UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ Annual report pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the securities exchange act of 1934 for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2023.

or

☐ Transition report pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the securities exchange act of 1934.

Commission File Number: 1-16371

IDT Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	22-3415036
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

520 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102
(Address of principal executive offices, zip code)

(973) 438-1000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share	IDT	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☒
Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the adjusted closing price on January 31, 2023 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) of the Class B common stock of $29.39 per share, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange, was approximately $599.4 million.

As of October 11, 2023, the registrant had outstanding 23,587,244 shares of Class B common stock and 1,574,326 shares of Class A common stock. Excluded from these numbers are 4,277,772 shares of Class B common stock and 1,698,000 shares of Class A common stock held in treasury by IDT Corporation.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The definitive proxy statement relating to the registrant’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be held December 13, 2023, is incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K to the extent described therein.

Index

IDT Corporation

Annual Report on Form 10-K

Part I		1
Item 1.	Business.	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors.	19
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments.	41
Item 2.	Properties.	41
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings.	41
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures.	41
Part II		42
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.	42
Item 6.	[Reserved]	44
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.	44
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks.	58
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.	59
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.	59
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures.	59
Item 9B.	Other Information.	60
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	60
Part III		61
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.	61
Item 11.	Executive Compensation.	61
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.	61
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.	61
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services.	61
Part IV		62
Item 15.	Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules.	62
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary.	63
Signatures		64

i

Part I

As used in this Annual Report, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms the “Company,” “IDT,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to IDT Corporation, a Delaware corporation, its predecessor, International Discount Telecommunications, Corp., a New York corporation, and its subsidiaries, collectively. Each reference to a fiscal year in this Annual Report refers to the fiscal year ending in the calendar year indicated (for example, fiscal 2023 refers to the fiscal year ended July 31, 2023).

Item 1. Business.

OVERVIEW

IDT is a provider of point-of-sale terminal-based solutions, international money remittance and other financial technology, or fintech businesses, cloud communications and traditional communications services. Our businesses leverage common strategic assets to serve differentiated markets with innovative offerings.

Our consumer businesses make it easier for families to connect, support and share across international borders. We also enable businesses to transact and communicate with their customers with enhanced intelligence and insight.

IDT’s key businesses are:

■ National Retail Solutions (NRS): Operates the leading point-of-sale, or POS, terminal-based platform for convenience stores, bodegas, and other independent retailers in the United States. NRS’ purpose-built integrated hardware and software solution enables these stores to operate and process transactions more effectively. Through its NRS PAY offerings, NRS allows these retailers to accept and process credit, debit, and electronic benefit transfer payments. Leveraging the POS platform, including its customer-facing screens and transaction analytics, NRS also provides advertisers and marketers with unprecedented reach into the U.S.’s predominantly urban, immigrant-centric consumer markets;

■ BOSS Money: Provides international money remittance services marketed to immigrant communities across the United States and Canada. BOSS Money makes it easy and convenient for retail customers to send money to friends and family in 47 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Europe and Asia. BOSS Money transfers are initiated both digitally, through the popular BOSS Money and BOSS Revolution Calling apps and BOSS Money website, and through licensed BOSS Money retail agents who can accept cash payments;

■ net2phone: Provides businesses in North America, Latin America, the Caribbean and Spain with cloud communications offerings marketed under its UNITE brand and contact center offerings under its uContact brand, as well as other, smaller offerings to enable intelligent business communications;

■ IDT Digital Payments: Provides a wide range of prepaid digital products including mobile airtime top-up, mobile data bundles, digital gift cards and other offerings directly to consumers through BOSS’ retail and digital channels. (Mobile top-up enables customers to transfer airtime and bundles of airtime, messaging, and data to international and domestic mobile accounts.) IDT Digital Payments also serves the enterprise space via Zendit, its prepaid-as-a-service platform. Zendit enables businesses, entrepreneurs, and developers to offer prepaid digital offerings globally including mobile airtime top-up, mobile data bundles, digital gift cards, and prepaid utility payments;

■ BOSS Revolution Calling: Provides international long-distance voice service marketed primarily to immigrant communities in the United States and Canada. BOSS Revolution Calling is provisioned through the popular BOSS Revolution Calling app and ‘calling cards’ sold by a robust network of over 30,000 BOSS Revolution retail agents; and

■ IDT Global: Provides wholesale international voice termination, virtual numbers, and SMS termination solutions to telecoms worldwide. Through its IDT Express self-provisioning portal, IDT Global also serves small and medium businesses.

IDT also operates other, small businesses and offerings including early-stage business initiatives and mature businesses in harvest mode.

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SEGMENT REPORTING

We have four reportable business segments: (1) National Retail Solutions, or NRS; (2) Fintech; (3) net2phone; and (4) Traditional Communications.

As of August 1, 2022, our National Retail Solutions business was reclassified to the NRS segment from the Fintech segment. In addition, certain lines of business were reclassified to the Fintech segment from the Traditional Communications segment. Comparative segment information has been reclassified and restated in all periods to conform to the current period presentation.

The NRS segment, which contributed revenue of $77.1 million in fiscal 2023 and $51.3 million in fiscal 2022 (6.2% and 3.8% of our total revenues, respectively) comprises our NRS business.

The Fintech segment, which contributed revenue of $86.6 million in fiscal 2023 and $64.6 million in fiscal 2022 (7.0% and 4.7% of our total revenues, respectively), comprises our BOSS Money remittance business and other, significantly smaller, financial services businesses, offerings and technologically innovative initiatives.

The net2phone segment, which contributed revenue of $72.4 million in fiscal 2023 and $58.2 million in fiscal 2022 (5.8% and 4.3% of our total revenues, respectively), comprises unified communications as a service, or UCaaS, offered under net2phone’s Unite Brand, contact center as a service, or CCaaS, offered under its uContact brand, and other offerings that leverage the cloud to enable intelligent business communications.

The Traditional Communications segment, which contributed revenue of $1,002.7 million in fiscal 2023 and $1,190.0 million in fiscal 2022 (81.0% and 87.2% of our total revenues, respectively) includes IDT Digital Payments, BOSS Revolution Calling, and IDT Global, as well as other small businesses and offerings including early-stage business initiatives and mature businesses in harvest mode.

Financial information by segment is presented in Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 to Part II of this Annual Report.

Our headquarters is located at 520 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102. The main telephone number at our headquarters is (973) 438-1000 and our corporate website’s home page is www.idt.net.

We make available free of charge our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to these reports, and all beneficial ownership reports on Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed by directors, officers and beneficial owners of more than 10% of our equity through the investor relations page of our website (http://ir.idt.net/) as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our website also contains information not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

KEY EVENTS IN OUR HISTORY

1990 – Howard S. Jonas, our founder, launches International Discount Telephone to provide international call re-origination services.

1995 – We begin selling wholesale services to other long-distance carriers by leveraging our access to favorable international telephone rates generated by our retail calling traffic.

1996 – We successfully complete an initial public offering of our common stock.

2000 – We complete the sale of a stake in our net2phone subsidiary, a pioneer in the development and commercialization of Voice over Internet Protocol, or VoIP, technologies and services, to AT&T for approximately $1.1 billion in cash. We subsequently repurchased net2phone from AT&T.

2001 – Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE.

2006 – We sell our Russian telecom business, Corbina, for $129.9 million in cash.

2007 – We complete the sale of IDT Entertainment to Liberty Media for $220.0 million in cash, stock and other considerations.

2008 –We launch BOSS Revolution PIN-less, a pay-as-you-go international calling service. BOSS Revolution has since become our flagship brand, and the BOSS Revolution platform has expanded to include payment offerings.

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2009 – We spin-off our CTM Media Holdings subsidiary to our stockholders. CTM Media Holdings has been renamed IDW Media Holdings, Inc. and its stock is traded on the NYSE American with the ticker symbol “IDW”.

2011 – We spin-off our Genie Energy Ltd. Subsidiary, which provides electricity and natural gas and related services to residential and business customers in the United States and overseas. Genie Energy’s common stock is listed on the NYSE with the ticker symbol “GNE”.

2013 – We spin-off our subsidiary, Straight Path Communications, Inc., or Straight Path, including its wireless spectrum holdings, to our stockholders. Straight Path was purchased in February 2018 by Verizon Communications Inc.

– We introduce our BOSS Revolution Calling app for Android and iOS.

– We launch our BOSS Money international remittance service.

2014 – We sell our stake in Fabrix Systems, a pioneer in cloud storage and network delivery technologies, to Ericsson for $69 million.

2015 – net2phone launches its UCaaS offering in the United States.

2016 – We spin-off our majority interest in our Zedge subsidiary to our stockholders. Zedge provides a content platform for mobile device personalization including ringtones, wallpapers, home screen icons and notification sounds. Zedge’s stock is listed on the NYSE American with the ticker symbol “ZDGE”.

– We launch NRS to provide POS-based services to independent retailers in the United States.

– net2phone initiates global expansion of its UCaaS offering with a launch in Brazil.

2017 – We introduce our BOSS Money app for Android and iOS.

2018 – We spin-off our interest in our Rafael Holdings, Inc. subsidiary to our stockholders. Rafael Holdings’ stock is listed on the NYSE with the ticker symbol “RFL”.

2019 – NRS launches NRS PAY, enabling retailers to accept credit cards and other forms of digital payment with an affordable, easily understood rate structure and no hidden fees.

2020 – net2phone introduces its Huddle video conferencing solution and integration with Microsoft Teams.

– We acquire a majority stake in Sochitel UK Ltd., or Sochitel, a global hub and digital distribution platform for mobile top-up, electronic vouchers, and other value transfer services.

2021 – net2phone launches integrations with Salesforce and Zapier among others, and HIPAA-compatible solutions for healthcare providers.

– BOSS Money is integrated into the BOSS Revolution Calling app.

2022 – net2phone acquires Integra CCS, or Integra, a CCaaS provider operating in the Americas and Europe.

– We acquire Leaf Global Fintech Corporation, or Leaf, an award-winning provider of digital wallet services in emerging markets serving unbanked customers in Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya.

– NRS launches its eWIC service, enabling NRS retailers to accept electronic benefits vouchers from the beneficiaries of the popular Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, or WIC.

2023 – NRS expands its POS network to Canada, enrolling its first retailers in the Toronto area.

- IDT Digital Payments launches Zendit, a global prepaid-as-a-service platform.

OUR STRATEGY

Since our inception more than 30 years ago, we have generated strong returns for our stockholders by incubating high-growth businesses with investment capital provided by our more mature, cash-generating businesses. As these growth businesses scaled, we have monetized many of them through sales or spin-offs to our stockholders.

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To date, we have spun off five publicly traded companies, one of which was subsequently sold:

■ IDW Media Holdings, Inc. (OTC: IDW), a publishing and entertainment company (2009);

■ Genie Energy, Ltd. (NYSE: GNE), a retail energy provider in the United States and Europe and developer of solar energy projects (2011);

■ Straight Path Communications, Inc. a holder of certain spectrum licenses that was purchased by Verizon in 2018 (2013);

■ Zedge, Inc. (NYSE American: ZDGE), an app developer focused on mobile phone personalization and entertainment (2016); and

■ Rafael Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: RFL), a pharmaceutical company pursuing novel cancer therapies (2018).

Today, we operate a portfolio of inter-related businesses that we’ve built by leveraging our strategic assets. These assets include:

■ Our key brands including NRS, net2phone, BOSS Revolution, BOSS Money and IDT Global;

■ Our nationwide network of more than 30,000 retailers including over 20,000 who utilize our digital retailer platform;

■ Our customer base of more than eight million users, primarily in immigrant communities within the United States;

■ Our technology, global infrastructure and high-capacity transaction platforms;

■ Extensive VoIP and cloud services expertise; and

■ Our staff of more than 2,300 dedicated personnel working in over 20 countries on four continents including in-house technology and product development teams.

The development of our high-margin, high-growth businesses—NRS, net2phone, and BOSS Money—has been, and in some cases continues to be, financed with growth capital from the cash flows generated by the more mature businesses within our Traditional Communications segment. Consequently, we have avoided debt financing and dilutive capital raises.

The key businesses in our Traditional Communications segment are:

■ IDT Digital Payments;

■ BOSS Revolution Calling; and

■ IDT Global.

These offerings participate wholly or partially in the paid-minute voice communications market. Like other operators in this market, these businesses, and particularly our BOSS Revolution Calling and IDT Global businesses, are subject to intense revenue and margin pressure as consumers continue to migrate to free over-the-top voice and messaging services and to flat-rate international long-distance plans. We have worked to counter the impacts of these trends by continually innovating and deploying new features and enhancements to augment the contributions of these offerings while reducing their associated overhead and operating expenditures. For instance, BOSS Revolution Calling and IDT Digital Payments benefited from a gradual rotation to digital channels with higher per-unit margins following the introduction of our BOSS Revolution Calling and BOSS Money apps. To date, these efforts have significantly offset the bottom-line impacts of the paid-minute voice market’s decline. Nevertheless, we expect that the cash-flows generated by the BOSS Revolution Calling and IDT Global businesses will decline appreciably in the coming years as the overall paid communications market continues its decline.

The increasing revenue and gross margin contributions from our high-margin growth businesses in combination with our efforts to maximize the cash generation of our lower margin, more mature offerings have enabled us to improve our consolidated bottom-line performance in recent years and to return value to stockholders through purchases of our Class B common stock.

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION

National Retail Solutions

NRS generated $77.1 million in revenues and income from operations of $14.4 million in fiscal 2023, as compared with revenues of $51.3 million and income from operations of $11.2 million in fiscal 2022.

NRS operates a network of POS terminals at independent retailers including convenience stores, bodegas, and other independent retailers throughout the United States. The NRS solution includes integrated hardware and software tools that enable these retailers to operate more efficiently and compete more effectively against larger retail chains.

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The POS terminal’s hardware includes a cash register, barcode scanner, retailer and customer-facing hi-definition screens, a receipt printer, and a credit card reader. NRS’ integrated, proprietary software is offered to retailers as a service and provides operational tools including inventory management, sales tracking, price book management, and other useful features. NRS technology teams in the United States and Israel continuously enhance the software and develop new features to better serve existing customers and facilitate expansion into additional retail market segments.

The primary market for NRS’ POS terminals is the more than 200,000 independently owned convenience, liquor, grocery, and tobacco stores in the United States, many of which primarily serve foreign-born communities in urban areas.

NRS continues to increase the number of POS terminals active in its network. As of July 31, 2023, the NRS POS network included approximately 25,700 terminals, an increase from 19,400 a year earlier. NRS’ POS terminal sales and marketing efforts are targeted, in part, to our nationwide network of BOSS Revolution retailers. NRS also markets and sells to retailers through direct sales and strategic relationships with more than 100 wholesale distributors including some of the largest cash-and-carry wholesalers in the United States.

NRS generates revenue from a portfolio of services for both retailers and third parties. The vast majority of revenue is generated by recurring services including:

■ Display Advertising. NRS terminals feature 15” high-definition customer-facing screens designed to engage customers during check-out. The screens enable consumer package-good sellers and other brand marketers, government agencies and non-profits to reach our retailers’ customers through static and video advertisements including video advertisements accompanying third-party provisioned content. NRS’ advertising offerings participate in the digital out-of-home, or DOOH, advertising market, which is among the fastest growing advertising market segments.

■ Merchant Services. The substantial majority of merchant services revenue is generated by NRS PAY, which enables retailers to accept and process payments made by credit cards, debit cards, and electronic benefits transfer. NRS PAY’s pricing model does not require a contract. NRS provides the NRS PAY equipment for free, and NRS does not charge hidden fees. NRS PAY offers several alternative credit card processing plans. At July 31, 2023, NRS had approximately 15,800 NRS PAY customers compared to approximately 10,300 a year earlier.

■ Data Analytics. NRS captures targeted POS transaction data from NRS retailers. These retailers are concentrated in urban communities with significant immigrant populations and, in the aggregate, constitute a significant but largely opaque market for data analysis and marketing. NRS has built a data platform that allows third parties to analyze transaction data at independent retailers and gain insights into this important segment of the consumer market.

