period to calculate the front-end sales charge and any breakpoint discounts. Each purchase the shareholder makes during that 13-month period will receive the sales charge and breakpoint discount that applies to the total amount. The inclusion of eligible fund family assets in the LOI calculation is dependent on the shareholder notifying Edward Jones of such assets at the time of calculation. Purchases made before the LOI is received by Edward Jones are not adjusted under the LOI and will not reduce the sales charge previously paid. Sales charges will be adjusted if LOI is not met.

• If the employer maintaining a SEP IRA plan and/or SIMPLE IRA plan has elected to establish or change ROA for the IRA accounts associated with the plan to a plan-level grouping, LOIs will also be at the plan-level and may only be established by the employer.

Sales Charge Waivers

Sales charges are waived for the following shareholders and in the following situations:

• Associates of Edward Jones and its affiliates and their family members who are in the same pricing group (as determined by Edward Jones under its policies and procedures) as the associate. This waiver will continue for the remainder of the associate’s life if the associate retires from Edward Jones in good-standing and remains in good standing pursuant to Edward Jones’ policies and procedures.

• Shares purchased in an Edward Jones fee-based program.

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment.

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redeemed shares of the same fund family so long as the following conditions are met: 1) the proceeds are from the sale of shares within 60 days of the purchase, and 2) the sale and purchase are made in the same share class and the same account or the purchase is made in an individual retirement account with proceeds from liquidations in a non-retirement account.

• Shares exchanged into Class A shares from another share class so long as the exchange is into the same fund and was initiated at the discretion of Edward Jones. Edward Jones is responsible for any remaining CDSC due to the fund company, if applicable. Any future purchases are subject to the applicable sales charge as disclosed in the prospectus.

• Exchanges from Class C shares to Class A shares of the same fund, generally, in the 84 th month following the anniversary of the purchase date or earlier at the discretion of Edward Jones.

44          Prospectus

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge (“CDSC”) Waivers

If the shareholder purchases shares that are subject to a CDSC and those shares are redeemed before the CDSC is expired, the shareholder is responsible to pay the CDSC except in the following conditions:

• The death or disability of the shareholder.

• Systematic withdrawals with up to 10% per year of the account value.

• Return of excess contributions from an Individual Retirement Account (IRA).

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts if the redemption is taken in or after the year the shareholder reaches qualified age based on applicable Internal Revenue Service regulations.

• Shares sold to pay Edward Jones fees or costs in such cases where the transaction is initiated by Edward Jones.

• Shares exchanged in an Edward Jones fee-based program.

• Shares acquired through NAV reinstatement.

• Shares redeemed at the discretion of Edward Jones for Minimum Balances, as described below.

Other Important Information Regarding Transactions Through Edward Jones

Minimum Purchase Amounts

• Initial purchase minimum: $250

• Subsequent purchase minimum: none

Minimum Balances

• Edward Jones has the right to redeem at its discretion fund holdings with a balance of $250 or less. The following are examples of accounts that are not included in this policy:

—   A fee-based account held on an Edward Jones platform

—   A 529 account held on an Edward Jones platform

—   An account with an active systematic investment plan or LOI

Exchanging Share Classes

• At any time it deems necessary, Edward Jones has the authority to exchange at NAV a shareholder’s holdings in a fund to Class A shares of the same fund.

JANNEY MONTGOMERY SCOTT LLC (“JANNEY”)

Effective May 1, 2020, if you purchase fund shares through a Janney brokerage account, you will be eligible for the following load waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and contingent deferred sales charge (“CDSC”), or back-end sales charge, waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this fund’s Prospectus or SAI.

Prospectus          45

Front-end sales charge* waivers on Class A shares available at Janney

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing shares of the same fund (but not any other fund within the fund family).

• Shares purchased by employees and registered representatives of Janney or its affiliates and their family members as designated by Janney.

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within ninety (90) days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales load (i.e., right of reinstatement).

• Employer-sponsored retirement plans (e.g., 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans). For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs, SAR-SEPs or Keogh plans.

• Class C shares that are no longer subject to a contingent deferred sales charge and are converted to class A shares of the same fund pursuant to Janney’s policies and procedures.

CDSC waivers on Class A and C shares available at Janney

• Shares sold upon the death or disability of the shareholder.

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in the fund’s Prospectus.

• Shares purchased in connection with a return of excess contributions from an IRA account.

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts if the redemption is taken in or after the year the shareholder reaches qualified age based on applicable IRS regulations.

• Shares sold to pay Janney fees but only if the transaction is initiated by Janney.

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement.

• Shares exchanged into the same share class of a different fund will not be subject to the deferred sales charge. When you redeem the shares acquired through the exchange, the redemption may be subject to the deferred sales charge, depending upon when and from which fund you originally purchased the shares.

Front-end sales charge* discounts available at Janney: breakpoints, rights of accumulation, and/or letters of intent

• Breakpoints as described in the fund’s Prospectus.

• Rights of accumulation (“ROA”), which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts, will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at Janney. Eligible fund family assets not held at Janney may be included in the ROA calculation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

46          Prospectus

• Letters of intent which allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases within a fund family, over a 13-month time period. Eligible fund family assets not held at Janney may be included in the calculation of letters of intent only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

*   Also referred to as an “initial sales charge.”

MERRILL LYNCH

Shareholders purchasing fund shares through a Merrill Lynch platform or account held at Merrill Lynch will be eligible only for the following sales charge waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and CDSC waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in the fund’s prospectus or SAI. It is your responsibility to notify your financial representative at the time of purchase of any relationship or other facts qualifying you for sales charge waivers or discounts.

Front-end Sales Charge Waivers on Class A Shares available through Merrill Lynch

• Employer-sponsored retirement, deferred compensation and employee benefit plans (including health savings accounts) and trusts used to fund those plans, provided that the shares are not held in a commission-based brokerage account and shares are held for the benefit of the plan

• Shares purchased by a 529 plan (does not include 529 Plan units or 529-specific share classes or equivalents)

• Shares purchased through a Merrill Lynch-affiliated investment advisory program

• Shares exchanged due to the holdings moving from a Merrill Lynch affiliated investment advisory program to a Merrill Lynch brokerage (non-advisory) account pursuant to Merrill Lynch’s policies relating to sales load discounts and waivers

• Shares purchased by third party investment advisors on behalf of their advisory clients through Merrill Lynch’s platform

• Shares of funds purchased through the Merrill Edge Self-Directed platform

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing shares of the fund (but not any other Putnam fund)

• Shares exchanged from class C (i.e. level-load) shares of the same fund pursuant to Merrill Lynch’s policies relating to sales load discounts and waivers

• Employees and registered representatives of Merrill Lynch or its affiliates and their family members

• Trustees of the fund, and employees of Putnam Management or any of its affiliates, as described in the fund’s prospectus

• Eligible shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions from a Putnam fund, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales charge (known as Rights of Reinstatement). Automated transactions (i.e. systematic purchases and withdrawals) and purchases made after shares are automatically sold to pay Merrill Lynch’s account maintenance fees are not eligible for reinstatement

Prospectus          47

CDSC Waivers on A, B and C Shares available through Merrill Lynch

• Death or disability of the shareholder

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in the fund’s prospectus

• Return of excess contributions from an IRA Account

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code

• Shares sold to pay Merrill Lynch fees but only if the transaction is initiated by Merrill Lynch

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement

• Shares held in retirement brokerage accounts that are exchanged for a share class with lower operating expenses due to transfer to certain fee-based accounts or platforms (applicable to A and C shares only)

• Shares received through an exchange due to the holdings moving from a Merrill Lynch affiliated investment advisory program to a Merrill Lynch brokerage (non-advisory) account pursuant to Merrill Lynch’s policies relating to sales load discounts and waivers

Front-end Sales Charge Discounts available through Merrill Lynch: Breakpoints, Rights of Accumulation & Letters of Intent

• Breakpoints as described in the fund’s prospectus and SAI

• Rights of Accumulation (ROA), which entitle you to breakpoint discounts, as described in the fund’s prospectus, will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts (including 529 program holdings, where applicable) within your household at Merrill Lynch. Eligible Putnam fund assets not held at Merrill Lynch may be included in the ROA calculation only if you notify your financial representative about such assets

• Letters of Intent (LOI), which allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases of Putnam funds, through Merrill Lynch, over a 13-month period

MORGAN STANLEY WEALTH MANAGEMENT

Effective July 1, 2018, shareholders purchasing fund shares through a Morgan Stanley Wealth Management transactional brokerage account will be eligible only for the following front-end sales charge waivers with respect to class A shares, which may differ from and may be more limited than those disclosed elsewhere in this fund’s Prospectus or SAI.

Front-end Sales Charge Waivers on class A Shares available at Morgan Stanley Wealth Management:

• Employer-sponsored retirement plans (e.g., 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans). For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs, SAR-SEPs or Keogh plans

48          Prospectus

• Morgan Stanley employee and employee-related accounts according to Morgan Stanley’s account linking rules

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of dividends and capital gains distributions when purchasing shares of the same fund

• Shares purchased through a Morgan Stanley self-directed brokerage account

• Class C (i.e., level-load) shares that are no longer subject to a contingent deferred sales charge and are converted to class A shares of the same fund pursuant to Morgan Stanley Wealth Management’s share class conversion program

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (i) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (ii) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (iii) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales charge

OPPENHEIMER & CO. INC. (“OPCO”)

Effective September 1, 2020, shareholders purchasing Fund shares through an OPCO platform or account are eligible only for the following load waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and contingent deferred, or back-end, sales charge waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this Fund’s prospectus or SAI.

Front-end Sales Load Waivers on Class A Shares available at OPCO

• Employer-sponsored retirement, deferred compensation and employee benefit plans (including health savings accounts) and trusts used to fund those plans, provided that the shares are not held in a commission-based brokerage account and shares are held for the benefit of the plan

• Shares purchased through an OPCO affiliated investment advisory program

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing shares of the same fund (but not any other fund within the fund family)

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales load (known as Rights of Reinstatement).

• A shareholder in the Fund’s class C shares will have their shares converted at net asset value to class A shares of the Fund if the shares are no longer subject to a CDSC and the conversion is in line with the policies and procedures of OPCO

• Employees and registered representatives of OPCO or its affiliates and their family members

CDSC Waivers on A, B and C Shares available at OPCO

• Death or disability of the shareholder

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in this prospectus

• Return of excess contributions from an IRA Account

Prospectus          49

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts due to the shareholder reaching the qualified age based upon applicable IRS regulations as described in the prospectus

• Shares sold to pay OPCO fees but only if the transaction is initiated by OPCO

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement

Front-end Sales Charge Discounts Available at OPCO: Breakpoints & Rights of Accumulation

• Breakpoints as described in this prospectus.

• Rights of Accumulation (ROA), which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts, will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holdings of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at OPCO. Eligible fund family assets not held at OPCO may be included in the ROA calculation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets

RAYMOND JAMES & ASSOCIATES, INC., RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND EACH ENTITY’S AFFILIATES (“RAYMOND JAMES”)

Effective March 1, 2019, shareholders purchasing fund shares through a Raymond James platform or account, or through an introducing broker-dealer or independent registered investment adviser for which Raymond James provides trade execution, clearance, and/or custody services, will be eligible only for the following load waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and contingent deferred, or back-end, sales charge waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this fund’s prospectus or SAI.

Front-end sales load waivers on Class A shares available at Raymond James

• Shares purchased in an investment advisory program.

• Shares purchased within the same fund family through a systematic reinvestment of capital gains and dividend distributions.

• Employees and registered representatives of Raymond James or its affiliates and their family members as designated by Raymond James.

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales load (known as Rights of Reinstatement).

• A shareholder in the Fund’s class C shares will have their shares converted at net asset value to class A shares (or the appropriate share class) of the Fund if the shares are no longer subject to a CDSC and the conversion is in line with the policies and procedures of Raymond James.

CDSC Waivers on Classes A, B and C shares available at Raymond James

• Death or disability of the shareholder.

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in the fund’s prospectus.

50          Prospectus

• Return of excess contributions from an IRA Account.

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts due to the shareholder reaching the qualified age based on applicable IRS regulations as described in the fund’s prospectus.

• Shares sold to pay Raymond James fees but only if the transaction is initiated by Raymond James.

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement.

Front-end load discounts available at Raymond James: breakpoints, rights of accumulation, and/or letters of intent

• Breakpoints as described in this prospectus.

• Rights of accumulation which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at Raymond James. Eligible fund family assets not held at Raymond James may be included in the calculation of rights of accumulation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

• Letters of intent which allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases within a fund family, over a 13-month time period. Eligible fund family assets not held at Raymond James may be included in the calculation of letters of intent only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

ROBERT W. BAIRD & CO. (“BAIRD”)

Effective September 1, 2020, shareholders purchasing fund shares through a Baird brokerage account will only be eligible for the following sales charge waivers (front-end sales charge waivers and CDSC waivers) and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this prospectus or the SAI.

Front-End Sales Charge Waivers on Class A shares Available at Baird

• Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing share of the same fund

• Shares purchased by employees and registered representatives of Baird or its affiliate and their family members as designated by Baird

• Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same accounts, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales charge (known as rights of reinstatement)

• A shareholder in the fund’s class C Shares will have their shares converted at net asset value to class A shares of the fund if the shares are no longer subject to CDSC and the conversion is in line with the policies and procedures of Baird

Prospectus          51

• Employer-sponsored retirement plans or charitable accounts in a transactional brokerage account at Baird, including 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans. For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs or SAR-SEPs

CDSC Waivers on Class A and C shares Available at Baird

• Shares sold due to death or disability of the shareholder

• Shares sold as part of a systematic withdrawal plan as described in this prospectus

• Shares bought due to returns of excess contributions from an IRA Account

• Shares sold as part of a required minimum distribution for IRA and retirement accounts pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code

• Shares sold to pay Baird fees but only if the transaction is initiated by Baird

• Shares acquired through a right of reinstatement

Front-End Sales Charge Discounts Available at Baird: Breakpoints and/or Rights of Accumulation

• Breakpoints as described in this prospectus

• Rights of accumulation, which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts, will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at Baird. Eligible fund family assets not held at Baird may be included in the rights of accumulation calculation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets

• Letters of Intent (LOI) allow for breakpoint discounts based on anticipated purchases within a fund family through Baird, over a 13-month period of time

STIFEL, NICOLAUS & COMPANY, INCORPORATED (“STIFEL”)

Effective September 1, 2020, shareholders purchasing Fund shares through a Stifel platform or account or who own shares for which Stifel or an affiliate is the broker-dealer of record are eligible for the following additional sales charge waiver.

Front-end Sales Charge Waiver on Class A Shares

Class C shares that have been held for more than seven (7) years will be converted to class A shares of the same Fund pursuant to Stifel’s policies and procedures. All other sales charge waivers and reductions described elsewhere in this prospectus or SAI will continue to apply for eligible shareholders.

Class A Sales Charge Waivers Available Only Through Specified Intermediaries

As described in the prospectus, class A shares may be purchased at net asset value without payment of a sales charge through a broker-dealer, financial institution, or financial intermediary that has entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management to offer shares through a retail self-directed brokerage account with or without the imposition of a transaction fee.

52          Prospectus

The following intermediaries have entered into such an agreement:

National Financial Services LLC
Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
TD Ameritrade, Inc. and TD Ameritrade Clearing, Inc.
Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC
Interactive Brokers LLC
Vanguard Marketing Corporation

Prospectus          53

Make the most of your Putnam privileges

As a Putnam mutual fund shareholder, you have access to a number of services that can help you build a more effective and flexible financial program. Here are some of the ways you can use these privileges to make the most of your Putnam mutual fund investment.

Systematic investment plan

Invest as much as you wish. The amount you choose will be automatically transferred weekly, semi-monthly or monthly from your checking or savings account.

Systematic withdrawal

Make regular withdrawals monthly, quarterly, semiannually, or annually from your Putnam mutual fund account.

Systematic exchange

Transfer assets automatically from one Putnam account to another on a regular, prearranged basis.

Exchange privilege

Exchange money between Putnam funds. The exchange privilege allows you to adjust your investments as your objectives change. A signature guarantee is required for exchanges of more than $500,000 and shares of all Putnam funds may not be available to all investors.

Investors may not maintain, within the same fund, simultaneous plans for systematic investment or exchange (into the fund) and systematic withdrawal or exchange (out of the fund). These privileges are subject to change or termination.

54          Prospectus

Dividends plus

Diversify your portfolio by investing dividends and other distributions from one Putnam fund automatically into another at net asset value.

Statement of intention

You may reduce a front-end sales charge by agreeing to invest a minimum dollar amount over 13 months. Depending on your fund, the minimum is $50,000 or $100,000. Whenever you make an investment under this arrangement, you or your financial representative should notify Putnam Investor Services that a Statement of Intention is in effect.

Many of these services can be accessed online at putnam.com.

For more information about any of these services and privileges, call your financial representative or a Putnam customer service representative toll free at 1-800-225-1581.

Prospectus          55

For more information about Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund

The fund’s SAI and annual and semiannual reports to shareholders include additional information about the fund. The SAI is incorporated by reference into this prospectus, which means it is part of this prospectus for legal purposes. The fund’s annual report discusses the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the fund’s performance during its last fiscal year. You may get free copies of these materials, request other information about any Putnam fund, or make shareholder inquiries, by contacting your financial representative, by visiting Putnam’s website at putnam.com/individual, or by calling Putnam toll-free at 1-800-225-1581. You may access reports and other information about the fund on the EDGAR Database on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s website at http://www.sec.gov. You may get copies of this information, with payment of a duplication fee, by electronic request at the following E-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov. You may need to refer to the fund’s file number.

Putnam Investments
100 Federal Street
Boston, MA 02110
1-800-225-1581

Address correspondence to:

Putnam Investments
P.O. Box 219697
Kansas City, MO 64121-9697

putnam.com

File No. 811-07513 SP104 324629 2/21

FUND SYMBOLS CLASS A	CLASS B	CLASS C	CLASS R	CLASS R6	CLASS Y
PARTX	PARPX	PARQX	PRARX	PRREX	PARYX
Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund
A Series of Putnam Funds Trust
FORM N-1A
PART B
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (SAI)
2/28/21

This SAI is not a prospectus. If the fund has more than one form of current prospectus, each reference to the prospectus in this SAI includes all of the fund's prospectuses, unless otherwise noted. The SAI should be read together with the applicable prospectus. For a free copy of the fund's annual report or a prospectus dated 2/28/21, as revised from time to time, call Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581, visit Putnam's website at putnam.com or write Putnam Investments, PO Box 219697, Kansas City, MO 64121-9697.

Part I of this SAI contains specific information about the fund. Part II includes information about the fund and the other Putnam funds.

I-1 

Table of Contents
PART I
FUND ORGANIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION	I-3
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS	I-4
CHARGES AND EXPENSES	I-5
PORTFOLIO MANAGERS	I-17
SECURITIES LENDING ACTIVITIES	I-18
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM AND FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS	I-19
PART II
HOW TO BUY SHARES	II-1
DISTRIBUTION PLANS	II-13
MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISKS	II-20
TAXES	II-81
MANAGEMENT	II-97
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE	II-116
INVESTOR SERVICES	II-118
SIGNATURE GUARANTEES	II-123
REDEMPTIONS	II-123
POLICY ON EXCESSIVE SHORT-TERM TRADING	II-123
SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY	II-124
DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO INFORMATION	II-124
INFORMATION SECURITY RISKS	II-127
PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES	II-128
SECURITIES RATINGS	II-128
APPENDIX A - PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES OF THE PUTNAM FUNDS	II-134
APPENDIX B - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	II-163

I-2 

SAI

PART I 

FUND ORGANIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund is a diversified series of Putnam Funds Trust, a Massachusetts business trust organized on January 22, 1996 (the "Trust"). A copy of the Trust's Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust (the "Agreement and Declaration of Trust"), which is governed by Massachusetts law, is on file with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Prior to June 1, 2018, the fund was known as Putnam Absolute Return 100 Fund.

The Trust is an open-end management investment company with an unlimited number of authorized shares of beneficial interest. The Trustees may, without shareholder approval, create two or more series of shares representing separate investment portfolios. Any series of shares may be divided without shareholder approval into two or more classes of shares having such preferences and special or relative rights and privileges as the Trustees determine. The fund offers classes of shares with different sales charges and expenses.

Each share has one vote, with fractional shares voting proportionally.

Shares of all series and classes will vote together as a single class on all matters except (i) when required by the Investment Company Act of 1940 or when the Trustees have determined that a matter affects one or more series or classes materially differently, shares are voted by individual series or class; and (ii) when the Trustees determine that such a matter affects only the interests of a particular series or class, then only shareholders of that series or class are entitled to vote. The Trustees may take many actions affecting the fund without shareholder approval, including under certain circumstances merging your fund into another Putnam fund. Shares are freely transferable, are entitled to dividends as declared by the Trustees, and, if the fund were liquidated, would receive the net assets of the fund.

The fund may suspend the sale of shares at any time and may refuse any order to purchase shares. Although the fund is not required to hold annual meetings of its shareholders, shareholders holding at least 10% of the outstanding shares entitled to vote have the right to call a meeting to elect or remove Trustees, or to take other actions as provided in the Agreement and Declaration of Trust.

Information about the Summary Prospectus, Prospectus, and SAI

The fund has entered into contractual arrangements with an investment adviser, administrator, distributor, shareholder servicing agent, and custodian who each provide services to the fund. Unless expressly stated otherwise, shareholders are not parties to, or intended beneficiaries of these contractual arrangements, and these contractual

I-3 

arrangements are not intended to create any shareholder right to enforce them against the service providers or to seek any remedy under them against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the fund.

Under the Trust's Agreement and Declaration of Trust, any claims asserted against or on behalf of the Putnam Funds, including claims against Trustees and Officers, must be brought in courts of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS

As fundamental investment restrictions, which may not be changed without a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of a fund created under the Trust, the fund may not and will not:

(1) With respect to 75% of its total assets, invest in securities of any issuer if, immediately after such investment, more than 5% of the total assets of the fund (taken at current value) would be invested in the securities of such issuer; provided that this limitation does not apply to obligations issued or guaranteed as to interest or principal by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities or to securities issued by other investment companies.

(2) With respect to 75% of its total assets, acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any issuer.

(3) Borrow money in excess of 33 1/3% of the value of its total assets (not including the amount borrowed) at the time the borrowing is made.

(4) Make loans, except by purchase of debt obligations in which the fund may invest consistent with its investment policies (including without limitation debt obligations issued by other Putnam funds), by entering into repurchase agreements, or by lending its portfolio securities.

(5) Purchase or sell real estate, although it may purchase securities of issuers which deal in real estate, securities which are secured by interests in real estate, and securities which represent interests in real estate, and it may acquire and dispose of real estate or interests in real estate acquired through the exercise of its rights as a holder of debt obligations secured by real estate or interests therein.

(6) Purchase or sell commodities, except as permitted by applicable law.

(7) Underwrite securities issued by other persons except to the extent that, in connection with the disposition of its portfolio investments, it may be deemed to be an underwriter under certain federal securities laws.

I-4 

(8) Purchase securities (other than securities of the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities) if, as a result of such purchase, more than 25% of the fund's total assets would be invested in any one industry.

(9) Issue any class of securities which is senior to the fund’s shares of beneficial interest, except for permitted borrowings.

The Investment Company Act of 1940 provides that a "vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities" of a fund means the affirmative vote of the lesser of (1) more than 50% of the outstanding fund shares, or (2) 67% or more of the shares present at a meeting if more than 50% of the outstanding fund shares are represented at the meeting in person or by proxy.

For purposes of the fund’s fundamental policy on industry concentration (#8 above), Putnam Investment Management, LLC ("Putnam Management"), the fund’s investment manager, determines the appropriate industry categories and assigns issuers to them, informed by a variety of considerations, including relevant third party categorization systems. Industry categories and issuer assignments may change over time as industry sectors and issuers evolve. Portfolio allocations shown in shareholder reports and other communications may use broader investment sectors or narrower sub-industry categories.

The following non-fundamental investment policy may be changed by the Trustees without shareholder approval:

(1) The fund will not acquire any securities of registered open-end investment companies or registered unit investment trusts in reliance on Sections 12(d)(1)(F) or (G) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

All percentage limitations on investments will apply at the time of the making of an investment and shall not be considered violated unless an excess or deficiency occurs or exists immediately after and as a result of such investment.

The Trust has filed an election under Rule 18f-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 committing each fund that is a series of the Trust to pay all redemptions of fund shares by a single shareholder during any 90-day period in cash, up to the lesser of (i) $250,000 or (ii) 1% of such fund's net assets measured as of the beginning of such 90-day period.

I-5 

CHARGES AND EXPENSES

Management fees

Shareholders of your fund approved a new management contract with Putnam Management effective June 1, 2018 and, subsequently, the Trustees of your fund approved an amended management contract that lowered the fund's management fee effective August 1, 2018 (collectively, the “New Management Contract”). The substantive terms of the New Management Contract are substantially similar to the terms of your prior management contract dated February 27, 2014 (the “Previous Management Contract”), and, collectively with the New Management Contract, each a "Management Contract"), except for the removal of the performance adjustment component of the fund's management fee and the reduction in the fund’s management fee.

Under the New Management Contract, for periods prior to August 1, 2018, the fund paid a management fee to Putnam Management, calculated and paid monthly by applying an annual rate of 0.40% to the fund’s average net assets ("Average Net Assets") for the month, determined at the close of each business day during the month. Effective August 1, 2018, the management fee paid to Putnam Management is calculated and paid monthly by applying an annual rate of 0.37% to the fund's Average Net Assets for the month. In return for this fee, Putnam Management provides investment management service and investor servicing to the fund and bears the fund's organizational and operating expenses, excluding performance fee adjustments (if applicable), distribution and service (12b-1) fees, brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses, extraordinary expenses, and acquired fund fees and expenses.

The New Management Contract provides that, for periods beginning on June 1, 2018 through November 30, 2019, the fund’s monthly management fee described above would be subject to reduction, but not increase, by a performance adjustment. The amount of the performance adjustment was calculated monthly based on a performance adjustment rate that was equal to 0.04 multiplied by the difference between the fund’s annualized performance (measured by the fund’s class A shares) and the annualized performance of the ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 100 basis points (the “Performance Adjustment Benchmark”), measured over the performance period. The performance period was the thirty-six month period then ended. The performance adjustment rate was multiplied by the fund’s Average Net Assets over the performance period, divided by twelve, to yield the performance adjustment. The fund’s management fee was adjusted downward if the performance adjustment was negative (meaning that the fund underperformed the Performance Adjustment Benchmark over the performance period), but was not adjusted upward if the performance adjustment was positive (meaning that the fund outperformed the Performance Adjustment Benchmark over the performance period). The maximum annualized negative performance adjustment rate for the fund was 0.04% and the maximum annualized positive performance adjustment rate for the fund was 0.00%.

I-6 

Under the Previous Management Contract, the fund’s management fee consisted of a base fee calculated and paid monthly by applying an annual rate of 0.40% to the fund’s monthly Average Net Assets plus or minus a performance adjustment for the month. The performance adjustment was determined based on performance over the thirty-six month period then ended. Each month, the performance adjustment was calculated by multiplying the performance adjustment rate and Average Net Assets over the performance period and dividing the result by twelve. The resulting dollar amount was added to, or subtracted from, the base fee for that month. The performance adjustment rate was equal to 0.04 multiplied by the difference during the performance period between the fund’s annualized performance (measured by the performance of the fund’s class A shares) and the annualized performance of the Performance Adjustment Benchmark. The maximum annualized performance adjustment rate was 0.04%.

The monthly base fee was determined based on Average Net Assets for the month, while the performance adjustment was determined based on Average Net Assets over the thirty-six month performance period. This means it is possible that, if the fund underperformed significantly over the performance period, and the fund’s assets have declined significantly over that period, the negative performance adjustment could exceed the base fee. In this event, Putnam Management would make a payment to the fund.

The application of an expense limitation, if any, will have a positive effect on the fund’s performance and may result in an increase in the performance adjustment. It is possible that the cumulative dollar amount of additional compensation ultimately payable to Putnam Management may, under some circumstances, exceed the cumulative dollar amount of management fees waived by Putnam Management.

For the past three fiscal years, pursuant to the applicable Management Contract, the fund incurred the following fees:

Fiscal	Management
year	fee paid
2020	$5,556,866
2019	$2,170,221
2018	$698,401

I-7 

Brokerage commissions

The following table shows brokerage commissions paid during the fiscal years indicated:

	Brokerage
Fiscal year	commissions
2020	$0
2019	$0
2018	$251

At the end of fiscal 2020, the fund held the following securities of its regular broker-dealers (or affiliates of such broker-dealers):

Broker-dealer or affiliate	Value of securities held
Bank of America Corp.	$40,173,991
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The)	$31,790,612
JPMorgan Chase & Co.	$44,012,640
Morgan Stanley	$29,364,483
Wells Fargo & Co.	$10,019,762

Administrative expense reimbursement

The fund compensates Putnam Management for administrative services through its management fee as described above.

Trustee responsibilities and fees

The Trustees are responsible for generally overseeing the conduct of fund business. Subject to such policies as the Trustees may determine, Putnam Management furnishes a continuing investment program for the fund and makes investment decisions on its behalf. Subject to the control of the Trustees, Putnam Management also manages the fund's other affairs and business.

I-8 

The table below shows the value of each Trustee's holdings in the fund and in all of the Putnam Funds as of December 31, 2020.

	Dollar range of Putnam	Aggregate dollar range of
Name of Trustee	Short Duration Bond Fund	shares held in all of the
	shares owned	Putnam funds overseen by
		Trustee
Independent Trustees
Liaquat Ahamed	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Ravi Akhoury	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Barbara M. Baumann	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Katinka Domotorffy	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Catharine Bond Hill	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Paul L. Joskow	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
Kenneth R. Leibler	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
George Putnam, III	$10,001-$50,000	over $100,000
Manoj P. Singh	$1-$10,000	over $100,000
*Mona K. Sutphen	N/A	N/A
Interested Trustee
** Robert L. Reynolds	over $100,000	over $100,000

*Appointed to the Board of Trustees on April 1, 2020.

** Trustee who is an "interested person" (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940) of the fund and Putnam Management. Mr. Reynolds is deemed an "interested person" by virtue of his positions as an officer of the fund and Putnam Management. Mr. Reynolds is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments, LLC and President of your fund and each of the other Putnam funds. None of the other Trustees is an "interested person".

Each Independent Trustee of the fund receives an annual retainer fee and an additional fee for each Trustee meeting attended. Independent Trustees also are reimbursed for expenses they incur relating to their services as Trustees. All of the current Independent Trustees of the fund are Trustees of all the Putnam funds and receive fees for their services.

I-9 

The Trustees periodically review their fees to ensure that such fees continue to be appropriate in light of their responsibilities as well as in relation to fees paid to trustees of other mutual fund complexes. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee, which consists solely of Independent Trustees of the fund, estimates that committee and Trustee meeting time, together with the appropriate preparation, requires the equivalent of at least four business days per regular Trustee meeting. The standing committees of the Board of Trustees, and the number of times each committee met during your fund’s most recently completed fiscal year, are shown in the table below:

Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee	11
Board Policy and Nominating Committee	8
Brokerage Committee	5
Contract Committee	9
Executive Committee	1
Investment Oversight Committees
Investment Oversight Committee A	7
Investment Oversight Committee B	7
Pricing Committee	6

The following table shows the year each Trustee was first elected a Trustee of the Putnam funds, the fees paid to each Trustee by the fund for fiscal 2020, and the fees paid to each Trustee by all of the Putnam funds for services rendered during calendar year 2020.

I-10 

	COMPENSATION TABLE
		Pension or	Estimated
	Aggregate	retirement	annual	Total
Trustee/Year	compensation	benefits	benefits from	compensation
	from the fund	accrued as	all Putnam	from all
		part of fund	funds upon	Putnam
		expenses	retirement(1)	funds(2)
Independent Trustees
Liaquat Ahamed/2012(3)	$5,909	N/A	N/A	$335,000
Ravi Akhoury/2009	$5,909	N/A	N/A	$335,000
Barbara M.				$353,750
Baumann/2010(3)(4)	$6,219	N/A	N/A
Katinka Domotorffy/2012(3)	$5,909	N/A	N/A	$335,000
Catharine Bond				$335,000
Hill/2017(3)	$5,909	N/A	N/A
Paul L. Joskow/1997(3)	$5,909	$404	$113,417	$335,000
Kenneth R. Leibler/2006(5)	$8,098	N/A	N/A	$455,000
Robert E.				$205,000
Patterson/1984(6)	$3,283	$576	$106,542
George Putnam, III/1984(7)	$6,353	$702	$130,333	$360,000
Manoj P. Singh/2017 (4)	$6,043	N/A	N/A	$341,250
Mona K. Sutphen/2020(8)	$4,370	N/A	N/A	$226,250
Interested Trustee
Robert L.
Reynolds/2008(9)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

(1) Estimated benefits for each Trustee are based on Trustee fee rates for calendar years 2003, 2004 and 2005.

(2) As of December 31, 2020, there were 91 funds in the Putnam family.

(3) Certain Trustees are also owed compensation deferred pursuant to a Trustee Compensation Deferral Plan. As of October 31, 2020, the total amounts of deferred compensation payable by the fund, including income earned on such amounts, to these Trustees were: Mr. Ahamed - $978; Ms. Baumann - $1,322; Ms. Domotorffy - $1,294; Dr. Hill - $460; and Dr. Joskow - $5,887.

(4) Includes additional compensation to Ms. Baumann for service as Chair of the Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee through September 30, 2020, and to Mr. Singh for service as Chair of the Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee beginning October 1, 2020.

I-11 

(5) Includes additional compensation to Mr. Leibler for service as Chair of the Trustees of the Putnam funds.

(6) Mr. Patterson retired from the Board of Trustees effective June 30, 2020.

(7) Includes additional compensation to Mr. Putnam for service as Chair of the Contract Committee.

(8) Ms. Sutphen was appointed to the Board of Trustees on April 1, 2020.

(9) Mr. Reynolds is an "interested person" of the fund and Putnam Management.

Under a Retirement Plan for Trustees of the Putnam funds (the "Plan"), each Trustee who retires with at least five years of service as a Trustee of the funds is entitled to receive an annual retirement benefit equal to one-half of the average annual attendance and retainer fees paid to such Trustee for calendar years 2003, 2004 and 2005. This retirement benefit is payable during a Trustee's lifetime, beginning the year following retirement, for the number of years of service through December 31, 2006. A death benefit, also available under the Plan, ensures that the Trustee and his or her beneficiaries will receive benefit payments for the lesser of an aggregate period of (i) ten years, or (ii) such Trustee's total years of service.

The Plan Administrator (currently the Board Policy and Nominating Committee) may terminate or amend the Plan at any time, but no termination or amendment will result in a reduction in the amount of benefits (i) currently being paid to a Trustee at the time of such termination or amendment, or (ii) to which a current Trustee would have been entitled had he or she retired immediately prior to such termination or amendment. The Trustees have terminated the Plan with respect to any Trustee first elected to the Board after 2003.

For additional information concerning the Trustees, see "Management" in Part II of this SAI.

Share ownership

At January 31, 2021, the officers and Trustees of the fund as a group owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of each class of the fund, and, except as noted below, no person owned of record or to the knowledge of the fund beneficially 5% or more of any class of shares of the fund.

I-12 

Class	Shareholder name and address	Percentage
		owned
A	MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC	25.91%
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF ITS CUSTOMERS
	1 NEW YORK PLAZA FL 12
	NEW YORK, NY 10004-1965
A	J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES LLC.	20.22%
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS
	4 CHASE METROTECH CENTER
	3RD FL MUTUAL FUND DEPT
	BROOKLYN, NY 11245-0003
A	J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES LLC.	9.83%
	FOR THE
	EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS
	4 CHASE METROTECH CENTER
	3RD FL MUTUAL FUND DEPT
	BROOKLYN, NY 11245-0003
A	PERSHING, LLC	9.72%
	1 PERSHING PLZ
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07399-0001
A	UBS WM USA	5.24%
	OMNI ACCOUNT M/F
	SPEC CDY A/C EXCL BEN CUST UBSFSI
	1000 HARBOR BLVD
	WEEHAWKEN, NJ 07086-6761
B	AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC	27.23%
	707 2ND AVE S
	MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55402-2405
B	PERSHING, LLC	14.51%
	1 PERSHING PLZ
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07399-0001
B	LPL FINANCIAL	10.02%
	--OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT--
	ATTN: LINDSAY O'TOOLE
	4707 EXECUTIVE DRIVE
	SAN DIEGO, CA 92121-3091
B	RAYMOND JAMES	8.88%
	OMNIBUS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS
	ATTN: COURTNEY WALLER
	880 CARILLON PKWY
	ST PETERSBURG, FL 33716-1100
B	MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC	5.91%
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF ITS CUSTOMERS
	1 NEW YORK PLAZA FL 12
	NEW YORK, NY 10004-1965
B	MLPF&S FOR THE SOLE BENEFIT OF	5.69%
	IT'S CUSTOMERS
	ATTN FUND ADMINISTRATION
	4800 DEER LAKE DR E FL 3
	JACKSONVILLE, FL 32246-6484

I-13 

C	WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES, LLC	18.53%
	SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE
	EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER
	2801 MARKET ST
	SAINT LOUIS, MO 63103-2523
C	J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES LLC.	17.48%
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS
	4 CHASE METROTECH CENTER
	3RD FL MUTUAL FUND DEPT
	BROOKLYN, NY 11245-0003
C	PERSHING, LLC	14.13%
	1 PERSHING PLZ
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07399-0001
C	RAYMOND JAMES	7.49%
	OMNIBUS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS
	ATTN: COURTNEY WALLER
	880 CARILLON PKWY
	ST PETERSBURG, FL 33716-1100
C	LPL FINANCIAL	6.23%
	--OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT--
	ATTN: LINDSAY O'TOOLE
	4707 EXECUTIVE DRIVE
	SAN DIEGO, CA 92121-3091
C	NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC	5.99%
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS
	499 WASHINGTON BLVD
	ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-1995
C	CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC	5.53%
	SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCOUNT FBO THEIR CUSTOMERS
	ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS
	211 MAIN ST
	SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94105-1905
R	UBS WM USA	58.82%
	OMNI ACCOUNT M/F
	SPEC CDY A/C EXCL BEN CUST UBSFSI
	1000 HARBOR BLVD
	WEEHAWKEN, NJ 07086-6761
R	CAPITAL BANK & TRUST CO TRUSTEE FBO JENNINGS BUILDERS	26.79%
	SUPPLY 401K PLAN
	C/O FASCORE LLC
	8515 E ORCHARD RD # 2T2
	GREENWOOD VLG, CO 80111-5002
R	ASCENSUS TRUST COMPANY FBO	8.75%
	LCN SERVICES, LLC 401K
	ASCENSUS TRUST COMPANY
	PO BOX 10577
	FARGO, ND 58106-0577
R6	GREAT WEST TR CO LLC FBO PFTC FBO	47.85%
	THE PUTNAM RETIREMENT PLAN
	C/O FASCORE LLC
	8515 E ORCHARD RD # 2T2
	GREENWOOD VLG, CO 80111-5002

I-14 

R6	MATRIX TRUST COMPANY CUST FBO EDUSERVE RETIREMENT PLAN	35.96%
	PO BOX 52129
	PHOENIX AZ 85072-2129
R6	MATRIX TRUST COMPANY CUST FBO	5.88%
	DYE STAR INCORPORATED 401(K) PLAN
	717 17TH ST STE 1300
	DENVER CO 80202-3304
Y	AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC	24.83%
	707 2ND AVE S
	MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55402-2405
Y	PERSHING, LLC	13.79%
	1 PERSHING PLZ
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07399-0001
Y	UBS WM USA	13.33%
	OMNI ACCOUNT M/F
	SPEC CDY A/C EXCL BEN CUST UBSFSI
	1000 HARBOR BLVD
	WEEHAWKEN, NJ 07086-6761
Y	MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC	11.92%
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF ITS CUSTOMERS
	1 NEW YORK PLAZA FL 12
	NEW YORK, NY 10004-1965
Y	LPL FINANCIAL	8.89%
	--OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT--
	ATTN: LINDSAY O'TOOLE
	4707 EXECUTIVE DRIVE
	SAN DIEGO, CA 92121-3091
Y	RAYMOND JAMES	7.49%
	OMNIBUS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS
	ATTN: COURTNEY WALLER
	880 CARILLON PKWY
	ST PETERSBURG, FL 33716-1100
Y	NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC	5.71%
	FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS
	499 WASHINGTON BLVD
	ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL
	JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-1995

Distribution fees *

During fiscal 2020, the fund paid the following 12b-1 fees to Putnam Retail Management:

Class A	Class B	Class C	Class R
$2,363,120	$4,664	$255,828	$4,803

*Effective November 25, 2019, all class M shares were converted to class A shares.

I-15 

Class A sales charges and contingent deferred sales charges*

Putnam Retail Management received sales charges with respect to class A shares in the following amounts during the periods indicated:

		Sales charges retained by	Contingent
	Total front-end	Putnam Retail Management	deferred sales
Fiscal year	sales charges	after dealer concessions	charges
2020	$230,582	$0	$5,312
2019	$198,032	$23,770	$204
2018	$36,306	$377	$621

*Effective November 25, 2019, all class M shares were converted to class A shares.

Class B contingent deferred sales charges

Putnam Retail Management received contingent deferred sales charges upon redemptions of class B shares in the following amounts during the periods indicated:

	Contingent deferred
Fiscal year	sales charges
2020	$240
2019	$177
2018	$464

I-16 

Class C contingent deferred sales charges

Putnam Retail Management received contingent deferred sales charges upon redemptions of class C shares in the following amounts during the periods indicated:

	Contingent deferred
Fiscal year	sales charges
2020	$218
2019	$189
2018	$66

Investor servicing fees

During the 2020 fiscal year, the fund did not incur fees for investor servicing provided by Putnam Investor Services, Inc. These fees are being paid by Putnam Management under the terms of the management contract.

PORTFOLIO MANAGERS

Other accounts managed

The following table shows the number and approximate assets of other investment accounts (or portions of investment accounts) that the fund's portfolio managers managed as of the fund's most recent fiscal year-end. The other accounts may include accounts for which the individuals were not designated as a portfolio manager. Unless noted, none of the other accounts pays a fee based on the account's performance.

I-17 

					Other accounts (including
					separate accounts, managed
			Other accounts that pool		account programs and
Portfolio	Other SEC-registered open-		assets from more than one		single-sponsor defined
managers	end and closed-end funds		client		contribution plan offerings)
	Number		Number		Number
	of		of		of
	accounts	Assets	accounts	Assets	accounts	Assets
Emily Shanks	12	$23,047,300,000	15	$7,455,400,000	12	$12,624,000,000
Albert Chan	14*	$5,549,400,000	14	$2,576,100,000	7	$725,300,000
D. William Kohli	14*	$5,253,400,000	17	$4,289,000,000	17**	$13,592,000,000
Brett Kozlowski	22***	$10,595,500,000	23	$8,062,600,000	17	$3,045,500,000

* 2 accounts, with total assets of $714,500,000, pay an advisory fee based on account performance.
** 1 account, with total assets of $542,000,000, pays an advisory fee based on account performance.
*** 1 account, with total assets of $205,000,000, pays an advisory fee based on account performance.

See “Management—Portfolio Transactions—Potential conflicts of interest in managing multiple accounts” in Part II of this SAI for information on how Putnam Management addresses potential conflicts of interest resulting from an individual’s management of more than one account.

Compensation of portfolio managers

Portfolio managers are evaluated and compensated across the group of specified products they manage, in part, based on their performance relative to peers or performance ahead of the applicable benchmark, depending on the product, based on a blend of 3-year and 4-year performance. In addition, evaluations take into account individual contributions and a subjective component.

Each portfolio manager is assigned an industry-competitive incentive compensation target consistent with this goal and evaluation framework. Actual incentive compensation may be higher or lower than the target, based on group, individual, and subjective performance, and may also reflect the performance of Putnam as a firm.

I-18 

Incentive compensation includes a cash bonus and may also include grants of deferred cash, stock or options. In addition to incentive compensation, portfolio managers receive fixed annual salaries typically based on level of responsibility and experience.

For this fund, Putnam evaluates performance based on the fund’s pre-tax return relative to its benchmark, ICE BofA 1-3 Year U.S. Corporate Index.

One or more of the portfolio managers of the fund receive a portion of the performance fee payable by several private funds managed by Putnam (the “Private Funds”) in connection with their service as members of the Private Funds’ portfolio management team. See “Management—Portfolio Transactions—Potential conflicts of interest in managing multiple accounts” in Part II of this SAI for information on how Putnam Management addresses potential conflicts of interest resulting from an individual’s management of more than one account.

Ownership of securities

The dollar range of shares of the fund owned by each portfolio manager at the end of the fund’s last fiscal year, including investments by immediate family members and amounts invested through retirement and deferred compensation plans, was as follows:

Portfolio managers	Dollar range of shares owned
Emily Shanks	$0
Albert Chan	$100,001-$500,000
D. William Kohli	$0
Brett Kozlowski	$0

SECURITIES LENDING ACTIVITIES

The fund did not participate in any securities lending activities during the most recent fiscal year.

I-19 

INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 101 Seaport Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, is the fund’s independent registered public accounting firm providing audit services, tax return review and other tax consulting services and assistance and consultation in connection with the review of various Securities and Exchange Commission filings. The Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, financial highlights and financial statements included in the fund’s Annual Report for the fund’s most recent fiscal year are included as Appendix B to this SAI. Information for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2020 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, and information for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016 through October 31, 2019 was audited by the fund’s previous independent public accounting firm. The financial highlights included in the prospectus and this SAI and the financial statements included in this SAI (which is incorporated by reference into the prospectus) have been so included in reliance upon the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, given on their authority as experts in auditing and accounting.

I-20 

   THE PUTNAM FUNDS

STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (“SAI”)

PART II

HOW TO BUY SHARES

Each prospectus or private placement memorandum of a fund (collectively, a “prospectus”) describes briefly how investors may buy shares of the fund and identifies the share classes offered by that prospectus. For a fund that offers multiple classes of shares, the investment performance of the classes will vary because of different sales charges and expenses. This section of the SAI contains more information on how to buy shares. For more information, including your eligibility to purchase certain classes of shares, contact your investment dealer or Putnam Investor Services, Inc., the funds’ investor servicing agent (“Putnam Investor Services”), at 1-800-225-1581. Investors who purchase shares at net asset value through employer-sponsored retirement plans (including, for example, 401(k) plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, and 457 plans, as well as “non-qualified” deferred compensation plans) should also consult their employer for information about the extent to which the matters described in this section and in the sections that follow apply to them.

Except as set forth below, the fund does not accept new accounts or additional investments (including by way of exchange from another fund) into existing accounts held in the name of persons or entities that do not have both a residential or business address within the United States (including APO/FPO addresses) and a valid U.S. tax identification number. Any existing account that is updated to reflect a non-U.S. address will also be restricted from making additional investments. Individuals resident in the European Economic Area (“EEA”), in particular, should take note that the fund’s shares are not offered for sale in the EEA.

Non-U.S. institutional clients may invest in a fund, provided that the client is acting for its own account and is not a financial institution (e.g., a broker-dealer purchasing shares on behalf of its customers), and has provided Putnam with documentation (i) that is appropriate to the type of entity seeking to establish the account and (ii) sufficient to enable Putnam Investor Services to determine that the investment would not violate any applicable securities laws or regulations, including non-U.S. laws and regulations.

In addition, class M shares are only available (1) to certain employer-sponsored retirement plans investing in George Putnam Balanced Fund and (2) for Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund, and Putnam Income Fund for public offering in Japan through certain Japanese registered broker-dealers with whom Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership has an agreement. All other class M shares of the Putnam funds were converted into class A shares effective November 25, 2019, except that class M shares of Putnam Global Income Trust and Putnam Mortgage Securities Fund held in Japan were liquidated effective December 9, 2019.

In addition, the fund does not accept new accounts or additional investments (including by way of exchange from another fund) into existing accounts by entities that Putnam Investor Services has reason to believe are involved in the sale or distribution of marijuana, even if such sale or distribution is licensed by a state.

General Information

The fund is currently making a continuous offering of its shares. The fund receives the entire net asset value of shares sold. The fund will accept unconditional orders for shares to be executed at the current offering price based on the net asset value per share next determined after the order is placed. In the case of class A shares, class M shares and class N shares, the offering price is the net asset value plus the applicable sales charge, if any. (The offering price is thus calculable by dividing the net asset value by 100% minus the sales charge, expressed as a percentage.) No sales charge is included in the offering price of other classes of shares. In the case of orders for purchase of shares placed through dealers, the offering price will be based on the net asset value determined on the day the order is placed, but only if the dealer or a registered transfer agent or

February 28, 2021 II-1 

registered clearing agent receives the order, together with all required identifying information, before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”). If the dealer or registered transfer agent or registered clearing agent receives the order after the close of the NYSE, the price will be based on the net asset value next determined. If funds for the purchase of shares are sent directly to Putnam Investor Services, they will be invested at the offering price based on the net asset value next determined after all required identifying information has been collected. Payment for shares of the fund must be in U.S. dollars; if made by check, the check must be drawn on a U.S. bank.

Initial purchases are subject to the minimums stated in the prospectus, except that (i) individual investments under certain employer-sponsored retirement plans or Tax Qualified Retirement Plans may be lower, and (ii) the minimum investment is waived for investors participating in systematic investment plans or military allotment plans. Information about these plans is available from investment dealers or Putnam Investor Services. Currently Putnam is waiving the minimum for all initial purchases, but reserves the right to reject initial purchases under the minimum in the future, except as noted in the first sentence of this paragraph.

Systematic investment plan. As a convenience to investors, shares (other than shares of Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio) may be purchased through a systematic investment plan. Pre-authorized periodic (e.g., monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually) bank drafts for a fixed amount ($200,000 or less) are used to purchase fund shares at the applicable offering price next determined after Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership (“Putnam Retail Management”) receives the proceeds from the draft. A shareholder may choose any day of the month for these investments; however, if the selected date falls on a weekend or holiday, the investment will be processed on the next business day. For February, April, June, September and November, if the selected date does not occur (the 29^th, 30^th, or 31^st, as applicable), the investment will be processed the prior business day. Further information and application forms are available from the investment dealers or from Putnam Retail Management.

Reinvestment of distributions. Distributions to be reinvested are reinvested without a sales charge in shares of any Putnam fund the shareholder is eligible to invest in under the shareholder's account as of the ex-dividend date using the net asset value determined on that date, and are credited to a shareholder's account on the payment date. Dividends for Putnam money market funds are credited to a shareholder's account on the payment date. Distributions for all other funds that declare a distribution daily are reinvested without a sales charge as of the last day of the period for which distributions are paid using the net asset value determined on that date, and are credited to a shareholder's account on the payment date.

Purchasing shares with securities (“in-kind” purchases). In addition to cash, the fund will consider accepting securities as payment for fund shares at the applicable net asset value. Generally, the fund will only consider accepting securities to increase its holdings in a portfolio security, or if Putnam Investment Management, LLC (“Putnam Management”) determines that the offered securities are a suitable investment for the fund and in a sufficient amount for efficient management.

While no minimum has been established, it is expected that the fund would not accept securities with a value of less than $100,000 per issue as payment for shares. The fund may reject in whole or in part any or all offers to pay for purchases of fund shares with securities, may require partial payment in cash for such purchases to provide funds for applicable sales charges, and may discontinue accepting securities as payment for fund shares at any time without notice. The fund will value accepted securities in the manner described in the section "Determination of Net Asset Value" for valuing shares of the fund. The fund will only accept securities that are delivered in proper form. The fund will not accept certain securities, for example, options or restricted securities, as payment for shares. The acceptance of securities by certain funds in exchange for fund shares is subject to additional requirements. For federal income tax purposes, a purchase of fund shares with securities will be treated as a sale or exchange of such securities on which the investor will generally realize a taxable gain or loss. The processing of a purchase of fund shares with securities involves certain delays while the fund considers the suitability of such securities and while other requirements are satisfied. For information regarding procedures for payment in securities, contact Putnam Retail Management. Investors should not send

February 28, 2021 II-2 

securities to the fund except when authorized to do so and in accordance with specific instructions received from Putnam Retail Management.

Sales Charges and Other Share Class Features—Retail Investors

This section describes certain key features of share classes offered to retail investors and retirement plans that do not purchase shares at net asset value. Much of this information addresses the sales charges, including initial sales charges and contingent deferred sales charges (“CDSCs”) imposed on the different share classes and various commission payments made by Putnam to dealers and other financial intermediaries facilitating shareholders’ investments. This information supplements the descriptions of these share classes and payments included in the prospectus.

Initial sales charges, dealer commissions and CDSCs on shares sold outside the United States may differ from those applied to U.S. sales.

Initial sales charges for class A, class M and class N shares. The offering price of class A, class M and class N shares is the net asset value plus a sales charge that varies depending on the size of your purchase (calculable as described above). The fund receives the net asset value. The tables below indicate the sales charges applicable to purchases of class A, class M and class N shares of the funds by style category.

The sales charge for class A, class M and class N shares is allocated between your investment dealer and Putnam Retail Management as shown in the tables below, except when Putnam Retail Management, in its discretion, allocates the entire amount to your investment dealer.

The underwriter's commission, or dealer reallowance, is the sales charge shown in the prospectus less any applicable dealer discount. Putnam Retail Management will give dealers ten days' notice of any changes in the dealer discount.

Putnam Retail Management retains the entire sales charge on any retail sales made by it. The Putnam Funds require that a broker-dealer be associated with every account (a “broker-dealer of record”). In instances where the registered account owner has not designated a broker-dealer of record, Putnam Retail Management will be defaulted as the broker-dealer of record for the account. Putnam Retail Management is not a full service broker-dealer, and does not provide investment advice. As default broker-dealer of record, Putnam Retail Management will not be able to provide services that are typically offered by a brokerage firm, such as assisting with financial planning or providing recommendations, or otherwise assisting with investment decisions. Where Putnam Retail Management is listed as the default broker-dealer of record for an account, it will receive all applicable sales charges and service fees associated with the account.

For purchases of class A shares by retail investors that qualify for the highest sales charge breakpoint described in the prospectus, Putnam Retail Management pays commissions on sales during the one-year period beginning with the date of the initial purchase qualifying for that breakpoint. Each subsequent one-year measuring period for these purposes begins with the first qualifying purchase following the end of the prior period. For all funds, except for purchases of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund on or after January 1, 2021,

these commissions are paid at the rate of 1.00% of the amount of qualifying purchases up to $4 million, 0.50% of the next $46 million of qualifying purchases and 0.25% of qualifying purchases thereafter. For purchases of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund on or after January 1, 2021, these commissions are paid at the rate of 0.75% of the amount of qualifying purchases up to $4 million, 0.50% of the next $46 million of qualifying purchases and 0.25% of qualifying purchases thereafter.

For purchases of class N shares over $250,000, Putnam Retail Management pays commissions on sales during the one-year period beginning with the date of the initial purchase. Each subsequent one-year measuring period for these purposes begins with the first qualifying purchase following the end of the prior period. Commissions

February 28, 2021 II-3 

for these purchases are paid at the rate of 0.25% of the amount of qualifying purchases up to $4 million, 0.15% of the next $46 million of qualifying purchases and 0.10% of qualifying purchases thereafter.

For Growth Funds, Blend Funds, Value Funds, Asset Allocation Funds (excluding George Putnam Balanced Fund, Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy, Putnam PanAgora Market Neutral Fund and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund), Global Sector Funds, Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds (excluding Putnam Retirement Advantage Maturity Fund) and RetirementReady® Funds (excluding Putnam RetirementReady Maturity Fund) only:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	5.75%	5.00%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.50	3.75
100,000 but under 250,000	3.50	2.75
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00
500,000 but under 1,000,000	2.00	1.75
1,000,000 and above	NONE	NONE

For Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy, Putnam PanAgora Market Neutral Fund, Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund and Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund only:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	5.75%	5.00%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.50	3.75
100,000 but under 250,000	3.50	2.75
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00
500,000 and above	NONE	NONE

February 28, 2021 II-4 

For Putnam Retirement Advantage Maturity Fund, Putnam RetirementReady Maturity Fund, Taxable Income Funds (except for Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund and Putnam Income Fund) and Tax-Exempt Funds (except for Money Market Funds, Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund, Putnam Floating Rate Income Fund, and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund):

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	4.00%	3.50%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.00	3.50
100,000 but under 250,000	3.25	2.75
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00
500,000 and above	NONE	NONE

For Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund and Putnam Floating Rate Income Fund only:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 100,000	2.25%	2.00%
100,000 but under 250,000	1.75%	1.50%
250,000 but under 500,000	1.25%	1.00%
500,000 and above	NONE	1.00%

For purchases of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund prior to January 1, 2021 and Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund only:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 100,000	2.25%	2.00%
100,000 – 249,999	1.25%	1.00%
250,000 and above	NONE	1.00%

February 28, 2021 II-5 

For purchases of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund on or after January 1, 2021:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 100,000	2.25%	2.00%
100,000 – 249,999	1.25%	1.00%
250,000 and above	NONE	0.75%

For George Putnam Balanced Fund only:

	CLASS A		CLASS M
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	5.75%	5.00%	3.50%	3.00%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.50	3.75	2.50	2.00
100,000 but under 250,000	3.50	2.75	1.50	1.00
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00	1.00	1.00
500,000 but under 1,000,000	2.00	1.75	1.00	1.00
1,000,000 and above	NONE	NONE	N/A	N/A

For Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund and Putnam Income Fund only:

	CLASS A		CLASS M
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	4.00%	3.50%	3.25%	3.00%
50,000 but under 100,000	4.00	3.50	2.25	2.00
100,000 but under 250,000	3.25	2.75	1.25	1.00
250,000 but under 500,000	2.50	2.00	1.00	1.00
500,000 and above	NONE	NONE	N/A*	N/A*

*The funds will not accept purchase orders for class M shares (other than by employer-sponsored retirement plans) where the total of the current purchase, plus existing account balances that are eligible to be linked under a right of accumulation (as described below) is $500,000 or more.

February 28, 2021 II-6 

For all Putnam funds that offer class N shares:

	CLASS A
Amount of transaction at offering price ($)	Sales charge as a percentage of offering price	Amount of sales charge reallowed to dealers as a percentage of offering price
Under 50,000	1.50%	1.25%
50,000 but under 100,000	1.25%	1.00%
100,000 but under 250,000	1.00%	0.75%
250,000 and above	NONE	0.25%

Purchases of class A and class N shares without an initial sales charge. Class A shares of any Putnam fund (other than Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund, Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund, and Putnam Money Market Fund) purchased by retail investors that are not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 1.00% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the twelve-month anniversary of that purchase occurs. Class A shares of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund purchased prior to January 1, 2021 and class A shares of Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund purchased by retail investors that are not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 1.00% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the nine-month anniversary of that purchase occurs. Class A shares of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund purchased on or after January 1, 2021 by retail investors that are not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 0.75% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the nine-month anniversary of that purchase occurs. Class A shares of Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund purchased by retail investors by exchanging shares from another Putnam fund that were not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 1.00% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the twelve-month anniversary of the original purchase occurs. Class N shares of any Putnam fund purchased by retail investors that are not subject to an initial sales charge (in accordance with the schedules stated above) are subject to a CDSC of 0.25% if redeemed before the first day of the month in which the nine-month anniversary of that purchase occurs.

The CDSC assessed on redemptions of fewer than all of an investor's class A shares or class N shares subject to a CDSC will be based on the amount of the redemption minus the amount of any appreciation on the investor's CDSC-subject shares since the purchase of such shares. The CDSC assessed on full redemptions of CDSC-subject shares will be based on the lower of the shares' cost and current NAV. Class A shares that are exchanged between Putnam funds will maintain the CDSC time period for the fund in which the initial purchase was made. Putnam Retail Management will retain any CDSC imposed on redemptions of such shares to compensate it for the up-front commissions paid to financial intermediaries for such share sales.

Purchases of class A shares for rollover IRAs. Purchases of class A shares for a Putnam Rollover IRA or a rollover IRA of a Putnam affiliate, from a retirement plan for which an affiliate of Putnam Management or a business partner of such affiliate is the administrator, including subsequent contributions, are not subject to an initial sales charge or CDSC. Putnam Retail Management may pay commissions or finders’ fees of up to 1.00% of the proceeds for such Putnam Rollover IRA purchases to the dealer of record or other third party.

February 28, 2021 II-7 

Commission payments and CDSCs for class B and class C shares. Except in the case of Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Retail Management will pay a 4% commission on sales of class B shares of the fund only to those financial intermediaries who have entered into service agreements with Putnam Retail Management. For tax-exempt funds, this commission includes a 0.20% pre-paid service fee (except for Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund and Putnam Strategic Intermediate Municipal Fund, each of which has a 0.25% pre-paid service fee). For Putnam Floating Rate Income Fund, Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund, Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund and Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund, Putnam Retail Management will pay a 1.00% commission to financial intermediaries selling class B shares of the fund.

Except in the case of Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Retail Management pays financial intermediaries a 1.00% commission on sales of class C shares of a fund.

Putnam Retail Management will retain any CDSC imposed on redemptions of class B and class C shares to compensate it for the cost of paying the up-front commissions paid to financial intermediaries for class B or class C share sales.

Conversion of class B shares into class A shares. Class B shares will automatically convert to class A shares during the month eight years after the purchase date (for Putnam Small Cap Value Fund, during the month six years after the purchase date, and for Putnam Sustainable Future Fund, during the month five years after the purchase date). Class B shares acquired by exchanging class B shares of another Putnam fund will convert to class A shares based on the time of the initial purchase, and the holding period of the fund of initial purchase will apply. Any CDSC for such shares will be calculated using the schedule of the fund into or from which shares have been exchanged that would result in the highest CDSC applicable to such shares. Class B shares acquired through reinvestment of distributions will convert to class A shares based on the date of the initial purchase to which such shares relate. For this purpose, class B shares acquired through reinvestment of distributions will be attributed to particular purchases of class B shares in accordance with such procedures as the Trustees may determine from time to time. The conversion of class B shares to class A shares is subject to the condition that such conversions will not constitute taxable events for federal tax purposes. Shareholders should consult with their tax advisers regarding the state and local tax consequences of the conversion of class B shares to class A shares, or any other exchange or conversion of shares. Average annual total return performance information for class B shares shown in the fund's prospectus assumes conversion to class A shares after the applicable period described in the fund’s prospectus.

Conversion of class C shares into class A shares. Effective March 1, 2021, Class C shares will automatically convert to class A shares during the month eight years after the purchase date, provided that Putnam Investor Services, or the financial intermediary through which a shareholder purchased class C shares has records verifying that the class C shares have been held for at least eight years, and that class A shares are available for purchase by residents in the shareholder’s jurisdiction. In certain cases, records verifying that the class C shares have been held for at least eight years may not be available (for example, participant level share lot aging may not be tracked by group retirement plan recordkeeping platforms through which class C shares of the fund are held in an omnibus account). If such records are unavailable, Putnam Investor Services or the relevant financial intermediary may not effect the conversion or may effect the conversion on a different schedule determined by Putnam Investor Services or the financial intermediary, which may be shorter or longer than eight years. Class C shares acquired by exchanging class C shares of another Putnam fund will convert to class A shares based on the time of the initial purchase. Any CDSC for such shares will be calculated using the schedule of the fund into or from which shares have been exchanged that would result in the highest CDSC applicable to such shares. Class C shares acquired through reinvestment of distributions will convert to class A shares based on the date of the initial purchase to which such shares relate. For this purpose, class C shares acquired through reinvestment of distributions will be attributed to particular purchases of class C shares in accordance with such procedures as the Trustees may determine from time to time. The conversion

February 28, 2021 II-8 

of class C shares to class A shares is subject to the condition that such conversions will not constitute taxable events for federal tax purposes. Shareholders should consult with their tax advisers regarding the state and local tax consequences of the conversion of class C shares to class A shares, or any other exchange or conversion of shares. Prior to March 1, 2021, class C shares converted to class A shares after ten years.

Sales without sales charges or contingent deferred sales charges

In addition to the categories of investors eligible to purchase fund shares without a sales charge or CDSC set forth in the fund’s prospectus, in connection with settlements reached between certain firms and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and/or Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding sales of class B and class C shares in excess of certain dollar thresholds, the fund will permit shareholders who are clients of these firms (and applicable affiliates of such firms) to redeem class B and class C shares of the fund and concurrently purchase class A shares (in an amount to be determined by the dealer of record and Putnam Retail Management in accordance with the terms of the applicable settlement) without paying a sales charge.

The fund may issue its shares at net asset value without an initial sales charge or a CDSC in connection with the acquisition of substantially all of the securities owned by other investment companies or personal holding companies. The CDSC will be waived on redemptions to pay premiums for insurance under Putnam’s insured investor program.

In the case of certain sales charge waivers described in the prospectus to (i) current and former Trustees of the fund, their family members, business and personal associates; current and former employees of Putnam Management and certain current and former corporate affiliates, their family members, business and personal associates; employer-sponsored retirement plans for the foregoing; and partnerships, trusts or other entities in which any of the foregoing has a substantial interest and (ii) shareholders reinvesting the proceeds from a Putnam Corporate IRA Plan distribution into a nonretirement plan account, the availability of shares at NAV has been determined to be appropriate because involvement by Putnam Retail Management and other brokers in purchases by these investors is typically minimal.

As described in the prospectus, specific sales charge waivers may be available through your particular financial intermediary. Please see the prospectus for additional information about financial intermediary-specific waivers.

Application of CDSC to Systematic Withdrawal Plans (“SWP”). The SWP provisions relating to CDSC waivers described below do not apply to customers purchasing shares of the fund through a Specified Intermediary, unless otherwise specified in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus. Please refer to the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus for the SWP provisions that are applicable to each Specified Intermediary.

Investors who set up a SWP for a share account (see "INVESTOR SERVICES — Plans Available to Shareholders -- Systematic Withdrawal Plan") may withdraw through the SWP up to 12% of the net asset value of the account (calculated as set forth below) each year without incurring any CDSC. Shares not subject to a CDSC (such as shares representing reinvestment of distributions) will be redeemed first and will count toward the 12% limitation. If there are insufficient shares not subject to a CDSC, shares subject to the lowest CDSC liability will be redeemed next until the 12% limit is reached. The 12% figure is calculated on a pro rata basis at the time of the first payment made pursuant to an SWP and recalculated thereafter on a pro rata basis at the time of each SWP payment. Therefore, shareholders who have chosen an SWP based on a percentage of the net asset value of their account of up to 12% will be able to receive SWP payments without incurring a CDSC. However, shareholders who have chosen a specific dollar amount (for example, $100 per month from the fund that pays income distributions monthly) for their periodic SWP payment should be aware that the amount of that payment not subject to a CDSC may vary over time depending on the net asset value of their account. For example, if the net asset value of the account is $10,000 at the time

February 28, 2021 II-9 

of payment, the shareholder will receive $100 free of the CDSC (12% of $10,000 divided by 12 monthly payments). However, if at the time of the next payment the net asset value of the account has fallen to $9,400, the shareholder will receive $94 free of any CDSC (12% of $9,400 divided by 12 monthly payments) and $6 subject to the lowest applicable CDSC. This SWP privilege may be revised or terminated at any time.

Other exceptions to application of CDSC. For purposes of the waiver categories set forth in subparagraphs (ii) – (iv) of the fund’s prospectus under the sub-section Additional reductions and waivers of sales charges – Class B and class C shares, shares not subject to a CDSC are redeemed first in determining whether the CDSC applies to each redemption.

For purposes of the waiver categories set forth in subparagraph (v) of the fund’s prospectus under the sub-section Additional reductions and waivers of sales charges – Class B and class C shares, Benefit Payments currently include, without limitation, (1) distributions from an IRA due to death or post-purchase disability, (2) a return of excess contributions to an IRA or 401(k) plan, and (3) distributions from retirement plans qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code or from a 403(b) plan due to death, disability, retirement or separation from service. These waivers may be changed at any time.

Ways to Reduce Initial Sales Charges—Class A, Class M and Class N Shares

There are several ways in which an investor may obtain reduced sales charges on purchases of class A shares, class M shares and class N shares. These provisions may be altered or discontinued at any time. The breakpoint discounts described below do not apply to customers purchasing shares of the fund through any of the financial intermediaries specified in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus (each, a “Specified Intermediary”). Please refer to the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus for the breakpoint discounts that are applicable to each Specified Intermediary.

Right of accumulation. A purchaser of class A shares, class M shares or class N shares may qualify for a right of accumulation discount by combining all current purchases by such person with the value of certain other shares of any class of Putnam funds already owned. The applicable sales charge is based on the total of:

(i) the investor's current purchase(s); and

(ii) the higher of (x) the maximum offering price (at the close of business on the previous day) or (y) the initial value of total purchases (less the value of shares redeemed on the applicable redemption date) of:

(a) all shares held in accounts registered to the investor and other accounts eligible to be linked to the investor’s accounts (as described below) in all of the Putnam funds (except closed-end and money market funds, unless acquired as described in (b) below); and

(b) any shares of money market funds acquired by exchange from other Putnam funds.

For shares held on December 31, 2007, the initial value will be the value of those shares at the maximum offering price on that date.

The following persons may qualify for a right of accumulation discount:

(i) an individual, or a "company" as defined in Section 2(a)(8) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”) (which includes corporations which are corporate affiliates of each other);

February 28, 2021 II-10 

(ii) an individual, his or her spouse and their children under age 21, purchasing for his, her or their own account;

(iii) a trustee or other fiduciary purchasing for a single trust estate or single fiduciary account (including a pension, profit-sharing, or other employee benefit trust created pursuant to a plan qualified under Section 401 of the Code and Simplified Employer Pension Plans (SEPs) created pursuant to Section 408(k) of the Code);

(iv) tax-exempt organizations qualifying under Section 501(c)(3) of the Code, (not including tax-exempt organizations qualifying under Section 403(b)(7) (a "403(b) plan") of the Code; and

(v) employer-sponsored retirement plans of a single employer or of affiliated employers, other than 403(b) plans.

A combined purchase currently may also include shares of any class of other continuously offered Putnam funds (other than money market funds, Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio, and class A shares of Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund) purchased at the same time, if the dealer places the order for such shares directly with Putnam Retail Management.

For individual investors, Putnam Investor Services automatically links accounts the registrations of which are under the same last name and address. Account types eligible to be linked for the purpose of qualifying for a right of accumulation discount include the following (in each case as registered to the investor, his or her spouse and his or her children under the age of 21):

(i) individual accounts;

(ii) joint accounts;

(iii) accounts established as part of a plan established pursuant to Section 403(b) of the Code (“403(b) plans”) or an IRA other than a SIMPLE IRA, SARSEP or SEP IRA;

(iv) shares owned through accounts in the name of the investor’s (or spouse’s or minor child’s) dealer or other financial intermediary (with documentation identifying to the satisfaction of Putnam Investor Services the beneficial ownership of such shares); and

(v) accounts established as part of a Section 529 college savings plan managed by Putnam Management.

Shares owned by a plan participant as part of an employer-sponsored retirement plan of a single employer or of affiliated employers (other than 403(b) plans) or a single fiduciary account opened by a trustee or other fiduciary (including a pension, profit-sharing, or other employee benefit trust created pursuant to a plan qualified under Section 401 of the Code) are not eligible for linking to other accounts attributable to such person to qualify for the right of accumulation discount, although all current purchases made by each such plan may be combined with existing aggregate balances of such plan in Putnam funds for purposes of determining the sales charge applicable to shares purchased at such time by the plan.

To obtain the right of accumulation discount on a purchase through an investment dealer, when each purchase is made the investor or dealer must provide Putnam Retail Management with sufficient information to verify that the purchase qualifies for the privilege or discount. The shareholder must furnish this information to Putnam Investor Services when making direct cash investments. Sales charge discounts under a right of accumulation apply only to current purchases. No credit for right of accumulation purposes is given for any higher sales charge paid with respect to previous purchases for the investor’s account or any linked accounts.

Statement of Intention. Investors may also obtain the reduced sales charges for class A, class M or class N shares shown in the prospectus for investments of a particular amount by means of a written Statement of Intention (also referred to as a Letter of Intention), which expresses the investor's intention to invest that amount (including certain "credits," as described below) within a period of 13 months in shares of any class of

February 28, 2021 II-11 

the fund or any other continuously offered Putnam fund (excluding Putnam money market funds, Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio, and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund), including through an account established as part of a Section 529 college savings plan managed by Putnam Management. Each purchase of class A shares, class M shares or class N shares under a Statement of Intention will be made at the lesser of (i) the offering price applicable at the time of such purchase and (ii) the offering price applicable on the date the Statement of Intention is executed to a single transaction of the total dollar amount indicated in the Statement of Intention.

An investor may receive a credit toward the amount indicated in the Statement of Intention equal to the maximum offering price as of the close of business on the previous day of all shares he or she owns, or which are eligible to be linked for purposes of the right of accumulation described above, on the date of the Statement of Intention which are eligible for purchase under a Statement of Intention (plus any shares of money market funds and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund acquired by exchange of such eligible shares, and any class N shares of Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund). Investors do not receive credit for shares purchased by the reinvestment of distributions. Investors qualifying for the "combined purchase privilege" (see above) may purchase shares under a single Statement of Intention.

The Statement of Intention is not a binding obligation upon the investor to purchase the full amount indicated. The minimum initial investment under a Statement of Intention is 5% of such amount, and must be invested immediately. Class A shares, class M shares or class N shares purchased with the first 5% of such amount will be held in escrow to secure payment of the higher sales charge applicable to the shares actually purchased if the full amount indicated is not purchased. When the full amount indicated has been purchased, the escrow will be released. If an investor desires to redeem escrowed shares before the full amount has been purchased, the shares will be released from escrow only if the investor pays the sales charge that, without regard to the Statement of Intention, would apply to the total investment made to date.

If an investor purchases more than the dollar amount indicated on the Statement of Intention and qualifies for a further reduced sales charge, the sales charge will be adjusted for the entire amount purchased at the end of the 13-month period, upon recovery by Putnam Retail Management from the investor's dealer of its portion of the sales charge adjustment. Once received from the dealer, which may take a period of time or may never occur, the sales charge adjustment will be used to purchase additional shares at the then current offering price applicable to the actual amount of the aggregate purchases. These additional shares will not be considered as part of the total investment for the purpose of determining the applicable sales charge pursuant to the Statement of Intention. No sales charge adjustment will be made unless and until the investor's dealer returns to Putnam Retail Management any excess commissions previously received.

If an investor purchases less than the dollar amount indicated on the Statement of Intention within the 13-month period, the sales charge will be adjusted upward for the entire amount purchased at the end of the 13-month period. This adjustment will be made by redeeming shares from the account to cover the additional sales charge, the proceeds of which will be paid to the investor's dealer and Putnam Retail Management. Putnam Retail Management will make a corresponding downward adjustment to the amount of the reallowance payable to the dealer with respect to purchases made prior to the investor’s failure to fulfill the conditions of the Statement of Intention. If the account exceeds an amount that would otherwise qualify for a reduced sales charge, that reduced sales charge will be applied. Adjustments to sales charges and dealer reallowances will not be made in the case of the shareholder’s death prior to the expiration of the 13-month period.

Statements of Intention are not available for certain employer-sponsored retirement plans.

Statement of Intention forms may be obtained from Putnam Retail Management or from investment dealers. In addition, shareholders may complete the applicable portion of the fund’s standard account application. Interested investors should read the Statement of Intention carefully.

February 28, 2021 II-12 

Commissions on Sales to Employee Retirement Plans

Purchases of class A and class R shares. On sales of class A shares at net asset value to certain employer-sponsored retirement plans and health reimbursement accounts and sales of class R shares, Putnam Retail Management may, at its discretion, pay commissions to the dealer of record on net monthly purchases up to the following rates for purchases before April 1, 2017: 1.00% of the first $1 million, 0.75% of the next $1 million and 0.50% thereafter. Effective April 1, 2017, Putnam Retail Management no longer makes such payments.

For commission payments made by Putnam Retail Management to dealers and other financial intermediaries with respect to other classes of shares offered to employer-sponsored retirement plans and other tax-favored plan investors, see the corresponding sub-heading under “—Sales Charges and Other Share Class Features—Retail Investors.”

DISTRIBUTION PLANS

If the fund or a class of shares of the fund has adopted a distribution (12b-1) plan, the prospectus describes the principal features of the plan. This SAI contains additional information which may be of interest to investors.

Continuance of a plan is subject to annual approval by a vote of the Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the fund and who have no direct or indirect interest in the plan or related arrangements (the "Qualified Trustees"), cast in person at a meeting called for that purpose. All material amendments to a plan must be likewise approved by the Trustees and the Qualified Trustees. No plan may be amended in order to increase materially the costs which the fund may bear for distribution pursuant to such plan without also being approved by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the fund or the relevant class of the fund, as the case may be. A plan terminates automatically in the event of its assignment and may be terminated without penalty, at any time, by a vote of a majority of the Qualified Trustees or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the fund or the relevant class of the fund, as the case may be.

The fund makes payments under each plan to Putnam Retail Management to compensate Putnam Retail Management for services provided and expenses incurred by it for purposes of promoting the sale of the relevant class of shares, reducing redemptions of shares or maintaining or improving services provided to shareholders by Putnam Retail Management and investment dealers.

Putnam Retail Management compensates qualifying dealers (including, for this purpose, certain financial institutions) for sales of shares and the maintenance of shareholder accounts.

Putnam Retail Management may suspend or modify its payments to dealers. The payments are also subject to the continuation of the relevant distribution plan, the terms of the service agreements between the dealers and Putnam Retail Management and any applicable limits imposed by FINRA. Unless noted below or where Putnam Retail Management and the applicable dealer have agreed otherwise, these payments commence in the first year after purchase.

Financial institutions receiving payments from Putnam Retail Management as described above may be required to comply with various state and federal regulatory requirements, including among others those regulating the activities of securities brokers or dealers.

Except as otherwise agreed between Putnam Retail Management and a dealer, for purposes of determining the amounts payable to dealers for shareholder accounts for which such dealers are designated as the dealer of record, "average net asset value" means the product of (i) the average daily share balance in such account(s) and (ii) the average daily net asset value of the relevant class of shares over the quarter.

February 28, 2021 II-13 

Class A shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at up to the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class A shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record) except as described below. No payments are made during the first year after purchase on shares purchased at net asset value by shareholders that invest at least the amount required to be eligible for the highest sales charge breakpoint as disclosed in the fund’s prospectus, unless, in the case of dealers of record for an employer-sponsored retirement plan investing at least $1 million, where such dealer has agreed to a reduced sales commission. In addition, no payments are made during the first year after purchase for shares purchased prior to April 1, 2017 where PRM has paid a commission as described above in “Commissions on Sales to Employee Retirement Plans.”

Rate*	Fund
Effective July 1, 2020:
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class A distribution plan, except for those listed below
0.10%	Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund
0.00%	Putnam Government Money Market Fund Putnam Money Market Fund
Prior to July 1, 2020:
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class A distribution plan, except for those listed below
0.20% for shares purchased before 3/21/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 3/21/05**	Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund
0.20% for shares purchased before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam Strategic Intermediate Municipal Fund
0.20% for shares purchased on or before 12/31/89; 0.25% for shares purchased after 12/31/89	Putnam Convertible Securities Fund George Putnam Balanced Fund Putnam Global Equity Fund Putnam Global Health Care Fund
0.20% for shares purchased on or before 3/31/90; 0.25% for shares purchased after 3/31/90	Putnam Mortgage Securities Fund
0.20% for shares purchased on or before 1/1/90; 0.25% for shares purchased after 1/1/90	Putnam Equity Income Fund
0.20% for shares purchased on or before 3/31/91; 0.25% for shares purchased after 3/31/91;	Putnam Income Fund
0.10%	Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund
0.20% for shares purchased after 3/6/92 but before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam Minnesota Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Ohio Tax Exempt Income Fund
0.15% for shares purchased on or before 5/11/92; 0.20% for shares purchased after 5/11/92 but before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam Massachusetts Tax Exempt Income Fund

February 28, 2021 II-14 

0.15% for shares purchased on or before 12/31/92; 0.20% for shares purchased after 12/31/92 but before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New Jersey Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund
0.15% for shares purchased on or before 7/8/93; 0.20% for shares purchased after 7/8/93 but before 4/1/05; 0.25% for shares purchased on or after 4/1/05	Putnam Pennsylvania Tax Exempt Income Fund
0.00%	Putnam Government Money Market Fund Putnam Money Market Fund

*For purposes of this table, shares are deemed to be purchased on date of settlement (i.e., once purchased and paid for). Shares issued in connection with dividend reinvestments are considered to be purchased on the date of their issuance, not the issuance of the original shares.

**Shares of Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund issued in connection with the merger of Putnam Municipal Income Fund into that fund pay a commission at the annual rate of 0.20% or 0.25%, based on the date of the original purchase of the shareholder’s corresponding shares of Putnam Municipal Income Fund, as set forth below: 0.20% for shares purchased on or before 5/7/92; 0.25% for shares purchased after 5/7/92.

Class B shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class B shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record).

Rate	Fund
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class B distribution plan, except for those listed below
0.25%, except that the first years’ service fees of 0.25% are prepaid at time of sale	Putnam Strategic Intermediate Municipal Fund Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund
0.20%, except that the first years’ service fees of 0.20% are prepaid at time of sale	Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Massachusetts Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Minnesota Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New Jersey Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Ohio Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Pennsylvania Tax Exempt Income Fund Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund
0.50%	Putnam Government Money Market Fund* Putnam Money Market Fund* Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund

* Effective as of the close of business on March 31, 2017, Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund limit the 12b-1 fees payable by class B shares to 0.00% of the average net asset value of class B shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record.

February 28, 2021 II-15 

Class C shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class C shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record). No payments are made during the first year after purchase unless the shares were initially purchased without a CDSC, except that payments for Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund will be made beginning in the first year.

Rate	Fund
1.00%	All funds currently making payments under a class C distribution plan, except for those listed below
0.50%	Putnam Government Money Market Fund * Putnam Money Market Fund* Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund

* Effective as of the close of business on March 31, 2017, Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund limit the 12b-1 fees payable by class C shares to 0.00% of the average net asset value of class C shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record.

Different rates may apply to shares sold outside the United States.

Class M shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rates set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class M shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record).

Rate	Fund
0.65%	George Putnam Balanced Fund
0.40%	Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund and Putnam Income Fund

Putnam Retail Management’s payments to dealers for plans investing in class M shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record may equal up to the annual rate of 0.75% of the average net asset value of such class M shares for George Putnam Balanced Fund and up to the annual rate of 0.50% of the average net asset value of such class M shares for Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam Global Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund, Putnam Income Fund, and Putnam Mortgage Securities Fund.

Different rates may apply to shares sold outside the United States.

February 28, 2021 II-16 

Class N shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at the annual rate set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class N shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record).

Rate	Fund
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class N distribution plan

Class R shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at up to the annual rate set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class R shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record). No payments are made to dealers during the first year after purchase, with respect to shares purchased before April 1, 2017, if Putnam Retail Management paid a commission to the dealer at purchase as described above in “Commissions on Sales to Employee Retirement Plans.”

Rate	Fund
0.50%	All funds currently making payments under a class R distribution plan*

* Effective as of the close of business on March 31, 2017, Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund limit the 12b-1 fees payable by class R shares to 0.00% of the average net asset value of class R shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record.

A portion of the class R distribution fee payable to dealers may be paid to third parties who provide services to plans investing in class R shares, and participants in such plans.

Class R3 shares:

Putnam Retail Management makes quarterly (or in certain cases monthly) payments to dealers at up to the annual rate set forth below (as a percentage of the average net asset value of class R3 shares for which such dealers are designated the dealer of record).

Rate	Fund
0.25%	All funds currently making payments under a class R3 distribution plan

A portion of the class R3 distribution fee payable to dealers may be paid to third parties who provide services to plans investing in class R3 shares and participants in such plans.

Additional Dealer Payments

As described earlier in this section, dealers may receive different commissions, sales charge reallowances and other payments with respect to sales of different classes of shares of the funds. These payments may include servicing payments to retirement plan administrators and other institutions up to the same levels as described above. For purposes of this section the term “dealer” includes any broker, dealer, bank, bank trust department,

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registered investment advisor, financial planner, retirement plan administrator and any other institution having a selling, services, or any similar agreement with Putnam Retail Management or one of its affiliates.

Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates pay additional compensation to selected dealers under the categories described below. These categories are not mutually exclusive, and a single dealer may receive payments under all categories. These payments may create an incentive for a dealer firm or its representatives to recommend or offer shares of the fund or other Putnam funds to its customers. These additional payments are made pursuant to agreements with dealers and do not change the price paid by investors for the purchase of a share or the amount a fund will receive as proceeds from such sales or the distribution (12b-1) fees and the expenses paid by the fund as shown under the heading “Fees and Expenses” in the prospectus.

Marketing Support Payments. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates make payments to certain dealers for marketing support services. These payments are individually negotiated with each dealer firm, taking into account the marketing support services provided by the dealer, including business planning assistance, educating dealer personnel about the Putnam funds and shareholder financial planning needs, placement on the dealer’s preferred or recommended fund company list, access to sales meetings, sales representatives and management representatives of the dealer, market data, as well as the size of the dealer’s relationship with Putnam Retail Management. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates compensate dealers differently depending upon, among other factors, the level and/or type of marketing support provided by the dealer. Payments are generally based on one or more of the following factors: average net assets of Putnam’s retail mutual funds attributable to that dealer, gross or net sales of Putnam’s retail mutual funds attributable to that dealer, reimbursement of ticket charges (fees that a dealer firm charges its representatives for effecting transactions in fund shares) or a negotiated lump sum payment for services rendered. In addition, payments typically apply to retail sales and assets, but may not, in certain situations, apply to other specific types of sales or assets, such as to retirement plans or fee-based advisory programs.

Although the total of marketing support payments made to dealers in any year may vary, on average, the aggregate payments are not expected, on an annual basis, to exceed 0.085% of the average assets of Putnam’s retail mutual funds attributable to the dealers.

The following dealers (and such dealers’ respective affiliates) received marketing support payments from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates during the calendar year ended December 31, 2020:

American Enterprise Investment Services Inc.	LPL Financial LLC
Ascensus, Inc.	Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company
Avantax Investment Services, Inc.	Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc.
AXA Advisors, LLC	Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC
Cambridge Investment Research, Inc.	OneAmerica Securities, Inc.
Cetera Advisor Networks LLC	Raymond James & Associates, Inc.
Cetera Advisors LLC	Raymond James Financial Services, Inc.
Cetera Financial Specialists LLC	RBC Capital Markets, LLC
Cetera Investment Services LLC	Resources Investment Advisors, LLC
Citigroup Global Markets Inc.	Retirement Plan Advisory Group
Commonwealth Equity Services	Royal Alliance Associates
First Allied Securities, Inc.	SagePoint Financial, Inc.
FSC Securities Corporation	Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated
HUB International Limited	Summit Brokerage Services, Inc.
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC	TD Ameritrade, Inc.
Janney Montgomery Scott LLC	TD Ameritrade Clearing, Inc.
John Hancock Retirement Plan Services, LLC	UBS Financial Services, Inc.
Kestra Investment Services, LLC	Vanguard Marketing Corporation
Lincoln Financial Advisors Corp.	Voya Financial Advisors, Inc.

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Lincoln Financial Distributors, Inc.	Wells Fargo Clearing Services, LLC
Lincoln Financial Securities Corporation	Woodbury Financial Services, Inc.

Additional dealers may receive marketing support payments in 2021 and in future years. Any additions, modifications or deletions to the list of dealers identified above that have occurred since December 31, 2020 are not reflected. You can ask your dealer about any payments it receives from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates.

Program Servicing Payments. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates also make payments to certain dealers that sell Putnam fund shares through dealer platforms and other investment programs to compensate dealers for a variety of services they provide. A dealer may perform program services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform program services. In addition to shareholder recordkeeping, reporting, or transaction processing, program services may include services rendered in connection with dealer platform development and maintenance, fund/investment selection and monitoring, or other similar services. Payments by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates for program servicing support to any one dealer are not expected, with certain limited exceptions, to exceed 0.20% of the total assets in the program on an annual basis. In addition, Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates make one-time or annual payments to selected dealers receiving program servicing payments in reimbursement of printing costs for literature for shareholders, account maintenance fees or fees for establishment of Putnam funds on the dealer’s system. The amounts of these payments may, but will not normally (except in cases where the aggregate assets in the program are small), cause the aggregate amount of the program servicing payments to such dealer on an annual basis to exceed the amounts set forth above.

The following dealers (and such dealers’ respective affiliates) received program servicing payments from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates during the calendar year ended December 31, 2020:

Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.	Pershing LLC
GWFS Equities, Inc.	RBC Capital Markets, LLC
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc.	Transamerica Advisors Life Insurance Company
National Financial Services LLC

Additional or different dealers may also receive program servicing payments in 2021 and in future years. Any additions, modifications or deletions to the list of dealers identified above that have occurred since December 31, 2020 are not reflected. You can ask your dealer about any payments it receives from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates.

Other Payments. From time to time, Putnam Retail Management, at its expense, may provide additional compensation to dealers which sell or arrange for the sale of shares of the fund to the extent not prohibited by laws or the rules of any self-regulatory agency, such as FINRA. Such compensation provided by Putnam Retail Management may include financial assistance to dealers that enables Putnam Retail Management to participate in and/or present at dealer-sponsored conferences or seminars, sales or training programs for invited registered representatives and other dealer employees, dealer entertainment, and other dealer-sponsored events, and travel expenses, including lodging incurred by registered representatives and other employees in connection with prospecting, retention and due diligence trips. Putnam Retail Management makes payments for entertainment events it deems appropriate, subject to Putnam Retail Management’s internal guidelines and applicable law. These payments may vary upon the nature of the event.

Sub-accounting payments. Certain dealers or other financial intermediaries also receive payments from Putnam Investor Services or its affiliates in recognition of sub-accounting or other services they provide to shareholders or plan participants who invest in the fund or other Putnam funds through their retirement plan. The amount paid for these services varies depending on the share class selected and by dealer or other financial intermediary, and may also take into account the extent to which the services provided by the dealer replace services that Putnam Investor Services or its affiliates would otherwise have to provide. Payments in respect of

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class R3 and class R4 shares are generally made at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of a fund’s average net assets attributable to such class of shares held by a dealer or other financial intermediary. Payments in respect of class R5 shares are generally made at an annual rate of up to 0.10% of a fund’s average net assets attributable to class R5 shares held by a dealer or other financial intermediary, except that an annual rate of up to 0.07% of a fund’s average net assets attributable to class R5 shares held by a dealer or other financial intermediary applies to Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Conservative Fund, Putnam Global Income Trust, Putnam Income Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund. There are no such payments in respect of class R6 shares. Payments for other classes vary. See the discussion under the heading “MANAGEMENT – Investor Servicing Agent” for more details.

You can ask your dealer for information about payments it receives from Putnam Retail Management or its affiliates and the services it provides for those payments.

MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISKS

As noted in the prospectus, in addition to the main investment strategies and the principal risks described in the prospectus, the fund may employ other investment practices and may be subject to other risks, which are described below. Because the following is a combined description of investment strategies of all of the Putnam funds, certain matters described herein may not apply to your fund. Unless a strategy or policy described below is specifically prohibited or limited by the investment restrictions discussed in the fund’s prospectus or in this SAI, or by applicable law, the fund may engage in each of the practices described below without limit. This section contains information on the investments and investment practices listed below. With respect to funds for which Putnam Investments Limited (“PIL”), The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC (“PAC”) and/or PanAgora Asset Management, Inc. (“PanAgora”) serve as sub-adviser (as described in the fund’s prospectus), references to Putnam Management in this section include PIL, PAC and/or PanAgora, as appropriate.

Bank Loans, Loan Participations, and Assignments	Market Risk
Borrowing and Other Forms of Leverage	Master Limited Partnerships (MLPs)
Collateralized Debt and Loan Obligations	Money Market Instruments
Commodities and Commodity-Related Investments	Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities
Derivatives	Options on Securities
ESG Considerations	Preferred Stocks and Convertible Securities
Exchange-Traded Notes	Private Placements and Restricted Securities
Floating Rate and Variable Rate Demand Notes	Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
Foreign Currency Transactions	Redeemable Securities
Foreign Investments and Related Risks	Repurchase Agreements
Forward Commitments and Dollar Rolls	Securities Loans
Futures Contracts and Related Options	Securities of Other Investment Companies
Hybrid Instruments	Short Sales
Illiquid Investments	Short-Term Trading
Inflation-Protected Securities	Special Purpose Acquisition Companies
Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)	Structured Investments
Interfund Borrowing and Lending	Swap Agreements
Inverse Floaters	Tax-exempt Securities
Investments in Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries	Temporary Defensive Strategies
Legal and Regulatory Risk Relating to Investment Strategy	Warrants
London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)	Zero-coupon and Payment-in-kind Bonds
Lower-rated Securities

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Bank Loans, Loan Participations, and Assignments

The fund may invest in bank loans. Bank loans are typically senior debt obligations of borrowers (issuers) and, as such, are considered to hold a senior position in the capital structure of the borrower. These may include loans that hold the most senior position, that hold an equal ranking with other senior debt, or loans that are, in the judgment of Putnam Management, in the category of senior debt of the borrower. This capital structure position generally gives the holders of these loans a priority claim on some or all of the borrower’s assets in the event of a default. Many loans are either partially or fully secured by the assets of the borrower, and most impose restrictive covenants which must be met by the borrower. Loans are typically made by a syndicate of banks, represented by an agent bank which has negotiated and structured the loan and which is responsible generally for collecting interest, principal, and other amounts from the borrower on its own behalf and on behalf of the other lending institutions in the syndicate, and for enforcing its and their other rights against the borrower. Each of the lending institutions, including the agent bank, lends to the borrower a portion of the total amount of the loan, and retains the corresponding interest in the loan.

By purchasing a loan, the fund acquires some or all of the interest of a bank or other lending institution in a loan to a particular borrower. The fund may acquire a loan interest directly by acting as a member of the original lending syndicate. The fund may also invest in a loan in other ways, including through novations, assignments and participating interests. In a novation, the fund assumes all of the rights of a lending institution in a loan, including the right to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts directly from the borrower and to enforce its rights as a lender directly against the borrower. The fund assumes the position of a co-lender with other syndicate members. In an assignment, the fund purchases a portion of a lender’s interest in a loan. In this case, the fund may be required generally to rely upon the assigning bank to demand payment and enforce its rights against the borrower, but would otherwise be entitled to all of such bank’s rights in the loan. The fund may also purchase a participating interest in a portion of the rights of a lending institution in a loan. Participation interests typically result in a contractual relationship only with the lending institution, not with the borrower. In such case, the fund will be entitled to receive payments of principal, interest and premium, if any, but will not generally be entitled to enforce its rights directly against the agent bank or the borrower, and must rely for that purpose on the lending institution. In addition, with a participation interest, the fund generally will have no rights of set-off against the borrower, and the fund may not directly benefit from the collateral supporting the loan in which it has purchased the participation.

The fund’s ability to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts in connection with loan interests held by it will depend primarily on the financial condition of the borrower (and, in some cases, the lending institution from which it purchases the loan). Adverse changes in the creditworthiness of the borrower may affect the borrower’s ability to pay principal and interest, and borrowers that are in bankruptcy or restructuring may never pay off their indebtedness, or may pay only a small fraction of the amount owed. The value of collateral, if any, securing a loan can decline, or may be insufficient to meet the borrower’s obligations or difficult to liquidate. In addition, the fund’s access to collateral may be limited by bankruptcy or other insolvency laws. The failure by the fund to receive scheduled interest or principal payments on a loan would adversely affect the income of the fund and would likely reduce the value of its assets, which would be reflected in a reduction in the fund’s net asset value. Banks and other lending institutions generally perform a credit analysis of the borrower before originating a loan or participating in a lending syndicate. In selecting the loan interests in which the fund will invest, however, Putnam Management will not rely solely on that credit analysis, but will perform its own investment analysis of the borrowers. Putnam Management’s analysis may include consideration of the borrower’s financial strength and managerial experience, debt coverage, additional borrowing requirements or debt maturity schedules, changing financial conditions, and responsiveness to changes in business conditions and interest rates. Putnam Management will generally not have access to non-public information to which other investors in syndicated loans may have access. Because loans in which the fund may invest are not generally rated by independent credit rating agencies, a decision by the fund to invest in a particular loan will depend almost exclusively on Putnam Management’s, and the original lending institution’s, credit analysis of the borrower. Investments in loans may be of any quality, including “distressed” loans, and will be subject to the fund’s credit quality policy. The loans in which the fund may invest include

February 28, 2021 II-21 

those that pay fixed rates of interest and those that pay floating rates – i.e., rates that adjust periodically based on a known lending rate, such as a bank’s prime rate. To the extent an applicable interest rate is based on LIBOR, the fund will be exposed to certain additional risks. See “London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)” below for more information.

The fund will in many cases be required to rely upon the lending institution from which it purchases the loan interest to collect and pass on to the fund such payments and to enforce the fund’s rights under the loan. This may subject the fund to greater delays, expenses, and risks than if the fund could enforce its rights directly against the borrower. For example, an insolvency, bankruptcy or reorganization of the lending institution may delay or prevent the fund from receiving principal, interest and other amounts with respect to the underlying loan. When the fund is required to rely upon a lending institution to pay to the fund principal, interest and other amounts received by it, Putnam Management will also evaluate the creditworthiness of the lending institution.

The borrower of a loan in which the fund holds an interest may, either at its own election or pursuant to terms of the loan documentation, prepay amounts of the loan from time to time. The rate of such prepayments may be affected by, among other things, general business and economic conditions, as well as the financial status of the borrower. Prepayment would cause the actual duration of a loan to be shorter than its stated maturity. There is no assurance that the fund will be able to reinvest the proceeds of any loan prepayment at the same interest rate or on the same terms as those of the original loan.

Corporate loans in which the fund may invest are generally made to finance internal growth, mergers, acquisitions, stock repurchases, leveraged buy-outs and other corporate activities. A significant portion of the corporate loan interests purchased by the fund may represent interests in loans made to finance highly leveraged corporate acquisitions, known as “leveraged buy-out” transactions, leveraged recapitalization loans and other types of acquisition financing. The highly leveraged capital structure of the borrowers in such transactions may make such loans especially vulnerable to adverse changes in economic or market conditions.

The market for bank loans may not be highly liquid. In addition, loan interests generally are subject to restrictions on transfer, and only limited opportunities may exist to sell such interests in secondary markets. As a result, the fund may be unable to sell loan interests at a time when it may otherwise be desirable to do so or may be able to sell them only at a price that is less than their fair market value. The fund may hold investments in loans for a very short period of time when opportunities to resell the investments that Putnam Management believes are attractive arise.

Certain of the loan interests acquired by the fund may involve letters of credit, revolving credit facilities, or other standby financing commitments obligating the fund to make additional loans upon demand by the borrower pursuant to the terms specified in the loan documentation. This obligation may have the effect of requiring the fund to increase its investment in a borrower at a time when it would not otherwise have done so. To the extent that the fund is committed to make additional loans under the loan documentation, it will at all times set aside on its books liquid assets in an amount sufficient to meet such commitments.

Certain of the loan interests acquired by the fund may also involve loans made in foreign (i.e., non-U.S.) currencies. The fund’s investment in such interests would involve the risks of currency fluctuations described in this SAI with respect to investments in the foreign securities.

With respect to its management of investments in bank loans, Putnam Management will normally seek to avoid receiving material, non-public information (“Confidential Information”) about the issuers of bank loans being considered for acquisition by the fund or held in the fund’s portfolio. In many instances, borrowers may offer to furnish Confidential Information to prospective investors, and to holders, of the issuer’s loans. Putnam Management’s decision not to receive Confidential Information may place Putnam Management at a disadvantage relative to other investors in loans (which could have an adverse effect on the price the fund pays or receives when buying or selling loans). Also, in instances where holders of loans are asked to grant amendments, waivers or consent, Putnam Management’s ability to assess their significance or desirability may be adversely affected. For these and other reasons, it is possible that Putnam Management’s decision not to

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receive Confidential Information under normal circumstances could adversely affect the fund’s investment performance.

Notwithstanding its intention generally not to receive material, non-public information with respect to its management of investments in loans, Putnam Management may from time to time come into possession of material, non-public information about the issuers of loan interests that may be held in the fund’s portfolio. Possession of such information may in some instances occur despite Putnam Management’s efforts to avoid such possession, but in other instances Putnam Management may choose to receive such information (for example, in connection with participation in a creditors’ committee with respect to a financially distressed issuer). As, and to the extent, required by applicable law, Putnam Management’s ability to trade in these loan interests for the account of the fund could potentially be limited by its possession of such information. Such limitations on Putnam Management’s ability to trade could have an adverse effect on the fund by, for example, preventing the fund from selling a loan interest that is experiencing a material decline in value. In some instances, these trading restrictions could continue in effect for a substantial period of time.

In some instances, other accounts managed by Putnam Management or an affiliate may hold other securities issued by borrowers in whose loans the fund may hold an interest. These other securities may include, for example, debt securities that are subordinate to the loan interests held in the fund’s portfolio, convertible debt or common or preferred equity securities. In certain circumstances, such as if the credit quality of the issuer deteriorates, the interests of holders of these other securities may conflict with the interests of the holders of the issuer’s loans. In such cases, Putnam Management may owe conflicting fiduciary duties to the fund and other client accounts. Putnam Management will endeavor to carry out its obligations to all of its clients (including the fund) to the fullest extent possible, recognizing that in some cases certain clients may achieve a lower economic return, as a result of these conflicting client interests, than if Putnam Management’s client accounts collectively held only a single category of the issuer’s securities.

The settlement period (the period between the execution of the trade and the delivery of cash to the purchaser) for some bank loan transactions may be significantly longer than the settlement period for other investments, and in some cases longer than seven days. Requirements to obtain the consent of the borrower and/or agent can delay or impede the fund’s ability to sell bank loan interests and can adversely affect the price that can be obtained. It is possible that sale proceeds from bank loan transactions will not be available to meet redemption obligations, in which case the fund may be required to utilize other sources to meet the redemption obligations, such as cash balances or proceeds from the sale of its more liquid investments or investments with shorter settlement periods.

Some loan interests may not be considered “securities” for certain purposes under the federal securities laws, and, as a result, purchasers, such as the fund, may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.

If legislation or federal or state regulators impose additional requirements or restrictions on the ability of financial institutions to make loans that are considered highly leveraged transactions, the availability of bank loans for investment by a fund may be adversely affected. In addition, such requirements or restrictions could reduce or eliminate sources of financing for certain borrowers. This would increase the risk of default. If legislation or federal or state regulators require financial institutions to dispose of bank loans that are considered highly leveraged transactions or subject such bank loans to increased regulatory scrutiny, financial institutions may determine to sell such bank loans. If a fund attempts to sell a bank loan at a time when a financial institution is engaging in such a sale, the price a fund could get for the bank loan may be adversely affected.

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Borrowing and Other Forms of Leverage

The fund may borrow money to the extent permitted by its investment policies and restrictions and by Section 18 of the 1940 Act. When the fund borrows money, it must pay interest and other fees, which will reduce the fund’s returns if such costs exceed the returns on the portfolio securities purchased or retained with such borrowings. In addition, if the fund makes additional investments while borrowings are outstanding, this may be considered a form of leverage.

Each Putnam fund (other than Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, Putnam RetirementReady® Funds, and Putnam Short-Term Investment Fund) participates in a committed line of credit provided by State Street Bank and Trust Company and an uncommitted line of credit provided by State Street Bank and Trust Company. These lines of credit are intended to provide a temporary source of cash in extraordinary or emergency circumstances, such as unexpected shareholder redemption requests. The fund may pay a commitment or other fee to maintain a line of credit, in addition to the stated interest rate. Each participating fund in the committed line of credit is required to maintain a specified asset coverage ratio.

In addition to borrowing money from banks, the fund may engage in certain other investment transactions that may be viewed as forms of financial leverage – for example, using dollar rolls, investing collateral from loans of portfolio securities, entering into when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward commitment transactions or using derivatives such as swaps, futures, forwards, and options. Because the fund either (1) sets aside cash (or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees) on its books in respect of such transactions during the period in which the transactions are open or (2) otherwise “covers” its obligations under the transactions, such as by holding offsetting investments, the fund does not consider these transactions to be borrowings for purposes of its investment restrictions or “senior securities” for purposes of the 1940 Act. In some cases (e.g., with respect to futures, options, forwards and certain swaps such as total return swaps that are contractually required to “cash-settle”), the fund is permitted under relevant guidance from the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or SEC staff to set aside assets with respect to an investment transaction in the amount of its net (marked-to-market) obligations thereunder, rather than the full notional amount of the transaction. By setting aside assets equal only to its net (marked-to-market) obligations, the fund will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if it set aside assets equal to the notional amount of the transaction, which may increase the risk associated with such investments. When the fund is a seller of credit protection under a credit default swap, the fund will set aside the full notional amount of the swap transaction.

Leveraging tends to exaggerate the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of the fund’s holding. When the fund borrows money or otherwise leverages its portfolio, the value of an investment in the fund will be more volatile and other investment risks will tend to be compounded. Leveraging also may require that the fund liquidate portfolio securities when it may not be advantageous to do so, to satisfy its obligations or to meet segregation requirements. Leveraging may expose the fund to losses in excess of the amounts invested. Furthermore, if the fund uses leverage through purchasing derivative instruments, the fund has the risk that losses may exceed the net assets of the fund.

Collateralized Debt and Loan Obligations.

The fund may invest in collateralized debt obligations ("CDOs"). CDOs are types of asset-backed securitized instruments and include collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) and other similarly structured securities. Although certain CDOs may benefit from credit enhancement in the form of a senior-subordinate structure, overcollateralization or bond insurance, such enhancement may not always be present, and may fail to protect a fund against the risk of loss on default of the collateral. CDOs may charge management and administrative fees, which are in addition to those of a fund. CDOs may be less liquid than other types of securities.

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The risks of an investment in a CDO largely depend on the type of underlying collateral securities and the tranche in which a fund invests. CDOs are subject to the typical risks associated with debt instruments and fixed income and/or asset-backed securities discussed elsewhere in the prospectus and in this SAI, including interest rate risk (which may be exacerbated if the interest rate payable on a structured financing changes based on multiples of changes in interest rates or inversely to changes in interest rates), prepayment risk, credit risk (including adverse credit spread moves), liquidity risk and market risk. , CDOs carry additional risks including, but not limited to: (i) the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments and one or more tranches may be subject to up to 100% loss of invested capital; (ii) the possibility that the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default, due to factors such as the availability of any credit enhancement, the level and timing of payments and recoveries on and the characteristics of the underlying receivables, loans, or other assets that are being securitized, remoteness of those assets from the originator or transferor, the adequacy of and ability to realize upon any related collateral, and the capability of the servicer of the securitized assets (particularly where the underlying collateral in a loan portfolio is not individually assessed prior to purchase); (iii) market and illiquidity risks affecting the price of a structured finance investment, if required to be sold, at the time of sale; and (iv) if the particular structured product is invested in a security in which a fund is also invested, this would tend to increase the fund’s overall exposure to the credit of the issuer of such securities, at least on an absolute, if not on a relative basis. In addition, due to the complex nature of a CDO, an investment in a CDO may not perform as expected. An investment in a CDO also is subject to the risk that the issuer and the investors may interpret the terms of the instrument differently, giving rise to disputes.

A CLO is an obligation of a trust or other special purpose vehicle typically collateralized by a pool of loans, which may include, among others, domestic and foreign senior secured loans, senior unsecured loans, and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade or equivalent unrated loans. CLOs may charge management and other administrative fees. Payments of principal and interest are passed through to investors in a CLO and divided into several tranches of rated debt securities, which vary in risk and yield, and typically at least one tranche of unrated subordinated securities, which may be debt or equity (“CLO Securities”). CLO Securities generally receive some variation of principal and/or interest installments and, with the exception of certain subordinated securities, bear different interest rates. If there are defaults or if a CLO’s collateral otherwise underperforms, scheduled payments to senior tranches typically take priority over less senior tranches.

CLO Securities may be privately placed and thus subject to restrictions on transfer to meet securities law and other legal requirements. In the event that any fund does not satisfy certain of the applicable transfer restrictions at any time that it holds CLO Securities, it may be forced to sell the related CLO Securities and may suffer a loss on sale. CLO Securities may be considered illiquid investments in the event there is no secondary market for the CLO Securities. CLOs are also subject to the same risks associated with CDOs, as described above.

Commodities and Commodity-Related Investments

Some funds may gain exposure to commodity markets by investing in physical commodities or commodity-related instruments directly or indirectly. Such instruments include, but are not limited to, futures contracts, swaps, options, forward contracts, and structured notes and equities, debt securities, convertible securities, and warrants of issuers in commodity-related industries.

Commodity prices can be extremely volatile and may be directly or indirectly affected by many factors, including changes in overall market movements, real or perceived inflationary trends, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates or currency exchange rates, population growth and changing demographics, and factors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, or other weather conditions or natural disasters, livestock disease, trade embargoes, economic sanctions, competition from substitute products, transportation bottlenecks or shortages, fluctuations in supply and demand, tariffs, and international regulatory, political, and economic developments (e.g., regime changes and changes in economic activity

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levels). In addition, some commodities are subject to limited pricing flexibility because of supply and demand factors, and others are subject to broad price fluctuations as a result of the volatility of prices for certain raw materials and the instability of supplies of other materials.

Actions of and changes in governments, and political and economic instability, in commodity-producing and -exporting countries may affect the production and marketing of commodities. In addition, commodity-related industries throughout the world are subject to greater political, environmental, and other governmental regulation than many other industries. Changes in government policies and the need for regulatory approvals may adversely affect the products and services of companies in the commodities industries. For example, the exploration, development, and distribution of coal, oil, and gas in the United States are subject to significant federal and state regulation, which may affect rates of return on coal, oil, and gas and the kinds of services that the federal and state governments may offer to companies in those industries. In addition, compliance with environmental and other safety regulations has caused many companies in commodity-related industries to incur production delays and significant costs. Government regulation also may impede the development of new technologies. The effect of future regulations affecting commodity-related industries cannot be predicted.

The value of commodity-related derivatives fluctuates based on changes in the values of the underlying commodity, commodity index, futures contract, or other economic variable to which they are related. Additionally, economic leverage will increase the volatility of these instruments as they may increase or decrease in value more quickly than the underlying commodity or other relevant economic variable. See “Derivatives,” “Forward Commitments and Dollar Rolls,” “Futures Contracts and Related Options,” “Hybrid Instruments,” “Investments in Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries,” “Short Sales,” “Structured Investments,” “Swap Agreements” and “Warrants” herein for more information on the fund’s investments in derivatives, including commodity-related derivatives such as swap agreements, commodity futures contracts, and options on commodity futures contracts.

In order for a fund to qualify as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) the fund must derive at least 90 percent of its gross income each taxable year from certain sources of “qualifying income” specified in the Code. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s investment in a wholly-owned foreign subsidiary is expected to provide the fund with exposure to the commodities markets within the limitations of the federal income tax requirements of Subchapter M of the Code. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s pursuit of its investment strategy may be limited by the fund’s intention to qualify for treatment as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. See the “Investments in Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries” and “Taxes” sections for more information.

Derivatives

Certain of the instruments in which the fund may invest, such as futures contracts, certain foreign currency transactions, options, warrants, hybrid instruments, forward contracts, swap agreements and structured investments, are considered to be “derivatives.” Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value or other attributes of one or more underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies. Investments in derivatives may be applied toward meeting a requirement to invest in a particular kind of investment if the derivatives have economic characteristics similar to that investment.

The value of derivatives may move in unexpected ways due to unanticipated market movements, the use of leverage, imperfect correlation between the derivatives instrument and the reference asset, or other factors, especially in unusual market conditions, and may result in increased volatility. Derivatives may be difficult to value and may increase the fund’s transactions costs. The successful use of derivatives depends on the ability to manage these sophisticated instruments. There is no assurance that the fund’s use of derivative instruments will enable the fund to achieve its investment objective or that Putnam Management will be able to predict correctly the direction of securities prices, interest rates, currency exchange rates and other economic factors.

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The fund’s use of derivatives may cause the fund to recognize higher amounts of short-term capital gains, which are generally taxed to individual shareholders at ordinary income tax rates, and higher amounts of ordinary income, and more generally may affect the timing, character and amount of a fund’s distributions to shareholders. The fund’s use of commodity-linked derivatives can be limited by the fund’s intention to qualify as a “regulated investment company” under the Code or bear adversely on the fund’s ability to so qualify, as discussed in “Taxes” below.

The fund’s use of certain derivatives may in some cases involve forms of financial leverage, which means they provide the fund with investment exposure greater than the value of the fund’s investment in the derivatives. The use of leverage involves risk and may increase the volatility of the fund’s net asset value. See “Borrowing and Other Forms of Leverage.”

In its use of derivatives, the fund may take both long positions (the values of which move in the same direction as the prices of the underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies), and short positions (the values of which move in the opposite direction from the prices of the underlying investments, pools of investments indexes or currencies). Short positions may involve greater risks than long positions, as the risk of loss may be theoretically unlimited (unlike a long position, in which the risk of loss may be limited to the amount invested). The fund may use derivatives that combine “long” and “short” positions in order to capture the difference between underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies.

Some derivatives transactions are required to be centrally cleared, and a party to a cleared derivatives transaction is subject to the credit risk of the clearing house and the clearing member through which it holds its cleared position. Credit risk of market participants with respect to derivatives that are centrally cleared is concentrated in a few clearing houses, and it is not clear how an insolvency proceeding of a clearing house would be conducted and what impact an insolvency of a clearing house would have on the financial system or on the fund’s ability to exercise remedies. Also, the fund is subject to risk if it enters into a derivatives transaction that is required to be cleared, and no clearing member is willing or able to clear the transaction on the fund’s behalf.

Some derivative contracts may be privately negotiated in the over-the-counter market. These contracts also involve exposure to credit risk, since contract performance depends in part on the financial condition of the counterparty, and counterparty risk, since the counterparty may be unable or unwilling to perform its obligations under the contract for reasons unrelated to its financial condition, such as operational issues, business interruptions or contract disputes. If a privately negotiated over-the-counter contract calls for payments by the fund, the fund must be prepared to make the payments when due. If a counterparty’s creditworthiness declines or the counterparty is otherwise unable or unwilling to perform its obligations under the contract, the fund may not receive payments owed under the contract, or the payments may be delayed and the value of the agreements with the counterparty may decline, potentially resulting in losses to the fund.

Derivatives also are subject to the risk that the fund may be delayed or prevented from recovering margin or other amounts deposited with a clearinghouse, futures commission merchant or other counterparty. If the fund has insufficient cash, it may have to sell securities to meet daily variation margin requirements at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so.

To the extent the fund is required to segregate or “set aside” (often referred to as “asset segregation”) liquid assets or otherwise cover open positions with respect to certain derivative instruments, the fund may be required to sell portfolio instruments to meet these asset segregation requirements. There is a possibility that segregation involving a large percentage of the fund’s assets could impede portfolio management or the fund’s ability to meet redemption requests or other current obligations.

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Other risks arise from the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions. A liquid secondary market may not always exist for the fund’s derivatives positions. In fact, some over-the-counter instruments may be considered illiquid, and it may not be possible for the fund to liquidate a derivative position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses.

Legislation and regulation of derivatives in the U.S. and other countries, including asset segregation, margin, clearing, trading and reporting requirements, and leveraging and position limits, may make derivatives more costly and/or less liquid, limit the availability of certain types of derivatives, cause the Fund to change its use of derivatives, or otherwise adversely affect a Fund’s use of derivatives.

Further information about these instruments and the risks involved in their use is included elsewhere in the prospectus and in this SAI.

Combined Positions

A fund may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts, options on futures contracts, indexed securities, swap agreements or other derivative instruments, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of its overall position. For example, a fund may purchase a put option and write a call option on the same underlying instrument, in order to construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract. Another possible combined position would involve writing a call option at one strike price and buying a call option at a lower price, in order to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.

ESG Considerations

A fund may integrate environmental, social, or governance (“ESG”) considerations into its research process and/or investment decision-making. Putnam Management believes that ESG considerations, like other, more traditional subjects of investment analysis such as market position, growth prospects, and business strategy, have the potential to impact risk and returns. The relevance and materiality of ESG considerations in a fund’s process will differ from strategy to strategy, from sector to sector, and from portfolio manager to portfolio manager, and, in some cases (such as where Putnam Management lacks relevant ESG data), ESG considerations may not represent a material component of a fund’s investment process. Other than in the case of Putnam Sustainable Future Fund and Putnam Sustainable Leaders Fund, the consideration of ESG factors as part of a fund’s investment process does not mean that a fund pursues a specific “ESG” or “sustainable” investment strategy, and, depending on the fund, Putnam Management may sometimes make investment decisions other than on the basis of relevant ESG considerations.

Exchange-Traded Notes

The fund may invest in exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”). An ETN is a type of senior, unsecured, unsubordinated debt security whose returns are linked to the performance of a particular market index or other reference assets less applicable fees and expenses. ETNs are listed on an exchange and traded in the secondary market. Investors may hold the ETN until maturity, at which time the issuer is obligated to pay a return linked to the performance of the relevant market index less applicable fees and expenses. ETNs typically do not make periodic interest payments and principal typically is not protected.

The market value of an ETN may be influenced by, among other things, time to maturity, level of supply and demand of the ETN, economic, legal, political or geographic events that affect the reference assets, volatility and lack of liquidity in the reference assets, changes in the applicable interest rates, the current performance of the market index to which the ETN is linked, and the credit rating of the ETN issuer. The market value of an ETN may differ from the performance of the applicable market index, and there may be times when an ETN

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trades at a premium or discount. This difference in price may be due to the fact that the supply and demand in the market for ETNs at any point in time is not always identical to the supply and demand in the market for the securities underlying the market index that the ETN seeks to track. A change in the issuer’s credit rating may also impact the value of an ETN despite the underlying market index remaining unchanged.

ETNs are also subject to tax risk. No assurance can be given that the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) will accept, or a court will uphold, how the fund characterizes and treats ETNs for tax purposes.

An ETN that is tied to a specific market index may not be able to replicate and maintain exactly the composition and relative weighting of securities, commodities or other components in the applicable market index. ETNs also incur certain expenses not incurred by their applicable market index, and the fund would bear a proportionate share of any fees and expenses borne by the ETN in which it invests.

The fund’s ability to sell its ETN holdings may be limited by the availability of a secondary market. In addition, although an ETN may be listed on an exchange, the issuer may not be required to maintain the listing, and there can be no assurance that a secondary market will exist for an ETN. Some ETNs that use leverage in an effort to amplify the returns of an underlying market index can, at times, be relatively illiquid and may therefore be difficult to purchase or sell at a fair price. Leveraged ETNs may offer the potential for greater return, but the potential for loss and speed at which losses can be realized also are greater. The extent of the fund’s investment in commodity-linked ETNs, if any, is limited by tax considerations. For more information regarding the tax treatment of commodity-linked ETNs, please see “Taxes” below.

ETNs are generally similar to structured investments and hybrid instruments. For discussion of these investments and the risks generally associated with them, see “Hybrid Instruments” and “Structured Investments” in this SAI.

Floating Rate and Variable Rate Demand Notes

The fund may purchase taxable or tax-exempt floating rate and variable rate demand notes for short-term cash management or other investment purposes. Floating rate and variable rate demand notes are debt instruments that provide for periodic adjustments in the interest rate. The interest rate on these instruments may be reset daily, weekly or on some other reset period and may have a floor or ceiling on interest rate changes. The interest rate of a floating rate instrument may be based on a known lending rate, such as a bank’s prime rate, and is reset whenever such rate is adjusted. The interest rate on a variable rate demand note is reset at specified intervals at a market rate. To the extent an applicable interest rate is based on LIBOR, the fund will be exposed to certain additional risks. See “London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)” below for more information.

Interest rate adjustments are designed to help stabilize the instrument’s price or maintain a fixed spread to a predetermined benchmark. While this feature may protect against a decline in the instrument’s market price when interest rates or benchmark rates rise, it lowers the fund’s income when interest rates or benchmark rates fall. The fund’s income from its floating rate and variable rate investments also may increase if interest rates rise. Floating rate and variable rate obligations are less effective than fixed rate instruments at locking in a particular yield. Nevertheless, such obligations may fluctuate in value in response to interest rate changes if there is a delay between changes in market interest rates and the interest reset date for the obligation, or for other reasons.

The fund’s ability to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts in connection with loans held by it will depend primarily on the financial condition of the issuer. The failure by the fund to receive scheduled interest or principal payments on a loan would adversely affect the income of the fund and would likely reduce the value of its assets, which would be reflected in a reduction in the fund’s NAV.

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Floating rate and variable rate demand notes and bonds may have a stated maturity in excess of one year, but may have features that permit a holder to demand payment of principal plus accrued interest upon a specified number of days’ notice. Frequently, such obligations are secured by letters of credit or other credit support arrangements provided by banks. If these obligations are not secured by letters of credit or other credit support arrangements, the fund’s right to demand payment will be dependent on the ability of the issuer to pay principal and interest on demand. In addition, these obligations frequently are not rated by credit rating agencies and may involve heightened risk of default by the issuer. The issuer of such obligations normally has a corresponding right, after a given period, to prepay in its discretion the outstanding principal of the obligation plus accrued interest upon a specific number of days notice to the holders. There is no assurance that the fund will be able to reinvest the proceeds of any prepayment at the same interest rate or on the same terms as those of the original instrument.

The absence of an active secondary market for floating rate and variable rate demand notes could make it difficult for the fund to dispose of the instruments, and the fund could suffer a loss if the issuer defaults or during periods in which the fund is not entitled to exercise its demand rights. When a reliable trading market for the floating rate and variable rate instruments held by the fund does not exist and the fund may not demand payment of the principal amount of such instruments within seven days, the instruments may be deemed illiquid and therefore subject to the fund’s limitation on investments in illiquid securities.

Foreign Currency Transactions

The fund may engage in foreign currency exchange transactions, including purchasing and selling foreign currency, foreign currency options, foreign currency forward contracts and foreign currency futures contracts and related options. The fund may engage in these transactions for a variety of reasons, including to manage the exposure to foreign currencies inherent in the fund’s investments, to increase its returns, and to offset some of the costs of hedging transactions. Foreign currency transactions involve costs, and, if unsuccessful, may reduce the fund’s return.

Generally, the fund may engage in both “transaction hedging” and “position hedging” (the sale of forward currency with respect to portfolio security positions). The fund may also engage in foreign currency transactions for non-hedging purposes, subject to applicable law. When it engages in transaction hedging, the fund enters into foreign currency transactions with respect to specific receivables or payables, generally arising in connection with the fund’s purchase or sale of portfolio securities. The fund will engage in transaction hedging when it desires to “lock in” the U.S. dollar price of a security it has agreed to purchase or sell, or the U.S. dollar equivalent of a dividend or interest payment in a foreign currency. By transaction hedging, the fund will attempt to protect itself against a possible loss resulting from an adverse change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and the applicable foreign currency during the period between the date on which the security is purchased or sold, or on which the dividend or interest payment is earned, and the date on which such payments are made or received. The fund may also engage in position hedging, in which the fund enters into foreign currency transactions on a particular currency with respect to portfolio positions denominated or quoted in that currency. By position hedging, the fund attempts to protect against a decline in the value relative to the U.S. dollar of the currencies in which its portfolio securities are denominated or quoted (or an increase in the value of the currency in which securities the fund intends to buy are denominated or quoted). While such a transaction would generally offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, such currency transactions would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors.

The fund may purchase or sell a foreign currency on a spot (i.e., cash) basis at the prevailing spot rate in connection with the settlement of transactions in portfolio securities denominated in that foreign currency or for other hedging or non-hedging purposes. If conditions warrant, for hedging or non-hedging purposes, the fund may also enter into contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies at a future date (“forward contracts”) and purchase and sell foreign currency futures contracts. The fund may also purchase or sell exchange-listed and over-the-counter call and put options on foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies.

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A foreign currency futures contract is a standardized exchange-traded contract for the future delivery of a specified amount of a foreign currency at a price set at the time of the contract. Foreign currency futures contracts traded in the United States are designed by and traded on exchanges regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”), such as the New York Mercantile Exchange, and have margin requirements.

A foreign currency forward contract is a negotiated agreement to exchange currency at a future time, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract as agreed by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. The contract price may be higher or lower than the current spot rate. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. For example, the maturity date of a forward contract may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, rather than a predetermined date in a given month. Forward contracts may be in any amount agreed upon by the parties rather than predetermined amounts. In addition, forward contracts are traded in the interbank market conducted directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers, so that no intermediary is required. A forward contract generally has no deposit requirement, and no commissions are charged at any stage for trades.

At the maturity of a forward or futures contract, the fund either may accept or make delivery of the currency specified in the contract, or at or prior to maturity enter into a closing transaction involving the purchase or sale of an offsetting contract. Closing transactions with respect to forward contracts are usually effected with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract. Closing transactions with respect to futures contracts may be effected only on a commodities exchange or board of trade which provides a secondary market in such contracts; a clearing corporation associated with the exchange assumes responsibility for closing out such contracts.

Positions in foreign currency futures contracts may be closed out only on an exchange or board of trade that provides a secondary market in such contracts or options. Although the fund intends to purchase or sell foreign currency futures contracts only on exchanges or boards of trade where there appears to be an active secondary market, there is no assurance that a secondary market on an exchange or board of trade will exist for any particular contract or at any particular time. In such event, it may not be possible to close a futures position and, in the event of adverse price movements, the fund would continue to be required to make daily cash payments of variation margin on its futures positions.

The precise matching of the amounts of foreign currency exchange transactions and the value of the portfolio securities involved will not generally be possible since the future value of such securities in foreign currencies will change as a consequence of market movements in the value of those securities between the dates the currency exchange transactions are entered into and the dates they mature. It is also impossible to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, it may be necessary for the fund to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot market (and bear the expense of such purchase) if the market value of the security or securities being hedged is less than the amount of foreign currency the fund is obligated to deliver and a decision is made to sell the security or securities and make delivery of the foreign currency. Conversely, it may be necessary to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency received upon the sale of the portfolio security or securities if the market value of such security or securities exceeds the amount of foreign currency the fund is obligated to deliver.

As noted above, the fund may purchase or sell exchange-listed and over-the-counter call and put options on foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies. A put option on a futures contract gives the fund the right to assume a short position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A put option on a currency gives the fund the right to sell the currency at an exercise price until the expiration of the option. A call option on a futures contract gives the fund the right to assume a long position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A call option on a currency gives the fund the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the expiration of the option.

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Options on foreign currencies operate similarly to options on securities, and are traded primarily in the over-the-counter market, although options on foreign currencies are also listed on several exchanges. Options are traded not only on the currencies of individual nations, but also on the euro, the joint currency of most countries in the European Union.

The fund will only purchase or write foreign currency options when Putnam Management believes that a liquid secondary market exists for such options. There can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for a particular option at any specific time. Options on foreign currencies may be affected by all of those factors which influence foreign exchange rates and investments generally.

The fund’s currency hedging transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency and may at times not involve currencies in which its portfolio securities are then denominated. Putnam Management will engage in such “cross hedging” activities when it believes that such transactions provide significant hedging opportunities for the fund. Cross hedging transactions by the fund involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies to which such transactions relate and changes in the value of the currency or other asset or liability which is the subject of the hedge.

Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that the fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange which one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, although these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency, they involve costs to the fund and tend to limit any potential gain which might result from the increase in value of such currency.

The fund may also engage in non-hedging currency transactions. For example, Putnam Management may believe that exposure to a currency is in the fund’s best interest but that securities denominated in that currency are unattractive. In this situation, the fund may purchase a currency forward contract or option in order to increase its exposure to the currency. In accordance with SEC regulations, the fund will set aside liquid assets on its books to cover forward contracts used for non-hedging purposes.

In addition, the fund may seek to increase its current return or to offset some of the costs of hedging against fluctuations in current exchange rates by writing covered call options and covered put options on foreign currencies. The fund receives a premium from writing a call or put option, which increases the fund’s current return if the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a net profit. The fund may terminate an option that it has written prior to its expiration by entering into a closing purchase transaction in which it purchases an option having the same terms as the option written.

The value of any currency, including U.S. dollars and foreign currencies, may be affected by complex political and economic factors applicable to the issuing country. In addition, the exchange rates of foreign currencies (and therefore the values of foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts) may be affected significantly, fixed, or supported directly or indirectly by U.S. and foreign government actions. Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces. The value of a foreign currency option, forward contract or futures contract reflects the value of an exchange rate, which in turn reflects relative values of two currencies -- the U.S. dollar and the foreign currency in question. Although foreign exchange dealers do not charge a fee for currency conversion, they do realize a profit based on the difference (the “spread”) between prices at which they are buying and selling various currencies. Thus, a dealer may offer to sell a foreign currency to the fund at one rate, while offering a lesser rate of exchange should the fund desire to resell that currency to the dealer. Because foreign currency transactions occurring in the interbank market involve substantially larger amounts than those that may be involved in the exercise of foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, the fund may be disadvantaged by having to deal in an odd-lot market for the underlying foreign currencies in connection with options at prices that are less favorable than for round lots. Foreign governmental restrictions or taxes could result in adverse changes in the cost of acquiring or disposing of foreign currencies.

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There is no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies and there is no regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis. Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the interbank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable. The interbank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that options markets are closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, significant price and rate movements may take place in the underlying markets that cannot be reflected in the options markets.

Numerous regulatory changes related to foreign currency transactions are expected to occur over time and could materially and adversely affect the ability of the fund to enter into foreign currency transactions or could increase the cost of foreign currency transactions. In the future, certain foreign currency transactions may be required to be subject to initial as well as variation margin requirements. Foreign currency transactions that are not centrally cleared are subject to the creditworthiness of the counterparty to the foreign currency transaction (usually large commercial banks), and their values may decline substantially if the counterparty’s creditworthiness deteriorates. In a cleared foreign currency transaction, performance of the transaction will be effected by a central clearinghouse rather than by the original counterparty to the transaction. Foreign currency transactions that are centrally cleared will be subject to the creditworthiness of the clearing member and the clearing organization involved in the transaction.

The decision as to whether and to what extent the fund will engage in foreign currency exchange transactions will depend on a number of factors, including prevailing market conditions, the composition of the fund’s portfolio and the availability of suitable transactions. There can be no assurance that suitable foreign currency transactions will be available for the fund at any time or that the fund will engage in foreign currency exchange transactions at any time or under any circumstances even if suitable transactions are available to it.

Successful use of currency management strategies will depend on Putnam Management’s skill in analyzing currency values. Currency management strategies may increase the volatility of the fund’s returns and could result in significant losses to the fund if currencies do not perform as Putnam Management anticipates. There is no assurance that Putnam Management’s use of currency management strategies will be advantageous to the fund or that it will hedge at appropriate times.

Foreign Investments and Related Risks

Foreign securities are normally denominated and traded in foreign currencies. As a result, the value of the fund’s foreign investments and the value of its shares may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. In addition, the fund is required to compute and distribute its income in U.S. dollars. Therefore, if the exchange rate for a foreign currency declines after a fund’s income has been earned and translated into U.S. dollars (but before payment), the fund could be required to liquidate portfolio securities to make such distributions. Similarly, if an exchange rate declines between the time a fund incurs expenses in U.S. dollars and the time such expenses are paid, the amount of such currency required to be converted into U.S. dollars in order to pay such expenses in U.S. dollars will be greater than the equivalent amount in any such currency of such expenses at the time they were incurred.

There may be less information publicly available about a foreign issuer than about a U.S. issuer, and foreign issuers may not be subject to accounting, auditing, custody, disclosure and financial reporting standards and practices comparable to those in the United States. In addition, there may be less (or less effective) regulation of exchanges, brokers and listed companies in some foreign countries. The securities of some foreign issuers are less liquid and at times more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. issuers. Foreign brokerage commissions, custodial expenses and other fees are also generally higher than in the United States.

Foreign settlement procedures and trade regulations may be more complex and involve certain risks (such as delay in payment or delivery of securities or in the recovery of the fund’s assets held abroad) and expenses not present in the settlement of investments in U.S. markets. For example, settlement of transactions involving

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foreign securities or foreign currencies (see below) may occur within a foreign country, and the fund may accept or make delivery of the underlying securities or currency in conformity with any applicable U.S. or foreign restrictions or regulations, and may pay fees, taxes or charges associated with such delivery. In addition, local market holidays or other factors may extend the time for settlement of purchases and sales of the Fund’s investments in securities that trade on foreign markets. Such investments may also involve the risk that an entity involved in the settlement may not meet its obligations. Extended settlement cycles or other delays in settlement may increase the fund’s liquidity risk and require the fund to employ alternative methods (e.g., through borrowings) to satisfy redemption requests during periods of large redemption activity in Fund shares.

In addition, foreign securities may be subject to the risk of nationalization or expropriation of assets, imposition of economic sanctions or embargoes (whether imposed by the United States. or another country or other governmental or non-governmental organization), currency exchange controls, foreign withholding or other taxes or restrictions on the repatriation of foreign currency, confiscatory taxation, political, social or financial instability and diplomatic developments which could affect the value of the fund’s investments in certain foreign countries. Such actions could result in the devaluation of a country’s currency or a decline in the value and liquidity of securities of issuers in that country. In some cases (including in the case of sanctions), such actions also could result in a freeze on an issuer’s securities which would prevent the fund from selling securities it holds. Governments of many countries have exercised and continue to exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector through the ownership or control of many companies, including some of the largest in these countries. As a result, government actions in the future could have a significant effect on economic conditions which may adversely affect prices of certain portfolio securities. There is also generally less government supervision and regulation of stock exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States. Moreover, foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. Dividends or interest on, or proceeds from the sale of, foreign securities may be subject to foreign withholding or other taxes, and special U.S. tax considerations may apply.

Note on MSCI indices. Due to the potential for foreign withholding taxes, MSCI, Inc. (MSCI) publishes two versions of its indices reflecting the reinvestment of dividends using two different methodologies: gross dividends and net dividends. While both versions reflect reinvested dividends, they differ with respect to the manner in which taxes associated with dividend payments are treated. In calculating the net dividends version, MSCI incorporates reinvested dividends applying the withholding tax rate applicable to foreign non-resident institutional investors that do not benefit from double taxation treaties. Putnam Management believes that the net dividends version of MSCI indices better reflects the returns U.S. investors might expect were they to invest directly in the component securities of an MSCI index.

Many foreign countries are heavily dependent upon exports, particularly to developed countries, and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be adversely affected by trade barriers, managed adjustments in relative currency values, and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the United States and other countries with which they trade. These economies also have been and may continue to be negatively impacted by economic conditions in the United States and other trading partners, which can lower the demand for goods produced in those countries.

Legal remedies available to investors in certain foreign countries may be more limited than those available with respect to investments in the United States or in other foreign countries.

The laws of some foreign countries may limit the fund’s ability to invest in securities of certain issuers organized under the laws of those foreign countries. These restrictions may take the form of prior governmental approval requirements, limits on the amount or type of securities held by foreigners and limits on the types of companies in which foreigners may invest (e.g., limits on investment in certain industries). Some countries also limit the investment of foreign persons to only a specific class of securities of an issuer that may have less advantageous terms or rights or preferences than securities of the issuer available for

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purchase by domestic parties (and such securities may be less liquid than other classes of securities of an issuer), or may directly limit foreign investors’ rights (such as voting rights). Although securities subject to such restrictions may be marketable abroad, they may be less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. Foreign laws may also impact the availability of derivatives or hedging techniques relating to a foreign country’s government securities. In each of these situations, the funds’ ability to invest significantly in desired issuers, or the terms of such investments, could be negatively impacted as a result of the relevant legal restriction. Sanctions imposed by the United States government on other countries or persons or issuers operating in such countries could restrict the fund’s ability to buy affected securities or to sell any affected securities it has previously purchased, which may subject the fund to greater risk of loss in those securities. Foreign countries may have reporting requirements with respect to the ownership of securities, and those reporting requirements may be subject to interpretation or change without prior notice to investors. No assurance can be given that the fund will satisfy applicable foreign reporting requirements at all times.

For purposes of some foreign holding limits or disclosure thresholds, all positions owned or controlled by the same person or entity, even if in different accounts, may be aggregated for purposes of determining whether the applicable limits or thresholds have been exceeded. Thus, even if the fund does not intend to exceed applicable limits, it is possible that different clients managed by Putnam Management and its affiliates (including separate affiliates owned by Power Corporation of Canada outside the Putnam Investments group) may be aggregated for this purpose. These limits may adversely affect the fund’s ability to invest in the applicable security.

The risks described above, including the risks of nationalization or expropriation of assets, typically are increased in connection with investments in developing countries, also known as “emerging markets.” For example, political and economic structures in these countries may be in their infancy and developing rapidly, and such countries may lack the social, political and economic stability characteristic of more developed countries. In such a dynamic environment, there can be no assurance that any or all of these capital markets will present viable investment opportunities for the fund. Certain of these countries have in the past failed to recognize private property rights and have at times nationalized and expropriated the assets of private companies. In such an event, it is possible that the fund could lose the entire value of its investments in the affected market. High rates of inflation or currency devaluations may adversely affect the economies and securities markets of such countries. In addition, the economies of certain developing or emerging market countries may be dependent on a single industry or limited group of industries, which may increase the risks described above and make those countries particularly vulnerable to global economic and market changes. Investments in emerging markets may be considered speculative.

The currencies of certain emerging market countries have experienced devaluations relative to the U.S. dollar, and future devaluations may adversely affect the value of assets denominated in such currencies. Many emerging market countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation for many years, and future inflation may adversely affect the economies and securities markets of such countries. When debt and similar obligations issued by foreign issuers are denominated in a currency (e.g., the U.S. dollar or the Euro) other than the local currency of the issuer, the subsequent strengthening of the non-local currency against the local currency will generally increase the burden of repayment on the issuer and may increase significantly the risk of default by the issuer.

In addition, unanticipated political or social developments may affect the value of investments in emerging markets and the availability of additional investments in these markets. The small size, limited trading volume and relative inexperience of the securities markets in these countries may make investments in securities traded in emerging markets illiquid and more volatile than investments in securities traded in more developed countries, and the fund may be required to establish special custodial or other arrangements before making investments in securities traded in emerging markets. There may be little financial or accounting information available with respect to issuers of emerging market securities, and it may be difficult as a result to assess the value or prospects of an investment in such securities. In certain countries with emerging capital markets, reporting standards vary widely. As a result, traditional investment measurements used in the United States, such as price/earnings ratios, may not be applicable.

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Practices in relation to settlement of securities transactions in emerging markets involve higher risks than those in developed markets, in part because the fund may need to use brokers and counterparties that are less well capitalized, and custody and registration of assets in some countries may be unreliable. The possibility of fraud, negligence, undue influence being exerted by the issuer, or refusal to recognize ownership exists in some emerging markets, and, along with other factors, could result in ownership registration being completely lost. The fund would absorb any loss resulting from such registration problems and may have no successful claim for compensation.

American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. The underlying shares are held in trust by a custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. However, ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing in foreign securities.

Certain of the foregoing risks may also apply to some extent to securities of U.S. issuers that are denominated in foreign currencies or that are traded in foreign markets, or securities of U.S. issuers having significant foreign operations or other exposure to foreign markets. If the fund invests in securities issued by foreign issuers, the fund may be subject to the risks described above even if all of the fund’s investments are denominated in U.S. dollars, especially with respect to issuers whose revenues are principally earned in a foreign currency but whose debt obligations have been issued in U.S. dollars or other hard currencies.

Investing through Stock Connect. The fund may, directly or indirectly (through, for example, participation notes or other types of equity-linked notes), purchase shares in mainland China-based companies that trade on Chinese stock exchanges such as the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (“China A-Shares”) through the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect (“Stock Connect”), or that may be available in the future through additional stock connect programs, a mutual market access program designed to, among other things, enable foreign investment in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) via brokers in Hong Kong.

There are significant risks inherent in investing in China A-Shares through Stock Connect. The underdeveloped state of PRC’s investment and banking systems subjects the settlement, clearing, and registration of China A-Shares transactions to heightened risks. Stock Connect can only operate when both PRC and Hong Kong markets are open for trading and when banking services are available in both markets on the corresponding settlement days. As such, if either or both markets are closed on a U.S. trading day, the fund may not be able to dispose of its China A-Shares in a timely manner, which could adversely affect the fund’s performance. Because Stock Connect is relatively new, its effects on the market for trading China A-shares are uncertain. In addition, the trading, settlement and information technology (“IT”) systems required to operate Stock Connect are relatively new and continuing to evolve. In the event that the relevant systems do not function properly, trading through Stock Connect could be disrupted.

PRC regulations require that, in order to sell its China A-Shares, the fund must pre-deliver the China A-Shares to a broker. If the China A-Shares are not in the broker’s possession before the market opens on the day of sale, the sell order will be rejected. This requirement could also limit the fund’s ability to dispose of its China A-Shares purchased through Stock Connect in a timely manner. Additionally, Stock Connect is subject to daily quota limitations on purchases of China A Shares. Once the daily quota is reached, orders to purchase additional China A-Shares through Stock Connect will be rejected. The fund’s investment in China A-Shares may only be traded through Stock Connect and is not otherwise transferable. Stock Connect utilizes an omnibus clearing structure, and the fund’s shares will be registered in its custodian’s name on the Central Clearing and Settlement System. This may limit the ability of Putnam Management to effectively manage the

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fund, and may expose the fund to the credit risk of its custodian or to greater risk of expropriation. Investment in China A-Shares through Stock Connect may be available only through a single broker that is an affiliate of the fund’s custodian, which may affect the quality of execution provided by such broker. Stock Connect restrictions could also limit the ability of the fund to sell its China A-Shares in a timely manner, or to sell them at all. Further, different fees, costs and taxes are imposed on foreign investors acquiring China A-Shares acquired through Stock Connect, and these fees, costs and taxes may be higher than comparable fees, costs and taxes imposed on owners of other securities providing similar investment exposure.

Stock Connect trades are settled in Renminbi (“RMB”), the official currency of PRC, and investors must have timely access to a reliable supply of RMB in Hong Kong, which cannot be guaranteed.

Investing through Bond Connect: Chinese debt instruments trade on the China Interbank Bond Market (“CIBM”) and may be purchased through a market access program that is designed to, among other things, enable foreign investment in the PRC (“Bond Connect”). There are significant risks inherent in investing in Chinese debt instruments, similar to the risks of investing in other fixed-income securities in emerging markets. The prices of debt instruments traded on the CIBM may fluctuate significantly due to low trading volume and potential lack of liquidity. The rules to access debt instruments that trade on the CIBM through Bond Connect are relatively new and subject to change, which may adversely affect the fund’s ability to invest in these instruments and to enforce its rights as a beneficial owner of these instruments. Trading through Bond Connect is subject to a number of restrictions that may affect the fund’s investments and returns. In addition, securities offered through Bond Connect may lose their eligibility for trading through the program at any time. If Bond Connect securities lose their eligibility for trading through the program, they may be sold but can no longer be purchased through Bond Connect. There can be no assurance as to the program’s continued existence or whether future developments regarding the program may restrict or adversely affect the fund’s investments or returns.

Investments made through Bond Connect are subject to order, clearance and settlement procedures that are relatively untested in China, which could pose risks to the fund. CIBM does not support all trading strategies (such as short selling) and investments in Chinese debt instruments that trade on the CIBM are subject to the risks of suspension of trading without cause or notice, trade failure or trade rejection and default of securities depositories and counterparties. Furthermore, Chinese debt instruments purchased via Bond Connect will be held via a book entry omnibus account in the name of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority Central Money Markets Unit (“CMU”) maintained with a China-based depository (either the China Central Depository & Clearing Co. (“CDCC”) or the Shanghai Clearing House (“SCH”)). The fund’s ownership interest in these Chinese debt instruments will not be reflected directly in book entry with CSDCC or SCH and will instead only be reflected on the books of the fund’s Hong Kong sub-custodian. Therefore, the fund’s ability to enforce its rights as a bondholder may depend on CMU’s ability or willingness as record-holder of the bonds to enforce the fund’s rights as a bondholder. Additionally, the omnibus manner in which Chinese debt instruments are held could expose the fund to the credit risk of the relevant securities depositories and the fund’s Hong Kong sub-custodian. While the fund holds a beneficial interest in the instruments it acquires through Bond Connect, the mechanisms that beneficial owners may use to enforce their rights are untested. In addition, courts in China have limited experience in applying the concept of beneficial ownership. Moreover, Chinese debt instruments acquired through Bond Connect generally may not be sold, purchased or otherwise transferred other than through Bond Connect in accordance with applicable rules.

The fund’s investments in Chinese debt instruments acquired through Bond Connect are generally subject to a number of regulations and restrictions, including Chinese securities regulations and listing rules, loss recovery limitations and disclosure of interest reporting obligations. The fund will not benefit from access to Hong Kong investor compensation funds, which are set up to protect against defaults of trades, when investing through Bond Connect.

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Bond Connect can only operate when both China and Hong Kong markets are open for trading and when banking services are available in both markets on the corresponding settlement days. In addition, the trading, settlement and IT systems required for non-Chinese investors in Bond Connect are relatively new. In the event of systems malfunctions or extreme market conditions, trading via Bond Connect could be disrupted. The rules applicable to taxation of Chinese debt instruments acquired through Bond Connect remain subject to further clarification. Uncertainties in the Chinese tax rules governing taxation of income and gains from investments via Bond Connect could result in unexpected tax liabilities for the fund, which may negatively affect investment returns for shareholder.

Bond Connect trades are settled in RMB, and investors must have timely access to a reliable supply of RMB in Hong Kong, which cannot be guaranteed.

Forward Commitments and Dollar Rolls

The fund may enter into contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time (“forward commitments”) if the fund sets aside on its books liquid assets in an amount sufficient to meet the purchase price, or if the fund enters into offsetting contracts for the forward sale of other securities it owns. In the case of to-be-announced (“TBA”) purchase commitments, the unit price and the estimated principal amount are established when the fund enters into a contract, with the actual principal amount being within a specified range of the estimate. Forward commitments may be considered securities in themselves, and involve a risk of loss if the value of the security to be purchased declines prior to the settlement date, which risk is in addition to the risk of decline in the value of the fund’s other assets. Where such purchases are made through dealers, the fund relies on the dealer to consummate the sale. The dealer’s failure to do so may result in the loss to the fund of an advantageous yield or price. Although the fund will generally enter into forward commitments with the intention of acquiring securities for its portfolio or for delivery pursuant to options contracts it has entered into, the fund may dispose of a commitment prior to settlement if Putnam Management deems it appropriate to do so. The fund may realize short-term profits or losses upon the sale of forward commitments.

The fund may enter into TBA sale commitments to hedge its portfolio positions, to sell securities it owns under delayed delivery arrangements, or to take a short position in mortgage-backed securities. Proceeds of TBA sale commitments are not received until the contractual settlement date. During the time a TBA sale commitment is outstanding, either equivalent deliverable securities or an offsetting TBA purchase commitment deliverable on or before the sale commitment date are held as “cover” for the transaction, or other liquid assets in an amount equal to the notional value of the TBA sale commitment are segregated. Where the fund purchases or sells an option, which is to be settled in cash, to buy or sell a TBA sale commitment, the fund will segregate cash or liquid assets in an amount equal to the current “mark-to-market” value of the option. Unsettled TBA sale commitments are valued at current market value of the underlying securities. If the TBA sale commitment is closed through the acquisition of an offsetting purchase commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss on the commitment without regard to any unrealized gain or loss on the underlying security. If the fund delivers securities under the commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss from the sale of the securities based upon the unit price established at the date the commitment was entered into.

The fund may enter into dollar roll transactions (generally using TBAs) in which it sells a fixed income security for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts to purchase similar securities (for example, same type, coupon and maturity) at an agreed upon future time. By engaging in a dollar roll transaction, the fund foregoes principal and interest paid on the security that is sold while the dollar roll is outstanding, but receives the difference between the current sales price and the forward price for the future purchase. In addition, the fund may reinvest the cash proceeds of the sale while the dollar roll is outstanding in an effort to enhance returns. The reinvestment of such proceeds may be considered a form of investment leverage and may increase the fund’s risk and volatility. If the income and capital gains from the investment of the cash from the initial sale do not exceed the income, capital appreciation and gain or loss that would have been realized on the securities sold as part of the dollar roll, the use of this technique will result in a lower

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return than would have been realized without the use of the dollar rolls. The fund accounts for dollar rolls as purchases and sales. Because cash (or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees) in the amount of the fund’s commitment under a dollar roll is set aside on the fund’s books, the fund does not consider these transactions to be borrowings for purposes of its investment restrictions.

Purchases of securities on a forward commitment basis may involve more risk than other types of purchases. The obligation to purchase securities on a specified future date involves the risk that the market value of the securities that the fund is obligated to purchase may decline below the purchase price. In addition, when entering into a forward commitment transaction, the fund will rely on the other party to consummate the transaction. In the event that the other party files for bankruptcy, becomes insolvent or defaults on its obligation, the fund may be adversely affected. For example, the other party’s failure to complete the transaction may result in the loss to the fund of an advantageous yield or price.

Futures Contracts and Related Options

Subject to applicable law, the fund may invest in futures contracts and related options for hedging and non-hedging purposes, such as to manage the effective duration of the fund’s portfolio or as a substitute for direct investment. A futures contract sale creates an obligation by the seller to deliver the type of financial instrument called for in the contract in a specified delivery month for a stated price. A futures contract purchase creates an obligation by the purchaser to take delivery of the type of financial instrument called for in the contract in a specified delivery month at a stated price. The specific instruments delivered or taken, respectively, at settlement date are not determined until on or near that date. The determination is made in accordance with the rules of the exchange on which the futures contract sale or purchase was made. Futures contracts are traded in the United States only on commodity exchanges or boards of trade -- known as “contract markets” -- approved for such trading by the CFTC, and must be executed through a futures commission merchant or brokerage firm which is a member of the relevant contract market. Examples of futures contracts that the fund may use include, without limitation, U.S. Treasury futures, index futures, corporate or municipal bond futures, U.S. Government agency futures, interest rate futures, commodities futures, futures contracts on sovereign debt, and Eurodollar futures. In addition, as described elsewhere in this SAI, the fund may use foreign currency futures.

The value of a futures contract tends to increase and decrease in tandem with the value of its underlying instrument. Therefore, purchasing futures contracts will tend to increase the fund’s exposure to positive and negative price fluctuations in the underlying instrument, much as if it had purchased the underlying instrument directly. When the fund sells a futures contract, by contrast, the value of its futures position will tend to move in a direction contrary to the market for the underlying instrument. Selling futures contracts, therefore, will tend to offset both positive and negative market price changes, much as if the underlying instrument had been sold.

When the fund enters into a futures contract, the fund is required to deliver to the futures broker an amount of liquid assets known as “initial margin.” The nature of initial margin in futures transactions is different from that of margin in security transactions in that futures contract margin does not involve the borrowing of funds to finance the transactions. Rather, initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit in that it is returned to the fund upon termination of the futures contract, assuming all contractual obligations have been satisfied. Initial margin requirements are established by the exchanges on which futures contracts trade and may, from time to time, change. Futures contracts also involve brokerage costs. Subsequent payments, called “variation margin” or “maintenance margin,” to and from the broker are made on a daily basis as the value of the futures contract fluctuates, a process known as “marking to the market.” For example, if the fund purchases a futures contract on an underlying security and the price of that security rises, the value of the futures contract will increase and the fund will receive from the broker a variation margin payment based on that increase in value. Conversely, if the price of the underlying security declines, the value of the futures contract will decrease and the fund will be required to make a variation margin payment to the broker based on

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that decrease in value. Upon the closing of a futures contract, the fund will receive or be required to pay additional cash based on a final determinations of variation margin.

Although futures contracts (other than index futures and futures based on the volatility or variance experienced by an index) by their terms call for actual delivery or acceptance of commodities or securities, in most cases the contracts are closed out before the settlement date without the making or taking of delivery. Index futures and futures based on the volatility or variance experienced by an index do not call for actual delivery or acceptance of commodities or securities, but instead require cash settlement of the futures contract on the settlement date specified in the contract. Such contracts may also be closed out before the settlement date. The fund may close some or all of its futures positions at any time prior to their expiration. Closing out a futures contract sale is effected by purchasing a futures contract for the same aggregate amount of the specific type of financial instrument or commodity with the same delivery date. If the price of the initial sale of the futures contract exceeds the price of the offsetting purchase, the seller is paid the difference and realizes a gain. Conversely, if the price of the offsetting purchase exceeds the price of the initial sale, the seller realizes a loss. If the fund is unable to enter into a closing transaction, the amount of the fund’s theoretical loss is unlimited. The closing out of a futures contract purchase is effected by the purchaser’s entering into a futures contract sale. If the offsetting sale price exceeds the purchase price, the purchaser realizes a gain, and if the purchase price exceeds the offsetting sale price, he realizes a loss. Such closing transactions involve additional commission costs.

A portion of any capital gains from futures contracts in which the fund invests directly will be treated for federal income tax purposes as short-term capital gains that, when distributed to taxable shareholders, will be taxable as ordinary income. The fund’s investments in futures may cause the fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make the distributions necessary to qualify and be eligible for treatment as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax. The fund may therefore need to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, to meet its distribution requirement.

Each of the funds and subsidiaries set forth below is a commodity pool under the Commodity Exchange Act (the “CEA”), and each of Putnam Management and PanAgora is registered as a “commodity pool operator” under the CEA with respect to each such fund. PanAgora is also registered as a “commodity trading advisor” under the CEA. Since Putnam Management, PanAgora, and the funds and subsidiaries set forth below are subject to regulation by the CFTC under the CEA, they are required to comply with applicable CFTC disclosure, reporting, and recordkeeping requirements. The disclosure, reporting and, recordkeeping requirements associated with registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” would ordinarily be in addition to those requirements already imposed onto the funds, Putnam Management, and PanAgora by the SEC. In August 2013, the CFTC issued a rule that permits a registered investment company to elect to comply with certain CFTC obligations by agreeing to comply with certain SEC disclosure, reporting, and recordkeeping requirements. The funds listed below have elected to comply with certain CFTC disclosure, reporting, and recordkeeping requirements by agreeing to comply with applicable SEC requirements.

Fund	Subsidiary
Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy	Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy, Ltd.
Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund	Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund, Ltd.

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As a result, additional CFTC-mandated disclosure, reporting and recordkeeping obligations apply to these funds and their respective subsidiaries (listed above), and compliance with the CFTC’s regulatory requirements could increase fund expenses, adversely affecting a fund’s total return. With respect to each other Putnam fund, Putnam Management has claimed an exclusion from the definition of the term “commodity pool operator” under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 (the “exclusion”). Accordingly, Putnam Management (with respect to these funds) is not subject to registration or regulation as a “commodity pool operator” under the CEA. To remain eligible for the exclusion, each of these funds will be limited in its ability to use commodity interests, including futures, options on futures and certain swaps. In the event that a fund’s investments in commodity interests are not within the thresholds set forth in the exclusion, Putnam Management may be required to register as a “commodity pool operator” with the CFTC with respect to that fund. Putnam Management’s eligibility to claim the exclusion with respect to a fund will be based upon, among other things, the level and scope of the fund’s investment in commodity interests, the purposes of such investments and the manner in which the fund holds out its use of commodity interests. A fund’s ability to invest in commodity interests is limited by Putnam Management’s intention to operate the fund in a manner that would permit Putnam Management to continue to claim the exclusion under Rule 4.5, which may adversely affect the fund’s total return. In the event the fund’s investments in commodity interests require Putnam Management to register with the CFTC as a commodity pool operator with respect to a fund, the fund’s expenses may increase, adversely affecting that fund’s total return.

Index futures. An index futures contract is a contract to buy or sell units of an index at a specified future date at a price agreed upon when the contract is made. Entering into a contract to buy units of an index is commonly referred to as buying or purchasing a contract or holding a long position in the index. Entering into a contract to sell units of an index is commonly referred to as selling a contract or holding a short position. A unit is the current value of the index. The fund may enter into stock index futures contracts, debt index futures contracts, or other index futures contracts appropriate to its objective(s). The fund may also purchase and sell options on index futures contracts.

For example, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Price Index (“S&P 500”) is composed of 500 selected U.S. common stocks. The S&P 500 assigns relative weightings to the common stocks that comprise the index, and the value of the index fluctuates with changes in the market values of those common stocks. In the case of the S&P 500, contracts are currently to buy or sell 250 units. Thus, if the value of the S&P 500 were $150, one contract would be worth $37,500 (250 units x $150). The stock index futures contract specifies that no delivery of the actual stocks making up the index will take place. Instead, settlement in cash must occur upon the termination of the contract, with the settlement being the difference between the contract price and the actual level of the stock index at the expiration of the contract. For example, if the fund enters into a futures contract to buy 250 units of the S&P 500 at a specified future date at a contract price of $150 and the S&P 500 is at $154 on that future date, the fund will gain $1,000 (250 units x gain of $4). If the fund enters into a futures contract to sell 250 units of the stock index at a specified future date at a contract price of $150 and the S&P 500 is at $152 on that future date, the fund will lose $500 (250 units x loss of $2).

Options on futures contracts. The fund may purchase and write call and put options on futures contracts it may buy or sell and enter into closing transactions with respect to such options to terminate existing positions. Options on futures contracts possess many of the same characteristics as options on securities and indices. An option on a futures contract gives the holder the right, in return for the premium paid to assume a long position (call) or short position (put) in a futures contract at a specified exercise price at any time during the period of the option (in the case of an American-style option) or on the expiration date (in the case of European-style option). After entering into a put or call option on a futures contract, the fund will be required to deposit initial margin and variation margin as described above for futures contracts.

When a call option on a futures contract is exercised, the holder acquires a long position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite short position. When a put option on a futures contract is exercised, the holder acquires a short position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite long position. When an option is exercised, the delivery of the futures position by the writer of the option to the holder of the option will be accompanied by delivery of the accumulated balance in the writer’s futures margin account, which represents the amount by which the market price of the futures contract, at exercise, exceeds (in the case

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of a call) or is less than (in the case of a put) the exercise price of the option on the future. If an option is exercised on the last trading day prior to its expiration date, the settlement will be made entirely in cash equal to the difference between the exercise price of the option and the closing level of the underlying asset on which the future is based on the expiration date. Purchasers of options who fail to exercise their options prior to the exercise date suffer a loss of the premium paid. The holder or writer of an option on a futures contract may terminate its position by selling or purchasing an offsetting option on the same financial instrument (subject to the availability of a liquid market).

The fund may use options on futures contracts in lieu of purchasing or writing options directly on the underlying instruments or purchasing and writing the underlying futures contracts. For example, to hedge against a possible decrease in the value of its portfolio securities, the fund may purchase put options or write call options on futures contracts rather than selling futures contracts. Similarly, the fund may purchase call options or write put options on futures contracts as a substitute for the purchase of futures contracts to hedge against a possible increase in the price of securities that the fund expects to purchase. Such options generally operate in the same manner, and involve the same risks, as options purchased or written directly on the underlying investments. As an alternative to purchasing or writing call and put options on index futures, the fund may purchase and write call and put options on the underlying indices themselves. Such options would be used in a manner identical to the use of options on index futures.

Compared to the purchase or sale of futures contracts, the purchase of call or put options on futures contracts generally involves less potential risk to the fund because the maximum amount at risk is the premium paid for the options (plus transaction costs). However, there may be circumstances when the purchase of a call or put option on a futures contract would result in a loss to the fund when the purchase or sale of a futures contract would not, such as when there is no movement in the prices of the hedged investments.

The writing of an option on a futures contract involves risks similar to those relating to the sale of futures contracts (which are described below). In addition, by writing a call option, the fund becomes obligated to sell a futures contract if the option is exercised, which may have a value higher than the exercise price. Similarly, by writing a put option, the fund becomes obligated to purchase a futures contract if the option is exercised, which may have a value lower than the exercise price. The writing of an option on a futures contract generates a premium, which may partially offset an increase (in the case of a written call option) or decrease (in the case of a written put option) in the value of the underlying futures contract. However, the loss incurred by the fund in writing options on futures contracts is potentially unlimited and may exceed the amount of the premium received. The fund will also incur transaction costs in connection with the writing of options on futures contracts.

Risks of transactions in futures contracts and related options. Successful use of futures contracts and options on futures contracts by the fund is subject to Putnam Management’s ability to predict movements in various factors affecting securities markets, including interest rates and market movements, and, in the case of index futures and futures based on the volatility or variance experienced by an index, Putnam Management’s ability to predict the future level of the index or the future volatility or variance experienced by an index. For example, it is possible that, where the fund has sold futures contracts to hedge its portfolio against a decline in the market, the index on which the futures contracts are written may advance and the value of securities held in the fund’s portfolio, which may differ from those that comprise the index, may decline. If this occurred, the fund would lose money on the futures contracts and experience a decline in value in its portfolio securities. It is also possible that, if the fund has hedged against the possibility of a decline in the market adversely affecting securities held in its portfolio and securities prices increase instead, the fund will lose part or all of the benefit of the increased value of those securities it has hedged because it will have offsetting losses in its futures positions.

The use of futures and options strategies also involves the risk of imperfect correlation among movements in the prices of the securities or other assets underlying the futures contracts and options purchased and sold by the fund, of the options and futures contracts themselves, and, in the case of hedging transactions, of the

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securities which are the subject of a hedge. In addition to the possibility that there may be an imperfect correlation, or no correlation at all, between movements in the futures contracts used by the fund and the portion of the portfolio being hedged, the prices of futures contracts may not correlate perfectly with movements in the underlying asset due to certain market distortions. First, all participants in the futures market are subject to margin deposit and maintenance requirements. Rather than meeting additional margin deposit requirements, investors may close futures contracts through offsetting transactions which could distort the expected relationship between the underlying asset and futures markets. Second, margin requirements in the futures market are less onerous than margin requirements in the securities market, and as a result the futures market may attract more speculators than the securities market does. Increased participation by speculators in the futures market may also cause temporary price distortions. Due to the possibility of price distortions in the futures market and also because of the imperfect correlation between movements in the underlying asset and movements in the prices of related futures, even a correct forecast of general market trends by Putnam Management may still not result in a profitable position. In addition, in the case of hedging transactions, an incorrect correlation could result in a loss on both the hedged securities in the fund and the hedging vehicle, so that the portfolio return might have been greater had hedging not been attempted.

The risk of a position in a futures contract may be very large compared to the relatively low level of margin a fund is required to deposit. In many cases, a relatively small price movement in a futures contract may result in immediate and substantial loss or gain to the fund relative to the size of a required margin deposit. In addition, if the fund has insufficient cash, it may have to sell securities to meet daily variation margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so. The fund will typically be required to post margin with its futures commission merchant in connection with its transactions in futures contracts. In the event of an insolvency of the futures commission merchant, the fund may not be able to recover all (or any) of the margin it has posted with the futures commission merchant, or to realize the value of any increase in the price of its positions. The fund also may be delayed or prevented from recovering margin or other amounts deposited with a futures commission merchant or futures clearinghouse.

There is no assurance that higher than anticipated trading activity or other unforeseen events might not, at times, render certain market clearing facilities inadequate, and thereby result in the institution by exchanges of special procedures that may interfere with the timely execution of customer orders. For example, futures exchanges may limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in certain futures contract prices during a single trading day. The daily limit establishes the maximum amount that the price of a futures contract may vary either up or down from the previous day’s settlement price at the end of the current trading session. Once the daily limit has been reached in a futures contract subject to the limit, no more trades may be made on that day at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a particular trading day and therefore does not limit potential losses because the limit may work to prevent the liquidation of unfavorable positions. Futures prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days with little or no trading, thereby preventing prompt liquidation of positions and subjecting some holders of futures contracts to substantial losses.

To reduce or eliminate a position held by the fund, the fund may seek to close out such position. The ability to establish and close out positions will be subject to the development and maintenance of a liquid secondary market. It is not certain that this market will develop or continue to exist for a particular futures contract or option. Reasons for the absence of a liquid secondary market on an exchange include the following: (i) there may be insufficient trading interest in certain contracts or options; (ii) restrictions may be imposed by an exchange on opening transactions or closing transactions or both; (iii) trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions may be imposed with respect to particular classes or series of contracts or options, or underlying securities; (iv) unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations on an exchange; (v) the facilities of an exchange or a clearing corporation may not at all times be adequate to handle current trading volume; or (vi) one or more exchanges could, for economic or other reasons, decide or be compelled at some future date to discontinue the trading of contracts or options (or a particular class or series of contracts or options), in which event the secondary market on that exchange for such contracts or options (or in the class or series of contracts or options) would cease to exist, although outstanding contracts or options on the exchange

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that had been issued by a clearing corporation as a result of trades on that exchange would continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms. If the fund were unable to liquidate a futures contract or an option on a futures contract due to the absence of a liquid secondary market, the imposition of price limits or otherwise, it could incur substantial losses. The fund would continue to be subject to market risk with respect to the position. Also, except in the case of purchased options, the fund would continue to be required to make daily variation margin payments and might be required to maintain a position being hedged by the futures contract or option or to maintain cash or securities in a segregated account.

Hybrid Instruments

Hybrid instruments are generally considered derivatives and include indexed or structured securities and combine the elements of futures contracts or options with those of debt, preferred equity, commodity or a depository instrument. A hybrid instrument may be a debt security, preferred stock, warrant, convertible security, certificate of deposit or other evidence of indebtedness on which a portion of or all interest payments, and/or the principal or stated amount payable at maturity, redemption or retirement is determined by reference to prices, changes in prices, or differences between prices, of securities, currencies, intangibles, goods, articles or commodities (collectively, “underlying assets”), or by another objective index, economic factor or other measure, including interest rates, currency exchange rates, or commodities or securities indices (collectively, “benchmarks”).

Hybrid instruments can be an efficient means of creating exposure to a particular market, or segment of a market, with the objective of enhancing total return. For example, a fund may wish to take advantage of expected declines in interest rates in several European countries but avoid the transaction costs associated with buying and currency-hedging the foreign bond positions. One solution would be to purchase a U.S. dollar-denominated hybrid instrument whose redemption price is linked to the average three-year interest rate in a designated group of countries. The redemption price formula would provide for payoffs of less than par if rates were above the specified level. Furthermore, a fund could limit the downside risk of the security by establishing a minimum redemption price so that the principal paid at maturity could not be below a predetermined minimum level if interest rates were to rise significantly. The purpose of this arrangement, known as a structured security with an embedded put option, would be to give the fund the desired European bond exposure while avoiding currency risk, limiting downside market risk, and lowering transaction costs. Of course, there is no guarantee that the strategy will be successful, and the fund could lose money if, for example, interest rates do not move as anticipated or credit problems develop with the issuer of the hybrid instrument.

The risks of investing in hybrid instruments reflect a combination of the risks of investing in securities, options, futures and currencies. An investment in a hybrid instrument may entail significant risks that are not associated with a similar investment in a traditional debt instrument that has a fixed principal amount, is denominated in U.S. dollars or pays interest either at a fixed rate or a floating rate determined by reference to a common, nationally published benchmark. The risks of a particular hybrid instrument will depend upon the terms of the instrument but may include the possibility of significant changes in the benchmark(s) or the prices of the underlying assets to which the instrument is linked. Such risks generally depend upon factors unrelated to the operations or credit quality of the issuer of the hybrid instrument, which may not be foreseen by the purchaser, such as economic and political events, the supply and demand of the underlying assets and interest rate movements. In addition, the various benchmarks and prices for underlying assets can be highly volatile.

Hybrid instruments are potentially more volatile and carry greater market risks than traditional debt instruments. Depending on the structure of the particular hybrid instrument, changes in a benchmark may be magnified by the terms of the hybrid instrument and have an even more dramatic and substantial effect upon the value of the hybrid instrument. Also, the prices of the hybrid instrument and the benchmark or underlying asset may not move in the same direction or at the same time.

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Hybrid instruments may bear interest or pay preferred dividends at below market (or even relatively nominal) rates. Alternatively, hybrid instruments may bear interest at above market rates but bear an increased risk of principal loss (or gain). The latter scenario may result if “leverage” is used to structure the hybrid instrument. Leverage risk occurs when the hybrid instrument is structured so that a given change in a benchmark or underlying asset is multiplied to produce a greater value change in the hybrid instrument, thereby magnifying the risk of loss as well as the potential for gain.

If the fund attempts to use a hybrid instrument as a hedge against, or as a substitute for, a portfolio investment, the hybrid instrument may not correlate as expected with the portfolio investment, resulting in losses to the fund. While hedging strategies involving hybrid instruments can reduce the risk of loss, they can also reduce the opportunity for gain or even result in losses by offsetting favorable price movements in other fund investments.

Hybrid instruments may also carry liquidity risk since the instruments are often “customized” to meet the portfolio needs of a particular investor, and therefore, the number of investors that are willing and able to buy such instruments in the secondary market may be smaller than that for more traditional debt securities. Under certain conditions, the redemption value of such an investment could be zero. In addition, because the purchase and sale of hybrid investments could take place in an over-the-counter market without the guarantee of a central clearing organization, or in a transaction between the fund and the issuer of the hybrid instrument, the creditworthiness of the counterparty of the issuer of the hybrid instrument would be an additional risk factor the fund would have to consider and monitor, and the value of the hybrid instrument may decline substantially if the issuer’s creditworthiness deteriorates. In addition, uncertainty regarding the tax treatment of hybrid instruments may reduce demand for such instruments. Hybrid instruments also may not be subject to regulation by the CFTC, which generally regulates the trading of commodity futures by U.S. persons, the SEC, which regulates the offer and sale of securities by and to U.S. persons, or any other governmental regulatory authority.

Illiquid Investments

Each Putnam money market fund will not invest in (a) securities which are not readily marketable, (b) securities restricted as to resale (excluding securities determined by the Trustees of the fund (or the person designated by the Trustees of the fund to make such determinations) to be readily marketable), and (c) repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days, if, as a result, more than 10% of the fund’s net assets (taken at current value) would be invested in securities described in (a), (b) and (c). Rule 22e-4 under the 1940 Act provides that mutual funds (other than money market funds) may not acquire any illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. The term “illiquid investment” for this purpose means any investment that a fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment.

A fund’s illiquid investments may be considered speculative and may be difficult to sell. The sale of many of these investments may be prohibited or limited by law or contract. Illiquid investments may be difficult to value for purposes of calculating a fund’s net asset value. A fund may not be able to sell illiquid investments when Putnam Management considers it desirable to do so, or a fund may be able to sell them only at less than their value. The larger size of certain fund holdings and the lack of liquidity in securities markets may limit a fund’s ability to sell illiquid investments, or to sell them at appropriate prices, thereby negatively impacting the fund.

Inflation-Protected Securities

The fund may invest in U.S. Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (“U.S. TIPS”), which are fixed income securities issued by the U.S. Department of Treasury, the principal amounts of which are adjusted daily based upon changes in the rate of inflation or deflation. The fund may also invest in other inflation-protected

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securities issued by non-U.S. governments or by private issuers. Two structures are common. While the U.S. Treasury and some other issuers use a structure that accrues inflation/deflation into the principal value of the bond, many other issuers adjust the coupon accruals for inflation-related changes.

U.S. TIPS pay interest on a semi-annual basis, equal to a fixed percentage of the inflation-adjusted principal amount. The interest rate on these securities is fixed at issuance, but over the life of the security this interest may be paid on an increasing or decreasing principal value that has been adjusted for inflation. U.S. TIPS currently are issued with maturities of five, ten, or thirty years, although it is possible that securities with other maturities will be issued in the future.

Repayment of the original principal upon maturity (as adjusted for inflation) is guaranteed for U.S. TIPS, even during a period of deflation. However, because the principal amount of U.S. TIPS would be adjusted downward during a period of deflation, the fund will be subject to deflation risk with respect to its investments in these securities. In addition, the current market value of U.S. TIPS is not guaranteed, and will fluctuate. If the fund purchases U.S. TIPS in the secondary market whose principal values have been adjusted upward due to inflation since issuance, the fund may experience a loss if there is a subsequent period of deflation. The fund may also invest in other inflation-related securities which may or may not provide a guarantee of principal. If a guarantee of principal is not provided, the adjusted principal value of the security repaid at maturity may be less than the original principal amount.

In addition, inflation-indexed securities do not protect holders from increases in interest rates due to reasons other than inflation (such as changes in currency exchange rates). The periodic adjustment of U.S. TIPS is currently tied to the Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers (“CPI-U”), which is calculated by the U.S. Department of Treasury. The CPI-U is a measurement of changes in the cost of living, made up of components such as housing, food, transportation and energy. Inflation-protected securities issued by a non-U.S. government are generally adjusted to reflect a comparable inflation index, calculated by that government. There can no assurance that the CPI-U or any non-U.S. inflation index will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services. If interest rates rise due to reasons other than inflation (for example, due to changes in currency exchange rates), investors in these securities may not be protected to the extent that the increase is not reflected in the security’s inflation measure, which could result in losses to the fund. In addition, there can be no assurance that the rate of inflation in a non-U.S. country will be correlated to the rate of inflation in the United States.

Although inflation-indexed bonds securities may protect their holders from long-term inflationary trends, short-term increases in inflation may result in a decline in value. In general, the value of inflation-protected securities is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in real interest rates, which are in turn tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. Therefore, if inflation were to rise at a faster rate than nominal interest rates, real interest rates might decline, leading to an increase in value of inflation-protected securities. In contrast, if nominal interest rates increased at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates might rise, leading to a decrease in value of inflation-protected securities. If inflation is lower than expected during the period the fund holds the security, the fund may earn less on the security than on a conventional bond.

Any increase in principal value is taxable in the year the increase occurs, even though holders do not receive cash representing the increase at that time. As a result, when the fund invests in inflation-protected securities, it could be required at times to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements as a regulated investment company and to eliminate any fund-level income tax liability under the Code.

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Initial Public Offerings

The fund may purchase debt or equity securities in initial public offerings (“IPOs”). These securities, which are often issued by unseasoned companies, may be subject to many of the same risks of investing in companies with smaller market capitalizations. Securities issued in an IPO frequently are very volatile in price (and may, therefore, involve greater risk) due to factors such as market psychology prevailing at the time of the IPO, the absence of a prior public market, unseasoned trading, the small number of shares available for trading, and limited availability of information about the issuer. Because of the price volatility of IPO securities, the fund may hold securities purchased in an IPO for a very short period of time. As a result, the fund’s investments in IPOs may increase portfolio turnover, which increases brokerage and administrative costs and may result in taxable distributions to shareholders.

There can be no assurance that investments in IPOs will be available to the funds or improve a fund’s performance. At any particular time or from time to time the fund may not be able to invest in securities issued in IPOs, or invest to the extent desired because, for example, only a small portion (if any) of the securities being offered in an IPO may be made available to the fund. In addition, under certain market conditions a relatively small number of companies may issue securities in IPOs. Similarly, to the extent that the number of Putnam funds to which IPO securities are allocated increases, the number of securities issued to any one fund may decrease. The investment performance of the fund during periods when it is unable to invest significantly or at all in IPOs may be lower than during periods when the fund is able to do so. When a fund’s asset base is small, a significant portion of the fund’s performance could be attributable to investments in IPOs because such investments would have a magnified impact on the fund. As the fund increases in size, the impact of IPOs on the fund’s performance will generally decrease.

Interfund Borrowing and Lending

To satisfy redemption requests or to cover unanticipated cash shortfalls, the fund has entered into an Amended and Restated Master Interfund Lending Agreement by and among each Putnam fund and Putnam Management (the “Interfund Lending Agreement”) under which a Putnam fund may lend or borrow money (Putnam money market funds may lend, but not borrow) for temporary purposes directly to or from another Putnam fund (an “Interfund Loan”), subject to meeting the conditions of an SEC exemptive order dated April 10, 2002 (the “Putnam Exemptive Order”) granted to the fund permitting such Interfund Loans. All Interfund Loans would consist only of uninvested cash reserves that the lending fund otherwise would invest in short-term repurchase agreements or other short-term instruments. At this time, Putnam Short-Term Investment Fund is the only Putnam fund expected to make its uninvested cash reserves available for Interfund Loans.

On March 23, 2020, the SEC issued a temporary exemptive order (the “Temporary Order”) granting relief to funds in response to the market impacts of COVID-19. The Temporary Order permitted the Putnam funds to deviate from certain terms and conditions of the Putnam Exemptive Order permitting the Putnam funds to participate in an interfund lending facility, including with respect to the maximum term of an interfund loan and the maximum percentage of a lending fund’s assets that may be loaned. Under the Temporary Order, a fund may lend up to 25% of its net assets notwithstanding provisions in the Putnam Exemptive Order that limit the aggregate loans to all borrowing funds to 15% of the lending fund’s net assets. A maximum term of 60 days for any interfund loan made in reliance on the Temporary Order is permitted.

If the fund has outstanding borrowings, any Interfund Loans to the fund (a) would be at an interest rate equal to or lower than that of any outstanding bank loan, (b) would be secured at least on an equal priority basis with at least an equivalent percentage of collateral to loan value as any outstanding bank loan that requires collateral, and (c) would have a maturity no longer than any outstanding bank loan (and in any event not over seven days). In addition, if an event of default were to occur under any agreement evidencing an outstanding bank loan to the fund, the event of default would automatically (without need for action or notice by the

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lending fund) constitute an immediate event of default under the Interfund Lending Agreement entitling the lending fund to call the Interfund Loan (and exercise all rights with respect to any collateral, if any). Such a call would be deemed made if a lending bank exercises its right to call its loan under its agreement with the borrowing fund.

The fund may make an unsecured borrowing under the Interfund Lending Agreement if its outstanding borrowings from all sources immediately after the interfund borrowing total 10% or less of its total assets; provided, that if the fund has a secured loan outstanding from any other lender, including but not limited to another Putnam fund, the fund’s Interfund Loan would be secured on at least an equal priority basis with at least an equivalent percentage of collateral to loan value as any outstanding loan secured by collateral. If (i) the fund’s total outstanding borrowings immediately after an interfund borrowing would be greater than 10% of its total assets,(ii) the fund’s total outstanding borrowings exceed 10% of its total assets for any reason (such as a decline in net asset value or because of shareholder redemptions), or (iii) the fund has outstanding secured Interfund Loans, the fund may borrow through the Interfund Lending Agreement on a secured basis only. All secured Interfund Loans would be secured by the pledge of segregated collateral with a market value equal to at least 102% of the outstanding principal value of the Interfund Loan. The fund may not borrow from any source if its total outstanding borrowings immediately after the borrowing would exceed the limits imposed by Section 18 of the 1940 Act or the fund’s fundamental investment restrictions.

The fund may not lend to another Putnam fund under the Interfund Lending Agreement if the Interfund Loan would cause its aggregate outstanding Interfund Loans to exceed 15% of the fund’s current net assets (25% under the Temporary Order) at the time of the Interfund Loan. The fund’s Interfund Loans to any one fund may not exceed 5% of the lending fund’s net assets. The duration of Interfund Loans would be limited to the time required to receive payment for securities sold, but in no event may the duration exceed seven days (60 days if the Interfund Loan is made in reliance on the Temporary Order). Interfund Loans effected within seven days of each other would be treated as separate loan transactions for purposes of this condition. Each Interfund Loan may be called on one business day’s notice by a lending fund and may be repaid on any day by a borrowing fund.

The limitations detailed above and the other conditions of the SEC exemptive order permitting interfund lending are designed to minimize the risks associated with interfund lending for both the lending fund and the borrowing fund. However, no borrowing or lending activity is without risk. If the fund borrows money from another fund, there is a risk that the Interfund Loan could be called on one business day’s notice or not renewed, in which case the fund may have to borrow from a bank at higher rates if an Interfund Loan were not available from another fund. A delay in repayment to a lending fund could result in a lost opportunity or additional lending costs, and interfund loans are subject to the risk that the borrowing fund could be unable to repay the loan when due. In the case of a default by a borrowing fund and to the extent that the loan is collateralized, the lending fund could take possession of collateral that it is not permitted to hold and, therefore, would be required to dispose of such collateral as soon as possible, which could result in a loss to the lending fund. Because Putnam Management provides investment management services to both the lending fund and the borrowing fund, Putnam Management may have a potential conflict of interest in determining whether an Interfund Loan is appropriate for the lending fund and the borrowing fund. The funds and Putnam Management have adopted policies and procedures that are designed to manage potential conflicts of interest, but the administration of the Interfund Program may be subject to such conflicts.

Inverse Floaters

Inverse floating rate debt securities (or “inverse floaters”) are debt securities structured with variable interest rates that reset in the opposite direction from the market rate of interest to which the inverse floater is indexed. An inverse floater may be considered to be leveraged to the extent that its interest rate varies by a magnitude that exceeds the magnitude of the change in the index rate of interest. As a result, inverse floaters may be more

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volatile and more sensitive to interest rate changes than other types of debt securities with comparable maturities. Inverse floaters may be subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale and therefore may be less liquid than other types of securities. Certain inverse floaters may be illiquid.

Investments in Wholly Owned Subsidiaries

Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund may invest up to 25% of its total assets in its wholly-owned and controlled subsidiary, organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company (each, a “Subsidiary” and collectively, the “Subsidiaries”) in order to gain exposure to the commodities markets within the limitations of the federal tax laws, rules and regulations that apply to regulated investment companies.

Generally, each Subsidiary will invest primarily in commodity futures, and, in the case of Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund, swaps on commodity futures, but each Subsidiary may also invest in other commodity-related instruments (such as financial futures, option and swap contracts). Each Subsidiary may also have exposure to equity and fixed income securities, cash and cash equivalents, pooled investment vehicles (including those that are not registered pursuant to the 1940 Act) and other investments, either as investments or to serve as margin or collateral for the Subsidiary’s derivative positions. Unlike a fund, a Subsidiary may invest without limitation in commodity-linked derivatives. By investing in a Subsidiary, each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund is indirectly exposed to the risks associated with the Subsidiary’s investments. Except as described below, the Subsidiaries are not registered under the 1940 Act and are not subject to all of the investor protections of the 1940 Act. Changes in the laws of the United States and/or the Cayman Islands could result in the inability of the fund and/or the Subsidiary to operate as described in the prospectus and could adversely affect the fund and its shareholders.

The Chief Compliance Officer of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund oversees implementation of each Subsidiary’s policies and procedures, and makes periodic reports to the Board regarding each Subsidiary’s compliance with its policies and procedures. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund test for compliance with investment restrictions on a consolidated basis with its Subsidiary, except that with respect to its investments in certain securities that may involve leverage, each Subsidiary complies with asset segregation requirements to the same extent as the applicable fund.

PanAgora provides investment management and other services to each Subsidiary. PanAgora does not receive increased compensation by virtue of providing each Subsidiary with investment management or administrative services. However, Putnam Management pays PanAgora based on each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s assets, including the assets invested in the applicable Subsidiary. Each Subsidiary will also enter into separate contracts for the provision of custody and audit services with the same or with affiliates of the same service providers that provide those services to the applicable fund.

The financial statements of each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund will be consolidated with the financial statements of the applicable Subsidiary in the fund’s Annual and Semi-Annual Reports. The fund’s Annual and Semi-Annual Reports are distributed to shareholders, and copies of the reports are provided without charge upon request as indicated on the back cover of the prospectus.

In order for the fund to qualify as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code the fund must derive at least 90 percent of its gross income each taxable year from certain sources of “qualifying income” specified in the Code. Income from certain commodity-linked derivative instruments in which the fund might invest may not be considered qualifying income. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s investment in a Subsidiary is expected to provide the fund with exposure to the commodities markets within the limitations of the federal income tax requirements of

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Subchapter M of the Code. Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy’s and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund’s pursuit of its investment strategy may be limited by the fund’s intention to qualify for treatment as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. If a net loss is realized by a Subsidiary, such loss is generally not available to offset income or capital gain generated from the fund’s other investments. In addition, a Subsidiary is not permitted to carry forward any net ordinary losses it realizes in a taxable year to offset ordinary income it realizes in subsequent taxable years.