■ Terminal-based software services. Terminal operators pay a monthly fee to operate each POS terminal, which increases with premium POS feature sets.

In addition to these recurring sources of revenue, NRS sells its POS terminals to retailers. Terminals are typically offered at a discount from the full retail price when retailers enroll in NRS PAY.

NRS also supports our BOSS communications and payment offerings – BOSS Revolution Calling, BOSS Money remittances, and IDT Digital Payments, all of which can be sold and provisioned by retailers directly from their NRS terminals.

We believe that NRS’ competitive advantages include:

■ Our purpose-built package of hardware and software is tailored specifically to the needs of independent retailers. Our approach differentiates us from other POS providers who primarily seek to provide POS solutions for retail and restaurant chains with centralized decision-making and vendor selection processes;

■ Our ability to penetrate the very fragmented independent retailer market, in part by leveraging IDT’s relationships and experience serving over 30,000 retailers nationwide;

■ Our established direct sales and marketing capabilities focused on independent retailers including our relationships with the wholesale distributors who supply these stores;

■ Our POS terminal’s 15” hi-definition customer-facing screen for displaying advertising and promotions provisioned via the NRS platform, and established relationships with supply side platforms in the DOOH advertising space;

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■ Our ability to accept and target advertising and content in multiple formats to meet the needs of a diverse variety of potential advertising inventory buyers;

■ For our data analytics business, the scale of our network and unique reach into the urban consumer convenience store market;

■ Our focus on urban markets with high concentrations of first- and second-generation immigrants that provides advertisers and marketers with unprecedented reach and insight into these communities;

■ For NRS PAY, we are ideally positioned to supply payment processing services to retailers who purchase, or already utilize, our terminals, and appeal to many more potential customers through simplified, transparent pricing plans with free card readers, no hidden fees and lower total cost to operate than most competitors;

■ In certain states, NRS PAY’s solution is licensed to accept electronic benefit transfers that certain competitors may not be licensed to accept;

■ Because of our large scale compared to newcomers and small competitors, we are able to attractively price our software-as-a-service fees at levels that are generally well below theirs;

■ Our ability to leverage new offerings for retailers through third party providers who are attracted by our scale and the flexibility of our platform; and

■ Our experienced and proven management team, many of whom have been with NRS since inception.

NRS’ growth strategy includes:

■ Enhanced investment to increase the growth of our POS network through an expanded sales force and distributor network and subsidies on POS equipment;

■ Expansion of our POS terminal network into new retail verticals enabled, in some markets, by the development of new POS hardware formats and software functionalities;

■ For NRS PAY, conversion of current NRS terminal customers, particularly as contracts with their existing credit card processors expire, and conversion of existing NRS PAY customers to higher margin pricing plans;

■ For NRS advertising, integrations with new programmatic advertisers and the development of differentiated offerings that enable us to more effectively leverage the unique strengths of our platform;

■ Develop partnerships to provide NRS retailers with robust home delivery service options; and

■ Build out the NRS digital wholesale supply channel to provide NRS retailers with new cost-effective supply options.

Competition

NRS’ principal competitors in our target market of independent convenience stores, including bodegas, and other small format retailers including liquor and tobacco stores, are significantly smaller and primarily local or regional. These regional players generally do not offer a comparable suite of POS services, have limited capacity to scale their platforms, and/or are not price competitive.

Nationwide POS platform service providers, including Square, Toast, Lightspeed, Clover, and NCR, primarily serve retail chains or are focused on other segments, such as sit-down restaurant chains.

Fintech

Fintech is comprised of BOSS Money and other, significantly smaller, financial services businesses. Fintech revenues were $86.6 million in fiscal 2023 compared to $64.6 million in fiscal 2022. Fintech’s loss from operations was $2.5 million in fiscal 2023 compared to $6.9 million in fiscal 2022. BOSS Money revenues were $76.9 million in fiscal 2023, an increase of 38.5% from revenues of $55.6 million in fiscal 2022.

BOSS Money enables customers in the United States to send money conveniently and affordably to third parties around the world. International remittances are a primary economic activity for the tens of millions of first- and second-generation immigrants in the United States. According to the World Bank, total remittances from the United States topped $79 billion in 2022. At July 31, 2023, BOSS Money provided its remittance service from the United States to 47 countries through approximately 1,100 payer entities. Its payout network included over 237,000 cash payout locations worldwide in addition to bank deposits, mobile money wallets, credit to debit cards, and home delivery payout options.

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BOSS Money is offered directly to consumers via our digital channels including the BOSS Money app, the BOSS Revolution Calling app, and the BOSS Money consumer website. Our retail channel comprises licensed and authorized BOSS Money agents nationwide.

During fiscal 2023, approximately 80% of BOSS Money’s transactions originated on our digital channels, predominantly in the BOSS Money app. The BOSS Money app enables customers with a debit or credit card to send money easily and securely directly from an iOS or Android device.

The BOSS Money retail network affords unbanked and underbanked customers the ability to initiate transactions with cash as well as with a debit or credit card. We continue to build our retail origination network by using our internal sales force to recruit new BOSS Money retailers, primarily focusing on retailers that already provision BOSS Revolution Calling and IDT Digital Payments. In order to provide our service, BOSS Money retailers must meet certain stringent financial and other regulatory qualifications. We also continue to enhance the BOSS Money retailer portal and platform to make the transaction more convenient for retailers, the majority of whom host multiple remittance providers.

We continue to expand our BOSS Money customer base at rates well above the domestic remittance industry’s average by focusing our marketing efforts on converting the large BOSS Revolution customer base, as well as by targeting new customers directly, primarily through attractive fee and foreign exchange rate offers, through both our digital and retail channels.

BOSS Money generates revenues from a per-transaction fee charged to the customer and from foreign exchange differentials. Our transaction costs include commissions paid when the transaction is initiated by a retail agent, payment to the international disbursing agent, banking, compliance, foreign currency exchange costs, and, for digital transfers, credit and debit card processing fees.

BOSS Money’s gross margins are typically higher on remittances initiated through our digital channels compared to retail channel transactions, as we pay retail agents transaction-based commissions on the latter.

Competition and Competitive Strengths

BOSS Money competes in the international money remittance space with both ‘brick and mortar’ services which operate primarily in retail locations through stores or authorized agents and with digital-only platforms. Most retailer-based originators of money transfers have now developed digital capabilities as well. Significant participants in this category include Western Union, International Money Express, Inc. (Intermex), Ria, a subsidiary of Euronet Worldwide, and MoneyGram International, Inc. Money remittance providers that compete wholly or primarily through digital channels include Xoom (a subsidiary of PayPal), WorldRemit, Remitly, Sendwave, and TransferWise.

We believe that BOSS Money’s competitive strengths include:

■ Our BOSS name is an established and trusted brand that has served immigrant communities in the United States for over a decade. We spend significantly on BOSS-branded marketing to support BOSS Revolution Calling and BOSS Money. Through the nationwide network of over 30,000 BOSS Revolution retailers, the BOSS brand has a high-visibility storefront presence in many communities with significant immigrant populations;

■ The BOSS customer eco-system includes the significantly larger customer bases of BOSS Revolution Calling and IDT Digital Payments. We are able to significantly lower BOSS Money’s customer acquisition costs, and therefore grow more efficiently, through our intensive cross-product marketing efforts with our eco-system;

■ The BOSS Money app, which is used for the substantial majority of our transactions, is a proprietary, internally developed, scalable platform that has earned high marks from customers for its ease of use, reliability, and customer service;

■ Our internal sales force, which serves our 30,000 BOSS Money retailers;

■ Our nationwide retail channel that enables underbanked and unbanked customers to initiate cash transactions;

■ Our comprehensive compliance processes and procedures; and

■ Our experienced management team.

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BOSS Money’s growth strategy includes:

■ Expansion of our international payout network with a focus on popular destinations in Africa;

■ Expansion of origination beyond the United States and Canada to the United Kingdom and, potentially, to European countries with large immigrant populations;

■ Continued migration of our BOSS Revolution Calling and IDT Digital Payments customers from competitors to BOSS Money;

■ Further enhancement of our BOSS Money app and retailer portal;

■ Increasing the number of BOSS Money retail agents; and

■ Addition of new features and offerings.

We continue to compete successfully in part by migrating customers from our other BOSS offerings to BOSS Money leveraging our highly regarded BOSS brand, insights into our customers, and cross-marketing capabilities. We compete for customers outside the BOSS ecosystem primarily based on brand reputation, low fees, and competitive foreign exchange rates.

net2phone

net2phone’s revenues were $72.4 million in fiscal 2023 compared to $58.2 million in fiscal 2022. net2phone’s loss from operations was $2.8 million in fiscal 2023 compared to $11.1 million in fiscal 2022.

net2phone launched its UCaaS offering in 2015, leveraging our expertise in VoIP communications, established technology team, and global telephony network.

net2phone enables its customers to transform their communications by leveraging its cloud platform to provide solutions that enable more intelligent, flexible and adaptive communications.

net2phone’s offerings include:

■ Unified Communications as a Service (UCaaS): Business communications is rapidly evolving. Increasingly sophisticated cloud-based solutions are displacing siloed, multi-channel solutions and on-premise Private Branch Exchanges, or PBXs, which businesses operate to support their legacy phone systems. net2phone’s Unite branded UCaaS service utilizes its cloud platform to provide conversational continuity across channels from any connected device – tethered or mobile – and to measure, manage and analyze those communications for enhanced insight and productivity. net2phone provides its UCaaS customers that convert from on-premise PBXs with advanced Internet Protocol, or IP, desktop phones and/or with a bring-your-own-device solution accessed through its integrated web portal and through net2phone’s mobile app. net2phone’s UCaaS service includes multi-channel communications with voice management features, unlimited domestic and international calling to over 40 countries, robust messaging and chat tools, voicemail to email transcription, client analytics, the net2phone Huddle video conferencing service, and reporting and system management capabilities accessed through its online console. net2phone’s UCaaS service integrates seamlessly with business communication platforms (such as Microsoft Teams and Slack), leading customer relationship management, or CRM, services (such as SalesForce, Zoho and others) and text-based communications platforms. net2phone adds features, enhancements and integrations on a regular basis leveraging its agile development philosophy.

■ Cloud Contact Center as a Service (CCaaS): net2phone offers robust and integrated cloud CCaaS solutions under its uContact brand. uContact provides omnichannel contact center solutions including workflows, forms, reports, dashboards, CRM alerts, and monitoring for inbound, outbound, or blended contact centers. uContact also offers gamification components to improve employee efficiency and engagement. uContact is sold either as a stand-alone offer or as a bundled solution with net2phone’s UCaaS or SIP Trunking offerings.

■ Huddle: net2phone’s video and audio streaming solution, Huddle, is integrated with and provisioned through its unified communications offering. Huddle delivers a comprehensive feature set including phone dial-in conference options, robust user controls, single sign-on, noise cancelation, screen blur, Huddle reactions and complete on-the-go access. Huddle integrates fully with Google and Microsoft Outlook calendars. Conversations on Huddle are secure, and passcode protected.

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■ Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Trunking: net2phone’s SIP Trunking service provides high-quality voice channels from net2phone’s expansive VoIP network directly to the client’s on-premise IP-PBX. net2phone’s SIP Trunking service has been certified for compatibility with leading IP-PBX vendors such as Avaya and 3CX.

net2phone operates in the United States, Canada, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Spain. Sales efforts are targeted at mid-market scale businesses, with 50 to 1000 seats.

net2phone employs a channel-partner go-to-market strategy in its markets, except in Canada. In these markets, distribution is through master agents, telecom agents, managed service providers, and value-added reseller partners. net2phone’s channel-centric approach enables it to efficiently reach its extensive target market of midsize businesses, which rely heavily on channel partners to address their IT needs. Currently, net2phone partners with over 2,000 active channel partners. net2phone’s partner channel is overseen by field-based channel sales managers employed by net2phone.

net2phone also continues to expand its direct-to-business channel in each of its markets.

net2phone’s channel partners and business customers choose its solutions because of its intuitive products, reliability, track-record of innovation, and accessibility.

net2phone’s go-to-market strategy for both channel partners and direct sales is uniquely tailored to each geographic market. net2phone delivers differentiated, local support for channel partners and end users along with customizable packages and a partner-ready portal for seamless onboarding and management. In addition, net2phone bills and supports its customers directly.

net2phone’s value proposition for its channel partners includes streamlined services bundled with and without IP phones, extensive customization capabilities, frictionless and rapid quote generation, and competitive compensation – backed by net2phone’s dedicated channel team.

Key differentiators typically include net2phone’s advanced feature sets, white glove customer service, integrations with third-party software and deep localization. net2phone’s global infrastructure, locally based sales and customer support teams and local phone numbers, porting, and native language support, all enable net2phone clients to retain the look and feel of localized customer and user experiences.

net2phone’s marketing to channel partners and end users includes search engine marketing, search engine optimization, third-party lead generation platforms, social media marketing, and other forms of demand generation. net2phone’s indirect marketing funnels through its network of partners, master agencies, and affiliates and includes tradeshows and local events, support for digital marketing and other forms of demand generation.

net2phone tracks its acquisition costs closely across both channels to ensure it is acquiring customers in a cost-efficient manner and consistent with its targets for return on investment.

net2phone’s CCaaS offering is integrated into its core marketing strategies. These include, but are not limited to, webinars, channel partner events, contact center industry-focused events, search engine optimization, and search engine marketing, layered with ongoing channel sales training, proof of concepts and demos. As CCaaS sales opportunities will lead to more enterprise deployments, net2phone plans to implement a strong presales engineering cadence to qualify, ascertain and identify the key features and functionality that such client sets require.

net2phone growth strategy includes:

■ New Product and Feature Offerings – net2phone expects to introduce new services and functionalities to drive sales, increase average revenue per user, or ARPU, and an enhanced customer experience. They include:

■ net2phone AI, which leverages the power of artificial intelligence within its UCaaS and CCaaS solutions to drive immediate, quantifiable improvements in customer engagement and business performance. net2phone AI will be offered as a premium service in all of net2phone’s international markets and in three languages: English, Spanish and Portuguese.

■ Call Center Essentials, which offers the key advantages of a contact center solution to mid-sized businesses that have significant customer interactions without the need for complete call center offerings. Call Center Essentials’ features include flexible call queues, custom routing, and performance monitoring accessed through an intelligent, modern, and easy-to-use interface. Call Center Essentials will also be offered as a premium service in net2phone’s international markets.

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■ A self-service “station”, which enables channel partners and end users to easily handle commonly requested modifications – from setting up new extensions for staff to modifying a welcome greeting for the Thanksgiving holiday within a professional portal experience.

■ net2phone TieLine, which allows the growing number of customers that utilize both Unite and uContact to contact colleagues on either platform.

■ Channel expansion and direct sales. net2phone’s growth accelerates as it adds new channel partners and increases direct sales. As of July 31, 2023, we had over 2,000 active channel partner relationships. net2phone believes that its channel partner strategy, including the flexibility of go-to-market alternatives and the extensive support net2phone provides to its partners, creates strong incentives for resellers to partner with it. net2phone’s direct sales strategy is driving incremental expansion via its web-based portals in each of its markets and led by its direct sales teams in Canada.

■ Expansion of CCaaS. net2phone’s uContact branded CCaaS solution enables net2phone to expand its channel partner portfolio by adding partners that focus mainly or exclusively on the CCaaS space. uContact also expands net2phone’s total addressable market by allowing it to target larger enterprise accounts, business process optimization, or BPO, providers (outsourced call centers), and international contact centers, as well as entities that want an integrated UCaaS and CCaaS solution. net2phone expects CCaaS-driven opportunities will increase its average user per customer considerably beyond what it experiences in the UCaaS space. In addition, Ucontact is expected to generate higher ARPU, while commanding stickier, longer-term relationships with customers.

■ Focus on its mid-sized business target market. The competition for mid-market businesses is less intense than the enterprise market. Many mid-market businesses rely heavily on channel partners to address their IT needs and require customer support given limited in-house technology resources. Consequently, this market is particularly well-suited to a channel partner centric strategy.