Legal and Regulatory Risks Relating to Investment Strategy

The fund may be adversely affected by new (or revised) laws or regulations that may be imposed by the Internal Revenue System or Treasury Department, the CFTC, the SEC, the U.S. Federal Reserve or other banking regulators, or other governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise the financial markets. These agencies are empowered to promulgate a variety of rules pursuant to financial reform legislation in the United States. The fund may also be adversely affected by changes in the enforcement or interpretation of existing statutes and rules by these governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations. It is impossible to predict what, if any, changes in regulations may occur, but any regulation that restricts the ability of the fund to trade in securities or otherwise execute its investment strategy could have a material adverse impact on the fund’s performance.

The regulatory environment for funds is evolving, and changes in regulation may adversely affect the value of the investments held by the fund and the ability of the fund to execute its investment strategy. In addition, the securities and futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations and margin requirements. The CFTC, the SEC, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, other regulators and self-regulatory organizations and exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of market emergencies. The regulation of securitization and derivatives transactions and funds that engage in such transactions is an evolving area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action.

In October 2016, the SEC adopted a liquidity risk management rule, Rule 22e-4 under the 1940 Act (the “Liquidity Rule”) that requires each fund (other than Putnam money market funds) to establish a liquidity risk management program. The funds have implemented a liquidity risk management program, and the fund’s Board of Trustees has appointed Putnam Management to administer the program. Under the liquidity risk management program, the liquidity risk of each fund is assessed, managed, and periodically reviewed and each portfolio investment held by each fund is classified as a “highly liquid investment,” “moderately liquid investment,” “less liquid investment” or “illiquid investment.” The Liquidity Rule defines “liquidity risk” as the risk that a fund could not meet requests to redeem shares issued by the fund without significant dilution of the remaining investors’ interest in the fund. The liquidity of a fund’s portfolio investments is determined based on relevant market, trading and investment-specific considerations under the fund’s liquidity risk management program. The impact the Liquidity Rule will have on the funds, and on the open-end fund industry in general, is not yet fully known, but the rule could impact a fund’s performance and its ability to achieve its investment objective(s). Please see “Illiquid Investments” above for more information.

The U.S. government has enacted legislation that provides for new regulation of the derivatives market, including clearing, margin, reporting and registration requirements. The CFTC, SEC, and other federal regulators have adopted and continue to develop rules and regulations enacting the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”). The European Union (“EU”) and some other countries have implemented and are in the process of implementing similar requirements that affect the fund when it enters into derivatives transactions with a counterparty organized in that country or otherwise subject to that country’s derivatives regulations. For example, the U.S. government, the EU and certain other jurisdictions have adopted mandatory minimum margin requirements for bilateral derivatives.

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New variation margin requirements became effective in 2017 and new initial margin requirements are expected to become effective for swaps between swap dealers and many buy-side entities in the near future. Such requirements could increase the amount of margin the fund needs to provide in connection with its derivatives transactions and, therefore, make derivatives transactions more expensive.

In addition, in October 2020, the SEC adopted Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act (the “Derivatives Rule”), regulating the use by registered investment companies of derivatives and many related instruments (e.g. reverse repurchase agreements). The compliance date for the Derivatives Rule is expected to be on or about August 19, 2022. The Derivatives Rule requires, among other things, that certain entities adopt a derivatives risk management program, comply with limitations on leverage-related risk based on a “value-at-risk” test and update reporting and disclosure procedures. Funds that use derivative instruments in a limited amount will not be subject to the full requirements of the Derivatives Rule. In connection with the adoption of the Derivatives Rule, funds will no longer be required to comply with the asset segregation framework arising from prior SEC guidance for covering certain derivative instruments and related transactions. As the funds come into compliance, the approach to asset segregation and coverage requirements described in this SAI will be impacted.

Regulatory changes also may affect counterparty risk. For example, new regulatory requirements may limit the ability of the fund to protect its interests in the event of an insolvency of a derivatives counterparty. In the event of a counterparty’s (or its affiliate’s) insolvency, the fund’s ability to exercise remedies, such as the termination of transactions, netting of obligations and realization on collateral, could be stayed or eliminated under new special resolution regimes adopted in the United States, the EU and various other jurisdictions. Such regimes provide government authorities with broad authority to intervene when a financial institution is experiencing financial difficulty. In particular, with respect to counterparties who are subject to such proceedings in the EU, the liabilities of such counterparties to the fund could be reduced, eliminated, or converted to equity in such counterparties (sometimes referred to as a “bail in”).

The CFTC and domestic exchanges have established speculative position limits, referred to as “position limits,” on the maximum speculative positions which any person, or group of persons acting in concert, may hold or control in particular futures and options on futures contracts. All positions owned or controlled by the same person or entity, even if in different accounts, must be aggregated for purposes of determining whether the applicable position limits have been exceeded. Thus, even if the fund does not intend to exceed applicable position limits, it is possible that different clients managed by Putnam Management and its affiliates may be aggregated for this purpose. Any modification of trading decisions or elimination of open positions that may be required to avoid exceeding such limits may adversely affect the profitability of the fund. In addition, the CFTC recently adopted rules that, once effective, will materially expand the scope of contracts subject to federal limits to include additional futures and options on futures and certain swaps. Such regulations may adversely affect the fund’s ability to hold positions in certain futures contracts and related options and swaps.

The SEC has in the past adopted interim rules requiring reporting of all short positions above a certain de minimis threshold and may adopt rules requiring monthly public disclosure in the future. In addition, other non-U.S. jurisdictions where the fund may trade have adopted reporting requirements. If the fund’s short positions or its strategy become generally known, the fund’s ability to implement its investment strategy could be adversely affected. In particular, other investors could cause a “short squeeze” in the securities held short by the fund forcing the fund to cover its positions at a loss. Such reporting requirements may also limit the fund’s ability to access management and other personnel at certain companies where the fund seeks to take a short position. In addition, if other investors engage in copycat behavior by taking positions in the same issuers as the fund, the cost of borrowing securities to sell short could increase drastically and the availability of such securities to the fund could decrease drastically. Such events could make a fund unable to execute its investment strategy. Short sales are also subject to certain SEC regulations. If the SEC were to adopt additional restrictions on short sales, they could restrict the fund’s ability to engage in short sales in certain circumstances. The SEC and regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions may adopt (and in certain cases, have adopted) bans on new or increases in short sales of certain securities, including short positions on such securities acquired through swaps, in response to market events. Bans on short selling and such short positions

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may make it impossible for the fund to execute certain investment strategies and may have a material adverse effect on the fund’s ability to generate returns.

In October 2020, the SEC adopted certain regulatory changes and took other actions related to the ability of an investment company to invest in another investment company. These changes include, among other things, amendments to Rule 12d1-1, the rescission of Rule 12d1-2, the adoption of Rule 12d1-4, and the rescission of certain exemptive relief issued by the SEC permitting such investments in excess of statutory limits. These regulatory changes may adversely impact each fund’s investment strategies and operations.

Rules implementing the credit risk retention requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act for asset-backed securities require the sponsor of certain securitization vehicles to retain, and to refrain from transferring, selling, conveying to a third party, or hedging 5% of the credit risk in assets transferred, sold, or conveyed through the issuance of such vehicle, subject to certain exceptions. These requirements may increase the costs to originators, securitizers, and, in certain cases, collateral managers of securitization vehicles in which the fund may invest, which costs could be passed along to the fund as an investor in such transactions.

Some EU-regulated institutions (banks, certain investment firms, and authorized managers of alternative investment funds) are currently restricted from investing in securitizations (including U.S.-related securitizations), unless, in summary: (i) the institution is able to demonstrate that it has undertaken certain due diligence in respect of various matters, including its investment position, the underlying assets, and (in the case of authorized managers of alternative investment funds) the sponsor and the originator of the securitization; and (ii) the originator, sponsor, or original lender of the securitization has explicitly disclosed to the institution that it will retain, on an ongoing basis, a net economic interest of not less than five percent of specified credit risk tranches or asset exposures related to the securitization. In the future, EU insurance and reinsurance undertakings and UCITS funds are expected to become subject to similar restrictions. Although the requirements do not apply to the fund directly, the costs of compliance, in the case of any securitization within the EU risk retention rules in which the fund has invested or is seeking to invest, could be indirectly borne by the fund and the other investors in the securitization.

The regulations described in this SAI as well as other new or evolving regulations could, among other things, further restrict the fund’s ability to engage in, or increase the cost to the fund of, derivatives transactions, and the fund may be unable to execute its investment strategy as a result. Because these requirements are new and evolving, their ultimate impact on the fund and the financial system is not yet known. While the new rules and regulations and central clearing of some derivatives transactions are designed to reduce systemic risk (i.e., the risk that the interdependence of large derivatives dealers could cause them to suffer liquidity, solvency or other challenges simultaneously), there is no assurance that they will achieve that result, and in the meantime, the requirements can expose the fund to new kinds of costs and risks.

London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)

On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, announced a desire to phase out the use of LIBOR by the end of 2021. On December 4, 2020, the administrator of LIBOR published a consultation seeking market input on a proposal to delay the phase out of a majority of the U.S. dollar LIBOR publications until June 30, 2023, with the remainder of LIBOR publications to still end at the end of 2021. As a result of these developments, it remains unclear if, how and in what form, LIBOR will continue to exist. LIBOR has historically been a common benchmark interest rate index used to make adjustments to variable-rate loans. It is used throughout global banking and financial industries to determine interest rates for a variety of financial instruments and borrowing arrangements. Actions by regulators have resulted in the establishment of alternative reference rates to LIBOR in most major currencies. Various

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financial industry groups have begun planning for the transition from LIBOR, but there are obstacles to converting certain longer-term securities and transactions to new reference rates. Markets are developing slowly and questions around liquidity in these rates and how to appropriately adjust these rates to mitigate any economic value transfer at the time of transition remain a significant concern. Neither the effect of the transition process nor its ultimate success can yet be known. The transition process might lead to increased volatility and illiquidity in markets that currently rely on LIBOR to determine interest rates. It could also lead to a reduction in the value of some LIBOR-based investments and reduce the effectiveness of new hedges placed against existing LIBOR-based investments. While some LIBOR-based instruments may contemplate a scenario where LIBOR is no longer available by providing for an alternative rate-setting methodology, not all may have such provisions and there may be significant uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of any such alternative methodologies. Since the usefulness of LIBOR as a benchmark could deteriorate during the transition period, these effects could occur prior to the end of 2021.

Lower-rated Securities

The fund may invest in lower-rated fixed-income securities (commonly known as “junk bonds”) and may hold fixed-income securities that are downgraded to a lower rating after the time of purchase by the fund. Compared to higher-rated fixed-income securities, lower-rated securities generally offer the potential for higher investment returns but subject holders to greater credit, market and liquidity risk, including the possibility of default or bankruptcy. The lower ratings reflect a greater possibility that adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer or in general economic conditions, or both, or an unanticipated rise in interest rates, may impair the ability of the issuer to make payments of interest and principal. The inability (or perceived inability) of issuers to make timely payment of interest and principal would likely make the values of securities held by the fund more volatile and could limit the fund’s ability to sell its securities at prices approximating the values the fund had placed on such securities. The market price of lower-rated securities also generally responds to short-term corporate and market developments to a greater extent than do the price and liquidity of higher-rated securities because such developments are perceived to have a more direct relationship to the ability of an issuer of lower-rated securities to meet its ongoing debt obligations. In addition, the market may be less liquid for lower-rated securities than for higher-rated securities. In the absence of a liquid trading market for securities held by it, the fund at times may be unable to establish the fair value of such securities.

Securities ratings are based largely on the issuer’s historical financial condition and the rating agencies’ analysis at the time of rating. Consequently, the rating assigned to any particular security is not necessarily a reflection of the issuer’s current financial condition, which may be better or worse than the rating would indicate. In addition, the rating assigned to a security by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. or Standard & Poor’s (or by any other nationally recognized securities rating agency) does not reflect an assessment of the volatility of the security’s market value or the liquidity of an investment in the security. See “SECURITIES RATINGS.”

Like those of other fixed-income securities, the values of lower-rated securities fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates. A decrease in interest rates will generally result in an increase in the value of the fund’s fixed-income assets. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the value of the fund’s fixed-income assets will generally decline. The values of lower-rated securities may often be affected to a greater extent than higher-rated securities by changes in general economic conditions and business conditions affecting the issuers of such securities and their industries. Negative publicity or investor perceptions may also adversely affect the values of lower-rated securities, whether or not justified by fundamental factors. Changes by nationally recognized securities rating agencies in their ratings of any fixed-income security, changes in the ability of an issuer to make payments of interest and principal or regulation that limits the ability of certain categories of financial institutions to invest in lower-rated securities may also affect the value of these investments. Changes in the value of portfolio securities generally will not affect income derived from these securities, but will affect the fund’s net asset value. The fund will not necessarily dispose of a security when its rating is reduced below its rating at the time of purchase. However, Putnam Management will monitor the investment to determine whether its retention will assist in meeting the fund’s goal(s).

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Lower-rated securities may contain redemption, call or prepayment provisions which permit the issuer of such securities to, at its discretion, redeem the securities. During periods of falling interest rates, issuers of these securities are likely to redeem or prepay the securities and refinance them with debt securities with a lower interest rate. To the extent an issuer is able to refinance the securities, or otherwise redeem them, the fund may have to replace the securities with a lower yielding security, which would result in a lower return.

Issuers of lower-rated fixed-income securities may be (i) in poor financial condition, (ii) experiencing poor operating results, (iii) having substantial capital needs or negative net worth, or (iv) facing special competitive or product obsolescence problems, and may include companies involved in bankruptcy or other reorganizations or liquidation proceedings. Issuers of lower-rated securities are also often highly leveraged, and their relatively high debt-to-equity ratios increase the risk that their operations may not generate sufficient cash flow to service their debt obligations, especially during an economic downturn or during sustained periods of rising interest rates. Such issuers may not have more traditional methods of financing available to them and may be unable to repay outstanding obligations at maturity by refinancing. The risk of loss due to default in payment of interest or repayment of principal by issuers of lower-rated securities is significantly greater than for issuers of higher-rated securities because such securities frequently are unsecured and subordinated to the prior payment of senior indebtedness.

At times, a substantial portion of the fund’s assets may be invested in an issue of which the fund, by itself or together with other funds and accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates, holds all or a major portion. Although Putnam Management generally considers such securities to be liquid because of the availability of an institutional market for such securities, it is possible that, under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the fund could find it more difficult to sell these securities when Putnam Management believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell the securities only at prices lower than if they were more widely held. Under these circumstances, it may also be more difficult to determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of computing the fund’s net asset value. In order to enforce its rights in the event of a default, the fund may be required to participate in various legal proceedings or take possession of and manage assets securing the issuer’s obligations on such securities. This could increase the fund’s operating expenses and adversely affect the fund’s net asset value. In the case of tax-exempt funds, any income derived from the fund’s ownership or operation of such assets would not be tax-exempt. The ability of a holder of a tax-exempt security to enforce the terms of that security in a bankruptcy proceeding may be more limited than would be the case with respect to securities of private issuers. In addition, the fund’s intention to qualify as a “regulated investment company” under the Code may limit the extent to which the fund may exercise its rights by taking possession of such assets.

To the extent the fund invests in lower-rated securities, the achievement of the fund’s goals is more dependent on Putnam Management’s investment analysis than would be the case if the fund were investing in higher-rated securities

Market Risk

The value of securities in a fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions, investor sentiment and market perceptions (including perceptions about monetary policy, interest rates or the risk of default), government actions (including protectionist measures, intervention in the financial markets or other regulation, and changes in fiscal, monetary or tax policies), geopolitical events or changes (including natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics, terrorism and war), and factors related to a specific issuer, geography, industry or sector. In addition, the increasing popularity of passive index-based investing may have the potential to increase security price correlations and volatility. (As passive strategies generally buy or sell securities based simply on inclusion and representation in an index, securities prices will have an increasing tendency to rise or fall based on whether money is flowing into or out of passive strategies rather than based on an analysis of the prospects and valuation of individual securities. This may result in increased market volatility as more money is invested

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through passive strategies). These and other factors may lead to increased volatility and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings, particularly for larger investments. During those periods, the fund may experience high levels of shareholder redemptions, and may have to sell securities at times when it would otherwise not do so, and at unfavorable price.

Legal, political, regulatory and tax changes may cause fluctuations in markets and securities prices. In the past, governmental and non-governmental issuers have defaulted on, or have been forced to restructure, their debts, and many other issuers have faced difficulties obtaining credit. Defaults or restructurings by governments or others of their debts could have substantial adverse effects on economies, financial markets, and asset valuations around the world. In addition, financial regulators, including the U.S. Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank, at times have taken steps to maintain historically low interest rates, such as by purchasing bonds. Some governmental authorities at times have taken steps to devalue their currencies substantially or have taken other steps to counter actual or anticipated market or other developments. Steps by those regulators and authorities to implement, or to curtail or taper, these activities could have substantial negative effects on financial markets. The withdrawal of support, failure of efforts in response to a financial crisis, or investor perception that these efforts are not succeeding could negatively affect financial markets generally as well as the values and liquidity of certain securities.

The fund is subject to the risk that geopolitical events will disrupt securities markets and adversely affect global economies and markets. War, terrorism, economic uncertainty, and other geopolitical events (including sanctions, tariffs, exchange controls or other cross-border trade barriers) have led, and in the future may lead, to increased short-term market volatility and may have adverse long-term effects on U.S. and world economies and markets generally. In addition, trade disputes (such as the “trade war” between the United States and China that intensified in 2018 and 2019) may affect investor and consumer confidence and may adversely impact financial markets and the broader economy, perhaps suddenly and to a significant degree. Events such as these and their impact on the fund are difficult to predict.

Likewise, natural and environmental disasters, epidemics or pandemics, and systemic market dislocations may be highly disruptive to economies and markets, and may result in significant market volatility, exchange trading suspensions or closures, or a substantial economic downturn or recession. Those events, as well as other changes in foreign and domestic economic and political conditions, also could disrupt the operations of the fund or its service providers or adversely affect individual issuers or related groups of issuers, interest rates, credit ratings, default rates, inflation, supply chains, consumer demand, investor sentiment, and other factors affecting the value or liquidity of the fund’s investments.

An outbreak of respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus designated as COVID-19 was first detected in China in December 2019 and subsequently spread internationally. The transmission of COVID-19 and efforts to contain its spread have resulted in, among other things, border closings and other significant travel restrictions and disruptions; significant disruptions to business operations, supply chains and customer activity; lower consumer demand for goods and services; higher levels of unemployment; event cancellations and restrictions; service cancellations, reductions and other changes; significant challenges in healthcare service preparation and delivery; prolonged quarantines; and general concern and uncertainty. These impacts have negatively affected, and may continue to negatively affect, the global economy, the economies of individual countries, and the financial performance of individual issuers, sectors, industries, asset classes, and markets in significant and unforeseen ways. The COVID-19 pandemic also has resulted in significant market volatility, exchange trading suspensions and closures, declines in global financial markets, higher default rates, and economic downturns and recessions, and may continue to have similar effects in the future. In addition, actions taken by government and quasi-governmental authorities and regulators throughout the world in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including significant fiscal and monetary policies changes, may affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of some securities and other assets. Health crises caused by the COVID-19 pandemic may also exacerbate other pre-existing political, social, economic, market and financial risks. The effects of the outbreak in developing or emerging market countries may be greater due to less established health care systems. The foregoing could impair the fund’s ability to maintain operational standards (such as with respect

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to satisfying redemption requests), disrupt the operations of the fund’s service providers, adversely affect the value and liquidity of the fund’s investments, and negatively impact the fund’s performance and your investment in the fund. Given the significant uncertainty surrounding the magnitude, duration, reach, costs and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as actions that have been or could be taken by governmental authorities or other third parties, it is difficult to predict its potential impacts on a fund’s investments.

Securities and financial markets may be susceptible to market manipulation or other fraudulent trade practices, which could disrupt the orderly functioning of these markets, contribute to overall market volatility and adversely affect the values of the fund’s investments.

Given the increasing interdependence among global economies and markets, conditions in one country, region or market might adversely affect financial conditions or issuers in other countries, regions or markets. For example, any partial or complete dissolution of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, or any increased uncertainty as to its status, could have significant adverse effects on global currency and financial markets, and on the values of the fund’s investments. On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom formally withdrew from the European Union (commonly known as “Brexit”). An agreement between the United Kingdom and the European Union governing their future trade relationship became effective January 1, 2021.While the full impact of Brexit is unknown, Brexit has already resulted in volatility in European and global markets. Potential negative long-term effects could include, among others, greater market volatility and illiquidity, disruptions to world securities markets, currency fluctuations, deterioration in economic activity, a decrease in business confidence, and an increased likelihood of a recession in the United Kingdom. To the extent the fund has focused its investments in a particular country, region or market, adverse geopolitical and other events impacting that country, region or market could have a disproportionate impact on the fund.

Master Limited Partnerships (MLPs)

A MLP generally is a publicly traded company organized as a limited partnership or limited liability company and treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. MLPs may derive income and gains from, among other things, the exploration, development, mining or production, processing, refining, transportation (including pipelines transporting gas, oil, or products thereof), or the marketing of any mineral or natural resources. MLPs generally have two classes of owners, the general partner and limited partners. The general partner of an MLP is typically owned by one or more of the following: a major energy company, an investment fund, or the direct management of the MLP. The general partner may be structured as a private or publicly traded corporation or other entity. The general partner typically controls the operations and management of the MLP through an up to 2% equity interest in the MLP plus, in many cases, ownership of common units and subordinated units. Limited partners own the remainder of the partnership through ownership of common units and have a limited role in the partnership’s operations and management.

MLP securities in which certain funds may invest can include, but are not limited to: (i) equity securities of MLPs, including common units, preferred units or convertible subordinated units; (ii) debt securities of MLPs, including debt securities rated below investment grade; (iii) securities of MLP affiliates; (iv) securities of open-end funds, closed-end funds or exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that invest primarily in MLP securities; or (v) exchange-traded notes whose returns are linked to the returns of MLPs or MLP indices.

The risks of investing in an MLP are generally those inherent in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, MLP common units represent an equity ownership interest in a partnership, providing limited voting rights and entitling the holder to a share of the company’s success through distributions and/or capital appreciation. Unlike shareholders of a corporation, common unit holders do not elect directors annually and generally have the right to vote only on certain significant events, such as mergers, a sale of substantially all of the assets, removal of the general partner or material amendments to the partnership agreement. In addition, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded investors in an MLP than investors in a corporation.

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MLP common units and other equity securities can be affected by macro-economic and other factors affecting the stock market in general, expectations of interest rates, investor sentiment towards MLPs, changes in a particular issuer’s financial condition, or unfavorable or unanticipated poor performance of a particular issuer (in the case of MLPs, generally measured in terms of distributable cash flow). Prices of common units of individual MLPs and other equity securities can also be affected by fundamentals unique to the partnership or company, including earnings power and coverage ratios.

Additional risks involved with investing in an MLP are risks associated with the specific industry or industries in which the partnership invests. For example, companies operating in the energy MLP sector are subject to risks that are specific to the industry in which they operate. MLPs and other companies that provide crude oil, refined product and natural gas services are subject to supply and demand fluctuations in the markets they serve which may be impacted by a wide range of factors including fluctuating commodity prices, weather, increased conservation or use of alternative fuel sources, increased governmental or environmental regulation, depletion, rising interest rates, declines in domestic or foreign production, accidents or catastrophic events, and economic conditions, among others. Energy MLP companies are subject to varying demand for oil, natural gas or refined products in the markets they serve, as well as changes in the supply of products requiring gathering, transport, processing, or storage due to natural declines in reserves and production in the supply areas serviced by the companies’ facilities. Declines in oil or natural gas prices, as well as adverse regulatory decisions, may cause producers to curtail production or reduce capital spending for production or exploration activities, which may in turn reduce the need for the services provided by energy MLP companies. Lower prices may also create lower processing margins. Energy MLPs may also be subject to regulation by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) with respect to tariff rates that these companies may charge for interstate pipeline transportation services. An adverse determination by FERC with respect to tariff rates of a pipeline MLP could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial conditions, result of operations, cash flows and prospects of that pipeline MLP and its ability to make cash distributions to its equity owners.

Money Market Instruments

Money market instruments, or short-term debt instruments, consist of obligations such as commercial paper, bank obligations (e.g., certificates of deposit and bankers’ acceptances), repurchase agreements, and various government obligations, such as Treasury bills. These instruments have a remaining maturity of one year or less and are generally of high credit quality. Money market instruments may be structured to be, or may employ a trust or other form so that they are, eligible investments for money market funds. For example, put features can be used to modify the maturity of a security or interest rate adjustment features can be used to enhance price stability. If a structure fails to function as intended, adverse tax or investment consequences may result. Neither the IRS nor any other regulatory authority has ruled definitively on certain legal issues presented by certain structured securities. Future tax or other regulatory determinations could adversely affect the value, liquidity, or tax treatment of the income received from these securities or the nature and timing of distributions made by the funds.

Commercial paper is a money market instrument issued by banks or companies to raise money for short-term purposes. Commercial paper is usually sold on a discounted basis rather than as an interest-bearing instrument. Unlike some other debt obligations, commercial paper is typically unsecured, which increases the credit risk associated with this type of investment. In some cases, commercial paper may be backed by some form of credit enhancement, typically in the form of a guarantee by a commercial bank. Commercial paper backed by guarantees of foreign banks may involve additional risk due to the difficulty of obtaining and enforcing judgments against such banks and the generally less restrictive regulations to which such banks are subject. Commercial paper also may be issued as an asset-backed security (that is, backed by a pool of assets representing the obligations of a number of different issuers), in which case certain of the risks discussed in “Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed securities” would apply. Commercial paper is traded primarily among institutions.

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Certificates of deposit are receipts issued by a depository institution in exchange for the deposit of funds. The issuer agrees to pay the amount deposited plus interest to the bearer of the receipt on the date specified on the certificate. The certificate usually can be traded in the secondary market prior to maturity. Certificates of deposit may include those issued by foreign banks outside the United States. Such certificates of deposit include Eurodollar and Yankee certificates of deposit. Eurodollar certificates of deposit are U.S. dollar-denominated certificates of deposit issued by branches of foreign and domestic banks located outside the United States. Yankee certificates of deposit are certificates of deposit issued by a U.S. branch of a foreign bank denominated in U.S. dollars and held in the United States.

Bankers’ acceptances typically arise from short-term credit arrangements designed to enable businesses to obtain funds to finance commercial transactions. Generally, an acceptance is a time draft drawn on a bank by an exporter or an importer to obtain a stated amount of funds to pay for specific merchandise. The draft is then “accepted” by a bank that, in effect, unconditionally guarantees to pay the face value of the instrument on its maturity date. The acceptance may then be held by the accepting bank as an earning asset or it may be sold in the secondary market at the going rate of discount for a specific maturity. Although maturities for acceptances can be as long as 270 days, most acceptances have maturities of six months or less. Putnam Money Market Fund may invest in bankers’ acceptances issued by banks with deposits in excess of $2 billion (or the foreign currency equivalent) at the close of the last calendar year. If the Trustees change this minimum deposit requirement, shareholders would be notified. Other Putnam funds may invest in bankers’ acceptances without regard to this requirement.

Time deposits are interest-bearing non-negotiable deposits at a bank or a savings and loan association that have a specific maturity date. A time deposit earns a specific rate of interest over a definite period of time. Time deposits cannot be traded on the secondary market and those exceeding seven days and with a withdrawal penalty are considered to be illiquid.

In accordance with rules issued by the SEC, the fund may from time to time invest all or a portion of its cash balances in money market and/or short-term bond funds advised by Putnam Management. In connection with such investments, Putnam Management may waive a portion of the advisory fees otherwise payable by the fund. See “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI for the amount, if any, waived by Putnam Management in connection with such investments.

Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities

Mortgage-backed securities, including collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) and certain stripped mortgage-backed securities, represent a participation in, or are secured by, mortgage loans. Mortgage-backed securities may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government, such as Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, and FHLBs), foreign governments (or their agencies or instrumentalities), or non-governmental issuers. Interest and principal payments (including prepayments) on the mortgage loans underlying mortgage-backed securities pass through to the holders of the mortgage-backed securities. Asset-backed securities are structured like mortgage-backed securities, but instead of mortgage loans or interests in mortgage loans, the underlying assets may include such items as motor vehicle installment sales or installment loan contracts, home equity loans, leases of various types of real, personal and other property and receivables from credit card agreements. Similar to mortgage-backed securities, other types of asset-backed securities may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government), foreign governments (or their agencies or instrumentalities), or non-governmental issuers.

Mortgage-backed securities have yield and maturity characteristics corresponding to the underlying assets. Unlike traditional debt securities, which may pay a fixed rate of interest until maturity, when the entire principal amount comes due, payments on certain mortgage-backed securities include both interest and a partial repayment of principal. Besides the scheduled repayment of principal, repayments of principal may

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result from the voluntary prepayment, refinancing or foreclosure of the underlying mortgage loans. If property owners make unscheduled prepayments of their mortgage loans, these prepayments will result in early payment of the applicable mortgage-backed securities. In that event the fund may be unable to invest the proceeds from the early payment of the mortgage-backed securities in an investment that provides as high a yield as the mortgage-backed securities. Consequently, early payment associated with mortgage-backed securities may cause these securities to experience significantly greater price and yield volatility than that experienced by traditional fixed-income securities. The occurrence of mortgage prepayments is affected by factors including the level of interest rates, general economic conditions, the location and age of the mortgage and other social and demographic conditions. During periods of falling interest rates, the rate of mortgage prepayments tends to increase, thereby tending to decrease the life of mortgage-backed securities. During periods of rising interest rates, the rate of mortgage prepayments usually decreases, thereby tending to increase the life of mortgage-backed securities. If the life of a mortgage-backed security is inaccurately predicted, the fund may not be able to realize the rate of return it expected.

Adjustable rate mortgage securities (“ARMs”), like traditional mortgage-backed securities, are interests in pools of mortgage loans that provide investors with payments consisting of both principal and interest as mortgage loans in the underlying mortgage pool are paid off by the borrowers. Unlike fixed-rate mortgage-backed securities, ARMs are collateralized by or represent interests in mortgage loans with variable rates of interest. These interest rates are reset at periodic intervals, usually by reference to an interest rate index or market interest rate. Although the rate adjustment feature may act as a buffer to reduce sharp changes in the value of adjustable rate securities, these securities are still subject to changes in value based on, among other things, changes in market interest rates or changes in the issuer’s creditworthiness. If rates increase due to a reset, the risk of default by underlying borrowers may increase. Because the interest rates are reset only periodically, changes in the interest rate on ARMs may lag changes in prevailing market interest rates. The market value of an ARM may be adversely affected if interest rates increase faster than the rates of interest payable on the ARM or by the adjustable rate mortgage loans underlying the ARM. Also, some ARMs (or the underlying mortgages) are subject to caps or floors that limit the maximum change in the interest rate during a specified period or over the life of the security. As a result, changes in the interest rate on an ARM may not fully reflect changes in prevailing market interest rates during certain periods.

The fund may also invest in “hybrid” ARMs, whose underlying mortgages combine fixed-rate and adjustable rate features. A hybrid ARM is a type of mortgage in which the interest rate is fixed for a specified period and then resets periodically, or floats, for the remaining mortgage term. During the initial interest period, hybrid ARMs behave more like fixed income securities and are thus subject to the risks associated with fixed income securities. All hybrid ARMs have reset dates. A reset date is the date when a hybrid ARM changes from a fixed interest rate to a floating interest rate. At the reset date, a hybrid ARM can adjust by a maximum specified amount based on a margin over an identified index. Like ARMs, hybrid ARMs have periodic and lifetime limitations on the increases that can be made to the interest rates that mortgagors pay. Therefore, if during a floating rate period interest rates rise above the interest rate limits of the hybrid ARM, a fund holding the hybrid ARM does not benefit from further increases in interest rates.

Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are less effective than other types of securities as a means of “locking in” attractive long-term interest rates. One reason is the need to reinvest prepayments of principal; another is the possibility of significant unscheduled prepayments resulting from declines in interest rates. These prepayments would have to be reinvested at lower rates. The automatic interest rate adjustment feature of mortgages underlying ARMs likewise reduces the ability to lock-in attractive rates. As a result, mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities may have less potential for capital appreciation during periods of declining interest rates than other securities of comparable maturities, although they may have a similar risk of decline in market value during periods of rising interest rates. Prepayments may also significantly shorten the effective maturities of these securities, especially during periods of declining interest rates. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, a reduction in prepayments may increase the effective maturities of these securities, subjecting them to a greater risk of decline in market value in response to rising interest rates than traditional debt securities, and, therefore, potentially increasing the volatility of the fund.

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At times, some mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities will have higher than market interest rates and therefore will be purchased at a premium above their par value. Prepayments may cause losses on securities purchased at a premium. To the extent an applicable interest rate is based on LIBOR, the fund will be exposed to certain additional risks. See “London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)” above for more information.

Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are subject to varying degrees of credit risk, depending on whether they are issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government) or by non-governmental issuers. Securities issued by private organizations may not be readily marketable, and since the deterioration of worldwide economic and liquidity conditions that became acute in 2008, mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities have been subject to greater liquidity risk. These conditions may occur again. Also, government actions and proposals affecting the terms of underlying home loans, changes in demand for products (e.g., automobiles) financed by those loans, and the inability of borrowers to refinance existing loans (e.g., sub-prime mortgages), have had, and may continue to have, adverse valuation and liquidity effects on mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. Although liquidity of mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities has improved recently, there can be no assurance that in the future the market for mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities will continue to improve and become more liquid.

CMOs may be issued by a U.S. government agency or instrumentality or by a private issuer. Although payment of the principal of, and interest on, the underlying collateral securing privately issued CMOs may be guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities (such as Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, or Ginnie Mae), these CMOs represent obligations solely of the private issuer and are not insured or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities or any other person or entity. CMOs may also be less liquid and may exhibit greater price volatility than other types of mortgage- or other asset-backed securities.

Prepayments could cause early retirement of CMOs. CMOs are designed to reduce the risk of prepayment for investors by issuing multiple classes of securities (or “tranches”), each having different maturities, interest rates and payment schedules, and with the principal and interest on the underlying mortgages allocated among the several classes in various ways. Payment of interest or principal on some classes or series of CMOs may be subject to contingencies or some classes or series may bear some or all of the risk of default on the underlying mortgages. CMOs of different classes or series are generally retired in sequence as the underlying mortgage loans in the mortgage pool are repaid. If enough mortgages are repaid ahead of schedule, the classes or series of a CMO with the earliest maturities generally will be retired prior to their maturities. Thus, the early retirement of particular classes or series of a CMO would have the same effect as the prepayment of mortgages underlying other mortgage-backed securities. Conversely, slower than anticipated prepayments can extend the effective maturities of CMOs, subjecting them to a greater risk of decline in market value in response to rising interest rates than traditional debt securities, and, therefore, potentially increasing their volatility.

Prepayments could result in losses on stripped mortgage-backed securities. Stripped mortgage-backed securities are usually structured with two classes that receive different portions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage loans. A common type of stripped mortgage-backed security will have one class receiving all of the interest from the mortgage assets (interest only or “IOs”), while the other class will receive all of the principal (principal only or “POs”). The yield to maturity on an IO class of stripped mortgage-backed securities is extremely sensitive not only to changes in prevailing interest rates but also to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the underlying assets. A rapid rate of principal prepayments may have a measurable adverse effect on the fund’s yield to maturity to the extent it invests in IOs. If the assets underlying the IO experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in these securities. Conversely, POs tend to increase in value if prepayments are greater than anticipated and decline if prepayments are slower than anticipated. Generally, the market value of POs is unusually volatile in response to changes in interest rates. The secondary market for stripped mortgage-backed securities may be more volatile and less liquid than that for other mortgage-backed securities, potentially limiting the fund’s ability to buy or sell those securities at any particular time.

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The risks associated with other asset-backed securities (including in particular the risks of issuer default and of early prepayment) are generally similar to those described above for CMOs. In addition, because asset-backed securities generally do not have the benefit of a security interest in the underlying assets that is comparable to a mortgage, asset-backed securities present certain additional risks that are not present with mortgage-backed securities. The ability of an issuer of asset-backed securities to enforce its security interest in the underlying assets may be limited. For example, revolving credit receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors on such receivables are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give debtors the right to set-off certain amounts owed, thereby reducing the balance due. Automobile receivables generally are secured, but by automobiles, rather than by real property.

Asset-backed securities may be collateralized by the fees earned by service providers. The value of asset-backed securities may be substantially dependent on the servicing of the underlying asset and are therefore subject to risks associated with negligence by, or defalcation of, their servicers. In certain circumstances, the mishandling of related documentation may also affect the rights of the security holders in and to the underlying collateral. The insolvency of entities that generate receivables or that utilize the assets may result in added costs and delays in addition to losses associated with a decline in the value of the underlying assets.

Payment of interest on asset-backed securities and repayment of principal largely depends on the cash flows generated by the underlying assets backing the securities and, in certain cases, may be supported by letters of credit, surety bonds, or other credit enhancements. The amount of market risk associated with asset-backed securities depends on many factors, including the deal structure (i.e., determination as to the amount of underlying assets or other support needed to produce the cash flows necessary to service interest and make principal payments), the quality of the underlying assets, the level of credit support, if any, provided for the securities, and the credit quality of the credit-support provider, if any. In recent years, a significant number of asset-backed security insurers have defaulted on their obligations.

Consistent with the fund’s investment objective and policies, the fund may invest in other types of mortgage- and asset-backed securities offered currently or in the future, including certain yet-to-be-developed types of mortgage- and asset-backed securities which may be created as the market evolves.

Options on Securities

Writing covered options. The fund may write (i.e., sell) covered call options and covered put options on optionable securities held in its portfolio or that it has an absolute and immediate right to acquire without additional cash consideration (or, if additional cash consideration is required, cash or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees, in such amount as are set aside on the fund’s books), when in the opinion of Putnam Management such transactions are consistent with the fund’s goal(s) and policies. Call options written by the fund give the purchaser the right to buy the underlying securities from the fund at a stated exercise price, regardless of the security’s market price; put options written by the fund give the purchaser the right to sell the underlying securities to the fund at a stated exercise price, regardless of the security’s market price.

The fund may write only covered options, which means that, so long as the fund is obligated as the writer of a call option, it will own the underlying securities subject to the option (or comparable securities satisfying the cover requirements of securities exchanges) or have an absolute and immediate right to acquire without additional cash consideration (or, if additional cash consideration is required, cash or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees, in such amount as are set aside on the fund’s books). In the case of put options, the fund will set aside on its books assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees and equal in value to the price to be paid if the option is exercised. In addition, the fund will be considered to have covered a put or call option if and to the extent that it holds an option that offsets some or all of the risk of the option it has written. The fund may write combinations of covered puts and calls (straddles) on the same underlying security.

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The fund will receive a premium from writing a put or call option, which increases the fund’s return on the underlying security in the event the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a profit. The amount of the premium reflects, among other things, the relationship between the exercise price and the current market value of the underlying security, the volatility of the underlying security, the amount of time remaining until expiration, current interest rates, and the effect of supply and demand in the options market and in the market for the underlying security. By writing a call option, if the fund holds the security, the fund limits its opportunity to profit from any increase in the market value of the underlying security above the exercise price of the option but continues to bear the risk of a decline in the value of the underlying security. If the fund does not hold the underlying security, the fund bears the risk that, if the market price exceeds the option strike price, the fund will suffer a loss equal to the difference at the time of exercise. By writing a put option, the fund assumes the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying security for an exercise price higher than its then-current market value, resulting in a potential capital loss unless the security subsequently appreciates in value.

The fund may terminate an option that it has written prior to its expiration by entering into a closing purchase transaction, in which it purchases an offsetting option. A closing purchase transaction will ordinarily be effected in order to realize a profit on an outstanding option, to prevent an underlying instrument from being called, to permit the sale of the underlying instrument or to permit the writing of a new option containing different terms on such underlying instrument. The fund realizes a profit or loss from a closing transaction if the cost of the transaction (option premium plus transaction costs) is less or more than the premium received from writing the option. Because increases in the market price of a call option generally reflect increases in the market price of the security underlying the option, any loss resulting from a closing purchase transaction may be offset in whole or in part by unrealized appreciation of the underlying security.

If the fund writes a call option but does not own the underlying security, and when it writes a put option, the fund may be required to deposit cash or securities with its broker as “margin,” or collateral, for its obligation to buy or sell the underlying security. As the value of the underlying security varies, the fund may have to deposit additional margin with the broker. Margin requirements are complex and are fixed by individual brokers, subject to minimum requirements currently imposed by the Federal Reserve Board and by stock exchanges and other self-regulatory organizations.

Purchasing put options. The fund may purchase put options to protect its portfolio holdings in an underlying security against a decline in market value. Such protection is provided during the life of the put option since the fund, as holder of the option, is able to sell the underlying security at the put exercise price regardless of any decline in the underlying security’s market price. If such a price decline occurs, the put option will permit the fund to sell the security at the higher exercise price or to close out the option at a profit. In order for a put option to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must decline sufficiently below the exercise price to cover the premium and transaction costs. By using put options in this manner, the fund will reduce any profit it might otherwise have realized from appreciation of the underlying security by the premium paid for the put option and by transaction costs. The fund may also purchase put options for other investment purposes, including to take a short position in the security underlying the put option.

Purchasing call options. The fund may purchase call options to hedge against an increase in the price of securities that the fund wants ultimately to buy. Such protection is provided during the life of the call option since the fund, as holder of the call option, is able to buy the underlying security at the exercise price regardless of any increase in the underlying security’s market price. If such a price increase occurs, a call option will permit the fund to purchase the securities at the exercise price or to close out the option at a profit. In order for a call option to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must rise sufficiently above the exercise price to cover the premium and transaction costs. The fund may also purchase call options for other investment purposes.

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Risk factors in options transactions. The successful use of the fund’s options strategies depends on the ability of Putnam Management to forecast correctly interest rate and market movements. For example, if the fund were to write a call option based on Putnam Management’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if the fund were to write a put option based on Putnam Management’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.

When the fund purchases an option, it runs the risk that it will lose its entire investment in the option in a relatively short period of time, unless the fund exercises the option or enters into a closing sale transaction before the option’s expiration. If the price of the underlying security does not rise (in the case of a call) or fall (in the case of a put) to an extent sufficient to cover the option premium and transaction costs, the fund will lose part or all of its investment in the option. This contrasts with an investment by the fund in the underlying security, since the fund will not realize a loss if the security’s price does not change.

The effective use of options also depends on the fund’s ability to terminate option positions at times when Putnam Management deems it desirable to do so. There is no assurance that the fund will be able to effect closing transactions at any particular time or at an acceptable price. If a secondary market in options were to become unavailable, the fund could no longer engage in closing transactions. Lack of investor interest might adversely affect the liquidity of the market for particular options or series of options. A market may discontinue trading of a particular option or options generally. In addition, a market could become temporarily unavailable if unusual events -- such as volume in excess of trading or clearing capability -- were to interrupt its normal operations. Although the fund may be able to offset to some extent any adverse effects of being unable to terminate an option position, the fund may experience losses in some cases as a result of such inability.

A market may at times find it necessary to impose restrictions on particular types of options transactions, such as opening transactions. For example, if an underlying security ceases to meet qualifications imposed by the market or the Options Clearing Corporation, new series of options on that security will no longer be opened to replace expiring series, and opening transactions in existing series may be prohibited. If an options market were to become unavailable, the fund as a holder of an option would be able to realize profits or limit losses only by exercising the option, and the fund, as option writer, would remain obligated under the option until expiration or exercise.

Disruptions in the markets for the securities underlying options purchased or sold by the fund could result in losses on the options. For example, if a fund is unable to purchase a security underlying a put option it had purchased, the fund may be unable to exercise the put option. If trading is interrupted in an underlying security, the trading of options on that security is normally halted as well. As a result, the fund as purchaser or writer of an option will be unable to close out its positions until options trading resumes, and it may be faced with considerable losses if trading in the security reopens at a substantially different price. In addition, the Options Clearing Corporation or other options markets may impose exercise restrictions. If a prohibition on exercise is imposed at the time when trading in the option has also been halted, the fund as purchaser or writer of an option will be locked into its position until one of the two restrictions has been lifted. If the Options Clearing Corporation were to determine that the available supply of an underlying security appears insufficient to permit delivery by the writers of all outstanding calls in the event of exercise, it may prohibit indefinitely the exercise of put options. The fund, as holder of such a put option, could lose its entire investment if it is unable to exercise the put option prior to its expiration.

The fund may use both European-style options, which are only exercisable immediately prior to their expiration, and American-style options, which are exercisable at any time prior to the expiration date. Since an American-style option allows the holder to exercise its rights any time before the option’s expiration, the writer of an American-style option has no control over when it will be required to fulfill its obligations as a

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writer of the option. (The writer of a European-style option is not subject to this risk because the holder may only exercise the option on its expiration date.)

Options can be traded either through established exchanges (“exchange traded options”) or privately negotiated transactions (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Exchange traded options are standardized with respect to, among other things, the underlying interest, expiration date, contract size and strike price. The terms of OTC options are generally negotiated by the parties to the option contract which allows the parties greater flexibility in customizing the agreement, but OTC options are generally less liquid than exchange traded options. OTC options purchased by the fund and assets held to cover OTC options written by the fund may, under certain circumstances, be considered illiquid securities for purposes of any limitation on the fund’s ability to invest in illiquid securities. All option contracts involve credit risk if the counterparty to the option contract (e.g., the clearing house or OTC counterparty) or the third party effecting the transaction in the case of cleared options (e.g., futures commission merchant or broker/dealer) fails to perform. The credit risk in OTC options that are not cleared is dependent on the credit worthiness of the individual counterparty to the contract and may be greater than the credit risk associated with cleared options.

Foreign-traded options are subject to many of the same risks presented by internationally-traded securities. In addition, because of time differences between the United States and other countries, and because different holidays are observed in different countries, foreign options markets may be open for trading during hours or on days when U.S. markets are closed. As a result, option premiums may not reflect the current prices of the underlying interest in the United States.

There are significant differences between the securities and options markets that could result in an imperfect correlation between these markets, causing a given transaction not to achieve its objectives. In addition, many options, in particular OTC options, are complex and often valued based on subjective factors. Improper valuations can result in increased cash payment requirements to counterparties or a loss of value to the fund.

The market price of an option is affected by many factors, including changes in the market prices or dividend rates of underlying securities (or in the case of indices, the securities in such indices); the time remaining before expiration; changes in interest rates or exchange rates; and changes in the actual or perceived volatility of the relevant stock market and underlying securities. The market price of an option also may be adversely affected if the market for the option becomes less liquid.

In addition to options on securities and futures, the fund may also enter into options on futures, swaps, or other instruments as described elsewhere in this SAI.

Preferred Stocks and Convertible Securities

The fund may invest in preferred stocks or convertible securities. A preferred stock is a class of stock that generally pays dividends at a specified rate and has preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of an issuer’s assets but is junior to the debt securities of the issuer in those same respects. Under ordinary circumstances, preferred stock does not carry voting rights. As with all equity securities, the value of preferred stock fluctuates based on changes in a company’s financial condition and on overall market and economic conditions. The value of preferred stocks is particularly sensitive to changes in interest rates and is more sensitive to changes in an issuer’s creditworthiness than is the value of debt securities. In addition, many preferred stocks may be called or redeemed prior to their maturity by the issuer under certain conditions, which can limit the benefit to investors of a decline in interest rates. Shareholders of preferred stock may suffer a loss of value if dividends are not paid. Additionally, if the issuer of preferred stock experiences economic or financial difficulties, its preferred stock may lose value due to the reduced likelihood that its board of directors will declare a dividend. Certain preferred stocks contain provisions that allow an issuer under certain conditions to skip or defer distributions. If the fund owns a preferred stock that is deferring its distribution, it may be required to report income for tax purposes despite the fact that it is not receiving current income on this position. Preferred stocks often are subject to legal provisions that allow for redemption in the event of certain

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tax or legal changes or at the issuer’s call. In the event of redemption, the fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds at comparable rates of return. Preferred stocks are subordinated to bonds and other debt securities in an issuer’s capital structure in terms of priority for corporate income and liquidation payments, and therefore will be subject to greater credit risk than those debt securities. Preferred stocks may trade less frequently and in a more limited volume and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than many other securities, such as common stocks, corporate debt securities, and U.S. government securities.

Convertible securities include bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks and other securities that may be converted into or exchanged for, at a specific price or formula within a particular period of time, a prescribed amount of common stock or other equity securities of the same or a different issuer. The conversion may occur automatically upon the occurrence of a predetermined event or at the option of either the issuer or the security holder. The holder of a convertible security is generally entitled to participate in the capital appreciation resulting from a market price increase in the issuer’s common stock and to receive interest paid or accrued on debt or dividends paid or accrued until the convertible security matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. Before conversion, convertible securities have characteristics similar to non-convertible debt or preferred securities, as applicable. Convertible securities rank senior to common stock in an issuer’s capital structure and, therefore, normally entail less risk than the issuer’s common stock. However, convertible securities may also be subordinate to any senior debt obligations of the issuer, and, therefore, an issuer’s convertible securities may entail more risk than such senior debt obligations. Convertible securities usually offer lower interest or dividend yields than non-convertible debt securities of similar credit quality because of the potential for capital appreciation. In addition, convertible securities are often lower-rated securities.

The market value of a convertible security is a function of its “investment value” and its “conversion value.” A security’s “investment value” represents the value of the security without its conversion feature (i.e., a nonconvertible fixed income security). The investment value may be determined by reference to its credit quality and the current value of its yield to maturity or probable call date. At any given time, investment value may be dependent upon such factors as the general level of interest rates, the yield of similar nonconvertible securities, the financial strength of the issuer and the seniority of the security in the issuer’s capital structure. A security’s “conversion value” is determined by multiplying the number of shares the holder is entitled to receive upon conversion or exchange by the current market price of the underlying security. Because of the conversion feature, the market value of a convertible security will normally fluctuate in some proportion to changes in the market value of the underlying security, and, accordingly, convertible securities are subject to risks relating to the activities of the issuer and/or general market and economic conditions.

A convertible security generally will sell at a premium over its conversion value by the extent to which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed income security. If the conversion value of a convertible security is significantly below its investment value, the convertible security generally trades like nonconvertible debt or preferred stock and its market value will not be influenced greatly by fluctuations in the market price of the underlying security. Conversely, if the conversion value of a convertible security is near or above its investment value, the market value of the convertible security is typically more heavily influenced by fluctuations in the market price of the underlying security. Generally, the amount of the premium decreases as the convertible security approaches maturity. Convertible securities generally have less potential for gain than common stocks.

The fund’s investments in convertible securities may at times include securities that have a mandatory conversion feature, pursuant to which the securities convert automatically into common stock or other equity securities at a specified date and a specified conversion ratio, or that are convertible at the option of the issuer. Because conversion of the security is not at the option of the holder, the fund may be required to convert the security into the underlying common stock even at times when the value of the underlying common stock or other equity security has declined substantially.

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The fund’s investments in preferred stocks and convertible securities, particularly securities that are convertible into securities of an issuer other than the issuer of the convertible security, may be illiquid. The fund may not be able to dispose of such securities in a timely fashion or for a fair price, which could result in losses to the fund.

Private Placements and Restricted Securities

The fund may invest in securities that are purchased in private placements and, accordingly, are subject to restrictions on resale as a matter of contract or under federal securities laws. Because there may be relatively few potential purchasers for such investments, especially under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the fund could find it more difficult to sell such securities when Putnam Management believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell such securities only at prices lower than if such securities were more widely held. There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist for any such security at any particular time, and a security which when purchased was liquid in the institutional markets may subsequently become illiquid.

Many private placement securities are issued by companies that are not required to file periodic financial reports, leading to challenges in evaluating the company’s overall business prospects and gauging how the investment is likely to perform over time. In addition, market quotations for these securities are less readily available. Due to the more limited financial information and lack of publicly available prices, it may be more difficult to determine the fair value of these securities for purposes of computing the fund’s net asset value. As a result, the judgment of Putnam Management may at times play a greater role in valuing these securities than in the case of publicly traded securities, and the fair value prices determined for the fund could differ from those of other market participants.

While such private placements may offer attractive opportunities for investment not otherwise available on the open market, the securities so purchased are often “restricted securities,” i.e., securities which cannot be sold to the public without registration under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) or the availability of an exemption from registration (such as Rules 144, 144A or Regulation S), or which are “not readily marketable” because they are subject to other legal or contractual delays in or restrictions on resale. In addition, the issuer typically does not have an obligation to provide liquidity to investors by buying the securities back when the investor wants to sell. Disposing of these securities may involve time-consuming negotiation and legal expenses, and it may be difficult or impossible for the fund to sell them promptly at an acceptable price. The fund may have to bear the extra expense of registering these securities for resale and the risk of substantial delay in effecting the registration. Since the offering is not registered with the SEC, investors in a private placement have less protection under the federal securities laws against improper practices than investors in registered securities.

Generally speaking, restricted securities may be sold only to qualified institutional buyers, or in a privately negotiated transaction to a limited number of purchasers, or in limited quantities after they have been held for a specified period of time and other conditions are met pursuant to an exemption from registration, or in a public offering for which a registration statement is in effect under the Securities Act. The fund may be deemed to be an “underwriter” for purposes of the Securities Act when selling restricted securities to the public, and in such event the fund may be liable to purchasers of such securities if the registration statement prepared by the issuer, or the prospectus forming a part of it, is materially inaccurate or misleading. The SEC Staff currently takes the view that any delegation by the Trustees of the authority to determine that a restricted security is readily marketable (as described in the investment restrictions of the funds) must be pursuant to written procedures established by the Trustees and the Trustees have delegated such authority to Putnam Management.

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Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

The fund may invest in REITs. REITs are pooled investment vehicles that invest primarily in income-producing real estate or real estate related loans or interests. REITs may concentrate their investments in specific geographic areas or in specific property types (i.e., hotels, shopping malls, residential complexes and office buildings). Like regulated investment companies such as the fund, REITs are not taxed on income distributed to shareholders provided that they comply with certain requirements under the Code. The fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any expenses (such as operating expenses and advisory fees) paid by REITs in which it invests in addition to the fund’s own expenses.

Investing in REITs may involve certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general (such as possible declines in the value of real estate, lack of availability of mortgage funds, or extended vacancies of property). The market value of REIT shares and the ability of the REITs to distribute income may be adversely affected by several factors, including rising interest rates, changes in the national, state and local economic climate and real estate conditions, perceptions of prospective tenants of the safety, convenience and attractiveness of the properties, the ability of the owners to provide adequate management, maintenance and insurance, the cost of complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act, increased competition from new properties, the impact of present or future environmental legislation and compliance with environmental laws, failing to maintain their exemptions from registration under the Investment Company Act, changes in real estate taxes and other operating expenses, adverse changes in governmental rules and fiscal policies, adverse changes in zoning laws, and other factors beyond the control of the issuers of the REITs.

REITs are generally classified as equity REITs, mortgage REITs or a combination of equity and mortgage REITs (“hybrid REITs”). Equity REITs invest the majority of their assets directly in real property and derive income primarily from the collection of rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value. Mortgage REITs invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive income from the collection of interest payments. Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the REITs, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the risk of borrower default, the likelihood of which is increased for mortgage REITs that invest in sub-prime mortgages. REITs, and mortgage REITs in particular, are also subject to interest rate risk. Rising interest rates may cause REIT investors to demand a higher annual yield, which may, in turn, cause a decline in the market price of the equity securities issued by a REIT. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of the fund’s REIT investments to decline. During periods when interest rates are declining, mortgages are often refinanced. Refinancing may reduce the yield on investments in mortgage REITs. In addition, since REITs depend on payment under their mortgage loans and leases to generate cash to make distributions to their shareholders, investments in REITs may be adversely affected by defaults on such mortgage loans or leases. A hybrid REIT combines the characteristics of equity REITs and mortgage REITs, generally by holding both ownership interests and mortgage interests in real estate, and thus may be subject to risks associated with both real estate ownership and investments in mortgage-related securities.

Investing in certain REITs, which often have small market capitalizations, may also involve the same risks as investing in other small capitalization companies. REITs may have limited financial resources and their securities may trade less frequently and in limited volume and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than larger company securities. Historically, small capitalization stocks, such as REITs, have been more volatile in price than the larger capitalization stocks such as those included in the S&P 500 Index. The management of a REIT may be subject to conflicts of interest with respect to the operation of the business of the REIT and may be involved in real estate activities competitive with the REIT. REITs may own properties through joint ventures or in other circumstances in which the REIT may not have control over its investments. REITs may incur significant amounts of leverage.

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REITs are dependent upon their operators’ management skills, are generally not diversified (except to the extent the Code requires), and are subject to heavy cash flow dependency, borrower default or self-liquidation. REITs are also subject to the possibility of failing to qualify for the tax-advantaged treatment available to REITs under the Code or failing to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act. In addition, REITs may be adversely affected by changes in federal tax law, for example, by limiting their permissible businesses or investments. REITs may have limited financial resources, may trade less frequently and in a limited volume, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than more widely held securities.

The fund’s investment in a REIT may result in the fund making distributions that constitute a return of capital to fund shareholders for federal income tax purposes or may require the fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. In addition, distributions by a fund from REITs will not qualify for the corporate dividends-received deduction, or, generally, for treatment as qualified dividend income.

Redeemable Securities

Certain securities held by the fund may permit the issuer at its option to “call” or redeem its securities. Issuers of redeemable securities are generally more likely to exercise a “call” option in periods when interest rates are below the rate at which the original security was issued. If an issuer were to redeem securities held by the fund during a time of declining interest rates, the fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds in securities providing the same investment return as the securities redeemed. The fund also may fail to recover additional amounts (i.e., premiums) paid for securities with higher interest rates, resulting in an unexpected capital loss.

Repurchase Agreements

Under normal circumstances, each fund may enter into repurchase agreements amounting to not more than 25% of its total assets, except that this 25% limitation does not apply to repurchase agreements entered into in connection with short sales and to investments by a money market fund and Putnam Short Term Investment Fund. Money market funds and Putnam Short Term Investment Fund may invest without limit in repurchase agreements. A repurchase agreement is a contract under which the fund, the buyer under the contract, acquires a security for a relatively short period (usually not more than one week) subject to the obligation of the seller (or repurchase agreement counterparty) to repurchase, and the fund to resell, the security at a fixed time and price, which represents the fund’s cost plus interest (or, for repurchase agreements under which the fund acquires a security and then sells it short, the fund’s cost of “borrowing” the security). A repurchase agreement with a stated maturity of longer than one week is generally considered an illiquid investment. It is the fund’s present intention to enter into repurchase agreements only with banks and registered broker-dealers. The fund may enter into repurchase agreements, including with respect to securities it wishes to sell short. See “Short Sales” in this SAI. Certain of the repurchase agreements related to securities sold short may provide that, at the option of the fund, settlement may be made by delivery of cash equal to the difference between (a) the sum of (i) the market value of the securities sold short at the time the repurchase agreement is closed out and (ii) transaction costs associated with the acquisition in the market by the repurchase agreement counterparty of the securities sold short and (b) the repurchase price specified in the repurchase agreement.

The fund may be exposed to the credit risk of the repurchase agreement counterparty (or seller) in the event that the counterparty is unable or unwilling to close out the repurchase agreement in accordance with its terms or the parties disagree as to the meaning or application of those terms. In such an event, the fund may be subject to expenses, delays, and risk of loss, including: (i) possible declines in the value of the underlying security while the fund seeks to enforce its rights under the agreement; (ii) possible reduced levels of income and lack of access to income during this period; and (iii) the inability to enforce its rights and the expenses involved in attempted enforcement. If the seller defaults, the fund could realize a loss on the sale of the underlying security to the extent that the proceeds of the sale including accrued interest are less than the resale price provided in the agreement including interest. In addition, if the seller should be involved in bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, the fund may incur delay and costs in selling the underlying security or may suffer a

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loss of principal and interest if the fund is treated as an unsecured creditor and required to return the underlying collateral to the seller’s estate. The fund is also subject to the risk that the repurchase agreement instrument may not perform as expected.

Pursuant to no-action relief granted by the SEC, the fund may transfer uninvested cash balances into a joint account, along with cash of other Putnam funds and certain other accounts. These balances may be invested in one or more repurchase agreements and/or short-term money market instruments

The fund may also enter into reverse repurchase agreements. Under a reverse repurchase agreement, the fund sells portfolio assets to another party subject to an agreement by the fund to repurchase the same assets from that party at an agreed upon price and date. During the reverse repurchase agreement period, the fund continues to receive principal and interest payments on the assets and also has the opportunity to earn a return on the collateral furnished by the counterparty to secure its obligation to redeliver the assets. The fund can use the proceeds received from entering into a reverse repurchase agreement to make additional investments, which generally causes the fund’s portfolio to behave as if it were leveraged.

When entering into a reverse repurchase agreement, the fund bears the risk of delay and costs involved in recovery of securities if the initial purchaser of the securities fails to return the securities upon repurchase or fails financially. These delays and costs could be greater with respect to foreign securities. Although securities repurchase transactions are generally marked to market daily, the fund also faces the risk that securities subject to a reverse repurchase transaction will decline quickly in value, and the fund will remain obligated to repurchase those securities at a higher price, potentially resulting in a loss. If the buyer in a reverse repurchase agreement files for bankruptcy or becomes insolvent, the fund may be unable to recover the securities it sold and as a result would realize a loss equal to the difference between the value of those securities and the payment it received for them. The size of this loss will depend upon the difference between what the buyer paid for the securities the fund sold to it and the value of those securities (e.g., a buyer may pay $95 for a bond with a market value of $100). In the event of a buyer’s bankruptcy or insolvency, the fund’s use of proceeds from the sale of its securities may be restricted while the other party or its trustee or receiver determines whether to honor the fund’s right to repurchase the securities. The fund’s use of reverse repurchase agreements also subjects the fund to interest costs based on the difference between the sale and repurchase price of a security involved in such a transaction. Additionally, reverse repurchase agreements entail the same risks as over-the-counter derivatives. These include the risk that the counterparty to the reverse repurchase agreement may not be able to fulfill its obligations, as discussed above, that the parties may disagree as to the meaning or application of contractual terms, or that the instrument may not perform as expected.

Securities Loans

The fund may make secured loans of its portfolio securities, on either a short-term or long-term basis, amounting to not more than 25% of its total assets, thereby potentially realizing additional income. The risks in lending portfolio securities, as with other extensions of credit, consist of possible delay in recovery of the securities or possible loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower fail financially. If a borrower defaults, the value of the collateral may decline before the fund can dispose of it. As a matter of policy, securities loans are made to broker-dealers or other financial institutions pursuant to agreements requiring that the loans be continuously secured by collateral consisting of cash or short-term debt obligations at least equal at all times to the value of the securities on loan, “marked-to-market” daily. The borrower pays to the fund an amount equal to any dividends or interest received on securities lent. The fund retains all or a portion of the interest received on investment of the cash collateral or receives a fee from the borrower. The fund bears the risk of any loss on the investment of the collateral; any such loss may exceed, potentially by a substantial amount, any profit to the fund from its securities lending activities. Although voting rights, or rights to consent, with respect to the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, the fund retains the right to call the loans at any time on reasonable notice, and it will do so to enable the fund to exercise voting rights on any matters materially affecting the

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investment. The fund may also call such loans in order to sell the securities. The fund may pay fees in connection with arranging loans of its portfolio securities.

Securities of Other Investment Companies

Securities of other investment companies, including shares of open- and closed-end investment companies and unit investment trusts (which may include ETFs), represent interests in collective investment portfolios that, in turn, invest directly in underlying instruments. The fund may invest in other investment companies when it has more uninvested cash than Putnam Management believes is advisable, when it receives cash collateral from securities lending arrangements, when there is a shortage of direct investments available, or when Putnam Management believes that investment companies offer attractive values.

Investment companies may be structured to perform in a similar fashion to a broad-based securities index or may focus on a particular strategy or class of assets. ETFs typically seek to track the performance or dividend yield of specific indexes or companies in related industries, though unlike the index, an ETF incurs administrative expenses and transaction costs in trading securities. These indexes may be broad-based, sector-based or international. Investing in investment companies involves substantially the same risks as investing directly in the underlying instruments, but also involves expenses at the investment company-level, such as portfolio management fees and operating expenses. These expenses are in addition to the fees and expenses of the fund itself, which may lead to duplication of expenses while the fund owns another investment company’s shares. In addition, investing in investment companies involves the risk that they will not perform in exactly the same fashion, or in response to the same factors, as the underlying instruments or index. To the extent the fund invests in other investment companies that are professionally managed, its performance will also depend on the investment and research abilities of investment managers other than Putnam Management.

Open-end investment companies typically offer their shares continuously at net asset value plus any applicable sales charge and stand ready to redeem shares upon shareholder request. The shares of certain other types of investment companies, such as ETFs and closed-end investment companies, typically trade on a stock exchange or over-the-counter at a premium or a discount to their net asset value. In the case of closed-end investment companies, the number of shares is typically fixed. The securities of closed-end investment companies and ETFs carry the risk that the price the fund pays or receives may be higher or lower than the investment company’s net asset value. ETFs also are subject to the risk that the timing and magnitude of cash inflows and outflows from and to investors buying and redeeming shares in the ETF could create cash balances that cause the ETF’s performance to deviate from the index (which remains “fully invested” at all times). Performance of an ETF and the index it is designed to track also may diverge because the composition of the index and the securities held by the ETF may occasionally differ. ETFs and closed-end investment companies are also subject to certain additional risks, including the risks of illiquidity and of possible trading halts or interruptions due to policies of the relevant exchange, unusual market conditions or other reasons. There can be no assurance that shares of a closed-end investment company or ETF will continue to be listed on an active exchange. The shares of investment companies, particularly closed-end investment companies, may also be leveraged, which would increase the volatility of the fund’s net asset value.

The extent to which the fund can invest in securities of other investment companies, including ETFs, is generally limited by federal securities laws. For more information regarding the tax treatment of ETFs, please see “Taxes” below.

Short Sales

The fund may engage in short sales of securities either as a hedge against potential declines in value of a portfolio security or to realize appreciation when a security that the fund does not own declines in value. Short sales are transactions in which the fund sells a security it does not own to a third party by borrowing the security in anticipation of purchasing the same security at the market price on a later date to close out the short position. The fund may also engage in short sales by entering into a repurchase agreement with respect to the

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security it wishes to sell short. See “- Repurchase Agreements” in this SAI. The fund will incur a gain if the price of the security declines between the date of the short sale and the date on which the fund replaces the borrowed security (or closes out the related repurchase agreement); and the fund will incur a loss if the price of the security increases between those dates. Such a loss is theoretically unlimited since the potential increase in the market price of the security sold short is not limited. Until the security is replaced, the fund must pay the lender (or repurchase agreement counterparty) any dividends or interest that accrues during the period of the loan (or repurchase agreement). To borrow (or enter into a repurchase agreement with respect to) the security, the fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. The fund’s successful use of short sales is subject to Putnam Management’s ability to accurately predict movements in the market price of the security sold short. Short selling may involve financial leverage because the fund is exposed both to changes in the market price of the security sold short and to changes in the value of securities purchased with the proceeds of the short sale, effectively leveraging its assets. Under adverse market conditions, a fund may have difficulty purchasing securities to meet its short sale delivery obligations, and may be required to close out its short position at a time when the fund would not choose to do so, and may therefore have to sell portfolio securities to raise the capital necessary to meet its short sale obligations at a time when fundamental investment considerations may not favor such sales. There is also a risk that a borrowed security will need to be returned to the lender on short notice. If a request for return of borrowed securities and/or currencies occurs at a time when other short sellers of the securities and/or currencies are receiving similar requests, a “short squeeze” can occur, and the fund may be compelled to replace borrowed securities and/or currencies previously sold short with purchases on the open market at the most disadvantageous time, possibly at prices significantly in excess of the proceeds received in originally selling the securities and/or currencies short. In addition, the fund may have difficulty purchasing securities and/or currencies to meet its delivery obligations in the case of less liquid securities and/or currencies sold short by the fund, such as certain emerging market country securities or securities of companies with smaller market capitalizations. While the fund has an open short position, it will segregate, by appropriate notation on its books or the books of its custodian, cash or liquid assets at least equal in value to the market value of the securities sold short. The segregated amount will be “marked-to-market” daily. Because of this segregation, the fund does not consider these transactions to be “senior securities” for purposes of the 1940 Act. In connection with short sale transactions, the fund may be required to pledge certain additional assets for the benefit of the securities lender (or repurchase agreement counterparty) and the fund may, while such assets remain pledged, be limited in its ability to invest those assets in accordance with the fund’s investment strategies.

Short selling is a technique that may be considered speculative and involves risks beyond the initial capital necessary to secure each transaction. It should be noted that possible losses from short sales differ from those losses that could arise from a cash investment in a security because losses from a short sale may be limitless, while the losses from a cash investment in a security cannot exceed the total amount of the investment in the security.

Certain of the repurchase agreements related to securities sold short may provide that, at the option of the fund, in lieu of delivering the securities sold short, settlement may be made by delivery of cash equal to the difference between (a) the sum of (i) the market value of the securities sold short at the time the repurchase agreement is closed out and (ii) transaction costs associated with the acquisition in the market by the repurchase agreement counterparty of the securities sold short and (b) the repurchase price specified in the repurchase agreement. Because that cash amount represents the fund’s maximum loss in the event of the insolvency of the counterparty, the fund will, except where the local market practice for foreign securities to be sold short requires payment prior to delivery of such securities, treat such amount, rather than the full notional amount of the repurchase agreement, as its “investment” in securities of the counterparty for purposes of all applicable investment restrictions, including its fundamental policy with respect to diversification.

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Short-Term Trading

In seeking the fund’s objective(s), Putnam Management will buy or sell portfolio securities whenever Putnam Management believes it appropriate to do so. From time to time the fund will buy securities intending to seek short-term trading profits. A change in the securities held by the fund is known as “portfolio turnover” and generally involves some expense to the fund. This expense may include brokerage commissions or dealer markups and other transaction costs on both the sale of securities and the reinvestment of the proceeds in other securities. If sales of portfolio securities cause the fund to realize net short-term capital gains, such gains will be taxable as ordinary income when distributed to taxable individual shareholders. As a result of the fund’s investment policies, under certain market conditions the fund’s portfolio turnover rate may be higher than that of other mutual funds. Portfolio turnover rate for a fiscal year is the ratio of the lesser of purchases or sales of portfolio securities to the monthly average of the value of portfolio securities -- excluding securities whose maturities at acquisition were one year or less. The fund’s portfolio turnover rate is not a limiting factor when Putnam Management considers a change in the fund’s portfolio.

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies

The fund may invest in stock, rights, warrants, and other securities of special purpose acquisition companies (“SPACs”) or similar special purpose entities. A SPAC is a publicly traded company that raises investment capital in the form of a blind pool via an IPO for the purpose of acquiring an existing company. The shares of a SPAC are typically issued in “units” that include one share of common stock and one right or warrant (or partial right or warrant) conveying the right to purchase additional shares or partial shares. At a specified time following the SPAC’s IPO (generally 1-2 months), the rights and warrants may be separated from the common stock at the election of the holder, after which they become freely tradeable. After going public and until an acquisition is completed, a SPAC generally invests the proceeds of its IPO (less a portion retained to cover expenses), which are held in trust, in U.S. government securities, money market securities and cash. To the extent the SPAC is invested in cash or similar securities, this may impact a Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective. If a SPAC does not complete an acquisition within a specified period of time after going public, the SPAC is dissolved, at which point the invested funds are returned to the SPAC’s shareholders (less certain permitted expenses) and any rights or warrants issued by the SPAC expire worthless.

Because SPACs and similar entities are in essence blank check companies without an operating history or ongoing business other than seeking acquisitions, the value of their securities is particularly dependent on the ability of the entity’s management to identify and complete a profitable acquisition. Some SPACs may pursue acquisitions only within certain industries or regions, which may increase the volatility of their prices. In addition, the securities issued by a SPAC, which are typically traded in the over-the-counter market, may be considered illiquid and/or be subject to restrictions on resale.

Structured Investments

A structured investment is a security having a return tied to an underlying index or other security or asset class. Structured investments generally are individually negotiated agreements and may be traded over-the-counter. Structured investments are organized and operated to restructure the investment characteristics of the underlying security. This restructuring involves the deposit with or purchase by an entity, such as a corporation or trust, or specified instruments (such as commercial bank loans) and the issuance by that entity or one or more classes of securities (“structured securities”) backed by, or representing interests in, the underlying instruments. The cash flow on the underlying instruments may be apportioned among the newly issued structured securities to create securities with different investment characteristics, such as varying maturities, payment priorities and interest rate provisions, and the extent of such payments made with respect to structured securities is dependent on the extent of the cash flow on the underlying instruments. Because structured securities typically involve no credit enhancement, their credit risk generally will be equivalent to that of the underlying instruments. Investments in structured securities are generally of a class of structured securities that is either subordinated or unsubordinated to the right of payment of another class. Subordinated structured

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securities typically have higher yields and present greater risks than unsubordinated structured securities. Structured securities are typically sold in private placement transactions, and there currently is no active trading market for structured securities. Investments in government and government-related and restructured debt instruments are subject to special risks, including the inability or unwillingness to repay principal and interest, requests to reschedule or restructure outstanding debt and requests to extend additional loan amounts.

Swap Agreements

The fund may enter into swap agreements and other types of over-the-counter transactions such as caps, floors and collars with broker-dealers or other financial institutions for hedging or investment purposes. A swap involves the exchange by the fund with another party of their respective commitments to pay or receive cash flows, e.g., an exchange of floating rate payments for fixed-rate payments. The purchase of a cap entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index or other underlying financial measure exceeds a predetermined value on a predetermined date or dates, to receive payments on a notional principal amount from the party selling the cap. The purchase of a floor entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index or other underlying financial measure falls or other underlying measure below a predetermined value on a predetermined date or dates, to receive payments on a notional principal amount from the party selling the floor. A collar combines elements of a cap and a floor.

Swap agreements and similar transactions can be individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors. A swap agreement may be structured with reference to an index of securities that is created and maintained by the swap counterparty. Depending on their structures, swap agreements may increase or decrease the fund’s exposure to long-or short-term interest rates (in the United States or abroad), foreign currency values, mortgage securities, mortgage rates, corporate borrowing rates, or other factors such as security prices, inflation rates or the volatility of an index or one or more securities. For example, if the fund agrees to exchange payments in U.S. dollars for payments in a non-U.S. currency, the swap agreement would tend to decrease the fund’s exposure to U.S. interest rates and increase its exposure to that non-U.S. currency and interest rates. To the extent an applicable interest rate is based on LIBOR, the fund will be exposed to certain additional risks. See “London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)” above for more information.

The fund may also engage in total return swaps, in which payments made by the fund or the counterparty are based on the total return of a particular reference asset or assets (such as an equity or fixed-income security, a combination of such securities, or an index). Total return swap agreements may be used to obtain exposure to a security, commodity, or market without owning or taking physical custody of such security or investing directly in such market. The fund may also enter into swap agreements on futures contracts including, but not limited to, index futures contracts. Swap agreements on futures contracts are generally subject to the same risks involved in the fund’s use of futures contracts, in addition to the risks involved in the fund’s use of swap agreements. See “-Futures Contracts and Related Options.” A total return swap, or a swap on a futures contract, may add leverage to a portfolio by providing investment exposure to an underlying asset or market where the fund does not own or take physical custody of such asset or invest directly in such market.

The value of the fund’s swap positions would increase or decrease depending on the changes in value of the underlying rates, currency values, volatility or other indices or measures. Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. Depending on how they are used, swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the fund’s investments and its share price. The fund’s ability to engage in certain swap transactions may be limited by tax considerations.

The fund’s ability to realize a profit from such transactions will depend on the ability of the financial institutions with which it enters into the transactions to meet their obligations to the fund. If a counterparty’s creditworthiness declines, the value of the agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses. If a default occurs by the other party to such transaction, the fund will have contractual remedies pursuant to the agreements related to the transaction, which may be limited by applicable law in the case of a

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counterparty’s insolvency. If the returns of an index upon which a swap is based are unavailable or cannot be calculated (including where the index is created and maintained by the swap counterparty), the fund may experience difficulty in valuing the swap or in determining the amounts owed to or by the counterparty, regardless of whether the counterparty has defaulted. Under certain circumstances, suitable transactions may not be available to the fund, or the fund may be unable to close out its position under such transactions at the same time, or at the same price, as if it had purchased comparable publicly traded securities. Swaps carry counterparty risks that cannot be fully anticipated. Also, because swap transactions typically involve a contract between the two parties, such swap investments can be extremely illiquid, as it is uncertain as to whether another counterparty would wish to take assignment of the rights under the swap contract at a price acceptable to the fund.

The fund’s investments in swaps will generate ordinary income and losses for federal income tax purposes and may cause the fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make the distributions necessary to qualify and be eligible for treatment as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax. The fund may therefore need to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, to meet its distribution requirement. The fund is not permitted to carry forward any net ordinary losses it realizes in a taxable year to offset ordinary income it realizes in subsequent taxable years.

A credit default swap is an agreement between the fund and a counterparty that enables the fund to buy or sell protection against a credit event related to a particular issuer. One party, acting as a “protection buyer,” makes periodic payments to the other party, a “protection seller,” in exchange for a promise by the protection seller to make a payment to the protection buyer if a negative credit event (such as a delinquent payment or default) occurs with respect to a referenced bond or group of bonds. Credit default swaps may also be structured based on the debt of a basket of issuers, rather than a single issuer, and may be customized with respect to the default event that triggers purchase or other factors (for example, the Nth default within a basket, or defaults by a particular combination of issuers within the basket, may trigger a payment obligation). The fund may enter into credit default swap contracts for investment purposes. As a credit protection seller in a credit default swap contract, the fund would be required to pay the par (or other agreed-upon) value of a referenced debt obligation to the counterparty in the event of a default by a third party, such as a U.S. or non-U.S. corporate issuer, on the debt obligation. In return for its obligation, the fund would receive from the counterparty a periodic stream of payments over the term of the contract provided that no event of default has occurred. If no default occurs, the fund would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations to the counterparty. As the seller, the fund would be subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap.

The fund may also purchase credit default swap contracts in order to hedge against the risk of default of the debt of a particular issuer or basket of issuers or attempt to profit from changes or perceived changes in the creditworthiness of the particular issuer(s) (also known as “buying credit protection”). In these cases, the fund would function as the counterparty referenced in the preceding paragraph. This would involve the risk that the investment may expire worthless and would only generate income in the event of an actual default by the issuer(s) of the underlying obligation(s) (or, as applicable, a credit downgrade or other indication of financial instability). It would also involve the risk that the seller may fail to satisfy its payment obligations to the fund in the event of a default. The purchase of credit default swaps involves costs, which will reduce the fund’s return.

Credit default swaps involve a number of special risks. A protection seller may have to pay out amounts following a negative credit event greater than the value of the reference obligation delivered to it by its counterparty and the amount of periodic payments previously received by it from the counterparty. When the fund acts as a seller of a credit default swap, it is exposed to, among other things, leverage risk because if an event of default occurs the seller must pay the buyer the full notional value of the reference obligation. Each party to a credit default swap is subject to the credit risk of its counterparty (the risk that its counterparty may be unwilling or unable to perform its obligations on the swap as they come due). The value of the credit default swap to each party will change based on changes in the actual or perceived creditworthiness of the underlying issuer.

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A protection buyer may lose its investment and recover nothing should an event of default not occur. The fund may seek to realize gains on its credit default swap positions, or limit losses on its positions, by selling those positions in the secondary market. There can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist at any given time for any particular credit default swap or for credit default swaps generally.

The market for credit default swaps has at times become more volatile as the creditworthiness of certain counterparties has been questioned and/or downgraded. The parties to a credit default swap may be required to post collateral to each other. If the fund posts initial or periodic collateral to its counterparty, it may not be able to recover that collateral from the counterparty in accordance with the terms of the swap. In addition, if the fund receives collateral from its counterparty, it may be delayed or prevented from realizing on the collateral in the event of the insolvency or bankruptcy of the counterparty. The Fund may exit its obligations under a credit default swap only by terminating the contract and paying applicable breakage fees, or by entering into an offsetting credit default swap position, which may cause the Fund to incur more losses.

The fund may also enter into options on swap agreements (“swaptions”). A swaption is a contract that gives a counterparty the right (but not the obligation) to enter into a new swap agreement or to shorten, extend, cancel or otherwise modify an existing swap agreement, at some designated future time on specified terms. The fund may purchase and write (sell) put and call swaptions to the same extent it may make use of standard options on securities or other instruments. Swaptions are generally subject to the same risks involved in the fund’s use of options. See “-Options on Securities.”

Many swaps are complex and often valued subjectively. Many over-the-counter derivatives are complex and their valuation often requires modeling and judgment, which increases the risk of mispricing or incorrect valuation. The pricing models used may not produce valuations that are consistent with the values the Fund realizes when it closes or sells an over-the-counter derivative. Valuation risk is more pronounced when the Fund enters into over-the-counter derivatives with specialized terms because the market value of those derivatives in some cases is determined in part by reference to similar derivatives with more standardized terms. Incorrect valuations may result in increased cash payment requirements to counterparties, undercollateralization and/or errors in calculation of the Fund’s NAV.

Tax-exempt Securities

General description. As used in this SAI, the term “Tax-exempt Securities” includes debt obligations issued by a state, a territory or possession of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam and their political subdivisions (for example, counties, cities, towns, villages, districts and authorities), agencies, instrumentalities or other governmental units, the interest from which is, in the opinion of bond counsel, exempt from federal income tax and (if applicable) the corresponding state’s personal income tax. Such obligations are issued to obtain funds for various public purposes, including the construction of a wide range of public facilities, such as airports, bridges, highways, housing, hospitals, mass transportation, schools, streets and water and sewer works. Other public purposes for which Tax-exempt Securities may be issued include to refund of outstanding obligations, to obtain funds for general operating expenses, or to obtain funds to lend to other public institutions and facilities in anticipation of the receipt of revenue or the issuance of other obligations.

Tax-exempt Securities can be classified into two principal categories, including “general obligation” bonds and other securities and “revenue” bonds and other securities. General obligation bonds are secured by the issuer’s full faith, credit and taxing power for the payment of principal and interest. Revenue securities are payable only from the revenues derived from a particular facility or class of facilities or, in some cases, from the proceeds of a special excise tax or other specific revenue source, such as the user of the facility being financed. Tax-exempt Securities may be structured as fixed-, variable- or floating-rate obligations or as zero-coupon, payment-in-kind and step-coupon securities and may be privately placed or publicly offered.

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Short-term Tax-exempt Securities are generally issued by state and local governments and public authorities as interim financing in anticipation of tax collections, revenue receipts or bond sales to finance such public purposes.

In addition, certain types of “private activity” bonds may be issued by public authorities to finance projects of privately-owned entities, such as privately - operated housing facilities; certain local facilities for supplying water, gas or electricity; sewage or solid waste disposal facilities; student loans; or public or private institutions for the construction of educational, hospital, housing and other facilities. Such obligations are included within the term Tax-exempt Securities if the interest paid thereon is, in the opinion of bond counsel, exempt from federal income tax and (if applicable) state personal income tax (such interest may, however, be subject to federal alternative minimum tax). Other types of private activity bonds, the proceeds of which are used for the construction, repair or improvement of, or to obtain equipment for, privately operated industrial or commercial facilities, may also constitute Tax-exempt Securities, although the current federal tax laws place substantial limitations on the size of such issues. The credit quality of private activity bonds is usually directly related to the credit standing of the corporate user of the facility involved.

Tax-exempt Securities share many of the structural features and risks of other bonds, as described elsewhere in this SAI. For example, the fund may purchase callable Tax-exempt Securities, zero-coupon Tax-exempt Securities, or “stripped” Tax-exempt Securities, which entail additional risks. The fund may also purchase structured or asset-backed Tax-exempt Securities, such as the securities (including preferred stock) of special purpose entities that hold interests in the Tax-exempt Securities of one or more issuers and issue “tranched” securities that are entitled to receive payments based on the cash flows from those underlying securities. See “Redeemable securities,” “-Zero-coupon and Payment-in-kind Bonds,” “-Structured investments,” and “Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities” in this SAI. Structured Tax-exempt Securities may involve increased risk that the interest received by the fund may not be exempt from federal or state income tax, or that such interest may result in liability for the alternative minimum tax for shareholders of the fund. For example, in certain cases, the issuers of certain securities held by a special purpose entity may not have received an unqualified opinion of bond counsel that the interest from the securities will be exempt from federal income tax and (if applicable) the corresponding state’s personal income tax.

Even though Tax-exempt Securities are interest-bearing investments that promise a stable flow of income, their prices are generally inversely affected by changes in interest rates and, therefore, are subject to the risk of market price fluctuations. The values of Tax-exempt Securities with longer remaining maturities typically fluctuate more than those of similarly rated Tax-exempt Securities with shorter remaining maturities. The values of Tax-exempt Securities also may be affected by changes in their actual or perceived credit quality. The credit quality of Tax-exempt Securities can be affected by, among other things, the financial condition of the issuer or guarantor, the issuer’s future borrowing plans and sources of revenue, the economic feasibility of the revenue bond project or general borrowing purpose, political or economic developments in the state or region where the security is issued, and the liquidity of the security. The amount of information about the financial condition of an issuer of Tax-exempt Securities may not be as extensive as that which is made available by corporations whose securities are publicly traded. As a result, the achievement of the fund’s goals is more dependent on Putnam Management’s investment analysis than would be the case if the fund were investing in securities of better-known issuers. In addition, Tax-exempt Securities may be harder to value than securities issued by corporations that are publicly traded.

The secondary market for some Tax-exempt Securities issued within a state (including issues that are privately placed with the fund) is less liquid than that for taxable debt obligations or other more widely traded municipal obligations. No established resale market exists for certain of the Tax-exempt Securities in which the fund may invest. The market for Tax-exempt Securities rated below investment grade is also likely to be less liquid than the market for higher rated obligations. As a result, the fund may be unable to dispose of these municipal obligations at times when it would otherwise wish to do so at the prices at which they are valued.

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Tax-exempt Securities Issued by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Tax-exempt Securities issued by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico or its political subdivisions, agencies, instrumentalities, or public corporations may be affected by economic, market, political, and social conditions in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico has recently experienced (and may in the future experience) significant fiscal and economic challenges, including substantial debt service obligations, high levels of unemployment, underfunded public retirement systems, and persistent government budget deficits. These challenges may negatively affect the value of the fund’s investments in Puerto Rico Tax-Exempt Securities. Major ratings agencies have downgraded the general obligation debt of Puerto Rico to below investment grade and continue to maintain a negative outlook for this debt, which increases the likelihood that the rating will be lowered further. In both August 2015 and January 2016, Puerto Rico defaulted on its debt by failing to make full payment due on its outstanding bonds, and there can be no assurance that Puerto Rico will be able to satisfy its future debt obligations. Further downgrades or defaults may place additional strain on the Puerto Rico economy and may negatively affect the value, liquidity, and volatility of the fund’s investments in Puerto Rico Tax-exempt Securities. In 2016, the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act, known as “PROMESA,” was signed into law. Among other things, PROMESA established a federally-appointed Oversight Board to oversee Puerto Rico’s financial operations and provides Puerto Rico a path to restructuring its debts, thus increasing the risk that Puerto Rico may never pay off municipal indebtedness, or may pay only a small fraction of the amount owed. Proceedings under PROMESA remain ongoing, and it is unclear at this time how those proceedings will be resolved or what impact they will have on the value of a Fund’s investments in Puerto Rico municipal securities.

These challenges and uncertainties have been exacerbated by Hurricane Maria and the resulting natural disaster in Puerto Rico. In September 2017, Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico, causing major damage across the Commonwealth, including damage to its water, power, and telecommunications infrastructure. The length of time needed to rebuild Puerto Rico’s infrastructure is unclear, but could amount to years, during which the Commonwealth is likely to be in an uncertain economic state. The full extent of the natural disaster’s impact on Puerto Rico’s economy and foreign investment in Puerto Rico is difficult to estimate.

Escrow-secured or pre-refunded bonds. These securities are created when an issuer uses the proceeds from a new bond issue to buy high grade, interest-bearing debt securities, generally direct obligations of the U.S. government, in order to redeem (or “pre-refund”), before maturity, an outstanding bond issue that is not immediately callable. These securities are then deposited in an irrevocable escrow account held by a trustee bank to secure all future payments of principal and interest on the pre-refunded bond until that bond’s call date. Pre-refunded bonds often receive an ‘AAA’ or equivalent rating. Because pre-refunded bonds still bear the same interest rate, and have a very high credit quality, their price may increase. However, as the original bond approaches its call date, the bond’s price will fall to its call price. The escrow account securities pledged to pay the principal and interest of the pre-refunded municipal bonds held by the fund nonetheless still subject the fund to interest rate risk and market risk. In addition, while a secondary market exists for pre-refunded municipal bonds, if the fund sells pre-refunded municipal bonds prior to maturity, the price received may be more or less than the original cost, depending on market conditions at the time of sale. The interest on pre-refunded bonds issued on or before December 31, 2017 is exempt from federal income tax; the interest on such bonds issued after December 31, 2017 is not exempt from federal income tax.

Tender option bonds. The fund may invest in tender option bonds (“TOBs”), which are created by depositing municipal securities in a trust and dividing the income stream of an underlying municipal bond in two parts, one, a variable rate security and the other, a TOB. The interest rate for the variable rate security is determined by an index or a periodic auction process, while the TOB holder receives the balance of the income from the underlying municipal bond less an auction fee. The market prices of TOBs may be highly sensitive to changes in market rates and may decrease significantly when market rates increase. TOBs are subject to restrictions on resale and are highly sensitive to changes in interest rates and the value of the underlying bond. Generally, coupon income on TOBs will decrease when interest rates increase, and will increase when interest rates decrease. Such securities can have the effect of providing a degree of investment leverage, since they may increase or decrease in value in response to changes in market interest rates at a rate that is a multiple of the actual rate at which fixed-rate securities increase or decrease in response to such changes. As a result, the market values of such securities will generally be more volatile than the market values of fixed-rate securities.

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Tobacco Settlement Revenue Bonds. The fund may invest in tobacco settlement revenue bonds, which are secured by an issuing state’s proportionate share of periodic payments by tobacco companies made under the Master Settlement Agreement (“MSA”). The MSA is an agreement that was reached out of court in November 1998 between 46 states and six U.S. jurisdictions and tobacco manufacturers representing an overwhelming majority of U.S. market share in settlement of certain smoking-related litigation. The MSA provides for annual payments by the manufacturers to the states and jurisdictions in perpetuity in exchange for releasing all claims against the manufacturers and a pledge of no further litigation. The MSA established a base payment schedule and a formula for adjusting payments each year. Tobacco manufacturers pay into a master escrow trust based on their market share, and each state receives a fixed percentage of the payment as set forth in the MSA. Within some states, certain localities may in turn be allocated a specific portion of the state’s MSA payment pursuant to an arrangement with the state.

A number of state and local governments have securitized the future flow of payments under the MSA by selling bonds pursuant to indentures, some through distinct governmental entities created for such purpose. The bonds are backed by the future revenue flow that is used for principal and interest payments on the bonds. Annual payments on the bonds, and thus risk to the fund, are dependent on the receipt of future settlement payments by the state or its instrumentality. The actual amount of future settlement payments may vary based on, among other things, annual domestic cigarette shipments, inflation, the financial capability of participating tobacco companies, and certain offsets for disputed payments. Payments made by tobacco manufacturers could be reduced if cigarette shipments continue to decline below the base levels used in establishing manufacturers’ payment obligations under the MSA. Demand for cigarettes in the U.S. could continue to decline based on many factors, including, without limitation, anti-smoking campaigns, tax increases, price increases implemented to recoup the cost of payments by tobacco companies under the MSA, reduced ability to advertise, enforcement of laws prohibiting sales to minors, elimination of certain sales venues such as vending machines, the spread of local ordinances restricting smoking in public places, and increases in the use of other nicotine delivery devices (such as electronic cigarettes, smoking cessation products, and smokeless tobacco).

Because tobacco settlement bonds are backed by payments from the tobacco manufacturers, and generally not by the credit of the state or local government issuing the bonds, their creditworthiness depends on the ability of tobacco manufacturers to meet their obligations. The bankruptcy of an MSA-participating manufacturer could cause delays or reductions in bond payments, which would affect the fund’s net asset value. Under the MSA, a market share loss by MSA-participating tobacco manufacturers to non-MSA participating manufacturers would also cause a downward adjustment in the payment amounts under some circumstances.

The MSA and tobacco manufacturers have been and continue to be subject to various legal claims, including, among others, claims that the MSA violates federal antitrust law. In addition, the United States Department of Justice has alleged in a civil lawsuit that the major tobacco companies defrauded and misled the American public about the health risks associated with smoking cigarettes. An adverse outcome to this lawsuit or to any other litigation matters or regulatory actions relating to the MSA or affecting tobacco manufacturers could adversely affect the payment streams associated with the MSA or cause delays or reductions in bond payments by tobacco manufacturers.

In addition to the risks described above, tobacco settlement revenue bonds are subject to other risks described in this SAI, including the risks of asset-backed securities discussed under “Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities.”

Participation interests (Money Market Funds only). The money market funds may invest in Tax-exempt Securities either by purchasing them directly or by purchasing certificates of accrual or similar instruments evidencing direct ownership of interest payments or principal payments, or both, on Tax-exempt Securities, provided that, in the opinion of counsel, any discount accruing on a certificate or instrument that is purchased at a yield not greater than the coupon rate of interest on the related Tax-exempt Securities will be exempt from federal income tax to the same extent as interest on the Tax-exempt Securities. The money market funds may

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also invest in Tax-exempt Securities by purchasing from banks participation interests in all or part of specific holdings of Tax-exempt Securities. These participations may be backed in whole or in part by an irrevocable letter of credit or guarantee of the selling bank. The selling bank may receive a fee from the money market funds in connection with the arrangement. The money market funds will not purchase such participation interests unless it receives an opinion of counsel or a ruling of the IRS that interest earned by it on Tax-exempt Securities in which it holds such participation interests is exempt from federal income tax. No money market fund expects to invest more than 5% of its assets in participation interests.

Stand-by commitments. When the fund purchases Tax-exempt Securities, it has the authority to acquire stand-by commitments from banks and broker-dealers with respect to those Tax-exempt Securities. A stand-by commitment is a right acquired by the fund to sell up to the principal amount of such Tax-exempt Securities back to the seller or a third party (typically an institution such as a bank or broker-dealer) at an agreed-upon price or yield within specified periods prior to their maturity dates. A stand-by commitment may be considered a security independent of the Tax-exempt security to which it relates. The amount payable by a bank or dealer during the time a stand-by commitment is exercisable, absent unusual circumstances, would be substantially the same as the market value of the underlying Tax-exempt security to a third party at any time. The fund expects that stand-by commitments generally will be available without the payment of direct or indirect consideration. The fund does not expect to assign any value to stand-by commitments when determining the fund’s net asset value. The fund will be subject to credit risk with respect to an institution providing a stand-by commitment and a decline in the credit quality of the institution could cause losses to the fund.

Yields. The yields on Tax-exempt Securities depend on a variety of factors, including general money market conditions, effective marginal tax rates, the financial condition of the issuer, general conditions of the Tax-exempt security market, the size of a particular offering, the maturity of the obligation and the rating of the issue. The ratings of nationally recognized securities rating agencies represent their opinions as to the credit quality of the Tax-exempt Securities which they undertake to rate. It should be emphasized, however, that ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality. Consequently, Tax-exempt Securities with the same maturity, interest rate and rating may have different yields while Tax-exempt Securities of the same maturity and interest rate but with different ratings may have the same yield. Yield disparities may occur for reasons not directly related to the investment quality of particular issues or the general movement of interest rates and may be due to such factors as changes in the overall demand or supply of various types of Tax-exempt Securities or changes in the investment objectives of investors. Subsequent to purchase by the fund, an issue of Tax-exempt Securities or other investments may cease to be rated, or its rating may be reduced below the minimum rating required for purchase by the fund. Putnam Management will consider such an event in its determination of whether the fund should continue to hold an investment in its portfolio. Downgrades of Tax-exempt Securities held by a money market fund may require the fund to sell such securities, potentially at a loss.

“Moral obligation” bonds. The fund may invest in so-called “moral obligation” bonds, where repayment of the bond is backed by a moral (but not legally binding) commitment of an entity other than the issuer, such as a state legislature, to pay. Such a commitment may be in addition to the legal commitment of the issuer to repay the bond or may represent the only payment obligation with respect to the bond (where, for example, no amount has yet been specifically appropriated to pay the bond. See “-Municipal leases” below.)

Municipal leases. The fund may acquire participations in lease obligations or installment purchase contract obligations (collectively, “lease obligations”) of municipal authorities or entities. A lease obligation is an obligation in the form of a lease or installment purchase that is issued by a state or local government to acquire equipment and facilities. Income from such obligations generally is exempt from state and local tax in the state of issuance. Lease obligations may be secured or unsecured. Lease obligations do not constitute general obligations of the municipality for which the municipality’s taxing power is pledged.

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Municipal leases may be subject to greater risks than general obligation or revenue bonds. Although lease obligations do not constitute general obligations of the municipality, a lease obligation ordinarily is backed by the municipality’s covenant to budget for, appropriate, and make the payments due under the lease obligation. However, certain of these lease obligations contain “non-appropriation” clauses, which provide that the municipality has no obligation to make lease or installment purchase payments in future years unless money is appropriated for such purpose on a yearly basis. In the case of a “non-appropriation” lease, the fund’s ability to recover under the lease in the event of non-appropriation or default will be limited solely to the repossession of the leased property, and in any event, foreclosure of that property might prove difficult. If a municipality does not fulfill its payment obligation, it may be difficult to sell the lease obligation and the proceeds of a sale may not cover the fund’s loss.

In addition to the “non-appropriation” risk, many municipal lease obligations have not yet developed the depth of marketability associated with municipal bonds. Moreover, such leases may be subject to the temporary abatement of payments in the event the issuer is prevented from maintaining occupancy of the leased premises or utilizing the leased equipment or facilities. Although the obligations may be secured by the leased equipment or facilities, the disposition of the property in the event of non-appropriation or foreclosure might prove difficult, time consuming and costly, and result in a delay in recovering, or the failure to recover fully, the fund’s original investment.

Additional risks. Securities in which the fund may invest, including Tax-exempt Securities, are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors, such as the federal Bankruptcy Code (including special provisions related to municipalities and other public entities), and laws, if any, that may be enacted by Congress or state legislatures extending the time for payment of principal or interest, or both, or imposing other constraints upon enforcement of such obligations. There is also the possibility that, as a result of litigation or other conditions, such as the recent bankruptcy-type proceedings by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico the power, ability or willingness of issuers to meet their obligations for the payment of interest and principal on their Tax-exempt Securities may be materially affected or their obligations may be found to be invalid or unenforceable. Such litigation or conditions may from time to time have the effect of introducing uncertainties in the market for municipal bonds or certain segments thereof, or of materially affecting the credit risk with respect to particular bonds. Adverse economic, business, legal or political developments might affect all or a substantial portion of the fund’s municipal bonds in the same manner.

From time to time, legislation may be introduced or litigation may arise that may restrict or eliminate the federal income tax exemption for interest on debt obligations issued by states and their political subdivisions. Federal tax laws limit the types and amounts of tax-exempt bonds issuable for certain purposes, especially industrial development bonds and private activity bonds. Such limits may affect the future supply and yields of these types of Tax-exempt Securities. Further proposals limiting the issuance of Tax-exempt Securities may well be introduced in the future. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors for the current law on tax-exempt bonds and securities.

Temporary Defensive Strategies

In response to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions, the fund may take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with its principal investment strategies. However, a fund may choose not to use these temporary defensive strategies for a variety of reasons, even in very volatile market conditions. In implementing temporary defensive strategies, the fund may invest primarily in, among other things, debt securities, preferred stocks, U.S. government and agency obligations, cash or money market instruments (including, to the extent permitted by law or applicable exemptive relief, money market funds), or any other securities Putnam Management considers consistent with such defensive strategies. When the fund takes temporary defensive positions, the fund may miss out on investment opportunities, and the fund may not achieve its investment objective. In addition, while temporary defensive strategies are mainly designed to limit losses, such strategies may not work as intended.

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Warrants

The fund may invest in or acquire warrants, which are instruments that give the fund the right (but not the obligation) to purchase certain securities from an issuer at a specific price (the “strike price”) until a stated expiration date. The purchase of warrants involves the risk that the effective price paid for the warrant added to the strike price of the underlying security may exceed the value of the security’s market price, such as when there is no movement in the level of the underlying security. Also, the strike price of warrants typically is much lower than the current market price of the underlying securities, yet they are subject to similar price fluctuations. As a result, warrants may be more volatile investments than the underlying securities and may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying securities and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. Also, the value of the warrant does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities and a warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to the expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments.

In addition to warrants on securities, the fund may purchase put warrants and call warrants whose values vary depending on the change in the value of one or more specified securities indices (“index warrants”). Index warrants are generally issued by banks or other financial institutions and give the holder the right, at any time during the term of the warrant, to receive upon exercise of the warrant a cash payment from the issuer based on the value of the underlying index at the time of exercise. In general, if the value of the underlying index rises above the exercise price of the index warrant, the holder of a call warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the value of the index and the exercise price of the warrant; if the value of the underlying index falls, the holder of a put warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the exercise price of the warrant and the value of the index. The holder of a warrant would not be entitled to any payments from the issuer at any time when, in the case of a call warrant, the exercise price is greater than the value of the underlying index, or, in the case of a put warrant, the exercise price is less than the value of the underlying index. If the fund were not to exercise an index warrant prior to its expiration, then the fund would lose the amount of the purchase price paid by it for the warrant.

The fund will normally use index warrants in a manner similar to its use of options on securities indices. The risks of the fund’s use of index warrants are generally similar to those relating to its use of index options. Unlike most index options, however, index warrants are issued in limited amounts and are not obligations of a regulated clearing agency, but are backed only by the credit of the bank or other institution which issues the warrant. Also, index warrants generally have longer terms than index options. Index warrants are not likely to be as liquid as certain index options backed by a recognized clearing agency. In addition, the terms of index warrants may limit the fund’s ability to exercise the warrants at such time, or in such quantities, as the fund would otherwise wish to do.

Zero-coupon and Payment-in-kind Bonds

The fund may invest without limit in so-called “zero-coupon” bonds and “payment-in-kind” bonds. Zero-coupon bonds are issued at a significant discount from their principal amount in lieu of paying interest periodically. Payment-in-kind bonds allow the issuer, at its option, to make current interest payments on the bonds either in cash or in additional bonds. Because zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds do not pay current interest in cash, their value is subject to greater fluctuation in response to changes in market interest rates than bonds that pay interest currently. Both zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds allow an issuer to avoid the need to generate cash to meet current interest payments. Accordingly, such bonds may involve greater credit risks than bonds paying interest currently in cash. The fund is required to accrue interest income on such investments and to distribute such amounts at least annually to shareholders even though such bonds do not pay current interest in cash. Thus, it may be necessary at times for the fund to liquidate investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements under the Code.

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The market for zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds may be limited, making it difficult for the fund to value them or dispose of its holdings quickly at an acceptable price.

TAXES

The following discussion of U.S. federal income tax consequences is based on the Code, existing U.S. Treasury regulations, and other applicable authority, as of the date of this SAI. These authorities are subject to change by legislative or administrative action, possibly with retroactive effect. The following discussion is only a summary of some of the important U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to investments in the fund. There may be other tax considerations applicable to particular shareholders. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding their particular situation and the possible application of foreign, state and local tax laws.

Taxation of the fund. The fund intends to qualify each year as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. In order to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded regulated investment companies and their shareholders, the fund must, among other things:

(a) derive at least 90% of its gross income for each taxable year from (i) dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies, and (ii) net income from interests in “qualified publicly traded partnerships” (as defined below);

(b) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of the fund’s taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the market value of the fund’s total assets is represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies, and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to a value not greater than 5% of the value of the fund’s total assets and not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of the fund’s total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, (x) in the securities (other than those of the U.S. government or other regulated investment companies) of any one issuer or of two or more issuers which the fund controls and which are engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or businesses, or (y) in the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (as defined below); and

(c) distribute with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code without regard to the deduction for dividends paid—generally, taxable ordinary income and the excess, if any, of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses) and net tax-exempt interest income, for such year.

In general, for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement described in paragraph (a) above, income derived from a partnership will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership which would be qualifying income if realized by the regulated investment company. However, 100% of the net income of a regulated investment company derived from an interest in a “qualified publicly traded partnership” (defined as a partnership (i) interests in which are traded on an established securities market or readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof, and (ii) that derives less than 90% of its income from the qualifying income described in paragraph (a)(i) above) will be treated as qualifying income. In general, such entities will be treated as partnerships for federal income tax purposes because they meet the passive income requirement under Code section 7704(c)(2). In addition, although in general the passive loss rules of the Code do not apply to regulated investment companies, such rules do apply to a regulated investment company with respect to items attributable to an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership.

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For purposes of the diversification test in paragraph (b) above, identification of the issuer (or, in some cases, issuers) of a particular fund investment will depend on the terms and conditions of that investment. In some cases, identification of the issuer (or issuers) is uncertain under current law, and an adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS with respect to issuer identification for a particular type of investment may adversely affect the fund’s ability to meet the diversification test in (b) above. Also, for the purposes of the diversification test in paragraph (b) above, the term “outstanding voting securities of such issuer” will include the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership.

If the fund qualifies as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment, the fund will not be subject to U. S. federal income tax on income or gains distributed in a timely manner to its shareholders in the form of dividends (including Capital Gain Dividends, as defined below).

If the fund were to fail to meet the income, diversification or distribution test described above, the fund could in some cases cure such failure, including by paying a fund-level tax, paying interest, making additional distributions, or disposing of certain assets. If the fund were ineligible to or otherwise did not cure such failure for any year, or were otherwise to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company accorded special tax treatment in any taxable year, the fund would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates, and all distributions from earnings and profits, including any distributions of net tax-exempt income and net long-term capital gains, would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. Some portions of such distributions may be eligible for the dividends received deduction in the case of corporate shareholders, and may be eligible to be treated as “qualified dividend income” in the case of shareholders taxed as individuals, provided, in both cases, that the shareholder meets certain holding period and other requirements in respect of the fund’s shares (as described below). In addition, the fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment.

The fund intends to distribute at least annually to its shareholders all or substantially all of its investment company taxable income (computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction) and its net tax-exempt income (if any). The fund may distribute its net capital gain (that is, the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss, in each case determined with reference to any loss carryforwards). Investment company taxable income (which is retained by the fund) will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates. The fund may also retain for investment its net capital gain. If the fund retains any net capital gain, it will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained, but may designate the retained amount as undistributed capital gains in a notice to its shareholders who will be (i) required to include in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as long-term capital gain, their shares of such undistributed amount, and (ii) entitled to credit their proportionate shares of the tax paid by the fund on such undistributed amount against their U.S. federal income tax liabilities, if any, and to claim refunds on a properly-filed U.S. tax return to the extent the credit exceeds such liabilities. If the fund makes this designation, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the tax basis of shares owned by a shareholder of the fund will be increased by an amount equal to the difference between the amount of undistributed capital gains included in the shareholder’s gross income under clause (i) of the preceding sentence and the tax deemed paid by the shareholder under clause (ii) of the preceding sentence. The fund is not required to, and there can be no assurance the fund will, make this designation if it retains all or a portion of its net capital gain in a taxable year.

In determining its net capital gain, including in connection with determining the amount available to support a Capital Gain Dividend (as defined below), its taxable income and its earnings and profits, a regulated investment company generally may also elect to treat part or all of any post-October capital loss (defined as any net capital loss attributable to the portion, if any, of the taxable year after October 31 or, if there is no such loss, the net long-term capital loss or net short-term capital loss attributable to any such portion of the taxable year) or late-year ordinary loss (generally, the sum of its (i) net ordinary loss, if any, from the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of property, attributable to the portion, if any, of the taxable year after October 31, and its (ii) other net ordinary loss, if any, attributable to the portion, if any, of the taxable year after December 31) as if incurred in the succeeding taxable year.

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If the fund fails to distribute in a calendar year at least an amount equal to the sum of 98% of its ordinary income for such year and 98.2% of its capital gain net income for the one-year period ending October 31 of such year, plus any retained amount from the prior year, the fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax on the undistributed amounts. For these purposes, ordinary gains and losses from the sale, exchange, or other taxable disposition of property that would otherwise be properly taken into account after October 31 are treated as arising on January 1 of the following calendar year. For purposes of the excise tax, the fund will be treated as having distributed any amount on which it has been subject to corporate income tax in the taxable year ending within the calendar year. A dividend paid to shareholders in January of a year generally is deemed to have been paid by the fund on December 31 of the preceding year, if the dividend was declared and payable to shareholders of record on a date in October, November or December of that preceding year. The fund intends generally to make distributions sufficient to avoid imposition of the 4% excise tax, although there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so.

The fund distributes its net investment income and capital gains to shareholders as dividends at least annually to the extent required to qualify as a regulated investment company under the Code and generally to avoid U.S. federal income or excise tax. Provided it is not treated as a “personal holding company” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the fund is permitted to treat the portion of redemption proceeds paid to redeeming shareholders that represents the redeeming shareholders’ portion of the fund’s accumulated earnings and profits as a dividend on the fund’s tax return. This practice, which involves the use of tax equalization, will have the effect of reducing the amount of income and gains that the fund is required to distribute as dividends to shareholders in order for the fund to avoid U. S. federal income tax and excise tax. This practice may also reduce the amount of distributions required to be made to non-redeeming shareholders and the amount of any undistributed income will be reflected in the value of the shares of the fund; the total return on a shareholder’s investment will not be reduced as a result of this distribution policy.

Fund distributions. Distributions from the fund (other than exempt-interest dividends, as discussed below) generally are taxable to shareholders as ordinary income to the extent derived from the fund’s investment income and net short-term capital gains. Distributions are taxable whether shareholders receive them in cash or reinvest them in additional shares of the fund or other Putnam funds.

Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the fund owned (or is deemed to have owned) the investments that generated them, rather than how long a shareholder has owned his or her shares. In general, the fund will recognize long-term capital gain or loss on investments it has owned for more than one year, and short-term capital gain or loss on investments it has owned for one year or less. Tax rules can alter the fund’s holding period in investments and thereby affect the tax treatment of gain or loss on such investments. Distributions of net capital gain that are properly reported by the fund as capital gain dividends (“Capital Gain Dividends”) will be treated as long-term capital gains includible in net capital gain and taxed to individuals at reduced rates. The IRS and the Department of the Treasury have issued regulations that impose special rules in respect of Capital Gain Dividends received through partnership interests constituting “applicable partnership interests” under Section 1061 of the Code. Distributions from capital gains generally are made after applying any available capital loss carryforwards. Distributions of net short-term capital gain (as reduced by any net long-term capital loss for the taxable year) will be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. Investors who purchase shares shortly before the record date of a distribution will pay the full price for the shares and then receive some portion of the price back as a taxable distribution.

The Code generally imposes a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on the net investment income of certain individuals, trusts and estates to the extent their income exceeds certain threshold amounts. For these purposes, “net investment income” generally includes, among other things, (i) distributions paid by the fund of net investment income and capital gains (other than exempt-interest dividends) as described herein, and (ii) any net gain from the sale, redemption, exchange or other taxable disposition of fund shares. Shareholders are advised to consult their tax advisers regarding the possible implications of this additional tax on their investment in the fund.

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Distributions of investment income reported by the fund as “qualified dividend income” received by an individual will be taxed at the reduced rates applicable to net capital gain. In order for some portion of the dividends received by a fund shareholder to be qualified dividend income, the fund must meet holding period and other requirements with respect to some portion of the dividend-paying stocks in its portfolio and the shareholder must meet holding period and other requirements with respect to the fund’s shares. In general, a dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income (at either the fund or shareholder level) (1) if the dividend is received with respect to any share of stock held for fewer than 61 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date which is 60 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend (or, on the case of certain preferred stock, 91 days during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before such date), (2) to the extent that the recipient is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property, (3) if the recipient elects to have the dividend income treated as investment interest, or (4) if the dividend is received from a foreign corporation that is (a) not eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States (with the exception of dividends paid on stock of such a foreign corporation readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States) or (b) treated as a passive foreign investment company. Each fund, other than fixed-income and money market funds, generally expects to report eligible dividends as qualified dividend income.

In general, distributions of investment income reported by the fund as derived from qualified dividend income will be treated as qualified dividend income by a shareholder taxed as an individual provided the shareholder meets the holding period and other requirements described above with respect to such fund’s shares. In any event, if the aggregate qualified dividends received by the fund during any taxable year are 95% or more of its gross income (excluding net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss), then 100% of the fund’s dividends (other than dividends properly reported as Capital Gain Dividends) will be eligible to be treated as qualified dividend income.

Distributions by the fund to its shareholders that the fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” as defined and subject to certain conditions described below, are treated as qualified REIT dividends in the hands of non-corporate shareholders.

Subject to future regulatory guidance to the contrary, distributions attributable to qualified publicly traded partnership income from a fund's investments in MLPs will ostensibly not qualify for the deduction available to non-corporate taxpayers in respect of such amounts received directly from an MLP.

In general, fixed-income and money market funds receive interest, rather than dividends, from their portfolio securities. As a result, it is not currently expected that any significant portion of such funds’ distributions to shareholders will be derived from qualified dividend income. For information regarding qualified dividend income received from underlying funds, see “Funds of funds” below.

In general, dividends of net investment income received by corporate shareholders of the fund will qualify for the dividends-received deduction generally available to corporations only to the extent of the amount of eligible dividends received by the fund from domestic corporations for the taxable year. A dividend received by the fund will not be treated as a dividend eligible for the dividends-received deduction (1) if it has been received with respect to any share of stock that the fund has held for less than 46 days (91 days in the case of certain preferred stock) during the 91-day period beginning on the date which is 45 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend (during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before such date in the case of certain preferred stock) or (2) to the extent that the fund is under an obligation (pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. Moreover, the dividends received deduction may otherwise be disallowed or reduced (1) if the corporate shareholder fails to satisfy the foregoing requirements with respect to its shares of the fund or (2) by application of various provisions of the Code (for instance, the dividends-received deduction is reduced in the case of a dividend received on debt-financed portfolio stock (generally,

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stock acquired with borrowed funds)). For information regarding eligibility for the dividends-received deduction of dividend income derived from an underlying fund, see “Funds of funds” below.

Exempt-interest dividends. A fund will be qualified to pay exempt-interest dividends to its shareholders if, at the close of each quarter of the fund’s taxable year, at least 50% of the total value of the fund’s assets consists of obligations the interest on which is exempt from federal income tax under Section 103(a) of the Code. In some cases, the fund may also pass through to its shareholders the tax-exempt character of any exempt-interest dividends it receives from underlying funds in which it invests (see “Funds of funds,” below). Distributions that the fund reports as exempt-interest dividends are treated as interest excludable from shareholders’ gross income for federal income tax purposes but may be taxable for federal alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) purposes and for state and local purposes. If the fund intends to qualify to pay exempt-interest dividends, the fund may be limited in its ability to enter into taxable transactions involving forward commitments, repurchase agreements, financial futures and options contracts on financial futures, tax-exempt bond indices and other assets.

Part or all of the interest on indebtedness, if any, incurred or continued by a shareholder to purchase or carry shares of the fund paying exempt-interest dividends is not deductible. The portion of interest that is not deductible is equal to the total interest paid or accrued on the indebtedness, multiplied by the percentage of the fund’s total distributions (not including distributions from net long-term capital gains) paid to the shareholder that are exempt-interest dividends. Under rules used by the IRS to determine when borrowed funds are considered used for the purpose of purchasing or carrying particular assets, the purchase of shares may be considered to have been made with borrowed funds even though such funds are not directly traceable to the purchase of shares.

In general, exempt-interest dividends, if any, attributable to interest received on certain private activity obligations and certain industrial development bonds will not be tax-exempt to any shareholders who are “substantial users” of the facilities financed by such obligations or bonds or who are “related persons” of such substantial users.

A fund that is qualified to pay exempt-interest dividends will notify its shareholders in a written statement of the portion of distributions for the taxable year that constitutes exempt-interest dividends.

Exempt-interest dividends may be taxable for purposes of the federal AMT. For individual shareholders, exempt-interest dividends that are derived from interest on private activity bonds that are issued after August 7, 1986 (other than a “qualified 501(c)(3) bond,” as such term is defined in the Code) generally must be included in an individual’s tax base for purposes of calculating the shareholder’s liability for U.S. federal AMT. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, corporations are no longer subject to the federal AMT.

Funds of funds. If the fund invests in shares of underlying funds, a portion of its distributable income and gains will consist of distributions from the underlying funds and gains and losses on the disposition of shares of the underlying funds. To the extent that an underlying fund realizes net losses on its investments for a given taxable year, the fund will not be able to recognize its share of those losses (so as to offset distributions of net income or capital gains from other underlying funds) until and only to the extent that it disposes of shares of the underlying fund in a transaction qualifying for sale or exchange treatment or those losses reduce distributions required to be made by the underlying fund. Moreover, even when the fund does make such a disposition, a portion of its loss may be recognized as a long-term capital loss, which will not be treated as favorably for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a short-term capital loss or an ordinary deduction. In particular, the fund will not be able to offset any capital losses from its dispositions of underlying fund shares against its ordinary income (including distributions of any net short-term capital gains realized by an underlying fund).

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In addition, in certain circumstances, the “wash sale” rules under Section 1091 of the Code may apply to the fund’s sales of underlying fund shares that have generated losses. A wash sale occurs if shares of an underlying fund are sold by the fund at a loss and the fund acquires additional shares of that same underlying fund 30 days before or after the date of the sale. The wash-sale rules could defer losses in the fund’s hands on sales of underlying fund shares (to the extent such sales are wash sales) for extended (and, in certain cases, potentially indefinite) periods of time.

As a result of the foregoing rules, and certain other special rules, the amounts of net investment income and net capital gains that the fund will be required to distribute to shareholders may be greater than such amounts would have been had the fund invested directly in the securities held by the underlying funds, rather than investing in shares of the underlying funds. For similar reasons, the amount or timing of distributions from the fund qualifying for treatment as being of a particular character (e.g., as long-term capital gain, exempt interest, eligible for dividends-received deduction, etc.) will not necessarily be the same as it would have been had the fund invested directly in the securities held by the underlying funds.

If the fund receives dividends from an underlying fund that qualifies as a regulated investment company, and the underlying fund reports such dividends as “qualified dividend income,” then the fund may, in turn, report a portion of its distributions as “qualified dividend income” as well, provided the fund meets the holding period and other requirements with respect to shares of the underlying fund.

If the fund receives dividends from an underlying fund and the underlying fund reports such dividends as eligible for the dividends-received deduction, then the fund is permitted, in turn, to designate a portion of its distributions as eligible for the dividends-received deduction, provided the fund meets the holding period and other requirements with respect to shares of the underlying fund.

If the fund were to own 20% or more of the voting interests of an underlying fund, subject to a safe harbor in respect of certain fund of funds arrangements, the fund would be required to “look through” the underlying fund to its holdings and combine the appropriate percentage (as determined pursuant to the applicable Treasury Regulations) of the underlying fund’s assets with the fund’s assets for purposes of satisfying the 25% diversification test described above.

If, at the close of each quarter of the fund’s taxable year, at least 50% of its total assets consists of interests in other regulated investment companies (such fund, a “qualified fund of funds”), the fund will be permitted to distribute exempt-interest dividends and thereby pass through to its shareholders the tax-exempt character of any exempt-interest dividends it receives from underlying funds in which it invests, or interest on any tax-exempt obligations in which it directly invests, if any. For further information regarding exempt-interest dividends, see “Exempt-interest dividends,” above.

If the fund is a qualified fund of funds, the fund will be entitled to elect to pass through to its shareholders a credit or deduction for foreign taxes (if any) borne in respect of foreign securities income earned by the fund, or by any underlying funds and passed through to the fund. If the fund so elects, shareholders will include in gross income from foreign sources their pro rata shares of such taxes, if any, treated as paid by the fund. Even if the fund is eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. If the fund elects to pass through to its shareholders foreign tax credits or deductions, tax-exempt shareholders and those who invest in the fund through tax-advantaged accounts such as IRAs will not benefit from any such tax credit or deduction. See “Foreign taxes” below for more information.

Derivatives, hedging and related transactions; certain exposure to commodities. In general, option premiums received by the fund are not immediately included in the income of the fund. Instead, the premiums are recognized when the option contract expires, the option is exercised by the holder, or the fund transfers or otherwise terminates the option (e.g., through a closing transaction). If a call option written by the fund is exercised and the fund sells or delivers the underlying stock, the fund generally will recognize capital gain or loss equal to (a) the sum of the strike price and the option premium received by the fund minus (b) the fund’s

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basis in the stock. Such gain or loss generally will be short-term or long-term depending upon the holding period of the underlying stock. If securities are purchased by the fund pursuant to the exercise of a put option written by it, the fund generally will subtract the premium received for purposes of computing its cost basis in the securities purchased. Gain or loss arising in respect of a termination of the fund’s obligation under an option other than through the exercise of the option will be short-term gain or loss depending on whether the premium income received by the fund is greater or less than the amount paid by the fund (if any) in terminating the transaction. Thus, for example, if an option written by the fund expires unexercised, the fund generally will recognize short-term gain equal to the premium received.

Certain covered call writing activities of the fund may trigger the U.S. federal income tax straddle rules contained primarily in Section 1092 of the Code. Very generally, where applicable, Section 1092 requires (i) that losses be deferred on positions deemed to be offsetting positions with respect to “substantially similar or related property,” to the extent of unrealized gain in the latter, and (ii) that the holding period of such a straddle position that has not already been held for the long-term holding period be terminated and begin anew once the position is no longer part of a straddle. Options on single stocks that are not “deep in the money” may constitute qualified covered calls, which generally are not subject to the straddle rules; the holding period on stock underlying qualified covered calls that are “in the money” although not “deep in the money” will be suspended during the period that such calls are outstanding. Thus, the straddle rules and the rules governing qualified covered calls could cause gains that would otherwise constitute long-term capital gains to be treated as short-term capital gains, and distributions that would otherwise constitute “qualified dividend income” or qualify for the dividends-received deduction to fail to satisfy the holding period requirements and therefore to be taxed as ordinary income or to fail to qualify for the dividends-received deduction, as the case may be.

In general, 40% of the gain or loss arising from the closing out of a futures contract traded on an exchange approved by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission is treated as short-term gain or loss, and 60% is treated as long-term gain or loss, although certain foreign currency gains and losses from such contracts may be treated as ordinary in character. Also, such contracts held by the fund at the end of each taxable year (and, for purposes of the 4% excise tax, on certain other dates as prescribed under the Code) are “marked to market” with the result that unrealized gains or losses are treated as though they were realized and the resulting gain or loss is treated as ordinary or 60/40 gain or loss, as applicable.

The fund’s investment in swaps, if any, will generate ordinary income and losses for federal income tax purposes. The fund’s investments in futures and swaps may cause the fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make the distributions necessary to qualify and be eligible for treatment as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax. The fund may therefore need to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, to meet its distribution requirement. The fund is not permitted to carry forward any net ordinary losses it realizes in a taxable year to offset ordinary income it realizes in subsequent taxable years.

In addition to the special rules described above in respect of options, futures transactions and swaps, the fund’s derivative transactions, including transactions in options, futures contracts, straddles, securities loan and other similar transactions, including for hedging purposes, will be subject to special tax rules (including constructive sale, mark-to-market, straddle, wash sale, and short sale rules), the effect of which may be to accelerate income to the fund, defer losses to the fund, cause adjustments in the holding periods of the fund’s securities, convert long-term capital gains into short-term capital gains, short-term capital losses into long-term capital losses, or capital gains into ordinary income. These rules could therefore affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders. The fund may make any applicable elections pertaining to such transactions consistent with the interests of the fund.

Because these and other tax rules applicable to these types of transactions are in some cases uncertain under current law, an adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS with respect to these rules (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect whether the fund has made sufficient distributions,

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and otherwise satisfied the relevant requirements, to maintain its qualification as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax.

A fund’s use of commodity-linked derivatives can be limited by the fund’s intention to qualify as a regulated investment company and can bear on its ability to so qualify. Income and gains from certain commodity-linked derivatives do not constitute qualifying income to a regulated investment company for purposes of the 90% gross income test described above. The tax treatment of certain other commodity-linked derivative instruments in which the fund might invest is not certain, in particular with respect to whether income or gains from such instruments constitute qualifying income to a regulated investment company. If the fund were to treat income or gain from a particular instrument as qualifying income and the income or gain were later determined not to constitute qualifying income and, together with any other nonqualifying income, caused the fund’s nonqualifying income to exceed 10% of its gross income in any taxable year, the fund would fail to qualify as a regulated investment company unless it is eligible to and does pay a tax at the fund level.

The tax rules are uncertain with respect to the treatment of income or gains arising in respect of commodity-linked exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”) and certain commodity-linked structured notes; also, the timing and character of income or gains arising from ETNs can be uncertain. An adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect the fund’s ability to qualify for treatment as a regulated investment company and to avoid a fund-level tax.

To the extent that, in order to achieve exposure to commodities, the fund invests in entities that are treated as pass-through vehicles for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including, for instance, certain ETFs (e.g., ETFs investing in gold bullion) and partnerships other than qualified publicly traded partnerships (as defined earlier), all or a portion of any income and gains from such entities could constitute non-qualifying income to the fund for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement described above. In such a case, the fund’s investments in such entities could be limited by its intention to qualify as a regulated investment company and could bear on its ability to so qualify. Certain commodities-related ETFs may qualify as qualified publicly traded partnerships. In such cases, the net income derived from such investments will constitute qualifying income for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement. If, however, such a vehicle were to fail to qualify as a qualified publicly traded partnership in a particular year, a portion of the gross income derived from it in such year could constitute non-qualifying income to the fund for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement and thus could adversely affect the fund’s ability to qualify as a regulated investment company for a particular year. In addition, the diversification requirement described above for regulated investment company qualification will limit the fund’s investments in one or more vehicles that are qualified publicly traded partnerships to 25% of the fund’s total assets as of the close of each quarter of the fund’s taxable year.

Each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund intends to gain exposure to commodities and commodity-related investments, in whole or in part, through each fund’s respective Subsidiary. A U.S. person who owns (directly, indirectly or constructively) 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of a foreign corporation or 10% or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of a foreign corporation is a “United States Shareholder” for purposes of the controlled foreign corporation (“CFC”) provisions of the Code. A foreign corporation is a CFC if, on any day of its taxable year, more than 50% of the voting power or value of its stock is owned (directly, indirectly or constructively) by “United States Shareholders.” Because each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund is a U.S. person that owns all of the stock of its respective Subsidiary, each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund is a “United States Shareholder” and each Subsidiary is a CFC. As a “United States Shareholder,” each of Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund is required to include in gross income for United States federal income tax purposes, as ordinary income, all of its Subsidiary’s “subpart F income” for the CFC’s taxable year ending with or within the fund’s taxable year, whether or not such income is distributed by the applicable Subsidiary, which may increase the ordinary income recognized by the fund. “Subpart F income” generally includes interest, original issue discount, dividends, net gains from the disposition of stocks or securities, receipts with respect to securities loans and net payments received with

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respect to equity swaps and similar derivatives. “Subpart F income” also includes the excess of gains over losses from transactions (including futures, forward and similar transactions) in commodities. It is expected that all of the Subsidiaries’ income will be “subpart F income.” Each fund’s recognition of its Subsidiary’s “subpart F income” will increase such fund’s tax basis in its Subsidiary’s shares. Distributions by a Subsidiary to the applicable fund will be tax-free, to the extent of such Subsidiary’s previously undistributed “subpart F income,” and will correspondingly reduce the fund’s tax basis in its Subsidiary’s shares. “Subpart F income” is treated as ordinary income, regardless of the character of a Subsidiary’s underlying income. Under Treasury regulations, income, if any, realized by a wholly-owned non-U.S. subsidiary (such as a Subsidiary) of a fund and included in such fund’s annual income of U.S. federal income purposes, will constitute qualifying income to the extent it is either (i) timely and currently repatriated or (ii) derived with respect to the fund’s business of investing in stock, securities or currencies. If a net loss is realized by a Subsidiary, such loss is not available to offset income or capital gain generated from the fund’s other investments. In addition, a Subsidiary is not permitted to carry forward any net ordinary losses it realizes in a taxable year to offset ordinary income it realizes in subsequent taxable years.

Certain of the fund’s investments in derivative instruments and foreign currency-denominated instruments, and any of the fund's transactions in foreign currencies and hedging activities, are likely to produce a difference between its book income and its taxable income. If such a difference arises, and the fund’s book income is less than its taxable income (or, for tax-exempt funds, the sum of its net tax-exempt and taxable income), the fund could be required to make distributions exceeding book income to qualify as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment and to eliminate fund-level income tax. In the alternative, if the fund’s book income exceeds the sum of its taxable income and tax-exempt income, the distribution (if any) of such excess will be treated as (i) a dividend to the extent of the fund’s remaining earnings and profits (including earnings and profits arising from tax-exempt income), (ii) thereafter as a return of capital to the extent of the recipient’s basis in the shares, and (iii) thereafter as gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset.

Investments in REITs. The fund’s investment in REIT equity securities may result in the fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings. If the fund distributes such amounts, such distribution could constitute a return of capital to the fund shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividends received by the fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income and will not qualify for the corporate dividends-received deduction.

Distributions by the fund to its shareholders that the fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” as defined and subject to certain conditions described below, are treated as qualified REIT dividends in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. Non-corporate shareholders are permitted a federal income tax deduction equal to 20% of qualified REIT dividends received by them, subject to certain limitations. Very generally, a “section 199A dividend” is any dividend or portion thereof that is attributable to certain dividends received by a regulated investment company from REITs, to the extent such dividends are properly reported as such by the regulated investment company in a written notice to its shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying regulated investment company shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. A fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.

Mortgage-related securities. The fund may invest in REITs, including REITs that hold residual interests in real estate mortgage investment conduits (“REMICs”) (including by investing in residual interests in collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) with respect to which an election to be treated as a REMIC is in effect), REITs that are themselves taxable mortgage pools (“TMPs”) or REITs that invest in TMPs. Under a notice issued by the IRS in October 2006 and Treasury regulations that have not yet been issued, but apply retroactively, a portion of the fund’s income from a REIT that is attributable to the REIT’s residual interest in a REMIC or TMP (referred to in the Code as an “excess inclusion”) will be subject to U.S. federal income tax in all events. This notice also provides, and the regulations are expected to provide, that excess inclusion income

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of a regulated investment company, such as the fund, will be allocated to shareholders of the regulated investment company in proportion to the dividends received by such shareholders, with the same consequences as if the shareholders held the related REMIC or TMP residual interest directly. As a result, a fund investing in such interests may not be a suitable investment for charitable remainder trusts, as noted below.

In general, excess inclusion income allocated to shareholders (i) cannot be offset by net operating losses (subject to a limited exception for certain thrift institutions), (ii) will constitute unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”) to entities (including a qualified pension plan, an individual retirement account, a 401(k) plan, a Keogh plan or other tax-exempt entity) subject to tax on UBTI, thereby potentially requiring such an entity that is allocated excess inclusion income, and otherwise might not be required to file a tax return, to file a tax return and pay tax on such income, and (iii) in the case of a non-U.S. shareholder, will not qualify for any reduction in U.S. federal withholding tax. A shareholder will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such inclusions notwithstanding any exemption from such income tax otherwise available under the Code. Any investment in residual interests of CMO that has elected to be treated as a REMIC can create complex tax problems, especially if the fund has state or local governments or other tax-exempt organizations as shareholders.

Income of a fund that would be UBTI if earned directly by a tax-exempt entity generally will not constitute UBTI when distributed to a tax-exempt shareholder of the fund. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a tax-exempt shareholder will recognize UBTI by virtue of its investment in the fund if shares in the fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of Code Section 514(b). Furthermore, a tax-exempt shareholder may recognize UBTI if the fund recognizes excess inclusion income derived from direct or indirect investments in REMIC residual interests or TMPs if the amount of such income recognized by the fund exceeds the fund's investment company taxable income (after taking into account deductions for dividends paid by the fund).

Under legislation enacted in December 2006, a charitable remainder trust (“CRT”), as defined in Section 664 of the Code, that realizes UBTI for a taxable year must pay an excise tax annually of an amount equal to such UBTI. Under IRS guidance issued in October 2006, a CRT will not recognize UBTI solely as a result of investing in a fund that recognizes excess inclusion income. Rather, if at any time during any taxable year a CRT (or one of certain other tax-exempt shareholders, such as the United States, a state or political subdivision, or an agency or instrumentality thereof, and certain energy cooperatives) is a record holder of a share in a fund that recognizes excess inclusion income, then the fund will be subject to a tax on that portion of its excess inclusion income for the taxable year that is allocable to such shareholders at the highest federal corporate income tax rate. The extent to which this IRS guidance remains applicable in light of the December 2006 legislation is unclear. To the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the fund may elect to specially allocate any such tax to the applicable CRT, or other shareholder, and thus reduce such shareholder’s distributions for the year by the amount of the tax that relates to such shareholder’s interest in the fund. CRTs and other tax-exempt investors are urged to consult their tax advisors concerning the consequences of investing in the fund.

Return of capital distributions. If the fund makes a distribution in and with respect to any taxable year to a shareholder in excess of the fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, the excess distribution will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of such shareholder’s tax basis in its shares, and thereafter as capital gain. A return of capital is not taxable, but it reduces a shareholder’s tax basis in its shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on a subsequent taxable disposition by the shareholder of its shares.

Dividends and distributions on the fund’s shares generally are subject to federal income tax as described herein to the extent they do not exceed the fund’s realized income and gains, even though such dividends and distributions may economically represent a return of a particular shareholder’s investment. Such distributions are likely to occur in respect of shares purchased at a time when the fund’s net asset value reflects gains that are either unrealized, or realized but not distributed. Such realized income and gains may be required to be distributed even when the fund’s net asset value also reflects unrealized losses. Distributions are taxable to a shareholder even if they are paid from income or gains earned by the fund prior to the shareholder’s investment (and thus included in the price paid by the shareholder).

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Securities issued or purchased at a discount. Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance (and zero-coupon debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance) that are acquired by the fund will be treated as debt obligations that are issued originally at a discount. Generally, the amount of the original issue discount (“OID”) is treated as interest income and is included in the fund’s income (and required to be distributed by the fund) over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt security. In addition, payment-in-kind securities will give rise to income which is required to be distributed and is taxable even though the fund holding the security receives no interest payment in cash on the security during the year.

Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance that are acquired by the fund in the secondary market may be treated as having “market discount.” Very generally, market discount is the excess of the stated redemption price of a debt obligation (or in the case of an obligation issued with OID, its “revised issue price”) over the purchase price of such obligation. Subject to the discussion below regarding Section 451 of the Code, (i) generally any gain recognized on the disposition of, and any partial payment of principal on, a debt security having market discount is treated as ordinary income to the extent the gain, or principal payment, does not exceed the “accrued market discount” on such debt security, (ii) alternatively, the fund may elect to accrue market discount currently, in which case the fund will be required to include the accrued market discount in the fund's income (as ordinary income) and thus distribute it over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt security, and (iii) the rate at which the market discount accrues, and thus is included in the fund's income, will depend upon which of the permitted accrual methods the fund elects. Notwithstanding the foregoing, effective for taxable years beginning after 2017, Section 451 of the Code generally requires any accrual method taxpayer to take into account items of gross income no later than the time at which such items are taken into account as revenue in the taxpayer's financial statements. The IRS and Treasury Department have issued proposed regulations providing that this rule does not apply to the accrual of market discount. If the rule were to apply to the accrual of market discount, the fund would be required to include in income any market discount as it takes the same into account on its financial statements.

Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of one year or less from the date of issuance that are acquired by the fund may be treated as having “acquisition discount” (very generally, the excess of the stated redemption price over the purchase price) or OID. The fund will be required to include the acquisition discount or OID in income over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, usually when the debt security matures. The fund may make one or more of the elections applicable to debt obligations having acquisition discount or OID, which could affect the character and timing of recognition of income.

If the fund holds the foregoing kinds of obligations, or other obligations subject to special rules under the Code, it may be required to pay out as an income distribution each year an amount which is greater than the total amount of cash interest the fund actually received. Such distributions may be made from the cash assets of the fund or, if necessary, by disposition of portfolio securities including at a time when it may not be advantageous to do so. These dispositions may cause the fund to realize higher amounts of short-term capital gains (generally taxed to shareholders at ordinary income tax rates) and, in the event the fund realizes net capital gains from such transactions, its shareholders may receive a larger capital gain distribution than if the fund had not held such obligations.

Securities purchased at a premium. Very generally, where the fund purchases a bond at a price that exceeds the redemption price at maturity (i.e., a premium), the premium is amortizable over the remaining term of the bond. In the case of a taxable bond, if the fund makes an election applicable to all such bonds it purchases, which election is irrevocable without consent of the IRS, the fund reduces the current taxable income from the bond by the amortized premium and reduces its tax basis in the bond by the amount of such offset; upon the disposition or maturity of such bonds acquired on or after January 4, 2013, the fund is permitted to deduct any

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remaining premium allocable to a prior period. In the case of a tax-exempt bond, tax rules require the fund to reduce its tax basis by the amount of amortized premium.

Higher-Risk obligations. The fund may invest to a significant extent in debt obligations that are in the lowest rating categories or are unrated, including debt obligations of issuers not currently paying interest or who are in default. Investments in debt obligations that are at risk of or in default present special tax issues for the fund. Tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as whether the fund should recognize market discount on a debt obligation and, if so, the amount of market discount the fund should recognize; when the fund may cease to accrue interest, OID or market discount, when and to what extent deductions may be taken for bad debts or worthless securities and how payments received on obligations in default should be allocated between principal and income. These and other related issues will be addressed by the fund when, as and if it invests in such obligations, in order to seek to ensure that it distributes sufficient income to preserve its status as a regulated investment company and does not become subject to U.S. federal income or excise tax.

Capital loss carryforward. Distributions from capital gains generally are made after applying any available capital loss carryforwards. Capital loss carryforwards are reduced to the extent they offset current-year net realized capital gains, whether the fund retains or distributes such gains. If a fund incurs or has incurred capital losses in excess of capital gains (“net capital losses”), those losses will be carried forward to one or more subsequent taxable years; any such carryforward losses will retain their character as short-term or long-term.

Foreign taxes. If more than 50% of the fund’s assets at taxable year end consists of the securities of foreign corporations, the fund may elect to permit shareholders to claim a credit or deduction on their income tax returns for their pro rata portion of qualified taxes paid by the fund to foreign countries in respect of foreign securities the fund has held for at least the minimum period specified in the Code. A qualified fund of funds also may elect to pass through to its shareholders foreign taxes it has paid or foreign taxes passed through to it by any underlying fund that itself elected to pass through such taxes to shareholders (see “Funds of funds” above). In such a case, shareholders will include in gross income from foreign sources their pro rata shares of such taxes. A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, as a result of which a shareholder may not get a full credit or deduction for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their U.S. federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if the fund is eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. However, even if the fund elects to pass through to its shareholders foreign tax credits or deductions, tax-exempt shareholders and those who invest in the fund through tax-advantaged accounts such as IRAs will not benefit from any such tax credit or deduction.

Passive Foreign Investment Companies. Investments treated as equity for federal income tax purposes in certain “passive foreign investment companies” (“PFICs”, as defined below) could subject the fund to a U.S. federal income tax (including interest charges) on distributions received from the company or on the proceeds from the disposition of its investment in such a company. This tax cannot be eliminated by making distributions to fund shareholders; however, this tax can be avoided by making an election to mark such investments to market annually or to treat the passive foreign investment company as a “qualified electing fund.” The QEF and mark-to-market elections may have the effect of accelerating the recognition of income (without the receipt of cash) and increasing the amount required to be distributed by the fund to avoid taxation. Making either of these elections therefore may require the fund to liquidate other investments to meet its distribution requirement, which may also accelerate the recognition of gain and affect the fund’s total return. Dividends paid by PFICs will not be eligible to be treated as “qualified dividend income.” If the fund indirectly invests in PFICs by virtue of the fund’s investments in other funds, it may not make such PFIC elections; rather, the underlying funds directly investing in the PFICs would decide whether to make such elections.

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Because it is not always possible to identify a foreign corporation as a PFIC, the fund may incur the tax and interest charges described above in some instances.

A PFIC is any foreign corporation: (i) 75 percent or more of the income of which for the taxable year is passive income, or (ii) the average percentage of the assets of which (generally by value, but by adjusted tax basis in certain cases) that produce or are held for the production of passive income is at least 50 percent. Generally, passive income for this purpose means dividends, interest (including income equivalent to interest), royalties, rents, annuities, the excess of gains over losses from certain property transactions and commodities transactions, and foreign currency gains. Passive income for this purpose does not include rents and royalties received by the foreign corporation from active business and certain income received from related persons.

Foreign currency-denominated transactions and related hedging transactions. The fund’s transactions in foreign currencies, foreign currency-denominated debt obligations and certain foreign currency options, futures contracts and forward contracts (and similar instruments) may give rise to ordinary income or loss to the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency concerned. Any such net gains could require a larger dividend toward the end of the calendar year. Any such net losses generally will reduce and potentially require the recharacterization of prior ordinary income distributions. Such ordinary income treatment may accelerate fund distributions to shareholders and increase the distributions taxed to shareholders as ordinary income. Any net ordinary losses so created cannot be carried forward by the fund to offset income or gains earned in subsequent taxable years.

Sale, exchange or redemption of shares. The sale, exchange or redemption of fund shares may give rise to a gain or loss. In general, any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than 12 months. Otherwise the gain or loss on the sale, exchange or redemption of fund shares will be treated as short-term capital gain or loss. However, if a shareholder sells shares at a loss within six months of purchase, any loss generally will be disallowed for federal income tax purposes to the extent of any exempt-interest dividends received on such shares. This loss disallowance, however, does not apply with respect to redemptions of fund shares held for six months or less with respect to a regular exempt-interest dividend paid by the fund if such fund declares substantially all of its net tax-exempt income as exempt-interest dividends on a daily basis, and pays such dividends at least on a monthly basis. In addition, any loss (not already disallowed as provided in the preceding sentences) realized upon a taxable disposition of shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any Capital Gain Dividends received (or deemed received) by the shareholder with respect to the shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of fund shares will be disallowed if other shares of the same fund are purchased within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.

Cost basis reporting. Upon the redemption or exchange of a shareholder’s shares in the fund, the fund, or, if such shareholder’s shares are then held through a financial intermediary, the financial intermediary, will be required to provide the shareholder and the IRS with cost basis and certain other related tax information about the fund shares the shareholder redeemed or exchanged. This cost basis reporting requirement is effective for shares purchased, including through dividend reinvestment, on or after January 1, 2012. Shareholders can visit www.putnam.com/costbasis, or call the fund at 1-800-225-1581, or consult their financial representatives, as appropriate, for more information regarding available methods for cost basis reporting and how to select a particular method. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine which available cost basis method is best for them.

Shares purchased through tax-qualified plans. Special tax rules apply to investments through employer-sponsored retirement plans and other tax-qualified plans or tax-advantaged arrangements. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the suitability of shares of the fund as an investment through such plans and arrangements and the precise effect of an investment on their particular tax situation.

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Backup withholding. The fund generally is required to withhold and remit to the U.S. Treasury a percentage of the taxable dividends and other distributions paid to any individual shareholder who fails to furnish the fund with a correct taxpayer identification number (TIN), who has under-reported dividends or interest income, or who fails to certify to the fund that he or she is not subject to such withholding. The backup withholding rules may also apply to distributions that are properly reported as exempt-interest dividends. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be credited against the shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the appropriate information is furnished to the IRS.

In order for a foreign investor to qualify for exemption from the backup withholding tax rates and for reduced withholding tax rates under income tax treaties, the foreign investor must comply with special certification and filing requirements. Foreign investors in a fund should consult their tax advisors in this regard.

Tax shelter reporting regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, if a shareholder recognizes a loss on disposition of fund shares of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a regulated investment company are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all regulated investment companies. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.

Non-U.S. shareholders. Distributions by the fund to shareholders that are not “U.S. persons” within the meaning of the Code (“foreign shareholders”) properly reported by the fund as (1) Capital Gain Dividends, (2) interest-related dividends, (3) short-term capital gain dividends, each as defined below and subject to certain conditions described below, and (4) exempt-interest dividends generally are not subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax.

In general, the Code defines (1) “short-term capital gain dividends” as distributions of net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses and (2) “interest-related dividends” as distributions from U.S. source interest income of types similar to those not subject to U.S. federal income tax if earned directly by an individual foreign shareholder, in each case to the extent such distributions are properly reported as such by the fund in a written notice to shareholders. The exceptions to withholding for Capital Gain Dividends and short-term capital gain dividends do not apply to (A) distributions to an individual foreign shareholder who is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the distribution and (B) distributions attributable to gain that is treated as effectively connected with the conduct by the foreign shareholder of a trade or business within the United States under special rules regarding the disposition of U.S. real property interests as described below. The exception to withholding for interest-related dividends does not apply to distributions to a foreign shareholder (A) that has not provided a satisfactory statement that the beneficial owner is not a U.S. person, (B) to the extent that the dividend is attributable to certain interest on an obligation if the foreign shareholder is the issuer or is a 10% shareholder of the issuer, (C) that is within certain foreign countries that have inadequate information exchange with the United States, or (D) to the extent the dividend is attributable to interest paid by a person that is a related person of the foreign shareholder and the foreign shareholder is a controlled foreign corporation. If the fund invests in other regulated investment companies that pay Capital Gain Dividends, short-term capital gain dividends or interest-related dividends to the fund, such distributions retain their character as not subject to withholding if properly reported when paid by the fund to foreign shareholders. The fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as interest-related and/or short-term capital gain dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so. In the case of shares held through an intermediary, the intermediary may withhold even if the fund reports all or a portion of a payment as an interest-related or short-term capital gain dividend to shareholders.

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The fact that a fund achieves its goals by investing in underlying funds generally does not adversely affect the fund’s ability to pass on to foreign shareholders the full benefit of the interest-related dividends and short-term capital gain dividends that it receives from its investments in underlying funds, except possibly to the extent that (1) interest-related dividends received by the fund are offset by deductions allocable to the fund’s qualified interest income or (2) short-term capital gain dividends received by the fund are offset by the fund’s net short- or long-term capital losses, in which case the amount of a distribution from the fund to a foreign shareholder that is properly reported as either an interest-related dividend or a short-term capital gain dividend, respectively, may be less than the amount that such shareholder would have received had they invested directly in the underlying funds.

Distributions by the fund to foreign shareholders other than Capital Gain Dividends, interest-related dividends, and short-term capital gain dividends and exempt-interest dividends (e.g., dividends attributable to dividend and foreign-source interest income or to short-term capital gains or U.S.-source interest income to which the exception from withholding described above does not apply) are generally subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate).

Under U.S. federal tax law, a beneficial holder of shares who is a foreign shareholder is not, in general, subject to U.S. federal income tax on gains (and is not allowed a deduction for losses) realized on the sale of shares of the fund, unless (i) such gain is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business carried on by such holder within the United States; (ii) in the case of an individual holder, the holder is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the sale and certain other conditions are met; or (iii) the special rules relating to gain attributable to the sale or exchange of “U.S. real property interests” (“USRPIs”) apply to the foreign shareholder's sale of shares of the fund (as described below).

If a beneficial holder who is a foreign shareholder has a trade or business in the United States, and the dividends are effectively connected with the conduct by the beneficial holder of a trade or business in the United States, the dividend will be subject to U.S. federal net income taxation at regular income tax rates and, in the case of a foreign corporation, may also be subject to a branch profits tax. If a foreign shareholder is eligible for the benefits of a tax treaty, any effectively connected income or gain will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net basis only if it is also attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the shareholder in the United States. More generally, foreign shareholders who are residents in a country with an income tax treaty with the United States may obtain different tax results than those described herein, and are urged to consult their tax advisors.

Special rules would apply if the fund were a qualified investment entity (“QIE”) because it is either a “U.S. real property holding corporation” (“USRPHC”) or would be a USRPHC but for the operation of certain exceptions to the definition of USRPIs described below. Very generally, a USRPHC is a domestic corporation that holds USRPIs the fair market value of which equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market values of the corporation’s USRPIs, interests in real property located outside the United States, and other trade or business assets. USRPIs generally are defined as any interest in U.S. real property and any interest (other than solely as a creditor) in a USRPHC or, very generally, an entity that has been a USRPHC in the last five years. A fund that holds, directly or indirectly, significant interests in REITs may be a USRPHC. Interests in domestically controlled QIEs, including regulated investment companies and REITs that are QIEs, not-greater-than-10% interests in publicly traded classes of stock in REITs and not-greater-than-5% interests in publicly traded classes of stock in regulated investment companies generally are not USRPIs, but these exceptions do not apply for purposes of determining whether a fund is a QIE.

If an interest in the fund were a USRPI, the fund would be required to withhold U.S. tax on the proceeds of a share redemption by a greater-than-5% foreign shareholder, in which case such foreign shareholder generally would also be required to file U.S. tax returns and pay any additional taxes due in connection with the redemption.

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If the fund were a QIE under a special “look-through” rule, any distributions by the fund to a foreign shareholder (including, in certain cases, distributions made by the fund in redemption of its shares) attributable directly or indirectly to (i) distributions received by the fund from a lower-tier regulated investment company or REIT that the fund is required to treat as USRPI gain in its hands and (ii) gains realized on the disposition of USRPIs by the fund would retain their character as gains realized from USRPIs in the hands of the fund’s foreign shareholders and would be subject to U.S. tax withholding. In addition, such distributions could result in the foreign shareholder being required to file a U.S. tax return and pay tax on the distributions at regular U.S. federal income tax rates. The consequences to a foreign shareholder, including the rate of such withholding and character of such distributions (e.g., as ordinary income or USRPI gain), would vary depending upon the extent of the foreign shareholder’s current and past ownership of the fund.

Foreign shareholders of the fund also may be subject to “wash sale” rules to prevent the avoidance of the tax-filing and -payment obligations discussed above through the sale and repurchase of fund shares.

Foreign shareholders should consult their tax advisers and, if holding shares through intermediaries, their intermediaries, concerning the application of these rules to their investment in the fund.

Other reporting and withholding requirements. Sections 1471-1474 of the Code and the U.S. Treasury and IRS guidance issued thereunder (collectively, “FATCA”) generally require a fund to obtain information sufficient to identify the status of each of its shareholders under FATCA or under an applicable intergovernmental agreement (an “IGA”) between the United States and a foreign government. If a shareholder fails to provide the requested information or otherwise fails to comply with FATCA or an IGA, the fund may be required to withhold under FATCA at a rate of 30% with respect to that shareholder on ordinary dividends it pays. The IRS and the Department of Treasury have issued proposed regulations providing that these withholding rules will not be applicable to the gross proceeds of share redemptions or Capital Gain Dividends the fund pays. If a payment by the fund is subject to FATCA withholding, the fund is required to withhold even if such payment would otherwise be exempt from withholding under the rules applicable to foreign shareholders described above (e.g., short-term capital gain dividends and interest-related dividends).

Each prospective investor is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the applicability of FATCA and any other reporting requirements with respect to the prospective investor’s own situation, including investments through an intermediary.

General Considerations. The U.S. federal income tax discussion set forth above is for general information only. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisers regarding the specific federal tax consequences of purchasing, holding, and disposing of shares of the fund, as well as the effects of state, local and foreign tax law and any proposed tax law changes.

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MANAGEMENT

Trustees

Name, Address1, Year of Birth, Position(s) Held with Fund and Length of Service as a Putnam Fund Trustee2	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Other Directorships Held by Trustee
Liaquat Ahamed (Born 1952), Trustee since 2012	Author; won Pulitzer Prize for Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World.	Chairman of the Sun Valley Writers Conference, a literary not-for-profit organization; and a Trustee of the Journal of Philosophy.
Ravi Akhoury (Born 1947), Trustee since 2009	Private investor.	Director of English Helper, Inc., a private software company; Trustee of the Rubin Museum, serving on the Investment Committee; and previously a director of RAGE Frameworks, Inc.
Barbara M. Baumann (Born 1955), Trustee since 2010	President of Cross Creek Energy Corporation, a strategic consultant to domestic energy firms and direct investor in energy projects.	Director of Devon Energy Corporation, a publicly traded independent natural gas and oil exploration and production company; Director of National Fuel Gas Company, a publicly traded energy company that engages in the production, gathering, transportation, distribution and marketing of natural gas; Senior Advisor to the energy private equity firm First Reserve; Director of Ascent Resources, LLC, a private exploration and production company established to acquire, explore for, develop and produce natural gas, oil and natural gas liquids reserve in the Appalachian Basin; Director of Texas American Resources Company II, a private, independent oil and gas exploration and production company; member of the Finance Committee of the Children’s Hospital of Colorado; member of the Investment Committee of the Board of The Denver Foundation; and previously a director of publicly traded companies Buckeye Partners, LP, UNS Energy Corporation, CVR Energy Company and SM Energy Corporation.
Katinka Domotorffy (Born 1975), Trustee since 2012	Voting member of the Investment Committees of the Anne Ray Foundation and Margaret A. Cargill Foundation, part of the Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropies.	Director of the Great Lakes Science Center and of College Now Greater Cleveland.

February 28, 2021 II-98 

Catharine Bond Hill (Born 1954), Trustee since 2017	Managing Director of Ithaka S+R, a not-for-profit service that helps the academic community navigate economic and technological change. From 2006 to 2016, Dr. Hill served as the 10th president of Vassar College.	Director of Yale-NUS College; and Trustee of Yale University.
Paul L. Joskow (Born 1947), Trustee since 1997	The Elizabeth and James Killian Professor of Economics, Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).. From 2008 to 2017, the President of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, a philanthropic institution focused primarily on research and education on issues related to science, technology and economic performance.	Trustee of Yale University; a Director of Exelon Corporation, an energy company focused on power services; and a Member Emeritus of the Board of Advisors of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
Kenneth R. Leibler (Born 1949), Trustee since 2006, Vice Chair from 2016 to 2018 and Chair since 2018	Vice Chairman Emeritus of Trustees of Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital in Boston. Member of the Investment Committee of the Boston Arts Academy Foundation.	Director of Eversource Corporation, which operates New England’s largest energy delivery system; previously the Chairman of the Boston Options Exchange, an electronic market place for the trading of listed derivatives securities; previously the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Boston Stock Exchange; and previously the President and Chief Operating Officer of the American Stock Exchange.
George Putnam, III (Born 1951), Trustee since 1984	Chairman of New Generation Research, Inc., a publisher of financial advisory and other research services, and President of New Generation Advisors, LLC, a registered investment adviser to private funds.	Director of The Boston Family Office, LLC, a registered investment advisor; a Trustee of the Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute; previously, a Trustee of the Marine Biological Laboratory; and previously a Trustee of Epiphany School.

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Manoj P. Singh (Born 1952), Trustee since 2017	Until 2015, chief operating officer and global managing director at Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Ltd., a global professional services organization, serving on the Deloitte U.S. board of directors and the boards of Deloitte member firms in China, Mexico and Southeast Asia.	Director of Abt Associates, a global research firm working in the fields of health, social and environmental policy, and international development; Trustee of Carnegie Mellon University; Director of Pratham USA, an organization dedicated to children’s education in India; member of the advisory board of Altimetrik, a business transformation and technology solutions firm; and Director of DXC Technology, a global IT services and consulting company.
Mona K. Sutphen (Born 1967), Trustee since 2020	Senior Adviser at The Vistra Group, a private investment firm focused on middle-market companies in the healthcare, education, and financial services industries. From 2014 to 2018, Partner at Marco Advisory Partners, a global consulting firm.	Director of Unitek Learning, a private nursing and medical services education provider in the United States; previous Director of Pattern Energy, a publicly traded renewable energy company; Board Member, International Rescue Committee; Co-Chair of the Board of Human Rights First; Trustee of Mount Holyoke College; and Member of the Advisory Board for the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs.

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Interested Trustees
*Robert L. Reynolds (Born 1952), Trustee since 2008	President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments; President and Chief Executive Officer of Great-West Financial, a financial services company that provides retirement savings plans, life insurance, and annuity and executive benefits products, and of Great-West Lifeco U.S. Inc.; President and Chief Executive Officer of Great-West Lifeco U.S. Inc., a holding company that owns Putnam Investments and Great-West Financial; and a member of Putnam Investments’ and Great-West Financial’s Board of Directors.	Director of West Virginia University Foundation; director of the Concord Museum; director of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Chairman of Massachusetts Competitive Partnership; director of Boston Chamber of Commerce; member of the Chief Executives Club of Boston; member of the National Innovation Initiative; member of the Massachusetts General Hospital President’s Council; member of the Council on Competitiveness; and previously the President of the Commercial Club of Boston.

¹ The address of each Trustee is 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110. As of December 31, 2020, there were 97 Putnam funds.

² Each Trustee serves for an indefinite term, until his or her resignation, retirement during the year he or she reaches age 75, death or removal.

*Trustee who is an “interested person” (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the fund and Putnam Management. Mr. Reynolds is deemed an “interested person” by virtue of his positions as an officer of the fund and Putnam Management. Mr. Reynolds is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments, LLC and President of your fund and each of the other Putnam funds.

Trustee Qualifications

Each of the fund’s Trustees, with the exception of Dr. Hill, Ms. Sutphen, and Mr. Singh, was most recently elected by shareholders of the fund during 2014, although most of the Trustees have served on the Board for many years. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee is responsible for recommending proposed nominees for election to the full Board of Trustees for its approval. As part of its deliberative process, the Committee considers the experience, qualifications, attributes and skills that it determines would benefit the Putnam funds at the time.

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In recommending the election of the board members as Trustees, the Committee generally considered the educational, business and professional experience of each Trustee in determining his or her qualifications to serve as a Trustee of the fund, including the Trustee's record of service as a director or trustee of public and private organizations. (This included, but was not limited to, consideration of the specific experience noted in the preceding table.) In the case of most members of the Board, the Committee considered his or her previous service as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Putnam funds, which demonstrated a high level of diligence and commitment to the interests of fund shareholders and an ability to work effectively and collegially with other members of the Board.

The Committee also considered, among other factors, the particular attributes described below with respect to the various individual Trustees and considered the attributes as indicative of the person’s ability to deal effectively with the types of financial, regulatory, and/or investment matters that typically arise in the course of a Trustee’s work:

Liaquat Ahamed -- Mr. Ahamed’s experience as Chief Executive Officer of a major investment management organization and as head of the investment division at the World Bank, as well as his experience as an author of economic literature.

Ravi Akhoury -- Mr. Akhoury's experience as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of a major investment management organization.

Barbara M. Baumann -- Ms. Baumann’s experience in the energy industry as a consultant, an investor, and in both financial and operational management positions at a global energy company, and her service as a director of multiple NYSE companies.

Katinka Domotorffy -- Ms. Domotorffy’s experience as Chief Investment Officer and Global Head of Quantitative Investment Strategies at a major asset management organization.

Catharine Bond Hill -- Dr. Hill’s education and experience as an economist and as president and provost of colleges in the United States.

Paul L. Joskow -- Dr. Joskow's education and experience as a professional economist familiar with financial economics and related issues and his service on multiple for-profit boards.

Kenneth R. Leibler -- Mr. Leibler's extensive experience in the financial services industry, including as Chief Executive Officer of a major asset management organization, and his service as a director of various public and private companies.

George Putnam, III -- Mr. Putnam’s training and experience as an attorney, his experience as the founder and Chief Executive Officer of an investment management firm and his experience as an author of various publications on the subject of investments.

Manoj P. Singh -- Mr. Singh’s experience as chief operating officer and global managing director of a global professional services organization that provided accounting, consulting, tax, risk management, and financial advisory services.

Mona K. Sutphen – Ms. Sutphen’s extensive experience advising corporate, philanthropic and institutional investors on the intersection of geopolitics, policy and markets, as well as her prior service as White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy and as a US Foreign Service Officer, her work advising financial services companies on macro risks, and her service as director of public companies

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Interested Trustee

Robert L. Reynolds -- Mr. Reynolds’s extensive experience as a senior executive of one of the largest mutual fund organizations in the United States and his current role as President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments.

Officers

In addition to Robert L. Reynolds, the fund’s President, the other officers of the fund are shown below. All of the officers of your fund are employees of Putnam Management or its affiliates or are members of the Trustees’ independent administrative staff.

Name, Address1, Year of Birth, Position(s) Held with Fund	Length of Service with the Putnam Funds2	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years and Position(s) with Fund’s Investment Adviser and Distributor3
Jonathan S. Horwitz4 (Born 1955) Executive Vice President, Principal Executive Officer, and Compliance Liaison	Since 2004	Executive Vice President, Principal Executive Officer, and Compliance Liaison, The Putnam Funds.
Robert T. Burns (Born 1961) Vice President and Chief Legal Officer	Since 2011	General Counsel, Putnam Investments, Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management.
James F. Clark3 (Born 1974) Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer	Since 2016	Chief Compliance Officer, Putnam Investments and Putnam Management (2016 – Present). Associate General Counsel, Putnam Investments, Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management (2003-2015).
Michael J. Higgins4 (Born 1976) Vice President, Treasurer, and Clerk	Since 2010	Vice President, Treasurer, and Clerk, The Putnam Funds.
Richard T. Kircher (Born 1962) Vice President and BSA Compliance Officer	Since 2019	Assistant Director, Operational Compliance, Putnam Investments and Putnam Retail Management (2015 – Present). Sr. Manager, Operational Compliance, Putnam Investments and Putnam Retail Management (2004-2015).
Janet C. Smith (Born 1965) Vice President, Principal Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer, and Assistant Treasurer	Since 2007	Head of Fund Administration Services, Putnam Investments and Putnam Management.
Susan G. Malloy (Born 1957) Vice President and Assistant Treasurer	Since 2007	Head of Accounting, Middle Office, and Control Services, Putnam Investments, and Putnam Management.
Mark C. Trenchard (Born 1962) Vice President	Since 2002	Director of Operational Compliance, Putnam Investments and Putnam Retail Management.
Nancy E. Florek4 (Born 1957) Vice President, Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate Governance, Assistant Clerk, and Assistant Treasurer	Since 2000	Vice President, Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate Governance, Assistant Clerk, and Assistant Treasurer, The Putnam Funds.
Denere P. Poulack4 (Born 1968) Assistant Vice President, Assistant Clerk, and Assistant Treasurer	Since 2004	Assistant Vice President, Assistant Clerk, and Assistant Treasurer, The Putnam Funds.

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¹The address of each Officer is 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110.

²Each officer serves for an indefinite term, until his or her resignation, retirement, death or removal.

³Prior positions and/or officer appointments with the fund or the fund’s investment adviser and distributor have been omitted.

⁴Officers of the fund indicated are members of the Trustees’ independent administrative staff. Compensation for these individuals is fixed by the Trustees and reimbursed to Putnam Management by the funds.

Except as stated above, the principal occupations of the officers and Trustees for the last five years have been with the employers as shown above, although in some cases they have held different positions with such employers.

Leadership Structure and Standing Committees of the Board of Trustees

For details regarding the number of times the standing committees of the Board of Trustees met during a fund's last fiscal year, see "Trustee responsibilities and fees" in Part I of this SAI.

Board Leadership Structure. Currently, 10 of the 11 Trustees of your fund are Independent Trustees, meaning that they are not considered "interested persons" of your fund or its investment manager. These Independent Trustees must vote separately to approve all financial arrangements and other agreements with your fund’s investment manager and other affiliated parties. The role of independent trustees has been characterized as that of a “watchdog” charged with oversight to protect shareholders’ interests against overreaching and abuse by those who are in a position to control or influence a fund. Your fund’s Independent Trustees meet regularly as a group in executive session (i.e., without representatives of your fund’s investment manager or its affiliates present). An Independent Trustee currently serves as chair of the Board.

Taking into account the number, the diversity and the complexity of the funds overseen by the Board and the aggregate amount of assets under management, your fund’s Trustees have determined that the efficient conduct of the Board's affairs makes it desirable to delegate responsibility for certain specific matters to committees of the Board. The Executive Committee, Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee, and Board Policy and Nominating Committee are authorized to take action on certain matters as specified in their charters or in policies and procedures relating to the governance of the funds; with respect to other matters, these committees review and evaluate and make recommendations to the Trustees as they deem appropriate. The other committees also review and evaluate matters specified in their charters and make recommendations to the Trustees as they deem appropriate. Each committee may utilize the resources of your fund’s independent staff, counsel and independent registered public accountants as well as other experts. The committees meet as often as appropriate, either in conjunction with regular meetings of the Trustees or otherwise. The membership and chair of each committee are appointed by the Trustees upon recommendation of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee. Each committee is chaired by an Independent Trustee and, except as noted below, the membership and chairs of each committee consist exclusively of Independent Trustees.

The Trustees have determined that this committee structure also allows the Board to focus more effectively on the oversight of risk as part of its broader oversight of the fund's affairs. While risk management is the primary responsibility of the fund's investment manager, the Trustees receive reports regarding investment risks, compliance risks and other risks. The Board and certain committees also meet periodically with the funds’ Chief Compliance Officer to receive compliance reports. In addition, the Board and its Investment Oversight Committees meet periodically with the portfolio managers of the funds to receive reports regarding the management of the funds. The Board's committee structure allows separate committees to focus on different aspects of these risks and their potential impact on some or all of the funds and to discuss with the fund's investment manager how it monitors and controls risks.

The Board recognizes that the reports it receives concerning risk management matters are, by their nature, typically summaries of the relevant information. Moreover, the Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect your fund can be identified in advance; that it may not be practical or cost effective to eliminate or to

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mitigate certain risks; that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) in seeking to achieve your fund’s investment objectives; and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. As a result of the foregoing and for other reasons, the Board’s risk management oversight is subject to substantial limitations.

Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee. The Audit, Compliance and Risk Committee provides oversight on matters relating to the integrity of the funds’ financial statements, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, the performance of each fund’s internal audit function, Codes of Ethics issues, and certain aspects of overseeing Putnam Management’s risk assessment and risk management. This oversight is discharged by regularly meeting with management and the funds’ independent registered public accountants and remaining current with respect to industry developments. Duties of this Committee also include the review and evaluation of all matters and relationships pertaining to the funds’ independent registered public accountants, including their independence, and the review of Putnam Management’s oversight of the funds’ significant other service providers (unless another committee, or the Board, has this responsibility). The Committee also oversees all dividends and distributions by the funds. The Committee makes recommendations to the Trustees of the funds regarding the amount and timing of dividends and distributions paid by the funds, and determines such matters when the Trustees are not in session. The Committee also oversees the policies and procedures pursuant to which Putnam Management prepares recommendations for dividends and distributions, and meets regularly with representatives of Putnam Management to review the implementation of these policies and procedures. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The members of the Committee include only Independent Trustees. Each member of the Committee also is “independent,” as that term is interpreted for purposes of Rule 10A-3(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and the listing standards of the NYSE. The Board has adopted a written charter for the Committee, a current copy of which is available at putnam.com/about-putnam. The current members are Messrs. Singh (Chair) and Akhoury, Drs. Hill and Joskow, and Ms. Domotorffy.

Board Policy and Nominating Committee. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee reviews matters pertaining to the operations of the Board of Trustees and its Committees, the compensation of the Trustees and their staff, and the conduct of legal affairs for the funds. The Committee evaluates and recommends all candidates for election as Trustees and recommends the appointment of members and chairs of each board committee. The Committee will consider nominees for Trustee recommended by shareholders of a fund provided that such recommendations are submitted by the date disclosed in the fund’s proxy statement and otherwise comply with applicable securities laws, including Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act. The Committee also reviews policy matters affecting the operation of the Board and its independent staff. In addition, the Committee oversees the voting of proxies associated with portfolio investments of the funds with the goal of ensuring that these proxies are voted in the best interest of the funds’ shareholders. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee generally believes that the Board benefits from diversity of background, experience and views among its members, and considers this as a factor in evaluating the composition of the Board, but has not adopted any specific policy in this regard. The Committee is composed entirely of Independent Trustees. The current members are Dr. Joskow (Chairp), Messrs. Leibler and Putnam, and Ms. Baumann.

Brokerage Committee. The Brokerage Committee reviews the funds' policies regarding the execution of portfolio trades and Putnam Management's (and its affiliates’) practices and procedures relating to the implementation of those policies. The Committee reviews periodic reports on the cost and quality of execution of portfolio transactions and the extent to which brokerage commissions have been used (i) by Putnam Management (or its affiliates) to obtain brokerage and research services generally useful to it (or its affiliates) in managing the portfolios of the funds and of its other clients, and (ii) by the funds to pay for certain fund expenses. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee is composed entirely of Independent Trustees. The current members are Messrs. Ahamed (Chair), Leibler and Putnam, and Mses. Baumann and Sutphen.

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Contract Committee. The Contract Committee reviews and evaluates at least annually all arrangements pertaining to (i) the engagement of Putnam Management and its affiliates to provide services to the funds, (ii) the expenditure of the funds' assets for distribution purposes pursuant to Distribution Plans of the funds, and (iii) the engagement of other persons to provide material services to the funds, including in particular those instances where the cost of services is shared between the funds and Putnam Management and its affiliates or where Putnam Management or its affiliates have a material interest. The Committee also reviews the proposed organization of new fund products, proposed structural changes to existing funds and certain matters relating to closed-end funds. In addition, the Committee also reviews communications with, and the quality of services provided to, shareholders and oversees the marketing and sale of fund shares by Putnam Retail Management. The Committee reports and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee is composed entirely of Independent Trustees. The current members are Messrs. Putnam (Chair), Ahamed and Leibler, and Mses. Baumann and Sutphen.

Executive Committee. The functions of the Executive Committee are twofold. The first is to ensure that the funds’ business may be conducted at times when it is not feasible to convene a meeting of the Trustees or for the Trustees to act by written consent. The Committee may exercise any or all of the power and authority of the Trustees when the Trustees are not in session. The second is to review annual and ongoing goals, objectives and priorities for the Board and to facilitate coordination of all efforts between the Trustees and Putnam Management on behalf of the shareholders of the funds. The Committee currently consists of Messrs. Leibler (Chair) and Putnam, and Ms. Baumann.

Investment Oversight Committees. The Investment Oversight Committees regularly meet with investment personnel of Putnam Management and its affiliates to review the investment performance and strategies of the funds in light of their stated goals and policies. The Committees seek to identify any compliance issues that are unique to the applicable categories of funds and work with the appropriate board committees to ensure that any such issues are properly addressed. The Committees review the proposed investment objectives, policies and restrictions of new fund products and proposed changes to investment objectives, policies and restrictions of existing funds. The current members of Investment Oversight Committee A are Mses. Domotorffy (Chair) and Sutphen, Dr. Joskow, and Messrs. Ahamed, Reynolds, and Singh, and the current members of Investment Oversight Committee B are Messrs. Akhoury (Chair), Leibler and Putnam, Dr. Hill, and Ms. Baumann.

Pricing Committee. The Pricing Committee oversees the valuation of assets of the Putnam funds and reviews the funds’ policies and procedures for achieving accurate and timely pricing of fund shares. The Committee oversees implementation of these policies, including fair value determinations of individual securities made by Putnam Management or other designated agents of the funds. The Committee also reviews (i) compliance by money market funds with Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act, (ii) in-kind redemptions by the fund affiliates, (iii) the correction of occasional pricing errors, and (iv) Putnam Management’s oversight of pricing vendors. The Committee reports to the Trustees and makes recommendations to the Trustees regarding these matters. The Committee is composed entirely of Independent Trustees. The current members are Messrs. Singh (Chair) and Akhoury, Drs. Hill and Joskow, and Ms. Domotorffy.

Indemnification of Trustees

The Agreement and Declaration of Trust of each fund provides that the fund will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the fund, except if it has been finally adjudicated that (a) they have not acted in good faith, (b) they have not acted in the reasonable belief that their actions were (i) in the best interests of the fund or (ii) at least were not opposed to the best interests of the fund, (c) in the case of a criminal proceeding, they had reasonable cause to believe the action was unlawful or (d) they were liable to the fund or its shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. The fund, at its expense, provides liability insurance for the benefit of its Trustees and officers.

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For details of Trustees’ fees paid by the fund and information concerning retirement guidelines for the Trustees, see “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI.

Putnam Management and its Affiliates

Putnam Management is one of America’s oldest and largest money management firms. Putnam Management’s staff of experienced portfolio managers and research analysts selects securities and constantly supervises the fund’s portfolio. By pooling an investor’s money with that of other investors, a greater variety of securities can be purchased than would be the case individually; the resulting diversification helps reduce investment risk. Putnam Management has been managing mutual funds since 1937.

Putnam Management is a subsidiary of Putnam Investments. Great-West Lifeco Inc., a financial services holding company with operations in Canada, the United States and Europe and a member of the Power Financial Corporation group of companies, owns a majority interest in Putnam Investments. Power Financial Corporation, a diversified management and holding company with direct and indirect interests in the financial services sector in Canada, the United States and Europe, is a subsidiary of Power Corporation of Canada, a diversified international management and holding company with interests in companies in the financial services, communications and other business sectors. The Desmarais Family Residuary Trust, a trust established pursuant to the Last Will and Testament of the Honourable Paul G. Desmarais, directly and indirectly controls a majority of the voting shares of Power Corporation of Canada.

Trustees and officers of the fund who are also officers of Putnam Management or its affiliates or who are stockholders of Putnam Investments or its parent companies will benefit from the advisory fees, sales commissions, distribution fees and transfer agency fees paid or allowed by the fund.

The Management Contract

Under a Management Contract between the fund and Putnam Management, subject to such policies as the Trustees may determine, Putnam Management, at its expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for the fund and makes investment decisions on behalf of the fund. Subject to the control of the Trustees, Putnam Management also manages, supervises and conducts the other affairs and business of the fund, furnishes office space and equipment, provides bookkeeping and clerical services (including determination of the fund’s net asset value, but excluding shareholder accounting services) and places all orders for the purchase and sale of the fund’s portfolio securities. Putnam Management may place fund portfolio transactions with broker-dealers that furnish Putnam Management, without cost to it, certain research, statistical and quotation services of value to Putnam Management and its affiliates in advising the fund and other clients. In so doing, Putnam Management may cause the fund to pay greater brokerage commissions than it might otherwise pay.

For details of Putnam Management’s compensation under the Management Contract, see “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI. Putnam Management’s compensation under the Management Contract may be reduced in any year if the fund’s expenses exceed the limits on investment company expenses imposed by any statute or regulatory authority of any jurisdiction in which shares of the fund are qualified for offer or sale. The term “expenses” is defined in the statutes or regulations of such jurisdictions, and generally excludes brokerage commissions, taxes, interest, extraordinary expenses and, if the fund has a distribution plan, payments made under such plan.

Fund-specific expense limitation. Under the Management Contract, Putnam Management may reduce its compensation to the extent that the fund’s expenses exceed such lower expense limitation as Putnam Management may, by notice to the fund, declare to be effective. For the purpose of determining any such limitation on Putnam Management’s compensation, expenses of the fund shall not reflect the application of commissions or cash management credits that may reduce designated fund expenses. The terms of any such expense limitation specific to a particular fund are described in the prospectus and/or Part I of this SAI.

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General expense limitation.

For retail open-end funds except Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Equity Fund, Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, Putnam RetirementReady® Funds, and Putnam Short-Term Investment Fund. As of December 1, 2019, through the expiration of the one-year period following the effective date of the next annual update of each fund’s registration statement, Putnam Management will waive fees and/or reimburse expenses of the fund to the extent necessary to limit the cumulative expenses of the fund, exclusive of brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses (including borrowing costs, i.e., short selling and lines of credit costs), extraordinary expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses, and payments under the fund’s investor servicing contract, the fund’s investment management contract (including any applicable performance-based upward or downward adjustment to a fund’s base management fee), and the fund’s distribution plans, to an annual (measured on a fiscal year basis) rate of 0.20% of the fund’s average net assets.

For Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Equity Fund Only: Putnam Management has contractually agreed to waive fees and/or reimburse expenses of the fund through September 30, 2021 to the extent necessary to limit the cumulative expenses of the fund, exclusive of brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses (including borrowing costs, i.e., short selling and lines of credit costs), extraordinary expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses, and payments under the fund’s investor servicing contract, the fund’s investment management contract, and the fund’s distribution plans, to an annual (measured on a fiscal year basis) rate of 0.02% of the fund’s average net assets.

For all funds: In addition to the fee paid to Putnam Management, the fund reimburses Putnam Management for the compensation and related expenses of certain officers of the fund and their assistants who provide certain administrative services for the fund and the other Putnam funds, each of which bears an allocated share of the foregoing costs. The aggregate amount of all such payments and reimbursements is determined annually by the Trustees.

The amount of this reimbursement for the fund’s most recent fiscal year is included in “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI. Putnam Management pays all other salaries of officers of the fund. The fund pays all expenses not assumed by Putnam Management including, without limitation, auditing, legal, custodial, investor servicing and shareholder reporting expenses. The fund pays the cost of typesetting for its prospectuses and the cost of printing and mailing any prospectuses sent to its shareholders. Putnam Retail Management pays the cost of printing and distributing all other prospectuses.

The Management Contract provides that Putnam Management shall not be subject to any liability to the fund or to any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its duties on the part of Putnam Management.

The Management Contract may be terminated without penalty by vote of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by Putnam Management, on not less than 60 days’ written notice. It may be amended only by a vote of the shareholders of the fund. The Management Contract also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. The Management Contract provides that it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” as defined in the 1940 Act.

Putnam Management has entered into a Master Sub-Accounting Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company ("State Street"), under which Putnam Management has delegated to State Street responsibility for providing certain administrative, pricing, and bookkeeping services for the fund. Putnam Management pays State Street a fee, monthly, based on a combination of fixed annual charges and charges

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based on the fund's assets and the number and types of securities held by the fund, and reimburses State Street for certain out-of-pocket expenses.

The Sub-Manager

If so disclosed in the fund’s prospectus, PIL, an affiliate of Putnam Management, has been retained as the sub-manager for a portion of the assets of the fund, as determined by Putnam Management from time to time, pursuant to a sub-management agreement between Putnam Management and PIL. Under the terms of the sub-management contract, PIL, at its own expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for that portion of each such fund that is allocated to PIL from time to time by Putnam Management and makes investment decisions on behalf of such portion of the fund, subject to the supervision of Putnam Management. Putnam Management may also, at its discretion, request PIL to provide assistance with purchasing and selling securities for the fund, including placement of orders with certain broker-dealers. PIL, at its expense, furnishes all necessary investment and management facilities, including salaries of personnel, required for it to execute its duties.

The sub-management contract provides that PIL shall not be subject to any liability to Putnam Management, the fund or any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties on the part of PIL.

The sub-management contract may be terminated with respect to a fund without penalty by vote of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by PIL or Putnam Management, on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice. The sub-management contract also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. Subject to applicable law, it may be amended by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. The sub-management contract provides that it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” as defined in the 1940 Act.

The Sub-Adviser

The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC

If so disclosed in the fund’s prospectus, PAC, an affiliate of Putnam Management, has been retained as a sub-adviser for a portion of the assets of the fund, as determined from time to time by Putnam Management or, with respect to portions of a fund’s assets for which PIL acts as sub-manager as described above, by PIL pursuant to a sub-advisory contract among Putnam Management, PIL and PAC. Under certain terms of the sub-advisory contract, PAC, at its own expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for that portion of each such fund that is allocated to PAC from time to time by Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable and makes investment decisions on behalf of such portion of the fund, subject to the supervision of Putnam Management or PIL, as the case may be. Putnam Management or PIL, as the case may be, may also, at its discretion, request PAC to provide assistance with purchasing and selling securities for the fund, including placement of orders with certain broker-dealers.

PAC, at its expense, furnishes all necessary investment and management facilities, including salaries of personnel, required for it to execute its duties. The sub-advisory contract provides that PAC shall not be subject to any liability to Putnam Management, PIL, the fund or any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties on the part of PAC.

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The sub-advisory contract may be terminated with respect to a fund without penalty by vote of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by PAC, PIL or Putnam Management, on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice. The sub-advisory contract also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. Subject to applicable law, it may be amended by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. The sub-advisory contract provides that it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” as defined in the 1940 Act.

PanAgora Asset Management, Inc.

If so disclosed in the fund’s prospectus, PanAgora, an affiliate of Putnam Management, has been retained as the sub-adviser for a portion of the assets of the fund, as determined from time to time by Putnam Management, by Putnam Management pursuant to a sub-advisory agreement between Putnam Management and PanAgora.

PanAgora, a Delaware corporation organized in 1985 and incorporated in 1989, is located at One International Place, 24th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02110. The voting interests in PanAgora are owned by Power Financial Corporation (through a series of subsidiaries, including Great West Lifeco Inc. and Putnam Investments, LLC). In addition, certain PanAgora employees own non-voting interests in PanAgora. Assuming all employee stock and options are issued and exercised, up to 20% of the economic interest in PanAgora would be owned by PanAgora employees.

Under certain terms of the sub-advisory agreement, PanAgora, at its own expense, furnishes continuously an investment program for that portion of each such fund that is allocated to PanAgora from time to time by Putnam Management, and makes investment decisions on behalf of such portion of the fund, subject to the supervision of the Board of Trustees and Putnam Management.

PanAgora, at its expense, furnishes all necessary investment and management facilities, including salaries of personnel, required for it to execute its duties. The sub-advisory agreement provides that PanAgora shall not be subject to any liability to Putnam Management, the fund or any shareholder of the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties on the part of PanAgora.

The sub-advisory agreement may be terminated with respect to a fund without penalty by vote of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by PanAgora or Putnam Management, on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice. The sub-advisory agreement also terminates without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. Subject to applicable law, it may be amended by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. The sub-advisory agreement provides that it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of Putnam Management or the fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is the affirmative vote of a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” as defined in the 1940 Act.

Portfolio Transactions

Potential conflicts of interest in managing multiple accounts.

Putnam Management

Like other investment professionals with multiple clients, the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s) may face certain potential conflicts of interest in connection with managing both the fund and the other accounts listed under “PORTFOLIO MANAGER(S)” “Other accounts managed” at the same time. The paragraphs below

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describe some of these potential conflicts, which Putnam Management believes are faced by investment professionals at most major financial firms. As described below, Putnam Management and the Trustees of the Putnam funds have adopted compliance policies and procedures that attempt to address certain of these potential conflicts.

The management of accounts with different advisory fee rates and/or fee structures, including accounts that pay advisory fees based on account performance (“performance fee accounts”), may raise potential conflicts of interest by creating an incentive to favor higher-fee accounts. These potential conflicts may include, among others:

• The most attractive investments could be allocated to higher-fee accounts or performance fee accounts.

• The trading of higher-fee accounts could be favored as to timing and/or execution price. For example, higher-fee accounts could be permitted to sell securities earlier than other accounts when a prompt sale is desirable or to buy securities at an earlier and more opportune time.

• The trading of other accounts could be used to benefit higher-fee accounts (front-running).

• The investment management team could focus their time and efforts primarily on higher-fee accounts due to a personal stake in compensation.