■ Expanding portfolio of integrations. net2phone continues to expand its portfolio of integrations with leading third-party CRM and text-based business collaboration platforms. net2phone’s UCaaS and CCaaS offerings integrate seamlessly with Google Meet, Microsoft Teams, Zoho, Slack, Zapier, Salesforce and WhatsApp via its Omni channel CCaaS solution, as well as with smaller, vertical-specific CRMs.

■ Leveraging regional infrastructure for deep localization. In Latin America, net2phone leverages its network infrastructure and regional expertise to provide a truly localized solution supported by knowledgeable staff and regional offices in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, and Mexico. Latin American markets generally initially exhibit lower levels of unified communications adoption and market leadership than in the United States and Europe, allowing net2phone to establish itself as an early mover within the market and gain significant market share.

■ Expand internationally. net2phone plans to continue growing its business within its international markets. In both fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022, 44% of net2phone’s UCaaS subscription revenue came from its eight international markets: Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Spain, Colombia, Peru, and Uruguay. net2phone has strong sales and marketing presence in each of these markets.

■ Selectively pursue acquisitions and strategic investments. net2phone may continue to selectively pursue acquisitions and strategic investments to strengthen its platform with new capabilities and solutions as well as to expand its position in its existing markets or to establish a presence in new markets.

Competitive Strengths

We believe that net2phone’s competitive strengths include:

■ Proprietary communications-as-a-service product suite. net2phone provides a leading, proprietary cloud-based communications and collaboration platform for our customers. Key differentiators include net2phone’s advanced feature sets, proprietary CCaaS offering, white glove customer service, integrations with third-party software, and deep localization. Through net2phone’s platform, customers can access voice, video, chat and messaging services, softphone and mobile applications, customizable packages, and a partner portal. The seamlessly integrated solutions on net2phone’s platform are delivered and centrally managed through an intuitive, ‘single pane of glass’ master portal that allows channel partners and customers to easily monitor and manage the product offering. net2phone’s CCaaS offering provides call center agents software for customized campaign management, including inbound and outbound call management, messaging, gamification, reporting, and live monitoring. net2phone’s CCaaS offering is tailored for call centers ranging from 20 to 1,000 agents. net2phone supports seamless product suite integrations with leading third-party CRMs and text-based business collaboration platforms including Google Meet, Microsoft Teams, Zoho, Slack, Zapier, and Salesforce, with new integrations added to meet demand.

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■ Platform built for our channel partners. net2phone has built its platform to both serve the needs of its customers and to empower its channel partners. We believe that net2phone’s platform provides its partners with an effective way to market and sell its comprehensive solutions to new customers and manage its existing customers. In addition, net2phone’s integrations with leading third-party applications enable its partners to offer more comprehensive solutions. net2phone’s suite of solutions is delivered to the marketplace both quickly, intuitively, and precisely. net2phone has developed a proprietary partner portal exclusively for its growing partner community. net2phone’s channel partners are able to easily quote and deliver a net2phone proposal and agreement proceeding directly to onboarding.

■ One World, One Platform. net2phone is deploying a single cloud-based platform to provide its unified communications service globally. This single-platform approach enables a consistent, holistic approach to new feature deployment, service upgrades, and marketing. The platform has been deployed in the United States, Brazil, and Mexico to date.

■ Distribution power of net2phone’s more than 2,000 active channel partners enhanced with an emergent direct to consumer strategy. net2phone’s’ vast and growing partner network gives it tremendous leverage to grow its business customer base, increase revenue from our existing clients and expand its footprint to adjacent geographies. net2phone’s platform is tailored to support channel partners and includes channel incentives built into its pricing structure, technology platform, and support services. net2phone puts its channel and customer priorities first. Channel partners are motivated to sell net2phone’s offering due to its premier, localized channel partner support and marketing. While net2phone is primarily focused on strategically growing its channel sales, it has also been focusing on the expansion of its direct-to-business sales.

■ Differentiated customer support and local market presence. net2phone offers channel partners and customers white glove customer service, integrations with third-party software, and deep localization. net2phone’s on-the-ground presence in international markets accounted for approximately 75% of its personnel at the end of fiscal 2023. Regional-based customer service and sales teams are a key differentiator and propel net2phone’s international business.

■ Track record and focus on innovative solutions. net2phone’s long track record of innovation includes the development of its proprietary UCaaS platform, including the Huddle video conferencing service, as well as numerous patents around virtualized communication technologies.

■ Employee-friendly culture that allows net2phone to attract and retain talent. net2phone has sought to create a workplace and culture that is entrepreneurial, positive, employee-friendly and encourages its employees to work towards its shared goals of delivering innovative solutions to its customers and supporting its partners. As of July 31, 2023, net2phone had approximately 460 employees worldwide, with 77% located outside of the United States.

Competition

net2phone’s most significant competitors in the UCaaS space include RingCentral, 8x8, Crexendo, Vonage, and Nextiva. Many of these companies offer more widely recognized brands, larger and more developed marketing and sales forces and/or channel agent networks, and more advanced product sets and solutions customized for specific market segments or verticals. These competitors’ offerings typically also support integration of their services with other well-known, third-party CRM vendors as well as with various Google and Microsoft applications.

The CCaaS market is fragmented, highly competitive and evolving rapidly in response to shifting consumer behavior, especially the rapid adoption of mobile devices and social media. The proliferation of mobile devices and social media is driving change in contact center technology, as customers expect seamless communication across any channel according to their preference and needs. Combined with the disruptive nature of cloud technologies, this has resulted in competitors from different market and product heritages, varying in size, breadth and scope of products and services offered. net2phone currently competes with large legacy vendors that offer on-premise contact center systems, such as Avaya and Cisco. These legacy telephony vendors are increasingly supplementing and replacing their traditional on-premise contact center systems with competing cloud offerings, through a combination of acquisitions, partnerships, and in-house development.

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Additionally, net2phone competes with vendors that historically provided other contact center services and technologies and expanded to offer cloud contact center software such as NICE, Five9, and Genesys. net2phone also faces competition from many smaller contact center service providers such as Talkdesk and Seranova, as well as vendors offering both unified communications and contact center solutions. In addition, Amazon and Twilio have introduced solutions aimed at companies who wish to build their own contact centers with in-house developers. CRM vendors are also increasingly offering features and functionality that were traditionally provided by contact center service providers. CRM vendors also continue to partner with contact center service providers to provide integrated solutions and may, in the future, acquire competitive contact center service providers.

net2phone’s competitors may enjoy competitive advantages over it, including greater name recognition, longer operating histories and larger marketing budgets, as well as greater financial and/or technical resources. With the introduction of new technologies and market entrants, net2phone expects competition to continue to intensify. net2phone’s future acquisitions, if any, may subject it to new competitors and cause it to face additional and different competition in the markets served by these businesses.

Traditional Communications

Our Traditional Communications segment generated $1,002.7 million in revenues and income from operations of $61.3 million in fiscal 2023, as compared with revenues of $1,190.0 million and income from operations of $75.8 million in fiscal 2022.

Traditional Communications comprises the following businesses:

■ IDT Digital Payments, which includes certain prepaid offerings – primarily mobile top-up, which enables customers to transfer airtime and bundles of airtime, messaging, and data to international and domestic mobile accounts, and Zendit, its cloud-based prepaid-as-a-service platform, which enables businesses and developers to offer prepaid digital offerings globally through their apps and websites;

■ BOSS Revolution Calling, an international long-distance calling service marketed primarily to immigrant communities in the United States and Canada;

■ IDT Global, a wholesale provider of international voice and SMS termination and outsourced traffic management solutions to telecoms worldwide; and

■ Other, small businesses and offerings including early-stage business initiatives and mature businesses in harvest mode.

IDT Digital Payments

IDT Digital Payments’ revenues were $417.1 million in fiscal 2023 compared to $473.2 million in fiscal 2022 (41.6% and 39.8% of Traditional Communications’ revenues in fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022, respectively).

IDT Digital Payments enables customers to transfer airtime and bundles of airtime, messaging, and data to recharge or ‘top-up’ a recipient’s mobile phone account internationally or domestically. Through its Zendit platform, IDT Digital Payments enables businesses, entrepreneurs, and developers to offer prepaid digital offerings including mobile airtime top-up, mobile data bundles, digital gift cards, and prepaid utility payments. The substantial majority of IDT Digital Payments’ revenue is from international mobile top-up. IDT Digital Payments offers mobile top-up for 194 different carriers in 109 countries, primarily in Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa.

IDT Digital Payments leverages our platform capabilities, our distribution reach into foreign-born communities and our relationships with mobile operators around the world.

IDT Digital Payments is sold through the BOSS platform primarily through three channels:

■ direct-to-consumer, through the BOSS digital channel, including our BOSS Revolution Calling and BOSS Money apps, and the BOSS Revolution website;

■ retail, through our BOSS Revolution retail network including direct provisioning by retailers using our BOSS Revolution retailer platform and through mobile operator-branded top-up cards, and

■ enterprise and wholesale, in which we provision international offerings for other businesses.

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IDT Digital Payments’ growth drivers include deployment of additional data centric bundles to meet the growing demand for data from mobile phone customers in developing countries worldwide, cross selling to our current BOSS Revolution Calling and BOSS Money customers, further expansion into the enterprise and wholesale market as well as other regions, and the addition of new services, including enabling originators to pay for goods and services on behalf of the recipient. Additionally, we are actively pursuing the growing global digital gift card market by expanding our digital catalog to include hundreds of brands from around the world.

Competition

IDT Digital Payments’ major competitors include:

■ international mobile operators, who seek to control more of their own distribution channel or create their own products that directly compete with IDT Digital Payments; and

■ other service providers, distributors, and wholesalers, including DT One, Ding, and Recharge.com.

We believe that IDT Digital Payments’ competitive advantages are:

■ our direct connection to most of the Tier 1 and Tier 2 mobile carriers worldwide;

■ the strength of IDT’s balance sheet, which allows us to compete effectively in a capital intensive prepaid industry;

■ our extensive distribution and retail networks that provide us with a strong presence in communities of foreign-born residents, a significant portion of which purchase our services with cash; and

■ our strong omni channel approach, which includes the BOSS Revolution retailer network, the BOSS digital platform, including the BOSS Money and BOSS Revolution Calling apps and the BOSS Revolution website, and the enterprise and wholesale channel.

BOSS Revolution Calling

BOSS Revolution Calling’s revenues were $322.1 million in fiscal 2023 compared to $387.9 million in fiscal 2022 (32.1% and 32.6% of Traditional Communications’ revenues in fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022, respectively).

BOSS Revolution Calling is a prepaid international long-distance calling service marketed primarily to foreign-born and under-banked consumers in the United States and Canada, and a digital-only offering in Europe and Australia.

BOSS Revolution Calling includes our flagship ‘BOSS Revolution’ branded international long-distance prepaid calling service as well as disposable hard cards sold under a variety of brands. In the United States, BOSS Revolution Calling served, as of July 31, 2023, approximately 2.1 million customers per month.

BOSS Revolution Calling is offered through our digital channels – the BOSS Revolution Calling app and website, and through our extensive national network of BOSS Revolution retailers.

BOSS Revolution Calling allows users to place international long-distance calls at affordable rates from the BOSS Revolution Calling app or by calling an access number. Regardless of how the call originates, our customers must first establish and top-up a prepaid BOSS Revolution account that is linked to their phone. Customers can open a BOSS Revolution Calling account for free and top-up with a debit or credit card using the BOSS Revolution Calling app, through the BOSS Revolution consumer website (www.bossrevolution.com) or by phone, or with cash at any BOSS Revolution retailer. Once the account is established and a call is placed, our platform recognizes the customer’s phone through its network-provided automatic number identification and seamlessly links each call to the corresponding BOSS Revolution account. Callers then enter their destination phone numbers. BOSS Revolution Calling customers’ account balances are debited at a fixed rate per minute or at a fixed amount for calling plans to a specific country over a specified time period. In contrast to certain of our competitors, BOSS Revolution Calling does not charge connection, usage or breakage fees. BOSS Revolution Calling’s per minute rates vary by the destination country, city, and whether the call is placed to a landline or mobile phone. Rates are published on the BOSS Revolution consumer website and within the BOSS Revolution Calling app.

Users of the BOSS Revolution Calling app constitute the majority of our customers to date. At July 31, 2023, approximately 1.5 million customers per month utilized the BOSS Revolution Calling app.

In the United States, we distribute our BOSS Revolution Calling hard cards and other retail products primarily through our network of distributors that, either directly or through sub-distributors, sell to retail locations. In addition, our internal sales force sells BOSS Revolution Calling and other platform products directly to retailers.

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At July 31, 2023, approximately 23,500 retailers per month utilized our digital retailer platform to provision customers, the substantial majority of whom pay the retailer in cash. In addition, we estimate that approximately 5,000 retailers resell our disposable hard cards without utilizing our retailer portal. BOSS Revolution retailers are typically independent retailers serving foreign-born communities with significant unbanked or under-banked populations.

The BOSS Revolution retailer portal can be accessed by any broadband enabled device. Through the portal, retailers can access our platform to create accounts for new customers, add funds to existing customer balances and execute sales transactions. The platform provides us with a direct, real-time interface with our BOSS Revolution retailers to create a cost-effective and adaptable distribution model that allows us to target and promote services directly to distributors and retailers, to introduce and cross-sell new offerings, and to rapidly adapt to changes in the business environment.

In the United States, the BOSS Revolution brand is supported by national, regional, and local marketing programs that include television and radio advertising, online advertising and grass roots marketing at community and sporting events. In addition, we work closely with distributors and retailers on in-store promotional programs and events.

BOSS Revolution Calling’s retail sales have traditionally been, and continue to be, strongest in the Northeastern United States and in Florida because of our extensive local distribution network. We continue to grow BOSS Revolution Calling’s distributor relationships and expand BOSS Revolution Calling’s retail network in other areas of the United States and Canada, including the Southwest and West Coast.

Competition

BOSS Revolution Calling is subject to fierce competition. While virtually any company offering communication services is a competitor, we face particularly strong competition from Tier 1 mobile network operators who offer flat-rate international calling plans, other PIN-less prepaid voice offerings, prepaid calling card providers, mobile virtual network operators, and VoIP and other “over the top”, or OTT, service providers. Outside the United States, we also compete with large state-owned or state-sanctioned telephone companies.

Many of these companies, including AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile, are substantially larger and have greater financial, technical, engineering, personnel, and marketing resources, longer operating histories, greater name recognition, and larger customer bases than we do.

In addition to these larger competitors, we face significant competition from smaller prepaid calling providers.

From time to time, competitors may offer rates that are substantially below ours, in an apparent attempt to gain market share. In some instances, these rates are below what we believe to be the cost to provide the service. This predatory pricing can adversely affect our revenues and our gross margins.

The continued growth of OTT calling and messaging services such as WhatsApp, Messenger, FaceTime, and others have adversely affected the sales of BOSS Revolution Calling and our other prepaid calling services. We expect the popularity of these IP-based services—many of which offer free voice and/or video communications—to continue to increase, which will increase substitution for, and pricing pressure on, our BOSS Revolution Calling and other international prepaid calling offerings. However, free services typically require both the caller and recipient to have a broadband connection. BOSS Revolution Calling utilizes telephone networks to enable voice communications even when neither party has broadband connectivity.

Many mobile operators offer unlimited international long-distance plans that include international destinations to which customers can place direct calls from their mobile phones without time limitation. These plans now include some of our most popular international destinations. The growth of these “international unlimited” plans adversely affects our revenues as these operators gain subscriber market share.

Our ability to compete successfully against these various operators and service providers stems from several factors, including:

■ our interconnect and termination agreements, network infrastructure, and least-cost-routing system enable us to offer low-cost, high-quality services;

■ our continued innovation with new plans tailored to the specific needs of different corridors and finding new ways of delivering more value to consumers striving to connect with third parties around the globe;

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■ our extensive distribution and retail networks provide us with a strong presence in communities of foreign-born residents, a significant portion of which purchase our services with cash;

■ our continued migration of our existing customers to our digital platform including the BOSS Revolution Calling app;

■ our BOSS Revolution brand is often highly visible in these communities and has a reputation for quality service and competitive, transparent pricing; and

■ our offering of synergistic IDT Digital Payments and BOSS Money over the BOSS Revolution platform that customers can conveniently access from their accounts.

Our ability to maintain and/or to capture additional market share will remain dependent upon our ability to continue to provide competitively priced services, to maintain our distribution and retail networks, to increase usage through the BOSS Revolution Calling app, and to innovate new products and services to fit the evolving needs of our customers.

IDT Global

IDT Global’s revenues were $230.3 million in fiscal 2023 compared to $292.4 million in fiscal 2022, contributing 23.0% and 24.6% of Traditional Communications’ revenues in fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022, respectively.

IDT Global is one of the largest wholesale carriers of international long-distance minutes in the world.

IDT Global’s telecommunications network is comprised of interconnections and commercial relationships that reach virtually every significant global telecom operator. These relationships enable us to carry international telecommunications traffic to more than 200 countries around the world. IDT Global’s customers include our BOSS Revolution Calling and net2phone businesses, major and niche carriers around the globe, mobile network operators, and other service providers such as call aggregators. For many of these customers, particularly the major carriers, we engage in buy-sell relationships, terminating their customers’ traffic in exchange for terminating our traffic with them.

IDT Global offers competitively priced international termination rates at several quality levels. We can offer competitively priced termination services in part because of the large volumes of originating minutes generated by our BOSS Revolution Calling business, our global platform powered by proprietary software, our team of professional and experienced account managers and market makers, and our global network of interconnections and relationships with other telecom operators. IDT Global’s services are marketed and sold through our internal account management team and the IDT Express digital portal. IDT Express focuses on delivering wholesale voice and direct inward dialing, or DID, services to small and medium size businesses domestically and internationally.

Traditional Communications terminated 9.3 billion minutes in fiscal 2023, as compared to 11.3 billion minutes in fiscal 2022. IDT Global accounted for 6.3 billion minutes and 7.7 billion minutes of the total Traditional Communications’ minutes in fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022, respectively.

IDT Global has a significant number of direct connections to Tier 1 providers in North America, Latin America, Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Tier 1 providers are the largest recognized licensed carriers in the country. Direct connections improve the quality of the telephone calls and reduce the cost, thereby enabling us to generate more traffic with higher margins to the associated foreign locales. We also have direct relationships with mobile network operators, reflecting their growing share of the voice traffic market.

Termination rates charged by Tier 1 and other providers of international long-distance traffic have been declining for many years. Nevertheless, termination rates charged to us by individual Tier 1 carriers and mobile operators can be volatile. Termination price volatility on heavily trafficked routes can significantly impact our minutes of use and wholesale revenues.

In addition to offering competitive rates to our carrier customers, we emphasize our ability to offer the high-quality connections that these providers often require. To that end, we offer higher-priced services in which we provide higher-quality connections, based upon a set of predetermined quality of service criteria. These services meet a growing need for higher-quality connections for some of our customers who provide services to high-value, quality-conscious retail customers. As of July 31, 2023, IDT Global had more than 1,600 customers, including more than 315 carrier relationships globally.

IDT Global’s revenues are generated by sales to both postpaid and prepaid customers. Postpaid customers typically include Tier 1 carriers, mobile network operators, and our most creditworthy customers. The majority of IDT Global’s prepaid customers connect via our IDT Express portal. IDT Express offers the convenience of a mobile self-service portal paired with dedicated account managers backed by customer support. Prepaid customers are typically smaller telecommunication companies as well as independent call aggregators.

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IDT Global also offers outsourcing services to help fixed and mobile telephony operators enhance the profitability and value of their international voice operations. IDT Global offers these operators customized solutions, including full outsourcing, handing all inbound and outbound calls with or without switch management, and hybrid arrangements whereby the operator retains certain routes or customers directly. Pursuant to these deals, IDT Global collaborates with the operators to provide a full range of international long-distance services to their respective customers in-country and overseas.

IDT Global is subject to intense revenue and margin pressure as communications globally continues to transition away from international voice calling to video conferencing and other collaboration platforms, low-cost or free messaging services, free peer-to-peer voice calls available when both parties utilize broadband connections, and flat-rate international long-distance plans offered both by the largest mobile network operators and niche mobile virtual network operators.

Competition

The wholesale carrier industry has numerous entities competing for the same customers, primarily based on price and quality of service.

IDT Global participates in a global marketplace with:

■ interexchange carriers and other long-distance resellers and providers, including large carriers such as T-Mobile, AT&T, and Verizon;

■ historically state-owned or state-sanctioned telephone companies such as Telefonica, Orange SA, and KDDI;

■ on-line, spot-market trading exchanges for voice minutes;

■ OTT internet telephony providers;

■ other VoIP providers;

■ other providers of international long-distance services; and

■ alliances between large multinational carriers that provide wholesale carrier services.

We believe that IDT Global derives a competitive advantage over some participants on certain routes from several inter-related factors:

■ our BOSS Revolution Calling business generates large volumes of originating minutes, which represents a desirable, negotiable asset that helps us win return traffic and obtain beneficial pricing which we can offer in the wholesale arena;

■ the proprietary technologies powering our IDT Global platform and, in particular, the software that drives VoIP enables us to scale up at a lower cost than many of our competitors;

■ our professional and experienced account management team; and

■ our extensive network of interconnects around the globe, with the ability to connect in whichever format (IP or time-division multiplexing, or TDM) is most feasible.

Communications and Payment Network Infrastructure and Technology Development

Our products and services utilize a combination of proprietary software and services as well as technologies and services provided by third parties. We have developed intuitive user interfaces, customer tools and transaction processing, and database and network applications that enable our users to reliably and securely complete transactions and help our customers and partners utilize our suite of services. Our technology infrastructure simplifies the storage and processing of large amounts of data, eases the deployment and operation of large-scale global products and services, and automates much of the administration of large-scale clusters of computers.

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Our technology infrastructure has been designed around industry-standard architectures to reduce downtime in the event of outages or catastrophic occurrences. We strive to continually improve our technology infrastructure to enhance the customer experience and to increase efficiency, scalability, and security. Our platforms’ architecture enables us to connect parties regardless of whether the transaction is occurring at a traditional physical location, online, or through a mobile device. Our platforms incorporate multiple layers of protection, both for continuity purposes and to address cyber-security challenges. We engage in multiple efforts to protect our software platforms against these challenges, including regularly testing our systems to address potential vulnerabilities.

Our technology organization is responsible for the design, development, testing, and delivery of new software, technologies, and features of our products and services, as well as the continued improvement and iteration of our existing products and services. Our technology employees are remotely distributed globally and, in our Newark, Jerusalem, Guatemala, Warsaw, and Minsk offices. Our technology team consist of our software engineering, voice engineering, quality engineering, data warehousing, ML (Machine Learning) and AI (Artificial Intelligence) development, data engineering, systems, NOC (Network Operations Center), and operations teams. We intend to continue to invest in our research and development capabilities to extend our products and services.

Our technology organization uses several key performance indicators to track service quality that meet or exceed industry standards for SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) and technology enabled services. As of July 31, 2023, our technology organization maintained an aggregate service uptime of approximately 99.97% in fiscal 2023. The software defect escape ratio, a measure of quality engineering for our flagship BOSS Revolution brand, was 4% in fiscal 2023, meaning more than 96% of product defects were detected and fixed internally before being released to our customers. Furthermore, this high level of quality was achieved utilizing suites of proprietary tests of which over 90% are fully automated by a combination of proprietary software and technologies provided by third parties.

Our product offerings and go-to-market strategy continue to evolve, and we expect our product offerings to continue to become available to customers at more frequent intervals than our historical release cycles. Our Agile development methodology is characterized by a dynamic development process with more frequent revisions to a product release’s features and functions as the software is being developed. In addition, we have implemented a holistic portfolio management process, which has improved transparency and efficiency across the portfolio through a recurring cadence of business reviews.

REGULATION

The following summary of regulatory developments and legislation is intended to describe what we believe to be the most important, but not all, current and proposed international, federal, state, and local laws, regulations, orders, and legislation that are likely to materially affect us.

Regulation of Telecom in the United States

Telecommunications services are subject to extensive government regulation at both the federal and state levels in the United States. Any violations of the regulations may subject us to enforcement actions, including interest and penalties. The Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, has jurisdiction over all telecommunication’s common carriers to the extent they provide interstate or international communications services, including the use of local networks to originate or terminate such services. Each state regulatory commission has jurisdiction over the same carriers with respect to their provision of local and intrastate communications services. Local governments often indirectly regulate aspects of our communications business by imposing zoning requirements, taxes, permit or right-of-way procedures or franchise fees. Significant changes to the applicable laws or regulations imposed by any of these regulators could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Regulation of Telecom by the Federal Communications Commission

In 1997, the FCC issued an order, referred to as the Universal Service Order, that requires all telecommunications carriers providing interstate telecommunications services to contribute to universal service support programs administered by the FCC (known as the Universal Service Fund). In addition, beginning in October 2006, interconnected VoIP providers, such as our subsidiary net2phone, are required to contribute to the Universal Service Fund. These periodic contributions are currently assessed based on a percentage of each contributor’s interstate and international end user telecommunications revenues reported to the FCC. We also contribute to several other regulatory funds and programs, most notably Telecommunications Relay Service, FCC Regulatory Fees, and Local Number Portability (collectively, the Other Funds). We and most of our competitors pass through Universal Service Fund and Other Funds contributions as part of the price of our services, either as part of the base rate or, to the extent allowed, as a separate surcharge on customer bills. Due to the manner in which these contributions are calculated, we cannot be assured that we fully recover from our customers all of our contributions. In addition, based on the nature of our current business, we receive certain exemptions from federal Universal Service Fund contributions. Changes in our business could eliminate our ability to qualify for some or all of these exemptions. As a result, our ability to pursue certain new business opportunities in the future may be constrained in order to maintain these exemptions, the elimination of which could materially affect the rates we would need to charge for existing services. Changes in regulation may also have an impact on the availability of some or all of these exemptions. If even some of these exemptions become unavailable, they could materially increase our federal Universal Service Fund or Other Funds’ contributions and have a material adverse effect on the cost of our operations and, therefore, on our ability to continue to operate profitably, and to develop and grow our business. We cannot be certain of the stability of the contribution factors for the Other Funds. Significant increases in the contribution factor for the Other Funds in general and the Telecommunications Relay Service Fund in particular can impact our profitability. Whether these contribution factors will be stable in the future is unknown, but it is possible that we will be subject to significant increases.

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Regulation of Telecom by State Public Utility Commissions

Our telecommunications services that originate and terminate within the same state, including both local and in-state long distance services are subject to the jurisdiction of that state’s public utility commission, or PUC. The Communications Act of 1934, as amended, generally preempts state statutes and regulations that prevent the provision of competitive services but permits state PUCs to regulate the rates, terms and conditions of intrastate services, so long as such regulation is not inconsistent with the requirements of federal law. We are certified to provide facilities-based and/or resold long-distance service in all 50 states and facilities-based and resold local exchange service in 45 states. In addition to requiring certification, state regulatory authorities may impose tariff and filing requirements, consumer protection measures, and obligations to contribute to the Universal Service Fund and Other Funds. Rates for intrastate switched access services, which we both pay to local exchange companies and collect from long-distance companies for terminating in-state toll calls, are subject to the jurisdiction of the state commissions. State commissions also have jurisdiction to approve negotiated rates, or establish rates through arbitration, for interconnection, including rates for unbundled network elements. Changes in those access charges or rates for unbundled network elements could have a substantial and material impact on our business.

Regulation of Telecom—International

In connection with our international operations, we have obtained licenses or are otherwise authorized to provide telecommunications services in various foreign countries. We have obtained licenses or authorizations in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Uruguay. In numerous countries where we operate or plan to operate, we are subject to many local laws and regulations that, among other things, may restrict or limit the ability of telecommunications companies to provide telecommunications services in competition with state-owned or state-sanctioned dominant carriers.

Regulation of Internet Telephony

The use of the Internet and private IP networks to provide voice communications services is generally less regulated than traditional switch-based telephony within the United States and abroad and, in many markets, is not subject to the imposition of certain taxes and fees that increase our costs. As a result, we are able, in many markets, to offer VoIP communications services at rates that are more attractive than those applicable to traditional telephone services. However, in the U.S. and abroad, there have been efforts by legislatures and regulators to harmonize the regulatory structures between traditional switch-based telephony and VoIP. This could result in additional fees, charges, taxes, and regulations on IP communications services that could materially increase our costs and may limit or eliminate our competitive pricing advantages. Additionally, several foreign governments have adopted laws and/or regulations that could restrict or prohibit the provision of voice communications services over the Internet or private IP networks. These efforts could likewise harm our ability to offer VoIP communications services.

Money Transmitter and Payment Instrument Laws and Regulations

Our consumer payment services offerings include BOSS Money and various network branded, also called “open loop”, prepaid card offerings. These industries are heavily regulated. Accordingly, we, and the products and services that we market in consumer payment services, are subject to a variety of federal and state laws and regulations, including:

■ Banking laws and regulations;

■ Money transmitter and payment instrument laws and regulations;

■ Anti-money laundering laws;

■ Privacy and data security laws and regulations;

■ Consumer protection laws and regulations;

■ Unclaimed property laws; and

■ Card association and network organization rules.

In connection with the development of our money transmission services and the expansion of our network branded prepaid card offerings, we have actively pursued our own money transmitter licenses. At July 31, 2023, we had received a money transmitter license in 48 of the 49 U.S. states that require such a license, as well as in Washington, D.C.

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Regulation of Other Businesses

We operate other smaller or early-stage initiatives and operations, which may be subject to federal, state, local or foreign law and regulation.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

We own numerous patents, trademarks, domain names and other intellectual property rights necessary to conduct our business. We actively pursue the filing and registration of patents, domain names, trademarks, and service marks to protect our intellectual property rights within the United States and abroad; in particular our registered trademarks and brands: IDT®, BOSS Revolution®, and net2phone®. From time to time, we have also acquired or licensed intellectual property relating to present and future business strategy. We believe that our technological position significantly depends on the technical experience, expertise, and creative ability of our employees to maintain both our current businesses and pursue future business development. Our corporate policies require all employees to assign intellectual property rights developed in the scope of, or in relation to our business to us, and to protect all intellectual property and proprietary information and materials as confidential.

Our global telecommunications switching and transmission infrastructure enables us to provide an array of telecommunications, internet access and internet telephony services to our customers worldwide. We rely upon domestic and foreign patents, patent applications, and other intellectual property rights, regarding our infrastructure and global telecommunication network for our international telecommunications traffic and the international traffic of other telecommunications companies.

EMPLOYEES AND HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES

Attracting and retaining qualified personnel familiar with our businesses who head our different businesses units is critical to our success. As of October 1, 2023, we had a total of approximately 1,890 employees, of which approximately 1,880 were full-time employees.

Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing, and integrating our existing and new employees, advisors and consultants. To accomplish that, our compensation practices are designed to attract and retain qualified and motivated personnel and align their interests with our goals and with the best interests of our stockholders. Our compensation philosophy is to provide compensation to attract the individuals necessary for our current needs and growth initiatives and provide them with the proper incentives to motivate those individuals to achieve our long-term plans, which includes among other things, equity and cash incentive plans that attract, retain and reward personnel through the granting of stock-based and cash-based compensation awards.

We believe that talent attraction and retention are critical to our ability to achieve our strategy and that a trained, diverse and inspired workforce is integral to delivering our objectives. Our recruiting process reaches a wide array of potential employees, and we employ a rigorous screening process to ensure that we identify and hire quality professionals.