Putnam Management attempts to address these potential conflicts of interest relating to higher-fee accounts through various compliance policies that are generally intended to place all accounts, regardless of fee structure, on the same footing for investment management purposes. For example, under Putnam Management’s policies:

• Performance fee accounts must be included in all standard trading and allocation procedures with all other accounts.

• All accounts must be allocated to a specific category of account and trade in parallel with allocations of similar accounts based on the procedures generally applicable to all accounts in those groups (e.g., based on relative risk budgets of accounts).

• All trading must be effected through Putnam’s trading desks and normal queues and procedures must be followed (i.e., no special treatment is permitted for performance fee accounts or higher-fee accounts based on account fee structure).

• Front running is strictly prohibited.

• Except as provided in Part I of this SAI, the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s) may not be guaranteed or specifically allocated any portion of a performance fee.

As part of these policies, Putnam Management has also implemented trade oversight and review procedures in order to monitor whether particular accounts (including higher-fee accounts or performance fee accounts) are being favored over time.

Potential conflicts of interest may also arise when the Portfolio Manager(s) have personal investments in other accounts that may create an incentive to favor those accounts. As a general matter and subject to limited exceptions, Putnam Management’s investment professionals do not have the opportunity to invest in client accounts, other than the Putnam funds. However, in the ordinary course of business, Putnam Management or related persons may from time to time establish “pilot” or “incubator” accounts for the purpose of testing proposed investment strategies and products before offering them to clients. These pilot accounts may be in the form of registered investment companies, private funds such as partnerships or separate accounts established by Putnam Management or an affiliate. Putnam Management or an affiliate supplies the funding for these accounts. Putnam employees, including the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s), may also invest in certain pilot accounts. Putnam Management, and to the extent applicable, the Portfolio Manager(s) will benefit from the favorable investment performance of pilot accounts. Pilot funds and accounts may, and frequently do, invest in the same securities as the client accounts. Putnam Management’s policy is to treat pilot accounts in the same manner as client accounts for purposes of trading allocation – neither favoring nor disfavoring them except as

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is legally required. For example, pilot accounts are normally included in Putnam Management’s daily block trades to the same extent as client accounts (except that pilot accounts do not participate in initial public offerings).

A potential conflict of interest may arise when the fund and other accounts purchase or sell the same securities. On occasions when the Portfolio Manager(s) consider the purchase or sale of a security to be in the best interests of the fund as well as other accounts, Putnam Management’s trading desk may, to the extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations and where practicable, aggregate the securities to be sold or purchased in order to obtain the best execution and lower brokerage commissions, if any. Aggregation of trades may create the potential for unfairness to the fund or another account if one account is favored over another in allocating the securities purchased or sold – for example, by allocating a disproportionate amount of a security that is likely to increase in value to a favored account. Putnam Management’s trade allocation policies generally provide that each day’s transactions in securities that are purchased or sold by multiple accounts are, insofar as possible, averaged as to price and allocated between such accounts (including the fund) in a manner which in Putnam Management’s opinion is equitable to each account and in accordance with the amount being purchased or sold by each account. However, accounts advised or sub-advised by PIL will only place trades at an execution-only commission rate, whereas other Putnam accounts may pay an additional amount for research and other products and services (a “bundled” or “full service” rate). Putnam Management may aggregate trades in PIL accounts with other Putnam accounts that pay a bundled rate as long as all participating accounts pay the same execution rate. To the extent that non-PIL accounts pay a bundled rate, the PIL and other Putnam Management accounts would not be paying the same total commission rate. Certain other exceptions exist for specialty, regional or sector accounts. Trade allocations are reviewed on a periodic basis as part of Putnam Management’s trade oversight procedures in an attempt to ensure fairness over time across accounts.

“Cross trades,” in which one Putnam account sells a particular security to another account (potentially saving transaction costs for both accounts), may also pose a potential conflict of interest. Cross trades may be seen to involve a potential conflict of interest if, for example, one account is permitted to sell a security to another account at a higher price than an independent third party would pay, or if such trades result in more attractive investments being allocated to higher-fee accounts. Putnam Management and the fund’s Trustees have adopted compliance procedures that provide that any transactions between the fund and another Putnam-advised account are to be made at an independent current market price, as required by law.

Another potential conflict of interest may arise based on the different goals and strategies of the fund and other accounts. For example, another account may have a shorter-term investment horizon or different goals, policies or restrictions than the fund. Depending on goals or other factors, the Portfolio Manager(s) may give advice and make decisions for another account that may differ from advice given, or the timing or nature of decisions made, with respect to the fund. In addition, investment decisions are the product of many factors in addition to basic suitability for the particular account involved. Thus, a particular security may be bought or sold for certain accounts even though it could have been bought or sold for other accounts at the same time. More rarely, a particular security may be bought for one or more accounts managed by the Portfolio Manager(s) when one or more other accounts are selling the security (including short sales). There may be circumstances when purchases or sales of portfolio securities for one or more accounts may have an adverse effect on other accounts. As noted above, Putnam Management has implemented trade oversight and review procedures to monitor whether any account is systematically favored over time.

Under federal securities laws, a short sale of a security by another client of Putnam Management or its affiliates (other than another registered investment company) within five business days prior to a public offering of the same securities (the timing of which is generally not known to Putnam in advance) may prohibit the fund from participating in the public offering, which could cause the fund to miss an otherwise favorable investment opportunity or to pay a higher price for the securities in the secondary markets.

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The fund’s Portfolio Manager(s) may also face other potential conflicts of interest in managing the fund, and the description above is not a complete description of every conflict that could be deemed to exist in managing both the fund and other accounts. For information on restrictions imposed on personal securities transactions of the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s), please see “Personal Investments by Employees of Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management and Officers and Trustees of the Fund.”

PanAgora

The portfolio managers’ management of other accounts may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts include retirement plans and separately managed accounts (“SMA’s”), as well as incubated accounts. The other accounts might have similar investment objectives as the fund, or hold, purchase or sell securities that are eligible to be held, purchased or sold by the fund. While the portfolio managers’ management of other accounts may give rise to the following potential conflicts of interest, PanAgora does not believe that the conflicts, if any, are material or, to the extent any such conflicts are material, PanAgora believes that it has designed policies and procedures to manage those conflicts in an appropriate way.

A potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the portfolio managers’ day-to-day management of the fund. Because of their positions with the fund, the portfolio managers know the size, timing and possible market impact of the fund’s trades. It is theoretically possible that the portfolio managers could use this information to the advantage of other accounts they manage and to the possible detriment of the fund. However, PanAgora has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to allocate investment opportunities on a fair and equitable basis over time.

A potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the portfolio managers’ management of the fund, and other accounts, which, in theory, may allow them to allocate investment opportunities in a way that favors other accounts over the fund. This conflict of interest may be exacerbated to the extent that PanAgora or the portfolio managers receive, or expect to receive, greater compensation from their management of the other accounts than the fund. Notwithstanding this theoretical conflict of interest, it is PanAgora’s policy to manage each account based on its investment objectives and related restrictions and, as discussed above, PanAgora has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to allocate investment opportunities on a fair and equitable basis over time and in a manner consistent with each account’s investment objectives and related restrictions. For example, while the portfolio managers may buy for other accounts securities that differ in identity or quantity from securities bought for the fund, such securities might not be suitable for the fund given its investment objective and related restrictions.

For information about other funds and accounts managed by the fund’s Portfolio Manager(s), please refer to “Who oversees and manages the fund(s)?” in the prospectus and “PORTFOLIO MANAGER(S)” “Other accounts managed” in Part I of the SAI.

Brokerage and research services.

Transactions on stock exchanges, commodities markets and futures markets and other agency transactions involve the payment by the fund of negotiated brokerage commissions. Such commissions may vary among different brokers. A particular broker may charge different commissions according to such factors as execution venue and exchange. Although the fund does not typically pay commissions for principal transactions in the over-the-counter markets, such as the markets for most fixed income securities and certain derivatives, an undisclosed amount of profit or “mark-up” is included in the price the fund pays. In underwritten offerings, the price paid by the fund includes a disclosed, fixed commission or discount retained by the underwriter or dealer. See "Charges and expenses" in Part I of this SAI for information concerning commissions paid by the fund.

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It has for many years been a common practice in the investment advisory business for broker-dealers that execute portfolio transactions for the clients of advisers of investment companies and other institutional investors to provide those advisers with brokerage and research services, as defined in Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act. Consistent with this practice, Putnam Management receives brokerage and research services from broker-dealers with which Putnam Management places the fund's portfolio transactions. The products and services that broker-dealers may provide to Putnam Management’s managers and analysts include, among others, trading systems and other brokerage services, economic and political analysis, fundamental and macro investment research, industry and company reviews, statistical information, market data, evaluations of investments, strategies, markets and trading venues, recommendations as to the purchase and sale of investments, performance measurement services and meetings with management of current or prospective portfolio companies or with industry experts. Some of these services are of value to Putnam Management and its affiliates in advising various of their clients (including the fund), although not all of these services are necessarily useful and of value in managing the fund. Research services provided by broker-dealers are supplemental to Putnam Management’s own research efforts and relieve Putnam Management of expenses it might otherwise have borne in generating such research. The management fee paid by the fund is not reduced because Putnam Management and its affiliates receive brokerage and research services even though Putnam Management might otherwise be required to purchase some of these services for cash. Putnam Management may also use portfolio transactions to generate “soft dollar” credits to pay for “mixed-use” services (i.e., products or services that may be used both for investment/brokerage- and non-investment/brokerage-related purposes), but in such instances Putnam Management uses its own resources to pay for that portion of the mixed-use product or service that in its good-faith judgment does not relate to investment or brokerage purposes. Putnam Management may also allocate trades to generate soft dollar credits for third-party investment research reports and related fundamental research.

Putnam Management places all orders for the purchase and sale of portfolio investments for the funds, and buys and sells investments for the funds, through a substantial number of brokers and dealers. In selecting broker-dealers to execute the funds’ portfolio transactions, Putnam Management uses its best efforts to obtain for each fund the most favorable price and execution reasonably available under the circumstances, except to the extent it may be permitted to pay higher brokerage commissions as described below. In seeking the most favorable price and execution and in considering the overall reasonableness of the brokerage commissions paid, Putnam Management, having in mind the fund's best interests, considers all factors it deems relevant, including, in no particular order of importance, and by way of illustration, the price, size and type of the transaction, the nature of the market for the security or other investment, the amount of the commission, research and brokerage services provided by a broker-dealer (except that research is not a factor in selecting broker-dealers in the case of funds sub-advised by PIL), the timing of the transaction taking into account market prices and trends, the reputation, experience and financial stability of the broker-dealer involved, the benefit of any capital committed by a broker-dealer to facilitate the efficient execution of the transaction and the quality of service rendered by the broker-dealer in other transactions.

Except with respect to research services for funds sub-advised by PIL, Putnam Management may cause the fund to pay a broker-dealer that provides "brokerage and research services" (as defined in the Exchange Act and as described above) to Putnam Management an amount of disclosed commission for effecting securities transactions on stock exchanges and other transactions for the fund on an agency basis in excess of the commission another broker-dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction. Putnam Management may also instruct an executing broker to “step out” a portion of the trades placed with a broker to other brokers that provide brokerage and research services to Putnam Management. Putnam Management's authority to cause the fund to pay any such greater commissions or to instruct a broker to “step out” a portion of a trade is subject to the requirements of applicable law and such policies as the Trustees may adopt from time to time. It is the position of the staff of the SEC that Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act does not apply to the payment of such greater commissions in "principal" transactions. Accordingly, Putnam Management will use its best effort to obtain the most favorable price and execution available with respect to such transactions, as described above.

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PIL may not obtain research using brokerage commissions paid by funds sub-advised by PIL. PIL will use only “hard dollars” (i.e., from its own resources) to acquire external research used by London-based personnel, including fixed income personnel.

The Trustees of the funds have directed Putnam Management, subject to seeking most favorable pricing and execution, to use its best efforts to allocate a portion of overall fund trades to trading programs which generate commission credits to pay fund expenses (other than funds for which PIL serves as sub-adviser) such as shareholder servicing and custody charges. The extent of any commission credits generated for this purpose may vary significantly from time to time and from fund to fund depending on, among other things, the nature of each fund's trading activities and market conditions.

The Management Contract provides that commissions, fees, brokerage or similar payments received by Putnam Management or an affiliate in connection with the purchase and sale of portfolio investments of the fund, less any direct expenses approved by the Trustees, shall be recaptured by the fund through a reduction of the fee payable by the fund under the Management Contract. Putnam Management seeks to recapture for the fund soliciting dealer fees on the tender of the fund's portfolio securities in tender or exchange offers. Any such fees which may be recaptured are likely to be minor in amount.

Principal Underwriter

Putnam Retail Management, located at 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110, is the principal underwriter of shares of the fund and the other continuously offered Putnam funds (other than Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio, which does not have a principal underwriter). Putnam Retail Management is not obligated to sell any specific amount of shares of the fund and will purchase shares for resale only against orders for shares. See “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI for information on sales charges and other payments received by Putnam Retail Management.

Personal Investments by Employees of Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management and Officers and Trustees of the Fund

Employees of Putnam Management, PIL, PAC, PanAgora and Putnam Retail Management and officers and Trustees of the fund are subject to significant restrictions on engaging in personal securities transactions. These restrictions are set forth in the Codes of Ethics adopted by Putnam Management, PIL, PAC and Putnam Retail Management (the “Putnam Investments Code of Ethics”), by PanAgora (the “PanAgora Code of Ethics”) and by the fund (the “Putnam Funds Code of Ethics” and each of the Putnam Investments Code of Ethics, the PanAgora Code of Ethics and the Putnam Funds Code of Ethics, a “Code of Ethics”). Each Code of Ethics, in accordance with Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act, contain provisions and requirements designed to identify and address certain conflicts of interest between personal investment activities and the interests of the fund.

The Putnam Investments Code of Ethics and, as applicable, the PanAgora Code of Ethics do not prohibit personnel from investing in securities that may be purchased or held by the fund. However, each Code of Ethics, consistent with standards recommended by the Investment Company Institute’s Advisory Group on Personal Investing and requirements established by Rule 17j-1 and rules adopted under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, among other things, prohibits personal securities investments without pre-clearance, imposes time periods during which personal transactions may not be made in certain securities by employees with access to investment information, and requires the timely submission of broker confirmations and quarterly reporting of personal securities transactions. Additional restrictions apply to portfolio managers, traders, research analysts and others involved in the investment advisory process.

The Putnam Funds Code of Ethics incorporates and applies the restrictions of the Putnam Investments Code of Ethics to officers and Trustees of the fund who are affiliated with Putnam Investments. The Putnam Funds Code of Ethics does not prohibit unaffiliated officers and Trustees from investing in securities that may be held by the fund; however, the Putnam Funds Code of Ethics regulates the personal securities transactions of

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unaffiliated Trustees of the fund, including limiting the time periods during which they may personally buy and sell certain securities and requiring them to submit reports of personal securities transactions under certain circumstances.

The fund’s Trustees, in compliance with Rule 17j-1, approved each Code of Ethics and are required to approve any material changes to each Code of Ethics. The Trustees also provide continued oversight of personal investment policies and annually evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of each Code of Ethics.

Investor Servicing Agent

Putnam Investor Services, located at 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110, is the fund’s investor servicing agent (transfer, plan and dividend disbursing agent), for which it receives fees that are paid monthly by the fund (other than Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio, which does not pay fees to Putnam Investor Services).

For all funds other than the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds and Putnam RetirementReady® Funds, the fee paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to assets attributable to non-defined contribution plan accounts (which include accounts maintained directly with the fund, accounts underlying omnibus accounts maintained by financial intermediaries with the fund, accounts of Section 529 college savings plans that are allocated to the fund and accounts of certain funds that operate as funds-of-funds that are allocated to the fund (collectively “retail accounts”)) holding class A, class B, class C, class M, class N, class R and class Y shares, subject to certain limitations, is an annual fee that includes (1) a per account fee for each retail account of the fund that is applicable to the funds in its specified product category, and (2) a fee based on a specified rate of each fund’s average daily net assets that is based on the rate applicable to the funds in its specified product category. The fund categories used for purposes of calculating the per account fee described above are based on product type. The accounts of 529 plans are included in the determination of the number of accounts at the underlying fund level in proportion to the percentage of the investing fund’s net assets that are invested in the particular underlying fund.

For the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, the fees paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to class A, class C, class R, class R3, class R4, class R5, class R6 and class Y shares, are based on a specified rate of the fund’s average daily net assets attributable to each such class of shares.

For the Putnam RetirementReady® Funds, the fees paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to assets attributable to retail accounts holding class A, class B, class C, class R and class Y shares, are based on a specified rate of the fund’s average daily net assets attributable to such retail accounts.

The fees paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to defined contribution plan accounts holding class A, class B, class C, class R and class Y shares are based on a specified rate of the average of the net assets attributable to such defined contribution plan accounts invested in a fund as of the end of the month and the end of the prior month.

As of June 26, 2020, except with respect to the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, Putnam Investor Services has agreed, through the later of the one year period following the effective date of the next annual update of each fund’s registration statement or August 31, 2021, that the aggregate investor servicing fees for the fund’s retail and defined contribution plan accounts will not exceed an annual rate of 0.250% of the fund’s average daily net assets attributable to such accounts.

Other than for the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, the fee paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to class R5 shares is based on an annual rate of 0.15% of each fund’s average daily net assets attributable to class R5 shares, except that an annual rate of 0.12% of each fund’s average daily net assets attributable to class R5 shares applies to Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Conservative Fund, Putnam Global Income Trust and Putnam Income Fund.

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For all funds other than the Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds, the fee paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to class R6 shares is based on an annual rate of 0.05% of each fund’s average daily net assets attributable to class R6 shares.

The fee paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to class I, class G and class P shares is based on an annual rate of 0.01% of each fund’s average daily net assets attributable to class I shares, class G and class P shares, respectively.

No fee is paid to Putnam Investor Services with respect to shares of Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio.

Financial intermediaries (including brokers, dealers, banks, bank trust departments, registered investment advisers, financial planners, and retirement plan administrators) may own shares of the fund for the benefit of their customers in an omnibus account (including retirement plans). In these circumstances, the financial intermediaries or other third parties may provide certain sub-accounting and similar recordkeeping services for their customers’ accounts.

In recognition of these services, Putnam Investor Services may make payments to these financial intermediaries or other third parties. Payments may be based on the number of underlying accounts in an omnibus account or the assets or share class held in an account. Putnam Investor Services also makes payments to financial intermediaries that charge networking fees for certain services provided in connection with the maintenance of shareholder accounts. These payments are described above under the heading “Distribution Plans – Additional Dealer Payments.”

Custodian

State Street Bank and Trust Company, located at 2 Avenue de Lafayette, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, is the fund’s custodian and the custodian of each Subsidiary. State Street is responsible for safeguarding and controlling the fund’s cash and securities, handling the receipt and delivery of securities, collecting interest and dividends on the fund’s investments, serving as the fund’s foreign custody manager, providing reports on foreign securities depositaries, making payments covering the expenses of the fund and performing other administrative duties. State Street does not determine the investment policies of the fund or decide which securities the fund will buy or sell. State Street has a lien on the fund’s assets to secure charges and advances made by it. The fund may from time to time enter into brokerage arrangements that reduce or recapture fund expenses, including custody expenses. The fund also has an offset arrangement that may reduce the fund’s custody fee based on the amount of cash maintained by its custodian.

Counsel to the Fund and the Independent Trustees

Ropes & Gray LLP serves as counsel to the fund and the Independent Trustees, and is located at Prudential Tower, 800 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02199.

DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE

The fund determines the net asset value per share of each class of shares once each day the NYSE is open. Currently, the NYSE is closed Saturdays, Sundays and the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. The fund determines net asset value as of the close of regular trading on the NYSE, normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The net asset value per share of each class equals the total value of its assets, less its liabilities, divided by the number of its outstanding shares.

Assets of money market funds are valued at amortized cost pursuant to Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act. For other funds, securities and other assets (“Securities”) for which market quotations are readily available are valued at prices which, in the opinion of Putnam Management, most nearly represent the market values of such

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Securities. Currently, prices for these Securities are determined using the last reported sale price (or official closing price for Securities listed on certain markets) or, if no sales are reported (as in the case of some Securities traded over-the-counter), the last reported bid price, except that certain Securities are valued at the mean between the last reported bid and ask prices. All other Securities are valued by Putnam Management or other parties at their fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees.

Reliable market quotations are not considered to be readily available for, among other Securities, long-term corporate bonds and notes, certain preferred stocks, tax-exempt securities, and certain foreign securities. These investments are valued at fair value, generally on the basis of valuations furnished by approved pricing services, which determine valuations for normal, institutional-size trading units of such securities using methods based on market transactions for comparable securities and various relationships between securities that are generally recognized by institutional traders. Other Securities, such as various types of options, are valued at fair value on the basis of valuations furnished by broker-dealers or other market intermediaries.

Putnam Management values all other Securities at fair value using its internal resources. The valuation procedures applied in any specific instance are likely to vary from case to case. However, consideration is generally given to the financial position of the issuer and other fundamental analytical data relating to the investment and to the nature of the restrictions on disposition of the Securities (including any registration expenses that might be borne by the fund in connection with such disposition). In addition, specific factors are also generally considered, such as the cost of the investment, the market value of any unrestricted Securities of the same class, the size of the holding, the prices of any recent transactions or offers with respect to such Securities and any available analysts’ reports regarding the issuer. In the case of Securities that are restricted as to resale, Putnam Management determines fair value based on the inherent worth of the Security without regard to the restrictive feature, adjusted for any diminution in value resulting from the restrictive feature.

Generally, trading in certain Securities (such as foreign securities) is substantially completed each day at various times before the close of the NYSE. The closing prices for these Securities in markets or on exchanges outside the U.S. that close before the close of the NYSE may not fully reflect events that occur after such close but before the close of the NYSE. As a result, the fund has adopted fair value pricing procedures, which, among other things, require the fund to fair value foreign equity securities if there has been a movement in the U.S. market that exceeds a specified threshold. Although the threshold may be revised from time to time and the number of days on which fair value prices will be used will vary, it is possible that fair value prices will be used by the fund to a significant extent. In addition, Securities held by some of the funds may be traded in foreign markets that are open for business on days that the fund is not, and the trading of such Securities on those days may have an impact on the value of a shareholder’s investment at a time when the shareholder cannot buy and sell shares of the fund.

Currency exchange rates used in valuing Securities are normally determined as of 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

Occasionally, events affecting such exchange rates may occur between the time of the determination of exchange rates and the close of the NYSE, which, in the absence of fair valuation, would not be reflected in the computation of the fund’s net asset value. If events materially affecting the currency exchange rates occur during such period, then the exchange rates used in valuing affected Securities will be valued by Putnam Management at their fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees.

In addition, because of the amount of time required to collect and process trading information as to large numbers of securities issues, the values of certain Securities (such as convertible bonds, U.S. government securities and tax-exempt securities) are determined based on market quotations collected before the close of the NYSE. Occasionally, events affecting the value of such Securities may occur between the time of the determination of value and the close of the NYSE, which, in the absence of fair value prices, would not be reflected in the computation of the fund’s net asset value. If events materially affecting the value of such Securities occur during such period, then these Securities will be valued by Putnam Management at their fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees. It is expected that any such instance would be very rare.

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The fair value of Securities is generally determined as the amount that the fund could reasonably expect to realize from an orderly disposition of such Securities over a reasonable period of time. By its nature, a fair value price is a good faith estimate of the value of a Security at a given point in time and does not reflect an actual market price.

The fund may also value its Securities at fair value under other circumstances pursuant to procedures approved by the Trustees.

Money Market Funds

“Retail money market funds” and “government money market funds” each as defined by Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act generally value their portfolio securities at amortized cost according to Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act.

Since the net income of a money market fund is declared as a dividend each time it is determined, the net asset value per share of a retail money market fund and government money market fund typically remains at $1.00 per share immediately after such determination and dividend declaration. Any increase in the value of a shareholder’s investment in a money market fund representing the reinvestment of dividend income is reflected by an increase in the number of shares of that fund in the shareholder’s account on the last business day of each month. It is expected that a money market fund’s net income will normally be positive each time it is determined. However, if because of realized losses on sales of portfolio investments, a sudden rise in interest rates, or for any other reason the net income of a fund determined at any time is a negative amount, a money market fund may offset such amount allocable to each then shareholder’s account from dividends accrued during the month with respect to such account. If, at the time of payment of a dividend, such negative amount exceeds a shareholder’s accrued dividends, a money market fund may reduce the number of outstanding shares by treating the shareholder as having contributed to the capital of the fund that number of full and fractional shares which represent the amount of the excess. Each shareholder is deemed to have agreed to such contribution in these circumstances by his or her investment in a money market fund.

INVESTOR SERVICES

Shareholder Information

Each time shareholders buy or sell shares, a statement confirming the transaction and listing their current share balance will be made available for viewing electronically or delivered via mail. (Under certain investment plans, a statement may only be sent quarterly.) The fund also sends annual and semiannual reports that keep shareholders informed about its portfolio and performance, and year-end tax information to simplify their recordkeeping. To help shareholders take full advantage of their Putnam investment, publications covering many topics of interest to investors are available on our website or from Putnam Investor Services. Shareholders may call Putnam Investor Services toll-free weekdays at 1-800-225-1581 between 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time for more information, including account balances. Shareholders can also visit the Putnam website at http://www.putnam.com.

Your Investing Account

The following information provides more detail concerning the operation of a Putnam Investing Account. For further information or assistance, investors should consult Putnam Investor Services. Shareholders who purchase shares through an employer-sponsored retirement plan should note that not all of the services or features described below may be available to them, and they should contact their employer for details.

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A shareholder may reinvest a cash distribution without a front-end sales charge or without the reinvested shares being subject to a CDSC, as the case may be, by delivering to Putnam Investor Services the uncashed distribution check. Putnam Investor Services must receive the properly endorsed check within 1 year after the date of the check.

The Investing Account also provides a way to accumulate shares of the fund. In most cases, after an initial investment, a shareholder may send checks to Putnam Investor Services, made payable to the fund, to purchase additional shares at the applicable offering price next determined after Putnam Investor Services receives the check. Checks must be drawn on a U.S. bank and must be payable in U.S. dollars.

Putnam Investor Services acts as the shareholder's agent whenever it receives instructions to carry out a transaction on the shareholder's account. Upon receipt of instructions that shares are to be purchased for a shareholder's account, shares will be purchased through the investment dealer designated by the shareholder. Shareholders may change investment dealers at any time by written notice to Putnam Investor Services, provided the new dealer has a sales agreement with Putnam Retail Management.

Shares credited to an account are transferable upon written instructions in good order to Putnam Investor Services and may be sold to the fund as described under "How do I sell or exchange fund shares?" in the prospectus. Putnam funds no longer issue share certificates. A shareholder may send to Putnam Investor Services any certificates which have been previously issued to enable more convenient maintenance of the account as a book-entry account.

Putnam Retail Management, at its expense, may provide certain additional reports and administrative material to qualifying institutional investors with fiduciary responsibilities to assist these investors in discharging their responsibilities. Institutions seeking further information about this service should contact Putnam Retail Management, which may modify or terminate this service at any time.

The fund pays Putnam Investor Services' fees for maintaining Investing Accounts.

Checkwriting Privilege. For those funds that allow shareholders, as disclosed in the prospectus, to redeem shares by check, Putnam is currently waiving the minimum per-check amount stated in the prospectus.

Reinstatement Privilege

An investor who has redeemed shares of the fund may reinvest within 90 days of such redemption the proceeds of such redemption in shares of the same class of the fund, or may reinvest within 90 days of such redemption the proceeds in shares of the same class of one of the other continuously offered Putnam funds (through the exchange privilege described in the prospectus), including, in the case of shares subject to a CDSC, the amount of CDSC charged on the redemption. Any such reinvestment would be at the net asset value of the shares of the fund(s) the investor selects, next determined after Putnam Retail Management receives a Reinstatement Authorization. The time that the previous investment was held will be included in determining any applicable CDSC due upon redemptions and, in the case of class B shares, the eight-year period for conversion to class A shares. Reinstatements into class B, class C or class M shares may be permitted even if the resulting purchase would otherwise be rejected for causing a shareholder’s investments in such class to exceed the applicable investment maximum. Shareholders will receive from Putnam Retail Management the amount of any CDSC paid at the time of redemption as part of the reinstated investment, which may be treated as capital gains to the shareholder for tax purposes. Redemption orders for class B shares placed after March 31, 2017 are not eligible for the reinstatement privilege.

Exercise of the Reinstatement Privilege does not alter the federal income tax treatment of any capital gains realized on a sale of fund shares, but to the extent that any shares are sold at a loss and the proceeds are reinvested in shares of the fund, some or all of the loss may be disallowed as a deduction. Consult your tax

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adviser. Investors who desire to exercise the Reinstatement Privilege should contact their investment dealer or Putnam Investor Services.

Exchange Privilege

Except as otherwise set forth in this section, by calling Putnam Investor Services, investors may exchange shares valued in the aggregate up to $500,000 between accounts with identical registrations, provided that no certificates are outstanding for such shares. During periods of unusual market changes and shareholder activity, shareholders may experience delays in contacting Putnam Investor Services by telephone to exercise the telephone exchange privilege.

Putnam Investor Services also makes exchanges promptly after receiving a properly completed Exchange Authorization Form and, if issued, share certificates. If the shareholder is a corporation, partnership, agent, or surviving joint owner, Putnam Investor Services will require additional documentation of a customary nature. Because an exchange of shares involves the redemption of fund shares and reinvestment of the proceeds in shares of another Putnam fund, completion of an exchange may be delayed under unusual circumstances if the fund were to suspend redemptions or postpone payment for the fund shares being exchanged, in accordance with federal securities laws. Exchange Authorization Forms and prospectuses of the other Putnam funds are available from Putnam Retail Management or investment dealers having sales contracts with Putnam Retail Management. The prospectus of each fund describes its goal(s) and policies, and shareholders should obtain a prospectus and consider these objectives and policies carefully before requesting an exchange. Shares of certain Putnam funds are not available to residents of all states. The fund reserves the right to change or suspend the exchange privilege at any time. Shareholders would be notified of any change or suspension. Additional information is available from Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581.

Shareholders of other Putnam funds may also exchange their shares at net asset value for shares of the fund, as set forth in the current prospectus of each fund. Exchanges from Putnam Government Money Market Fund, Putnam Money Market Fund or Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund into another Putnam fund may be subject to an initial sales charge. Class A shares of a Putnam fund may be exchanged for class N shares of other Putnam funds, if available. Class N shares of a Putnam fund may be exchanged for class A shares of other Putnam funds, if available.

For federal income tax purposes, an exchange is a sale on which the investor generally will realize a capital gain or loss depending on whether the net asset value at the time of the exchange is more or less than the investor's basis.

Same-Fund Exchange Privilege. Class A shareholders who are eligible to purchase class I (Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund only), class N, class R5, class R6 or class Y shares may exchange their class A shares for class I, class N, class R5, class R6 or class Y shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state, that the class A shares are no longer subject to a CDSC, in the case of class R5 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan and, in the case of class R6 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform.

Class C shareholders who are eligible to purchase class A shares without a sales charge because the shareholders are (i) clients of broker-dealers, financial institutions, financial intermediaries or registered investment advisors that are approved by Putnam Retail Management and charge a fee for advisory or investment services or (ii) clients of broker-dealers, financial institutions, or financial intermediaries that have entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management to offer shares through a fund ‘supermarket’ or retail self-directed brokerage account (with or without the imposition of a transaction fee) may exchange their class C shares for class A shares of the same fund, provided that (i) the class C shares are no longer subject to a CDSC and (ii) class A shares of such fund are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state.

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Class C shareholders who are eligible to purchase class Y shares may exchange their class C shares for class Y shares of the same fund, provided that the class C shares are no longer subject to a CDSC, or class Y shares of such fund are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state.

Class I shareholders of Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund who are eligible to purchase class A, class R6 or class Y shares may exchange their class I shares for class A, class R6 or class Y shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and, in the case of class R6 shares, are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform.

Class M shareholders who are eligible to purchase class Y shares may exchange their class M shares for class Y shares of the same fund, provided that class Y shares of such fund are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and, if applicable, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class N shareholders who are eligible to purchase class A shares may exchange their class N shares for

class A shares of the same fund, provided that class A shares of such fund are offered to residents of the

shareholder’s state, the class N shares are no longer subject to a CDSC, and, if applicable, the class A shares are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R shareholders who are eligible to purchase class R3, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares may exchange their class R shares for class R3, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state, in the case of class R3, R4 and R5 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan and, in the case of class R6 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform.

Class R3 shareholders who are eligible to purchase class R, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares may exchange their class R3 shares for class R, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R4 shareholders who are eligible to purchase class R, class R3, class R5 or class R6 shares may exchange their class R4 shares for class R, class R3, class R5 or class R6 shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R5 shareholders who are eligible to purchase class R, class R3, class R4 or class R6 shares may exchange their class R5 shares for class R, class R3, class R4 or class R6 of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R6 shareholders who are eligible to purchase class A, class I (Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund only), class R, class R3, class R4, class R5 or class Y shares may exchange their class R6 shares for class A, class I, class R, class R5 or class Y shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state and are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform.

Class Y shareholders who are eligible to purchase class A, class I (Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund only), class C, class N, class R3, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares may exchange their class Y shares for class A, class I, class C, class N, class R3, class R4, class R5 or class R6 shares of the same fund, provided that such shares are offered to residents of the shareholder’s state, in the case of class R3, class R4 and class R5 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan and, in the case of class R6 shares, the shares are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform. Class Y shareholders should be aware that the financial institution or intermediary through which they hold class Y shares may have the authority under its account or similar agreement to exchange class Y shares for class A shares, class C shares or class N shares under certain circumstances, and none of the Putnam Funds, Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services are responsible for any actions taken by a shareholder’s financial institution or intermediary in this regard.

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Dividends PLUS

Shareholders may invest the fund's distributions of net investment income or distributions combining net investment income and short-term capital gains in shares of the same class of another continuously offered Putnam fund (the "receiving fund") using the net asset value per share of the receiving fund determined on the date the fund's distribution is payable. No sales charge or CDSC will apply to the purchased shares. The prospectus of each fund describes its goal(s) and policies, and shareholders should obtain a prospectus and consider these goal(s) and policies carefully before investing their distributions in the receiving fund. Shares of certain Putnam funds are not available to residents of all states.

Shareholders of other Putnam funds may also use their distributions to purchase shares of the fund at net asset value.

For federal tax purposes, distributions from the fund which are reinvested in another fund are treated as paid by the fund to the shareholder and invested by the shareholder in the receiving fund and thus, to the extent composed of taxable income and deemed paid to a taxable shareholder, are taxable.

The Dividends PLUS program may be revised or terminated at any time.

Plans Available to Shareholders

The plans described below are fully voluntary and may be terminated at any time without the imposition by the fund or Putnam Investor Services of any penalty. All plans provide for automatic reinvestment of all distributions in additional shares of the fund at net asset value. The fund, Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services may modify or cease offering these plans at any time.

Systematic Withdrawal Plan ("SWP"). An investor who owns or buys shares of the fund valued at $5,000 or more at the current offering price may open a SWP plan and have a designated sum of money ($50 or more) paid monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually to the investor or another person. Shares are deposited in a plan account, and all distributions are reinvested in additional shares of the fund at net asset value (except where the plan is utilized in connection with a charitable remainder trust). Shares in a plan account are then redeemed at net asset value to make each withdrawal payment. Payment will be made to any person the investor designates; however, if shares are registered in the name of a trustee or other fiduciary, payment will be made only to the fiduciary, except in the case of a profit-sharing or pension plan where payment will be made to a designee. As withdrawal payments may include a return of principal, they cannot be considered a guaranteed annuity or actual yield of income to the investor. The redemption of shares in connection with a plan generally will result in a gain or loss for tax purposes. Some or all of the losses realized upon redemption may be disallowed pursuant to the so-called wash sale rules if shares of the same fund from which shares were redeemed are purchased (including through the reinvestment of fund distributions) within a period beginning 30 days before, and ending 30 days after, such redemption. In such a case, the basis of the replacement shares will be increased to reflect the disallowed loss. Continued withdrawals in excess of income will reduce and possibly exhaust invested principal, especially in the event of a market decline. The cost of administering these plans for the benefit of those shareholders participating in them is borne by the fund as an expense of all shareholders. The fund, Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services may terminate or change the terms of the plan at any time. A plan will be terminated if communications mailed to the shareholder are returned as undeliverable.

Investors should consider carefully with their own financial advisers whether the plan and the specified amounts to be withdrawn are appropriate in their circumstances. The fund and Putnam Investor Services make no recommendations or representations in this regard.

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Tax-favored plans. (Not offered by funds investing primarily in Tax-exempt Securities.) Investors may purchase shares of the fund through the following Tax Qualified Retirement Plans, available to qualified individuals or organizations:

Standard and variable profit-sharing (including 401(k)) and money purchase pension plans; and Individual Retirement Account Plans (IRAs), including SIMPLE IRAs, Roth IRAs, SEP IRAs; and Coverdell Education savings plans.

Forms and further information on these Plans are available from investment dealers or from Putnam Retail Management. In addition, plan administration arrangements are available on an optional basis; contact Putnam Investor Services at 1-866-207-7261.

Consultation with a competent financial and tax adviser regarding these Plans and consideration of the suitability of fund shares as an investment under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, or otherwise, is recommended.

Automatic Rebalancing Arrangements. Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services may enter into arrangements with certain dealers which provide for automatic periodic rebalancing of shareholders’ accounts in Putnam funds. For more information about these arrangements, please contact Putnam Retail Management or Putnam Investor Services.

SIGNATURE GUARANTEES

Requests to redeem shares having a net asset value of $100,000 or more, or to transfer shares or make redemption proceeds payable to anyone other than the registered account owners, must be signed by all registered owners or their legal representatives and must be guaranteed by a bank, broker/dealer, municipal securities dealer or broker, credit union, national securities exchange, registered securities association, clearing agency, savings association or trust company, provided such institution is authorized and acceptable under and conforms with Putnam Investor Services’ signature guarantee procedures. A copy of such procedures is available upon request. In certain situations, for example, if you want your redemption proceeds sent to an address other than your address as it appears on Putnam’s records, you may also need to provide a signature guarantee. Putnam Investor Services usually requires additional documentation for the sale of shares by a corporation, partnership, agent or fiduciary, or a surviving joint owner. Contact Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581 for more information on Putnam’s signature guarantee and documentation requirements.

REDEMPTIONS

Suspension of redemptions. The fund may not suspend shareholders’ right of redemption, or postpone payment for more than seven days, unless the Exchange is closed for other than customary weekends or holidays, or if permitted by the rules of the SEC during periods when trading on the Exchange is restricted or during any emergency which makes it impracticable for the fund to dispose of its securities or to determine fairly the value of its net assets, or during any other period permitted by order of the Commission for protection of investors.

In-kind redemptions. To the extent consistent with applicable laws and regulations, the fund will consider satisfying all or a portion of a redemption request by distributing securities or other property in lieu of cash (“in-kind” redemptions). Any transaction costs or other expenses involved in liquidating securities received in an in-kind redemption will be borne by the redeeming investor. For information regarding procedures for in-kind redemptions, please contact Putnam Retail Management.

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POLICY ON EXCESSIVE SHORT-TERM TRADING

As disclosed in the prospectus of each fund other than Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Management and the fund’s Trustees have adopted policies and procedures intended to discourage excessive short-term trading. Putnam Management’s Compliance Department currently uses multiple reporting tools in an attempt to detect short-term trading activity occurring in shareholder accounts. Putnam Management measures excessive short-term trading in the fund by the number of “round trip” transactions, as defined in the prospectus, above a specified dollar amount within a specified period of time. Generally, if an investor has been identified as having completed two “round trip” transactions with values of at least $25,000 within a rolling 90-day period, Putnam Management will issue the investor and/or his or her financial intermediary, if any, a written warning. To the extent that short-term trading activity continues, additional measures may be taken. Putnam Management’s practices for measuring excessive short-term trading activity and issuing warnings may change from time to time.

SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY

Under Massachusetts law, shareholders could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable for the obligations of the fund. However, the Agreement and Declaration of Trust disclaims shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the fund and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation, or instrument entered into or executed by the fund or the Trustees. The Agreement and Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of fund property for all loss and expense of any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the fund. Thus, the risk of a shareholder incurring financial loss on account of shareholder liability is limited to circumstances in which the fund would be unable to meet its obligations. The likelihood of such circumstances appears to be remote.

DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO INFORMATION

The Trustees of the Putnam funds have adopted policies with respect to the disclosure of the fund’s portfolio holdings by the fund, Putnam Management, or their affiliates. These policies provide that information about the fund’s portfolio generally may not be released to any party prior to (i) the day after the posting of such information on the Putnam Investments website, (ii) the filing of the information with the SEC in a required filing, or (iii) the dissemination of such information to all shareholders simultaneously. Certain limited exceptions pursuant to the fund’s policies are described below. In addition, these policies do not apply to the sharing of fund portfolio holdings information with Putnam Investment personnel involved in the management of other Putnam funds that invest in such fund. The Trustees will periodically receive reports from the fund’s Chief Compliance Officer regarding the operation of these policies and procedures, including any arrangements to make non-public disclosures of the fund’s portfolio information to third parties. Putnam Management and its affiliates are not permitted to receive compensation or other consideration in connection with disclosing information about the fund’s portfolio holdings to third parties.

Public Disclosures

The fund’s portfolio holdings are currently disclosed to the public through filings with the SEC and postings on the Putnam Investments website. The fund files its portfolio holdings with the SEC twice each year on Form N-CSR (with respect to each annual period and semi-annual period). In addition, money market funds file reports of portfolio holdings on Form N-MFP each month (with respect to the prior month), and funds other than money market funds file reports of portfolio holdings on Form N-PORT 60 days after each fiscal quarter (for the respective fiscal quarter), with the schedule of portfolio holdings filed on Form N-PORT for the third month of the first and third fiscal quarter made publicly available. Shareholders may obtain the Form N-CSR and N-MFP filings and the publicly available portions of Form N-PORT filings on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. Form N-CSR filings are available upon filing, Form N-MFP filings are available 60 days after each calendar month end, and information reported on Form N-PORT filings for the third month of

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a fiscal quarter is available 60 days after the end of the fiscal quarter. You may call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for information about the SEC’s website.

For Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund, the following information is publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table. This information will remain available on the website for six months thereafter, after which the information can be found on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly Monthly	No later than 5 business days after the end of each month. Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

For Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund, Putnam Management makes the fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments institutional website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly Monthly	Last business day of the month after the end of each month. Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

For Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund, Putnam Management makes the fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly Monthly	On or after 5 business days after the end of each month. Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

For Putnam PanAgora Managed Futures Strategy and Putnam PanAgora Market Neutral Fund, Putnam Management makes each fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings	Quarterly	Approximately 45 days after the end of each calendar quarter.

For Putnam PanAgora Risk Parity Fund, Putnam Management makes the fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

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Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings	Quarterly	The last business day of the month following the end of each calendar quarter.

For Putnam Equity Income Fund, Putnam Emerging Markets Equity Fund, Putnam Focused Equity Fund, Putnam Global Technology Fund, Putnam International Value Fund, Putnam Multi-Cap Core Fund, Putnam Small Cap Growth Fund, George Putnam Balanced Fund, Putnam Global Equity Fund, Putnam Global Health Care Fund, Putnam International Equity Fund, Putnam Growth Opportunities Fund, Putnam International Capital Opportunities Fund, Putnam Research Fund, Putnam Small Cap Value Fund, Putnam Sustainable Future Fund, and Putnam Sustainable Leaders Fund, Putnam Management makes each fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings	Quarterly	8 business days after the end of each calendar quarter.
Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly	Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

For all other funds, Putnam Management also currently makes the fund’s portfolio information publicly available on the Putnam Investments website, putnam.com/individual, as disclosed in the following table.

Information (1)	Frequency of Disclosure	Date of Web Posting
Full Portfolio Holdings	Monthly	8 business days after the end of each month.
Top 10 Portfolio Holdings and other portfolio statistics	Monthly	Approximately 15 days after the end of each month.

(1) Putnam mutual funds that are not currently offered to the general public (such as Putnam Short Term Investment Fund, Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Equity Fund, and Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio) do not post portfolio holdings on the Putnam Investments website, except to the extent required by applicable regulations. Putnam Retirement Advantage Funds and Putnam RetirementReady® Funds invest solely in other Putnam funds. Please see these funds’ prospectuses for their target allocations.

The scope of the information relating to the fund’s portfolio that is made available on the website may change from time to time without notice. In addition, the posting of fund holdings may be delayed in some instances for technical reasons.

Putnam Management or its affiliates may include fund portfolio information that has already been made public through a Web posting or SEC filing in marketing literature and other communications to shareholders, advisors or other parties, provided that, in the case of information made public through the Web, the information is disclosed no earlier than the day after the date of posting to the website.

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Other Disclosures

In order to address potential conflicts between the interest of fund shareholders, on the one hand, and those of Putnam Management, Putnam Retail Management or any affiliated person of those entities or of the fund, on the other hand, the fund’s policies require that non-public disclosures of information regarding the fund’s portfolio may be made only if there is a legitimate business purpose consistent with fiduciary duties to all shareholders of the fund. In addition, the party receiving the non-public information must sign a non-disclosure agreement unless otherwise approved by the Chief Compliance Officer of the fund. Arrangements to make non-public disclosures of the fund’s portfolio information must be approved by the Chief Compliance Officer of the fund. The Chief Compliance Officer will report on an ongoing basis to a committee of the fund’s Board of Trustees consisting only of Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the fund or Putnam Management regarding any such arrangement that the fund may enter into with third parties other than service providers to the fund.

The fund periodically discloses its portfolio information on a confidential basis to various service providers that require such information in order to assist the fund with its day-to-day business affairs. In addition to Putnam Management and its affiliates, including Putnam Investor Services and PRM, these service providers include the fund’s custodian (State Street Bank and Trust Company) and any sub-custodians (including one or more sub-custodians for each non-U.S. market in which the fund purchases securities), accounting providers (State Street Bank and Trust Company, SS&C Advent and BNY Mellon), pricing services (including IDC, Reuters, Markit, Statpro, Standard & Poors, Bloomberg, ICE ClearCredit, LCH Swapclear, PriceServ and CME Group), independent registered public accounting firm (KPMG LLP or PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP), legal counsel (Ropes & Gray LLP and, for funds sold in Japan, Mori Hamada & Matsumoto), financial printer and filing agent (McMunn Associates, Inc., Newsfile Corp.), proxy voting service (Glass, Lewis & Co), compliance limit monitoring (Consensys Limited) and securities lending agent (Goldman Sachs Bank USA). These service providers are required to keep such information confidential, and are prohibited from trading based on the information or otherwise using the information except as necessary in providing services to the fund.

The fund may also periodically provide non-public information about its portfolio holdings to rating and ranking organizations and other providers of industry data, such as Lipper Inc., Morningstar Inc., Bloomberg and Thomson Reuters, in connection with those firms’ research on and classification of the fund and in order to gather information about how the fund’s attributes (such as volatility, turnover, and expenses) compare with those of peer funds. The fund may also periodically provide non-public information about its portfolio holdings to consultants that provide portfolio analysis services or other investment research or trading analytics. Such recipients of portfolio holdings include Barclays, Factset, ITG, Trade Infomatics, ConsenSys, ENSO Financial Analytics, Bloomberg and Credit Suisse. Any such rating, ranking, or consulting or other firm would be required to keep the fund’s portfolio information confidential and would be prohibited from trading based on the information or otherwise using the information except as necessary in providing services to the fund. Such firms may receive portfolio holdings information only from certain funds (such as equity funds or fixed income funds) and such information may be provided in greater or lesser detail depending on the nature of the services provided by the relevant firm.

In addition, Putnam Management offers model SMA portfolios to sponsoring broker-dealers that in turn offer those portfolios to their customers. The model SMA portfolios may follow investment programs that are similar or identical in material respects to those of specific Putnam funds or other client accounts and, as a result, there may be substantial overlap between the securities holdings and transactions of a model SMA portfolio and those of any similarly managed funds or accounts. When Putnam Management makes changes to a model SMA portfolio, it communicates those changes to sponsoring broker-dealers, and these communications include certain non-public portfolio holdings information and trading instructions. Putnam Management typically provides these changes to sponsoring broker-dealers at the same time that it instructs its trading desk to place trades to effect the same changes for any similarly managed funds or accounts. As a result, it is possible that a broker-dealer offering a model SMA portfolio to its clients, or the clients

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themselves, may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of any Putnam fund or client account that is managed similarly to the model SMA portfolio and may use this information for their own benefit, which could negatively impact the fund’s or client account’s ability to execute purchase and sale transactions or the price at which those transactions may be executed. To protect against these risks, Putnam Management’s agreements with broker-dealers sponsoring model SMA portfolios contain confidentiality provisions aimed at preventing the misuse of non-public portfolio holdings information. Furthermore, while Putnam Management typically provides sponsoring broker-dealers with trading instructions for model SMA portfolios on a real-time basis, Putnam Management only releases full model SMA portfolio holdings to current and prospective sponsoring broker-dealers in accordance with the portfolio holdings release schedule used for its funds.

INFORMATION SECURITY RISKS

Cyber security risk. With the increased use of interconnected technologies such as the Internet and the dependence on computer systems to perform necessary business functions, investment companies such as the fund and its service providers may be prone to operational, information security and related risks resulting from third-party cyber-attacks and/or other technological malfunctions. Cyber-attacks may include stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, preventing legitimate users from accessing information or services on a website, releasing confidential information without authorization, and causing operational disruption. Successful cyber-attacks against, or security or technology breakdowns of, the fund or its adviser, custodian, transfer agent, or other affiliated or third-party service providers may adversely affect the fund and its shareholders. For example, cyber-attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the fund’s ability to calculate its net asset value, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential fund information, impede trading, cause reputational damage, and subject the fund or others to regulatory fines, penalties or financial losses, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and additional compliance costs. Similar types of cyber security risks also are present for issuers of securities in which the fund invests, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers, and may cause the fund’s investment in such securities to lose value. The fund and Putnam Investments may have limited ability to prevent or mitigate cyber-attacks or security or technology breakdowns affecting the fund’s third-party service providers. While Putnam has established business continuity plans and systems designed to prevent or reduce the impact of cyber-attacks, such plans and systems are subject to inherent limitations.

PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES

The Trustees of the Putnam funds have established proxy voting guidelines and procedures that govern the voting of proxies for the securities held in the funds’ portfolios. The proxy voting guidelines summarize the funds’ positions on various issues of concern to investors, and provide direction to the proxy voting service used by the funds as to how fund portfolio securities should be voted on proposals dealing with particular issues. The proxy voting procedures explain the role of the Trustees, Putnam Management, the proxy voting service and the funds’ proxy manager in the proxy voting process, describe the procedures for referring matters involving investment considerations to the investment personnel of Putnam Management and describe the procedures for handling potential conflicts of interest. The Putnam funds’ proxy voting guidelines and procedures are included in this SAI as Appendix A. Information regarding how the funds voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the 12-month period ended June 30, 2020 is available on the Putnam Individual Investor website, www.putnam.com/individual, and on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. If you have questions about finding forms on the SEC’s website, you may call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. You may also obtain the Putnam funds’ proxy voting guidelines and procedures by calling Putnam’s Shareholder Services at 1-800-225-1581.

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SECURITIES RATINGS

The ratings of securities in which the fund may invest will be measured at the time of purchase and, to the extent a security is assigned a different rating by one or more of the various rating agencies, Putnam Management may use the highest rating assigned by any agency. Putnam Management will not necessarily sell an investment if its rating is reduced. Below are descriptions of ratings, as provided by the rating agencies, which represent opinions as to the quality of various debt instruments.

Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.

Global Long-Term Rating Scale (original maturity of 1 year or more)

Aaa – Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.

Aa – Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.

A – Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.

Baa – Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.

Ba – Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.

B – Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.

Caa – Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.

Ca – Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.

C – Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.

Note: Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category. Additionally, a “(hyb)” indicator is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms.

By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.

Global Short-Term Rating Scale (original maturity of 13 months or less)

P-1 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.

P-2 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.

P-3 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.

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NP – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.

US Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings

MIG 1 – This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.

MIG 2 – This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.

MIG 3 – This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.

SG – This designation denotes speculative grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.

US Municipal Demand Obligation Ratings

VMIG 1 – This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

VMIG 2 – This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

VMIG 3 – This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

SG – This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

Standard & Poor’s

Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings (original maturity of one year or more)

AAA – An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by Standard & Poor’s. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong.

AA – An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is very strong.

A – An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong.

BBB – An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

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BB; B; CCC; CC and C – Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the lowest degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.

BB – An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

B – An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

CCC – An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

CC – An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred, but Standard & Poor’s expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.

C – An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared to obligations that are rated higher.

D – An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless Standard & Poor’s believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation’s rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.

NR – This indicates that no rating has been requested, or that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that Standard & Poor’s does not rate a particular obligation as a matter of policy.

Note: The ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.

Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings (original maturity of 365 days or less)

A-1 – A short-term obligation rated’A-1’ is rated in the highest category by Standard & Poor’s. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on these obligations is extremely strong.

A-2 – A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is satisfactory.

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A-3 – A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

B – A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.

C – A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

D – A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the due date, unless Standard & Poor’s believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation’s rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.

Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings (original maturity of 3 years or less)

SP-1 – Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.

SP-2 – Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.

SP-3 – Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.

Fitch Ratings

Long-Term Rating Scales

AAA – Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of default risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.

AA – Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low default risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.

A – High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low default risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.

BBB – Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.

BB – Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to default risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial flexibility exists which supports the servicing of financial commitments.

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B – Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material default risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is vulnerable to deterioration in the business and economic environment.

CCC – Substantial credit risk. Default is a real possibility.

CC – Very high levels of credit risk. Default of some kind appears probable.

C – Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. Default is imminent or inevitable, or the issuer is in standstill. Conditions that are indicative of a ‘C’ category rating for an issuer include:

a. the issuer has entered into a grace or cure period following non-payment of a material financial obligation;

b. the issuer has entered into a temporary negotiated waiver or standstill agreement following a payment default on a material financial obligation; or

c. Fitch Ratings otherwise believes a condition of ‘RD’ or ‘D’ to be imminent or inevitable, including through the formal announcement of a distressed debt exchange.

RD – Restricted default. ‘RD’ ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch Ratings’ opinion has experienced an uncured payment default on a bond, loan or other material financial obligation but which has not entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other formal winding-up procedure, and which has not otherwise ceased operating. This would include:

a. the selective payment default on a specific class or currency of debt;

b. the uncured expiry of any applicable grace period, cure period or default forbearance period following a payment default on a bank loan, capital markets security or other material financial obligation;

c. the extension of multiple waivers or forbearance periods upon a payment default on one or more material financial obligations, either in series or in parallel; or

d. execution of a distressed debt exchange on one or more material financial obligations.

D – Default. ‘D’ ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch Ratings’ opinion has entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other formal winding-up procedure, or which has otherwise ceased business.

Default ratings are not assigned prospectively to entities or their obligations; within this context, non-payment on an instrument that contains a deferral feature or grace period will generally not be considered a default until after the expiration of the deferral or grace period, unless a default is otherwise driven by bankruptcy or other similar circumstance, or by a distressed debt exchange.

“Imminent” default typically refers to the occasion where a payment default has been intimated by the issuer, and is all but inevitable. This may, for example, be where an issuer has missed a scheduled payment, but (as is typical) has a grace period during which it may cure the payment default. Another alternative would be where an issuer has formally announced a distressed debt exchange, but the date of the exchange still lies several days or weeks in the immediate future.

In all cases, the assignment of a default rating reflects the agency’s opinion as to the most appropriate rating category consistent with the rest of its universe of ratings, and may differ from the definition of default under the terms of an issuer’s financial obligations or local commercial practice.

Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ Long-Term Issuer Default Rating (IDR) category, or to Long-Term IDR categories below ‘B’.

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Short-Term Ratings

F1 – Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.

F2 – Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.

F3 – Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.

B – Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.

C – High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.

RD – Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.

D – Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.

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Appendix A

Proxy voting guidelines of The Putnam Funds

The proxy voting guidelines below summarize the funds’ positions on various issues of concern to investors, and give a general indication of how fund portfolio securities will be voted on proposals dealing with particular issues. The funds’ proxy voting service is instructed to vote all proxies relating to fund portfolio securities in accordance with these guidelines, except as otherwise instructed by the Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate Governance (“Proxy Voting Director”), a member of the Office of the Trustees who is appointed to assist in the coordination and voting of the funds’ proxies.

The proxy voting guidelines are just that – guidelines. The guidelines are not exhaustive and do not address all potential voting issues. Because the circumstances of individual companies are so varied, there may be instances when the funds do not vote in strict adherence to these guidelines. For example, the proxy voting service is expected to bring to the Proxy Voting Director’s attention proxy questions that are company-specific and of a non-routine nature and that, even if covered by the guidelines, may be more appropriately handled on a case-by-case basis. In addition, in interpreting the funds’ proxy voting guidelines, the Trustees of The Putnam Funds are mindful of emerging best practices in the areas of corporate governance, environmental stewardship and sustainability, and social responsibility. Recognizing that these matters may, in some instances, bear on investment performance, they may from time to time be considerations in the funds’ voting decisions.

Similarly, Putnam Management’s investment professionals, as part of their ongoing review and analysis of all fund portfolio holdings, are responsible for monitoring significant corporate developments, including proxy proposals submitted to shareholders, and notifying the Proxy Voting Director of circumstances where the interests of fund shareholders may warrant a vote contrary to these guidelines. In such instances, the investment professionals submit a written recommendation to the Proxy Voting Director and the person or persons designated by Putnam Management’s Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing referral items under the funds’ “Proxy Voting Procedures.” The Proxy Voting Director, in consultation with a senior member of the Office of the Trustees and/or the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee, as appropriate, will determine how the funds’ proxies will be voted. When indicated, the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee may consult with other members of the Committee or the full Board of Trustees.

The following guidelines are grouped according to the types of proposals generally presented to shareholders. Part I deals with proposals submitted by management and approved and recommended by a company’s board of directors. Part II deals with proposals submitted by shareholders. Part III addresses unique considerations pertaining to non-U.S. issuers.

The Trustees of The Putnam Funds are committed to promoting strong corporate governance practices and encouraging corporate actions that enhance shareholder value through the judicious voting of the funds’ proxies. It is the funds’ policy to vote their proxies at all shareholder meetings where it is practicable to do so. In furtherance of this, the funds’ have requested that their securities lending agent recall each domestic issuer’s voting securities that are on loan, in

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advance of the record date for the issuer’s shareholder meetings, so that the funds may vote at the meetings.

The Putnam funds will disclose their proxy votes not later than August 31 of each year for the most recent 12-month period ended June 30, in accordance with the timetable established by SEC rules.

I.       BOARD-APPROVED PROPOSALS¹

The vast majority of matters presented to shareholders for a vote involve proposals made by a company itself (sometimes referred to as “management proposals”), which have been approved and recommended by its board of directors. In view of the enhanced corporate governance practices currently being implemented in public companies and of the funds’ intent to hold corporate boards accountable for their actions in promoting shareholder interests, the funds’ proxies generally will be voted for the decisions reached by majority independent boards of directors, except as otherwise indicated in these guidelines. Accordingly, the funds’ proxies will be voted for board-approved proposals, except as follows:

Matters relating to the Board of Directors

Uncontested Election of Directors

The funds’ proxies will be voted for the election of a company’s nominees for the board of directors, except as follows:

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· the board does not have a majority of independent directors,

· the board has not established independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees,

· the board has more than 15 members or fewer than five members, absent special circumstances,

· the board has not acted to implement a policy requested in a shareholder proposal that received the support of a majority of the shares of the company cast at its previous two annual meetings, or

· the board has adopted or renewed a shareholder rights plan (commonly referred to as a “poison pill”) without shareholder approval during the current or prior calendar year.

Ø The funds will on a case-by-case basis withhold votes from the entire board of directors, or from particular directors as may be appropriate, if the board has approved compensation

^{_____________________
1} The guidelines in this section apply to proposals at U.S. companies. Please refer to Section III, Voting Shares of Non-U.S. Issuers, for additional guidelines applicable to proposals at non-U.S. companies.

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arrangements for one or more company executives that the funds determine are unreasonably excessive relative to the company’s performance or has otherwise failed to observe good corporate governance practices.

Ø In light of the funds’ belief that companies benefit from diversity on the board, the funds will withhold votes from the chair of the nominating committee if:

there are no women on the board, or

in the case of a board of ten members or more, there are fewer than two women on the board.

Ø The funds will withhold votes from any nominee for director:

· who is considered an independent director by the company and who has received compensation within the last three years from the company other than for service as a director (e.g., investment banking, consulting, legal, or financial advisory fees),

· who attends fewer than 75% of board and committee meetings without valid reasons for the absences (e.g., illness, personal emergency, etc.) (if the director attendance disclosure does not explain the absences, or is otherwise inadequate, the funds will also withhold votes from the chair of the governance committee),

· of a public company (Company A) who is employed as a senior executive of another company (Company B), if a director of Company B serves as a senior executive of Company A (commonly referred to as an “interlocking directorate”),

· who serves on more than four unaffiliated public company boards (for the purpose of this guideline, boards of affiliated registered investment companies will count as one board),

· who serves as an executive officer of any public company (“home company”) while serving on more than two public company boards other than the home company board (the funds will withhold votes from the nominee at each company where the funds are shareholders; in addition, if the funds are shareholders of the executive’s home company, the funds will withhold votes from members of the home company’s governance committee), or

· who is a member of the governance or other responsible committee, if the company has adopted without shareholder approval a bylaw provision shifting legal fees and costs to unsuccessful plaintiffs in intra-corporate litigation.

Commentary:

Board independence: Unless otherwise indicated, for the purposes of determining whether a board has a majority of independent directors and independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees, an “independent director” is a director who (1) meets all requirements to serve as an independent director of a company under the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules (e.g., no material business relationships with the company and no present or recent employment relationship with the company including employment of an immediate family member as an

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executive officer), and (2) has not within the last three years accepted directly or indirectly any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the company other than in his or her capacity as a member of the board of directors or any board committee. The funds’ Trustees believe that the recent (i.e., within the last three years) receipt of any amount of compensation for services other than service as a director raises significant independence issues.

Board size: The funds’ Trustees believe that the size of the board of directors can have a direct impact on the ability of the board to govern effectively. Boards that have too many members can be unwieldy and ultimately inhibit their ability to oversee management performance. Boards that have too few members can stifle innovation and lead to excessive influence by management.

Board diversity: The funds’ Trustees believe that a company benefits from diversity on the board, including diversity with respect to gender, ethnicity, race, and experience. The Trustees are sensitive to the need for a variety of backgrounds among board members to further creative and independent thought during board deliberations. The Trustees expect company boards to strive for diversity in membership and to clearly explain their efforts and goals in this regard.

Time commitment: Being a director of a company requires a significant time commitment to adequately prepare for and attend the company’s board and committee meetings. Directors must be able to commit the time and attention necessary to perform their fiduciary duties in proper fashion, particularly in times of crisis. The funds’ Trustees are concerned about over-committed directors. In some cases, directors may serve on too many boards to make a meaningful contribution. This may be particularly true for senior executives of public companies (or other directors with substantially full-time employment) who serve on more than a few outside boards. Generally, the funds withhold support from directors serving on more than four unaffiliated public company boards, although an exception may be made in the case of a director who represents an investing firm with the sole purpose of managing a portfolio of investments that includes the company. The funds also withhold support from directors who serve as executive officers at a public company and on the boards of more than two unaffiliated public companies. The funds may also withhold votes from such directors on a case-by-case basis where it appears that they may be unable to discharge their duties properly because of excessive commitments.

Interlocking directorships: The funds’ Trustees believe that interlocking directorships are inconsistent with the degree of independence required for outside directors of public companies.

Corporate governance practices: Board independence depends not only on its members’ individual relationships, but also on the board’s overall attitude toward management and shareholders. Independent boards are committed to good corporate governance practices and, by providing objective independent judgment, enhancing shareholder value. The funds may withhold votes on a case-by-case basis from some or all directors who, through their lack of independence or otherwise, have failed to observe good corporate governance practices or, through specific corporate action, have demonstrated a disregard for the interests of shareholders. Such instances may include cases where a board of directors has approved compensation arrangements for one or more members of management that, in the judgment of the funds’ Trustees, are excessive by reasonable corporate standards relative to the company’s record of performance. It may also represent a disregard for the interests of shareholders if a board of directors fails to register an appropriate response when a director who fails to win the support of

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a majority of shareholders in an election (sometimes referred to as a “rejected director”) continues to serve on the board, or if a board of directors permits an executive to serve on an excessive number of public company boards. While the Trustees recognize that it may in some circumstances be appropriate for a rejected director to continue his or her service on the board, steps should be taken to address the concerns reflected by the shareholders’ lack of support for the rejected director. Adopting a fee-shifting bylaw provision without shareholder approval, which may discourage legitimate shareholders lawsuits as well as frivolous ones, is another example of disregard for shareholder interests.

Contested Elections of Directors

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis in contested elections of directors.

Classified Boards

Ø The funds will vote against proposals to classify a board, absent special circumstances indicating that shareholder interests would be better served by this structure.

Commentary: Under a typical classified board structure, the directors are divided into three classes, with each class serving a three-year term. The classified board structure results in directors serving staggered terms, with usually only a third of the directors up for re-election at any given annual meeting. The funds’ Trustees generally believe that it is appropriate for directors to stand for election each year, but recognize that, in special circumstances, shareholder interests may be better served under a classified board structure.

Other Board-Related Proposals

The funds will generally vote for proposals that have been approved by a majority independent board, and on a case-by-case basis on proposals that have been approved by a board that fails to meet the guidelines’ basic independence standards (i.e., majority of independent directors and independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees).

Executive Compensation

The funds generally favor compensation programs that relate executive compensation to a company’s long-term performance. The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals relating to executive compensation, except as follows:

Ø Except where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, the funds will vote for stock option and restricted stock plans that will result in an average annual dilution of 1.67% or less (based on the disclosed term of the plan and including all equity-based plans).

Ø The funds will vote against stock option and restricted stock plans that will result in an average annual dilution of greater than 1.67% (based on the disclosed term of the plan and including all equity-based plans).

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Ø The funds will vote against any stock option or restricted stock plan where the company’s actual grants of stock options and restricted stock under all equity-based compensation plans during the prior three (3) fiscal years have resulted in an average annual dilution of greater than 1.67%.

Ø The funds will vote against stock option plans that permit the replacing or repricing of underwater options (and against any proposal to authorize a replacement or repricing of underwater options).

Ø The funds will vote against stock option plans that permit issuance of options with an exercise price below the stock’s current market price.

Ø The funds will vote against stock option plans with evergreen features providing for automatic share replenishment.

Ø Except where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, the funds will vote for an employee stock purchase plan that has the following features: (1) the shares purchased under the plan are acquired for no less than 85% of their market value; (2) the offering period under the plan is 27 months or less; and (3) dilution is 10% or less.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve a company’s executive compensation program (i.e., “say on pay” proposals in which the company’s board proposes that shareholders indicate their support for the company’s compensation philosophy, policies, and practices), except that the funds will vote against the proposal if the company is assigned to the lowest category, through independent third party benchmarking performed by the funds’ proxy voting service, for the correlation of the company’s executive compensation program with its performance.

Ø The funds will vote for bonus plans under which payments are treated as performance-based compensation that is deductible under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, except that the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis if any of the following circumstances exist:

the amount per employee under the plan is unlimited, or

the plan’s performance criteria is undisclosed, or

the company is assigned to the lowest category, through independent third party benchmarking performed by the funds’ proxy voting service, for the correlation of the company’s executive compensation program with its performance.

Commentary: Companies should have compensation programs that are reasonable and that align shareholder and management interests over the longer term. Further, disclosure of compensation programs should provide absolute transparency to shareholders regarding the sources and amounts of, and the factors influencing, executive compensation. Appropriately designed equity-based compensation plans can be an effective way to align the interests of long-term shareholders with the interests of management. However, the funds may vote against these or other executive compensation proposals on a case-by-case basis where compensation is excessive by reasonable corporate standards, where a company fails to provide transparent disclosure of executive compensation, or, in some instances, where independent third-party

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benchmarking indicates that compensation is inadequately correlated with performance, relative to peer companies. (Examples of excessive executive compensation may include, but are not limited to, equity incentive plans that exceed the dilution criteria noted above, evergreen provisions, excessive perquisites, performance-based compensation programs that do not properly correlate reward and performance, “golden parachutes” or other severance arrangements that present conflicts between management’s interests and the interests of shareholders, and “golden coffins” or unearned death benefits.) In voting on a proposal relating to executive compensation, the funds will consider whether the proposal has been approved by an independent compensation committee of the board.

Capitalization

Many proxy proposals involve changes in a company’s capitalization, including the authorization of additional stock, the issuance of stock, the repurchase of outstanding stock, or the approval of a stock split. The management of a company’s capital structure involves a number of important issues, including cash flow, financing needs, and market conditions that are unique to the circumstances of the company. As a result, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals involving changes to a company’s capitalization, except that where the funds are not otherwise withholding votes from the entire board of directors:

Ø The funds will vote for proposals relating to the authorization and issuance of additional common stock, except that the funds will evaluate such proposals on a case-by-case basis if they relate to a specific transaction or to common stock with special voting rights.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to effect stock splits (excluding reverse stock splits).

Ø The funds will vote for proposals authorizing share repurchase programs, except that the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis if there are concerns that there may be abusive practices related to the share repurchase programs.

Commentary: A company may decide to authorize additional shares of common stock for reasons relating to executive compensation or for routine business purposes. For the most part, these decisions are best left to the board of directors and senior management. The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis, however, on other proposals to change a company’s capitalization, including the authorization of common stock with special voting rights, the authorization or issuance of common stock in connection with a specific transaction (e.g., an acquisition, merger or reorganization), the authorization or issuance of preferred stock, or the authorization of share repurchase programs that have the potential to facilitate abusive practices. Actions such as these involve a number of considerations that may affect a shareholder’s investment and that warrant a case-by-case determination. One such consideration is the funds’ belief that, as a general matter, common shareholders should have equal voting rights. With respect to proposals authorizing share repurchase programs, potentially abusive practices may involve programs that allow insiders’ shares to be repurchased at a higher price than the price that would be received in an open-market sale, using a share repurchase program to manipulate metrics for incentive compensation, or engaging in greenmail or repurchases that may impact a company’s long-term viability.

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Acquisitions, Mergers, Reincorporations, Reorganizations and Other Transactions

Shareholders may be confronted with a number of different types of transactions, including acquisitions, mergers, reorganizations involving business combinations, liquidations, and the sale of all or substantially all of a company’s assets, which may require their consent. Voting on such proposals involves considerations unique to each transaction. As a result, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals to effect these types of transactions, except as follows:

Ø The funds will vote for mergers and reorganizations involving business combinations designed solely to reincorporate a company in Delaware.

Commentary: A company may reincorporate into another state through a merger or reorganization by setting up a “shell” company in a different state and then merging the company into the new company. While reincorporation into states with extensive and established corporate laws – notably Delaware – provides companies and shareholders with a more well-defined legal framework, shareholders must carefully consider the reasons for a reincorporation into another jurisdiction, including especially an offshore jurisdiction.

Anti-Takeover Measures

Some proxy proposals involve efforts by management to make it more difficult for an outside party to take control of the company without the approval of the company’s board of directors. These include the adoption of a shareholder rights plan, requiring supermajority voting on particular issues, the adoption of fair price provisions, the issuance of blank check preferred stock, and the creation of a separate class of stock with disparate voting rights. Such proposals may adversely affect shareholder rights, lead to management entrenchment, or create conflicts of interest. As a result, the funds will vote against board-approved proposals to adopt such anti-takeover measures, except as follows:

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to ratify or approve shareholder rights plans; and

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to adopt fair price provisions.

Commentary: The funds’ Trustees recognize that poison pills and fair price provisions may enhance or protect shareholder value under certain circumstances, and accordingly the funds will consider proposals to approve such matters on a case-by-case basis.

Other Business Matters

Many proxies involve approval of routine business matters, such as changing a company’s name, ratifying the appointment of auditors, and procedural matters relating to the shareholder meeting. For the most part, these routine matters do not materially affect shareholder interests and are best left to the board of directors and senior management of the company. The funds will vote for board-approved proposals approving such matters, except as follows:

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Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to amend a company’s charter or bylaws (except for charter amendments necessary to effect stock splits, to change a company’s name or to authorize additional shares of common stock).

Ø The funds will vote against authorization to transact other unidentified, substantive business at the meeting.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to ratify the selection of independent auditors if there is evidence that the audit firm’s independence or the integrity of an audit is compromised.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals that conflict with shareholder proposals.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on other business matters where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

Commentary: Charter and bylaw amendments (for example, amendments implementing proxy access proposals), board-approved proposals that conflict with shareholder proposals, and the transaction of other unidentified, substantive business at a shareholder meeting may directly affect shareholder rights and have a significant impact on shareholder value. As a result, the funds do not view these items as routine business matters. Putnam Management’s investment professionals and the funds’ proxy voting service may also bring to the Proxy Voting Director’s attention company-specific items that they believe to be non-routine and warranting special consideration. Under these circumstances, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis.

The fund’s proxy voting service may identify circumstances that call into question an audit firm’s independence or the integrity of an audit. These circumstances may include recent material restatements of financials, unusual audit fees, egregious contractual relationships (including inappropriately one-sided dispute resolution procedures), and aggressive accounting policies. The funds will consider proposals to ratify the selection of auditors in these circumstances on a case-by-case basis. In all other cases, given the existence of rules that enhance the independence of audit committees and auditors by, for example, prohibiting auditors from performing a range of non-audit services for audit clients, the funds will vote for the ratification of independent auditors.

II.       SHAREHOLDER PROPOSALS

SEC regulations permit shareholders to submit proposals for inclusion in a company’s proxy statement. These proposals generally seek to change some aspect of the company’s corporate governance structure or to change some aspect of its business operations. The funds generally will vote in accordance with the recommendation of the company’s board of directors on all shareholder proposals, except as follows:

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals requiring that the chairman’s position be filled by someone other than the chief executive officer.

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Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals asking that director nominees receive support from holders of a majority of votes cast or a majority of shares outstanding in order to be (re)elected.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to declassify a board, absent special circumstances which would indicate that shareholder interests are better served by a classified board structure.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to eliminate supermajority vote requirements in the company’s charter documents, except that the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on such proposals at controlled companies (companies in which an individual or a group voting collectively holds a majority of the voting interest).

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to require shareholder approval of shareholder rights plans.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to amend a company’s charter documents to permit shareholders to call special meetings, but only if both of the following conditions are met:

· the proposed amendment limits the right to call special meetings to shareholders holding at least 15% of the company’s outstanding shares, and

· applicable state law does not otherwise provide shareholders with the right to call special meetings.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals relating to proxy access.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring companies to make cash payments under management severance agreements only if both of the following conditions are met:

· the company undergoes a change in control, and

· the change in control results in the termination of employment for the person receiving the severance payment.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring companies to accelerate vesting of equity awards under management severance agreements only if both of the following conditions are met:

· the company undergoes a change in control, and

· the change in control results in the termination of employment for the person receiving the severance payment.

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Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals to limit a company’s ability to make excise tax gross-up payments under management severance agreements as well as proposals to limit income or other tax gross-up payments.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals requesting that the board adopt a policy to recoup, in the event of a significant restatement of financial results or significant extraordinary write-off, to the fullest extent practicable, for the benefit of the company, all performance-based bonuses or awards that were paid to senior executives based on the company having met or exceeded specific performance targets to the extent that the specific performance targets were not, in fact, met.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals calling for the company to obtain shareholder approval for any future golden coffins or unearned death benefits (payments or awards of unearned salary or bonus, accelerated vesting or the continuation of unvested equity awards, perquisites or other payments or awards in respect of an executive following his or her death), and for shareholder proposals calling for the company to cease providing golden coffins or unearned death benefits.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring a company to report on its executive retirement benefits (e.g., deferred compensation, split-dollar life insurance, SERPs and pension benefits).

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring a company to disclose its relationships with executive compensation consultants (e.g., whether the company, the board or the compensation committee retained the consultant, the types of services provided by the consultant over the past five years, and a list of the consultant’s clients on which any of the company’s executives serve as a director).

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals related to environmental and social initiatives.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals that are consistent with the funds’ proxy voting guidelines for board-approved proposals.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals that conflict with board-approved proposals.

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on other shareholder proposals where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

Commentary: The funds’ Trustees believe that effective corporate reforms should be promoted by holding boards of directors – and in particular their independent directors – accountable for their actions, rather than by imposing additional legal restrictions on board governance through piecemeal proposals. As stated above, the funds’ Trustees believe that boards of directors and management are responsible for ensuring that their businesses are operating in accordance with high legal and ethical standards and should be held accountable for resulting corporate behavior. Accordingly, the funds will generally support the recommendations of boards that meet the basic independence and governance standards established in these guidelines. Where boards fail to

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meet these standards, the funds will generally evaluate shareholder proposals on a case-by-case basis.

There are some types of proposals that the funds will evaluate on a case-by-case basis in any event. For example, when shareholder proposals conflict with board-approved approvals, the funds will generally evaluate both proposals on a case-by-case basis, considering the materiality of the differences between the proposals, the benefits to shareholders from each proposal, and the strength of the company’s corporate governance, among other factors, in determining which proposal to support. In addition, the funds will also consider proposals requiring that the chairman’s position be filled by someone other than the company’s chief executive officer on a case-by-case basis, recognizing that in some cases this separation may advance the company’s corporate governance while in other cases it may be less necessary to the sound governance of the company. The funds will take into account the level of independent leadership on a company’s board in evaluating these proposals. The funds will be more likely to vote for shareholder proposals calling for the separation of the roles of the chief executive and chair of the board if the company has a non-independent board, non-independent directors on the nominating, compensation or audit committees, or a weak lead independent director role, or if the board has not worked toward addressing material risks to the company, has chosen not to intervene when management interests conflict with shareholder interests, or has had other material governance failures.

While the funds will also consider shareholder proposals relating to proxy access on a case-by-case basis, the funds will generally vote in favor of market-standard proxy access proposals (for example, proxy access proposals allowing a shareholder or group of up to 20 shareholders holding three percent of a company’s outstanding shares for at least three years the right to nominate the greater of up to two directors or 20% of the board). The funds believe that shareholders meeting these criteria generally have demonstrated a sufficient interest in the company that they should be granted access to a company’s proxy materials to include their nominees for election alongside the company’s nominees.

The funds generally support shareholder proposals to implement majority voting for directors, observing that majority voting is an emerging standard intended to encourage directors to be attentive to shareholders’ interests. The funds also generally support shareholder proposals to declassify a board, to eliminate supermajority vote requirements, or to require shareholder approval of shareholder rights plans. (For proposals to eliminate supermajority vote requirements at companies in which an individual or a group voting collectively holds a majority of the voting interest, the funds vote on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the interests of minority shareholders.) The funds’ Trustees believe that these shareholder proposals further the goals of reducing management entrenchment and conflicts of interest, and aligning management’s interests with shareholders’ interests in evaluating proposed acquisitions of the company. The Trustees also believe that shareholder proposals to limit severance payments may further these goals in some instances. In general, the funds favor arrangements in which severance payments are made to an executive only when there is a change in control and the executive loses his or her job as a result. Arrangements in which an executive receives a payment upon a change of control even if the executive retains employment introduce potential conflicts of interest and may distract management focus from the long term success of the company.

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In evaluating shareholder proposals that address severance payments, the funds distinguish between cash and equity payments. The funds generally do not favor cash payments to executives upon a change in control transaction if the executive retains employment. However, the funds recognize that accelerated vesting of equity incentives, even without termination of employment, may help to align management and shareholder interests in some instances, and will evaluate shareholder proposals addressing accelerated vesting of equity incentive payments on a case-by-case basis.

When severance payments exceed a certain amount based on the executive’s previous compensation, the payments may be subject to an excise tax. Some compensation arrangements provide for full excise tax gross-ups, which means that the company pays the executive sufficient additional amounts to cover the cost of the excise tax. The funds are concerned that the benefits of providing full excise tax gross-ups to executives may be outweighed by the cost to the company of the gross-up payments. Accordingly, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals to curtail excise tax gross-up payments. The funds generally favor arrangements in which severance payments do not trigger an excise tax or in which the company’s obligations with respect to gross-up payments are limited in a reasonable manner.

The funds’ Trustees believe that performance-based compensation can be an effective tool for aligning management and shareholder interests. However, to fulfill its purpose, performance compensation should only be paid to executives if the performance targets are actually met. A significant restatement of financial results or a significant extraordinary write-off may reveal that executives who were previously paid performance compensation did not actually deliver the required business performance to earn that compensation. In these circumstances, it may be appropriate for the company to recoup this performance compensation. The funds will consider on a case-by-case basis shareholder proposals requesting that the board adopt a policy to recoup, in the event of a significant restatement of financial results or significant extraordinary write-off, performance-based bonuses or awards paid to senior executives based on the company having met or exceeded specific performance targets to the extent that the specific performance targets were not, in fact, met. The funds do not believe that such a policy should necessarily disadvantage a company in recruiting executives, as executives should understand that they are only entitled to performance compensation based on the actual performance they deliver.

The funds’ Trustees disfavor golden coffins or unearned death benefits, and the funds will generally support shareholder proposals to restrict or terminate these practices. The Trustees will also consider whether a company’s overall compensation arrangements, taking all of the pertinent circumstances into account, constitute excessive compensation or otherwise reflect poorly on the corporate governance practices of the company. As the Trustees evaluate these matters, they will be mindful of evolving practices and legislation relevant to executive compensation and corporate governance.

The funds’ Trustees recognize the importance of environmental and social responsibility. In evaluating shareholder proposals with respect to environmental and social initiatives (including initiatives related to climate change and gender pay equity), the funds will take into account the relevance of the proposal to the company’s business and the practicality of implementing the proposal, including the impact on the company’s business activities, operations, and stakeholders. The funds will generally vote for proposals calling for reasonable study or

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reporting relating to climate change matters that are clearly relevant to the company’s business activities, taking into consideration, when appropriate, the company’s current publicly available disclosure and the company’s level of disclosure and oversight of climate change matters relative to its industry peers. With respect to shareholder proposals related to diversity initiatives, the funds will assess the proposals in a manner that is broadly consistent with the funds’ approach to holding the board of directors directly accountable for diversity on the board.

The funds’ Trustees also believe that shareholder proposals that are intended to increase transparency, particularly with respect to executive compensation, without establishing rigid restrictions upon a company’s ability to attract and motivate talented executives, are generally beneficial to sound corporate governance without imposing undue burdens. The funds will generally support shareholder proposals calling for reasonable disclosure.

III.       VOTING SHARES OF NON-U.S. ISSUERS

Many of the Putnam funds invest on a global basis, and, as a result, they may hold, and have an opportunity to vote, shares in non-U.S. issuers – i.e., issuers that are incorporated under the laws of foreign jurisdictions and whose shares are not listed on a U.S. securities exchange or the NASDAQ stock market.

In many non-U.S. markets, shareholders who vote proxies of a non-U.S. issuer are not able to trade in that company’s stock on or around the shareholder meeting date. This practice is known as “share blocking.” In countries where share blocking is practiced, the funds will vote proxies only with direction from Putnam Management’s investment professionals.

In addition, some non-U.S. markets require that a company’s shares be re-registered out of the name of the local custodian or nominee into the name of the shareholder for the shareholder to be able to vote at the meeting. This practice is known as “share re-registration.” As a result, shareholders, including the funds, are not able to trade in that company’s stock until the shares are re-registered back in the name of the local custodian or nominee following the meeting. In countries where share re-registration is practiced, the funds will generally not vote proxies.

Protection for shareholders of non-U.S. issuers may vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Laws governing non-U.S. issuers may, in some cases, provide substantially less protection for shareholders than do U.S. laws. As a result, the guidelines applicable to U.S. issuers, which are premised on the existence of a sound corporate governance and disclosure framework, may not be appropriate under some circumstances for non-U.S. issuers. However, the funds will vote proxies of non-U.S. issuers in accordance with the guidelines applicable to U.S. issuers except as follows:

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Uncontested Board Elections

China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors, or

· the board has not established audit, compensation and nominating committees each composed of a majority of independent directors.

Commentary: Whether a director is considered “independent” or not will be determined by reference to local corporate law or listing standards.

Europe ex-United Kingdom

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· the board has not established audit and compensation committees each composed of a majority of independent, non-executive directors, or

· the board has not established a nominating committee composed of a majority of independent directors.

Commentary: An “independent director” under the European Commission’s guidelines is one who is free of any business, family or other relationship, with the company, its controlling shareholder or the management of either, that creates a conflict of interest such as to impair his judgment. A “non-executive director” is one who is not engaged in the daily management of the company.

Germany

Ø For companies subject to “co-determination,” the funds will vote for the election of nominees to the supervisory board, except that the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis for any nominee who is either an employee of the company or who is otherwise affiliated with the company (as determined by the funds’ proxy voting service).

Ø The funds will withhold votes for the election of a former member of the company’s managerial board to chair of the supervisory board.

Commentary: German corporate governance is characterized by a two-tier board system—a managerial board composed of the company’s executive officers, and a supervisory board. The supervisory board appoints the members of the managerial board. Shareholders elect members of the supervisory board, except that in the case of companies with a large number of employees, company employees are allowed to elect some of the supervisory board members (one-half of supervisory board members are elected by company employees at companies with more than 2,000 employees; one-third of the supervisory board members are elected by company employees at companies with more than 500 employees but fewer than 2,000). This “co-

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determination” practice may increase the chances that the supervisory board of a large German company does not contain a majority of independent members. In this situation, under the Fund’s proxy voting guidelines applicable to U.S. issuers, the funds would vote against all nominees. However, in the case of companies subject to “co-determination” and with the goal of supporting independent nominees, the Funds will vote for supervisory board members who are neither employees of the company nor otherwise affiliated with the company.

Consistent with the funds’ belief that the interests of shareholders are best protected by boards with strong, independent leadership, the funds will withhold votes for the election of former chairs of the managerial board to chair of the supervisory board.

Hong Kong

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors, or

· the board has not established audit, compensation and nominating committees each with at least a majority of its members being independent directors, or

· the chair of the audit, compensation or nominating committee is not an independent director.

Commentary. For purposes of these guidelines, an “independent director” is a director that has no material, financial or other current relationships with the company. In determining whether a director is independent, the funds will apply the standards included in the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited Section 3.13.

Italy

Ø The funds will withhold votes from any director not identified in the proxy materials.

Commentary: In Italy, companies have the right to nominate co-opted directors² for election to the board at the next annual general meeting, but do not have to indicate, until the day of the annual meeting, whether or not they are nominating a co-opted director for election. When a company does not explicitly state in its proxy materials that co-opted directors are standing for election, shareholders will not know for sure who the board nominees are until the actual meeting occurs. The funds will withhold support from any such co-opted director on the grounds that there was insufficient information for evaluation before the meeting.

Japan

Ø For companies that have established a U.S.-style corporate governance structure, the funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· the board does not have a majority of outside directors,

^{____________
2} A co-opted director is an individual appointed to the board by incumbent directors to replace a director who was elected by directors but who leaves the board (through resignation or death) before the end of his or her term.

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· the board has not established nominating and compensation committees composed of a majority of outside directors, or

· the board has not established an audit committee composed of a majority of independent directors.

Ø The funds will withhold votes for the appointment of members of a company’s board of statutory auditors if a majority of the members of the board of statutory auditors is not independent.

Commentary:

Board structure: Recent amendments to the Japanese Commercial Code give companies the option to adopt a U.S.-style corporate governance structure (i.e., a board of directors and audit, nominating, and compensation committees). The funds will vote for proposals to amend a company’s articles of incorporation to adopt the U.S.-style corporate structure.

Definition of outside director and independent director: Corporate governance principles in Japan focus on the distinction between outside directors and independent directors. Under these principles, an outside director is a director who is not and has never been a director, executive, or employee of the company or its parent company, subsidiaries or affiliates. An outside director is “independent” if that person can make decisions completely independent from the managers of the company, its parent, subsidiaries, or affiliates and does not have a material relationship with the company (i.e., major client, trading partner, or other business relationship; familial relationship with current director or executive; etc.). The guidelines have incorporated these definitions in applying the board independence standards above.

Korea

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· fewer than half of the directors are outside directors,

· the board has not established a nominating committee with at least half of the members being outside directors, or

· the board has not established an audit committee composed of at least three members and in which at least two-thirds of its members are outside directors.

Ø The funds will vote withhold votes from nominees to the audit committee if the board has not established an audit committee composed of (or proposed to be composed of) at least three members, and of which at least two-thirds of its members are (or will be) outside directors.

Commentary: For purposes of these guidelines, an “outside director” is a director that is independent from the management or controlling shareholders of the company, and holds no interests that might impair the performance his or her duties impartially with respect to the company, management or controlling shareholder. In determining whether a director is an outside director, the funds will also apply the standards included in Article 415-2(2) of the

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Korean Commercial Code (i.e., no employment relationship with the company for a period of two years before serving on the committee, no director or employment relationship with the company’s largest shareholder, etc.) and may consider other business relationships that would affect the independence of an outside director.

Malaysia

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· in the case of a board with an independent director serving as chair, fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors; or, in the case of a board not chaired by an independent director, less than a majority of the directors are independent directors,

· the board has not established audit and nominating committees with at least a majority of the members being independent directors and all of the members being non-executive directors, or

· the board has not established a compensation committee with at least a majority of the members being non-executive directors.

Commentary. For purposes of these guidelines, an “independent director” is a director who has no material, financial or other current relationships with the company. In determining whether a director is independent, the funds will apply the standards included in the Malaysia Code of Corporate Governance, Commentary to Recommendation 3.1. A “non-executive director” is a director who does not take on primary responsibility for leadership of the company.

Russia

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis for the election of nominees to the board of directors.

Commentary: In Russia, director elections are typically handled through a cumulative voting process. Cumulative voting allows shareholders to cast all of their votes for a single nominee for the board of directors, or to allocate their votes among nominees in any other way. In contrast, in “regular” voting, shareholders may not give more than one vote per share to any single nominee. Cumulative voting can help to strengthen the ability of minority shareholders to elect a director.

In Russia, as in some other emerging markets, standards of corporate governance are usually behind those in developed markets. Rather than vote against the entire board of directors, as the funds generally would in the case of a company whose board fails to meet the funds’ standards for independence, the funds may, on a case by case basis, cast all of their votes for one or more independent director nominees. The funds believe that it is important to increase the number of independent directors on the boards of Russian companies to mitigate the risks associated with dominant shareholders.

Singapore

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

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· in the case of a board with an independent director serving as chair, fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors; or, in the case of a board not chaired by an independent director, fewer than half of the directors are independent directors,

· the board has not established audit and compensation committees, each with an independent director serving as chair, with at least a majority of the members being independent directors, and with all of the directors being non-executive directors, or

· the board has not established a nominating committee, with an independent director serving as chair, and with at least a majority of the members being independent directors.

Commentary: For purposes of these guidelines, an “independent director” is a director that has no material, financial or other current relationships with the company. In determining whether a director is independent, the funds will apply the standards included in the Singapore Code of Corporate Governance, Guideline 2.3. A “non-executive director” is a director who is not employed with the company.

United Kingdom

Ø The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

· fewer than half of the directors are independent non-executive directors,

· the board has not established a nomination committee composed of a majority of independent non-executive directors, or

· the board has not established compensation and audit committees composed of (1) at least three directors (in the case of smaller companies, two directors) and (2) solely independent non-executive directors, provided that, to the extent permitted under the United Kingdom’s Combined Code on Corporate Governance, the company chairman may serve on (but not serve as chairman of) the compensation and audit committees if the chairman was considered independent upon his or her appointment as chairman.

Ø The funds will withhold votes from any nominee for director who is considered an independent director by the company and who has received compensation within the last three years from the company other than for service as a director, such as investment banking, consulting, legal, or financial advisory fees.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to amend a company’s articles of association to authorize boards to approve situations that might be interpreted to present potential conflicts of interest affecting a director.