We are committed to diversity and inclusion in the workforce including a policy of non-discriminatory treatment and respect of human rights for all current and prospective employees. We do not permit discrimination based on an individual’s race, religion, creed, color, sex, sexual orientation, age, marital status, disability, national origin or veteran’s status and is illegal in many jurisdictions. We respect the human rights of all employees and strive to treat them with dignity consistent with standards and practices recognized by the international community.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our Class B common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making a decision to invest in our Class B common stock. The risks and uncertainties described below may not be the only ones we face. If any of the risks occur, our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flows and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

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Risk Factor Summary

Our business operations are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those outside of our control, that could cause our business, financial condition or operating results to be harmed, including, but not limited to, risks regarding the following:

Risks Related to our Businesses and Operations

■ errors in our technology or technological issues outside our control;

■ cyberattacks impacting our networks or systems;

■ network disruptions, security breaches, or other significant disruptions or failures of our IT infrastructure and related systems or of those we operate for certain of our customers;

■ the failure, or perceived failure, of one or more of our products;

■ our international operations subject us to geopolitical and other risks including ongoing developments in Belarus and Ukraine;

■ failures in our data center or services;

■ our dependence on industry standard protocols and third-party software, including but not limited to open-source software;

■ our dependence on a single supplier or small group of suppliers;

■ changes to rates by our suppliers and increasing regulatory charges or tariffs;

■ our customers, particularly our IDT Global customers, could experience financial difficulties;

■ technologies could affect our ability to track the results of ads and/or could block ads online;

Risks Related to Our NRS Business

■ substantial and increasing competition in the POS industry and payment space;

■ a decline in the advertising on the NRS platform due to macro-economic factors or otherwise;

■ the ability of NRS to develop products and services to address the market for POS products and services;

Risks Related to Our net2phone Business

● competition against established well-financed alternative voice communication providers, who may provide comparable services at comparable or lower pricing;

● the capacity, reliability, and performance of several third-party providers and their network infrastructure;

● scaling the business efficiently or quickly enough to meet its customers’ growing needs;

● the integration of Integra’s CCaaS business;

Risks Related to Our Traditional Communications Segment

● each of our BOSS Revolution Calling and IDT Global businesses is highly sensitive to declining prices;

● obtaining sufficient or cost-effective termination capacity to particular destinations;

● the termination of our carrier agreements with partners or our inability to enter into carrier agreements in the future;

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition

● we hold cash, cash equivalents, debt securities and equity investments that are subject to various market risks;

● if we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results;

Intellectual Property, Tax, Regulatory, and Litigation Risks (many of which are related to our Fintech segment, among others)

■ protecting our proprietary technology;

■ claims of infringement of intellectual property rights of others;

■ tax and regulatory audits;

■ legal proceedings;

■ our and our disbursement partners’ and our payment processors’ ability to comply with a wide range of laws and regulations intended to help detect and prevent illegal or illicit activity;

■ licensing and other requirements imposed by regulators and governments;

■ our collection, processing, storage, use, and transmission of personal data;

■ collection of sales and use, value added, or similar taxes;

■ certain imminent FCC Orders and rules that effect the telecommunications marketplace;

■ our ability to comply with requirements for debit card, credit card, and other digital payment methods;

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Risks Related to Our Capital Structure

■ holders of our Class B common stock have significantly less voting power than holders of our Class A common stock; and

■ eight trusts for the benefit of sons and daughters of Howard S. Jonas, our Chairman and Chairman of the Board, hold shares that, in the aggregate, represent more than a majority of the combined voting power of our outstanding capital stock.

Risks Related to Our Businesses and Operations

Errors in our technology or technological issues outside our control could cause delays or interruptions to our customers.

Our services can be disrupted by issues with our networks, platforms, technology, and systems, including malfunctions in our servers, processors, software or facilities. In addition, there may be service interruptions for reasons outside of our control. Our customers and potential customers subscribing to our services have experienced such interruptions in the past and may experience such interruptions in the future as a result of these types of problems or others which may or may not be in our control. Such interruptions may cause us to lose customers and/or offer customer credits, which could adversely affect our revenue and profitability. Network and telecommunication interruptions may also impair our ability to sign-up new customers.

Cyberattacks impacting our networks or systems could have an adverse effect on our business.

Cyberattacks, including through the use of malware, ransomware, computer viruses, denial of services attacks, credential harvesting, social engineering and other means for obtaining unauthorized access to or disrupting the operation of our networks and systems and those of our suppliers, vendors and other service providers, could have an adverse effect on our business. Cyberattacks may cause equipment failures, loss of information, including sensitive personal information of customers or employees or valuable technical and marketing information, as well as disruptions to our or our customers’ operations. Furthermore, ransomware could potentially deny the use of our systems until a ransom is paid. Cyberattacks against companies, including us, have increased in frequency, scope, and potential harm in recent years. They may occur alone or in conjunction with physical attacks, especially where disruption of service is an objective of the attacker. The development and maintenance of systems to prevent such attacks is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating to address their increasing prevalence and sophistication. While, to date, we have not been subject to cyberattacks that, individually or in the aggregate, have been material to our operations or financial condition, the preventive actions we take to reduce the risks associated with cyberattacks, including protection of our systems and networks, may be insufficient to repel or mitigate the effects of a cyberattack in the future.

The inability to operate or use our networks and systems or those of our suppliers, vendors, and other service providers as a result of cyberattacks, even for a limited period of time, may result in significant expenses to us and/or a loss of market share. The costs associated with a major cyberattack on us could include expensive incentives offered to existing customers and business partners to retain their business, increased expenditures on cybersecurity measures and the use of alternate resources, lost revenues from business interruption, and litigation. Further, certain of our businesses, such as those offering cloud services to business customers, could be negatively affected if our ability to protect our own networks and systems is called into question because of a cyberattack. In addition, a compromise of security or a theft or other compromise of valuable information, such as financial data and sensitive or private personal information, could result in lawsuits and government claims, investigations, or proceedings. Any of these occurrences could damage our reputation, adversely impact customer and investor confidence and result in a material adverse effect on our results of operation or financial condition.

We could be harmed by network disruptions, security breaches, or other significant disruptions or failures of our IT infrastructure and related systems or of those we operate for certain of our customers.

To be successful, we need to continue to have available, for our and our customers’ use, a high capacity, reliable and secure network. We face the risk, as does any company, of a security breach, whether through cyber-attack, malware, computer viruses, sabotage, or other significant disruption of our IT infrastructure. As such, there is a risk of a security breach or disruption of the systems we operate, including possible unauthorized access to our and our customers’ proprietary or classified information. We are also subject to breaches of our respective networks resulting in unauthorized utilization of our services or products, which subject us to the costs of providing those products or services, which are likely not recoverable. The secure maintenance and transmission of our and our customers’ information is a critical element of our operations. Our information technology and other systems that maintain and transmit customer information, or those of service providers or business partners, may be compromised by a malicious third-party penetration of our network security, or that of a third-party service provider or business partner, or impacted by advertent or inadvertent actions or inactions by our employees, or those of a third-party service provider or business partner. As a result, our or our customers’ information may be lost, disclosed, accessed, or taken without our or our customers’ consent, or our product and service may be used without payment.

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Although we make significant efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of information and systems, there can be no assurance that our respective security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging, especially in light of the growing sophistication of cyber-attacks and intrusions sponsored by state or other interests. We may be unable to anticipate all potential types of attacks or intrusions or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures. Certain of our business units have been the subject of attempted and successful cyber-attacks in the past. We have researched these situations and do not believe any material internal, or customer information has been compromised.

Network disruptions, security breaches and other significant failures of the above-described systems could (i) disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems and therefore our operations or those of certain of our customers; (ii) result in the unauthorized use of our services or products without payment; (iii) result in the unauthorized access to, and destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours or our customers, including trade secrets, which others could use to compete against us or for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful purposes and outcomes; and (iv) require significant management attention or financial resources to remedy the damages that result or to change our systems and processes. We could be subject to claims for contract breach, damages, credits, fines, penalties, termination, or other remedies from our customers, and subject to additional scrutiny or litigation by regulators, as a result of network disruptions, security breaches and other significant failures of the above-described systems, any or all of which could result in a loss of business, damage to our reputation among our customers and the public generally and have a negative impact on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

If one or more of our products fail, or is perceived to fail, or if there are technical defects, our reputation could be harmed, our market share may decline, and we could be subject to various liability claims.

Our products may contain undetected errors or defects that may result in failures or otherwise cause our products to fail to perform in accordance with customer expectations and contractual obligations. Moreover, our customers could incorrectly implement or inadvertently misuse our products, which could result in customer dissatisfaction and harm the perceived utility of our products and our brand. Because our customers use our products for mission-critical aspects of their business, any real or perceived errors or defects in, or other performance problems with, our products may damage our customers’ businesses and could significantly harm our reputation. If that occurs, we could lose future sales, or our existing customers could cancel our services, seek payment credits, seek damages against us, or delay or withhold payment to us, which could result in service credits that reduce our revenues, an increase in collection cycles for accounts receivable, an increase in our provision for uncollectible accounts, and ultimately harm our financial results. Product performance problems could result in loss of market share, reputational harm, failure to achieve market acceptance and the diversion of development resources.

In addition, since telecommunications billing and associated telecom taxes, and the related calculations and billing of telecom taxes, are inherently complex and require highly sophisticated information systems to administer, our billing system may experience errors or we may improperly operate the system, which could result in the system incorrectly calculating the fees owed by our customers or related taxes and administrative fees. Customers also may make indemnification or warranty claims against us, which could result in significant expense and risk of litigation.

Any product liability, intellectual property, warranty, or other claims against us could damage our reputation and relationships with our customers and could require us to spend significant time and money in litigation or pay significant settlements or damages. Although we maintain general liability insurance, including coverage for errors and omissions, this coverage may not be sufficient to cover liabilities resulting from such claims. Also, our insurers may disclaim coverage. Our liability insurance also may not continue to be available to us on reasonable terms, in sufficient amounts, or at all. Any contract or product liability claims successfully brought against us would harm our business.

Our revenues and profits will suffer if our distributors and sales representatives fail to effectively market and distribute our products and services.

We rely on our distributors and representatives to market and distribute our BOSS products and services and NRS’ POS terminals and portfolio of services. We utilize a network of several hundred sub-distributors that sell our BOSS products and services to retail outlets throughout most of the United States. NRS’ POS terminal sales and marketing efforts are targeted, in part, to our nationwide network of BOSS Revolution retailers. If our distributors or sales representatives fail to effectively market or distribute our products and services, our ability to generate revenues and profits and grow our customer base in these products and services could be substantially impaired.

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Our global operations subject us to geopolitical and other risks that may harm our results of operations and financial condition.

We have developers, product development personnel, other employees and senior management in different countries, and some business activities may be concentrated in one or more geographic areas. As a result, our ability to design, develop or sell products and services may be affected by:

■ geopolitical concerns, such as armed conflict and civil or military unrest, crime, political instability, and terrorist activity;

■ natural disasters and health concerns;

■ inefficient and limited infrastructure and disruptions, such as supply chain interruptions and large-scale outages or interruptions of service from utilities, transportation, or telecommunications providers;

■ restrictions on our operations by governments seeking to support local industries, nationalization of our operations, and restrictions on our ability to repatriate earnings;

■ differing employment practices and labor issues; and

■ local business and cultural factors that differ from our normal standards and practices, including business practices that we are prohibited from engaging in by the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and other anti-corruption laws and regulations.

Legal and regulatory requirements differ among jurisdictions worldwide. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines; criminal sanctions against us, our officers, or our employees; prohibitions on the conduct of our business; and damage to our reputation. Although we have policies, controls, and procedures designed to ensure compliance with these laws, our employees, contractors, or agents may violate our policies.

Our research and development (“R&D”) may be adversely affected by ongoing developments in Belarus and Ukraine.

We have a significant number of R&D personnel in Belarus. Belarus shares borders with both Russia and Ukraine. In February 2022, in connection with escalating tensions involving Russia and Ukraine, Russian military personnel stationed in Belarus were part of an invasion force by Russian forces into Ukraine. In response to the support and facilitation by Belarus for the invasion, the United States, the European Union, or EU, and various other nations imposed sanctions against multiple individuals and entities in Belarus. Other potential retaliatory measures could be taken by the United States and other countries, particularly if Belarus were to take a more active role in the conflict. While we continue to monitor the situation in Belarus closely, any prolonged or expanded unrest, military activities, or sanctions could have an adverse effect on our future product roadmap and R&D. We cannot predict whether additional sanctions or other measures will be imposed, or the nature of severity of those measures, and whether they will directly or indirectly impact our R&D in Belarus or elsewhere.

Further, our Belarussian R&D personnel could be impacted by retaliatory actions taken by third parties related to actual or perceived Belarussian actions in support of the invasion, including cyberattacks.

Should the military conflict expand to Belarus, our operations there could likely be impacted, including due to availability of personnel, electrical outages, cyber-attacks, and actual battles in areas where we have personnel.

Any of the foregoing could have an adverse impact on our ability to research and develop new technology, including corrections or enhancements of existing platforms supporting our current products and services or development of new or complementary offerings.

Global and regional economic conditions could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and growth.

We have international operations with revenues outside the United States representing a substantial amount of our total revenues. As a result, our operations and performance depend significantly on global and regional economic conditions. Adverse macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, slower growth, or recession, new or increased tariffs and other barriers to trade, changes to fiscal and monetary policy, tighter credit, higher interest rates, high unemployment, and currency fluctuations could materially adversely affect demand for our products and services. In addition, consumer confidence and spending could be adversely affected in response to financial market volatility, negative financial news, conditions in the real estate and mortgage markets, declines in income or asset values, changes to fuel and other energy costs, labor and healthcare costs, and other economic factors.

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Failure in our data center or services could lead to significant costs and disruptions.

All data centers, including ours, are subject to various points of failure. Problems with cooling equipment, generators, uninterruptible power supply, routers, switches, or other equipment, whether or not within our control, could result in service interruptions for our customers as well as equipment damage. Any failure or downtime could affect a significant percentage of our customers. The destruction or severe impairment of our data center facilities could result in significant downtime of our services and the loss of customer data.

Our ability to provide cloud-based communication services is dependent upon our physical and cloud-based infrastructure. While most of our physical equipment required for providing these services is redundant in nature, certain types of failures or malfunctioning of critical hardware/software equipment, including but not limited to fire, water or other physical damage may impact our ability to deliver continuous service to our customers. Acts of God or terrorism or vandalism or negligence or gross negligence of person(s) currently or formerly associated with us including failure to properly update and maintain infrastructure may result in loss of revenue, profitability, and failure to retain and acquire new customers.

Our ability to recover from disasters or failures, if and when they occur, is paramount to offering continued service to our existing customers. We maintain redundant physical infrastructure between our data centers in Newark, New Jersey and Somerset, New Jersey for disaster recovery. We maintain a core site in a data center in São Paulo, Brazil and telecommunications points of presence in multiple cities in Brazil. We operate multiple server sites in data centers in Canada, running UCaaS software licensed from a third party. We also operate servers in data centers in Hong Kong, London, and Spain. These network footprints do not guarantee continued reliability if a catastrophic event occurs. Despite implementation of network security measures, our servers may be vulnerable to computer viruses, break-ins, and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our computer systems including, but not limited to, denial of service attacks. In addition, if there is a breach or alleged breach of security or privacy involving our services, including but not limited to data loss, or if any third party undertakes illegal or harmful actions using our communications or e-commerce services, our business and reputation could suffer substantial adverse publicity and impairment. We have experienced interruptions in service in the past. We have taken and continue to take steps to improve our infrastructure to prevent service interruptions.

In addition to our physical infrastructure, we have a cloud infrastructure deployment with Amazon Web Services, or AWS, and Google Cloud that supplements and extends our physical infrastructure. We utilize AWS’ and Google Cloud’s high availability configurations using multiple availability zones and we have services deployed in multiple AWS regions. However, we do not have cross region redundancy, which means we cannot guarantee continued reliability if AWS or Google Cloud suffers a catastrophic event which disrupts a region in which we have our services deployed. If there were a failure to respond quickly to problems, or such a catastrophic event were to occur, our customers may experience service interruptions and we may suffer customer losses.

Our financial performance is subject to risks associated with changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies.

Our primary exposure to movements in foreign currency exchange rates relates to non–U.S. dollar–denominated revenues and operating expenses. The strengthening of foreign currencies may increase our costs denominated in those currencies, thus adversely affecting our earnings. The weakening of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar adversely affects the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency–denominated revenues and earnings and could lead us to raise international pricing, potentially reducing demand for our products and services. In some circumstances, for competitive or other reasons, we may decide not to raise international pricing to offset the U.S. dollar’s strengthening, which would adversely affect the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency–denominated revenue and earnings.