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Commentary:

Application of guidelines: Although the United Kingdom’s Combined Code on Corporate Governance (“Combined Code”) has adopted the “comply and explain” approach to corporate governance, the funds’ Trustees believe that the guidelines discussed above with respect to board independence standards are integral to the protection of investors in U.K. companies. As a result, these guidelines will generally be applied in a prescriptive manner.

Definition of independence: For the purposes of these guidelines, a non-executive director shall be considered independent if the director meets the independence standards in section A.3.1 of the Combined Code (i.e., no material business or employment relationships with the company, no remuneration from the company for non-board services, no close family ties with senior employees or directors of the company, etc.), except that the funds do not view service on the board for more than nine years as affecting a director’s independence. Company chairmen in the U.K. are generally considered affiliated upon appointment as chairman due to the nature of the position of chairman. Consistent with the Combined Code, a company chairman who was considered independent upon appointment as chairman: may serve as a member of, but not as the chairman of, the compensation (remuneration) committee; and, in the case of smaller companies, may serve as a member of, but not as the chairman of, the audit committee.

Smaller companies: A smaller company is one that is below the FTSE 350 throughout the year immediately prior to the reporting year.

Conflicts of interest: The Companies Act 2006 requires a director to avoid a situation in which he or she has, or can have, a direct or indirect interest that conflicts, or possibly may conflict, with the interests of the company. This broadly written requirement could be construed to prevent a director from becoming a trustee or director of another organization. Provided there are reasonable safeguards, such as the exclusion of the relevant director from deliberations, the funds believe that the board may approve this type of potential conflict of interest in its discretion.

All other jurisdictions

Ø The funds will vote for supervisory board nominees when the supervisory board meets the funds’ independence standards, otherwise the funds will vote against supervisory board nominees.

Commentary: Companies in many jurisdictions operate under the oversight of supervisory boards. In the absence of jurisdiction-specific guidelines, the funds will generally hold supervisory boards to the same standards of independence as it applies to boards of directors in the United States.

Contested Board Elections

Italy

Ø The funds will vote for the management- or board-sponsored slate of nominees if the board meets the funds’ independence standards, and against the management- or board-sponsored slate

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of nominees if the board does not meet the funds’ independence standards; the funds will not vote on shareholder-proposed slates of nominees.

Commentary: Contested elections in Italy may involve a variety of competing slates of nominees. In these circumstances, the funds will focus their analysis on the board- or management-sponsored slate.

Corporate Governance

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to change the size of a board if the board meets the funds’ independence standards, and against proposals to change the size of a board if the board does not meet the funds’ independence standards.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals calling for a majority of a company’s directors to be independent of management.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals seeking to increase the independence of board nominating, audit, and compensation committees.

Ø The funds will vote for shareholder proposals that implement corporate governance standards similar to those established under U.S. federal law and the listing requirements of U.S. stock exchanges, and that do not otherwise violate the laws of the jurisdiction under which the company is incorporated.

Australia

Ø The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board spill resolutions.

Commentary: The Corporations Amendment (Improving Accountability on Director and Executive Compensation) Bill 2011 provides that, if a company’s remuneration report receives a “no” vote of 25% or more of all votes cast at two consecutive annual general meetings, at the second annual general meeting, a spill resolution must be proposed. If the spill resolution is approved (by simple majority), then a further meeting to elect a new board (excluding the managing director) must be held within 90 days. The funds will consider board spill resolutions on a case-by-case basis.

Europe

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to ratify board acts, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Taiwan

Ø The funds will vote against proposals to release directors from their non-competition obligations (their obligations not to engage in any business that is competitive with the company), unless the proposal is narrowly drafted to permit directors to engage in a business that is competitive with the company only on behalf of a wholly-owned subsidiary of the company.

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Compensation

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve annual directors’ fees, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis in each case in which the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against such a proposal.

Ø The funds will vote for non-binding proposals to approve remuneration reports, except that the funds will vote against proposals to approve remuneration reports that indicate that awards under a long-term incentive plan are not linked to performance targets.

Commentary: Since proposals relating to directors’ fees for non-U.S. issuers generally address relatively modest fees paid to non-executive directors, the funds generally support these proposals, provided that the fees are consistent with directors’ fees paid by the company’s peers and do not otherwise appear unwarranted. Consistent with the approach taken for U.S. issuers, the funds generally favor compensation programs that relate executive compensation to a company’s long-term performance and will support non-binding remuneration reports unless such a correlation is not made.

Europe and Asia ex-Japan

Ø In the case of proposals that do not include sufficient information for determining average annual dilution, the funds will vote for stock option and restricted stock plans that will result in an average gross potential dilution of 5% or less.

Commentary: Asia ex-Japan means China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. In these markets, companies may not disclose the life of the plan and there may not be a specific number of shares requested; therefore, it may not be possible to determine the average annual dilution related to the plan and apply the funds’ standard dilution test.

France

Ø The funds will vote for an employee stock purchase plan or share save scheme that has the following features: (1) the shares purchased under the plan are acquired for no less than 70% of their market value; (2) the vesting period is greater than or equal to 10 years; (3) the offering period under the plan is 27 months or less; and (4) dilution is 10% or less.

Commentary: To conform to local market practice, the funds support plans or schemes at French issuers that permit the purchase of shares at up to a 30% discount (i.e., shares may be purchased for no less than 70% of their market value). By comparison, for U.S. issuers, the funds do not support employee stock purchase plans that permit shares to be acquired at more than a 15% discount (i.e., for less than 85% of their market value); in the United Kingdom, up to a 20% discount is permitted.

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United Kingdom

Ø The funds will vote for an employee stock purchase plan or share save scheme that has the following features: (1) the shares purchased under the plan are acquired for no less than 80% of their market value; (2) the offering period under the plan is 27 months or less; and (3) dilution is 10% or less.

Commentary: These are the same features that the funds require of employee stock purchase plans proposed by U.S. issuers, except that, to conform to local market practice, the funds support plans or schemes at United Kingdom issuers that permit the purchase of shares at up to a 20% discount (i.e., shares may be purchased for no less than 80% of their market value). By comparison, for U.S. issuers, the funds do not support employee stock purchase plans that permit shares to be acquired at more than a 15% discount (i.e., for less than 85% of their market value).

Capitalization

Unless a proposal is directly addressed by a country-specific guideline:

Ø The funds will vote for proposals

· to issue additional common stock representing up to 20% of the company’s outstanding common stock, where shareholders do not have preemptive rights, or

· to issue additional common stock representing up to 100% of the company’s outstanding common stock, where shareholders do have preemptive rights.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to authorize share repurchase programs that are recommended for approval by the funds’ proxy voting service; otherwise, the funds will vote against such proposals.

Australia

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to carve out, from the general cap on non-pro rata share issues of 15% of total equity in a rolling 12-month period, a particular proposed issue of shares or a particular issue of shares made previously within the 12-month period, if the company’s board meets the funds’ independence standards; if the company’s board does not meet the funds’ independence standards, then the funds will vote against these proposals.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve the grant of equity awards to directors, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

China

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to issue and/or to trade in non-convertible, convertible and/or exchangeable debt obligations, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

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Hong Kong

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve a general mandate permitting the company to engage in non-pro rata share issues of up to 20% of total equity in a year if the company’s board meets the funds’ independence standards; if the company’s board does not meet the funds’ independence standards, then the funds will vote against these proposals.

Ø The funds will for proposals to approve the reissuance of shares acquired by the company under a share repurchase program, provided that: (1) the funds supported (or would have supported, in accordance with these guidelines) the share repurchase program, (2) the reissued shares represent no more than 10% of the company’s outstanding shares (measured immediately before the reissuance), and (3) the reissued shares are sold for no less than 85% of current market value.

France

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to increase authorized shares, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Ø The funds will vote against proposals to authorize the issuance of common stock or convertible debt instruments and against proposals to authorize the repurchase and/or reissuance of shares where those authorizations may be used, without further shareholder approval, as anti-takeover measures.

New Zealand

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve the grant of equity awards to directors, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Commentary: In light of the prevalence of certain types of capitalization proposals in Australia, China, Hong Kong, France and New Zealand, the funds have adopted guidelines specific to those jurisdictions.

Other Business Matters

Ø The funds will vote for proposals permitting companies to deliver reports and other materials electronically (e.g., via website posting).

Ø The funds will vote for proposals permitting companies to issue regulatory reports in English.

Ø The funds will vote against proposals to shorten shareholder meeting notice periods to fourteen days.

Commentary: Under Directive 2007/36/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, companies have the option to request shareholder approval to set the notice period for special meetings at 14 days provided that certain electronic voting and communication requirements are met. The funds believe that the 14 day notice period is too short to provide

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overseas shareholders with sufficient time to analyze proposals and to participate meaningfully at special meetings and, as a result, have determined to vote against such proposals.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to amend a company’s charter or bylaws, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Commentary: If the substance of any proposed amendment is covered by a specific guideline included herein, then that guideline will govern.

France

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve a company’s related party transactions, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds’ proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Ø If a company has not proposed an opt-out clause in its articles of association and the implementation of double-voting rights has not been approved by shareholders, the funds will vote against the ratification of board acts for the previous fiscal year, will withhold votes from the re-election of members of the board’s governance committee (or in the absence of a governance committee, against the chair of the board or the next session board member up for re-election) and, if there is no opportunity to vote against ratification of board acts or to withhold votes from directors, will vote against the approval of the company’s accounts and reports.

Commentary: In France, shareholders are generally requested to approve any agreement between the company and: (i) its directors, chair of the board, CEO and deputy CEOs; (ii) the members of the supervisory board and management board, for companies with a dual structure; and (iii) a shareholder who directly or indirectly owns at least 10% of the company’s voting rights. This includes agreements under which compensation may be paid to executive officers after the end of their employment, such as severance payments, supplementary retirement plans and non-competition agreements. The funds will generally support these proposals unless the funds’ proxy voting service recommends a vote against, in which case the funds will consider the proposal on a case-by-case basis.

Under French law, shareholders of French companies with shares held in registered form under the same name for at least two years will automatically be granted double-voting rights, unless a company has amended its articles of association to opt out of the double-voting rights regime. Awarding double-voting rights in this manner is likely to disadvantage non-French institutional shareholders. Accordingly, the funds will take actions to signal disapproval of double-voting rights at companies that have not opted-out from the double-voting rights regime and that have not obtained shareholder approval of the double-voting rights regime.

Germany

Ø The funds will vote in accordance with the recommendation of the company’s board of directors on shareholder countermotions added to a company’s meeting agenda, unless the countermotion is directly addressed by one of the funds’ other guidelines.

February 28, 2021 II-160 

Commentary: In Germany, shareholders are able to add both proposals and countermotions to a meeting agenda. Countermotions, which must correspond to a proposal on the agenda, generally call for shareholders to oppose the existing proposal, although they may also propose separate voting decisions. Countermotions may be proposed by any shareholder and they are typically added throughout the period between the publication of the meeting agenda and the meeting date. This guideline reflects the funds’ intention to focus on the original proposal, which is expected to be presented a reasonable period of time before the shareholder meeting so that the funds will have an appropriate opportunity to evaluate it.

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to approve profit-and-loss transfer agreements between a controlling company and its subsidiaries.

Commentary: These agreements are customary in Germany and are typically entered into for tax purposes. In light of this and the prevalence of these proposals, the funds have adopted a guideline to vote for this type of proposal.

Taiwan

Ø The funds will vote for proposals to amend a Taiwanese company’s procedural rules.

Commentary: Since procedural rules, which address such matters as a company’s policies with respect to capital loans, endorsements and guarantees, and acquisitions and disposal of assets, are generally adopted or amended to conform to changes in local regulations governing these transactions, the funds have adopted a guideline to vote for these transactions.

As adopted January 24, 2020

February 28, 2021 II-161 

Proxy voting procedures of The Putnam Funds

The proxy voting procedures below explain the role of the funds’ Trustees, proxy voting service, and Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate Governance (“Proxy Voting Director”), as well as how the process works when a proxy question needs to be handled on a case-by-case basis, or when there may be a conflict of interest.

The role of the funds’ Trustees

The Trustees of The Putnam Funds exercise control of voting proxies through their Board Policy and Nominating Committee, which is composed entirely of independent Trustees. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee oversees the proxy voting process and participates, as needed, in the resolution of issues that need to be handled on a case-by-case basis. The Committee annually reviews and recommends, for Trustee approval, guidelines governing the funds’ proxy votes, including how the funds will vote on specific proposals and which matters are to be considered on a case-by-case basis. The Trustees are assisted in this process by the Proxy Voting Director, independent legal counsel, and an independent proxy voting service. The Trustees also receive assistance from Putnam Investment Management, LLC (“Putnam Management”), the funds’ investment adviser, on matters involving investment judgments. In all cases, the ultimate decision on voting proxies rests with the Trustees, acting as fiduciaries on behalf of the shareholders of the funds.

The role of the proxy voting service

The funds have engaged an independent proxy voting service to assist in the voting of proxies. The proxy voting service is responsible for coordinating with the funds’ custodian(s) to ensure that all proxy materials received by the custodians relating to the funds’ portfolio securities are processed in a timely fashion. To the extent applicable, the proxy voting service votes all proxies in accordance with the proxy voting guidelines established by the Trustees. The proxy voting service will refer proxy questions to the Proxy Voting Director for instructions under circumstances where: (1) the application of the proxy voting guidelines is unclear; (2) a particular proxy question is not covered by the guidelines; or (3) the guidelines call for specific instructions on a case-by-case basis. The proxy voting service is also requested to call to the attention of the Proxy Voting Director specific proxy questions that, while governed by a guideline, appear to involve unusual or controversial issues. The funds also utilize research services relating to proxy questions provided by the proxy voting service and by other firms.

The role of the Proxy Voting Director

The Proxy Voting Director, a member of the Office of the Trustees (the Trustees’ independent administrative staff), assists in the coordination and voting of the funds’ proxies. The Proxy Voting Director deals directly with the proxy voting service and, in the case of proxy questions referred by the proxy voting service, solicits voting recommendations and instructions from the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee and Putnam Management’s investment professionals, as appropriate. The Proxy Voting Director is responsible for ensuring that these

February 28, 2021 II-162 

questions and referrals are responded to in a timely fashion and for transmitting appropriate voting instructions to the proxy voting service. In addition, the Proxy Voting Director is the contact person for receiving recommendations from Putnam Management’s investment professionals with respect to any proxy question in circumstances where the investment professional believes that the interests of fund shareholders warrant a vote contrary to the fund’s proxy voting guidelines.

On occasion, representatives of a company in which the funds have an investment may wish to meet with the company’s shareholders in advance of the company’s shareholder meeting, typically to explain and to provide the company’s perspective on the proposals up for consideration at the meeting. As a general matter, the Proxy Voting Director will participate in meetings with these company representatives.

The Proxy Voting Director is also responsible for ensuring that the funds file the required annual reports of their proxy voting records with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Proxy Voting Director coordinates with the funds’ proxy voting service to prepare and file on Form N-PX, by August 31 of each year, the funds’ proxy voting record for the most recent twelve-month period ended June 30. In addition, the Proxy Voting Director is responsible for coordinating with Putnam Management to arrange for the funds’ proxy voting record for the most recent twelve-month period ended June 30 to be available on the funds’ website.

Voting procedures for referral items

As discussed above, the proxy voting service will refer proxy questions to the Proxy Voting Director under certain circumstances. Unless the referred proxy question involves investment considerations (i.e., the proxy question might be seen as having a bearing on the economic interests of a shareholder in the company) and is referred to Putnam Management’s investment professionals for a voting recommendation as described below, the Proxy Voting Director will assist in interpreting the guidelines and, if necessary, consult with the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee on how the funds’ shares will be voted or confer with a senior member of the Office of the Trustees.

The Proxy Voting Director will refer proxy questions that involve investment considerations, through an electronic request form, to Putnam Management’s investment professionals for a voting recommendation. These referrals will be made in cooperation with the person or persons designated by Putnam Management’s Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing referral items. In connection with each item referred to Putnam Management’s investment professionals, the Legal and Compliance Department will conduct a conflicts of interest review, as described below under “Conflicts of interest,” and provide electronically a conflicts of interest report (the “Conflicts Report”) to the Proxy Voting Director describing the results of the review. After receiving a referral item from the Proxy Voting Director, Putnam Management’s investment professionals will provide a recommendation electronically to the Proxy Voting Director and the person or persons designated by the Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing referral items. The recommendation will set forth (1) how the proxies should be voted; and (2) any contacts the investment professionals have had with respect to the referral item with non-investment personnel of Putnam Management or with outside parties (except for routine communications from proxy solicitors). The Proxy Voting Director will review the

February 28, 2021 II-163 

recommendation of Putnam Management’s investment professionals (and the related Conflicts Report) in determining how to vote the funds’ proxies. The Proxy Voting Director will maintain a record of all proxy questions that have been referred to Putnam Management’s investment professionals, the voting recommendation, and the Conflicts Report. An exception to this referral process is that the Proxy Voting Director will not refer proxy questions in respect of portfolio securities that are held only in funds sub-advised by PanAgora Asset Management, Inc.

In some situations, the Proxy Voting Director may determine that a particular proxy question raises policy issues requiring consultation with the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee, who, in turn, may decide to bring the particular proxy question to the Committee or the full Board of Trustees for consideration.

Conflicts of interest

Occasions may arise where a person or organization involved in the proxy voting process may have a conflict of interest. A conflict of interest may exist, for example, if Putnam Management has a business relationship with (or is actively soliciting business from) either the company soliciting the proxy or a third party that has a material interest in the outcome of a proxy vote or that is actively lobbying for a particular outcome of a proxy vote. Any individual with knowledge of a personal conflict of interest (e.g., familial relationship with company management or a significant personal investment in the company) relating to a particular referral item shall disclose that conflict to the Proxy Voting Director and the Legal and Compliance Department and may be asked to remove himself or herself from the proxy voting process. The Legal and Compliance Department will review each item referred to Putnam Management’s investment professionals to determine if a conflict of interest exists and will provide the Proxy Voting Director with a Conflicts Report for each referral item that: (1) describes any conflict of interest; (2) discusses the procedures used to address such conflict of interest; and (3) discloses any contacts from parties outside Putnam Management (other than routine communications from proxy solicitors) with respect to the referral item not otherwise reported in an investment professional’s recommendation. The Conflicts Report will also include written confirmation that any recommendation from an investment professional provided under circumstances where a conflict of interest exists was made solely on the investment merits and without regard to any other consideration.

As adopted March 11, 2005 and revised most recently on January 24, 2020.

February 28, 2021 II-164 

Appendix B

February 28, 2021 II-165 

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Trustees of Putnam Funds Trust and Shareholders
of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund:

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying statement of assets and liabilities, including the fund’s portfolio, of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund (one of the funds constituting Putnam Funds Trust, referred to hereafter as the “Fund”) as of October 31, 2020, the related statement of operations and changes in net assets for the year ended October 31, 2020, including the related notes, and the financial highlights for the year ended October 31, 2020 (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Fund as of October 31, 2020, the results of its operations, changes in its net assets and the financial highlights for the year ended October 31, 2020 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The financial statements of the Fund as of and for the year ended October 31, 2019 and the financial highlights for each of the periods ended on or prior to October 31, 2019 (not presented herein, other than the statement of changes in net assets and the financial highlights) were audited by other auditors whose report dated December 13, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and financial highlights.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Fund’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit of these financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our procedures included confirmation of securities owned as of October 31, 2020 by correspondence with the custodian, transfer agent and brokers; when replies were not received from brokers, we performed other auditing procedures. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
December 11, 2020

We have served as the auditor of one or more investment companies in the Putnam Investments family of mutual funds since at least 1957. We have not been able to determine the specific year we began serving as auditor.

24 Short Duration Bond Fund 

The fund’s portfolio 10/31/20

	Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (48.1%)*	amount	Value
Banking (12.9%)
ANZ New Zealand Int’l, Ltd./London 144A company guaranty sr.
unsec. FRN ( + 1.00%), 1.217%, 1/25/22 (United Kingdom)	$2,060,000	$2,080,314
Australia & New Zealand Banking Group, Ltd. sr. unsec. notes
Ser. MTN, 2.05%, 11/21/22	5,000,000	5,167,827
Bank of America Corp. sr. unsec. unsub. FRN 3.55%, 3/5/24	2,430,000	2,589,243
Bank of America Corp. sr. unsec. unsub. FRN 2.881%, 4/24/23	2,060,000	2,127,672
Bank of America Corp. sr. unsec. unsub. FRN Ser. MTN, (BBA LIBOR
USD 3 Month + 0.65%), 0.875%, 6/25/22	1,375,000	1,379,662
Bank of America Corp. unsec. sub. notes Ser. MTN, 4.45%, 3/3/26	14,931,000	17,178,090
Bank of America Corp. unsec. sub. notes Ser. MTN, 4.20%, 8/26/24	15,165,000	16,899,324
Bank of Montreal sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. D, 3.10%,
4/13/21 (Canada)	480,000	486,208
Bank of New York Mellon Corp. (The) sr. unsec. notes Ser. MTN,
1.95%, 8/23/22	2,250,000	2,317,345
Bank of New York Mellon Corp. (The) sr. unsec. notes Ser. MTN,
1.85%, 1/27/23	7,500,000	7,736,184
Barclays Bank PLC sr. unsec. notes 1.70%, 5/12/22
(United Kingdom)	8,000,000	8,150,166
BNP Paribas SA company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
Ser. BKNT, 5.00%, 1/15/21 (France)	825,000	832,993
BNP Paribas SA 144A sr. unsec. notes 2.95%, 5/23/22 (France)	680,000	705,320
CIT Bank NA sr. unsec. FRN Ser. BKNT, 2.969%, 9/27/25	1,000,000	1,032,500
Citibank NA sr. unsec. FRN 3.165%, 2/19/22	2,500,000	2,520,765
Citigroup, Inc. sr. unsec. FRN 4.044%, 6/1/24	9,480,000	10,273,058
Citigroup, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. FRN (BBA LIBOR USD 3 Month
+ 0.96%), 1.175%, 4/25/22	1,370,000	1,384,015
Citigroup, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 4.50%, 1/14/22	500,000	524,154
Citigroup, Inc. unsec. sub. notes 4.60%, 3/9/26	10,945,000	12,618,272
Citigroup, Inc. unsec. sub. notes 3.50%, 5/15/23	6,250,000	6,694,561
Citizens Financial Group, Inc. 144A unsec. sub. notes
4.15%, 9/28/22	960,000	1,011,020
Commonwealth Bank of Australia 144A unsec. notes 2.20%,
11/9/20 (Australia)	1,145,000	1,145,384
Credit Suisse AG/New York, NY sr. unsec. notes 2.80%, 4/8/22	3,450,000	3,570,511
Credit Suisse Group Funding Guernsey, Ltd. company guaranty sr.
unsec. unsub. notes 4.55%, 4/17/26 (United Kingdom)	8,750,000	10,182,374
Credit Suisse Group Funding Guernsey, Ltd. company guaranty sr.
unsec. unsub. notes 3.45%, 4/16/21 (United Kingdom)	7,040,000	7,139,392
DNB Bank ASA 144A sr. unsec. notes 2.15%, 12/2/22 (Norway)	6,585,000	6,814,865
Fifth Third Bancorp sr. unsec. notes 1.625%, 5/5/23	3,000,000	3,077,112
Fifth Third Bancorp sr. unsec. sub. notes 2.375%, 1/28/25	5,000,000	5,276,069
JPMorgan Chase & Co. sr. unsec. unsub. FRN 4.023%, 12/5/24	4,627,000	5,096,426
JPMorgan Chase & Co. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.797%, 7/23/24	8,355,000	9,054,687
JPMorgan Chase & Co. unsec. sub. notes 3.875%, 9/10/24	18,030,000	19,983,670
JPMorgan Chase & Co. unsec. sub. notes 3.375%, 5/1/23	9,250,000	9,877,857
Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 3.535%,
7/26/21 (Japan)	620,000	634,824
National Australia Bank, Ltd./New York, NY sr. unsec. notes 2.80%,
1/10/22 (Australia)	2,430,000	2,501,804

Short Duration Bond Fund 25 

	Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (48.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Banking cont.
PNC Bank NA sr. unsec. FRN 2.028%, 12/9/22	$2,635,000	$2,678,242
PNC Bank NA sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.30%, 10/30/24	6,635,000	7,302,481
Royal Bank of Canada sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. GMTN, 3.70%,
10/5/23 (Canada)	1,510,000	1,648,900
Toronto-Dominion Bank (The) sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. MTN,
1.90%, 12/1/22 (Canada)	5,745,000	5,926,818
Truist Bank sr. unsec. FRN Ser. BKNT, 3.689%, 8/2/24	2,350,000	2,548,586
Truist Bank sr. unsec. notes Ser. BKNT, 2.15%, 12/6/24	3,000,000	3,170,636
Truist Bank sr. unsec. notes Ser. BKNT, 1.50%, 3/10/25	6,000,000	6,173,760
Truist Bank sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. BNKT, 3.20%, 4/1/24	6,655,000	7,185,920
Truist Financial Corp. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 4.00%, 5/1/25	1,128,000	1,278,864
U.S. Bancorp sr. unsec. notes 1.45%, 5/12/25	9,420,000	9,708,433
U.S. Bancorp unsec. sub. notes Ser. MTN, 3.60%, 9/11/24	3,800,000	4,207,434
U.S. Bancorp unsec. sub. notes unsec. sub. notes Ser. MTN,
2.95%, 7/15/22	1,315,000	1,370,398
U.S. Bank NA/Cincinnati, OH sr. unsec. notes Ser. BKNT,
3.15%, 4/26/21	1,290,000	1,305,534
UBS AG/London 144A sr. unsec. notes 1.75%, 4/21/22
(United Kingdom)	4,835,000	4,921,754
Wells Fargo & Co. sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. MTN, 3.75%, 1/24/24	9,230,000	10,019,762
Wells Fargo Bank NA sr. unsec. FRN Ser. BKNT, 2.082%, 9/9/22	3,000,000	3,041,992
		260,553,182
Basic materials (1.9%)
Air Products & Chemicals, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 1.50%, 10/15/25	2,600,000	2,694,847
Celanese US Holdings, LLC company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
3.50%, 5/8/24 (Germany)	893,000	960,884
Celanese US Holdings, LLC company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 4.625%, 11/15/22 (Germany)	930,000	1,003,793
CF Industries, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
3.45%, 6/1/23	1,715,000	1,753,588
DuPont de Nemours, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.766%, 11/15/20	1,500,000	1,501,695
Georgia-Pacific, LLC 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
5.40%, 11/1/20	4,250,000	4,250,000
Georgia-Pacific, LLC 144A sr. unsec. notes 1.75%, 9/30/25	5,000,000	5,196,012
Glencore Funding, LLC 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
1.625%, 9/1/25	8,686,000	8,636,029
Glencore Funding, LLC 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 4.625%, 4/29/24	894,000	980,687
Huntsman International, LLC company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
5.125%, 11/15/22	465,000	498,198
International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes
3.20%, 5/1/23	3,450,000	3,598,943
Nutrien, Ltd. sr. unsec. notes 3.15%, 10/1/22 (Canada)	1,500,000	1,565,069
Nutrien, Ltd. sr. unsec. notes 1.90%, 5/13/23 (Canada)	765,000	789,279
Nutrition & Biosciences, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec.
unsub. notes 1.23%, 10/1/25	4,600,000	4,606,208
Sherwin-Williams Co. (The) sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.75%, 6/1/22	422,000	435,749
W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
5.625%, 10/1/24	550,000	592,735
		39,063,716

26 Short Duration Bond Fund 

	Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (48.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Capital goods (1.7%)
Boeing Co. (The) sr. unsec. notes 4.508%, 5/1/23	$4,500,000	$4,767,099
Honeywell International, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.15%, 8/8/22	5,000,000	5,148,818
Northrop Grumman Corp. sr. unsec. notes 2.93%, 1/15/25	6,150,000	6,656,127
Otis Worldwide Corp. sr. unsec. notes 2.056%, 4/5/25 (acquired
2/19/20, cost $6,499,936) ∆∆	6,500,000	6,826,229
Raytheon Technologies Corp. 144A sr. unsec. unsub. notes
2.50%, 12/15/22	2,910,000	3,015,293
Republic Services, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 2.50%, 8/15/24	3,000,000	3,187,024
Waste Management, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 2.90%, 9/15/22	3,585,000	3,724,681
		33,325,271
Communication services (4.7%)
American Tower Corp. sr. unsec. notes 5.00%, 2/15/24 R	3,615,000	4,086,600
American Tower Corp. sr. unsec. sub. notes 3.00%, 6/15/23	1,000,000	1,059,601
American Tower Corp. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.50%, 1/31/23 R	3,500,000	3,715,205
AT&T, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 4.125%, 2/17/26	19,760,000	22,571,843
Charter Communications Operating, LLC/Charter
Communications Operating Capital Corp. company guaranty sr.
notes 4.50%, 2/1/24	5,500,000	6,085,283
Charter Communications Operating, LLC/Charter
Communications Operating Capital Corp. company guaranty sr.
sub. notes 4.908%, 7/23/25	2,213,000	2,549,585
Charter Communications Operating, LLC/Charter
Communications Operating Capital Corp. company guaranty sr.
FRN ( + 1.65%), 1.864%, 2/1/24	1,615,000	1,655,303
Comcast Corp. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
3.70%, 4/15/24	11,942,000	13,152,641
Cox Communications, Inc. 144A sr. unsec. notes 3.15%, 8/15/24	7,250,000	7,811,314
Crown Castle International Corp. sr. unsec. notes 3.20%, 9/1/24 R	6,840,000	7,382,892
Equinix, Inc. sr. unsec. sub. notes 2.90%, 11/18/26 R	718,000	772,734
Equinix, Inc. sr. unsec. sub. notes 2.625%, 11/18/24 R	2,300,000	2,444,722
Equinix, Inc. sr. unsec. sub. notes 1.00%, 9/15/25 R	6,000,000	5,974,513
Sprint Spectrum Co., LLC/Sprint Spectrum Co. II, LLC/Sprint
Spectrum Co. III, LLC 144A company guaranty sr. notes
3.36%, 9/20/21	405,000	408,795
T-Mobile USA, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
5.125%, 4/15/25	575,000	589,375
T-Mobile USA, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. notes
3.50%, 4/15/25	8,000,000	8,764,880
Verizon Communications, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes
3.50%, 11/1/24	5,240,000	5,781,955
Videotron, Ltd. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes 5.00%,
7/15/22 (Canada)	495,000	517,275
		95,324,516
Consumer cyclicals (2.8%)
Alimentation Couche-Tard, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec.
notes 2.70%, 7/26/22 (Canada)	2,300,000	2,374,357
Amazon.com, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 2.80%, 8/22/24	4,650,000	5,019,544
Amazon.com, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 2.50%, 11/29/22	1,370,000	1,424,327
BMW US Capital, LLC 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. FRN (BBA
LIBOR USD 3 Month + 0.50%), 0.754%, 8/13/21	89,000	89,173

Short Duration Bond Fund 27 

	Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (48.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Consumer cyclicals cont.
BMW US Capital, LLC 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
2.00%, 4/11/21	$700,000	$704,312
Fox Corp. sr. unsec. notes Ser. WI, 4.03%, 1/25/24	2,040,000	2,237,923
General Motors Financial Co., Inc. sr. unsec. notes 1.70%, 8/18/23	8,050,000	8,118,909
Global Payments, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 4.00%, 6/1/23	3,500,000	3,782,200
Hilton Worldwide Finance, LLC/Hilton Worldwide Finance Corp.
company guaranty sr. unsec. sub. notes 4.625%, 4/1/25	590,000	595,463
IHS Markit, Ltd. sr. unsec. notes 3.625%, 5/1/24 (United Kingdom)	900,000	973,278
IHS Markit, Ltd. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes 5.00%,
11/1/22 (United Kingdom)	1,845,000	1,974,657
Interpublic Group of Cos., Inc. (The) sr. unsec. notes 4.20%, 4/15/24	4,707,000	5,202,558
Interpublic Group of Cos., Inc. (The) sr. unsec. sub. notes
3.75%, 10/1/21	735,000	757,617
Lennar Corp. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes 4.50%, 4/30/24	1,370,000	1,476,346
Marriott International, Inc. sr. unsec. notes Ser. EE, 5.75%, 5/1/25	1,150,000	1,278,644
Moody’s Corp. sr. unsec. notes 4.875%, 2/15/24	2,345,000	2,645,308
Omnicom Group, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
3.60%, 4/15/26	5,960,000	6,682,303
VF Corp. sr. unsec. notes 2.40%, 4/23/25	1,340,000	1,423,727
VF Corp. sr. unsec. notes 2.05%, 4/23/22	2,185,000	2,235,677
ViacomCBS, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
3.50%, 1/15/25	1,000,000	1,091,768
ViacomCBS, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
3.375%, 3/1/22	904,000	929,837
ViacomCBS, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
2.90%, 6/1/23	1,000,000	1,047,411
ViacomCBS, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 4.75%, 5/15/25	3,500,000	4,017,498
		56,082,837
Consumer finance (0.8%)
Air Lease Corp. sr. unsec. sub. notes 3.50%, 1/15/22	1,375,000	1,407,077
Air Lease Corp. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 4.25%, 9/15/24	5,539,000	5,781,767
Aviation Capital Group, LLC 144A sr. unsec. FRN (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 0.95%), 1.196%, 6/1/21	820,000	808,151
Aviation Capital Group, LLC 144A sr. unsec. FRN ( + 0.67%),
0.884%, 7/30/21	660,000	645,656
Capital One Financial Corp. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.50%, 6/15/23	6,500,000	6,952,259
		15,594,910
Consumer staples (1.3%)
Anheuser-Busch InBev Finance, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec.
unsub. notes 2.625%, 1/17/23	2,000,000	2,087,712
Ashtead Capital, Inc. 144A notes 5.25%, 8/1/26	620,000	656,425
ERAC USA Finance, LLC 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
3.30%, 10/15/22	5,000,000	5,245,285
Keurig Dr Pepper, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
4.417%, 5/25/25	6,870,000	7,887,447
Keurig Dr Pepper, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
3.40%, 11/15/25	3,456,000	3,839,801
Lamb Weston Holdings, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec.
unsub. notes 4.625%, 11/1/24	695,000	717,588

28 Short Duration Bond Fund 

	Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (48.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Consumer staples cont.
Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands BV 144A company
guaranty sr. unsec. notes 2.125%, 9/19/22 (Netherlands)	$4,369,000	$4,501,348
Mondelez International, Inc. sr. unsec. sub. notes 2.125%, 4/13/23	1,243,000	1,288,350
		26,223,956
Energy (1.6%)
BP Capital Markets PLC company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
3.561%, 11/1/21 (United Kingdom)	2,000,000	2,060,122
Cheniere Corpus Christi Holdings, LLC company guaranty sr. notes
7.00%, 6/30/24	540,000	617,861
Chevron USA, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
0.687%, 8/12/25	11,491,000	11,419,736
Energy Transfer Operating LP company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
5.875%, 1/15/24	391,000	427,812
Energy Transfer Operating LP company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
4.50%, 4/15/24	3,970,000	4,212,806
Energy Transfer Operating LP company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
2.90%, 5/15/25	174,000	175,093
Energy Transfer Operating LP sr. unsec. unsub. notes
5.20%, 2/1/22	2,435,000	2,520,225
Sabine Pass Liquefaction, LLC sr. notes 6.25%, 3/15/22	3,000,000	3,170,327
Sabine Pass Liquefaction, LLC sr. notes 5.75%, 5/15/24	2,000,000	2,252,274
Total Capital International SA company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 2.434%, 1/10/25 (France)	5,000,000	5,301,577
		32,157,833
Financial (1.8%)
Bank of Nova Scotia (The) sr. unsec. notes 1.30%, 6/11/25 (Canada)	8,750,000	8,914,640
Bank of Nova Scotia (The) sr. unsec. notes 2.00%,
11/15/22 (Canada)	5,620,000	5,808,164
CIT Group, Inc. sr. unsec. sub. notes 5.00%, 8/1/23	560,000	599,900
CIT Group, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 5.25%, 3/7/25	3,865,000	4,314,306
Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 0.70%, 6/15/23	7,300,000	7,345,881
UBS Group AG 144A sr. unsec. notes 3.491%, 5/23/23 (Switzerland)	8,765,000	9,141,895
		36,124,786
Health care (4.8%)
AbbVie, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.20%, 5/14/26	9,905,000	10,939,469
AbbVie, Inc. 144A sr. unsec. notes 2.60%, 11/21/24	12,885,000	13,703,778
Becton Dickinson and Co. sr. unsec. notes 2.894%, 6/6/22	1,500,000	1,551,640
Becton Dickinson and Co. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.734%, 12/15/24	2,129,000	2,347,925
Becton Dickinson and Co. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.125%, 11/8/21	890,000	913,016
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. sr. unsec. notes 2.90%, 7/26/24	8,800,000	9,496,562
Cigna Corp. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub. notes
3.75%, 7/15/23	795,000	860,067
CVS Health Corp. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.70%, 3/9/23	1,268,000	1,357,322
DH Europe Finance II Sarl company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
2.20%, 11/15/24 (Luxembourg)	5,200,000	5,485,766
Elanco Animal Health, Inc. sr. unsec. notes Ser. WI, 5.272%, 8/28/23	1,300,000	1,405,352
Elanco Animal Health, Inc. sr. unsec. notes Ser. WI, 4.912%, 8/27/21	1,650,000	1,687,125
Merck & Co., Inc. sr. unsec. notes 2.90%, 3/7/24	273,000	294,088
Merck & Co., Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.75%, 2/10/25	1,704,000	1,847,585
Mylan NV company guaranty sr. unsec. notes 3.95%, 6/15/26	5,280,000	5,941,985

Short Duration Bond Fund 29 

	Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (48.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Health care cont.
Novartis Capital Corp. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
1.75%, 2/14/25	$9,975,000	$10,430,689
UnitedHealth Group, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 1.25%, 1/15/26	4,955,000	5,054,994
UnitedHealth Group, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.35%, 7/15/22	3,500,000	3,678,830
UnitedHealth Group, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.375%, 8/15/24	2,000,000	2,127,847
Upjohn, Inc. 144A company guaranty unsec. notes 1.65%, 6/22/25	14,480,000	14,784,923
Zoetis, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 3.25%, 2/1/23	2,500,000	2,634,414
Zoetis, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 3.25%, 8/20/21	1,030,000	1,053,799
		97,597,176
Insurance (2.0%)
Fairfax US, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
4.875%, 8/13/24	2,157,000	2,312,380
Liberty Mutual Group, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
5.00%, 6/1/21	1,590,000	1,632,193
Marsh & McLennan Cos., Inc. sr. unsec. sub. FRN (BBA LIBOR USD
3 Month + 1.20%), 1.418%, 12/29/21	45,000	45,039
Marsh & McLennan Cos., Inc. sr. unsec. sub. notes 3.875%, 3/15/24	2,000,000	2,206,035
Marsh & McLennan Cos., Inc. sr. unsec. sub. notes 3.50%, 12/29/20	1,000,000	1,005,036
Marsh & McLennan Cos., Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.75%, 1/30/22	1,000,000	1,028,149
MassMutual Global Funding II 144A sr. notes 2.50%, 10/17/22	2,000,000	2,083,595
Metropolitan Life Global Funding I 144A notes 2.50%, 12/3/20	6,000,000	6,011,554
Metropolitan Life Global Funding I 144A notes 1.95%, 1/13/23	3,135,000	3,242,947
Metropolitan Life Global Funding I 144A sr. notes 3.00%, 1/10/23	1,085,000	1,143,308
New York Life Global Funding 144A notes 2.30%, 6/10/22	4,000,000	4,123,746
New York Life Global Funding 144A notes 1.70%, 9/14/21	4,355,000	4,410,708
Pricoa Global Funding I 144A notes 2.40%, 9/23/24	5,000,000	5,292,597
Willis Towers Watson PLC company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 5.75%, 3/15/21	4,782,000	4,874,111
		39,411,398
Investment banking/Brokerage (3.0%)
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The) sr. unsec. notes 3.50%, 4/1/25	3,125,000	3,443,267
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The) sr. unsec. unsub. FRN
2.876%, 10/31/22	2,000,000	2,047,390
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The) sr. unsec. unsub. FRN (BBA LIBOR
USD 3 Month + 1.17%), 1.45%, 11/15/21	2,425,000	2,422,655
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The) sr. unsec. unsub. notes
4.00%, 3/3/24	4,847,000	5,340,627
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The) sr. unsec. unsub. notes
3.625%, 2/20/24	14,535,000	15,787,232
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The) sr. unsec. unsub. notes
3.00%, 4/26/22	2,265,000	2,292,905
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The) sr. unsec. unsub. notes
2.60%, 12/27/20	455,000	456,536
Morgan Stanley sr. unsec. unsub. FRN ( + 1.18%), 1.398%, 1/20/22	2,200,000	2,204,717
Morgan Stanley sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. GMTN, 3.875%, 1/27/26	10,900,000	12,389,246
Morgan Stanley sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. GMTN, 3.75%, 2/25/23	2,095,000	2,248,845
Morgan Stanley sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. GMTN, 3.70%, 10/23/24	7,195,000	7,995,758
Morgan Stanley unsec. sub. notes 4.875%, 11/1/22	4,185,000	4,525,917
		61,155,095

30 Short Duration Bond Fund 

	Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (48.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Real estate (0.5%)
Digital Realty Trust LP company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
4.75%, 10/1/25 R	$9,375,000	$10,935,657
		10,935,657
Technology (5.0%)
Alphabet, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 3.375%, 2/25/24	4,302,000	4,719,283
Alphabet, Inc. s r. unsec. notes 0.45%, 8/15/25	3,600,000	3,578,523
Analog Devices, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 2.95%, 4/1/25	1,500,000	1,629,096
Apple, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 2.85%, 5/11/24	6,000,000	6,446,076
Apple, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 2.10%, 9/12/22	670,000	691,615
Apple, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 1.125%, 5/11/25	9,055,000	9,226,642
Apple, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 0.55%, 8/20/25	4,843,000	4,823,189
Apple, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.20%, 5/13/25	2,500,000	2,774,262
Apple, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.40%, 5/3/23	2,200,000	2,310,132
Broadcom, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes 4.70%, 4/15/25	6,500,000	7,391,194
Broadcom, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. notes
3.459%, 9/15/26	5,295,000	5,770,474
Cisco Systems, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.60%, 2/28/23	4,585,000	4,827,056
Cisco Systems, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 1.85%, 9/20/21	2,745,000	2,780,058
Dell International, LLC/EMC Corp. 144A company guaranty sr.
notes 4.00%, 7/15/24	1,500,000	1,629,449
Diamond 1 Finance Corp./Diamond 2 Finance Corp. 144A sr. notes
5.45%, 6/15/23	3,528,000	3,881,989
Fidelity National Information Services, Inc. company guaranty sr.
unsec. notes 3.875%, 6/5/24	6,209,000	6,823,005
Fiserv, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 3.85%, 6/1/25	4,560,000	5,117,329
Fiserv, Inc. sr. unsec. notes 2.75%, 7/1/24	3,885,000	4,151,059
Fiserv, Inc. sr. unsec. sub. notes 3.80%, 10/1/23	1,625,000	1,768,980
Microchip Technology, Inc. company guaranty sr. notes
4.333%, 6/1/23	1,055,000	1,136,984
Microsoft Corp. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 2.375%, 2/12/22	3,240,000	3,322,075
Oracle Corp. sr. unsec. notes 2.50%, 4/1/25	6,500,000	6,953,134
Salesforce.com, Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.25%, 4/11/23	8,430,000	9,003,907
		100,755,511
Transportation (0.5%)
Penske Truck Leasing Co. LP/PTL Finance Corp. 144A sr. unsec.
notes 3.95%, 3/10/25	1,541,000	1,718,333
Penske Truck Leasing Co. LP/PTL Finance Corp. 144A sr. unsec.
notes 3.45%, 7/1/24	2,300,000	2,494,322
Penske Truck Leasing Co. LP/PTL Finance Corp. 144A sr. unsec.
notes 2.70%, 11/1/24	5,000,000	5,311,954
Penske Truck Leasing Co. LP/PTL Finance Corp. 144A sr. unsec.
notes 1.20%, 11/15/25	1,385,000	1,382,251
		10,906,860
Utilities and power (2.8%)
American Electric Power Co., Inc. sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. I,
3.65%, 12/1/21	1,585,000	1,638,132
American Transmission Systems, Inc. 144A sr. unsec. notes
5.25%, 1/15/22	3,705,000	3,892,209
Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC sr. notes 3.35%, 5/15/22	2,615,000	2,735,432
Duke Energy Ohio, Inc. sr. notes 3.80%, 9/1/23	478,000	518,162

Short Duration Bond Fund 31 

	Principal
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (48.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Utilities and power cont.
Enterprise Products Operating, LLC company guaranty sr. unsec.
unsub. notes 3.35%, 3/15/23	$4,660,000	$4,934,800
Eversource Energy sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. H, 3.15%, 1/15/25	5,978,000	6,519,378
Eversource Energy sr. unsec. unsub. notes Ser. Q, 0.80%, 8/15/25	1,000,000	995,933
Kinder Morgan Energy Partners LP company guaranty sr. unsec.
notes 3.50%, 3/1/21	675,000	678,288
Kinder Morgan Energy Partners LP company guaranty sr. unsec.
unsub. notes 4.30%, 5/1/24	6,450,000	7,052,703
Kinder Morgan Energy Partners LP company guaranty sr. unsec.
unsub. notes 3.45%, 2/15/23	2,150,000	2,256,898
NextEra Energy Capital Holdings, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec.
unsub. notes 2.75%, 5/1/25	2,000,000	2,153,369
NRG Energy, Inc. 144A company guaranty sr. notes 3.75%, 6/15/24	2,855,000	3,064,109
Pacific Gas and Electric Co. notes 1.75%, 6/16/22	4,320,000	4,320,404
PPL Capital Funding, Inc. company guaranty sr. unsec. unsub.
notes 3.95%, 3/15/24	1,590,000	1,735,735
Southern Co. (The) sr. unsec. unsub. notes 3.25%, 7/1/26	4,950,000	5,517,370
Vistra Operations Co., LLC 144A company guaranty sr. notes
3.55%, 7/15/24	7,250,000	7,725,289
		55,738,211
Total corporate bonds and notes (cost $941,399,312)		$970,950,915
	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (31.1%)*	amount	Value
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations (—%)
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
REMICs IFB Ser. 2976, Class LC, ((-3.667 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 24.42%), 23.876%, 5/15/35	$11,385	$18,785
REMICs Ser. 3724, Class CM, 5.50%, 6/15/37	21,841	24,751
REMICs Ser. 3539, Class PM, 4.50%, 5/15/37	8,794	9,534
REMICs Ser. 3609, Class LK, 2.00%, 12/15/24	119	119
Structured Pass-Through Certificates FRB Ser. 8, Class A9, IO,
0.437%, 11/15/28 W	44,027	605
Structured Pass-Through Certificates FRB Ser. 59, Class 1AX, IO,
0.284%, 10/25/43 W	176,460	1,765
Structured Pass-Through Certificates Ser. 48, Class A2, IO,
0.212%, 7/25/33 W	278,401	2,088
Federal National Mortgage Association
REMICs IFB Ser. 05-75, Class GS, ((-3 x 1 Month US LIBOR)
+ 20.25%), 19.802%, 8/25/35	62,716	88,169
REMICs IFB Ser. 11-4, Class CS, ((-2 x 1 Month US LIBOR) + 12.90%),
12.602%, 5/25/40	88,032	107,400
REMICs Ser. 11-60, Class PA, 4.00%, 10/25/39	7,984	8,618
REMICs Ser. 03-43, Class YA, 4.00%, 3/25/33	39,814	40,457
REMICs Ser. 10-81, Class AP, 2.50%, 7/25/40	34,056	34,717
REMICs Trust Ser. 98-W5, Class X, IO, 0.781%, 7/25/28 W	88,341	2,540
REMICs Trust Ser. 98-W2, Class X, IO, zero %, 6/25/28 W	293,117	9,526
Government National Mortgage Association
Ser. 09-32, Class AB, 4.00%, 5/16/39	11,113	12,146
Ser. 10-151, Class KO, PO, zero %, 6/16/37	75,205	69,879
GSMPS Mortgage Loan Trust 144A FRB Ser. 99-2, IO,
0.431%, 9/19/27 W	26,503	99
		431,198

32 Short Duration Bond Fund 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (31.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (15.0%)
Banc of America Commercial Mortgage Trust FRB Ser. 07-1,
Class XW, IO, 0.425%, 1/15/49 W	$20,197	$—
BANK
FRB Ser. 17-BNK9, Class XA, IO, 0.804%, 11/15/54 W	66,271,812	2,977,904
FRB Ser. 17-BNK8, Class XA, IO, 0.737%, 11/15/50 W	31,149,166	1,330,692
Bear Stearns Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust 144A FRB
Ser. 06-PW11, Class B, 5.518%, 3/11/39 (In default)  † W	117,086	83,131
CD Commercial Mortgage Trust
FRB Ser. 16-CD1, Class XA, IO, 1.391%, 8/10/49 W	9,345,362	556,031
FRB Ser. 17-CD6, Class XA, IO, 0.923%, 11/13/50 W	19,790,880	835,343
FRB Ser. 16-CD2, Class XA, IO, 0.649%, 11/10/49 W	86,078,720	2,307,445
CFCRE Commercial Mortgage Trust FRB Ser. 16-C4, Class XA, IO,
1.686%, 5/10/58 W	32,809,771	2,320,218
CFCRE Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 11-C2, Class D,
5.739%, 12/15/47 W	275,000	275,000
Citigroup Commercial Mortgage Trust
FRB Ser. 14-GC19, Class GC19, 5.092%, 3/10/47 W	1,191,000	1,245,696
Ser. 14-GC21, Class AS, 4.026%, 5/10/47	362,000	390,957
Ser. 13-GC11, Class B, 3.732%, 4/10/46 W	4,300,000	4,481,715
COMM Mortgage Trust
FRB Ser. 12-LC4, Class C, 5.535%, 12/10/44 W	686,000	548,600
FRB Ser. 14-CR17, Class C, 4.783%, 5/10/47 W	577,000	565,879
Ser. 12-CR2, Class B, 4.393%, 8/15/45	1,693,000	1,709,490
Ser. 14-CR16, Class A4, 4.051%, 4/10/47	2,150,000	2,349,066
Ser. 14-UBS6, Class AM, 4.048%, 12/10/47	3,301,000	3,594,904
Ser. 12-CR1, Class AM, 3.912%, 5/15/45	1,492,017	1,506,606
Ser. 13-LC6, Class B, 3.739%, 1/10/46	2,275,000	2,333,746
Ser. 13-LC6, Class AM, 3.282%, 1/10/46	965,000	1,001,824
Ser. 12-CR3, Class A3, 2.822%, 10/15/45	2,661,417	2,732,443
FRB Ser. 13-LC13, Class XA, IO, 1.114%, 8/10/46 W	4,612,049	119,236
FRB Ser. 14-LC15, Class XA, IO, 1.089%, 4/10/47 W	19,067,900	570,130
FRB Ser. 14-CR20, Class XA, IO, 1.023%, 11/10/47 W	58,483,744	1,928,209
FRB Ser. 14-CR17, Class XA, IO, 0.969%, 5/10/47 W	4,692,673	134,149
FRB Ser. 15-CR26, Class XA, IO, 0.931%, 10/10/48 W	43,619,985	1,650,231
FRB Ser. 15-LC21, Class XA, IO, 0.693%, 7/10/48 W	70,432,095	1,834,742
FRB Ser. 14-CR14, Class XA, IO, 0.582%, 2/10/47 W	24,233,183	396,525
COMM Mortgage Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 10-C1, Class D, 5.84%, 7/10/46 W	502,000	436,740
Ser. 12-CR5, Class AM, 3.223%, 12/10/45	2,654,684	2,728,723
Credit Suisse Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 08-C1,
Class AJ, 5.803%, 2/15/41 W	497,986	277,329
Credit Suisse First Boston Mortgage Securities Corp. 144A FRB
Ser. 03-C3, Class AX, IO, 2.173%, 5/15/38 W	104,888	2,056
CSAIL Commercial Mortgage Trust
Ser. 15-C1, Class XA, IO, 0.834%, 4/15/50 W	20,683,882	605,231
FRB Ser. 18-CX12, Class XA, IO, 0.61%, 8/15/51 W	96,695,617	3,641,507
CSMC Trust FRB Ser. 16-NXSR, Class XA, IO, 0.762%, 12/15/49 W	38,071,200	1,221,186

Short Duration Bond Fund 33 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (31.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Commercial mortgage-backed securities cont.
DBUBS Mortgage Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 11-LC2A, Class D, 5.487%, 7/10/44 W	$2,289,000	$2,137,443
FRB Ser. 11-LC3A, Class D, 5.335%, 8/10/44 W	6,163,000	5,742,597
Ser. 11-LC2A, Class B, 4.998%, 7/10/44 W	2,201,000	2,225,428
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
Multiclass Certificates Ser. 20-RR02, Class DX, IO,
1.816%, 9/27/28 W	18,093,000	2,160,852
Multifamily Structured Pass-Through Certificates FRB Ser. K109,
Class XAM, IO, 1.799%, 4/25/30 W	15,372,000	2,330,718
Multifamily Structured Pass-Through Certificates FRB Ser. K739,
Class XAM, IO, 1.612%, 9/25/27 W	36,816,638	3,674,669
Multifamily Structured Pass-Through Certificates FRB Ser. K105,
Class X1, IO, 1.523%, 1/25/30 W	53,587,946	6,403,599
Multifamily Structured Pass-Through Certificates Ser. K738,
Class XAM, IO, 1.368%, 3/25/27 W	17,882,000	1,426,984
Multifamily Structured Pass-Through Certificates FRB Ser. KC06,
Class X1, IO, 0.903%, 6/25/26 W	33,545,000	1,134,291
Multifamily Structured Pass-Through Certificates FRB Ser. K100,
Class X1, IO, 0.65%, 9/25/29 W	22,145,743	1,164,423
Multifamily Structured Pass-Through Certificates Ser. KW10,
Class X1, IO, 0.649%, 9/25/29 W	62,179,334	3,032,300
Multifamily Structured Pass-Through Certificates FRB Ser. K737,
Class X1, IO, 0.638%, 10/25/26 W	67,510,582	2,237,706
Multifamily Structured Pass-Through Certificates FRB Ser. K048,
Class X1, IO, 0.239%, 6/25/25 W	251,284,971	2,543,532
FREMF Mortgage Trust 144A Ser. 15-K48, Class X2A, IO,
0.10%, 8/25/48	402,661,161	1,468,103
GS Mortgage Securities Corp., II FRB Ser. 13-GC10, Class XA, IO,
1.491%, 2/10/46 W	12,234,914	363,404
GS Mortgage Securities Corp., II 144A Ser. GC10, Class B,
3.682%, 2/10/46	3,478,000	3,508,641
GS Mortgage Securities Trust
FRB Ser. 14-GC18, Class C, 4.989%, 1/10/47 W	748,000	613,360
FRB Ser. 14-GC22, Class C, 4.692%, 6/10/47 W	565,000	537,365
Ser. 12-GCJ7, Class AS, 4.085%, 5/10/45	7,064,000	7,304,176
FRB Ser. 13-GC12, Class XA, IO, 1.409%, 6/10/46 W	6,531,175	185,511
FRB Ser. 15-GC30, Class XA, IO, 0.749%, 5/10/50 W	32,520,824	917,227
FRB Ser. 14-GC24, Class XA, IO, 0.733%, 9/10/47 W	98,617,214	2,218,887
GS Mortgage Securities Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 10-C1, Class D, 5.981%, 8/10/43 W	1,956,000	293,400
FRB Ser. 11-GC3, Class C, 5.61%, 3/10/44 W	1,112,000	1,107,214
FRB Ser. 11-GC3, Class D, 5.61%, 3/10/44 W	2,547,000	2,425,352
FRB Ser. 11-GC5, Class B, 5.388%, 8/10/44 W	3,315,000	3,289,226
FRB Ser. 11-GC5, Class C, 5.388%, 8/10/44 W	1,358,000	1,268,151
Ser. 10-C1, Class B, 5.148%, 8/10/43	2,490,000	2,377,950
Ser. 12-GC6, Class AS, 4.948%, 1/12/45	4,377,000	4,524,923
JPMBB Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust
FRB Ser. 13-C15, Class C, 5.198%, 11/15/45 W	2,525,000	2,410,302
FRB Ser. 13-C14, Class C, 4.702%, 8/15/46 W	709,000	630,014
FRB Ser. 14-C19, Class C, 4.677%, 4/15/47 W	6,420,000	6,201,242

34 Short Duration Bond Fund 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (31.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Commercial mortgage-backed securities cont.
JPMBB Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust
Ser. 13-C17, Class AS, 4.458%, 1/15/47	$241,000	$254,780
FRB Ser. 13-C12, Class C, 4.099%, 7/15/45 W	4,316,000	4,219,165
FRB Ser. 14-C22, Class XA, IO, 0.831%, 9/15/47 W	7,579,658	197,991
FRB Ser. 15-C31, Class XA, IO, 0.83%, 8/15/48 W	16,636,671	548,559
JPMBB Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust 144A FRB
Ser. 13-C15, Class D, 5.198%, 11/15/45 W	5,000,000	4,570,130
JPMorgan Chase Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust
Ser. 12-C6, Class B, 4.819%, 5/15/45 W	2,113,444	2,148,075
Ser. 13-C16, Class AS, 4.517%, 12/15/46	1,945,000	2,106,384
Ser. 12-C6, Class AS, 4.117%, 5/15/45	514,000	531,559
FRB Ser. 16-JP2, Class XA, IO, 1.797%, 8/15/49 W	19,937,621	1,660,425
FRB Ser. 13-C10, Class XA, IO, 0.966%, 12/15/47 W	8,045,630	144,017
JPMorgan Chase Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 10-C2, Class C2, 5.654%, 11/15/43 W	4,619,000	4,388,598
FRB Ser. 10-C2, Class D, 5.654%, 11/15/43 W	1,492,000	948,691
FRB Ser. 11-C5, Class D, 5.424%, 8/15/46 W	2,447,000	1,956,304
FRB Ser. 11-C4, Class C, 5.343%, 7/15/46 W	3,025,000	2,991,457
FRB Ser. 12-C6, Class E, 5.152%, 5/15/45 W	898,000	440,020
FRB Ser. 11-C3, Class B, 5.013%, 2/15/46 W	2,619,000	2,483,231
FRB Ser. 12-LC9, Class D, 4.418%, 12/15/47 W	173,000	162,372
LB-UBS Commercial Mortgage Trust
FRB Ser. 06-C6, Class AJ, 5.452%, 9/15/39 W	160,503	92,916
FRB Ser. 07-C2, Class XW, IO, 0.165%, 2/15/40 W	20,692	2
LSTAR Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 15-3, Class AS,
3.202%, 4/20/48 W	5,433,108	5,359,217
ML-CFC Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 06-4, Class XC,
IO, 0.546%, 12/12/49 W	823,333	3,270
Morgan Stanley Bank of America Merrill Lynch Trust
Ser. 13-C13, Class AS, 4.266%, 11/15/46	4,699,000	5,094,938
Ser. 14-C16, Class AS, 4.094%, 6/15/47	5,103,000	5,501,907
Ser. 14-C15, Class A4, 4.051%, 4/15/47	4,287,000	4,661,644
FRB Ser. 13-C9, Class C, 4.031%, 5/15/46 W	1,400,000	1,385,280
Ser. 12-C6, Class B, 3.93%, 11/15/45	7,574,000	7,725,298
Ser. 13-C8, Class B, 3.559%, 12/15/48 W	5,675,000	5,841,817
Ser. 12-C6, Class AS, 3.476%, 11/15/45	2,007,000	2,067,377
Ser. 13-C9, Class AS, 3.456%, 5/15/46	2,585,000	2,682,791
FRB Ser. 13-C7, Class XA, IO, 1.332%, 2/15/46 W	25,294,858	565,947
FRB Ser. 14-C17, Class XA, IO, 1.076%, 8/15/47 W	5,653,003	156,498
FRB Ser. 15-C26, Class XA, IO, 1.023%, 10/15/48 W	55,114,422	2,124,789
FRB Ser. 17-C34, Class XA, IO, 0.806%, 11/15/52 W	77,339,164	3,388,345
FRB Ser. 16-C32, Class XA, IO, 0.708%, 12/15/49 W	100,940,481	3,437,558
Morgan Stanley Bank of America Merrill Lynch Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 14-C15, Class D, 4.906%, 4/15/47 W	3,802,000	3,233,676
FRB Ser. 12-C5, Class E, 4.675%, 8/15/45 W	6,424,000	6,232,546
FRB Ser. 13-C9, Class D, 4.119%, 5/15/46 W	1,837,000	1,506,340
FRB Ser. 13-C7, Class XB, IO, 0.334%, 2/15/46 W	24,165,000	164,322

Short Duration Bond Fund 35 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (31.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Commercial mortgage-backed securities cont.
Morgan Stanley Capital I Trust
FRB Ser. 18-H4, Class XA, IO, 0.861%, 12/15/51 W	$63,608,453	$3,542,361
FRB Ser. 16-UB12, Class XA, IO, 0.753%, 12/15/49 W	30,695,159	974,356
FRB Ser. 18-L1, Class XA, IO, 0.524%, 10/15/51 W	79,667,080	2,690,198
Morgan Stanley Capital I Trust 144A
Ser. 12-C4, Class C, 5.419%, 3/15/45 W	245,060	215,169
FRB Ser. 11-C3, Class B, 5.244%, 7/15/49 W	4,995,000	5,076,754
Ser. 12-C4, Class B, 5.213%, 3/15/45 W	1,450,000	1,457,299
FRB Ser. 12-C4, Class XA, IO, 2.062%, 3/15/45 W	1,510,578	27,136
UBS Commercial Mortgage Trust
Ser. 12-C1, Class AS, 4.171%, 5/10/45	1,500,000	1,559,955
FRB Ser. 17-C7, Class XA, IO, 1.036%, 12/15/50 W	12,715,129	683,729
FRB Ser. 18-C11, Class XA, IO, 0.79%, 6/15/51 W	20,435,043	992,195
UBS-Barclays Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 12-C3, Class C, 5.03%, 8/10/49 W	2,881,000	2,787,731
FRB Ser. 12-C2, Class D, 4.888%, 5/10/63 W	279,000	156,458
Ser. 12-C3, Class AS, 3.814%, 8/10/49	3,715,000	3,877,655
FRB Ser. 12-C4, Class C4, 3.718%, 12/10/45 W	1,174,000	1,187,136
FRB Ser. 12-C2, Class XA, IO, 1.293%, 5/10/63 W	13,859,621	239,099
UBS-Citigroup Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A Ser. 11-C1,
Class AS, 5.154%, 1/10/45	537,000	556,735
Wachovia Bank Commercial Mortgage Trust FRB Ser. 06-C29, IO,
0.266%, 11/15/48 W	890,068	27
Wells Fargo Commercial Mortgage Trust
FRB Ser. 13-LC12, Class C, 4.275%, 7/15/46 W	898,000	772,642
FRB Ser. 16-BNK1, Class XA, IO, 1.745%, 8/15/49 W	6,526,053	520,779
FRB Ser. 19-C50, Class XA, IO, 1.42%, 5/15/52 W	35,534,214	3,366,817
FRB Ser. 17-C41, Class XA, IO, 1.211%, 11/15/50 W	21,469,788	1,358,494
FRB Ser. 16-C37, Class XA, IO, 0.961%, 12/15/49 W	7,870,956	249,352
FRB Ser. 18-C48, Class XA, IO, 0.948%, 1/15/52 W	22,813,617	1,419,881
FRB Ser. 15-C27, Class XA, IO, 0.887%, 2/15/48 W	6,941,505	207,387
FRB Ser. 18-C44, Class XA, IO, 0.749%, 5/15/51 W	78,160,164	3,358,088
FRB Ser. 15-LC20, Class XB, IO, 0.483%, 4/15/50 W	10,567,000	213,348
Wells Fargo Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 13-LC12,
Class D, 4.275%, 7/15/46 W	964,000	385,600
WF-RBS Commercial Mortgage Trust
Ser. 12-C6, Class B, 4.697%, 4/15/45	2,853,000	2,937,683
FRB Ser. 13-C16, Class AS, 4.668%, 9/15/46 W	1,257,000	1,348,433
FRB Ser. 14-C19, Class C19, 4.646%, 3/15/47 W	1,086,000	1,042,715
Ser. 13-C18, Class AS, 4.387%, 12/15/46 W	491,000	525,507
FRB Ser. 12-C10, Class C, 4.363%, 12/15/45 W	267,000	154,104
Ser. 12-C8, Class B, 4.311%, 8/15/45	3,580,000	3,758,284
Ser. 13-UBS1, Class AS, 4.306%, 3/15/46 W	360,000	382,391
Ser. 13-C12, Class B, 3.863%, 3/15/48 W	7,671,000	7,926,787
Ser. 12-C9, Class B, 3.84%, 11/15/45	3,880,000	3,964,274
Ser. 12-C6, Class AS, 3.835%, 4/15/45	1,545,000	1,586,174
Ser. 12-C8, Class AS, 3.66%, 8/15/45	2,075,000	2,131,152
Ser. 13-C12, Class AS, 3.56%, 3/15/48	7,056,000	7,360,071
Ser. 13-C11, Class AS, 3.311%, 3/15/45	1,511,000	1,553,972

36 Short Duration Bond Fund 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (31.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Commercial mortgage-backed securities cont.
WF-RBS Commercial Mortgage Trust
FRB Ser. 14-C22, Class XA, IO, 0.806%, 9/15/57 W	$28,061,729	$686,278
FRB Ser. 14-C23, Class XA, IO, 0.565%, 10/15/57 W	78,353,196	1,490,088
WF-RBS Commercial Mortgage Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 11-C2, Class D, 5.672%, 2/15/44 W	4,052,000	4,019,511
FRB Ser. 11-C5, Class C, 5.656%, 11/15/44 W	3,486,000	3,509,303
Ser. 11-C4, Class D, 5.221%, 6/15/44 W	2,130,000	1,737,913
Ser. 11-C4, Class E, 5.221%, 6/15/44 W	40,000	22,369
FRB Ser. 12-C8, Class D, 4.885%, 8/15/45 W	2,373,000	2,183,160
		303,726,460
Residential mortgage-backed securities (non-agency) (16.1%)
Angel Oak Mortgage Trust 144A
Ser. 20-5, Class A3, 2.041%, 5/25/65 W	3,401,322	3,435,335
Ser. 20-6, Class A2, 1.591%, 5/25/65 W	2,265,602	2,268,547
Angel Oak Mortgage Trust I, LLC 144A
Ser. 19-1, Class A3, 4.124%, 11/25/48 W	895,289	922,327
FRB Ser. 17-2, Class A1, 2.478%, 7/25/47 W	38,815	38,830
Angel Oak Mortgage Trust, LLC 144A FRB Ser. 17-1, Class A1,
2.81%, 1/25/47 W	34,692	34,713
Arroyo Mortgage Trust 144A
Ser. 19-1, Class A3, 4.208%, 1/25/49 W	1,851,748	1,903,090
Ser. 19-3, Class A3, 3.416%, 10/25/48 W	503,988	512,971
BankUnited Trust FRB Ser. 05-1, Class 1A1, (1 Month US LIBOR
+ 0.60%), 0.749%, 9/25/45	164,428	150,362
Bellemeade Re, Ltd. 144A
FRB Ser. 20-2A, Class M1A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 2.30%), 2.449%,
8/26/30 (Bermuda)	2,762,000	2,771,612
FRB Ser. 20-3A, Class M1A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 2.00%),
2.148%, 10/25/30	1,665,000	1,664,944
FRB Ser. 18-2A, Class M1C, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.60%), 1.749%,
8/25/28 (Bermuda)	1,552,246	1,533,764
BRAVO Residential Funding Trust 144A
Ser. 19-NQM1, Class A3, 2.996%, 7/25/59 W	299,614	305,346
Ser. 20-NQM1, Class A3, 2.406%, 5/25/60 W	1,623,216	1,623,179
Citigroup Mortgage Loan Trust, Inc. FRB Ser. 05-2, Class 1A2A,
3.804%, 5/25/35 W	183,567	187,371
COLT Funding, LLC 144A Ser. 19-4, Class A3, 2.988%, 11/25/49 W	2,507,203	2,523,292
COLT Mortgage Loan Trust 144A
Ser. 19-1, Class A3, 4.088%, 3/25/49 W	371,943	374,398
Ser. 20-2, Class A1, 1.853%, 3/25/65 W	2,073,883	2,086,949
Countrywide Home Loans Mortgage Pass-Through Trust FRB
Ser. 05-3, Class 1A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.62%), 0.769%, 4/25/35	131,237	111,754
Credit Suisse Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 20-RPL3, Class A1,
2.691%, 3/25/60 W	7,500,000	7,499,889
CSMC Trust 144A
Ser. 18-RPL7, Class A1, 4.00%, 8/26/58	645,410	654,931
Ser. 20-RPL5, Class A1, 3.023%, 8/25/60	1,000,000	1,000,000
Deephaven Residential Mortgage Trust 144A
Ser. 18-2A, Class A1, 3.479%, 4/25/58 W	556,623	561,911
FRB Ser. 17-3A, Class A1, 2.577%, 10/25/47 W	411,975	415,683
Ser. 20-2, Class A1, 1.692%, 5/25/65	4,587,170	4,621,574

Short Duration Bond Fund 37 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (31.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Residential mortgage-backed securities (non-agency) cont.
Eagle Re, Ltd. 144A
FRB Ser. 18-1, Class M2, (1 Month US LIBOR + 3.00%),
3.149%, 11/25/28	$600,000	$575,171
FRB Ser. 19-1, Class M1B, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.80%), 1.949%,
4/25/29 (Bermuda)	1,203,130	1,194,670
FRB Ser. 18-1, Class M1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.70%), 1.849%,
11/25/28 (Bermuda)	247,773	244,076
Ellington Financial Mortgage Trust 144A Ser. 20-1, Class A1,
2.006%, 5/25/65 W	6,866,572	6,946,378
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-DNA1, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.55%), 5.698%, 7/25/28	7,367,580	7,743,550
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-HQA2, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.15%), 5.299%, 11/25/28	925,525	963,551
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-DNA3, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.00%), 5.149%, 12/25/28	401,631	420,358
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 15-HQA2, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.80%), 4.949%, 5/25/28	205,626	210,767
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 14-HQ3, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.75%), 4.899%, 10/25/24	89,578	90,596
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 15-DNA3, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.70%), 4.849%, 4/25/28	6,754,699	7,035,254
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-DNA2, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.65%), 4.799%, 10/25/28	13,095,004	13,601,733
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 15-DN1, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.15%), 4.299%, 1/25/25	1,678,130	1,695,520
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 14-HQ1, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.10%), 4.249%, 8/25/24	1,187,704	1,199,581
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-HQA4, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.90%), 4.049%, 4/25/29	2,824,447	2,913,825
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 15-DNA2, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.90%), 4.049%, 12/25/27	4,724,189	4,815,449
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-HQA3, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.85%), 3.999%, 3/25/29	9,139,000	9,447,067
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 16-DNA4, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.80%), 3.949%, 3/25/29	7,676,910	7,934,315
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 14-HQ2, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.75%), 3.899%, 9/25/24	633,000	645,797
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 17-HQA1, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.55%), 3.699%, 8/25/29	3,289,131	3,343,568
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 17-DNA2, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.45%), 3.599%, 10/25/29	5,893,000	6,045,495
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 17-DNA2, Class M2B,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.45%), 3.599%, 10/25/29	2,054,000	2,038,595
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 17-DNA1, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.25%), 3.399%, 7/25/29	2,283,672	2,332,329
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 17-DNA3, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.50%), 2.649%, 3/25/30	3,475,000	3,509,370
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 17-DNA3, Class M2B,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.50%), 2.649%, 3/25/30	2,457,000	2,433,354

38 Short Duration Bond Fund 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (31.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Residential mortgage-backed securities (non-agency) cont.
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 17-HQA3, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.35%), 2.499%, 4/25/30	$1,129,689	$1,139,135
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 14-HQ2, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.20%), 2.349%, 9/25/24	349,335	349,771
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 14-DN1, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.20%), 2.349%, 2/25/24	150,600	150,202
Structured Agency Credit Risk Debt FRN Ser. 15-HQ2, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 1.95%), 2.099%, 5/25/25	106,369	106,369
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation 144A
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 19-DNA1, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.65%), 2.799%, 1/25/49	3,511,309	3,454,662
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 19-DNA2, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.45%), 2.599%, 3/25/49	1,081,271	1,064,377
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 18-HRP2, Class M3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.40%), 2.549%, 2/25/47	5,800,000	5,531,900
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 19-HQA1, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.35%), 2.499%, 2/25/49	327,936	322,102
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust REMICs FRB Ser. 19-HQA4,
Class M2, (1 Month US LIBOR + 2.05%), 2.199%, 11/25/49	862,740	855,813
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust REMICs FRB Ser. 20-DNA4,
Class M1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.50%), 1.649%, 8/25/50	1,940,000	1,948,488
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust REMICs FRB Ser. 20-HQA4,
Class M1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.30%), 1.449%, 9/25/50	3,706,000	3,708,894
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust FRB Ser. 18-HRP2, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 1.25%), 1.399%, 2/25/47	1,731,380	1,695,012
Structured Agency Credit Risk Trust REMICs FRB Ser. 20-DNA5,
Class M1, (STOCKHOLM IBOR 3 Month + 1.30%), 1.387%, 10/25/50	1,264,000	1,265,186
Federal National Mortgage Association
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C01, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 6.95%), 7.099%, 8/25/28	1,984,295	2,123,129
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C01, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 6.75%), 6.899%, 8/25/28	7,127,549	7,566,342
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C02, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 6.00%), 6.149%, 9/25/28	4,663,381	4,901,394
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C03, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.90%), 6.049%, 10/25/28	174,430	183,826
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C04, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.70%), 5.849%, 4/25/28	4,989,570	5,282,692
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C04, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.55%), 5.699%, 4/25/28	3,044,873	3,193,455
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C03, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.30%), 5.449%, 10/25/28	1,666,666	1,757,289
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 13-C01, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.25%), 5.399%, 10/25/23	2,279,161	2,247,510
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C03, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.00%), 5.149%, 7/25/25	5,223	5,374
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 14-C04, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 5.00%), 5.149%, 11/25/24	3,036,737	3,105,068
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 14-C04, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.90%), 5.049%, 11/25/24	1,733,954	1,768,810

Short Duration Bond Fund 39 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (31.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Residential mortgage-backed securities (non-agency) cont.
Federal National Mortgage Association
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C01, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.55%), 4.699%, 2/25/25	$172,105	$174,814
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C05, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.45%), 4.599%, 1/25/29	9,216,660	9,516,600
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 14-C01, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.40%), 4.549%, 1/25/24	2,964,737	2,805,233
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C07, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.35%), 4.499%, 5/25/29	3,028,736	3,127,367
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C06, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.25%), 4.399%, 4/25/29	6,142,285	6,345,579
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 16-C04, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.25%), 4.399%, 1/25/29	8,521,613	8,796,544
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 15-C02, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 4.00%), 4.149%, 5/25/25	3,777,860	3,822,068
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 17-C01, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 3.55%), 3.699%, 7/25/29	11,953,688	12,284,357
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 14-C03, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.90%), 3.049%, 7/25/24	2,077,990	2,067,984
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 14-C02, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.60%), 2.749%, 5/25/24	1,897,177	1,672,929
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 14-C02, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.60%), 2.749%, 5/25/24	2,962,439	2,929,090
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 17-C02, Class 2ED3,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 1.35%), 1.499%, 9/25/29	6,041,378	5,974,923
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 17-C01, Class 1EB1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 1.25%), 1.399%, 7/25/29	6,000,000	6,064,380
Connecticut Avenue Securities FRB Ser. 17-C07, Class 1EB2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 1.00%), 1.149%, 5/25/30	4,910,716	4,872,891
Federal National Mortgage Association 144A
Connecticut Avenue Securities Trust FRB Ser. 19-R01, Class 2M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.45%), 2.599%, 7/25/31	625,485	620,012
Connecticut Avenue Securities Trust FRB Ser. 19-HRP1, Class M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.15%), 2.299%, 11/25/39	730,624	658,267
Connecticut Avenue Securities Trust FRB Ser. 19-R07, Class 1M2,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.10%), 2.249%, 10/25/39	1,780,462	1,764,744
First Franklin Mortgage Loan Trust FRB Ser. 06-FF15, Class A5,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 0.16%), 0.309%, 11/25/36	1,401,446	1,387,431
FWD Securitization Trust 144A Ser. 19-INV1, Class A3,
3.11%, 6/25/49 W	2,559,788	2,624,353
Galton Funding Mortgage Trust 144A
Ser. 18-2, Class A41, 4.50%, 10/25/58 W	413,696	422,302
Ser. 18-1, Class A43, 3.50%, 11/25/57 W	199,804	198,076
FRB Ser. 20-H1, Class A3, 2.674%, 1/25/60 W	2,054,805	2,063,650
GCAT Trust 144A Ser. 20-NQM2, Class A3, 2.935%, 4/25/65	5,036,650	5,034,012
GCAT, LLC 144A Ser. 19-NQM1, Class A2, 3.241%, 2/25/59	2,100,561	2,126,354
GS Mortgage-Backed Securities Trust 144A Ser. 20-NQM1,
Class A3, 2.352%, 9/27/60 W	1,863,198	1,863,198
GSAA Home Equity Trust FRB Ser. 06-8, Class 2A2, (1 Month
US LIBOR + 0.18%), 0.329%, 5/25/36	528,402	190,115

40 Short Duration Bond Fund 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (31.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Residential mortgage-backed securities (non-agency) cont.
Home Re, Ltd. 144A FRB Ser. 18-1, Class M1, (1 Month US LIBOR
+ 1.60%), 1.749%, 10/25/28 (Bermuda)	$580,625	$573,638
Homeward Opportunities Fund I Trust 144A
Ser. 18-2, Class A2, 4.137%, 11/25/58 W	931,924	954,808
Ser. 18-1, Class A1, 3.78%, 6/25/48 W	1,663,454	1,669,058
Ser. 20-2, Class A1, 1.657%, 5/25/65 W	2,050,329	2,051,736
Legacy Mortgage Asset Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 19-GS7, Class A1, 3.25%, 11/25/59	4,748,030	4,748,030
FRB Ser. 20-GS1, Class A1, 2.882%, 10/25/59	4,775,947	4,759,231
Merrill Lynch Mortgage Investors Trust FRB Ser. 05-A2, Class A2,
3.786%, 2/25/35 W	70,749	73,510
MFRA Trust 144A Ser. 20-NQM1, Class A3, 2.30%, 8/25/49 W	3,285,324	3,301,356
Morgan Stanley Resecuritization Trust 144A Ser. 15-R4, Class CB1,
0.973%, 8/26/47 W	1,265,000	1,216,606
New Residential Mortgage Loan Trust 144A
Ser. 19-NQM4, Class A3, 2.797%, 9/25/59 W	3,668,969	3,719,601
Ser. 19-NQM4, Class A2, 2.644%, 9/25/59 W	1,440,682	1,476,987
FRB Ser. 18-4A, Class A1M, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.90%),
1.049%, 1/25/48	459,141	452,655
Nomura Resecuritization Trust 144A FRB Ser. 15-8R, Class 4A1,
(1 Month US LIBOR + 2.00%), 3.019%, 11/25/47	196,953	195,681
Oaktown Re II, Ltd. 144A FRB Ser. 18-1A, Class M1, (1 Month
US LIBOR + 1.55%), 1.699%, 7/25/28 (Bermuda)	164,210	162,874
Oaktown Re, Ltd. 144A FRB Ser. 17-1A, Class M2, (1 Month US LIBOR
+ 4.00%), 4.149%, 4/25/27 (Bermuda)	145,779	145,615
Onslow Bay Financial, LLC Trust 144A Ser. 18-EXP1, Class 1A3,
4.00%, 4/25/48 W	856,399	876,399
OSW Structured Asset Trust 144A FRB Ser. 20-RPL1, Class A1,
3.199%, 12/26/59	1,681,779	1,692,875
Park Place Securities, Inc. Asset-Backed Pass-Through Certificates
FRB Ser. 04-WCW2, Class M3, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.05%),
1.199%, 10/25/34	200,000	193,943
Pretium Mortgage Credit Partners, LLC 144A
FRB Ser. 20-RPL1, Class A1, 3.819%, 5/27/60	1,540,706	1,542,660
Ser. 20-RPL2, Class A1, 3.179%, 6/27/69	1,580,000	1,580,000
Radnor Re, Ltd. 144A
FRB Ser. 19-1, Class M2, (1 Month US LIBOR + 3.20%), 3.349%,
2/25/29 (Bermuda)	1,570,000	1,507,155
FRB Ser. 19-2, Class M1B, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.75%), 1.899%,
6/25/29 (Bermuda)	2,000,000	1,977,961
Residential Mortgage Loan Trust 144A Ser. 19-3, Class A2,
2.941%, 9/25/59 W	1,068,522	1,076,118
Starwood Mortgage Residential Trust 144A
Ser. 18-IMC1, Class A1, 3.793%, 3/25/48 W	1,833,236	1,843,725
Ser. 19-1, Class A3, 3.175%, 6/25/49 W	1,775,872	1,797,079
Ser. 19-INV1, Class A2, 2.865%, 9/27/49 W	2,643,435	2,681,736
FRB Ser. 20-2, Class A1, 2.718%, 4/25/60 W	6,142,563	6,166,085
Structured Asset Mortgage Investments II Trust FRB Ser. 07-AR7,
Class 1A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.85%), 0.999%, 5/25/47	503,260	387,741

Short Duration Bond Fund 41 

	Principal
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (31.1%)* cont.	amount	Value
Residential mortgage-backed securities (non-agency) cont.
Verus Securitization Trust 144A
Ser. 19-1, Class A3, 3.985%, 2/25/59 W	$1,406,090	$1,413,433
Ser. 2, Class A1, 3.635%, 6/1/58 W	801,154	805,104
Ser. 19-INV1, Class A2, 3.504%, 12/25/59 W	1,711,203	1,729,311
Ser. 19-2, Class A1, 3.211%, 5/25/59 W	221,161	223,340
Ser. 19-INV3, Class A3, 3.10%, 11/25/59 W	2,370,139	2,405,684
		323,118,949
Total mortgage-backed securities (cost $645,616,595)		$627,276,607
	Principal
ASSET-BACKED SECURITIES (3.3%)*	amount	Value
1Sharpe Mortgage Trust 144A FRB Ser. 20-1, Class NOTE, (BBA
LIBOR USD 3 Month + 2.90%), 3.125%, 7/25/24	$3,734,000	$3,743,335
Cascade Funding Mortgage Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 19-HB1, Class HB1, 4.489%, 12/25/29 W	2,470,000	1,963,650
FRB Ser. 19-HB1, Class HB1, 3.257%, 12/25/29 W	2,600,000	2,596,880
Mello Warehouse Securitization Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 20-1, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.90%),
1.049%, 10/25/53	2,178,000	2,178,000
FRB Ser. 19-1, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.80%),
0.949%, 6/25/52	1,338,000	1,331,310
Mortgage Repurchase Agreement Financing Trust FRB Ser. 20-4,
Class A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.35%), 1.495%, 4/23/23	2,462,000	2,458,923
Mortgage Repurchase Agreement Financing Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 20-2, Class A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.75%),
1.897%, 5/29/22	4,000,000	3,995,000
FRB Ser. 20-5, Class A1, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.00%),
zero %, 8/10/23	3,164,000	3,164,000
MRA Issuance Trust 144A FRB Ser. 20-2, Class A2, (1 Month
US LIBOR + 1.45%), 1.599%, 7/21/21	4,056,000	4,056,000
Nationstar HECM Loan Trust 144A Ser. 19-2A, Class M3,
3.131%, 11/25/29 W	4,500,000	4,487,184
RMF Buyout Issuance Trust 144A
Ser. 20-2, Class M1, 2.149%, 6/25/30 W	1,656,000	1,667,592
Ser. 20-HB1, Class A1, 1.719%, 10/25/50 W	1,774,000	1,774,000
Ser. 20-2, Class A, 1.706%, 6/25/30 W	3,541,819	3,566,612
Station Place Securitization Trust 144A
FRB Ser. 20-6, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.75%),
1.899%, 9/7/21	4,248,000	4,248,000
FRB Ser. 20-13, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.50%),
1.649%, 10/10/21	4,403,000	4,403,000
FRB Ser. 20-WL1, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.15%),
1.299%, 6/25/51	3,095,000	3,095,000
FRB Ser. 20-2, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 0.83%),
0.979%, 3/26/21	3,837,000	3,837,000
FRB Ser. 20-15, Class A, (1 Month US LIBOR + 1.37%),
zero %, 12/10/21	4,371,000	4,371,000

42 Short Duration Bond Fund 

		Principal
ASSET-BACKED SECURITIES (3.3%)* cont.		amount	Value
Toorak Mortgage Corp., Ltd. 144A
Ser. 19-1, Class A1, 4.336%, 3/25/22 W		$2,500,000	$2,537,500
Ser. 20-1, Class A1, 3.25%, 3/25/23 W		5,990,000	6,056,597
Towd Point Asset Trust 144A FRB Ser. 18-SL1, Class A, (1 Month
US LIBOR + 0.60%), 0.749%, 1/25/46		353,553	351,365
Total asset-backed securities (cost $66,268,899)			$65,881,948
		Principal
U.S. TREASURY OBLIGATIONS (—%)*		amount	Value
U.S. Treasury Notes 0.25%, 5/31/25 i		$135,000	$134,587
Total U.S. treasury obligations (cost $134,587)			$134,587
	Principal amount/
SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS (18.1%)*		shares	Value
Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. commercial paper
0.230%, 11/18/20		$6,000,000	$5,998,904
Enbridge US, Inc. commercial paper 0.205%, 11/30/20		4,000,000	3,999,342
ETP Legacy LP commercial paper 0.600%, 11/2/20		6,000,000	5,999,800
General Motors Financial Co., Inc. commercial paper
0.450%, 11/2/20		6,000,000	5,999,771
Putnam Short Term Investment Fund Class P 0.17% L	Shares	330,272,212	330,272,212
State Street Institutional U.S. Government Money Market Fund,
Premier Class 0.03% P	Shares	460,000	460,000
Suncor Energy, Inc. commercial paper 0.230%, 12/8/20		$2,000,000	1,999,575
Suncor Energy, Inc. commercial paper 0.250%, 11/23/20		4,500,000	4,499,442
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.108%, 12/3/20 ∆ §		3,100,000	3,099,773
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.104%, 12/8/20 ∆ §		200,000	199,983
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.096%, 11/5/20 ∆ §		900,000	899,995
U.S. Treasury Bills 0.087%, 12/22/20 §		500,000	499,939
U.S. Treasury Cash Management Bills 0.092%, 1/5/21 §		600,000	599,904
Total short-term investments (cost $364,529,083)			$364,528,640
TOTAL INVESTMENTS
Total investments (cost $2,017,948,476)			$2,028,772,697

Key to holding’s abbreviations

BKNT	Bank Note
bp	Basis Points
FRB	Floating Rate Bonds: the rate shown is the current interest rate at the close of the reporting period. Rates may
	be subject to a cap or floor. For certain securities, the rate may represent a fixed rate currently in place at the
	close of the reporting period.
FRN	Floating Rate Notes: the rate shown is the current interest rate or yield at the close of the reporting period.
	Rates may be subject to a cap or floor. For certain securities, the rate may represent a fixed rate currently in
	place at the close of the reporting period.
GMTN	Global Medium Term Notes
IFB	Inverse Floating Rate Bonds, which are securities that pay interest rates that vary inversely to changes in the
	market interest rates. As interest rates rise, inverse floaters produce less current income. The rate shown is
	the current interest rate at the close of the reporting period. Rates may be subject to a cap or floor.
IO	Interest Only
MTN	Medium Term Notes
OTC	Over-the-counter
PO	Principal Only

Short Duration Bond Fund 43 

Notes to the fund’s portfolio

Unless noted otherwise, the notes to the fund’s portfolio are for the close of the fund’s reporting period, which ran from November 1, 2019 through October 31, 2020 (the reporting period). Within the following notes to the portfolio, references to “Putnam Management” represent Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the fund’s manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments, LLC and references to “ASC 820” represent Accounting Standards Codification 820 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures.

^* Percentages indicated are based on net assets of $2,019,221,010.

^† This security is non-income-producing.

^∆∆ This security is restricted with regard to public resale. The total fair value of this security and any other restricted securities (excluding 144A securities), if any, held at the close of the reporting period was $6,826,229, or 0.3% of net assets.

^∆ This security, in part or in entirety, was pledged and segregated with the custodian for collateral on certain derivative contracts at the close of the reporting period. Collateral at period end totaled $647,964 and is included in Investments in securities on the Statement of assets and liabilities (Notes 1 and 8).

^§ This security, in part or in entirety, was pledged and segregated with the custodian for collateral on the initial margin on certain centrally cleared derivative contracts at the close of the reporting period. Collateral at period end totaled $4,583,536 and is included in Investments in securities on the Statement of assets and liabilities (Notes 1 and 8).

ⁱ This security was pledged, or purchased with cash that was pledged, to the fund for collateral on certain derivative contracts (Note 1).

^L Affiliated company (Note 5). The rate quoted in the security description is the annualized 7-day yield of the fund at the close of the reporting period.

^P This security was pledged, or purchased with cash that was pledged, to the fund for collateral on certain derivative contracts. The rate quoted in the security description is the annualized 7-day yield of the fund at the close of the reporting period.

^R Real Estate Investment Trust.

^W The rate shown represents the weighted average coupon associated with the underlying mortgage pools. Rates may be subject to a cap or floor.

At the close of the reporting period, the fund maintained liquid assets totaling $3,778,206 to cover certain derivative contracts and the settlement of certain securities.

Unless otherwise noted, the rates quoted in Short-term investments security descriptions represent the weighted average yield to maturity.

Debt obligations are considered secured unless otherwise indicated.

144A after the name of an issuer represents securities exempt from registration under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. These securities may be resold in transactions exempt from registration, normally to qualified institutional buyers.

The dates shown on debt obligations are the original maturity dates.

CENTRALLY CLEARED INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/20
		Upfront
		premium				Unrealized
		received	Termination	Payments	Payments	appreciation/
Notional amount	Value	(paid)	date	made by fund	received by fund	(depreciation)
$863,230,000	$60,426 E	$(550,025)	12/16/22	3 month USD-	0.25% —	$(489,599)
				LIBOR-BBA —	Semiannually
				Quarterly
342,722,000	1,929,525 E	(33,415)	12/16/25	0.35% —	3 month USD-	1,896,110
				Semiannually	LIBOR-BBA —
					Quarterly
Total		$(583,440)				$1,406,511

^E Extended effective date.