We depend upon industry standard protocols and third-party software, including but not limited to open-source software.

We rely on non-proprietary third-party software, some of which may be open source. We may be subject to additional royalties, license or trademark infringement costs or other unknown costs when one or more of these third-party technologies are affected or need to be replaced due to end-of-support or end-of-sale of such third parties.

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Certain functions related to our business depend on a single supplier or small group of suppliers to carry out our business, and the inability to do business with some or all of these suppliers could have a materially adverse effect on our business and financial results.

If the services of any of the single suppliers or small group of suppliers, including, without limitation, software from third-party service providers used in certain of our products and services, that we depend on were unavailable, or available only in decreased capacity or at less advantageous terms, this could result in interruptions to our ability to provide certain services, could cause reduction in service and/or quality as the function is transitioned to an alternate provider, if an alternate provider is available, or could increase our cost, which in the current competitive environment, we may not be able to pass along to customers. Accordingly, any of these events could materially and negatively impact our business, our revenues, our profits, and our relationships with customers.

Natural or man-made disasters could have an adverse effect on our technological infrastructure, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Natural disasters, terrorist acts, acts of war, cyberattacks or other breaches of network or information technology security may cause equipment failures or disrupt our operations. Although we make significant efforts towards managing disaster recovery and business continuity plans, our inability to operate our networks because of such events, even for a limited period of time, may result in loss of revenue, significant expenses and/or loss of market share to other providers, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our success depends in part upon our ability to provide customer service that effectively supports the needs of our customers.

Providing customer service effectively requires that our customer support personnel have industry-specific technical knowledge and expertise. Our support personnel require extensive training on our products and services, which may make it difficult to scale up our support operations rapidly or effectively. The importance of high-quality customer support will increase as we expand our business and pursue new customers. If we do not help our customers quickly resolve post-implementation issues and provide effective ongoing support, our ability to sell additional features and services to existing customers will suffer and our reputation may be harmed.

Changes to rates by our suppliers and increasing regulatory charges or tariffs may require us to raise prices, which could impact results.

Our upstream carriers, suppliers and vendors may increase their prices thus directly impacting our direct cost of revenues, which would affect our earnings. Interconnected VoIP traffic may be subject to increased charges. Should this occur, the rates paid to our underlying carriers may increase, which could reduce our profitability. Future changes in tariffs by regulatory agencies or application of tariff requirements to currently un-tariffed products or services could affect the price and sales of our products for a certain set of customers. Changes in our underlying direct costs of revenues may cause us to increase the rates we charge our customers, which could make us less competitive and impact our sales and retention of existing customers.

Our customers, particularly our IDT Global customers, could experience financial difficulties, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability if we experience difficulties in collecting our receivables.

As a provider of international long-distance services, we depend upon sales of transmission and termination of traffic to other long-distance providers and the collection of receivables from these customers. The wholesale telecommunications market continues to feature many smaller, less financially stable companies. If weakness in the telecommunications industry or the global economy reduces our ability to collect our accounts receivable from our major customers, particularly our wholesale customers, our profitability may be substantially reduced. While our most significant customers, from a revenue perspective, vary from quarter to quarter, our five largest IDT Global customers collectively accounted for 4.7% and 4.6% of our total revenues in fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022, respectively. Our IDT Global customers with the five largest receivables balances collectively accounted for 1.6% and 12.2% of our total gross trade accounts receivable at July 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This concentration of revenues and receivables increases our exposure to non-payment by our larger customers, and we may experience significant write-offs if any of our large customers fail to pay their outstanding balances, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

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We rely on highly skilled personnel and, if we are unable to retain or motivate key personnel, hire qualified personnel, or maintain our corporate culture, we may not be able to grow effectively.

We believe that our corporate culture fosters innovation, creativity, and teamwork. Our performance largely depends on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate, and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization, in particular our technology and software engineering organization. Competition for qualified technology and engineering employees is intense and our compensation arrangements may not always be successful in attracting new employees and retaining and motivating our existing employees. Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to attract new employees and to retain and motivate our existing employees.

New and existing technologies could affect our ability to track the results of ads and/or could block ads online, which would harm our business.

A significant portion of our revenues are derived from customers acquired in connection with the display of advertisements online. Technologies have been developed to make tracking the results of our online advertisements more difficult or to block the display of advertisements altogether and some providers of online services have integrated technologies that could potentially impair the core functionality of third-party digital advertising. As a result, such technologies and tools could adversely affect our operating results.

Our business, results of operation and financial condition could be adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictions put in place in connection therewith.

In May 2023, the World Health Organization declared an end to COVID-19 as a public health emergency. As of the date of this Annual Report, we continue to monitor the situation.

We responded to the global outbreak of COVID-19 by taking steps to mitigate the potential risks to us posed by its spread and the impact of the restrictions put in place by governments to protect the population. We executed our business continuity plan and implemented a comprehensive set of actions for the health and safety of our employees, customers, and business partners. Our employees transitioned to work-from-home during the third quarter of fiscal 2020. Beginning in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, our employees returned to work in our offices on a hybrid basis.

We continue to implement strong physical and cyber-security measures to ensure our systems remain functional to both serve our operational needs with a remote workforce and to provide uninterrupted service to our customers.

If the COVID-19 pandemic resurges and has a more significant impact than currently, our business, operations, and financial condition could be impacted in more significant ways. We cannot predict with certainty the potential impact of COVID-19 if it re-invigorates on our results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

Our international operations subject us to additional risks which could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

We have attempted to control our operating expenses by utilizing lower-cost labor in foreign countries such as Belarus, Guatemala, and Israel and we may in the future expand our reliance on offshore labor to other countries. Our employees in Belarus and Israel primarily help develop, test, and maintain certain of our technology. Our labor source in Guatemala primarily performs certain call center, administrative, and customer acquisition functions. We also have significant operations in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina as a result of net2phone’s growth.

Countries outside of the United States may be subject to relatively higher degrees of political and social instability and may lack the infrastructure to withstand political unrest or natural disasters. The occurrence of natural disasters, pandemics such as COVID-19, or political or economic instability in these countries could interfere with work performed by these labor sources or could result in our having to replace or reduce these labor sources. If countries in which we operate experience civil or political unrest or acts of terrorism, especially when such unrest leads to an unseating of the established government, our operations in such countries could be materially impaired. Our vendors in other countries could potentially shut down suddenly for any reason, including financial problems or personnel issues. Such disruptions could decrease efficiency, increase our costs, and have an adverse effect on our business or results of operations.

The practice of utilizing labor based in foreign countries has come under increased scrutiny in the United States. Governmental authorities could seek to impose financial costs or restrictions on foreign companies providing services to customers or companies in the United States. Governmental authorities may attempt to prohibit or otherwise discourage us from sourcing services from offshore labor.

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The FCPA and other applicable anti-corruption laws and regulations prohibit certain types of payments by our employees, vendors, and agents. Any violation of the applicable anti-corruption laws or regulations by us, our subsidiaries or our local agents could expose us to significant penalties, fines, settlements, costs, and consent orders that may curtail or restrict our business as it is currently conducted and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Weakness of the United States dollar in relation to the currencies used in these foreign countries may also reduce the savings achievable through this strategy and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our NRS Business

Substantial and increasingly intense competition in the POS industry may harm NRS’ business.

NRS competes in the POS market that is characterized by vigorous competition, changing technology, evolving industry standards, changing customer needs, and frequent introductions of new products and services. We expect competition to intensify in the future as existing and new competitors introduce new services or enhance existing services. NRS competes against many companies to attract customers, and some of these companies have greater financial resources and substantially larger bases of customers than NRS does, which may provide them with significant competitive advantages. These companies may devote greater resources to the development, promotion, and sale of products and services, may achieve economies of scale due to the size of their customer bases, and may more effectively introduce their own innovative products and services that adversely impacts NRS’ growth. If some or all of NRS’ competitors focus additional resources on our target markets, NRS’ growth may slow, or we may lose customers due to the competition.

NRS may also face pricing pressures from competitors, which may result in the need for NRS to alter the pricing that it offers and could reduce our profitability.

If NRS fails to increase advertising on its platform, our business could be adversely affected.

NRS’ strategy includes increasing its revenues from brand advertising. Brands may not do business with NRS or may reduce the amounts they are willing to spend to advertise if NRS does not deliver ads, and other commercial content and marketing programs in an effective manner, or if they do not believe that their investment in advertising with NRS will generate a competitive return relative to other alternatives. NRS’ ability to increase the number of brands that use its brand advertising, and ultimately to generate advertising and marketing services revenues, depends on a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. If NRS fails to increase advertising on its platform, our business could be adversely affected.

The long-term success of NRS depends on its ability to develop products and services to address the rapidly evolving market for POS products and services, and, if it is not able to implement successful enhancements and new features for its products and services, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

NRS’ success will depend, in part, on its ability to develop new technologies and to adapt to technological changes and evolving industry standards. New services and technologies may be superior to, impair, or render obsolete the POS products and services that NRS currently offers or the technologies NRS currently uses to provide them. Incorporating new technologies into NRS’ POS products and services may require substantial expenditures and take considerable time, and NRS may not be successful in realizing a return on these development efforts in a timely manner or at all. NRS’ ability to develop new products and services may be inhibited by industry-wide standards, existing and future laws and regulations, resistance to change from its customers, which includes NRS’ sellers and their buyers, or third parties’ intellectual property rights. If NRS is unable to provide enhancements and new features for its products and services or to develop new products and services that achieve market acceptance or that keep pace with rapid technological developments and evolving industry standards, our business would be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our net2phone Business

net2phone’s VoIP or cloud-based communications service competes against established well financed alternative voice communication providers (such as Ring Central, 8x8 and Five9), who may provide comparable services at comparable or lower pricing.

Pricing in the telecommunications industry is very fluid and competitive. Price is often a substantial motivation factor in a customer’s decision to switch to net2phone’s cloud-based communications products and services. net2phone’s competitors may reduce their rates, which may require it to reduce its rates, which would affect our revenues and profitability, or otherwise make our pricing non-competitive. net2phone may be at a disadvantage compared with those competitors who have substantially greater resources than us or may otherwise be better positioned to withstand an extended period of downward pricing pressure.

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Many of net2phone’s current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, significantly greater resources and brand awareness, and a larger base of customers than we have. As a result, these competitors may have greater credibility with net2phone’s existing and potential customers. net2phone’s competitors may also offer bundled service arrangements that present a more differentiated or better integrated product to customers. Announcements, or expectations, as to the introduction of new products and technologies by net2phone’s competitors or net2phone could cause customers to defer purchases of net2phone’s existing products, which also could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or operating results.

net2phone depends in part upon the capacity, reliability, and performance of several third-party providers and their network infrastructure, the failure of which could cause delays or interruptions of net2phone’s service and impact our revenue and profitability.

net2phone depends on several third-party providers to provide uninterrupted and error-free service to maintain its operations. net2phone does not have control over these providers, and some of these providers are also its competitors. net2phone may be subject to interruptions or delays in their service and its reputation and business may be harmed. The failure of any of these third party service providers to properly maintain services may result in negative consequences to net2phone, including but not limited to: (i) a loss of customers, (ii) adverse impact on its reputation, (iii) negative publicity, (iv) negative impact on its ability to acquire customers, (v) negative impact on its revenue and profitability, (vi) potential law suits for not reaching emergency E-911 services, and (vii) potential law suits for loss of business and loss of reputation. These third-party providers include but are not limited to: 4PSA, an opensource, Kamilio-based platform provider based in Romania and NetSapiens Inc. based in San Diego, CA. 4PSA is net2phone’s current communications platform in most of South America and continues to serve as a legacy platform for a smaller percentage of customers in the U.S. NetSapiens is net2phone’s current platform for its customers in Canada.

Internet Bandwidth Providers. net2phone’s cloud-based communications service requires its customers to have an operative broadband Internet connection and an electrical power supply, which are provided by the customer’s broadband Internet service provider and electric utility company and not by net2phone. The quality of some broadband Internet connections may be too poor for customers to use net2phone’s services properly. In addition, if there is any interruption to a customer’s broadband Internet service or electrical power supply, that customer will be unable to make or receive calls, including emergency calls, using net2phone’s service. In addition, Internet backbone providers may be able to block, degrade or charge for access to, or the bandwidth use of certain of net2phone’s products and services which could have a negative effect on its services and could lead to additional expenses and the loss of users. Further, customers who access net2phone’s mobile application (or future applications) through their smartphones must have a high-speed connection to use its services. This access is provided by companies that have significant and increasing market power in the broadband and Internet access marketplace and some of these providers offer products and services that directly compete with net2phone’s offerings, which give them a significant competitive advantage.

Tier 1 and non-Tier 1 Telecom suppliers for Telecom Origination and Termination Services. net2phone depends on these companies to provide telecom services, sourcing of DID, porting of numbers, and delivering telephone calls from and to endpoints and devices on our network. If net2phone fails to maintain reliable connectivity or performance with its upstream carriers it could significantly reduce customer demand for its services and damage its business.

E-911 and other emergency service providers. net2phone maintains an agreement with an E-911 provider to assist it in routing and terminating emergency calls directly to an emergency service dispatcher at the public-safety answering point, or PSAP, in the area of the customer’s registered location. net2phone also contract with a provider for the national call center that operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week to receive certain emergency calls and with several companies that maintain PSAP databases for the purpose of deploying and operating E-911 services. The dispatcher will have automatic access to the customer’s telephone number and registered location information. If a customer moves their service to a new location, the customer’s registered location information must be updated and verified by the customer. Until that takes place, the customer will have to verbally advise the emergency dispatcher of his or her actual location at the time of an E-911 call. This can lead to delays in the delivery of emergency services. Interruptions in service from these vendors could also cause failures in net2phone’s customers’ access to E-911 services and expose it to liability.

Local number portability providers. net2phone has agreements with companies that initiate its local number portability, which allows new customers to retain their existing telephone numbers when subscribing to its services. net2phone needs to work with these companies to properly port numbers. The failure to port numbers may cause net2phone to lose customers.

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net2phone faces risks from the outsourcing of the manufacturing of its desktop telephones (“desktop devices”).

net2phone primarily sells Polycom, Yealink and Grandstream-branded desktop devices, although, it supports other third-party devices as well. These desktop devices are being manufactured by vendors in China. Recent supply-chain challenges in China and global ramifications of supply-chain difficulties, the U.S. trade war with China, including trade protection measures such as tariffs, and the effects of any new wave of COVID-19 infections or another pandemic may cause disruptions in obtaining its desktop devices. This may increase pricing, slow delivery times or may force net2phone to find another third-party manufacturer of its branded desktop devices.

net2phone targets sales to small, mid-market and enterprise customers. Not properly managing these customers could negatively affect our business, cash flow and operations.

A substantial percentage of net2phone’s revenues comes from small and medium-sized businesses. These customers may be more adversely affected by economic downturns than larger, more established businesses. The majority of net2phone’s customers pay for subscriptions with credit cards. Weakness in certain segments of the credit markets in the U.S. and global economies may result in increased numbers of rejected credit and debit card payments, which could negatively affect net2phone’s business. If small and medium-sized businesses experience financial hardship because of a weakening economy, industry consolidation, or any other reason, the overall demand for net2phone’s products and services could be materially and adversely affected.

Selling to larger enterprise customers also contains inherent risks and uncertainties. The loss of a key customer or the failure of some of them to renew or to continue to recommend net2phone’s products may have a material negative impact on its results. net2phone has a limited history of selling its services to larger businesses and may experience challenges in configuring and providing ongoing support for the products it sells to large customers. Larger customers’ networks are often more complex than those of smaller customers, and the configuration of services for these customers usually requires customer assistance. There is no guarantee that the customer will make available to net2phone the necessary personnel and other resources for a successful configuration of services. Lack of assistance from the customers or lack of local resources may prevent net2phone from properly configuring its services for these customers, which can in turn adversely impact the quality of services that it delivers over its customers’ networks, and/or may result in delays in the implementation of its services and impact the quality and ability to continue to provide the services. This could also create a public perception that net2phone is unable to deliver high quality service to its customers, which could harm its reputation. In addition to the foregoing, larger customers tend to require higher levels of customer service and individual attention, which may increase net2phone’s costs for implementing and delivering services.

If net2phone’s existing customers terminate their subscriptions or reduce their subscriptions and related usage, its revenues and earnings will be harmed, and we will be required to spend more money to grow net2phone’s customer base.

net2phone expects to continue to derive a significant portion of its revenues from existing customers. As a result, retaining its existing customers is critical to its future operating results. net2phone offers monthly, annual and multiple-year contracts to its customers, generally with 30 days’ notice required for reductions in the number of seats. Increases in the number of seats can be provisioned almost immediately.

Subscriptions and related usage by existing customers may decrease if:

■ customers are not satisfied with the services, prices or the functionality of net2phone’s products;

■ the stability, performance or security of net2phone’s products are not satisfactory;

■ the U.S. or global economy declines;

■ net2phone’s customers’ business or demand for net2phone’s services declines due to industry cycles, seasonality, business difficulties or other reasons, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic;

■ customers favor products offered by other providers, particularly as competition continues to increase;

■ alternative technologies, products or features emerge or gain popularity that net2phone does not provide;

■ net2phone’s customers or potential customers experience financial difficulties; or

■ fewer customers purchase services from net2phone.

If net2phone’s existing customers’ subscriptions and related usage decrease or are terminated, net2phone will need to spend more money to acquire new customers and still may not be able to maintain its existing level of revenues. net2phone incurs significant costs and expenses, including sales and marketing expenses, to acquire new customers, and those costs and expenses are an important factor in determining our profitability. There can be no assurance that net2phone’s efforts to acquire new customers will be successful.

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net2phone must acquire new customers on an ongoing basis to maintain and increase its customers and revenues while the significant costs to acquire new customers may hinder profitability.

net2phone will have to acquire new customers to increase revenues. net2phone incurs significant costs to acquire new customers, and those costs are an important factor in determining our profitability. Therefore, if net2phone is unsuccessful in retaining customers or is required to spend significant amounts to acquire new customers, its revenue and or profits would decrease, which would negatively affect profitability. Sales and marketing expenditures are an ongoing requirement of net2phone’s business as it strives to acquire more new customers.

net2phone’s customer churn rate may increase in future periods, which may adversely impact its revenue or require it to spend more money to grow its customer base.

net2phone’s customers generally have initial service periods of between two and three years and may discontinue their subscriptions for services after the expiration of their initial subscription period. In addition, net2phone’s customers may renew for lower subscription amounts or for shorter contract lengths. net2phone may not accurately predict cancellation rates for its customers. net2phone’s cancellation rates may increase or fluctuate because of several factors, including customer needs, pricing changes, number of applications used by its customers, customer satisfaction with its service, the acquisition of net2phone’s customers by other companies, and deteriorating general economic conditions. If net2phone’s customers do not renew their subscriptions for its service or decrease the amount they spend with net2phone, its revenue will decline, and our business will suffer.

net2phone may not be able to scale its business efficiently or quickly enough to meet its customers’ growing needs, in which case our operating results could be harmed.

As usage of net2phone’s cloud-based communications services by mid-market and larger distributed enterprises expands and as customers continue to integrate its services across their enterprises, net2phone is required to devote additional resources to improving its application architecture, integrating net2phone’s products and applications across our technology platform as well as expanding integration and performance. net2phone will need to appropriately scale its internal business systems and services organization, including its onboarding and customer support services to serve a growing customer base. Any failure of or delay in these efforts could impair net2phone’s systems’ performance and reduce customer satisfaction, which could result in decreased sales to new customers and lower renewal rates by existing customers and eventually hurt net2phone’s revenue growth and its reputation. We cannot guarantee that the expansion and improvements to our infrastructure and systems will be fully or effectively implemented on a timely basis, if at all, which failure may reduce our revenue and earnings and adversely impact our financial results.

net2phone may not realize the anticipated benefits of its acquisition of Integra’s CCaaS business.

On March 3, 2022, net2phone purchased all of the outstanding shares of Onwaba S.R.L. and Gem S.R.L. Onwaba S.R.L. and Gem S.R.L. are located in Uruguay and use the trade name Integra. Integra provides cloud-based CCaaS in the Americas and Europe.

The success of the acquisition of Integra will depend, in part, on net2phone’s ability to provide its customers and channel partners with a robust stand-alone contact center solution or an intelligently integrated UCaaS and CCaaS solution. The target market for the Integra CCaaS solution is two-fold: (i) businesses and other entities with embedded service and support centers; and (ii) contact centers / BPO providers. Consistent with businesses across the globe that have been moving their on-premise phone systems to the cloud, these service and support centers and contact centers are migrating in a similar fashion, propelled by the growing hybrid and remote work environments. The Integra CCaaS platform is layered with a development surface which allows for custom deployments and sophisticated work force management, where the solution is tailored to the center’s work-flow requirements. This customization will provide for an additional layer of stickiness, which is expected to translate into longer term service periods with the end user. For this reason, we also expect to see increased stickiness with our current and future UCaaS customers that bundle CCaaS into their product suite. We also expect this solution set to open for us a whole new segment of channel partners that specifically target CCaaS audiences. Our capacity to realize these anticipated benefits is subject to certain risks, including, among others, our ability to successfully integrate the CCaaS business, and the risk that the CCaaS business will not perform as expected.

If we are not able to successfully integrate Integra’s CCaaS business within the anticipated time frame, or at all, the anticipated synergies, operational efficiencies and other benefits of the acquisition may not be realized fully or may take longer to realize than expected, and we may not perform as expected.

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Integrating Integra’s CCaaS business may be more difficult, time-consuming or costly than expected.

There can be no assurances that Integra’s CCaaS business can be integrated successfully. It is possible that the integration process could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of net2phone’s ongoing UCaaS business or unexpected integration issues, such as higher than expected integration costs and an overall post-completion integration process that takes longer than originally anticipated. Specifically, issues that must be addressed in integrating the operations of Integra in order to realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, so net2phone performs as expected include, among others:

■ integrating the companies’ technologies, products and services;

■ harmonizing the companies’ operating practices, employee development, compensation and benefit programs, internal controls and other policies, procedures and processes;

■ attracting and recruiting prospective employees;

■ maintaining existing agreements with customers and vendors and avoiding delays in entering into new agreements with prospective customers and vendors; and

■ coordinating and servicing geographically dispersed organizations.

Risks Related to Our Traditional Communications Segment

Each of our BOSS Revolution Calling and IDT Global businesses is highly sensitive to declining prices, which may adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

The worldwide telecommunications industry is characterized by intense price competition, which has resulted in declines in both our average per-minute price realizations and our average per-minute termination costs. Many of our competitors continue to aggressively price their services or offer them for free. The intense competition has led to continued erosion in our pricing power, in both our retail and wholesale markets, and we have generally had to pass along all or some of the savings we achieve on our per-minute costs to our customers in the form of lower prices. In the case of some international calling locations, when average per minute termination cost decline to a nominal amount, indirect competitors, such as wireless carriers, may include calls to those locations at no extra cost, which increases our risk of losing customers. Any price increase by either our BOSS Revolution Calling, or IDT Global business may result in our prices becoming less attractive to customers, which may result in a reduction of revenue. If these trends in pricing continue or accelerate, it could have a material adverse effect on the revenues generated by our BOSS Revolution Calling and IDT Global businesses and/or our profitability.

We may not be able to obtain sufficient or cost-effective termination capacity to particular destinations, which could adversely affect our revenues and profits.

Most of our telecommunications’ traffic is terminated through third-party providers. In order to support our minutes of use demands and geographic footprint, we may need to obtain additional termination capacity or destinations. We may not be able to obtain sufficient termination capacity from high-quality carriers to particular destinations or may have to pay significant amounts to obtain such capacity. This could result in our not being able to support our minutes of use demands or in higher cost-per-minute to particular destinations, which could adversely affect our revenues and profits.

The termination of our carrier agreements with partners or our inability to enter into carrier agreements in the future could materially and adversely affect our ability to compete, which could reduce our revenues and profits.

We rely upon our carrier agreements with partners to provide our telecommunications services to our customers. These carrier agreements are for finite terms and, therefore, there can be no guarantee that these agreements will be renewed at all or on favorable terms to us. Our ability to compete would be adversely affected if our carrier agreements were terminated or we were unable to enter into carrier agreements in the future to provide our telecommunications services to our customers, which could result in a reduction of our revenues and profits.

Risk Related to Our Financial Condition

We hold cash, cash equivalents, debt securities and equity investments that are subject to various market risks.

At July 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents, debt securities, and current equity investments of $152.2 million. Debt securities and equity investments carry a degree of risk, as there can be no assurance that we can redeem them at any time and that our investment managers will be able to accurately predict the course of price movements and, in general, the securities markets have in recent years been characterized by great volatility and unpredictability. As a result of these different market risks, our holdings of cash, cash equivalents, debt securities, and equity investments could be materially and adversely affected.

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If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, and current and potential stockholders may lose confidence in our financial reporting which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our stock.

We are required by the Securities and Exchange Commission to establish and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting that provides reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. We are likewise required, on a quarterly basis, to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal controls and to disclose any changes and material weaknesses in those internal controls. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

We cannot be certain that we will continue to maintain an effective system of internal control over our financial reporting in future periods. Any failure to maintain such internal controls could adversely impact our ability to report our financial results on a timely and accurate basis. If our financial statements are not accurate, investors may not have a complete understanding of our operations. Likewise, if our financial statements are not filed on a timely basis as required by the Securities and Exchange Commission and The New York Stock Exchange, we could face severe consequences from those authorities. In either case, there could be a material adverse effect on our business. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our stock.

Intellectual Property, Tax, Regulatory, and Litigation Risks

We provide communications and payment services to consumers and are therefore subject to various federal and state laws and regulations.

As a provider of communications and payment services to consumers, such as BOSS Revolution Calling or BOSS Money, we are subject to various federal and state laws and regulations relating to the manner in which we advertise our services, describe and present the terms of our services, and communicate with our customers and consumers in general. Compliance with these laws requires us to be constantly vigilant as they often vary from state to state. Failure to comply with these laws could result in action being taken by federal and state agencies or offices responsible for consumer protection, like the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, revenues, and profits.

We may be adversely affected if we fail to protect our proprietary technology.

We depend on proprietary technology and other intellectual property rights in conducting our various business operations. We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secret protection, and contractual rights to establish and protect our proprietary rights. Circumstances outside our control could pose a threat to our intellectual property rights. For example, effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every country in which our products and services are distributed. Also, the efforts we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be sufficient or effective enough. Any significant impairment of our intellectual property rights could harm our business or our ability to compete. Also, protecting our intellectual property rights is costly and time consuming. Any increase in the unauthorized use of our intellectual property could make it more expensive to do business and harm our operating results. Failure of our patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secret protection, non-disclosure agreements and other measures to provide protection of our technology and our intellectual property rights could enable our competitors to compete with us more effectively and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Rapid, significant, and disruptive technological changes impact the industries in which we operate, and we expect new services and technologies to continue to emerge and evolve. We cannot predict the effects of technological changes on our businesses. Developing and incorporating new technologies into our products and services may require significant investment, take considerable time, and ultimately may not be successful.

In addition, we may be required to litigate in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, or to defend against claims of infringement or invalidity. Any such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations, and there can be no assurances that we will be successful in any such litigation.

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We may be subject to claims of infringement of intellectual property rights of others, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, revenues, and profits.

Companies in the telecommunications industry and other industries in which we compete own large numbers of patents, copyrights and trademarks and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. As we face increasing competition, the possibility of intellectual property claims against us grows. Although we do not believe that we infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others, our technologies may not be able to withstand any third-party claims or rights against their use. From time to time, we may be subject to claims and legal proceedings from third parties regarding alleged infringement by us of trademarks, copyrights, patents, and other intellectual property rights. Such lawsuits can be expensive and time-consuming and could distract us and our management from focusing on our businesses. Further, the loss of such lawsuits could result in financial burdens and the requirement to modify our modes of operation, which could materially adversely affect our business.

We are subject to tax and regulatory audits which could result in the imposition of liabilities that may or may not have been reserved.

We are subject to audits by taxing and regulatory authorities with respect to certain of our income and operations. These audits can cover periods for several years prior to the date the audit is undertaken and could result in the imposition of liabilities, interest, and penalties if our positions are not accepted by the auditing entity.

Our 2017 FCC Form 499-A, which reports our calendar year 2016 revenue was audited by the Universal Service Administrative Company, or USAC. The Internal Audit Division of USAC issued preliminary audit findings and, in accordance with USAC’s audit procedures, we appealed certain of the findings. USAC issued a final decision, and the final decision overturned one of the initial findings but left the remaining initial findings in place. The reversal will result in the elimination of a $1.8 million charge by the Universal Service Fund. The final decision upheld the imposition of a $2.9 million charge to the Federal Telecommunications Relay Service, or TRS, Fund. We have appealed the USAC’s final decision to the FCC. As of July 31, 2023, our accrued expenses included $26.8 million for FCC-related regulatory fees for the year covered by the audit, as well as prior and subsequent years. If we do not properly calculate, or have not properly calculated, the amount payable by us to the FCC, we may be subject to interest and penalties.

We are subject to value added tax, or VAT, audits from time-to-time in various jurisdictions. In the conduct of such audits, we may be required to disclose information of a sensitive nature and, in general, to modify the way we have conducted business with our distributors until the present, which may affect our business in an adverse manner.

We are also subject to audits in various jurisdictions for various other taxes, including utility excise tax, sales and use tax, communications services tax, gross receipts tax, and property tax.

Our business is subject to strict regulation under federal law regarding anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing. Failure to comply with such laws, or abuse of our programs for purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act, the Bank Secrecy Act and other federal laws impose substantial regulations on financial institutions that are designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist organizations. Increasing regulatory scrutiny of our industry with respect to money laundering and terrorist financing matters could result in more aggressive enforcement of these laws or the enactment of more onerous regulation, which could have a material adverse impact on our business. In addition, abuse of our money transfer services or prepaid card programs for purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing, notwithstanding our efforts to prevent such abuse through our regulatory compliance and risk management programs, could cause reputational or other harm that would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Our business is subject to a wide range of laws and regulations intended to help detect and prevent illegal or illicit activity and our failure, or the failure of one of our disbursement partners or payment processors to comply with those laws and regulations could harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Our BOSS Money and network branded prepaid card services are subject to a strict set of legal and regulatory requirements intended to help detect and prevent money laundering, terrorist financing, fraud, and other illicit activity. The interpretation of those requirements by judges, regulatory bodies and enforcement agencies is changing, often quickly and with little notice. Economic and trade sanctions programs that are administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, prohibit or restrict transactions to or from or dealings with specified countries, their governments, and in certain circumstances, with individuals and entities that are specially designated nationals of those countries, narcotics traffickers and terrorists or terrorist organizations. As federal, state, and foreign legislative regulatory scrutiny and enforcement action in these areas increase, we expect our costs to comply with these requirements will increase, perhaps substantially. Failure to comply with any of these requirements by us, our regulated retailers or our disbursement partners could result in the suspension or revocation of a money transmitter license, the limitation, suspension or termination of our services, the seizure and/or forfeiture of our assets and/or the imposition of civil and criminal penalties, including fines.

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Furthermore, failure by us or our agents to comply with applicable laws and regulations could also result in termination of contracts with our banks and/or merchant payment processors. Termination of services by one of our retail banks would seriously diminish our ability to collect funds from our BOSS Revolution agents. Likewise, termination of services by our merchant processor would negatively impact our ability to process payments in our digital channels.

The foregoing laws and regulations are constantly evolving, unclear, and inconsistent across various jurisdictions, making compliance challenging. If we fail to update our compliance system to reflect legislative or regulatory developments, we could incur penalties. New legislation, changes in laws or regulations, implementing rules and regulations, litigation, court rulings, changes in industry practices or standards, changes in systems rules or requirements or other similar events could expose us to increased compliance costs, liability, reputational damage, and could reduce the market value of our BOSS Money and network branded prepaid card services or render them less profitable or obsolete.