44 Short Duration Bond Fund 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION SOLD at 10/31/20
		Upfront
		premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/		received	Notional		nation	received	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	Rating***	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Bank of America N.A.
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	$2,939	$43,000	$13,936	5/11/63	300 bp —	$(10,972)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	5,604	93,000	30,141	5/11/63	300 bp —	(24,483)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	11,483	186,000	60,283	5/11/63	300 bp —	(48,692)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	10,944	192,000	62,227	5/11/63	300 bp —	(51,171)
Index						Monthly
Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.
CMBX NA BB.6	B+/P	16,784	117,000	58,687	5/11/63	500 bp —	(41,790)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7	B+/P	1,123	22,000	9,803	1/17/47	500 bp —	(8,659)
Index						Monthly
Credit Suisse International
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	282	3,000	972	5/11/63	300 bp —	(689)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7	BB+/P	42,427	574,000	143,270	1/17/47	300 bp —	(100,508)
Index						Monthly
Goldman Sachs International
CMBX NA A.7	A-/P	1,714	34,000	3,686	1/17/47	200 bp —	(1,958)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	216	2,000	648	5/11/63	300 bp —	(431)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	4,019	37,000	11,992	5/11/63	300 bp —	(7,951)
Index						Monthly
JPMorgan Securities LLC
CMBX NA BB.6	B+/P	22,651	44,000	22,070	5/11/63	500 bp —	624
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7	B+/P	627,249	1,281,000	570,814	1/17/47	500 bp —	57,680
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	639	2,000	648	5/11/63	300 bp —	(8)
Index						Monthly
Merrill Lynch International
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	89	1,000	324	5/11/63	300 bp —	(234)
Index						Monthly
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC
CMBX NA A.7	A-/P	(6)	6,000	650	1/17/47	200 bp —	(654)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.6	B+/P	9,332	38,000	19,061	5/11/63	500 bp —	(9,692)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BB.6	B+/P	18,481	75,000	37,620	5/11/63	500 bp —	(19,066)
Index						Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6	BB/P	729	11,000	3,565	5/11/63	300 bp —	(2,830)
Index						Monthly
Upfront premium received		776,705		Unrealized appreciation			58,304
Upfront premium (paid)		(6)		Unrealized (depreciation)			(329,788)
Total		$776,699		Total			$(271,484)

Short Duration Bond Fund 45 

^* Payments related to the referenced debt are made upon a credit default event.

^** Upfront premium is based on the difference between the original spread on issue and the market spread on day of execution.

^*** Ratings for an underlying index represent the average of the ratings of all the securities included in that index. The Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s or Fitch ratings are believed to be the most recent ratings available at October 31, 2020. Securities rated by Fitch are indicated by “/F.” Securities rated by Putnam are indicated by “/P.” The Putnam rating categories are comparable to the Standard & Poor’s classifications.

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION PURCHASED at 10/31/20
	Upfront
	premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/	received	Notional		nation	(paid)	appreciation/
Referenced debt *	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.
CMBX NA A.7 Index	$(297)	$40,000	$4,336	1/17/47	(200 bp) —	$4,024
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(11,148)	108,000	47,876	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	36,624
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6 Index	(9,679)	152,000	49,263	5/11/63	(300 bp) —	39,495
					Monthly
Credit Suisse International
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(52,019)	282,000	125,659	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	73,366
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(42,273)	257,000	114,519	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	71,996
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(3,989)	226,000	113,362	5/11/63	(500 bp) —	109,059
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.9 Index	(301)	3,000	1,330	9/17/58	(500 bp) —	1,026
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.6 Index	(49,505)	418,000	135,474	5/11/63	(300 bp) —	85,725
					Monthly
Goldman Sachs International
CMBX NA BB.6 Index	(4,910)	48,000	24,077	5/11/63	(500 bp) —	19,120
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(4,086)	27,000	12,031	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	7,919
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(15,401)	94,000	41,886	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	26,394
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(5,685)	28,000	12,477	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	6,764
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7 Index	(8,458)	104,000	25,958	1/17/47	(300 bp) —	17,440
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7 Index	(135)	2,000	499	1/17/47	(300 bp) —	363
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7 Index	(69)	1,000	250	1/17/47	(300 bp) —	180
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7 Index	(68)	1,000	250	1/17/47	(300 bp) —	181
					Monthly
JPMorgan Securities LLC
CMBX NA BBB–.7 Index	(96,488)	411,000	102,586	1/17/47	(300 bp) —	5,858
					Monthly

46 Short Duration Bond Fund 

OTC CREDIT DEFAULT CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING — PROTECTION PURCHASED at 10/31/20 cont.
	Upfront
	premium			Termi-	Payments	Unrealized
Swap counterparty/	received	Notional		nation	(paid)	appreciation/
Referenced debt*	(paid)**	amount	Value	date	by fund	(depreciation)
Merrill Lynch International
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	$(58,463)	$337,000	$150,167	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	$91,377
					Monthly
CMBX NA BBB–.7 Index	(82)	1,000	250	1/17/47	(300 bp) —	167
					Monthly
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(24,622)	122,000	54,363	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	29,623
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(15,619)	81,000	36,094	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	20,396
					Monthly
CMBX NA BB.7 Index	(15,083)	75,000	33,420	1/17/47	(500 bp) —	18,264
					Monthly
Upfront premium received	—		Unrealized appreciation			665,361
Upfront premium (paid)	(418,380)		Unrealized (depreciation)			—
Total	$(418,380)		Total			$665,361

^* Payments related to the referenced debt are made upon a credit default event.

^** Upfront premium is based on the difference between the original spread on issue and the market spread on day of execution.

ASC 820 establishes a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of the fund’s investments. The three levels are defined as follows:

Level 1: Valuations based on quoted prices for identical securities in active markets.

Level 2: Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

The following is a summary of the inputs used to value the fund’s net assets as of the close of the reporting period:

			Valuation inputs
Investments in securities:	Level 1	Level 2		Level 3
Asset-backed securities	$—	$65,881,948		$—
Corporate bonds and notes	—	970,950,915		—
Mortgage-backed securities	—	627,276,607		—
U.S. treasury obligations	—	134,587		—
Short-term investments	330,732,212	33,796,428		—
Totals by level	$330,732,212	$1,698,040,485		$—
			Valuation inputs
Other financial instruments:	Level 1	Level 2		Level 3
Interest rate swap contracts	$—	$1,989,951		$—
Credit default contracts	—	35,558		—
Totals by level	$—	$2,025,509		$—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Short Duration Bond Fund 47 

Statement of assets and liabilities 10/31/20

ASSETS
Investment in securities, at value (Notes 1 and 8):
Unaffiliated issuers (identified cost $1,687,676,264)	$1,698,500,485
Affiliated issuers (identified cost $330,272,212) (Note 5)	330,272,212
Cash	524,167
Interest and other receivables	10,047,318
Receivable for shares of the fund sold	15,795,069
Receivable for investments sold	1,196,528
Receivable for variation margin on centrally cleared swap contracts (Note 1)	143,984
Unrealized appreciation on OTC swap contracts (Note 1)	723,665
Premium paid on OTC swap contracts (Note 1)	418,386
Total assets	2,057,621,814
LIABILITIES
Payable for investments purchased	24,434,447
Payable for shares of the fund repurchased	10,412,470
Payable for compensation of Manager (Note 2)	1,470,553
Payable for Trustee compensation and expenses (Note 2)	47,671
Payable for distribution fees (Note 2)	280,649
Payable for variation margin on centrally cleared swap contracts (Note 1)	32,264
Unrealized depreciation on OTC swap contracts (Note 1)	329,788
Premium received on OTC swap contracts (Note 1)	776,705
Collateral on certain derivative contracts, at value (Notes 1 and 8)	594,587
Other accrued expenses	21,670
Total liabilities	38,400,804
Net assets	$2,019,221,010
REPRESENTED BY
Paid-in capital (Unlimited shares authorized) (Notes 1 and 4)	$2,015,717,799
Total distributable earnings (Note 1)	3,503,211
Total — Representing net assets applicable to capital shares outstanding	$2,019,221,010

(Continued on next page)

48 Short Duration Bond Fund 

Statement of assets and liabilities cont.

COMPUTATION OF NET ASSET VALUE AND OFFERING PRICE
Net asset value and redemption price per class A share
($1,208,656,431 divided by 118,385,364 shares)	$10.21
Offering price per class A share (100/97.75 of $10.21)*	$10.45
Net asset value and offering price per class B share ($1,326,963 divided by 130,135 shares)**	$10.20
Net asset value and offering price per class C share ($30,750,827 divided by 3,020,234 shares)**	$10.18
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class R share
($1,167,449 divided by 113,789 shares)	$10.26
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class R6 share
($8,495,706 divided by 828,623 shares)	$10.25
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class Y share
($768,823,634 divided by 75,182,401 shares)	$10.23

^* On single retail sales of less than $100,000. On sales of $100,000 or more the offering price is reduced.

^** Redemption price per share is equal to net asset value less any applicable contingent deferred sales charge.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Short Duration Bond Fund 49 

Statement of operations Year ended 10/31/20

INVESTMENT INCOME
Interest (including interest income of $1,957,292 from investments in affiliated issuers) (Note 5)	$37,712,987
Total investment income	37,712,987
EXPENSES
Compensation of Manager (Note 2)	5,556,866
Distribution fees (Note 2)	2,628,871
Other	17,861
Total expenses	8,203,598
Expense reduction (Note 2)	(11,558)
Net expenses	8,192,040
Net investment income	29,520,947
REALIZED AND UNREALIZED GAIN (LOSS)
Net realized gain (loss) on:
Securities from unaffiliated issuers (Notes 1 and 3)	2,676,198
Swap contracts (Note 1)	(280,972)
Total net realized gain	2,395,226
Change in net unrealized appreciation on:
Securities from unaffiliated issuers	2,109,433
Swap contracts	1,664,467
Total change in net unrealized appreciation	3,773,900
Net gain on investments	6,169,126
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations	$35,690,073

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

50 Short Duration Bond Fund 

Statement of changes in net assets

INCREASE IN NET ASSETS	Year ended 10/31/20	Year ended 10/31/19
Operations
Net investment income	$29,520,947	$16,747,128
Net realized gain (loss) on investments	2,395,226	(1,001,868)
Change in net unrealized appreciation of investments	3,773,900	10,963,627
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations	35,690,073	26,708,887
Distributions to shareholders (Note 1):
From ordinary income
Net investment income
Class A	(18,189,542)	(10,019,054)
Class B	(18,031)	(22,552)
Class C	(307,022)	(411,595)
Class M	(3,316)	(63,764)
Class R	(16,074)	(12,239)
Class R6	(124,636)	(58,853)
Class Y	(11,187,226)	(7,199,090)
From return of capital
Class A	—	(364,158)
Class B	—	(820)
Class C	—	(14,960)
Class M	—	(2,318)
Class R	—	(445)
Class R6	—	(2,139)
Class Y	—	(261,663)
Increase from capital share transactions (Note 4)	1,006,540,513	792,558,474
Total increase in net assets	1,012,384,739	800,833,711
NET ASSETS
Beginning of year	1,006,836,271	206,002,560
End of year	$2,019,221,010	$1,006,836,271

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Short Duration Bond Fund 51 

Financial highlights (For a common share outstanding throughout the period)

	INVESTMENT OPERATIONS				LESS DISTRIBUTIONS					RATIOS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
												Ratio of net
	Net asset		Net realized		From						Ratio	investment
	value,		and unrealized	Total from	net			Net asset	Total return	Net assets,	of expenses	income (loss)	Portfolio
	beginning	Net investment	gain (loss)	investment	investment	From	Total	value, end	at net asset	end of period	to average	to average	turnover
Period ended	of period	income (loss)	on investments	operations	income	return of capital	distributions	of period	value (%)b	(in thousands)	net assets (%)c	net assets (%)	(%)
Class A
October 31, 2020	$10.15	.20	.06	.26	(.20)	—	(.20)	$10.21	2.61	$1,208,656	.62	1.89	19
October 31, 2019	10.01	.28a	.19	.47	(.32)	(.01)	(.33)	10.15	4.78	612,829	.62	2.75	18
October 31, 2018	10.15	.27a	(.09)	.18	(.32)	—	(.32)	10.01	1.80	105,367	.65	2.67	386d
October 31, 2017	10.04	.24a	.11	.35	(.24)	—	(.24)	10.15	3.60	74,649	.65	2.40	256d
October 31, 2016	10.07	.21a	(.08)	.13	(.16)	—	(.16)	10.04	1.29	90,313	.62	2.11	129d
Class B
October 31, 2020	$10.14	.18	.06	.24	(.18)	—	(.18)	$10.20	2.41	$1,327	.82	1.70	19
October 31, 2019	10.00	.26a	.19	.45	(.30)	(.01)	(.31)	10.14	4.55	909	.82	2.62	18
October 31, 2018	10.10	.25a	(.08)	.17	(.27)	—	(.27)	10.00	1.71	711	.85	2.46	386d
October 31, 2017	10.00	.22a	.11	.33	(.23)	—	(.23)	10.10	3.34	1,212	.85	2.19	256d
October 31, 2016	10.03	.19a	(.09)	.10	(.13)	—	(.13)	10.00	1.01	1,633	.82	1.92	129d
Class C
October 31, 2020	$10.12	.12	.06	.18	(.12)	—	(.12)	$10.18	1.85	$30,751	1.37	1.17	19
October 31, 2019	9.98	.21a	.18	.39	(.24)	(.01)	(.25)	10.12	4.00	20,930	1.37	2.08	18
October 31, 2018	10.06	.19a	(.08)	.11	(.19)	—	(.19)	9.98	1.09	12,518	1.40	1.92	386d
October 31, 2017	9.95	.16a	.11	.27	(.16)	—	(.16)	10.06	2.71	15,086	1.40	1.64	256d
October 31, 2016	9.98	.13a	(.08)	.05	(.08)	—	(.08)	9.95	.53	19,601	1.37	1.37	129d
Class R
October 31, 2020	$10.20	.17	.07	.24	(.18)	—	(.18)	$10.26	2.35	$1,167	.87	1.63	19
October 31, 2019	10.06	.27a	.17	.44	(.29)	(.01)	(.30)	10.20	4.49	426	.87	2.64	18
October 31, 2018	10.19	.24a	(.08)	.16	(.29)	—	(.29)	10.06	1.58	341	.90	2.41	386d
October 31, 2017	10.09	.24a	.09	.33	(.23)	—	(.23)	10.19	3.36	482	.90	2.33	256d
October 31, 2016	10.00	.19a	(.10)	.09	—	—	—	10.09	.90	286	.87	1.98	129d
Class R6
October 31, 2020	$10.19	.22	.07	.29	(.23)	—	(.23)	$10.25	2.86	$8,496	.37	2.14	19
October 31, 2019	10.05	.29a	.20	.49	(.34)	(.01)	(.35)	10.19	5.01	4,326	.37	2.87	18
October 31, 2018	10.21	.30a	(.09)	.21	(.37)	—	(.37)	10.05	2.08	635	.40	2.94	386d
October 31, 2017	10.10	.27a	.11	.38	(.27)	—	(.27)	10.21	3.87	452	.40	2.68	256d
October 31, 2016	10.13	.24a	(.09)	.15	(.18)	—	(.18)	10.10	1.55	530	.37	2.38	129d
Class Y
October 31, 2020	$10.16	.22	.08	.30	(.23)	—	(.23)	$10.23	2.97	$768,824	.37	2.11	19
October 31, 2019	10.02	.30a	.19	.49	(.34)	(.01)	(.35)	10.16	5.03	365,277	.37	3.01	18
October 31, 2018	10.19	.30a	(.10)	.20	(.37)	—	(.37)	10.02	1.99	84,601	.40	2.95	386d
October 31, 2017	10.08	.27a	.11	.38	(.27)	—	(.27)	10.19	3.88	70,567	.40	2.71	256d
October 31, 2016	10.11	.24a	(.09)	.15	(.18)	—	(.18)	10.08	1.55	64,053	.37	2.39	129d

See notes to financial highlights at the end of this section.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

52 Short Duration Bond Fund  Short Duration Bond Fund 53 

Financial highlights cont.

Before June 1, 2018, the fund was managed with a materially different investment strategy and may have achieved materially different performance results under its current investment strategy from that shown for periods before that date.

^a Per share net investment income (loss) has been determined on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period.

^b Total return assumes dividend reinvestment and does not reflect the effect of sales charges.

^c Includes amounts paid through expense offset arrangements, if any (Note 2). Also excludes acquired fund fees, if any.

^d Portfolio turnover includes TBA purchase and sale commitments.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

54 Short Duration Bond Fund 

Notes to financial statements 10/31/20

Within the following Notes to financial statements, references to “State Street” represent State Street Bank and Trust Company, references to “the SEC” represent the Securities and Exchange Commission, references to “Putnam Management” represent Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the fund’s manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments, LLC and references to “OTC”, if any, represent over-the-counter. Unless otherwise noted, the “reporting period” represents the period from November 1, 2019 through October 31, 2020.

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund (the fund) is a diversified series of Putnam Funds Trust (the Trust), a Massachusetts business trust registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, as an open-end management investment company. The goal of the fund is to seek as high a rate of current income as Putnam Management believes is consistent with preservation of capital. The fund invests in a diversified portfolio of fixed income securities. The fund’s investments may include corporate credit, including investment-grade debt, below-investment-grade debt (sometimes referred to as “junk bonds”), bank loans and structured credit; sovereign debt, including obligations of governments in developed and emerging markets; and securitized assets, including asset-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities (which may be backed by non-qualified or “sub-prime” mortgages), commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. Under normal circumstances, the fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets in bonds (bonds include any debt instrument, and may be represented by other investment instruments, including derivatives). This policy may be changed only after 60 days’ notice to shareholders. The fund normally maintains an effective duration of three years or less. Effective duration provides a measure of a fund’s interest-rate sensitivity. The longer a fund’s duration, the more sensitive the fund is to shifts in interest rates. Putnam Management may consider, among other factors, credit, interest rate and prepayment risks, as well as general market conditions, when deciding whether to buy or sell investments. The fund may also use derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions and swap contracts, for both hedging and non-hedging purposes. The fund may invest in securities that are purchased in private placements, which may be illiquid because they are subject to restrictions on resale.

The fund offers class A, class B, class C, class R, class R6 and class Y shares. Effective November 25, 2019, all class M shares were converted to class A shares and are no longer available for purchase. Purchases of class B shares are closed to new and existing investors except by exchange from class B shares of another Putnam fund or through dividend and/or capital gains reinvestment. Class A shares are sold with a maximum front-end sales charge of 2.25%. Class A shares generally are not subject to a contingent deferred sales charge, and class R, class R6 and class Y shares are not subject to a contingent deferred sales charge. Prior to November 25, 2019, class M shares were sold with a maximum front-end sales charge of 0.75% and were not subject to a contingent deferred sales charge. Class B shares, which convert to class A shares after approximately eight years, are not subject to a front-end sales charge and are subject to a contingent deferred sales charge if those shares are redeemed within two years of purchase. Class C shares are subject to a one-year 1.00% contingent deferred sales charge and generally convert to class A shares after approximately ten years. Class R shares, which are not available to all investors, are sold at net asset value. The expenses for class A, class B, class C and class R shares may differ based on the distribution fee of each class, which is identified in Note 2. Class R6 and class Y shares, which are sold at net asset value, are generally subject to the same expenses as class A, class B, class C and class R shares, but do not bear a distribution fee, and in the case of class R6 shares, bear a lower investor servicing fee, which is identified in Note 2. Class R6 and class Y shares are not available to all investors.

In the normal course of business, the fund enters into contracts that may include agreements to indemnify another party under given circumstances. The fund’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown as this would involve future claims that may be, but have not yet been, made against the fund. However, the fund’s management team expects the risk of material loss to be remote.

The fund has entered into contractual arrangements with an investment adviser, administrator, distributor, shareholder servicing agent and custodian, who each provide services to the fund. Unless expressly stated otherwise, shareholders are not parties to, or intended beneficiaries of these contractual arrangements, and these contractual arrangements are not intended to create any shareholder right to enforce them against the service providers or to seek any remedy under them against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the fund.

Under the fund’s Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust, any claims asserted against or on behalf of the Putnam Funds, including claims against Trustees and Officers, must be brought in state and federal courts located within the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Short Duration Bond Fund 55 

Note 1: Significant accounting policies

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies consistently followed by the fund in the preparation of its financial statements. The preparation of financial statements is in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the reported amounts of increases and decreases in net assets from operations. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Subsequent events after the Statement of assets and liabilities date through the date that the financial statements were issued have been evaluated in the preparation of the financial statements.

Investment income, realized and unrealized gains and losses and expenses of the fund are borne pro-rata based on the relative net assets of each class to the total net assets of the fund, except that each class bears expenses unique to that class (including the distribution fees applicable to such classes). Each class votes as a class only with respect to its own distribution plan or other matters on which a class vote is required by law or determined by the Trustees. If the fund were liquidated, shares of each class would receive their pro-rata share of the net assets of the fund. In addition, the Trustees declare separate dividends on each class of shares.

Security valuation Portfolio securities and other investments are valued using policies and procedures adopted by the Board of Trustees. The Trustees have formed a Pricing Committee to oversee the implementation of these procedures and have delegated responsibility for valuing the fund’s assets in accordance with these procedures to Putnam Management. Putnam Management has established an internal Valuation Committee that is responsible for making fair value determinations, evaluating the effectiveness of the pricing policies of the fund and reporting to the Pricing Committee.

Market quotations are not considered to be readily available for certain debt obligations (including short-term investments with remaining maturities of 60 days or less) and other investments; such investments are valued on the basis of valuations furnished by an independent pricing service approved by the Trustees or dealers selected by Putnam Management. Such services or dealers determine valuations for normal institutional-size trading units of such securities using methods based on market transactions for comparable securities and various relationships, generally recognized by institutional traders, between securities (which consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities and ratings). These securities will generally be categorized as Level 2. Securities quoted in foreign currencies, if any, are translated into U.S. dollars at the current exchange rate.

Investments in open-end investment companies (excluding exchange-traded funds), if any, which can be classified as Level 1 or Level 2 securities, are valued based on their net asset value. The net asset value of such investment companies equals the total value of their assets less their liabilities and divided by the number of their outstanding shares.

To the extent a pricing service or dealer is unable to value a security or provides a valuation that Putnam Management does not believe accurately reflects the security’s fair value, the security will be valued at fair value by Putnam Management in accordance with policies and procedures approved by the Trustees. Certain investments, including certain restricted and illiquid securities and derivatives, are also valued at fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees. These valuations consider such factors as significant market or specific security events such as interest rate or credit quality changes, various relationships with other securities, discount rates, U.S. Treasury, U.S. swap and credit yields, index levels, convexity exposures, recovery rates, sales and other multiples and resale restrictions. These securities are classified as Level 2 or as Level 3 depending on the priority of the significant inputs.

To assess the continuing appropriateness of fair valuations, the Valuation Committee reviews and affirms the reasonableness of such valuations on a regular basis after considering all relevant information that is reasonably available. Such valuations and procedures are reviewed periodically by the Trustees. Certain securities may be valued on the basis of a price provided by a single source. The fair value of securities is generally determined as the amount that the fund could reasonably expect to realize from an orderly disposition of such securities over a reasonable period of time. By its nature, a fair value price is a good faith estimate of the value of a security in a current sale and does not reflect an actual market price, which may be different by a material amount.

Joint trading account Pursuant to an exemptive order from the SEC, the fund may transfer uninvested cash balances into a joint trading account along with the cash of other registered investment companies and certain other accounts managed by Putnam Management. These balances may be invested in issues of short-term investments having maturities of up to 90 days.

Repurchase agreements The fund, or any joint trading account, through its custodian, receives delivery of the underlying securities, the fair value of which at the time of purchase is required to be in an amount at least equal

56 Short Duration Bond Fund 

to the resale price, including accrued interest. Collateral for certain tri-party repurchase agreements, is held at the counterparty’s custodian in a segregated account for the benefit of the fund and the counterparty. Putnam Management is responsible for determining that the value of these underlying securities is at all times at least equal to the resale price, including accrued interest. In the event of default or bankruptcy by the other party to the agreement, retention of the collateral may be subject to legal proceedings.

Security transactions and related investment income Security transactions are recorded on the trade date (the date the order to buy or sell is executed). Gains or losses on securities sold are determined on the identified cost basis.

Interest income, net of any applicable withholding taxes, if any, and including amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts on debt securities, is recorded on the accrual basis.

Stripped securities The fund may invest in stripped securities which represent a participation in securities that may be structured in classes with rights to receive different portions of the interest and principal. Interest-only securities receive all of the interest and principal-only securities receive all of the principal. If the interest-only securities experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in these securities. Conversely, principal-only securities increase in value if prepayments are greater than anticipated and decline if prepayments are slower than anticipated. The fair value of these securities is highly sensitive to changes in interest rates.

Interest rate swap contracts The fund entered into OTC and/or centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts, which are arrangements between two parties to exchange cash flows based on a notional principal amount, for hedging term structure risk, for yield curve positioning and for gaining exposure to rates in various countries.

An OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap can be purchased or sold with an upfront premium. For OTC interest rate swap contracts, an upfront payment received by the fund is recorded as a liability on the fund’s books. An upfront payment made by the fund is recorded as an asset on the fund’s books. OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts are marked to market daily based upon quotations from an independent pricing service or market makers. Any change is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss on OTC interest rate swaps. Daily fluctuations in the value of centrally cleared interest rate swaps are settled through a central clearing agent and are recorded in variation margin on the Statement of assets and liabilities and recorded as unrealized gain or loss. Payments, including upfront premiums, received or made are recorded as realized gains or losses at the reset date or the closing of the contract. Certain OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts may include extended effective dates. Payments related to these swap contracts are accrued based on the terms of the contract.

The fund could be exposed to credit or market risk due to unfavorable changes in the fluctuation of interest rates or if the counterparty defaults, in the case of OTC interest rate contracts, or the central clearing agency or a clearing member defaults, in the case of centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts, on its respective obligation to perform under the contract. The fund’s maximum risk of loss from counterparty risk or central clearing risk is the fair value of the contract. This risk may be mitigated for OTC interest rate swap contracts by having a master netting arrangement between the fund and the counterparty and for centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts through the daily exchange of variation margin. There is minimal counterparty risk with respect to centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts due to the clearinghouse guarantee fund and other resources that are available in the event of a clearing member default. Risk of loss may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts outstanding, including their respective notional amounts at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Credit default contracts The fund entered into OTC and/or centrally cleared credit default contracts for hedging credit risk, for gaining liquid exposure to individual names, for hedging market risk and for gaining exposure to specific sectors.

In OTC and centrally cleared credit default contracts, the protection buyer typically makes a periodic stream of payments to a counterparty, the protection seller, in exchange for the right to receive a contingent payment upon the occurrence of a credit event on the reference obligation or all other equally ranked obligations of the reference entity. Credit events are contract specific but may include bankruptcy, failure to pay, restructuring and obligation acceleration. For OTC credit default contracts, an upfront payment received by the fund is recorded as a liability on the fund’s books. An upfront payment made by the fund is recorded as an asset on the fund’s books. Centrally cleared credit default contracts provide the same rights to the protection buyer and seller except the payments between parties, including upfront premiums, are settled through a central clearing agent through

Short Duration Bond Fund 57 

variation margin payments. Upfront and periodic payments received or paid by the fund for OTC and centrally cleared credit default contracts are recorded as realized gains or losses at the reset date or close of the contract. The OTC and centrally cleared credit default contracts are marked to market daily based upon quotations from an independent pricing service or market makers. Any change in value of OTC credit default contracts is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss. Daily fluctuations in the value of centrally cleared credit default contracts are recorded in variation margin on the Statement of assets and liabilities and recorded as unrealized gain or loss. Upon the occurrence of a credit event, the difference between the par value and fair value of the reference obligation, net of any proportional amount of the upfront payment, is recorded as a realized gain or loss.

In addition to bearing the risk that the credit event will occur, the fund could be exposed to market risk due to unfavorable changes in interest rates or in the price of the underlying security or index or the possibility that the fund may be unable to close out its position at the same time or at the same price as if it had purchased the underlying reference obligations. In certain circumstances, the fund may enter into offsetting OTC and centrally cleared credit default contracts which would mitigate its risk of loss. Risks of loss may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities. The fund’s maximum risk of loss from counterparty risk, either as the protection seller or as the protection buyer, is the fair value of the contract. This risk may be mitigated for OTC credit default contracts by having a master netting arrangement between the fund and the counterparty and for centrally cleared credit default contracts through the daily exchange of variation margin. Counterparty risk is further mitigated with respect to centrally cleared credit default swap contracts due to the clearinghouse guarantee fund and other resources that are available in the event of a clearing member default. Where the fund is a seller of protection, the maximum potential amount of future payments the fund may be required to make is equal to the notional amount.

OTC and centrally cleared credit default contracts outstanding, including their respective notional amounts at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Master agreements The fund is a party to ISDA (International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc.) Master Agreements that govern OTC derivative and foreign exchange contracts and Master Securities Forward Transaction Agreements that govern transactions involving mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities that may result in delayed delivery (Master Agreements) with certain counterparties entered into from time to time. The Master Agreements may contain provisions regarding, among other things, the parties’ general obligations, representations, agreements, collateral requirements, events of default and early termination. With respect to certain counterparties, in accordance with the terms of the Master Agreements, collateral posted to the fund is held in a segregated account by the fund’s custodian and, with respect to those amounts which can be sold or repledged, are presented in the fund’s portfolio.

Collateral pledged by the fund is segregated by the fund’s custodian and identified in the fund’s portfolio. Collateral can be in the form of cash or debt securities issued by the U.S. Government or related agencies or other securities as agreed to by the fund and the applicable counterparty. Collateral requirements are determined based on the fund’s net position with each counterparty.

With respect to ISDA Master Agreements, termination events applicable to the fund may occur upon a decline in the fund’s net assets below a specified threshold over a certain period of time. Termination events applicable to counterparties may occur upon a decline in the counterparty’s long-term or short-term credit ratings below a specified level. In each case, upon occurrence, the other party may elect to terminate early and cause settlement of all derivative and foreign exchange contracts outstanding, including the payment of any losses and costs resulting from such early termination, as reasonably determined by the terminating party. Any decision by one or more of the fund’s counterparties to elect early termination could impact the fund’s future derivative activity.

At the close of the reporting period, the fund had a net liability position of $656,185 on open derivative contracts subject to the Master Agreements. Collateral posted by the fund at period end for these agreements totaled $647,964 and may include amounts related to unsettled agreements.

Interfund lending The fund, along with other Putnam funds, may participate in an interfund lending program pursuant to an exemptive order issued by the SEC. This program allows the fund to borrow from or lend to other Putnam funds that permit such transactions. Interfund lending transactions are subject to each fund’s investment policies and borrowing and lending limits. Interest earned or paid on the interfund lending transaction will be based on the average of certain current market rates. During the reporting period, the fund did not utilize the program.

Lines of credit The fund participates, along with other Putnam funds, in a $317.5 million unsecured committed line of credit and a $235.5 million unsecured uncommitted line of credit, both provided by State Street.

58 Short Duration Bond Fund 

Borrowings may be made for temporary or emergency purposes, including the funding of shareholder redemption requests and trade settlements. Interest is charged to the fund based on the fund’s borrowing at a rate equal to 1.25% plus the higher of (1) the Federal Funds rate and (2) the Overnight Bank Funding Rate (overnight LIBOR prior to October 16, 2020) for the committed line of credit and 1.30% plus the higher of (1) the Federal Funds rate and (2) the Overnight Bank Funding Rate (1.30% prior to October 16, 2020)  for the uncommitted line of credit. A closing fee equal to 0.04% of the committed line of credit and 0.04% of the uncommitted line of credit has been paid by the participating funds. In addition, a commitment fee of 0.21% per annum on any unutilized portion of the committed line of credit is allocated to the participating funds based on their relative net assets and paid quarterly. During the reporting period, the fund had no borrowings against these arrangements.

Federal taxes It is the policy of the fund to distribute all of its taxable income within the prescribed time period and otherwise comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), applicable to regulated investment companies. It is also the intention of the fund to distribute an amount sufficient to avoid imposition of any excise tax under Section 4982 of the Code.

The fund is subject to the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification 740 Income Taxes (ASC 740). ASC 740 sets forth a minimum threshold for financial statement recognition of the benefit of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The fund did not have a liability to record for any unrecognized tax benefits in the accompanying financial statements. No provision has been made for federal taxes on income, capital gains or unrealized appreciation on securities held nor for excise tax on income and capital gains. Each of the fund’s federal tax returns for the prior three fiscal years remains subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service.

Under the Regulated Investment Company Modernization Act of 2010, the fund will be permitted to carry forward capital losses incurred for an unlimited period and the carry forwards will retain their character as either short-term or long-term capital losses. At October 31, 2020, the fund had the following capital loss carryovers available, to the extent allowed by the Code, to offset future net capital gain, if any:

	Loss carryover
Short-term	Long-term	Total
$8,372,629	$—	$8,372,629

Distributions to shareholders Income dividends are recorded daily by the fund and are paid monthly. Distributions from capital gains, if any, are recorded on the ex-dividend date and paid at least annually. The amount and character of income and gains to be distributed are determined in accordance with income tax regulations which may differ from generally accepted accounting principles. For the reporting period, there were no material temporary or permanent differences. Reclassifications are made to the fund’s capital accounts to reflect income and gains available for distribution (or available capital loss carryovers) under income tax regulations. At the close of the reporting period, the fund reclassified $112,735 to increase accumulated net investment loss and $112,735 to decrease accumulated net realized loss.

Tax cost of investments includes adjustments to net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) which may not necessarily be final tax cost basis adjustments, but closely approximate the tax basis unrealized gains and losses that may be realized and distributed to shareholders. The tax basis components of distributable earnings and the federal tax cost as of the close of the reporting period were as follows:

Unrealized appreciation	$35,777,064
Unrealized depreciation	(23,934,135)
Net unrealized appreciation	11,842,929
Capital loss carryforward	(8,372,629)
Cost for federal income tax purposes	$2,018,955,277

Expenses of the Trust Expenses directly charged or attributable to any fund will be paid from the assets of that fund. Generally, expenses of the Trust will be allocated among and charged to the assets of each fund on a basis that the Trustees deem fair and equitable, which may be based on the relative assets of each fund or the nature of the services performed and relative applicability to each fund.

Short Duration Bond Fund 59 

Note 2: Management fee, administrative services and other transactions

The fund pays Putnam Management a monthly base fee equal to 0.37% of the monthly average of the fund’s net asset value. In return for this fee, Putnam Management provides investment management and investor servicing and bears the fund’s organizational and operating expenses, excluding performance fee adjustments, payments under the fund’s distribution plan, brokerage, interest, taxes, investment related expenses, extraordinary expenses and acquired fund fees and expenses.

The applicable base fee is increased or decreased for each month by an amount based on the performance of the fund. The amount of the increase or decrease is calculated monthly based on a performance adjustment rate that is equal to 0.04 multiplied by the difference between the fund’s annualized performance (measured by the fund’s class A shares) and the annualized performance of the ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 1.00% over the thirty-six month period then ended (the performance period). The maximum annualized performance adjustment rate is +/- 0.04%. Each month, the performance adjustment rate is multiplied by the fund’s average net assets over the performance period and the result is divided by twelve. The resulting dollar amount is added to, or subtracted from, the base fee for that month. The monthly base fee is determined based on the fund’s average net assets for the month, while the performance adjustment is determined based on the fund’s average net assets over the thirty-six month performance period. This means it is possible that, if the fund underperforms significantly over the performance period, and the fund’s assets have declined significantly over that period, the negative performance adjustment may exceed the base fee. In this event, Putnam Management would make a payment to the fund.

For periods beginning on June 1, 2018 through November 30, 2019, the base fee will only be adjusted downward by the amount computed by applying the performance adjustment rate to the average net assets of the fund. If the result of the computation is positive, the fund will only pay the base fee. The performance fee will be terminated effective November 30, 2019, and the fund’s management fee will be equal to 0.37% (0.40% prior to August 1, 2018) of the monthly average of the fund’s net asset value.

Because the performance adjustment is based on the fund’s performance relative to its applicable benchmark index, and not its absolute performance, the performance adjustment could increase Putnam Management’s fee even if the fund’s shares lose value during the performance period provided that the fund outperformed its benchmark index, and could decrease Putnam Management’s fee even if the fund’s shares increase in value during the performance period provided that the fund underperformed its benchmark index.

For the reporting period, the management fee represented an effective rate (excluding the impact from any expense waivers in effect) of 0.37% of the fund’s average net assets.

Putnam Management has contractually agreed, through February 28, 2022, to waive fees and/or reimburse the fund’s expenses to the extent necessary to limit the cumulative expenses of the fund, exclusive of brokerage, interest, taxes, investment-related expenses, extraordinary expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses and payments under the fund’s investor servicing contract, investment management contract and distribution plans, on a fiscal year-to-date basis to an annual rate of 0.20% of the fund’s average net assets over such fiscal year-to-date period. During the reporting period, the fund’s expenses were not reduced as a result of this limit.

Putnam Investments Limited (PIL), an affiliate of Putnam Management, is authorized by the Trustees to manage a separate portion of the assets of the fund as determined by Putnam Management from time to time. PIL did not manage any portion of the assets of the fund during the reporting period. If Putnam Management were to engage the services of PIL, Putnam Management would pay a quarterly sub-management fee to PIL for its services at an annual rate of 0.35% of the average net assets of the portion of the fund managed by PIL.

The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC (PAC), an affiliate of Putnam Management, is authorized by the Trustees to manage a separate portion of the assets of the fund, as designated from time to time by Putnam Management or PIL. PAC did not manage any portion of the assets of the fund during the reporting period. If Putnam Management or PIL were to engage the services of PAC, Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable, would pay a quarterly sub-advisory fee to PAC for its services at the annual rate of 0.35% of the average net assets of the portion of the fund’s assets for which PAC is engaged as sub-adviser.

The aggregate amount of all reimbursements for the compensation and related expenses of certain officers of the fund and their staff who provide administrative services to the fund is determined annually by the Trustees. These fees are being paid by Putnam Management as part of the management contract.

Custodial functions for the fund’s assets are provided by State Street. Custody fees are based on the fund’s asset level, the number of its security holdings and transaction volumes. These fees are being paid by Putnam Management as part of the management contract.

60 Short Duration Bond Fund 

Putnam Investor Services, Inc., an affiliate of Putnam Management, provides investor servicing agent functions to the fund. Putnam Investor Services, Inc. received fees for investor servicing for class A, class B, class C, class M, class R and class Y shares that included (1) a per account fee for each direct and underlying non-defined contribution account (retail account) of the fund; (2) a specified rate of the fund’s assets attributable to defined contribution plan accounts; and (3) a specified rate based on the average net assets in retail accounts. Putnam Investor Services, Inc. has agreed that the aggregate investor servicing fees for each fund’s retail and defined contribution accounts for these share classes will not exceed an annual rate of 0.25% of the fund’s average assets attributable to such accounts. Class R6 shares paid a monthly fee based on the average net assets of class R6 shares at an annual rate of 0.05%. Effective November 25, 2019, the fund converted all of its class M shares to class A shares and class M shares were no longer able to be purchased. These fees are being paid by Putnam Management as part of the management contract.

The fund has entered into expense offset arrangements with Putnam Investor Services, Inc. and State Street whereby Putnam Investor Services, Inc.’s and State Street’s fees are reduced by credits allowed on cash balances. For the reporting period, the fund’s expenses were reduced by $11,558 under the expense offset arrangements.

Each Independent Trustee of the fund receives an annual Trustee fee, of which $1,346, as a quarterly retainer, has been allocated to the fund, and an additional fee for each Trustees meeting attended. Trustees also are reimbursed for expenses they incur relating to their services as Trustees. These fees are being paid by Putnam Management as part of the management contract.

The fund has adopted a Trustee Fee Deferral Plan (the Deferral Plan) which allows the Trustees to defer the receipt of all or a portion of Trustees fees payable on or after July 1, 1995. The deferred fees remain invested in certain Putnam funds until distribution in accordance with the Deferral Plan.

The fund has adopted an unfunded noncontributory defined benefit pension plan (the Pension Plan) covering all Trustees of the fund who have served as a Trustee for at least five years and were first elected prior to 2004. Benefits under the Pension Plan are equal to 50% of the Trustee’s average annual attendance and retainer fees for the three years ended December 31, 2005. The retirement benefit is payable during a Trustee’s lifetime, beginning the year following retirement, for the number of years of service through December 31, 2006. Accrued pension liability is included in Payable for Trustee compensation and expenses in the Statement of assets and liabilities. The Trustees have terminated the Pension Plan with respect to any Trustee first elected after 2003. These fees are being paid by Putnam Management as part of the management contract.

The fund has adopted distribution plans (the Plans) with respect to the following share classes pursuant to Rule 12b–1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940. The purpose of the Plans is to compensate Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments, LLC, for services provided and expenses incurred in distributing shares of the fund. The Plans provide payments by the fund to Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership at an annual rate of up to the following amounts (Maximum %) of the average net assets attributable to each class. The Trustees have approved payment by the fund at the following annual rate (Approved %) of the average net assets attributable to each class. During the reporting period, the class-specific expenses related to distribution fees were as follows:

	Maximum %	Approved %	Amount
Class A	0.35%	0.25%	$2,363,120
Class B	1.00%	0.45%	4,664
Class C	1.00%	1.00%	255,828
Class M*	1.00%	0.30%	456
Class R	1.00%	0.50%	4,803
Total			$2,628,871

^* Effective November 25, 2019, the fund converted all of its class M shares to class A shares and class M shares were no longer able to be purchased.

For the reporting period, Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership, acting as underwriter, received net commissions of no monies and $1 from the sale of class A and class M shares, respectively, and received $240 and $218 in contingent deferred sales charges from redemptions of class B and class C shares, respectively.

Short Duration Bond Fund 61 

A deferred sales charge of up to 1.00% is assessed on certain redemptions of class A shares. For the reporting period, Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership, acting as underwriter, received $5,312 on class A redemptions.

Note 3: Purchases and sales of securities

During the reporting period, the cost of purchases and the proceeds from sales, excluding short-term investments, were as follows:

	Cost of purchases	Proceeds from sales
Investments in securities (Long-term)	$1,146,371,273	$231,056,588
U.S. government securities (Long-term)	—	—
Total	$1,146,371,273	$231,056,588

The fund may purchase or sell investments from or to other Putnam funds in the ordinary course of business, which can reduce the fund’s transaction costs, at prices determined in accordance with SEC requirements and policies approved by the Trustees. During the reporting period, purchases or sales of long-term securities from or to other Putnam funds, if any, did not represent more than 5% of the fund’s total cost of purchases and/or total proceeds from sales.

Note 4: Capital shares

At the close of the reporting period, there were an unlimited number of shares of beneficial interest authorized. Transactions, including, if applicable, direct exchanges pursuant to share conversions, in capital shares were as follows:

	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class A	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	107,544,196	$1,091,681,006	70,559,796	$711,823,473
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	1,780,865	18,020,118	994,269	10,029,430
	109,325,061	1,109,701,124	71,554,065	721,852,903
Shares repurchased	(51,328,592)	(516,908,367)	(21,692,923)	(219,283,116)
Net increase	57,996,469	$592,792,757	49,861,142	$502,569,787
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class B	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	94,862	$959,270	69,781	$704,667
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	1,555	15,704	1,849	18,581
	96,417	974,974	71,630	723,248
Shares repurchased	(55,969)	(564,519)	(53,064)	(534,981)
Net increase	40,448	$410,455	18,566	$188,267
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class C	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	2,007,943	$20,313,238	1,477,958	$14,836,905
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	29,778	300,189	40,155	402,934
	2,037,721	20,613,427	1,518,113	15,239,839
Shares repurchased	(1,085,452)	(10,927,757)	(704,077)	(7,075,399)
Net increase	952,269	$9,685,670	814,036	$8,164,440

62 Short Duration Bond Fund 

	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20*		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class M	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	18	$179	44,842	$450,242
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	—	—	6,598	66,082
	18	179	51,440	516,324
Shares repurchased	(211,391)	(2,137,154)	(23,411)	(236,067)
Net increase (decrease)	(211,373)	$(2,136,975)	28,029	$280,257
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class R	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	106,617	$1,089,032	26,570	$267,327
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	1,313	13,349	764	7,725
	107,930	1,102,381	27,334	275,052
Shares repurchased	(35,882)	(367,815)	(19,472)	(197,549)
Net increase	72,048	$734,566	7,862	$77,503
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class R6	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	565,376	$5,755,879	457,674	$4,658,613
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	12,360	125,628	6,039	60,992
	577,736	5,881,507	463,713	4,719,605
Shares repurchased	(173,611)	(1,754,908)	(102,380)	(1,041,828)
Net increase	404,125	$4,126,599	361,333	$3,677,777
	YEAR ENDED 10/31/20		YEAR ENDED 10/31/19
Class Y	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount
Shares sold	74,836,841	$759,129,895	40,193,276	$405,731,016
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	1,104,343	11,198,333	737,492	7,448,098
	75,941,184	770,328,228	40,930,768	413,179,114
Shares repurchased	(36,694,952)	(369,400,787)	(13,434,093)	(135,578,671)
Net increase	39,246,232	$400,927,441	27,496,675	$277,600,443

^* Effective November 25, 2019, the fund converted all of its class M shares to class A shares and class M shares were no longer able to be purchased.

Short Duration Bond Fund 63 

Note 5: Affiliated transactions

Transactions during the reporting period with any company which is under common ownership or control were as follows:

					Shares
					outstanding
					and fair
	Fair value as	Purchase	Sale	Investment	value as
Name of affiliate	of 10/31/19	cost	proceeds	income	of 10/31/20
Short-term investments
Putnam Short Term
Investment Fund*	$165,612,052	$889,921,971	$725,261,811	$1,957,292	$330,272,212
Total Short-term
investments	$165,612,052	$889,921,971	$725,261,811	$1,957,292	$330,272,212

^* Management fees charged to Putnam Short Term Investment Fund have been waived by Putnam Management. There were no realized or unrealized gains or losses during the period.

Note 6: Market, credit and other risks

In the normal course of business, the fund trades financial instruments and enters into financial transactions where risk of potential loss exists due to changes in the market (market risk) or failure of the contracting party to the transaction to perform (credit risk). The fund may be exposed to additional credit risk that an institution or other entity with which the fund has unsettled or open transactions will default. Investments in foreign securities involve certain risks, including those related to economic instability, unfavorable political developments, and currency fluctuations. The fund may invest in higher-yielding, lower-rated bonds that may have a higher rate of default. The fund may invest a significant portion of its assets in securitized debt instruments, including mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments. The yields and values of these investments are sensitive to changes in interest rates, the rate of principal payments on the underlying assets and the market’s perception of the issuers. The market for these investments may be volatile and limited, which may make them difficult to buy or sell.

On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, announced a desire to phase out the use of LIBOR by the end of 2021.  LIBOR has historically been a common benchmark interest rate index used to make adjustments to variable-rate loans. It is used throughout global banking and financial industries to determine interest rates for a variety of financial instruments and borrowing arrangements. The transition process might lead to increased volatility and illiquidity in markets that currently rely on LIBOR to determine interest rates. It could also lead to a reduction in the value of some LIBOR-based investments and reduce the effectiveness of new hedges placed against existing LIBOR-based investments. While some LIBOR-based instruments may contemplate a scenario where LIBOR is no longer available by providing for an alternative rate-setting methodology, not all may have such provisions and there may be significant uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of any such alternative methodologies. Since the usefulness of LIBOR as a benchmark could deteriorate during the transition period, these effects could occur prior to the end of 2021.

Beginning in January 2020, global financial markets have experienced, and may continue to experience, significant volatility resulting from the spread of a virus known as COVID–19. The outbreak of COVID–19 has resulted in travel and border restrictions, quarantines, supply chain disruptions, lower consumer demand, and general market uncertainty. The effects of COVID–19 have adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, the global economy, the economies of certain nations, and individual issuers, all of which may negatively impact the fund’s performance.

64 Short Duration Bond Fund 

Note 7: Summary of derivative activity

The volume of activity for the reporting period for any derivative type that was held during the period is listed below and was based on an average of the holdings at the end of each fiscal quarter:

Centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts (notional)	$857,900,000
OTC credit default contracts (notional)	$7,500,000

The following is a summary of the fair value of derivative instruments as of the close of the reporting period:

Fair value of derivative instruments as of the close of the reporting period
	ASSET DERIVATIVES		LIABILITY DERIVATIVES
Derivatives not
accounted for as	Statement of		Statement of
hedging instruments	assets and		assets and
under ASC 815	liabilities location	Fair value	liabilities location	Fair value
Credit contracts	Receivables	$1,083,741	Payables	$1,048,183
	Receivables, Net
	assets — Unrealized		Payables, Net assets —
Interest rate contracts	appreciation	1,989,951*	Unrealized depreciation	—
Total		$3,073,692		$1,048,183

^* Includes cumulative appreciation/depreciation of centrally cleared swaps as reported in the fund’s portfolio. Only current day’s variation margin is reported within the Statement of assets and liabilities.

The following is a summary of realized and change in unrealized gains or losses of derivative instruments in the Statement of operations for the reporting period (Note 1):

Amount of realized gain or (loss) on derivatives recognized in net gain or (loss) on investments
Derivatives not accounted for as
hedging instruments under ASC 815	Swaps	Total
Credit contracts	$(640,482)	$(640,482)
Interest rate contracts	359,510	$359,510
Total	$(280,972)	$(280,972)
Change in unrealized appreciation or (depreciation) on derivatives recognized in net gain or (loss)
on investments
Derivatives not accounted for as
hedging instruments under ASC 815	Swaps	Total
Credit contracts	$477,500	$477,500
Interest rate contracts	1,186,967	$1,186,967
Total	$1,664,467	$1,664,467

Short Duration Bond Fund 65 

Note 8: Offsetting of financial and derivative assets and liabilities

The following table summarizes any derivatives, repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements, at the end of the reporting period, that are subject to an enforceable master netting agreement or similar agreement. For securities lending transactions or borrowing transactions associated with securities sold short, if any, see Note 1. For financial reporting purposes, the fund does not offset financial assets and financial liabilities that are subject to the master netting agreements in the Statement of assets and liabilities.

	Bank of America N.A.	Barclays Capital, Inc. (clearing broker)	Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.	Credit Suisse International	Goldman Sachs International	JPMorgan Securities LLC	Merrill Lynch International	Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC	Total
Assets:
Centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts§	$—	$143,984	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$143,984
OTC Credit default contracts - protection purchased*#	—	—	101,267	489,259	117,173	102,346	150,089	123,607	1,083,741
Total Assets	$—	$143,984	$101,267	$489,259	$117,173	$102,346	$150,089	$123,607	$1,227,725
Liabilities:
Centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts§	—	32,264	—	—	—	—	—	—	32,264
OTC Credit default contracts - protection sold*#	166,288	—	68,356	143,906	16,289	592,243	323	60,778	1,048,183
Total Liabilities	$166,288	$32,264	$68,356	$143,906	$16,289	$592,243	$323	$60,778	$1,080,447
Total Financial and Derivative Net Assets	$(166,288)	$111,720	$32,911	$345,353	$100,884	$(489,897)	$149,766	$62,829	$147,278
Total collateral received (pledged)†##	$(166,288)	$—	$—	$345,353	$100,884	$(473,972)	$134,587	$—
Net amount	$—	$111,720	$32,911	$—	$—	$(15,925)	$15,179	$62,829
Controlled collateral received (including TBA commitments)**	$—	$—	$—	$350,000	$110,000	$—	$134,587	$—	$594,587
Uncontrolled collateral received	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—
Collateral (pledged) (including TBA commitments)**	$(173,992)	$—	$—	$—	$—	$(473,972)	$—	$—	$(647,964)

^* Excludes premiums, if any. Included in unrealized appreciation and depreciation on OTC swap contracts on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

^** Included with Investments in securities on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

^† Additional collateral may be required from certain brokers based on individual agreements.

^# Covered by master netting agreement (Note 1).

^## Any over-collateralization of total financial and derivative net assets is not shown. Collateral may include amounts related to unsettled agreements.

^§ Includes current day’s variation margin only as reported on the Statement of assets and liabilities, which is not collateralized. Cumulative appreciation/(depreciation) for centrally cleared swap contracts is represented in the tables listed after the fund’s portfolio. Collateral pledged for initial margin on centrally cleared swap contracts, which is not included in the table above, amounted to $4,583,536.

66 Short Duration Bond Fund  Short Duration Bond Fund 67 

Note 9: New accounting pronouncements

In March 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2017–08, Receivables — Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310–20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. The amendments in the ASU shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium, to be amortized to the earliest call date. The ASU is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of these amendments is not material to the financial statements.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020–04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) — Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The amendments in ASU 2020–04 provide optional temporary financial reporting relief from the effect of certain types of contract modifications due to the planned discontinuation of LIBOR and other interbank-offered based reference rates as of the end of 2021. ASU 2020–04 is effective for certain reference rate-related contract modifications that occur during the period March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. Management is currently evaluating the impact, if any, of applying this provision.

Note 10: Change in independent accountants (Unaudited)

On March 20, 2020, the Audit, Compliance and Distributions Committee of the Trustees of the Putnam Funds approved and recommended the decision to change the Fund’s independent accountant and to not retain KPMG LLP, and on April 3, 2020, upon request of the Putnam Funds, KPMG LLP provided a letter of resignation. During the two previous fiscal years, KPMG LLP audit reports contained no adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion; nor were its reports qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope, or accounting principle. Further, in connection with its audits for the two previous fiscal years and the subsequent interim period through April 3, 2020: (i) there were no disagreements with KPMG LLP on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which disagreements if not resolved to the satisfaction of KPMG LLP would have caused it to make reference to the subject matter of the disagreements in its report on the Fund’s financial statements for such years, and (ii) there were no “reportable events” of the kind described in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

On April 17, 2020, the Audit, Compliance and Distributions Committee of the Trustees of the Putnam Funds approved and recommended the decision to appoint PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as the Fund’s independent accountant.

68 Short Duration Bond Fund 

PUTNAM FUNDS TRUST 

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund 

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund 

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund 

FORM N-1A 

PART C 

OTHER INFORMATION 

Item 28.      Exhibits

(a) Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust dated March 21, 2014 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 186 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on March 28, 2014.

(b)(1) Amended and Restated Bylaws dated as of October 17, 2014 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 194 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 28, 2014.

(b)(2) Amendment to Amended and Restated Bylaws dated as of April 22, 2016 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 236 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on June 27, 2016.

(c)(1) Portions of Agreement and Declaration of Trust Relating to Shareholders' Rights -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 186 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on March 28, 2014.

(c)(2) Portions of Bylaws Relating to Shareholders' Rights -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 194 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 28, 2014.

(d)(1) Management Contract with Putnam Investment Management, LLC dated February 27, 2014 for Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Equity Fund, Putnam Dynamic Risk Allocation Fund, Putnam Floating Rate Income Fund, Putnam Focused Equity Fund, Putnam Global Technology Fund, Putnam Intermediate-Term Municipal Income Fund, Putnam Multi-Cap Core Fund, Putnam Short Term Investment Fund, Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund and Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund; Schedule A and Schedule B amended as of December 1, 2019 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 346 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on September 28, 2020.

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(d)(2) Amended and Restated Management Contract with Putnam Investment Management, LLC dated January 24, 2020 for Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund, Putnam Emerging Markets Equity Fund, Putnam International Value Fund and Putnam Small Cap Growth Fund -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 332 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on March 30, 2020.

(d)(3) Management Contract with Putnam Investment Management, LLC dated February 27, 2014 for Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 186 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on March 28, 2014.

(d)(4) Management Contract with Putnam Investment Management, LLC dated June 1, 2018 for Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 286 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on June 19, 2018.

(d)(5) Sub-Management Contract between Putnam Investment Management, LLC and Putnam Investments Limited dated February 27, 2014; Schedule A amended as of November 22, 2019 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 329 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on February 27, 2020.

(d)(6) Sub-Advisory Contract among Putnam Investment Management, LLC, Putnam Investments Limited and The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC dated February 27, 2014; Schedule A amended as of October 18, 2019 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 325 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on November 26, 2019.

(e)(1) Amended and Restated Distributor's Contract with Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership dated July 1, 2013 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 174 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 28, 2013.

(e)(2)(i) Form of Dealer Sales Contract dated March 27, 2012 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 144 to the Registrant's Registration Statement filed on June 28, 2012.

(e)(2)(ii) Schedule of Dealer Sales Contracts conforming in all material respects to the Form of Dealer Sales Contract filed as Exhibit (e)(2)(i) but which have not been filed as exhibits to the Registrant's Registration Statement in reliance on Rule 483(d)(2) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on March 26, 2015.

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(e)(3)(i) Form of Financial Institution Sales Contract dated March 27, 2012 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 144 to the Registrant's Registration Statement filed on June 28, 2012.

(e)(3)(ii) Schedule of Financial Institution Sales Contracts conforming in all material respects to the Form of Financial Institution Sales Contract filed as Exhibit (e)(3)(i) but which have not been filed as exhibits to the Registrant's Registration Statement in reliance on Rule 483(d)(2) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on March 26, 2015.

(f) Trustee Retirement Plan dated October 4, 1996, as amended July 21, 2000 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 64 to the Registrant's Registration Statement filed on January 28, 2005.

(g)(1) Master Custodian Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company dated January 1, 2007; Appendix A amended as of July 24, 2017 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 269 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 27, 2017.

(g)(2) Amendment to Master Custodian Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company dated August 1, 2013 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 174 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 28, 2013.

(g)(3) Amendment of Master Custodian Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company dated June 25, 2020 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 342 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on July 31, 2020.

(h)(1) Amended & Restated Investor Servicing Agreement - Open-End Funds with Putnam Investment Management, LLC and Putnam Investor Services, Inc. dated July 1, 2013; Appendix A amended as of November 22, 2019 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 329 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on February 27, 2020.

(h)(2) Letter of Indemnity with Putnam Investment Management, LLC dated December 18, 2003 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 59 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on May 28, 2004.

(h)(3) Liability Insurance Allocation Agreement dated December 18, 2003 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 59 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on May 28, 2004.

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(h)(4) Master Sub-Accounting Services Agreement between Putnam Investment Management, LLC and State Street Bank and Trust Company dated January 1, 2007; Appendix A amended as of July 24, 2017 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 269 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 27, 2017.

(h)(5) Amendment to Master Sub-Accounting Services Agreement between Putnam Investment Management, LLC and State Street Bank and Trust Company dated August 1, 2013 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 174 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 28, 2013.

(h)(6) Master Interfund Lending Agreement with the Trusts party thereto and Putnam Investment Management, LLC dated April 3, 2020; Schedules A, B and C amended as of April 3, 2020 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 338 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on June 26, 2020.

(h)(7) Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company and certain other lenders dated September 24, 2015 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 218 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on September 28, 2015.

(h)(8) Joinder Agreement No. 1 to Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company and certain other lenders dated August 29, 2016 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 245 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 27, 2016.

(h)(9) Amendment No. 1 to Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company dated September 22, 2016 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 245 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 27, 2016.

(h)(10) Amendment No. 2 to Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company, dated September 21, 2017 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 269 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 27, 2017.

(h)(11) Amendment No. 3 to Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company, dated September 20, 2018 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 297 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 26, 2018.

(h)(12) Amendment No. 4 to Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company, dated September 19, 2019 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 322 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 25, 2019.

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(h)(13) Amendment No. 5 to Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company, dated October 18, 2019 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 329 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on February 27, 2020.

(h)(14) Amendment No. 6 and Consent No. 3 to Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company, dated August 27, 2020 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 352 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on November 25, 2020.

(h)(15) Amendment No. 7 to Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company, dated October 16, 2020.

(h)(16) Amended and Restated Uncommitted Line of Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company dated September 24, 2015 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 218 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on September 28, 2015.

(h)(17) First Amendment to Amended and Restated Uncommitted Line of Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company dated August 29, 2016 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 245 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 27, 2016.

(h)(18) Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Uncommitted Line of Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company dated September 22, 2016 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 245 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 27, 2016.

(h)(19) Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Uncommitted Line of Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company, dated September 21, 2017 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 269 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 27, 2017.

(h)(20) Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Uncommitted Line of Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company dated September 20, 2018 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 297 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 26, 2018.

(h)(21) Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Uncommitted Line of Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company dated September 19, 2019 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 322 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on October 25, 2019.

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(h)(22) Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated Uncommitted Line of Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company, dated October 18, 2019 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 329 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on February 27, 2020.

(h)(23) Seventh Amendment and Consent to Amended and Restated Uncommitted Line of Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company, dated August 27, 2020 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 352 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on November 25, 2020.

(h)(24) Eighth Amendment Amended and Restated Uncommitted Line of Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company, dated October 16, 2020.

(h)(25)(i) Form of Indemnification Agreement dated March 18, 2016 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 236 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on June 27, 2016.

(h)(25)(ii) Schedule of Indemnification Agreements conforming in all material respects to the Form of Indemnification Agreement filed as Exhibit (h)(25)(i) but which have not been filed as exhibits to the Registrant's Registration Statement in reliance on Rule 483(d)(2) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 236 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on June 27, 2016.

(h)(26) Expense Limitation Agreement with Putnam Investment Management, LLC (“PIM”) dated October 15, 2020 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 352 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on November 25, 2020.

(h)(27) Expense Limitation Agreement with Putnam Investor Services, Inc. (“PSERV”) dated June 26, 2020 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 352 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on November 25, 2020.

(i)(1) Opinion of Ropes & Gray LLP, including consent, for Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund (formerly Putnam Absolute Return 100 Fund), Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund (formerly Putnam Absolute Return 300 Fund), Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund (formerly Putnam Absolute Return 700 Fund), Putnam Dynamic Asset Allocation Equity Fund, Putnam Dynamic Risk Allocation Fund, Putnam Emerging Markets Equity Fund, Putnam Floating Rate Income Fund, Putnam Focused Equity Fund (formerly Putnam Global Industrials Fund), Putnam Global Technology Fund, Putnam International Value Fund, Putnam Multi-Cap Core Fund, and Putnam Small Cap Growth Fund -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 120 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on June 3, 2011.

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(i)(2) Opinion of Ropes & Gray LLP, including consent, for Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income Fund -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 132 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on September 30, 2011.

(i)(3) Opinion of Ropes & Gray LLP, including consent, for Putnam Short-Term Investment Fund -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 162 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on February 15, 2013.

(i)(4) Opinion of Ropes & Gray LLP, including consent for Putnam Intermediate-Term Municipal Income Fund and Putnam Short-Term Municipal Income Fund -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 166 to the Registrant's Registration Statement filed on March 15, 2013.

(i)(5) Opinion of Ropes & Gray LLP, including consent for Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 207 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on April 6, 2015.

(j)(1) Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm -- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, for Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund.

(j)(2) Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm -- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, for Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund.

(j)(3) Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm -- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, for Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund.

(k) Not applicable.

(l) Investment Letter from Putnam Investments, LLC to the Registrant -- Incorporated by reference to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant's Registration Statement filed on July 19, 1996.

(m)(1) Class A Distribution Plan and Agreement dated April 1, 2000 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 27 to the Registrant's Registration Statement filed on May 17, 2000.

(m)(2) Class B Distribution Plan and Agreement dated April 1, 2000 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 27 to the Registrant's Registration Statement filed on May 17, 2000.

(m)(3) Class C Distribution Plan and Agreement dated April 1, 2000 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 27 to the Registrant's Registration Statement filed on May 17, 2000.

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(m)(4) Class M Distribution Plan and Agreement dated April 1, 2000 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 27 to the Registrant's Registration Statement filed on May 17, 2000.

(m)(5) Class R Distribution Plan and Agreement dated May 8, 2003 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 58 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on January 30, 2004.

(m)(6)(i) Form of Dealer Service Agreement -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on June 30, 1997.

(m)(6)(ii) Schedule of Dealer Service Agreements conforming in all material respects to the Form of Dealer Service Agreement filed as Exhibit (m)(6)(i) but which have not been filed as exhibits to the Registrant's Registration Statement in reliance on Rule 483(d)(2) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on March 26, 2015.

(m)(7)(i) Form of Financial Institution Service Agreement -- Incorporated by reference to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on July 19, 1996.

(m)(7)(ii) Schedule of Financial Institution Service Agreements conforming in all material respects to the Form of Financial Institution Service Agreement filed as Exhibit (m)(7)(i) but which have not been filed as exhibits to the Registrant's Registration Statement in reliance on Rule 483(d)(2) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on March 26, 2015.

(n) Rule 18f-3 Plan dated November 1, 1999, as most recently amended March 1, 2021.

(p)(1) The Putnam Funds Code of Ethics dated June 24, 2016 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 240 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on August 26, 2016.

(p)(2) Putnam Investments Code of Ethics dated October 2019 -- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 325 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement filed on November 26, 2019.

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Item 29.      Persons Controlled by or Under Common Control with the Fund

Putnam Emerging Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund is not controlled by or under common control with any other person.

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund is not controlled by or under common control with any other person.

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund is not controlled by or under common control with any other person.

Item 30.      Indemnification

Reference is made to Article VIII, sections 1 through 3, of the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust, which is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 186 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (File No. 811-07513). In addition, the Registrant maintains a trustees and officers liability insurance policy under which the Registrant and its trustees and officers are named insureds. Certain service providers to the Registrant also have contractually agreed to indemnify and hold harmless the trustees against liability arising in connection with the service provider’s performance of services under the relevant agreement.

The Massachusetts business trusts comprising The Putnam Funds (each, a “Trust”) have also agreed to contractually indemnify each Trustee. The agreement between the Trusts and each Trustee, in addition to delineating certain procedural aspects relating to indemnification and advancement of expenses to the fullest extent permitted by the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust and Amended and Restated Bylaws and the laws of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as now or hereafter in force, provides that each Trust severally shall indemnify and hold harmless the Trustee against any and all expenses actually and reasonably incurred by the Trustee in any proceeding arising out of or in connection with the Trustee’s service to the Trust, unless the Trustee has been adjudicated in a final adjudication on the merits to have engaged in certain disabling conduct.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, may be permitted to trustees, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant by the Registrant pursuant to the Registrant’s organizational instruments or otherwise, the Registrant is aware that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and, therefore, is unenforceable.

Item 31.      Business and Other Connections of the Investment Adviser

Except as set forth below, the directors and officers of each of Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the Registrant’s investment adviser (the “Investment Adviser”), Putnam Investments Limited, investment sub-manager to certain Putnam funds (the “Sub-Manager”), and The Putnam Advisory

C-9 

Company, LLC, investment sub-adviser to certain Putnam funds, have been engaged during the past two fiscal years in no business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature other than as directors or officers of the Investment Adviser, Sub-Manager, or certain of the Investment Adviser’s corporate affiliates. Certain officers of the Investment Adviser serve as officers of some or all of the Putnam funds. The address of the Investment Adviser, its corporate affiliates other than the Sub-Manager, and the Putnam funds is 100 Federal Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110. The address of the Sub-Manager is 16 St James’s Street, London, England, SW1A 1ER.

Name and Title	Non-Putnam business, profession, vocation or
	employment
N/A

Item 32.      Principal Underwriter

(a) Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership is the principal underwriter for each of the following investment companies, including the Registrant:

George Putnam Balanced Fund, Putnam Asset Allocation Funds, Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Convertible Securities Fund, Putnam Diversified Income Trust, Putnam Equity Income Fund, Putnam Funds Trust, Putnam Global Equity Fund, Putnam Global Health Care Fund, Putnam Global Income Trust, Putnam High Yield Fund, Putnam Income Fund, Putnam International Equity Fund, Putnam Investment Funds, Putnam Massachusetts Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Minnesota Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Mortgage Securities Fund, Putnam New Jersey Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Ohio Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Pennsylvania Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Sustainable Leaders Fund, Putnam Target Date Funds, Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Tax-Free Income Trust and Putnam Variable Trust.

(b) The directors and officers of the Registrant's principal underwriter are listed below. Except as noted below, no officer of the Registrant’s principal underwriter is an officer of the Registrant.

The principal business address of each person listed below is 100 Federal Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110.

Name	Position and Office with the Underwriter
Sipple, Scott C.	President
Burns, Robert T. *	General Counsel and Secretary
Derman, Jeremy E.	Counsel and Assistant Secretary
Tate, Stephen J.	Chief Legal Officer, Deputy General Counsel and Assistant Secretary
Maher, Stephen B.	Assistant Treasurer
Norris, Cheryl A.	Assistant Treasurer
Clark, James F.**	Vice President
Ettinger, Robert D.	Financial and Operations Principal, Vice President and Treasurer
Trenchard, Mark C.***	Vice President
Higgins, Matthew W.	Chief Compliance Officer
Whitaker, Anne N.	Manager, Compliance

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*Mr. Burns is Vice President and Chief Legal Officer of the Registrant.
**Mr. Clark is Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer of the Registrant
***Mr. Trenchard is Vice President of the Registrant.

Item 33.      Location of Accounts and Records

Persons maintaining physical possession of accounts, books and other documents required to be maintained by Section 31(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the Rules promulgated thereunder are the Registrant's Clerk, Michael J. Higgins; the Registrant's investment adviser, PIM; the Registrant's principal underwriter, Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership ( PRM ); the Registrant's custodian, State Street Bank and Trust Company (which, in addition to its duties as custodian, also provides certain administrative, pricing and bookkeeping services); and the Registrant’s transfer and dividend disbursing agent, Putnam Investor Services, Inc. The address of the Clerk, PIM, PRM and Putnam Investor Services, Inc. is 100 Federal Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110. State Street Bank and Trust Company is located at State Street Financial Center, One Lincoln Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111.

Item 34.      Management Services

None.

Item 35.      Undertakings

None.

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NOTICE 

A copy of the Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust of Putnam Funds Trust is on file with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts and notice is hereby given that this instrument is executed on behalf of the Registrant by an officer of the Registrant as an officer and not individually and the obligations of or arising out of this instrument are not binding upon any of the Trustees, officers or shareholders individually but are binding only upon the assets and property of the relevant series of the Registrant.

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SIGNATURES 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for effectiveness of this Registration Statement under Rule 485(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and has duly caused this Amendment to its Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, duly authorized, in the City of Boston, and The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, on the 26th day of February, 2021.

Putnam Funds Trust 

By: /s/ Jonathan S. Horwitz, Executive Vice President, 

Principal Executive Officer and Compliance Liaison 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this Amendment to the Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the date indicated:

Signature	Title
Kenneth R. Leibler*	Chair, Board of Trustees
Robert L. Reynolds*	President and Trustee
Jonathan S. Horwitz*	Executive Vice President, Principal Executive Officer and
	Compliance Liaison
Janet C. Smith*	Vice President, Principal Financial Officer, Principal
	Accounting Officer and Assistant Treasurer
Liaquat Ahamed*	Trustee
Ravi Akhoury*	Trustee
Barbara M. Baumann*	Trustee
Katinka Domotorffy*	Trustee
Catharine Bond Hill*	Trustee
Paul L. Joskow*	Trustee
George Putnam, III*	Trustee

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Manoj P. Singh*	Trustee
Mona K. Sutphen**	Trustee

By: /s/ Jonathan S. Horwitz, as Attorney-in-Fact 

February 26, 2021 

* Signed pursuant to power of attorney filed in Post-Effective 

Amendment No. 297 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on 

October 26, 2018. 

** Signed pursuant to power of attorney filed in Post-Effective 

Amendment No. 335 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement 

on May 29, 2020. 

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Exhibit Index 

Item 28.      Exhibit

(h)(15) Amendment No. 7 to Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company, dated October 16, 2020.

(h)(24) Eighth Amendment Amended and Restated Uncommitted Line of Credit Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company, dated October 16, 2020.

(j)(1) Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm -- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, for Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund.

(j)(2) Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm -- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, for Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund.

(j)(3) Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm -- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, for Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund.

(n) Rule 18f-3 Plan dated November 1, 1999, as most recently amended March 1, 2021.

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EX-99.J OTHER OPININ

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM 

We hereby consent to the use in this Registration Statement on Form N-1A of Putnam Funds Trust of our report dated December 9, 2020, relating to the financial statements and financial highlights of Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund, which appears in such Registration Statement. We also consent to the references to us under the headings "Financial highlights" and "Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and Financial Statements" in such Registration Statement.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
February 22, 2021

EX-99.J OTHER OPININ

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM 

We hereby consent to the use in this Registration Statement on Form N-1A of Putnam Funds Trust of our report dated December 10, 2020, relating to the financial statements and financial highlights of Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund, which appears in such Registration Statement. We also consent to the references to us under the headings "Financial highlights" and "Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and Financial Statements" in such Registration Statement.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
February 22, 2021

EX-99.J OTHER OPININ

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM 

We hereby consent to the use in this Registration Statement on Form N-1A of Putnam Funds Trust of our report dated December 11, 2020, relating to the financial statements and financial highlights of Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund, which appears in such Registration Statement. We also consent to the references to us under the headings "Financial highlights" and "Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and Financial Statements" in such Registration Statement.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
February 22, 2021

EX-99.N 18F-3 PLAN

PUTNAM FUNDS

Plan pursuant to Rule 18f-3(d) under the

Investment Company Act of 1940

Effective November 1, 1999, as most recently amended effective March 1, 2021

Each of the open-end investment companies managed by Putnam Investment Management, LLC (each a “Fund” and, together, the “Funds”) may from time to time issue one or more of the following classes of shares: Class A shares, Class B shares, Class C shares, Class G shares, Class I shares, Class M shares, Class N shares, Class P shares, Class R shares, Class R3 shares, Class R4 shares, Class R5 shares, Class R6 shares and Class Y shares. Each class is subject to such investment minimums and other conditions of eligibility as are set forth in the Funds’ registration statements or prospectuses and statements of additional information as from time to time in effect. The differences in expenses among these classes of shares, and the conversion and exchange features of each class of shares, are set forth below in this Plan. Except as noted below, expenses are allocated among the classes of shares of each Fund based upon the net assets of each Fund attributable to shares of each class. This Plan is subject to change, to the extent permitted by law and by the Agreement and Declaration of Trust and By-laws of each Fund, by action of the Trustees of each Fund. This Plan does not apply to the shares of Putnam Variable Trust or any other open-end investment company managed by Putnam Investment Management, LLC that may from time to time maintain a separate plan pursuant to Rule 18f-3 under the Investment Company Act of 1940.

ALL SHARE CLASSES

Exchange Feature

Any class of shares of a Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class A shares may be exchanged, pursuant to standing instructions from a financial intermediary or at a financial intermediary’s discretion, for Class A shares of the same Fund if the shareholder is investing through an account or platform with the financial intermediary, to the extent described in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectus and statement of additional information as from time to time in effect, provided that the sale charges, if any, applicable to such an exchange will be as described in a Fund’s registration statement or prospectus and statement of additional information as from time to time in effect.

CLASS A SHARES

Distribution and Service Fees

Class A shares pay distribution and service fees pursuant to plans (the “Class A Plans”) adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”). Class A shares also bear any costs associated with obtaining shareholder approval of the Class A Plans or any amendment to a Class A Plan. Pursuant to the Class A Plans, Class A shares may pay up to 0.35% of the relevant Fund’s average net assets attributable to the Class A shares (which percentage may be less for any Fund, as described in the Fund’s registration statement or

prospectuses and statements of additional information as from time to time in effect). Amounts payable under the Class A Plans are subject to such further limitations as the Trustees may from time to time determine and as set forth in the registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information of each Fund as from time to time in effect.

Investor Servicing Fees

Except with respect to Funds that are series of the Putnam Target Date Funds trust (each, a “Target Date Fund” and collectively, the “Target Date Funds”), investor servicing fees (determined pursuant to the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for the Funds as from time to time in effect) that are not specifically payable by Class G, Class I, Class P, Class R3, Class R4, Class R5 or Class R6 shares are allocated among the other classes of shares (Class A shares, Class B shares, Class C shares, Class M shares, Class N shares, Class R shares and Class Y shares, as applicable) of each Fund based on the net assets of each Fund attributable to shares of each class.

For each Target Date Fund, Class A shares pay an investor servicing fee at the rate set forth for Class A shares in the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for such Fund as from time to time in effect.

Conversion Features

Class A shares do not convert to any other class of shares.

Exchange Features

See “All Share Classes – Exchange Feature” above. In addition:

Class A shares of any Fund other than Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund, and Putnam Tax Exempt Money Market Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class A shares of any other Fund that offers Class A shares, without the payment of a sales charge, provided that Class A shares of such other Fund are available to residents of the relevant state.

Class A shares of Putnam Money Market Fund, Putnam Government Money Market Fund, and Putnam Tax Exempt Money Market Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class A, Class B or Class C shares of any other Fund that offers such classes of shares in the relevant state without the current payment of a contingent deferred sales charge (a “CDSC”), but, in the case of exchanges for Class A shares of another Fund, may be subject to a front-end sales charge upon such exchange. The holding period for determining any CDSC applicable to the shares received in such exchange will include the holding period of the shares exchanged, and will be calculated using the schedule of any Fund into or from which shares have been exchanged that would result in the highest CDSC applicable to such Class A shares.

       Class A shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class N shares of any other Fund that offers Class N shares, without the payment of a sales charge, provided that Class N shares of such other Fund are available to residents of the relevant state.

In addition, Class A shares of Putnam Money Market Fund or Putnam Government Money Market Fund that are offered in conjunction with Class Y shares of other Putnam Funds may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class Y shares of such other Funds without the payment of a CDSC.

Class A shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class Y shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class Y shares of the same Fund, provided that the Class A shares are no longer subject to a CDSC and provided that Class Y shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state.

Class A shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class I shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class I shares of the same Fund, provided that the Class A shares are no longer subject to a CDSC and provided that Class I shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state.

Class A shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class R5 shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class R5 shares of the same Fund, provided that the Class A shares are no longer subject to a CDSC, provided that Class R5 shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state and further provided that, if applicable, Class R5 shares of such Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such exchange.

Class A shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class R6 shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class R6 shares of the same Fund, provided that the Class A shares are no longer subject to a CDSC, provided that Class R6 shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state and further provided that, if applicable, Class R6 shares of such Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such exchange.

Class A shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class N shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class N shares of the same Fund, provided that the Class A shares are no longer subject to a CDSC, provided that Class N shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state, and further provided that, if applicable, Class N shares of such Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such exchange.

       For each Target Date Fund, Class A shares held through employer-sponsored retirement plans (for these purposes, employer-sponsored retirement plans include the plan types described in such Fund’s registration statement) acquired prior to October 1, 2020 will, unless the plan notifies Putnam Investor Services, Inc. (“PSERV”) of its desire to be exchanged into another share class for which it is eligible, be exchanged into Class R3 shares of the same Fund effective October 1, 2020, provided that Class R3 shares are available for purchase by residents in the shareholder’s jurisdiction and further provided that, if applicable, Class R3 of such Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan.

(i) The same-fund exchange privilege may be effected only if permitted by a shareholder’s dealer of record (if applicable), (ii) the same-fund exchange privilege may not be available for all accounts and may not be offered by all dealers, financial institutions and other intermediaries through which a shareholder may hold shares, and (iii) the dealer of record through whom a shareholder holds shares may be authorized (e.g., under its account or similar agreement with a shareholder) to reject any same-fund exchange.

Initial Sales Charge

Class A shares are offered at a public offering price that is equal to their net asset value (“NAV”) plus a sales charge of up to 5.75% of the public offering price (which maximum may be less for any Fund, as described in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect). The sales charges on Class A shares are subject to reduction or waiver as permitted by Rule 22d-1 under the 1940 Act and as described in the applicable Fund registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge

Except with respect to Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund, purchases of Class A shares of $1 million or more (or $500,000 or more in the case of certain Funds as described in their registration statements or prospectuses or statements of additional information as from time to time in effect) that are redeemed before the first day of the month in which the twelve-month anniversary of such purchases occurs may be subject to a CDSC of 1.00% of either the purchase price or the NAV of the shares redeemed, whichever is less, as described in each Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect; provided that the period of time, and the percentage level of the CDSC, may be less for any Fund if so specified in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect.

Effective June 1, 2018, with respect to Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund, purchases of Class A shares of $250,000 or more that are redeemed before the first day of the month in which the nine-month anniversary of such purchases occurs may be subject to a CDSC of 1.00% of either the purchase price or the NAV of the shares redeemed, whichever is less, as described in each Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect.

Class A shares are not otherwise subject to a CDSC.

The CDSC on Class A shares is subject to reduction or waiver in certain circumstances, as permitted by Rule 6c-10 under the 1940 Act and as described in the applicable Fund registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect.

CLASS B SHARES

Distribution and Service Fees

Class B shares pay distribution and service fees pursuant to plans adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act (the “Class B Plans”). Class B shares also bear any costs associated with obtaining shareholder approval of the Class B Plans or any amendment to a Class B Plan. Pursuant to the Class B Plans, Class B shares may pay up to 1.00% of the relevant Fund’s average net assets attributable to Class B shares (which percentage may be less for any Fund, as described in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect). Amounts payable under the Class B Plans are subject to such further limitations as the Trustees may from time to time determine and as set forth in the registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information of each Fund as from time to time in effect.

Investor Servicing Fees

Except with respect to the Target Date Funds, Investor servicing fees (determined pursuant to the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for the Funds as from time to time in effect) that are not specifically payable by Class G, Class I, Class P, Class R3, Class R4, Class R5 or Class R6 shares are allocated among the other classes of shares (Class A shares, Class B shares, Class C shares, Class M shares, Class N shares, Class R shares and Class Y shares, as applicable) of each Fund based on the net assets of each Fund attributable to shares of each class.

For each Target Date Fund, Class B shares pay an investor servicing fee at the rate set forth for Class B shares in the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for such Fund as from time to time in effect.

Conversion Features

Class B shares automatically convert to Class A shares of the same Fund no later than the end of the month in which the eighth anniversary of the date of purchase occurs (or such earlier date as the Trustees of a Fund may authorize), except that Class B shares purchased through the reinvestment of dividends and other distributions on Class B shares convert to Class A shares at the same time as the shares with respect to which they were purchased are converted and Class B shares acquired by the exchange of Class B shares of another Fund will convert to Class A shares based on the time of the initial purchase. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such conversion.

Exchange Features

See “All Share Classes – Exchange Feature” above. In addition:

Class B shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class B shares of any other Fund that offers Class B shares without the payment of a sales charge, provided that Class B shares of such other Fund are available to residents of the relevant state. The holding period for determining any CDSC will include the holding period of the shares exchanged, and will be calculated using the schedule of any Fund into or from which shares have been exchanged that would result in the highest CDSC applicable to such Class B shares.

(i) The same-fund exchange privilege may be effected only if permitted by a shareholder’s dealer of record (if applicable), (ii) the same-fund exchange privilege may not be available for all accounts and may not be offered by all dealers, financial institutions and other intermediaries through which a shareholder may hold shares, and (iii) the dealer of record through whom a shareholder holds shares may be authorized (e.g., under its account or similar agreement with a shareholder) to reject any same-fund exchange.

Initial Sales Charge

Class B shares are offered at their NAV, without an initial sales charge.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge

Class B shares that are redeemed within 6 years of purchase are subject to a CDSC of up to 5.00% of either the purchase price or the NAV of the shares redeemed, whichever is less (provided that the period of time, and the percentage level of the CDSC, may be less for any Fund if so specified in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect); such percentage declines the longer the shares are held, as described in the Funds’ registration statements or prospectuses and statements of additional information as from time to time in effect. Class B shares purchased with reinvested dividends or capital gains are not subject to a CDSC.

The CDSC on Class B shares is subject to reduction or waiver in certain circumstances, as permitted by Rule 6c-10 under the 1940 Act and as described in the applicable Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect.

CLASS C SHARES

Distribution and Service Fees

Class C shares pay distribution and service fees pursuant to plans adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act (the “Class C Plans”). Class C shares also bear any costs associated with obtaining shareholder approval of the Class C Plans or any amendment to a Class C Plan. Pursuant to the Class C Plans, Class C shares may pay up to 1.00% of the relevant Fund’s average net assets attributable to the Class C shares (which percentage may be less for any Fund, as described in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect). Amounts payable under the Class C Plans are subject to such further limitations as the Trustees may from time to time determine and as set forth in the registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information of each Fund as from time to time in effect.

Investor Servicing Fees

Except with respect to the Target Date Funds, investor servicing fees (determined pursuant to the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for the Funds as from time to time in effect) that are not specifically payable by Class G, Class I, Class P, Class R3, Class R4, Class R5 or Class R6 shares are allocated among the other classes of shares (Class A shares, Class B shares, Class C shares, Class M shares, Class N shares, Class R shares and Class Y shares, as applicable) of each Fund based on the net assets of each Fund attributable to shares of each class.

For each Target Date Fund, Class C shares pay an investor servicing fee at the rate set forth for Class C shares in the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for such Fund as from time to time in effect.

Conversion Features

Class C shares automatically convert to Class A shares of the same Fund no later than the end of the month in which the eighth anniversary of the date of purchase occurs (or such earlier date as the Trustees of a Fund may authorize), provided that PSERV or the financial intermediary through which the shareholder purchased such Class C shares has records verifying the completion of the eight-year aging period (if these records are not available, PSERV or the financial intermediary may not effect the conversion or may effect the conversion on a different schedule determined by PSERV or the financial intermediary, which may be shorter or longer than eight years), and further provided that Class A shares are available for purchase by residents

in the shareholder’s jurisdiction. Class C shares purchased through the reinvestment of dividends and other distributions on Class C shares will convert to Class A shares at the same time as the Class C shares with respect to which they were purchased are converted, and Class C shares acquired by the exchange of Class C shares of another Fund will convert to Class A shares based on the time of the initial purchase of such Class C shares, provided the conditions to conversion are satisfied. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such conversion.

Exchange Features

See “All Share Classes – Exchange Feature” above. In addition:

Class C shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class C shares of any other Fund that offers Class C shares without the payment of a sales charge, provided that Class C shares of such other Fund are available to residents of the relevant state. The holding period for determining any CDSC will include the holding period of the shares exchanged, and will be calculated using the schedule of any Fund into or from which shares have been exchanged that would result in the highest CDSC applicable to such Class C shares. Exchange privileges for Class C shares offered outside the United States may vary.

Class C shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class Y shares may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class Y shares of the same Fund, provided that Class Y shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state and provided that the Class C shares are no longer CDSC-eligible.

Class C shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class A shares without a sales charge because the shareholder is a (i) client of a broker-dealer, financial institution, financial intermediary or registered investment advisor that is approved by Putnam Retail Management and charges a fee for advisory or investment services or (ii) client of a broker-dealer, financial institution, or financial intermediary that has entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management to offer shares through a fund “supermarket” or retail self-directed brokerage account (with or without the imposition of a transaction fee) may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class A shares of the same Fund, provided that Class A shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state and provided that the Class C shares are no longer CDSC-eligible.

For each Target Date Fund, Class C shares held through employer-sponsored retirement plans (for these purposes, employer-sponsored retirement plans include the plan types described in such Fund’s registration statement) acquired prior to October 1, 2020 will, unless the plan notifies PSERV of its desire to be exchanged into another share class for which it is eligible, be exchanged into Class R shares of the same Fund effective October 1, 2020, provided that Class R shares are available for purchase by residents in the shareholder’s jurisdiction and further provided that, if applicable, Class R of such Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such conversion.

       (i) The same-fund exchange privilege may be effected only if permitted by a shareholder’s dealer of record (if applicable), (ii) the same-fund exchange privilege may not be available for all accounts and may not be offered by all dealers, financial institutions and other intermediaries through which a shareholder may hold shares, and (iii) the dealer of record through whom a shareholder holds shares may be authorized (e.g., under its account or similar agreement with a shareholder) to reject any same-fund exchange.

Initial Sales Charge

Class C shares are offered at their NAV, without an initial sales charge.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge

Class C shares are subject to a 1.00% CDSC if the shares are redeemed within one year of purchase; provided that the period of time, and the percentage level of the CDSC, may be less for any Fund if so specified in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect. Class C shares purchased with reinvested dividends or capital gains are not subject to a CDSC.

The CDSC on Class C shares is subject to reduction or waiver in certain circumstances, as permitted by Rule 6c-10 under the 1940 Act and as described in the applicable Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect.

CLASS G SHARES

Distribution and Service Fees

Class G shares do not pay a distribution or service fee.

Investor Servicing Fees

Class G shares pay an investor servicing fee at the rates set forth for Class G shares in the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for the Funds as from time to time in effect.

Conversion Features

Class G shares do not convert to any other class of shares.

Exchange Features

See “All Share Classes – Exchange Feature” above. Class G shares are not eligible for exchange for Class G shares of another Fund.

Initial Sales Charge

Class G shares are offered at their NAV, without an initial sales charge.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge

Class G shares are not subject to any CDSC.

CLASS I SHARES

Distribution and Service Fees

Class I shares do not pay a distribution or service fee.

Investor Servicing Fees

Class I shares pay an investor servicing fee at the rates set forth for Class I shares in the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for the Funds as from time to time in effect.

Conversion Features

Class I shares do not convert to any other class of shares.

Exchange Features¹

See “All Share Classes – Exchange Feature” above. In addition:

Class I shares are not eligible for exchange for Class I shares of another Fund.

__________________

¹ Class I share exchange features (into or out of Class I shares) are applicable solely with respect to Class I shares of Putnam Mortgage Opportunities Fund.

Class I shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class A shares may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class A shares of the same Fund without payment of any initial sales charge, provided that Class A shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state. Class A shares issued in such an exchange will not be subject to any initial sales charge; however, any subsequent purchases of Class A shares by the shareholder will be subject to the initial sales charge applicable to Class A shares (as described in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect).

Class I shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class Y shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class Y shares of the same Fund, provided that Class Y shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state.

Class I shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class R6 shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class R6 shares of the same Fund, provided that Class R6 shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state and further provided that, if applicable, Class R6 shares of such Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such exchange.

(i) The same-fund exchange privilege may be effected only if permitted by a shareholder’s dealer of record (if applicable), (ii) the same-fund exchange privilege may not be available for all accounts and may not be offered by all dealers, financial institutions and other intermediaries through which a shareholder may hold shares, and (iii) the dealer of record through whom a shareholder holds shares may be authorized (e.g., under its account or similar agreement with a shareholder) to reject any same-fund exchange.

Initial Sales Charge

Class I shares are offered at their NAV, without an initial sales charge.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge

Class I shares are not subject to any CDSC.

CLASS M SHARES

Distribution and Service Fees

Class M shares pay distribution and service fees pursuant to plans adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act (the “Class M Plans”). Class M shares also bear any costs associated with obtaining shareholder approval of the Class M Plans or any amendment to a Class M Plan. Pursuant to the Class M Plans, Class M shares may pay up to 1.00% of the relevant Fund’s average net assets attributable to Class M shares (which percentage may be less for any Fund, as described in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of

additional information as from time to time in effect). Amounts payable under the Class M Plans are subject to such further limitations as the Trustees may from time to time determine and as set forth in the registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information of each Fund as from time to time in effect.

Investor Servicing Fees

Investor servicing fees (determined pursuant to the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for the Funds as from time to time in effect) that are not specifically payable by Class G, Class I, Class P, Class R3, Class R4, Class R5 or Class R6 shares are allocated among the other classes of shares (Class A shares, Class B shares, Class C shares, Class M shares, Class N shares, Class R shares and Class Y shares, as applicable) of each Fund based on the net assets of each Fund attributable to shares of each class.

Conversion Features

Class M shares do not convert to any other class of shares.

Exchange Features

See “All Share Classes – Exchange Feature” above. In addition:

Class M shares of any Fund other than Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class M shares of any other Fund that offers Class M shares without the payment of a sales charge, provided that Class M shares of such other Fund are available to residents of the relevant state. Class M shares of Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Government Money Market Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class B, Class C or Class M shares of any other Fund that offers such classes of shares in the relevant state without the current payment of a CDSC, but, in the case of exchanges for Class M shares of another Fund, may be subject to a front-end sales charge upon such exchange. The holding period for determining any CDSC applicable to the shares received in such exchange will include the holding period of the shares exchanged, and will be calculated using the schedule of any Fund into or from which shares have been exchanged that would result in the highest CDSC applicable to such shares. Exchange privileges for Class M shares offered outside the United States may vary.

Class M shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class Y shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class Y shares of the same Fund, provided that Class Y shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state.

(i) The same-fund exchange privilege may be effected only if permitted by a shareholder’s dealer of record (if applicable), (ii) the same-fund exchange privilege may not be available for all accounts and may not be offered by all dealers, financial institutions and other intermediaries through which a shareholder may hold shares, and (iii) the dealer of record

through whom a shareholder holds shares may be authorized (e.g., under its account or similar agreement with a shareholder) to reject any same-fund exchange.

Initial Sales Charge

Class M shares are offered at a public offering price that is equal to their NAV plus a sales charge of up to 3.50% of the public offering price (which maximum may be less for any Fund, as described in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect). The sales charges on Class M shares are subject to reduction or waiver as permitted by Rule 22d-1 under the 1940 Act and as described in the applicable Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge

Class M shares are not subject to any CDSC.

CLASS N SHARES

Distribution and Service Fees

Class N shares pay distribution and service fees pursuant to plans (the “Class N Plans”) adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act. Class N shares also bear any costs associated with obtaining shareholder approval of the Class N Plans or any amendment to a Class N Plan. Pursuant to the Class N Plans, Class N shares may pay up to 0.25% of the relevant Fund’s average net assets attributable to the Class N shares (which percentage may be less for any Fund, as described in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectuses and statements of additional information as from time to time in effect). Amounts payable under the Class N Plans are subject to such further limitations as the Trustees may from time to time determine and as set forth in the registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information of each Fund as from time to time in effect.

Investor Servicing Fees

Investor servicing fees (determined pursuant to the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for the Funds as from time to time in effect) that are not specifically payable by Class G, Class I, Class P, Class R3, Class R4, Class R5 or Class R6 shares are allocated among the other classes of shares (Class A shares, Class B shares, Class C shares, Class M shares, Class R shares, Class N shares and Class Y shares, as applicable) of each Fund based on the net assets of each Fund attributable to shares of each class.

Conversion Features

Class N shares do not convert to any other class of shares.

Exchange Features

See “All Share Classes – Exchange Feature” above. In addition:

Class N shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class A or N shares of any other Fund that offers Class A or N shares without the payment of a CDSC, provided that Class A or N shares of such other Fund are available to residents of the relevant state. Such exchanges will not be subject to an initial sales charge.

Class N shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class A shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class A shares of the same Fund, provided that the Class N shares are no longer subject to a CDSC, provided that Class A shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state, and further provided that, if applicable, Class A shares of such Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such exchange.

Initial Sales Charge

Class N shares are offered at a public offering price that is equal to their NAV plus a sales charge of up to 1.50% of the public offering price (which maximum may be less for any Fund, as described in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect). The sales charges on Class N shares are subject to reduction or waiver as permitted by Rule 22d-1 under the 1940 Act and as described in the applicable Fund registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge

Purchases of Class N shares of $250,000 or more that are redeemed before the first day of the month in which the nine-month anniversary of such purchases occurs may be subject to a CDSC of 0.25% of either the purchase price or the NAV of the shares redeemed, whichever is less, as described in each Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect.

Class N shares are not otherwise subject to a CDSC.

The CDSC on Class N shares is subject to reduction or waiver in certain circumstances, as permitted by Rule 6c-10 under the 1940 Act and as described in the applicable Fund registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect.

CLASS P SHARES

Distribution and Service Fees

Class P shares do not pay a distribution or service fee.

Investor Servicing Fees

Class P shares pay an investor servicing fee at the rates set forth for Class P shares in the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for the Funds as from time to time in effect.

Conversion Features

Class P shares do not convert to any other class of shares.

Exchange Features

See “All Share Classes – Exchange Feature” above. Class P shares are not eligible for exchange for Class P shares of another Fund.

Initial Sales Charge

Class P shares are offered at their NAV, without an initial sales charge.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge

Class P shares are not subject to any CDSC.

CLASS R SHARES

Distribution and Service Fees

Class R shares pay distribution and service fees pursuant to plans adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act (the “Class R Plans”). Class R shares also bear any costs associated with obtaining shareholder approval of the Class R Plans or any amendment to a Class R Plan. Pursuant to the Class R Plans, Class R shares may pay up to 1.00% of the relevant Fund’s average net assets attributable to Class R shares (which percentage may be less for any Fund, as described in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect). Amounts payable under the Class R Plans are subject to such further limitations as the Trustees may from time to time determine and as set forth in the registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information of each Fund as from time to time in effect.

Investor Servicing Fees

Except with respect to the Target Date Funds, investor servicing fees (determined pursuant to the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for the Funds as from time to time in effect) that are not specifically payable by Class G, Class I, Class P, Class R3, Class R4, Class R5 or Class R6 shares are allocated among the other classes of shares (Class A shares, Class B shares, Class C shares, Class M shares, Class N shares, Class R shares and Class Y shares, as applicable) of each Fund based on the net assets of each Fund attributable to shares of each class.

For each Target Date Fund, Class R shares pay an investor servicing fee at the rate set forth for Class R shares in the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for such Fund as from time to time in effect.

Conversion Features

Class R shares do not convert to any other class of shares.

Exchange Features

See “All Share Classes – Exchange Feature” above. In addition:

Class R shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class R shares of any other Fund that offers Class R shares without the payment of a sales charge, provided that Class R shares of such other Fund are available to residents of the relevant state.

Class R shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class R3, R4 or R5 shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class R3, R4 or R5 shares of the same Fund, provided that Class R3, R4 or R5 shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state and further provided that, if applicable, Class R3, R4 or R5 shares of such Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such exchange.

Class R shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class R6 shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class R6 shares of the same Fund, provided that Class R6 shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state and further provided that, if applicable, Class R6 shares of such Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such exchange.

       (i) The same-fund exchange privilege may be effected only if permitted by a shareholder’s dealer of record (if applicable), (ii) the same-fund exchange privilege may not be available for all accounts and may not be offered by all dealers, financial institutions and other intermediaries through which a shareholder may hold shares, and (iii) the dealer of record through whom a shareholder holds shares may be authorized (e.g., under its account or similar agreement with a shareholder) to reject any same-fund exchange.

Initial Sales Charge

Class R shares are offered at their NAV, without any sales charge.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge

Class R shares are not subject to any CDSC.

CLASS R3 SHARES

Distribution and Service Fees

Class R3 shares pay distribution and service fees pursuant to plans adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act (the “Class R3 Plans”). Class R3 shares also bear any costs associated with obtaining shareholder approval of the Class R3 Plans or any amendment to a Class R3 Plan. Pursuant to the Class R3 Plans, Class R3 shares may pay up to 0.35% of the relevant Fund’s average net assets attributable to Class R3 shares (which percentage may be less for any Fund, as described in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect). Amounts payable under the Class R3 Plans are subject to such further limitations as the Trustees may from time to time determine and as set forth in the registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information of each Fund as from time to time in effect.

Investor Servicing Fees

Class R3 shares pay an investor servicing fee at the rates set forth for Class R3 shares in the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for the Funds as from time to time in effect.

Conversion Features

Class R3 shares do not convert to any other class of shares.

Exchange Features

See “All Share Classes – Exchange Feature” above. In addition:

Class R3 shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class A or R3 shares of any other Fund that offers Class A or R3 shares without the payment of a sales charge, provided that Class A or R3 shares of such other Fund are available to residents of the relevant state, and further provided that, if applicable, Class A or R3 shares of such other Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R3 shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class R, Class R4, Class R5, or Class R6 shares may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class R, Class R4, Class R5, or Class R6 shares of the same Fund, provided that Class R, Class R4, Class R5, or Class R6 shares are available to residents of the relevant state, and further provided that, if applicable, Class R, Class R4, Class R5, or Class R6 shares are available through the relevant retirement plan. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such exchange.

(i) The same-fund exchange privilege may be effected only if permitted by a shareholder’s dealer of record (if applicable), (ii) the same-fund exchange privilege may not be available for all accounts and may not be offered by all dealers, financial institutions and other intermediaries through which a shareholder may hold shares, and (iii) the dealer of record through whom a shareholder holds shares may be authorized (e.g., under its account or similar agreement with a shareholder) to reject any same-fund exchange.

Initial Sales Charge

Class R3 shares are offered at their NAV, without an initial sales charge.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge

Class R3 shares are not subject to any CDSC.

CLASS R4 SHARES

Distribution and Service Fees

Class R4 shares do not pay a distribution or service fee.

Investor Servicing Fees

Class R4 shares pay an investor servicing fee at the rates set forth for Class R4 shares in the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for the Funds as from time to time in effect.

Conversion Features

Class R4 shares do not convert to any other class of shares.

Exchange Features

See “All Share Classes – Exchange Feature” above. In addition:

Class R4 shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class R4 shares of any other Fund that offers Class R4 shares, provided that Class R4 shares of such other Fund are available to residents of the relevant state, and further provided that, if applicable, class R4 shares of such other Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R4 shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class R, Class R3, Class R5, or Class R6 shares may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class R, Class R3, Class R4 or Class R6 shares of the same Fund, provided that Class R, Class R3, Class R5, or Class R6 shares are available to residents of the relevant state, and further provided that, if applicable, Class R, Class R3, Class R5, or Class R6 shares are available through the relevant retirement plan. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such exchange.

(i) The same-fund exchange privilege may be effected only if permitted by a shareholder’s dealer of record (if applicable), (ii) the same-fund exchange privilege may not be available for all accounts and may not be offered by all dealers, financial institutions and other intermediaries through which a shareholder may hold shares, and (iii) the dealer of record through whom a shareholder holds shares may be authorized (e.g., under its account or similar agreement with a shareholder) to reject any same-fund exchange.

Initial Sales Charge

Class R4 shares are offered at their NAV, without an initial sales charge.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge

Class R4 shares are not subject to any CDSC.

CLASS R5 SHARES

Distribution and Service Fees

Class R5 shares do not pay a distribution or service fee.

Investor Servicing Fees

Class R5 shares pay an investor servicing fee at the rates set forth for Class R5 shares in the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for the Funds as from time to time in effect.

Conversion Features

Class R5 shares do not convert to any other class of shares.

Exchange Features

See “All Share Classes – Exchange Feature” above. In addition:

Class R5 shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class R5 shares of any other Fund that offers Class R5 shares without the payment of a sales charge, provided that Class R5 shares of such other Fund are available to residents of the relevant state, and further provided that, if applicable, shares of such other Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan.

Class R5 shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class R, Class R3, Class R4, or Class R6 shares may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class R, Class R3, Class R4 or Class R6 shares of the same Fund, provided that Class R, Class R3, Class R4, or Class R6 shares are available to residents of the relevant state, and further provided that, if applicable, Class R, Class R3, Class R4, or Class R6 shares are available through the relevant retirement plan. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such exchange.

(i) The same-fund exchange privilege may be effected only if permitted by a shareholder’s dealer of record (if applicable), (ii) the same-fund exchange privilege may not be available for all accounts and may not be offered by all dealers, financial institutions and other intermediaries through which a shareholder may hold shares, and (iii) the dealer of record through whom a shareholder holds shares may be authorized (e.g., under its account or similar agreement with a shareholder) to reject any same-fund exchange.

Initial Sales Charge

Class R5 shares are offered at their NAV, without an initial sales charge.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge

Class R5 shares are not subject to any CDSC.

CLASS R6 SHARES

Distribution and Service Fees

Class R6 shares do not pay a distribution or service fee.

Investor Servicing Fees

Class R6 shares pay an investor servicing fee at the rates set forth for Class R6 shares in the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for the Funds as from time to time in effect.

Conversion Features

Class R6 shares do not convert to any other class of shares.

Exchange Features

See “All Share Classes – Exchange Feature” above. In addition:

Class R6 shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class R6 shares of any other Fund that offers Class R6 shares without the payment of a sales charge, provided that Class R6 shares of such other Fund are available to residents of the relevant state, and further provided that, if applicable, shares of such other Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform.

Class R6 shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class A, Class I, Class R, Class R3, Class R4, Class R5 or Class Y shares may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class A, Class I, Class R, Class R3, Class R4, Class R5 or Class Y shares of the same Fund, provided that Class A, Class I, Class R, Class R3, Class R4, Class R5 or Class Y shares are available to residents of the relevant state, and further provided that, if applicable, Class A, Class I, Class R, Class R3, Class R4, Class R5 or Class Y shares are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such exchange.

(i) The same-fund exchange privilege may be effected only if permitted by a shareholder’s dealer of record (if applicable), (ii) the same-fund exchange privilege may not be available for all accounts and may not be offered by all dealers, financial institutions and other intermediaries through which a shareholder may hold shares, and (iii) the dealer of record through whom a shareholder holds shares may be authorized (e.g., under its account or similar agreement with a shareholder) to reject any same-fund exchange.

Initial Sales Charge

Class R6 shares are offered at their NAV, without an initial sales charge.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge

Class R6 shares are not subject to any CDSC.

CLASS Y SHARES

Distribution and Service Fees

Class Y shares do not pay a distribution or service fee.

Investor Servicing Fees

Except with respect to the Target Date Funds, investor servicing fees (determined pursuant to the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for the Funds as from time to time in effect) that are not specifically payable by Class G, Class I, Class P, Class R3, Class R4, Class R5 or Class R6 shares are allocated among the other classes of shares (Class A shares, Class B shares, Class C shares, Class M shares, Class R shares, Class N shares and Class Y shares, as applicable) of each Fund based on the net assets of each Fund attributable to shares of each class.

For each Target Date Fund, Class Y shares pay an investor servicing fee at the rate set forth for Class Y shares in the Memorandum regarding Investor Servicing Compensation Arrangements for such Fund as from time to time in effect.

Conversion Features

Class Y shares may be converted to Class A shares if an investor no longer satisfies the eligibility requirements for Class Y shares, as described in the applicable Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect. A shareholder’s Class Y shares will not be converted to Class A shares without prior notice from the relevant Fund. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such conversion.

Exchange Features

See “All Share Classes – Exchange Feature” above. In addition:

Class Y shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class Y shares of any other Fund that offers Class Y shares without the payment of a sales charge, provided that Class Y shares of such other Fund are available to residents of the relevant state, and further provided that, if applicable, shares of such other Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan or platform.

Class Y shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class A, Class C or Class N shares may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class A, Class C or Class N shares of the same Fund without payment of any initial sales charge, provided that Class A, Class C or Class N shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state. Class A or Class N

shares issued in such an exchange will not be subject to any initial sales charge; however, any subsequent purchases of Class A or Class N shares by the shareholder will be subject to the initial sales charge applicable to Class A or Class N shares (as described in the Fund’s registration statement or prospectus or statement of additional information as from time to time in effect).

In addition, Class Y shares of any Fund that are offered in conjunction with Class A shares of Putnam Money Market Fund or Putnam Government Money Market Fund may be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class A shares of Putnam Money Market Fund or Putnam Government Money Market Fund, respectively, without the payment of a CDSC.

Class Y shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class I shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class I shares of the same Fund, provided that Class I shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state.

Class Y shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class P shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class P shares of the same Fund, provided that Class P shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such exchange.

Class Y shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class R3, R4 or R5 shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class R3, R4 or R5 shares of the same Fund, provided that Class R3, R4 or R5 shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state and further provided that, if applicable, Class R3, R4 or R5 shares of such Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such exchange.

Class Y shares of any Fund held by a shareholder eligible to purchase Class R6 shares may also be exchanged, at the holder’s option, for Class R6 shares of the same Fund, provided that Class R6 shares of such Fund are available to residents of the relevant state and further provided that, if applicable, Class R6 shares of such Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan, advisory program or platform. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such exchange.

For each Target Date Fund, Class Y shares held through employer-sponsored retirement plans (for these purposes, employer-sponsored retirement plans include the plan types described in such Fund’s registration statement) acquired prior to October 1, 2020 will, unless the plan notifies PSERV of its desire to be exchanged into another share class for which it is eligible, be exchanged into Class R4 shares of the same Fund effective October 1, 2020, provided that Class R4 shares are available for purchase by residents in the shareholder’s jurisdiction and further provided that, if applicable, Class R4 of such Fund are available through the relevant retirement plan. No sales charges or other charges will apply to any such conversion.

       (i) The same-fund exchange privilege may be effected only if permitted by a shareholder’s dealer of record (if applicable), (ii) the same-fund exchange privilege may not be available for all accounts and may not be offered by all dealers, financial institutions and other intermediaries through which a shareholder may hold shares, and (iii) the dealer of record through whom a shareholder holds shares may be authorized (e.g., under its account or similar agreement with a shareholder) to reject any same-fund exchange.

Initial Sales Charge

Class Y shares are offered at their NAV, without an initial sales charge.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge

Class Y shares are not subject to any CDSC.

EX-99.H OTH MAT CONT

[GRAPHIC OMITTED: STATE STREET LOGO]

EXECUTION VERSION

Letter Amendment

October 16, 2020

Each of the Borrowers party to the Amended
Loan Agreement (as defined below) (the
“Borrowers”)

100 Federal Street
Boston, MA 02110
Attention: Jonathan S. Horwitz,

Executive Vice President, Principal Executive Officer,
Treasurer and Compliance Liaison

RE: Eighth Amendment to the Putnam Family of Funds $235,500,000
Uncommitted Discretionary Demand Line of Credit

Ladies and Gentlemen:

State Street Bank and Trust Company (the “Bank”) has made available a $235,500,000 uncommitted discretionary demand line of credit (the “Credit Line”) to each of the Borrowers, each acting on its own behalf or, as applicable, on behalf of each of its respective Existing Funds (as defined below) as described in a letter agreement dated September 24, 2015, by and among the Borrowers and the Bank (as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time prior to the date hereof, the “Existing Loan Agreement”). Capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings set forth in the Existing Loan Agreement.

Prior to the Seventh Amendment to the Line of Credit, dated as of August 27, 2020 (the “Seventh Amendment”), the Borrowers notified the Bank that (i) effective May 18, 2020 Putnam International Growth Fund merged into Putnam Emerging Markets Equity Fund and upon the effectiveness of such merger Putnam International Growth Fund ceased to exist as a Fund, (ii) effective April 30, 2020 Putnam VT International Growth Fund changed its name to Putnam VT Emerging Markets Equity Fund, (iii) effective August 24, 2020 each of Putnam Capital Spectrum Fund and Putnam Equity Spectrum Fund merged into Putnam Focused Equity Fund, and upon the effectiveness of such mergers each of Putnam Capital Spectrum Fund and Putnam Equity Spectrum Fund ceased to exist. On or about the date of the Seventh Amendment Putnam AMT-Free Municipal Fund changed its name to Putnam Strategic Intermediate Municipal Fund

and Putnam Income Strategies Portfolio a series of Putnam Asset Allocation Funds became a Fund under the Credit Line. Each of the Fund changes described in this paragraph were made effective with respect to the Credit Line by the Seventh Amendment.

The Borrowers have requested, and the Bank has agreed, (a) to extend the term of the Credit Line, and (b) to make certain changes to the Credit Line. Therefore, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, each of the Borrowers and the Bank hereby agree as follows:

1.Defined Terms. For purposes hereof, the following terms have the following meanings when used herein:

“Added Text” means characters indicated textually in the same manner as the following example: double underlined text.

“Marked Loan Agreement” means the copy of the Existing Loan Agreement attached hereto as Annex A.

“Stricken Text” means characters indicated textually in the same manner as the following example: stricken text.

2.Amendments to Loan Documents. The Existing Loan Agreement is hereby amended to delete the Stricken Text and to add the Added Text, in each case as set forth in the Marked Loan Agreement (the Existing Loan Agreement, as so amended, the “Amended Loan Agreement”).

3.Fees. As consideration for the amendments herein contained, each Borrower, on behalf of each of its Funds, hereby agrees to pay to the Bank on the date hereof its applicable share of an upfront fee in the amount of $94,200.

4.Miscellaneous

(a)Other than as amended herein, all terms and conditions of the Amended Loan Agreement and each of the other Loan Documents are ratified and affirmed as of the date hereof in order to give effect to the terms hereof and thereof. This Letter Amendment shall constitute a Loan Document for all purposes of the Amended Loan Agreement.

(b)Each Borrower severally (and not jointly), for itself and severally (and not jointly) on behalf of each of its respective Funds, but not as to any other Borrower or Fund, represents and warrants as of the date hereof to the Bank as follows: (i) no Default or Event of Default with respect to such Borrower or any such Fund has occurred and is continuing on the date hereof under the Existing Loan Agreement after giving effect to the amendments herein contained; (ii) each of the representations and warranties of such Borrower, on behalf of each such Fund, contained in the Loan Documents is true and correct in all respects on and as of the date of this Letter Amendment (or, if any such representation or warranty is expressly stated to have been made as of a specific date, as of such specific date); (iii) the execution, delivery and performance by such

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Borrower and each such Fund of each of this Letter Amendment and of the other Loan Documents, as amended hereby (collectively, the “Amended Loan Documents”): (1) are, and will be, within such Borrower’s or such Fund’s power and authority, (2) have been authorized by all necessary trust or corporate proceedings, as the case may be, of such Borrower, (3) do not, and will not, require the consent of any shareholders or other equity holders of such Borrower or such Fund or the approval or consent of, or any notice to or filing with, any governmental authority, other than those which have been received or made, (4) will not contravene any provision of, or exceed any limitation contained in, the certificate or articles of incorporation, agreement and declaration of trust, by-laws and/or other organizational documents of such Borrower or such Fund or its Prospectus or any judgment, decree or order or any law, rule or regulation applicable to such Borrower or such Fund, including, without limitation, the Investment Company Act, (5) are, and will be, in compliance with Regulations T, U and X and the Investment Company Act, (6) do not and will not constitute a violation of, or a default under, any other agreement, order or undertaking binding on such Borrower or such Fund, and (7) do not require the consent or approval of any obligee or holder of any instrument relating to any material Indebtedness of such Borrower or such Fund or the consent or approval of any other party other than for those consents and approvals which have been received; and (iv) each of the Amended Loan Documents constitutes the legal, valid, binding and enforceable obligation of such Borrower, on behalf of its respective Funds, except as the same may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other laws affecting the enforcement of creditors’ rights generally and by general equitable principles.

(c)Upon receipt of a fully executed copy of this Letter Amendment, this Letter Amendment shall be deemed to be an instrument under seal and an amendment to the Loan Documents to be governed by the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, without regard to conflict of laws principles that would require the application of the laws of another jurisdiction.

(d)This Letter Amendment may be executed in counterparts each of which shall be deemed to be an original document.

(e)Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page of this Letter Amendment by telecopy, emailed pdf. or any other electronic means that reproduces an image of the actual executed signature page shall be effective as delivery of a manually executed counterpart of this Letter Amendment. The words “execution,” “signed,” “signature,” “delivery,” and words of like import in or relating to any document to be signed in connection with this Letter Amendment and the transactions contemplated hereby shall be deemed to include electronic signatures, deliveries or the keeping of records in electronic form, each of which shall be of the same legal effect, validity or enforceability as a manually executed signature, physical delivery thereof or the use of a paper-based recordkeeping system, as the case may be, to the extent and as provided for in any applicable law, including the Federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, or any other similar state laws based on the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act; provided that nothing herein shall require the Bank to accept electronic signatures in any form or format without its prior written consent. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, each Borrower hereby (i) agrees that, for all purposes, including without limitation, in connection with any workout, restructuring, enforcement of remedies, bankruptcy proceedings or litigation between the Bank and such Borrower, electronic images of this Letter Amendment or any other Loan Documents (in each

-3- 

case, including with respect to any signature pages thereto) shall have the same legal effect, validity and enforceability as any paper original, and (ii) waives any argument, defense or right to contest the validity or enforceability of the Loan Documents based solely on the lack of paper original copies of any Loan Documents, including with respect to any signature pages thereto.

[Remainder of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

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If the foregoing is acceptable to you, please have an authorized officer of each Borrower execute this Letter Amendment below where indicated and return the same to the undersigned.

Very truly yours,

STATE STREET BANK AND TRUST COMPANY

By: /s/ Janet B. Nolin

Name: Janet B. Nolin

Title: Vice President

Acknowledged and Accepted:

EACH OF THE BORROWERS, for itself and on behalf of each of its respective Funds

By: /s/ Jonathan S. Horwitz

Name: Jonathan S. Horwitz

Title: Executive Vice President, Principal Executive Officer,

and Compliance Liaison

STATE STREET BANK AND TRUST COMPANY, as Custodian

By: /s/ Stephanie Mansfield

Name: Stephanie Mansfield

Title: Managing Director

Signature page to Eighth Amendment to the Putnam Family of Funds Uncommitted Line of Credit

-5- 

Annex A

[See attached]

XML

USD ($)

Fund summary

Goal

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund seeks positive total return.

Fees and expenses

The following tables describe the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy, hold and sell shares of the fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples below. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $100,000 in Putnam funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in How do I buy fund shares? beginning on page 21 of the fund’s prospectus, in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus, and in How to buy shares beginning on page II-1 of the fund’s statement of additional information (SAI).

You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $100,000 in Putnam funds.

$ 100,000

Shareholder fees (fees paid directly from your investment)

Shareholder Fees - Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund	Class A C000071714		Class B C000071715		Class C C000071716		Class P C000174702	Class R C000071712	Class R6 C000118006	Class Y C000071713
Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)	2.25%		none		none		none	none	none	none
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)	1.00%	[1]	1.00%	[2]	1.00%	[3]	none	none	none	none

Annual fund operating expenses (expenses you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)

Annual Fund Operating Expenses - Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund	Class A C000071714	Class B C000071715	Class C C000071716	Class P C000174702	Class R C000071712	Class R6 C000118006	Class Y C000071713
Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)	0.53%	0.53%	0.53%	0.53%	0.53%	0.53%	0.53%
Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees	0.25%	0.45%	1.00%	none	0.50%	none	none
Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):	0.01%	0.01%	0.01%	0.01%	0.01%	0.01%	0.01%
Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)	0.79%	0.99%	1.54%	0.54%	1.04%	0.54%	0.54%

Example

The following hypothetical example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the fund with the cost of investing in other funds. It assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods indicated and then, except as indicated, redeem all your shares at the end of those periods. It assumes a 5% return on your investment each year and that the fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Your actual costs may be higher or lower.

Expense Example - Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund - USD ($)	Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year	Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years	Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years	Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years	Expense Example, No Redemption, 1 Year	Expense Example, No Redemption, 3 Years	Expense Example, No Redemption, 5 Years	Expense Example, No Redemption, 10 Years
Class A C000071714	304	472	654	1,181
Class B C000071715	201	315	547	1,156	101	315	547	1,156
Class C C000071716	257	486	839	1,834	157	486	839	1,834
Class P C000174702	55	173	302	677
Class R C000071712	106	331	574	1,271
Class R6 C000118006	55	173	302	677
Class Y C000071713	55	173	302	677

Portfolio turnover

The fund pays transaction-related costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when the fund’s shares are held. in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or the above example, affect fund performance. The fund’s turnover rate in the most recent fiscal year was 844%.

Prospectus          3

844.00%

Investments, risks, and performance

Investments

The fund is designed to pursue a consistent absolute return through a broadly diversified portfolio reflecting uncorrelated fixed-income strategies designed to exploit market inefficiencies across global markets and fixed-income sectors. These strategies include investments in the following asset categories: (a) sovereign debt: obligations of governments in developed and emerging markets; (b) corporate credit: investment-grade debt, below-investment-grade debt (sometimes referred to as “junk bonds”), bank loans, convertible bonds and structured credit; and (c) securitized assets: asset-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities (which may be backed by non-qualified or “sub-prime” mortgages), commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. The fund currently has significant investment exposure to residential and commercial mortgage-backed investments. In pursuing a consistent absolute return, the fund’s strategies are also generally intended to produce lower volatility over a reasonable period of time than has been historically associated with traditional asset classes that have earned similar levels of return over long historical periods. These traditional asset classes might include, for example, bonds with moderate exposure to interest rate and credit risks.

Under normal circumstances, the fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets in fixed-income securities (fixed-income securities include any debt instrument, and may be represented by other investment instruments, including derivatives). This policy may be changed only after 60 days’ notice to shareholders. We may consider, among other factors, credit, interest rate and prepayment risks, as well as general market conditions, when deciding whether to buy or sell investments. We typically use derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions, warrants and swap contracts, for both hedging and non-hedging purposes. Accordingly, we may use derivatives to a significant extent to obtain or enhance exposure to the fixed-income sectors and strategies mentioned above, and to hedge against risk.

Risks

It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

Our allocation of assets among fixed-income strategies and sectors may hurt performance, and our efforts to diversify risk through the use of leverage and allocation decisions may not be successful.

If the quantitative models or data that are used in managing the fund prove to be incorrect or incomplete, investment decisions made in reliance on the models or data may not produce the desired results and the fund may realize losses.

The value of investments in the fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions, investor sentiment and market perceptions, government actions, geopolitical events or changes, and factors related to a specific issuer, geography, industry or sector. These and other factors may lead to increased volatility

and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain its spread are likely to negatively affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of the securities and other assets in which the fund invests and exacerbate other risks that apply to the fund. These effects could negatively impact the fund’s performance and lead to losses on your investment in the fund.

Bond investments are subject to interest rate risk, which is the risk that the the value of the fund’s bond investments is likely to fall if interest rates rise. Bond investments also are subject to credit risk, which is the risk that the issuer of the bond may default on payment of interest or principal. Bond investments may be more susceptible to downgrades or defaults during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress. Interest rate risk is generally greater for longer-term bonds, and credit risk is generally greater for below-investment-grade bonds, which may be considered speculative. Mortgage-backed investments, unlike traditional debt investments, are also subject to prepayment risk, which means that they may increase in value less than other bonds when interest rates decline and decline in value more than other bonds when interest rates rise. We may have to invest the proceeds from prepaid investments, including mortgage- and asset-backed investments, in other investments with less attractive terms and yields.

The fund’s investments in mortgage-backed investments, and in certain other securities and derivatives, may be or become illiquid. The fund currently has significant investment exposure to privately issued residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities, which may make the fund’s net asset value more susceptible to economic, market, political and other developments affecting the residential and commercial real estate markets and the servicing of mortgage loans secured by real estate properties. During periods of difficult economic conditions, delinquencies and losses on commercial mortgage-backed investments in particular generally increase, including as a result of the effects of those conditions on commercial real estate markets, the ability of commercial tenants to make loan payments, and the ability of a property to attract and retain commercial tenants.

The value of international investments traded in foreign currencies may be adversely impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates. International investments, particularly investments in emerging markets, may carry risks associated with potentially less stable economies or governments (such as the risk of seizure by a foreign government, the imposition of currency or other restrictions, or high levels of inflation), and may be or become illiquid. Our use of derivatives may increase the risks of investing in the fund by increasing investment exposure (which may be considered leverage) or, in the case of many over-the-counter instruments, because of the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions and the potential failure of the other party to the instrument to meet its obligations.

There is no guarantee that the investment techniques, analyses, or judgments that we apply in making investment decisions for the fund will produce the intended outcome or that the investments we select for the fund will perform as well as other securities that were not selected for the fund. We, or the fund’s other service providers, may experience disruptions or operating errors that could negatively impact the fund.

The fund may not achieve its goal, and it is not intended to be a complete investment program. The fund’s efforts to produce lower volatility returns may not be successful. An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

Performance

The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time. The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower. Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results. Monthly performance figures for the fund are available at putnam.com.

The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time.

The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower.

Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results.

putnam.com

Annual total returns for class A shares before sales charges

Best calendar quarter

Jun. 30, 2020

4.50%

Worst calendar quarter

Mar. 31, 2020

(7.55%)

Average annual total returns after sales charges (for periods ended 12/31/20)

Average Annual Total Returns - Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund		1 Year	5 Years	10 Years
Class A C000071714		(1.68%)	2.98%	1.97%
Class A C000071714 | After Taxes on Distributions		(2.45%)	1.56%	0.65%
Class A C000071714 | After Taxes on Distributions and Sales		(1.01%)	1.64%	0.91%
Class B C000071715		(0.54%)	3.25%	2.04%
Class C C000071716		(1.06%)	2.69%	1.45%
Class P C000174702	[1]	0.83%	3.74%	2.47%
Class R C000071712		0.32%	3.19%	1.95%
Class R6 C000118006	[1]	0.83%	3.72%	2.48%
Class Y C000071713		0.84%	3.73%	2.47%
ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)		0.74%	1.23%	0.66%
ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 300 basis points (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)		3.74%	4.23%	3.66%
Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)		7.51%	4.44%	3.84%
S&P 500 Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)		18.40%	15.22%	13.88%

ICE BofA Indexes: ICE Data Indices, LLC (“ICE BofA”), used with permission. ICE BofA permits use of the ICE BofA indices and related data on an “as is” basis; makes no warranties regarding same; does not guarantee the suitability, quality, accuracy, timeliness, and/or completeness of the ICE BofA indices or any data included in, related to, or derived therefrom; assumes no liability in connection with the use of the foregoing; and does not sponsor, endorse, or recommend Putnam Investments, or any of its products or services.

After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes. These after-tax returns do not apply if you hold your fund shares through a 401(k) plan, an IRA, or another tax-advantaged arrangement.

Class B share performance reflects conversion to class A shares after eight years.

ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index tracks the performance of U.S. dollar denominated U.S. Treasury bills, which represent obligations of the U.S. Government having a maturity of one year or less, and is intended as an approximate measure of the rate of inflation. ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index + 3.00% is the benchmark and hurdle rate for the performance adjustment component of the fund’s management fee.

The Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index and the S&P 500 Index are broad measures of market performance. Securities in the fund do not match those in the indexes and the performance of the fund will differ.

After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes.

Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown.

After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes.

Fund summary

Goal

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund seeks positive total return.

Fees and expenses

The following tables describe the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy, hold and sell shares of the fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples below. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in Putnam funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in How do I buy fund shares? beginning on page 23 of the fund’s prospectus, in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus, and in How to buy shares beginning on page II-1 of the fund’s statement of additional information (SAI).

You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in Putnam funds.

$ 50,000

Shareholder fees (fees paid directly from your investment)

Shareholder Fees - Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund	Class A C000071717		Class B C000071718		Class C C000071719		Class P C000174703	Class R C000071721	Class R6 C000118008	Class Y C000071722
Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)	5.75%		none		none		none	none	none	none
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)	1.00%	[1]	5.00%	[2]	1.00%	[3]	none	none	none	none

Annual fund operating expenses (expenses you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)

2/28/22.

Annual Fund Operating Expenses - Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund		Class A C000071717	Class B C000071718	Class C C000071719	Class P C000174703	Class R C000071721	Class R6 C000118008	Class Y C000071722
Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)		0.40%	0.40%	0.40%	0.40%	0.40%	0.40%	0.40%
Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees		0.25%	1.00%	1.00%	none	0.50%	none	none
Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):		0.25%	0.25%	0.25%	0.10%	0.25%	0.14%	0.25%
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses		0.04%	0.04%	0.04%	0.04%	0.04%	0.04%	0.04%
Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)		0.94%	1.69%	1.69%	0.54%	1.19%	0.58%	0.69%
Fee Waiver or Reimbursement	[1]	(0.04%)	(0.04%)	(0.04%)	(0.04%)	(0.04%)	(0.04%)	(0.04%)
Net Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)		0.90%	1.65%	1.65%	0.50%	1.15%	0.54%	0.65%

Example

The following hypothetical example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the fund with the cost of investing in other funds. It assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods indicated and then, except as indicated, redeem all your shares at the end of those periods. It assumes a 5% return on your investment each year and that the fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Only the first year of each period in the example takes into account the expense reimbursement described above. Your actual costs may be higher or lower.

Expense Example - Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund - USD ($)	Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year	Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years	Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years	Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years	Expense Example, No Redemption, 1 Year	Expense Example, No Redemption, 3 Years	Expense Example, No Redemption, 5 Years	Expense Example, No Redemption, 10 Years
Class A C000071717	662	854	1,062	1,660
Class B C000071718	668	829	1,114	1,795	168	529	914	1,795
Class C C000071719	268	529	914	1,994	168	529	914	1,994
Class P C000174703	51	169	298	673
Class R C000071721	117	374	650	1,440
Class R6 C000118008	55	182	320	722
Class Y C000071722	66	217	380	855

Portfolio turnover

The fund pays transaction-related costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when the fund’s shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or the above example, affect fund performance. The fund’s turnover rate in the most recent fiscal year was 416%.

416.00%

Investments, risks, and performance

Investments

The fund seeks a positive total return. In pursuing a positive total return, the fund’s strategies are generally intended to produce lower volatility over a reasonable period of time than has been historically associated with traditional asset classes that have earned similar levels of return over long historical periods. The Fund aims to accomplish this objective by combining “directional” strategies and “non-directional” strategies. The directional strategies seek efficient, diversified exposure to investment markets. They also seek to balance risk and provide positive total return by investing, without limit, in many different asset classes, including U.S., international, and emerging markets equity securities (growth or value stocks or both) and fixed-income securities; mortgage- and asset-backed securities; below-investment-grade securities (sometimes referred to as “junk bonds”); inflation-protected securities; commodities; and real estate investment trusts (REITs). The non-directional strategies aim to provide positive returns that have minimal correlation with traditional asset classes, such as equities or equity-like investments. The non-directional strategies are generally implemented using paired long and short positions in an effort to capitalize on long-term market inefficiencies and short-term opportunities. The non-directional strategies may involve the use of active trading strategies, currency transactions and options transactions.

We may consider, among other factors, a company’s valuation, financial strength, growth potential, competitive position in its industry, projected future earnings, cash flows and dividends when deciding whether to buy or sell equity investments, and, among other factors, credit, interest rate and prepayment risks when deciding whether to buy or sell fixed-income investments. We may also take into account general market conditions when making investment decisions. We typically use derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions, warrants and swap contracts, to a significant extent for hedging purposes and to increase the fund’s exposure to the asset classes and strategies mentioned above, which may create investment leverage.

Risks

It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

Our allocation of assets among asset classes may hurt performance, and our efforts to diversify risk through the use of leverage and allocation decisions may not be successful. If the quantitative models or data that are used in managing the fund prove to be incorrect or incomplete, investment decisions made in reliance on the models or data may not produce the desired results and the fund may realize losses.

The value of investments in the fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions, investor sentiment and market perceptions, government actions, geopolitical events or changes, and factors related to a specific issuer, asset class, geography, industry or sector. These and other factors may lead to increased volatility and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain its spread are likely to negatively affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of the securities and other assets in which the fund invests and exacerbate other risks that apply to the fund. These effects could negatively impact the fund’s performance and lead to losses on your investment in the fund. Growth stocks may be more susceptible to earnings disappointments, and value stocks may fail to rebound.

Bond investments are subject to interest rate risk, which is the risk that the value of the fund’s bond investments is likely to fall if interest rates rise. Bond investments also are subject to credit risk, which is the risk that the issuer of the bond may default on payment of interest or principal. Bond investments may be more susceptible to downgrades or defaults during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress. Interest rate risk is generally greater for longer-term bonds, and credit risk is generally greater for below-investment-grade bonds, which may be considered speculative. Mortgage-backed investments, unlike traditional debt investments, are also subject to prepayment risk, which means that they may increase in value less than other bonds when interest rates decline and decline in value more than other bonds when interest rates rise. We may have to invest the proceeds from prepaid investments, including mortgage- and asset- backed investments, in other investments with less attractive terms and yields.

The value of international investments traded in foreign currencies may be adversely impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates. International investments, particularly investments in emerging markets, may carry risks associated with potentially less stable economies or governments (such as the risk of seizure by a foreign government, the imposition of currency or other restrictions, or high levels of inflation), and may be or become illiquid. Our non-directional strategies may lose money or not earn a return sufficient to cover associated trading and other costs REITs are subject to the risk of economic downturns that have an adverse impact on real estate markets. Commodity-linked notes are subject to the same risks as commodities, such as weather, disease, political, tax and other regulatory developments and other factors affecting the value of commodities. Our use of leverage obtained through derivatives increases the risk of investing in the fund by increasing investment exposure. Derivatives also involve the risk, in the case of many over-the-counter instruments, of the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions and the potential failure of the other party to the instrument to meet its obligations.

There is no guarantee that the investment techniques, analyses, or judgments that we apply in making investment decisions for the fund will produce the intended outcome or that the investments we select for the fund will perform as well as other securities that were not selected for the fund. We, or the fund’s other service providers, may experience disruptions or operating errors that could negatively impact the fund.

The fund may not achieve its goal, and it is not intended to be a complete investment program. The fund’s efforts to produce lower volatility returns may not be successful. An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

Performance

The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time. The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower. Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results. Monthly performance figures for the fund are available at putnam.com.

The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time.

The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower.

Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results.

putnam.com

Annual total returns for class A shares before sales charges

Best calendar quarter

Mar. 31, 2012

6.07%

Worst calendar quarter

Dec. 31, 2018

(5.98%)

Average annual total returns after sales charges (for periods ended 12/31/20)

Average Annual Total Returns - Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund		1 Year	5 Years	10 Years
Class A C000071717		(13.10%)	(1.28%)	1.14%
Class A C000071717 | After Taxes on Distributions		(13.10%)	(1.72%)	0.29%
Class A C000071717 | After Taxes on Distributions and Sales		(7.76%)	(1.12%)	0.62%
Class B C000071718		(13.09%)	(1.24%)	1.13%
Class C C000071719		(9.37%)	(0.85%)	0.98%
Class P C000174703	[1]	(7.48%)	0.26%	2.05%
Class R C000071721		(8.12%)	(0.37%)	1.48%
Class R6 C000118008	[1]	(7.46%)	0.24%	2.07%
Class Y C000071722		(7.58%)	0.14%	1.99%
ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)		0.74%	1.23%	0.66%
Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)		7.51%	4.44%	3.84%
S&P 500 Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)		18.40%	15.22%	13.88%
ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 500 basis points (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)		5.74%	6.23%	5.66%

ICE BofA Indexes: ICE Data Indices, LLC (“ICE BofA”), used with permission. ICE BofA permits use of the ICE BofA indices and related data on an “as is” basis; makes no warranties regarding same; does not guarantee the suitability, quality, accuracy, timeliness, and/or completeness of the ICE BofA indices or any data included in, related to, or derived therefrom; assumes no liability in connection with the use of the foregoing; and does not sponsor, endorse, or recommend Putnam Investments, or any of its products or services.

After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes. These after-tax returns do not apply if you hold your fund shares through a 401(k) plan, an IRA, or another tax-advantaged arrangement.

Class B share performance reflects conversion to class A shares after eight years.

The Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index and the S&P 500 Index are broad measures of market performance. Securities in the fund do not match those in the indexes and the performance of the fund will differ.

ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index tracks the performance of U.S. dollar denominated U.S. Treasury bills, which represent obligations of the U.S. Government having a maturity of one year or less, and is intended as an approximate measure of the rate of inflation. ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index +5.00% is the benchmark and hurdle rate for the performance adjustment component of the fund’s management fee.

After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes.

Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown.

After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes.

Fund summary

Goal

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund seeks as high a rate of current income as Putnam Investment Management, LLC (Putnam Management) believes is consistent with preservation of capital.

Fees and expenses

The following tables describe the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy, hold and sell shares of the fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples below. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $100,000 in Putnam funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in How do I buy fund shares? beginning on page 18 of the fund’s prospectus, in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus, and in How to buy shares beginning on page II-1 of the fund’s statement of additional information (SAI).

You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $100,000 in Putnam funds.

$ 100,000

Shareholder fees (fees paid directly from your investment)

Shareholder Fees - Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund	Class A C000071705		Class B C000071706		Class C C000071707		Class R C000071709	Class R6 C000118004	Class Y C000071710
Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)	2.25%		none		none		none	none	none
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)	0.75%	[1]	1.00%	[2]	1.00%	[3]	none	none	none

Annual fund operating expenses (expenses you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)

Annual Fund Operating Expenses - Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund	Class A C000071705	Class B C000071706	Class C C000071707	Class R C000071709	Class R6 C000118004	Class Y C000071710
Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)	0.37%	0.37%	0.37%	0.37%	0.37%	0.37%
Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees	0.25%	0.45%	1.00%	0.50%	none	none
Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):	0.01%	0.01%	0.01%	0.01%	0.01%	0.01%
Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)	0.63%	0.83%	1.38%	0.88%	0.38%	0.38%

Example

The following hypothetical example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the fund with the cost of investing in other funds. It assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods indicated and then, except as indicated, redeem all your shares at the end of those periods. It assumes a 5% return on your investment each year and that the fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Your actual costs may be higher or lower.

Expense Example - Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund - USD ($)	Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year	Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years	Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years	Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years	Expense Example, No Redemption, 1 Year	Expense Example, No Redemption, 3 Years	Expense Example, No Redemption, 5 Years	Expense Example, No Redemption, 10 Years
Class A C000071705	288	422	568	994
Class B C000071706	185	265	460	968	85	265	460	968
Class C C000071707	240	437	755	1,657	140	437	755	1,657
Class R C000071709	90	281	488	1,084
Class R6 C000118004	39	122	213	480
Class Y C000071710	39	122	213	480

Portfolio turnover

The fund pays transaction-related costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when the fund’s shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or the above example, affect fund performance. The fund’s turnover rate in the most recent fiscal year was 19%.

Prospectus          3

19.00%

Investments, risks, and performance

Investments

We invest in a diversified portfolio of fixed income securities. The fund’s investments may include corporate credit, including investment-grade debt, below-investment-grade debt (sometimes referred to as “junk bonds”), bank loans and structured credit; sovereign debt, including obligations of governments in developed and emerging markets; and securitized assets, including asset-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities (which may be backed by non-qualified or “sub-prime” mortgages), commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.

Under normal circumstances, the fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets in bonds (bonds include any debt instrument, and may be represented by other investment instruments, including derivatives). This policy may be changed only after 60 days’ notice to shareholders. We normally maintain an effective duration of three years or less. Effective duration provides a measure of a fund’s interest-rate sensitivity. The longer a fund’s duration, the more sensitive the fund is to shifts in interest rates.

We may consider, among other factors, credit, interest rate and prepayment risks, as well as general market conditions, when deciding whether to buy or sell investments. We may also use derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions and swap contracts, for both hedging and non-hedging purposes.

We may invest in securities that are purchased in private placements, which may be illiquid because they are subject to restrictions on resale.

Risks

It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

The effects of inflation may erode the value of your investment over time. The value of investments in the fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions, investor sentiment and market perceptions, government actions, geopolitical events or changes, and factors related to a specific issuer, geography, industry or sector. These and other factors may lead to increased volatility and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain its spread are likely to negatively affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of the securities and other assets in which the fund invests and exacerbate other risks that apply to the fund. These effects could negatively impact the fund’s performance and lead to losses on your investment in the fund.

The risks associated with fixed income investments include interest rate risk, which is the risk that the value of the fund’s investments is likely to fall if interest rates rise. Fixed income investments are also subject to credit risk, which is the risk that the issuer of a fixed income investment may default on payment of interest or principal. Fixed income investments may be more susceptible to downgrades or defaults during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress. Interest rate risk is generally

greater for longer-term bonds, and credit risk is generally greater for below-investment-grade bonds, which can be more sensitive to changes in markets, credit conditions, and interest rates, and may be considered speculative. Mortgage- and asset-backed investments, unlike traditional debt investments, are also subject to prepayment risk, which means that they may increase in value less than other bonds when interest rates decline and decline in value more than other bonds when interest rates rise. We may have to invest the proceeds from prepaid investments, including mortgage- and asset-backed investments, in other investments with less attractive terms and yields. The fund’s investments in mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities, and in certain other securities and derivatives, may be or become illiquid. The fund’s investments in mortgage-backed securities may make the fund’s net asset value more susceptible to economic, market, political and other developments affecting the residential and commercial real estate markets and the servicing of mortgage loans secured by real estate properties. During periods of difficult economic conditions, delinquencies and losses on commercial mortgage-backed investments in particular generally increase, including as a result of the effects of those conditions on commercial real estate markets, the ability of commercial tenants to make loan payments, and the ability of a property to attract and retain commercial tenants.

The value of international investments traded in foreign currencies may be adversely impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates. International investments, particularly investments in emerging markets, may carry risks associated with potentially less stable economies or governments (such as the risk of seizure by a foreign government, the imposition of currency or other restrictions, or high levels of inflation or deflation), and may be or become illiquid.

Our use of derivatives may increase the risks of investing in the fund by increasing investment exposure (which may be considered leverage) or, in the case of many over-the-counter instruments, because of the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions and the potential failure of the other party to the instrument to meet its obligations.

There is no guarantee that the investment techniques, analyses, or judgments that we apply in making investment decisions for the fund will produce the intended outcome or that the investments we select for the fund will perform as well as other securities that were not selected for the fund. We, or the fund’s other service providers, may experience disruptions or operating errors that could negatively impact the fund.

The fund may not achieve its goal, and it is not intended to be a complete investment program. An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

Performance

The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time. Before June 1, 2018, the fund was managed with a materially different investment strategy and may have achieved materially different performance results

under its current investment strategy from that shown for periods before this date. The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower. Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results. Monthly performance figures for the fund are available at putnam.com.

The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time.

The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower.

Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results.

putnam.com

Annual total returns for class A shares before sales charges

Best calendar quarter

Jun. 30, 2020

4.31%

Worst calendar quarter

Mar. 31, 2020

(2.80%)

Average annual total returns after sales charges (for periods ended 12/31/20)

Average Annual Total Returns - Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund		1 Year	5 Years	10 Years
Class A C000071705		0.88%	2.56%	1.55%
Class A C000071705 | After Taxes on Distributions		0.11%	1.62%	0.81%
Class A C000071705 | After Taxes on Distributions and Sales		0.51%	1.54%	0.86%
Class B C000071706		1.90%	2.81%	1.62%
Class C C000071707		1.33%	2.26%	1.02%
Class R C000071709		2.94%	2.76%	1.52%
Class R6 C000118004	[1]	3.35%	3.29%	2.04%
Class Y C000071710		3.36%	3.27%	2.03%
ICE BofA 1-3 Year U.S. Corporate Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)		4.16%	3.09%	2.56%
ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill - ICE BofA 1-3 Year U.S. Corporate Linked Benchmark (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)		4.16%	2.57%	1.33%

ICE BofA Indexes: ICE Data Indices, LLC (“ICE BofA”), used with permission. ICE BofA permits use of the ICE BofA indices and related data on an “as is” basis; makes no warranties regarding same; does not guarantee the suitability, quality, accuracy, timeliness, and/or completeness of the ICE BofA indices or any data included in, related to, or derived therefrom; assumes no liability in connection with the use of the foregoing; and does not sponsor, endorse, or recommend Putnam Investments, or any of its products or services.

After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes. These after-tax returns do not apply if you hold your fund shares through a 401(k) plan, an IRA, or another tax-advantaged arrangement.

Class B share performance reflects conversion to class A shares after eight years.

After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes.

Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown.

After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes.

[1] Applies only to certain redemptions of shares bought with no initial sales charge.

[2] This charge is phased out over two years.

[3] This charge is eliminated after one year.

[1] Performance for class R6 shares prior to their inception (7/2/12) and for class P shares prior to their inception (8/31/16) is derived from the historical performance of class Y shares; had it, returns would have been higher.

[1] Applies only to certain redemptions of shares bought with no initial sales charge.

[2] This charge is phased out over six years.

[3] This charge is eliminated after one year.

[1] Reflects Putnam Investment Management, LLC’s contractual obligation to limit certain fund expenses through 2/28/22. This obligation may be modified or discontinued only with approval of the Board of Trustees.

[1] Performance for class R6 shares prior to their inception (7/2/12) and for class P shares prior to their inception (8/31/16) is derived from the historical performance of class Y shares and has not been adjusted for the lower investor servicing fees applicable to class R6 and class P shares; had it, returns would have been higher.

[1] Applies only to certain redemptions of shares bought with no initial sales charge.

[2] This charge is phased out over two years.

[3] This charge is eliminated after one year.

[1] Performance for class R6 shares prior to their inception (7/2/12) is derived from the historical performance of class Y shares and has not been adjusted for the lower investor servicing fees applicable to class R6 shares; had it, returns would have been higher.

XML

Label

Element

Value

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Document Type

dei_DocumentType

485BPOS

Document Period End Date

dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate

Dec. 31, 2020

Entity Registrant Name

dei_EntityRegistrantName

Putnam Funds Trust

Entity Central Index Key

dei_EntityCentralIndexKey

0001005942

Entity Inv Company Type

dei_EntityInvCompanyType

N-1A

Amendment Flag

dei_AmendmentFlag

false

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Risk/Return [Heading]

rr_RiskReturnHeading

Fund summary

Objective [Heading]

rr_ObjectiveHeading

Goal

Objective, Primary [Text Block]

rr_ObjectivePrimaryTextBlock

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund seeks positive total return.

Expense [Heading]

rr_ExpenseHeading

Fees and expenses

Expense Narrative [Text Block]

rr_ExpenseNarrativeTextBlock

The following tables describe the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy, hold and sell shares of the fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples below. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $100,000 in Putnam funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in How do I buy fund shares? beginning on page 21 of the fund’s prospectus, in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus, and in How to buy shares beginning on page II-1 of the fund’s statement of additional information (SAI).

Shareholder Fees Caption [Text]

rr_ShareholderFeesCaption

Shareholder fees (fees paid directly from your investment)

Operating Expenses Caption [Text]

rr_OperatingExpensesCaption

Annual fund operating expenses (expenses you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)

Portfolio Turnover [Heading]

rr_PortfolioTurnoverHeading

Portfolio turnover

Portfolio Turnover [Text Block]

rr_PortfolioTurnoverTextBlock

The fund pays transaction-related costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when the fund’s shares are held. in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or the above example, affect fund performance. The fund’s turnover rate in the most recent fiscal year was 844%.

Prospectus          3

Portfolio Turnover, Rate

rr_PortfolioTurnoverRate

844.00%

Expense Breakpoint Discounts [Text]

rr_ExpenseBreakpointDiscounts

You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $100,000 in Putnam funds.

Expense Breakpoint, Minimum Investment Required [Amount]

rr_ExpenseBreakpointMinimumInvestmentRequiredAmount

$ 100,000

Expense Example [Heading]

rr_ExpenseExampleHeading

Example

Expense Example Narrative [Text Block]

rr_ExpenseExampleNarrativeTextBlock

The following hypothetical example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the fund with the cost of investing in other funds. It assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods indicated and then, except as indicated, redeem all your shares at the end of those periods. It assumes a 5% return on your investment each year and that the fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Your actual costs may be higher or lower.

Strategy [Heading]

rr_StrategyHeading

Investments, risks, and performance

Strategy Narrative [Text Block]

rr_StrategyNarrativeTextBlock

Investments

The fund is designed to pursue a consistent absolute return through a broadly diversified portfolio reflecting uncorrelated fixed-income strategies designed to exploit market inefficiencies across global markets and fixed-income sectors. These strategies include investments in the following asset categories: (a) sovereign debt: obligations of governments in developed and emerging markets; (b) corporate credit: investment-grade debt, below-investment-grade debt (sometimes referred to as “junk bonds”), bank loans, convertible bonds and structured credit; and (c) securitized assets: asset-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities (which may be backed by non-qualified or “sub-prime” mortgages), commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. The fund currently has significant investment exposure to residential and commercial mortgage-backed investments. In pursuing a consistent absolute return, the fund’s strategies are also generally intended to produce lower volatility over a reasonable period of time than has been historically associated with traditional asset classes that have earned similar levels of return over long historical periods. These traditional asset classes might include, for example, bonds with moderate exposure to interest rate and credit risks.

Under normal circumstances, the fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets in fixed-income securities (fixed-income securities include any debt instrument, and may be represented by other investment instruments, including derivatives). This policy may be changed only after 60 days’ notice to shareholders. We may consider, among other factors, credit, interest rate and prepayment risks, as well as general market conditions, when deciding whether to buy or sell investments. We typically use derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions, warrants and swap contracts, for both hedging and non-hedging purposes. Accordingly, we may use derivatives to a significant extent to obtain or enhance exposure to the fixed-income sectors and strategies mentioned above, and to hedge against risk.

Risk [Heading]

rr_RiskHeading

Risks

Risk Narrative [Text Block]

rr_RiskNarrativeTextBlock

It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

Our allocation of assets among fixed-income strategies and sectors may hurt performance, and our efforts to diversify risk through the use of leverage and allocation decisions may not be successful.

If the quantitative models or data that are used in managing the fund prove to be incorrect or incomplete, investment decisions made in reliance on the models or data may not produce the desired results and the fund may realize losses.

The value of investments in the fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions, investor sentiment and market perceptions, government actions, geopolitical events or changes, and factors related to a specific issuer, geography, industry or sector. These and other factors may lead to increased volatility

and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain its spread are likely to negatively affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of the securities and other assets in which the fund invests and exacerbate other risks that apply to the fund. These effects could negatively impact the fund’s performance and lead to losses on your investment in the fund.

Bond investments are subject to interest rate risk, which is the risk that the the value of the fund’s bond investments is likely to fall if interest rates rise. Bond investments also are subject to credit risk, which is the risk that the issuer of the bond may default on payment of interest or principal. Bond investments may be more susceptible to downgrades or defaults during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress. Interest rate risk is generally greater for longer-term bonds, and credit risk is generally greater for below-investment-grade bonds, which may be considered speculative. Mortgage-backed investments, unlike traditional debt investments, are also subject to prepayment risk, which means that they may increase in value less than other bonds when interest rates decline and decline in value more than other bonds when interest rates rise. We may have to invest the proceeds from prepaid investments, including mortgage- and asset-backed investments, in other investments with less attractive terms and yields.

The fund’s investments in mortgage-backed investments, and in certain other securities and derivatives, may be or become illiquid. The fund currently has significant investment exposure to privately issued residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities, which may make the fund’s net asset value more susceptible to economic, market, political and other developments affecting the residential and commercial real estate markets and the servicing of mortgage loans secured by real estate properties. During periods of difficult economic conditions, delinquencies and losses on commercial mortgage-backed investments in particular generally increase, including as a result of the effects of those conditions on commercial real estate markets, the ability of commercial tenants to make loan payments, and the ability of a property to attract and retain commercial tenants.

The value of international investments traded in foreign currencies may be adversely impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates. International investments, particularly investments in emerging markets, may carry risks associated with potentially less stable economies or governments (such as the risk of seizure by a foreign government, the imposition of currency or other restrictions, or high levels of inflation), and may be or become illiquid. Our use of derivatives may increase the risks of investing in the fund by increasing investment exposure (which may be considered leverage) or, in the case of many over-the-counter instruments, because of the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions and the potential failure of the other party to the instrument to meet its obligations.

There is no guarantee that the investment techniques, analyses, or judgments that we apply in making investment decisions for the fund will produce the intended outcome or that the investments we select for the fund will perform as well as other securities that were not selected for the fund. We, or the fund’s other service providers, may experience disruptions or operating errors that could negatively impact the fund.

The fund may not achieve its goal, and it is not intended to be a complete investment program. The fund’s efforts to produce lower volatility returns may not be successful. An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

Risk Lose Money [Text]

rr_RiskLoseMoney

It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

Risk Not Insured Depository Institution [Text]

rr_RiskNotInsuredDepositoryInstitution

An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

Bar Chart and Performance Table [Heading]

rr_BarChartAndPerformanceTableHeading

Performance

Performance Narrative [Text Block]

rr_PerformanceNarrativeTextBlock

The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time. The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower. Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results. Monthly performance figures for the fund are available at putnam.com.

Performance Information Illustrates Variability of Returns [Text]

rr_PerformanceInformationIllustratesVariabilityOfReturns

The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time.

Performance Availability Website Address [Text]

rr_PerformanceAvailabilityWebSiteAddress

putnam.com

Performance Past Does Not Indicate Future [Text]

rr_PerformancePastDoesNotIndicateFuture

Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results.

Bar Chart [Heading]

rr_BarChartHeading

Annual total returns for class A shares before sales charges

Bar Chart Does Not Reflect Sales Loads [Text]

rr_BarChartDoesNotReflectSalesLoads

The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower.

Highest Quarterly Return, Label

rr_HighestQuarterlyReturnLabel

Best calendar quarter

Highest Quarterly Return, Date

rr_BarChartHighestQuarterlyReturnDate

Jun. 30, 2020

Highest Quarterly Return

rr_BarChartHighestQuarterlyReturn

4.50%

Lowest Quarterly Return, Label

rr_LowestQuarterlyReturnLabel

Worst calendar quarter

Lowest Quarterly Return, Date

rr_BarChartLowestQuarterlyReturnDate

Mar. 31, 2020

Lowest Quarterly Return

rr_BarChartLowestQuarterlyReturn

(7.55%)

Performance Table Heading

rr_PerformanceTableHeading

Average annual total returns after sales charges (for periods ended 12/31/20)

Performance Table Uses Highest Federal Rate

rr_PerformanceTableUsesHighestFederalRate

After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes.

Performance Table Not Relevant to Tax Deferred

rr_PerformanceTableNotRelevantToTaxDeferred

Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown.

Performance Table One Class of after Tax Shown [Text]

rr_PerformanceTableOneClassOfAfterTaxShown

After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes.

Performance Table Closing [Text Block]

rr_PerformanceTableClosingTextBlock

ICE BofA Indexes: ICE Data Indices, LLC (“ICE BofA”), used with permission. ICE BofA permits use of the ICE BofA indices and related data on an “as is” basis; makes no warranties regarding same; does not guarantee the suitability, quality, accuracy, timeliness, and/or completeness of the ICE BofA indices or any data included in, related to, or derived therefrom; assumes no liability in connection with the use of the foregoing; and does not sponsor, endorse, or recommend Putnam Investments, or any of its products or services.

After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes. These after-tax returns do not apply if you hold your fund shares through a 401(k) plan, an IRA, or another tax-advantaged arrangement.

Class B share performance reflects conversion to class A shares after eight years.

ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index tracks the performance of U.S. dollar denominated U.S. Treasury bills, which represent obligations of the U.S. Government having a maturity of one year or less, and is intended as an approximate measure of the rate of inflation. ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index + 3.00% is the benchmark and hurdle rate for the performance adjustment component of the fund’s management fee.

The Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index and the S&P 500 Index are broad measures of market performance. Securities in the fund do not match those in the indexes and the performance of the fund will differ.

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund | ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

0.74%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

1.23%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

0.66%

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund | ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 300 basis points (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

3.74%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

4.23%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

3.66%

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund | Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

7.51%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

4.44%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

3.84%

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund | S&P 500 Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

18.40%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

15.22%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

13.88%

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund | Class A C000071714

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

2.25%

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

1.00%

^[1]

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.53%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

0.25%

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.01%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

0.79%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 304

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

472

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

654

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

$ 1,181

Annual Return 2011

rr_AnnualReturn2011

(4.37%)

Annual Return 2012

rr_AnnualReturn2012

5.63%

Annual Return 2013

rr_AnnualReturn2013

4.35%

Annual Return 2014

rr_AnnualReturn2014

1.53%

Annual Return 2015

rr_AnnualReturn2015

(1.91%)

Annual Return 2016

rr_AnnualReturn2016

2.01%

Annual Return 2017

rr_AnnualReturn2017

5.24%

Annual Return 2018

rr_AnnualReturn2018

0.66%

Annual Return 2019

rr_AnnualReturn2019

9.01%

Annual Return 2020

rr_AnnualReturn2020

0.58%

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

(1.68%)

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

2.98%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

1.97%

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund | Class A C000071714 | After Taxes on Distributions

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

(2.45%)

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

1.56%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

0.65%

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund | Class A C000071714 | After Taxes on Distributions and Sales

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

(1.01%)

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

1.64%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

0.91%

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund | Class B C000071715

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

1.00%

^[2]

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.53%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

0.45%

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.01%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

0.99%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 201

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

315

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

547

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

1,156

Expense Example, No Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear01

101

Expense Example, No Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear03

315

Expense Example, No Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear05

547

Expense Example, No Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear10

$ 1,156

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

(0.54%)

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

3.25%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

2.04%

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund | Class C C000071716

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

1.00%

^[3]

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.53%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

1.00%

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.01%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

1.54%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 257

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

486

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

839

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

1,834

Expense Example, No Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear01

157

Expense Example, No Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear03

486

Expense Example, No Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear05

839

Expense Example, No Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear10

$ 1,834

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

(1.06%)

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

2.69%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

1.45%

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund | Class P C000174702

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

none

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.53%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

none

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.01%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

0.54%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 55

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

173

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

302

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

$ 677

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

0.83%

^[4]

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

3.74%

^[4]

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

2.47%

^[4]

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund | Class R C000071712

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

none

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.53%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

0.50%

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.01%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

1.04%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 106

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

331

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

574

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

$ 1,271

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

0.32%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

3.19%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

1.95%

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund | Class R6 C000118006

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

none

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.53%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

none

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.01%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

0.54%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 55

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

173

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

302

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

$ 677

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

0.83%

^[4]

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

3.72%

^[4]

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

2.48%

^[4]

Putnam Fixed Income Absolute Return Fund | Class Y C000071713

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

none

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.53%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

none

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.01%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

0.54%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 55

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

173

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

302

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

$ 677

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

0.84%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

3.73%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

2.47%

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Risk/Return [Heading]

rr_RiskReturnHeading

Fund summary

Objective [Heading]

rr_ObjectiveHeading

Goal

Objective, Primary [Text Block]

rr_ObjectivePrimaryTextBlock

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund seeks positive total return.

Expense [Heading]

rr_ExpenseHeading

Fees and expenses

Expense Narrative [Text Block]

rr_ExpenseNarrativeTextBlock

The following tables describe the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy, hold and sell shares of the fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples below. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in Putnam funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in How do I buy fund shares? beginning on page 23 of the fund’s prospectus, in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus, and in How to buy shares beginning on page II-1 of the fund’s statement of additional information (SAI).

Shareholder Fees Caption [Text]

rr_ShareholderFeesCaption

Shareholder fees (fees paid directly from your investment)

Operating Expenses Caption [Text]

rr_OperatingExpensesCaption

Annual fund operating expenses (expenses you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)

Fee Waiver or Reimbursement over Assets, Date of Termination

rr_FeeWaiverOrReimbursementOverAssetsDateOfTermination

2/28/22.

Portfolio Turnover [Heading]

rr_PortfolioTurnoverHeading

Portfolio turnover

Portfolio Turnover [Text Block]

rr_PortfolioTurnoverTextBlock

The fund pays transaction-related costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when the fund’s shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or the above example, affect fund performance. The fund’s turnover rate in the most recent fiscal year was 416%.

Portfolio Turnover, Rate

rr_PortfolioTurnoverRate

416.00%

Expense Breakpoint Discounts [Text]

rr_ExpenseBreakpointDiscounts

You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in Putnam funds.

Expense Breakpoint, Minimum Investment Required [Amount]

rr_ExpenseBreakpointMinimumInvestmentRequiredAmount

$ 50,000

Expense Example [Heading]

rr_ExpenseExampleHeading

Example

Expense Example Narrative [Text Block]

rr_ExpenseExampleNarrativeTextBlock

The following hypothetical example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the fund with the cost of investing in other funds. It assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods indicated and then, except as indicated, redeem all your shares at the end of those periods. It assumes a 5% return on your investment each year and that the fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Only the first year of each period in the example takes into account the expense reimbursement described above. Your actual costs may be higher or lower.

Strategy [Heading]

rr_StrategyHeading

Investments, risks, and performance

Strategy Narrative [Text Block]

rr_StrategyNarrativeTextBlock

Investments

The fund seeks a positive total return. In pursuing a positive total return, the fund’s strategies are generally intended to produce lower volatility over a reasonable period of time than has been historically associated with traditional asset classes that have earned similar levels of return over long historical periods. The Fund aims to accomplish this objective by combining “directional” strategies and “non-directional” strategies. The directional strategies seek efficient, diversified exposure to investment markets. They also seek to balance risk and provide positive total return by investing, without limit, in many different asset classes, including U.S., international, and emerging markets equity securities (growth or value stocks or both) and fixed-income securities; mortgage- and asset-backed securities; below-investment-grade securities (sometimes referred to as “junk bonds”); inflation-protected securities; commodities; and real estate investment trusts (REITs). The non-directional strategies aim to provide positive returns that have minimal correlation with traditional asset classes, such as equities or equity-like investments. The non-directional strategies are generally implemented using paired long and short positions in an effort to capitalize on long-term market inefficiencies and short-term opportunities. The non-directional strategies may involve the use of active trading strategies, currency transactions and options transactions.

We may consider, among other factors, a company’s valuation, financial strength, growth potential, competitive position in its industry, projected future earnings, cash flows and dividends when deciding whether to buy or sell equity investments, and, among other factors, credit, interest rate and prepayment risks when deciding whether to buy or sell fixed-income investments. We may also take into account general market conditions when making investment decisions. We typically use derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions, warrants and swap contracts, to a significant extent for hedging purposes and to increase the fund’s exposure to the asset classes and strategies mentioned above, which may create investment leverage.

Risk [Heading]

rr_RiskHeading

Risks

Risk Narrative [Text Block]

rr_RiskNarrativeTextBlock

It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

Our allocation of assets among asset classes may hurt performance, and our efforts to diversify risk through the use of leverage and allocation decisions may not be successful. If the quantitative models or data that are used in managing the fund prove to be incorrect or incomplete, investment decisions made in reliance on the models or data may not produce the desired results and the fund may realize losses.

The value of investments in the fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions, investor sentiment and market perceptions, government actions, geopolitical events or changes, and factors related to a specific issuer, asset class, geography, industry or sector. These and other factors may lead to increased volatility and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain its spread are likely to negatively affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of the securities and other assets in which the fund invests and exacerbate other risks that apply to the fund. These effects could negatively impact the fund’s performance and lead to losses on your investment in the fund. Growth stocks may be more susceptible to earnings disappointments, and value stocks may fail to rebound.

Bond investments are subject to interest rate risk, which is the risk that the value of the fund’s bond investments is likely to fall if interest rates rise. Bond investments also are subject to credit risk, which is the risk that the issuer of the bond may default on payment of interest or principal. Bond investments may be more susceptible to downgrades or defaults during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress. Interest rate risk is generally greater for longer-term bonds, and credit risk is generally greater for below-investment-grade bonds, which may be considered speculative. Mortgage-backed investments, unlike traditional debt investments, are also subject to prepayment risk, which means that they may increase in value less than other bonds when interest rates decline and decline in value more than other bonds when interest rates rise. We may have to invest the proceeds from prepaid investments, including mortgage- and asset- backed investments, in other investments with less attractive terms and yields.

The value of international investments traded in foreign currencies may be adversely impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates. International investments, particularly investments in emerging markets, may carry risks associated with potentially less stable economies or governments (such as the risk of seizure by a foreign government, the imposition of currency or other restrictions, or high levels of inflation), and may be or become illiquid. Our non-directional strategies may lose money or not earn a return sufficient to cover associated trading and other costs REITs are subject to the risk of economic downturns that have an adverse impact on real estate markets. Commodity-linked notes are subject to the same risks as commodities, such as weather, disease, political, tax and other regulatory developments and other factors affecting the value of commodities. Our use of leverage obtained through derivatives increases the risk of investing in the fund by increasing investment exposure. Derivatives also involve the risk, in the case of many over-the-counter instruments, of the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions and the potential failure of the other party to the instrument to meet its obligations.

There is no guarantee that the investment techniques, analyses, or judgments that we apply in making investment decisions for the fund will produce the intended outcome or that the investments we select for the fund will perform as well as other securities that were not selected for the fund. We, or the fund’s other service providers, may experience disruptions or operating errors that could negatively impact the fund.

The fund may not achieve its goal, and it is not intended to be a complete investment program. The fund’s efforts to produce lower volatility returns may not be successful. An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

Risk Lose Money [Text]

rr_RiskLoseMoney

It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

Risk Not Insured Depository Institution [Text]

rr_RiskNotInsuredDepositoryInstitution

An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

Bar Chart and Performance Table [Heading]

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Performance

Performance Narrative [Text Block]

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The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time. The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower. Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results. Monthly performance figures for the fund are available at putnam.com.

Performance Information Illustrates Variability of Returns [Text]

rr_PerformanceInformationIllustratesVariabilityOfReturns

The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time.

Performance Availability Website Address [Text]

rr_PerformanceAvailabilityWebSiteAddress

putnam.com

Performance Past Does Not Indicate Future [Text]

rr_PerformancePastDoesNotIndicateFuture

Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results.

Bar Chart [Heading]

rr_BarChartHeading

Annual total returns for class A shares before sales charges

Bar Chart Does Not Reflect Sales Loads [Text]

rr_BarChartDoesNotReflectSalesLoads

The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower.

Highest Quarterly Return, Label

rr_HighestQuarterlyReturnLabel

Best calendar quarter

Highest Quarterly Return, Date

rr_BarChartHighestQuarterlyReturnDate

Mar. 31, 2012

Highest Quarterly Return

rr_BarChartHighestQuarterlyReturn

6.07%

Lowest Quarterly Return, Label

rr_LowestQuarterlyReturnLabel

Worst calendar quarter

Lowest Quarterly Return, Date

rr_BarChartLowestQuarterlyReturnDate

Dec. 31, 2018

Lowest Quarterly Return

rr_BarChartLowestQuarterlyReturn

(5.98%)

Performance Table Heading

rr_PerformanceTableHeading

Average annual total returns after sales charges (for periods ended 12/31/20)

Performance Table Uses Highest Federal Rate

rr_PerformanceTableUsesHighestFederalRate

After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes.

Performance Table Not Relevant to Tax Deferred

rr_PerformanceTableNotRelevantToTaxDeferred

Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown.

Performance Table One Class of after Tax Shown [Text]

rr_PerformanceTableOneClassOfAfterTaxShown

After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes.

Performance Table Closing [Text Block]

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ICE BofA Indexes: ICE Data Indices, LLC (“ICE BofA”), used with permission. ICE BofA permits use of the ICE BofA indices and related data on an “as is” basis; makes no warranties regarding same; does not guarantee the suitability, quality, accuracy, timeliness, and/or completeness of the ICE BofA indices or any data included in, related to, or derived therefrom; assumes no liability in connection with the use of the foregoing; and does not sponsor, endorse, or recommend Putnam Investments, or any of its products or services.

After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes. These after-tax returns do not apply if you hold your fund shares through a 401(k) plan, an IRA, or another tax-advantaged arrangement.

Class B share performance reflects conversion to class A shares after eight years.

The Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index and the S&P 500 Index are broad measures of market performance. Securities in the fund do not match those in the indexes and the performance of the fund will differ.

ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index tracks the performance of U.S. dollar denominated U.S. Treasury bills, which represent obligations of the U.S. Government having a maturity of one year or less, and is intended as an approximate measure of the rate of inflation. ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index +5.00% is the benchmark and hurdle rate for the performance adjustment component of the fund’s management fee.

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund | ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

0.74%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

1.23%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

0.66%

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund | Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

7.51%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

4.44%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

3.84%

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund | S&P 500 Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

18.40%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

15.22%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

13.88%

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund | ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill Index plus 500 basis points (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

5.74%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

6.23%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

5.66%

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund | Class A C000071717

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

5.75%

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

1.00%

^[5]

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.40%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

0.25%

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.25%

Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses

rr_AcquiredFundFeesAndExpensesOverAssets

0.04%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

0.94%

Fee Waiver or Reimbursement

rr_FeeWaiverOrReimbursementOverAssets

(0.04%)

^[6]

Net Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_NetExpensesOverAssets

0.90%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 662

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

854

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

1,062

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

$ 1,660

Annual Return 2011

rr_AnnualReturn2011

0.51%

Annual Return 2012

rr_AnnualReturn2012

7.75%

Annual Return 2013

rr_AnnualReturn2013

5.91%

Annual Return 2014

rr_AnnualReturn2014

5.95%

Annual Return 2015

rr_AnnualReturn2015

(1.65%)

Annual Return 2016

rr_AnnualReturn2016

2.71%

Annual Return 2017

rr_AnnualReturn2017

9.74%

Annual Return 2018

rr_AnnualReturn2018

(9.21%)

Annual Return 2019

rr_AnnualReturn2019

5.42%

Annual Return 2020

rr_AnnualReturn2020

(7.80%)

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

(13.10%)

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

(1.28%)

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

1.14%

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund | Class A C000071717 | After Taxes on Distributions

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

(13.10%)

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

(1.72%)

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

0.29%

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund | Class A C000071717 | After Taxes on Distributions and Sales

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

(7.76%)

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

(1.12%)

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

0.62%

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund | Class B C000071718

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

5.00%

^[7]

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.40%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

1.00%

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.25%

Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses

rr_AcquiredFundFeesAndExpensesOverAssets

0.04%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

1.69%

Fee Waiver or Reimbursement

rr_FeeWaiverOrReimbursementOverAssets

(0.04%)

^[6]

Net Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_NetExpensesOverAssets

1.65%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 668

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

829

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

1,114

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

1,795

Expense Example, No Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear01

168

Expense Example, No Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear03

529

Expense Example, No Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear05

914

Expense Example, No Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear10

$ 1,795

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

(13.09%)

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

(1.24%)

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

1.13%

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund | Class C C000071719

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

1.00%

^[8]

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.40%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

1.00%

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.25%

Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses

rr_AcquiredFundFeesAndExpensesOverAssets

0.04%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

1.69%

Fee Waiver or Reimbursement

rr_FeeWaiverOrReimbursementOverAssets

(0.04%)

^[6]

Net Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_NetExpensesOverAssets

1.65%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 268

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

529

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

914

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

1,994

Expense Example, No Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear01

168

Expense Example, No Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear03

529

Expense Example, No Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear05

914

Expense Example, No Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear10

$ 1,994

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

(9.37%)

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

(0.85%)

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

0.98%

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund | Class P C000174703

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

none

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.40%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

none

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.10%

Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses

rr_AcquiredFundFeesAndExpensesOverAssets

0.04%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

0.54%

Fee Waiver or Reimbursement

rr_FeeWaiverOrReimbursementOverAssets

(0.04%)

^[6]

Net Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_NetExpensesOverAssets

0.50%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 51

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

169

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

298

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

$ 673

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

(7.48%)

^[9]

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

0.26%

^[9]

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

2.05%

^[9]

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund | Class R C000071721

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

none

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.40%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

0.50%

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.25%

Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses

rr_AcquiredFundFeesAndExpensesOverAssets

0.04%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

1.19%

Fee Waiver or Reimbursement

rr_FeeWaiverOrReimbursementOverAssets

(0.04%)

^[6]

Net Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_NetExpensesOverAssets

1.15%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 117

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

374

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

650

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

$ 1,440

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

(8.12%)

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

(0.37%)

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

1.48%

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund | Class R6 C000118008

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

none

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.40%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

none

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.14%

Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses

rr_AcquiredFundFeesAndExpensesOverAssets

0.04%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

0.58%

Fee Waiver or Reimbursement

rr_FeeWaiverOrReimbursementOverAssets

(0.04%)

^[6]

Net Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_NetExpensesOverAssets

0.54%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 55

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

182

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

320

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

$ 722

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

(7.46%)

^[9]

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

0.24%

^[9]

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

2.07%

^[9]

Putnam Multi-Asset Absolute Return Fund | Class Y C000071722

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

none

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.40%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

none

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.25%

Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses

rr_AcquiredFundFeesAndExpensesOverAssets

0.04%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

0.69%

Fee Waiver or Reimbursement

rr_FeeWaiverOrReimbursementOverAssets

(0.04%)

^[6]

Net Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_NetExpensesOverAssets

0.65%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 66

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

217

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

380

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

$ 855

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

(7.58%)

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

0.14%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

1.99%

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund

Prospectus [Line Items]

rr_ProspectusLineItems

Risk/Return [Heading]

rr_RiskReturnHeading

Fund summary

Objective [Heading]

rr_ObjectiveHeading

Goal

Objective, Primary [Text Block]

rr_ObjectivePrimaryTextBlock

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund seeks as high a rate of current income as Putnam Investment Management, LLC (Putnam Management) believes is consistent with preservation of capital.

Expense [Heading]

rr_ExpenseHeading

Fees and expenses

Expense Narrative [Text Block]

rr_ExpenseNarrativeTextBlock

The following tables describe the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy, hold and sell shares of the fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples below. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $100,000 in Putnam funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in How do I buy fund shares? beginning on page 18 of the fund’s prospectus, in the Appendix to the fund’s prospectus, and in How to buy shares beginning on page II-1 of the fund’s statement of additional information (SAI).

Shareholder Fees Caption [Text]

rr_ShareholderFeesCaption

Shareholder fees (fees paid directly from your investment)

Operating Expenses Caption [Text]

rr_OperatingExpensesCaption

Annual fund operating expenses (expenses you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)

Portfolio Turnover [Heading]

rr_PortfolioTurnoverHeading

Portfolio turnover

Portfolio Turnover [Text Block]

rr_PortfolioTurnoverTextBlock

The fund pays transaction-related costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when the fund’s shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or the above example, affect fund performance. The fund’s turnover rate in the most recent fiscal year was 19%.

Prospectus          3

Portfolio Turnover, Rate

rr_PortfolioTurnoverRate

19.00%

Expense Breakpoint Discounts [Text]

rr_ExpenseBreakpointDiscounts

You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $100,000 in Putnam funds.

Expense Breakpoint, Minimum Investment Required [Amount]

rr_ExpenseBreakpointMinimumInvestmentRequiredAmount

$ 100,000

Expense Example [Heading]

rr_ExpenseExampleHeading

Example

Expense Example Narrative [Text Block]

rr_ExpenseExampleNarrativeTextBlock

The following hypothetical example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the fund with the cost of investing in other funds. It assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods indicated and then, except as indicated, redeem all your shares at the end of those periods. It assumes a 5% return on your investment each year and that the fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Your actual costs may be higher or lower.

Strategy [Heading]

rr_StrategyHeading

Investments, risks, and performance

Strategy Narrative [Text Block]

rr_StrategyNarrativeTextBlock

Investments

We invest in a diversified portfolio of fixed income securities. The fund’s investments may include corporate credit, including investment-grade debt, below-investment-grade debt (sometimes referred to as “junk bonds”), bank loans and structured credit; sovereign debt, including obligations of governments in developed and emerging markets; and securitized assets, including asset-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities (which may be backed by non-qualified or “sub-prime” mortgages), commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.

Under normal circumstances, the fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets in bonds (bonds include any debt instrument, and may be represented by other investment instruments, including derivatives). This policy may be changed only after 60 days’ notice to shareholders. We normally maintain an effective duration of three years or less. Effective duration provides a measure of a fund’s interest-rate sensitivity. The longer a fund’s duration, the more sensitive the fund is to shifts in interest rates.

We may consider, among other factors, credit, interest rate and prepayment risks, as well as general market conditions, when deciding whether to buy or sell investments. We may also use derivatives, such as futures, options, certain foreign currency transactions and swap contracts, for both hedging and non-hedging purposes.

We may invest in securities that are purchased in private placements, which may be illiquid because they are subject to restrictions on resale.

Risk [Heading]

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Risks

Risk Narrative [Text Block]

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It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

The effects of inflation may erode the value of your investment over time. The value of investments in the fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political or financial market conditions, investor sentiment and market perceptions, government actions, geopolitical events or changes, and factors related to a specific issuer, geography, industry or sector. These and other factors may lead to increased volatility and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain its spread are likely to negatively affect the value, volatility, and liquidity of the securities and other assets in which the fund invests and exacerbate other risks that apply to the fund. These effects could negatively impact the fund’s performance and lead to losses on your investment in the fund.

The risks associated with fixed income investments include interest rate risk, which is the risk that the value of the fund’s investments is likely to fall if interest rates rise. Fixed income investments are also subject to credit risk, which is the risk that the issuer of a fixed income investment may default on payment of interest or principal. Fixed income investments may be more susceptible to downgrades or defaults during economic downturns or other periods of economic stress. Interest rate risk is generally

greater for longer-term bonds, and credit risk is generally greater for below-investment-grade bonds, which can be more sensitive to changes in markets, credit conditions, and interest rates, and may be considered speculative. Mortgage- and asset-backed investments, unlike traditional debt investments, are also subject to prepayment risk, which means that they may increase in value less than other bonds when interest rates decline and decline in value more than other bonds when interest rates rise. We may have to invest the proceeds from prepaid investments, including mortgage- and asset-backed investments, in other investments with less attractive terms and yields. The fund’s investments in mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities, and in certain other securities and derivatives, may be or become illiquid. The fund’s investments in mortgage-backed securities may make the fund’s net asset value more susceptible to economic, market, political and other developments affecting the residential and commercial real estate markets and the servicing of mortgage loans secured by real estate properties. During periods of difficult economic conditions, delinquencies and losses on commercial mortgage-backed investments in particular generally increase, including as a result of the effects of those conditions on commercial real estate markets, the ability of commercial tenants to make loan payments, and the ability of a property to attract and retain commercial tenants.

The value of international investments traded in foreign currencies may be adversely impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates. International investments, particularly investments in emerging markets, may carry risks associated with potentially less stable economies or governments (such as the risk of seizure by a foreign government, the imposition of currency or other restrictions, or high levels of inflation or deflation), and may be or become illiquid.

Our use of derivatives may increase the risks of investing in the fund by increasing investment exposure (which may be considered leverage) or, in the case of many over-the-counter instruments, because of the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions and the potential failure of the other party to the instrument to meet its obligations.

There is no guarantee that the investment techniques, analyses, or judgments that we apply in making investment decisions for the fund will produce the intended outcome or that the investments we select for the fund will perform as well as other securities that were not selected for the fund. We, or the fund’s other service providers, may experience disruptions or operating errors that could negatively impact the fund.

The fund may not achieve its goal, and it is not intended to be a complete investment program. An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

Risk Lose Money [Text]

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It is important to understand that you can lose money by investing in the fund.

Risk Not Insured Depository Institution [Text]

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An investment in the fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

Bar Chart and Performance Table [Heading]

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Performance

Performance Narrative [Text Block]

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The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time. Before June 1, 2018, the fund was managed with a materially different investment strategy and may have achieved materially different performance results

under its current investment strategy from that shown for periods before this date. The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower. Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results. Monthly performance figures for the fund are available at putnam.com.

Performance Information Illustrates Variability of Returns [Text]

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The performance information below gives some indication of the risks associated with an investment in the fund by showing the fund’s performance year to year and over time.

Performance Availability Website Address [Text]

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putnam.com

Performance Past Does Not Indicate Future [Text]

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Please remember that past performance is not necessarily an indication of future results.

Bar Chart [Heading]

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Annual total returns for class A shares before sales charges

Bar Chart Does Not Reflect Sales Loads [Text]

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The bar chart does not reflect the impact of sales charges. If it did, performance would be lower.

Highest Quarterly Return, Label

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Best calendar quarter

Highest Quarterly Return, Date

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Jun. 30, 2020

Highest Quarterly Return

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4.31%

Lowest Quarterly Return, Label

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Worst calendar quarter

Lowest Quarterly Return, Date

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Mar. 31, 2020

Lowest Quarterly Return

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(2.80%)

Performance Table Heading

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Average annual total returns after sales charges (for periods ended 12/31/20)

Performance Table Uses Highest Federal Rate

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After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes.

Performance Table Not Relevant to Tax Deferred

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Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown.

Performance Table One Class of after Tax Shown [Text]

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After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes.

Performance Table Closing [Text Block]

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ICE BofA Indexes: ICE Data Indices, LLC (“ICE BofA”), used with permission. ICE BofA permits use of the ICE BofA indices and related data on an “as is” basis; makes no warranties regarding same; does not guarantee the suitability, quality, accuracy, timeliness, and/or completeness of the ICE BofA indices or any data included in, related to, or derived therefrom; assumes no liability in connection with the use of the foregoing; and does not sponsor, endorse, or recommend Putnam Investments, or any of its products or services.

After-tax returns reflect the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns are shown for class A shares only and will vary for other classes. These after-tax returns do not apply if you hold your fund shares through a 401(k) plan, an IRA, or another tax-advantaged arrangement.

Class B share performance reflects conversion to class A shares after eight years.

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund | ICE BofA 1-3 Year U.S. Corporate Index (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)

Prospectus [Line Items]

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1 Year

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4.16%

5 Years

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3.09%

10 Years

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2.56%

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund | ICE BofA U.S. Treasury Bill - ICE BofA 1-3 Year U.S. Corporate Linked Benchmark (no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)

Prospectus [Line Items]

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1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

4.16%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

2.57%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

1.33%

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund | Class A C000071705

Prospectus [Line Items]

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Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

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2.25%

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

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0.75%

^[10]

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

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0.37%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

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0.25%

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

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0.01%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

0.63%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

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$ 288

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

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422

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

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568

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

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$ 994

Annual Return 2011

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(1.91%)

Annual Return 2012

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2.77%

Annual Return 2013

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1.77%

Annual Return 2014

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0.69%

Annual Return 2015

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(0.51%)

Annual Return 2016

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2.27%

Annual Return 2017

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3.10%

Annual Return 2018

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1.97%

Annual Return 2019

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4.64%

Annual Return 2020

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3.20%

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

0.88%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

2.56%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

1.55%

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund | Class A C000071705 | After Taxes on Distributions

Prospectus [Line Items]

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1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

0.11%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

1.62%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

0.81%

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund | Class A C000071705 | After Taxes on Distributions and Sales

Prospectus [Line Items]

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1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

0.51%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

1.54%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

0.86%

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund | Class B C000071706

Prospectus [Line Items]

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Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

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none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

1.00%

^[11]

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

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0.37%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

0.45%

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

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0.01%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

0.83%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

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$ 185

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

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265

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

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460

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

968

Expense Example, No Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear01

85

Expense Example, No Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear03

265

Expense Example, No Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear05

460

Expense Example, No Redemption, 10 Years

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$ 968

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

1.90%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

2.81%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

1.62%

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund | Class C C000071707

Prospectus [Line Items]

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Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

1.00%

^[12]

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.37%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

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1.00%

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.01%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

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1.38%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

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$ 240

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

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437

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

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755

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

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1,657

Expense Example, No Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear01

140

Expense Example, No Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear03

437

Expense Example, No Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleNoRedemptionYear05

755

Expense Example, No Redemption, 10 Years

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$ 1,657

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

1.33%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

2.26%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

1.02%

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund | Class R C000071709

Prospectus [Line Items]

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Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

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none

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.37%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

0.50%

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.01%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

0.88%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

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$ 90

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

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281

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

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488

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

$ 1,084

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

2.94%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

2.76%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

1.52%

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund | Class R6 C000118004

Prospectus [Line Items]

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Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

none

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.37%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

none

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.01%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

0.38%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 39

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

122

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

213

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

$ 480

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

3.35%

^[13]

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

3.29%

^[13]

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

2.04%

^[13]

Putnam Short Duration Bond Fund | Class Y C000071710

Prospectus [Line Items]

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Maximum Sales Charge Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of Offering Price)

rr_MaximumSalesChargeImposedOnPurchasesOverOfferingPrice

none

Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (as a percentage)

rr_MaximumDeferredSalesChargeOverOther

none

Management Fees (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ManagementFeesOverAssets

0.37%

Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees

rr_DistributionAndService12b1FeesOverAssets

none

Other Expenses (as a percentage of Assets):

rr_OtherExpensesOverAssets

0.01%

Expenses (as a percentage of Assets)

rr_ExpensesOverAssets

0.38%

Expense Example, with Redemption, 1 Year

rr_ExpenseExampleYear01

$ 39

Expense Example, with Redemption, 3 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear03

122

Expense Example, with Redemption, 5 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear05

213

Expense Example, with Redemption, 10 Years

rr_ExpenseExampleYear10

$ 480

1 Year

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear01

3.36%

5 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear05

3.27%

10 Years

rr_AverageAnnualReturnYear10

2.03%

[1] Applies only to certain redemptions of shares bought with no initial sales charge.

[2] This charge is phased out over two years.

[3] This charge is eliminated after one year.

[4] Performance for class R6 shares prior to their inception (7/2/12) and for class P shares prior to their inception (8/31/16) is derived from the historical performance of class Y shares; had it, returns would have been higher.

[5] Applies only to certain redemptions of shares bought with no initial sales charge.

[6] Reflects Putnam Investment Management, LLC’s contractual obligation to limit certain fund expenses through 2/28/22. This obligation may be modified or discontinued only with approval of the Board of Trustees.

[7] This charge is phased out over six years.

[8] This charge is eliminated after one year.

[9] Performance for class R6 shares prior to their inception (7/2/12) and for class P shares prior to their inception (8/31/16) is derived from the historical performance of class Y shares and has not been adjusted for the lower investor servicing fees applicable to class R6 and class P shares; had it, returns would have been higher.

[10] Applies only to certain redemptions of shares bought with no initial sales charge.

[11] This charge is phased out over two years.

[12] This charge is eliminated after one year.

[13] Performance for class R6 shares prior to their inception (7/2/12) is derived from the historical performance of class Y shares and has not been adjusted for the lower investor servicing fees applicable to class R6 shares; had it, returns would have been higher.