The Dodd-Frank Act, as well as the regulations required by the Dodd-Frank Act and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau could harm us and the scope of our activities, and could harm our operations, results of operations, and financial condition.

The Dodd-Frank Act, which became law in the United States on July 21, 2010, calls for significant structural reforms and substantive regulation across the financial services industry. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or CFPB, whose purpose is to issue and enforce consumer protection initiatives governing financial products and services, including money transfer services.

We may be subject to examination by the CFPB, which has broad authority to enforce consumer financial laws. The CFPB has a large budget and staff and has broad authority with respect to our money transfer service and related business. It is authorized to collect fines and provide consumer restitution in the event of violations, engage in consumer financial education, track consumer complaints, request data, and promote the availability of financial services to underserved consumers and communities. In addition, the CFPB may adopt other regulations governing consumer financial services, including regulations defining unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices, and new model disclosures. The CFPB’s authority to change regulations adopted in the past by other regulators, or to rescind or alter past regulatory guidance, could increase our compliance costs and litigation exposure.

The Dodd-Frank Act establishes a Financial Stability Oversight Counsel that is authorized to designate as “systemically important” non-bank financial companies and payment systems. Companies designated under either standard will become subject to new regulation and regulatory supervision. If we were designated under either standard, the additional regulatory and supervisory requirements could result in costly new compliance burdens or may require changes in the way we conduct business that could harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

We are subject to licensing and other requirements imposed by U.S. state regulators, and the U.S. federal government. If we were found to be subject to or in violation of any laws or regulations governing money transmitters, we could lose our licenses, be subject to liability or be forced to change our business practices, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

A number of states and territories have enacted legislation regulating money transmitters, with 49 states requiring a license as of July 31, 2023. At July 31, 2023, we had obtained licenses to operate as a money transmitter in 48 U.S. states and Washington, D.C. We are also registered as money services businesses with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, or FinCEN. As a licensed money transmitter, we are subject to bonding requirements, liquidity requirements, restrictions on our investment of customer funds, reporting requirements, and inspection by state and foreign regulatory agencies. If we were found to be subject to and in violation of any banking or money services laws or regulations, we could be subject to liability or additional restrictions, such as increased liquidity requirements. In addition, our licenses could be revoked, or we could be forced to cease doing business or change our practices in certain states or jurisdictions or be required to obtain additional licenses or regulatory approvals that could impose a substantial cost on us. Regulators could also impose other regulatory orders and sanctions on us. Any change to our business practices that makes our service less attractive to customers or prohibits use of our services by residents of a particular jurisdiction could decrease our transaction volume and harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

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Our disbursement partners generally are regulated institutions in their home jurisdiction, and money transfers are regulated by governments in both the United States and in the jurisdiction of the recipient. If our disbursement partners fail to comply with applicable laws, it could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Money transfers are regulated by state, federal and foreign governments. Many of our disbursement partners are banks that are heavily regulated by their home jurisdictions. Our non-bank disbursement partners are also subject to money transfer regulations. We require regulatory compliance as a condition to our continued relationship, perform due diligence on our disbursement partners, and monitor them periodically with the goal of meeting regulatory expectations. However, there are limits to the extent to which we can monitor their regulatory compliance. Any determination that our disbursement partners or their sub-disbursement partners have violated laws and regulations could seriously damage our reputation, resulting in diminished revenue and profit and increased operating costs. While our services are not directly regulated by governments outside the United States, except with respect to IDT Financial Services Limited, or IDTFS, our Gibraltar-based bank as discussed below, it is possible that in some cases we could be liable for the failure of our disbursement partners or their sub-disbursement partners to comply with laws, which also could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

IDTFS is regulated by the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission, or FSC, and, as such, is subject to Gibraltarian and EU laws relating to financial institutions. As an issuer of prepaid debit cards for programs operated by other entities, commonly known as program managers, IDTFS is responsible, inter alia, for anti-money laundering laws oversight and compliance. If we were to fail to implement the requisite controls or follow the rules and procedures mandated by the FSC and applicable law, we could be subject to regulatory fines, and even the loss of our banking license.

We receive, store, process, and use personal information and other data, which subjects us to governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to privacy. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We receive, store, and process personal information and other customer data, including bank account numbers, credit and debit card information, identification numbers, and images of government identification cards. As a result, we are required to comply with the privacy provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, or the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, and the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, or PCI DSS. There are also numerous other federal, state, local, and international laws, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA and the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, regarding privacy and the storing, sharing, use, processing, disclosure, and protection of personal information and other customer data, the scope of which are changing, subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among different jurisdictions or conflict with other applicable rules. It is possible that these obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our business practices.

Additionally, with advances in computer capabilities and data protection requirements to address ongoing threats, we may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect against potential security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches.

Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to customers or other third parties, or our privacy-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of personally identifiable information or other customer data, may result in governmental enforcement actions, fines, or litigation. If there is a breach of credit or debit card information that we store, we could also be liable to the issuing banks for their cost of issuing new cards and related expenses. In addition, a significant breach could result in our being prohibited from processing transactions for any of the relevant network organizations, such as Visa or MasterCard, which would harm our business. If any third parties with whom we work, such as marketing partners, vendors, or developers, violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations may put our customers’ information at risk and could harm our business. Any negative publicity arising out of a data breach or failure to comply with applicable privacy requirements could damage our reputation and cause our customers to lose trust in us, which could harm our business, results of operations, financial position, and potential for growth.

We may be harmed by certain imminent FCC Orders and rules that effect the telecommunications marketplace.

In the Telephone Robocall Abuse Criminal Enforcement and Deterrence, or TRACED, Act, Congress gave the FCC new tools to fight unwanted, and often illegal, robocalls, the top consumer complaint reported to the FCC annually. The TRACED Act required the FCC to mandate the STIR/SHAKEN caller identification framework. STIR/SHAKEN enables phone companies to verify that the caller ID information transmitted with a call matches the caller’s real phone number. The FCC has issued a series of Orders and adopted several rules to implement the TRACED Act. For example, by June 30, 2021, many domestic and foreign carriers were required to register with the FCC specifically for TRACED Act compliance. Initially, the FCC concluded that by September 28, 2021, we and other similarly situated carriers would not be able to accept certain IP-based telecommunications traffic from foreign and domestic carrier partners unless those carriers were registered with the FCC. However, the FCC temporarily suspended this obligation while it reconsiders its impact. We believe the FCC will eventually reinstate the rule or implement a new rule that will have a comparable impact upon us and the industry as a whole. We also believe the FCC will continue to address and refine its rules in this area. Of equal importance, carriers such as us have the right to “sign” their traffic, effectively attesting that the traffic they are transmitting is not illegal robocalls.

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The FCC’s rules present several concerns to all carriers. Notably, the rules extend to many foreign carriers, and it is unclear whether foreign carriers will be sufficiently educated and experienced to implement U.S. rules and regulations. Foreign carrier compliance, or the lack thereof, could impact U.S. carriers as they seek to meet their own regulatory obligations. There may also be changes in the marketplace as foreign carriers may look to limit U.S. carrier partners to whom they transmit calls for termination in the U.S. that are subject to the STIR/SHAKEN rules.

In Canada, the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission, or CRTC is implementing near-identical STIR/SHAKEN rules as the FCC is implementing in the U.S. although it is not apparent whether the CRTC will punish service providers who fail to meet their obligations with the zealousness of the FCC. We expect that additional national communications regulators will implement similar, if not identical, STIR/SHAKEN legislation.

We anticipate meeting our regulatory obligations under the STIR/SHAKEN rules and we are undertaking efforts to prevent us from being harmed by potential changes in the marketplace. Nevertheless, the FCC’s rules allow for the possibility that well-prepared carriers with anti-robocalling procedures in place may fail and be punished for their failure, despite their best efforts. Moreover, because the STIR/SHAKEN rules may have a significant impact on the telecommunications marketplace, it is difficult to predict their outcome. We are prepared for the implementation of STIR/SHAKEN but are concerned about its impact on the market as a whole and on us specifically.

Federal and state regulations may be passed that could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our ability to provide VoIP communications services at attractive rates arises in large part from the fact that VoIP services are not currently subject to the same level of regulation as traditional, switch-based telephony. The use of the Internet and private IP networks to provide voice communications services is largely unregulated within the United States, although several foreign governments have adopted laws and/or regulations that could restrict or prohibit the provision of voice communications services over the Internet or private IP networks. In the United States, the California PUC has initiated a proceeding under which we believe the PUC will expand its authority to regulate interconnected VOIP. Other states are expected to follow the California PUC’s lead. If interconnected VoIP services become subject to state regulation and/or additional regulation by the FCC, such regulation will likely lead to higher costs and reduce or eliminate the competitive advantage interconnected VoIP holds over traditional telecommunications services by virtue of its lesser regulatory oversight. More aggressive regulation of the Internet in general, and Internet telephony providers and services specifically, may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our ability to offer services outside of the United States is subject to the local regulatory environment, which may be unfavorable, complicated, and often uncertain.

Regulatory treatment outside the United States varies from country to country. We distribute our products and services through resellers that may be subject to telecommunications regulations in their home countries. The failure of these resellers to comply with these laws and regulations could reduce our revenue and profitability or expose us to audits and other regulatory proceedings. Regulatory developments such as these could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

In many countries in which we operate, or our services are sold, the status of the laws that may relate to our services is unclear. We cannot be certain that our customers, resellers, or other affiliates are currently in compliance with regulatory or other legal requirements in their respective countries, that they or we will be able to comply with existing or future requirements, and/or that they or we will continue in compliance with any requirements. Our failure or the failure of those with whom we transact business to comply with these requirements could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

While we expect additional regulation of our industry in some or all of these areas, and we expect continuing changes in the regulatory environment as new and proposed regulations are reviewed, revised and amended, we cannot predict with certainty what impact new laws in these areas will have on us, if any.

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net2phone’s VoIP services are subject to regulation in the United States and Canada. Future legislative, regulatory, or judicial actions could adversely affect net2phone’s business and expose it to liability and limit its growth potential.

The United States and Canada have applied some traditional telephone company regulations to VoIP and continue to evaluate how VoIP should be regulated, as are other countries as we expand globally. The effects of future regulatory developments are uncertain. At the federal level in the United States, the FCC has imposed certain telecommunications regulations on VoIP services including, but not limited to:

■ Requirements to provide E-911 service;

■ Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act obligations;

■ Obligation to support Universal Service;

■ Customer Proprietary Network Information, or CPNI, requirements;

■ Disability access obligations;

■ Local Number Portability requirements; and

■ Consumer protection, including protection from unwanted telemarketing and other calls.

In Canada, the CRTC regulates VoIP Service. These regulated services are similar to those regulated in the United States discussed above. We are subject to a variety of other federal, state and international laws and regulations as well as oversight from a variety of governmental agencies and public service commissions. The laws governing our business may change in ways that harm our business. Federal, state, or international governmental agencies administering and enforcing such laws may also choose to interpret and apply them in ways that harm our business. These interpretations are also subject to change. Regulatory action could materially impair or force us to change our business model and may adversely affect our revenue, increase our compliance costs, and reduce our profitability. In addition, governmental agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, Internal Revenue Service, FTC, FCC, and state taxing authorities may conclude that we have violated federal laws, state laws or other rules and regulations, and we could be subject to fines, penalties or other actions that could adversely impact our financial results or our ability to conduct business.

We are subject to legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business that may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition.

Various legal proceedings that have arisen or may arise in the ordinary course of business have not been finally adjudicated, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition (see Note 23 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 to Part II of this Annual Report).

Our telecommunications services are required to comply with industry standards, FCC regulations, privacy laws as well as certain state and local jurisdiction specific regulations. Failure to comply with existing laws and any new laws that may become applicable to us may subject us to penalties, increase our operation costs, and may also require us to modify existing products and/or service.

The acceptance of telecommunications services is dependent upon our meeting certain industry standards. We are required to comply with certain rules and regulations of the FCC regarding safety standards. Standards are continuously being modified and replaced. As standards evolve, we may be required to modify our existing products or develop and support new versions of our products. We must comply with certain federal, state, and local requirements regarding how we interact with our customers, including marketing practices, consumer protection, privacy, and billing issues, the provision of emergency 911 service, and the quality of service we provide to our customers. The failure of our products and services to comply, or delays in compliance with various existing and evolving standards could delay future offerings and impact our revenues and profitability. Changes to the Universal Service Fund by the FCC or various state Universal Service Funds may require us to increase our costs which could negatively affect revenue and profitability.

We are subject to Federal laws and FCC regulations that require us to protect customer information. While we have protections in place to protect customer information there is no assurance that our systems will not be subject to failure or intentional fraudulent attack. The failure to protect required information could subject us to penalties and diminish the confidence our customers have in our systems, which could negatively affect results. While we try to comply with all applicable data protection laws, regulations, standards, and codes of conduct, as well as our own posted privacy policies and contractual commitments to the extent possible, any failure by us to protect our customers’ privacy and data, including as a result of our systems being compromised by hacking or other malicious or surreptitious activity, could result in a loss of customer confidence in our services and ultimately in a loss of customers, which could materially and adversely affect our business as well as subject us to law suits, civil fines and criminal penalties.

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Governmental entities, class action lawyers, and consumer advocates are reviewing the data collection and use by companies that must maintain such data. Our own requirements as well as regulatory codes of conduct, enforcement actions by regulatory agencies, and lawsuits by other parties could impose additional compliance costs on us as well as subject us to unknown potential liabilities. These evolving laws, rules, and practices may also curtail our current business activities, which may delay or affect our ability to become profitable as well as affect customers and other business opportunities.

In addition, several foreign countries and governmental bodies, including the EU, Brazil, and Canada, have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of personally identifiable information obtained from their residents, including payment card information, which are often more restrictive than those in the U.S. Laws and regulations in these jurisdictions apply broadly to the collection, use, storage, disclosure, and security of personally identifiable information, including payment card information identifying, or which may be used to identify, an individual, such as names, email addresses, and, in some jurisdictions, IP addresses, device identifiers, and other data. As we conduct business or become deemed to conduct business in foreign jurisdictions, including through websites that we host that may be available in these locations, we may become subject to those laws and regulations.

We are also subject to privacy and data protection-related obligations in our contracts with our customers and other third parties. Any failure, or perceived failure, to comply with federal, state, or international laws, or to comply with our contractual obligations related to privacy, could result in proceedings or actions against us which could result in significant liability to us as well as harm to our reputation. Additionally, third parties with whom we contract may violate or appear to violate laws or regulations which could subject us to the same risks. Any new laws, regulations, other legal obligations or industry standards, or any changed interpretation of existing laws, regulations or other standards may require us to incur additional costs and restrict our business operations.

Our collection, processing, storage, use, and transmission of personal data could give rise to liabilities because of governmental regulation, conflicting legal requirements, differing views on data privacy, or security breaches.

We engage in electronic billing and processing of our customers using secure transmission of sometimes confidential information over public networks. We have systems and processes in place that are designed to protect consumer information and prevent fraudulent credit card transactions and other security breaches. However, there is no guarantee that such systems and processes will not experience a failure. Our failure to protect against fraud or breaches may subject us to costly breach notification and other mitigation obligations, class action lawsuits, investigations, fines, forfeitures, or penalties from governmental agencies that could adversely affect our operating results. We may be unable to prevent our customers from fraudulently receiving goods and services. Personal data is increasingly subject to legal and regulatory protections around the world, which vary widely in approach and which possibly conflict with one another. In recent years, for example, U.S. legislators and regulatory agencies, such as the FTC, as well as U.S. states have increased their focus on protecting personal data by law and regulation and have increased enforcement actions for violations of privacy and data protection requirements. The CCPA requires, among other things, covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers, and afford such consumers new abilities to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. While we believe that we are not a covered entity under the law, the effects of the CCPA potentially are significant, and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply. We may also from time to time be subject to, or face assertions that we are subject to, additional obligations relating to personal data by contract or due to assertions that self-regulatory obligations or industry standards apply to our practices.

We may also experience losses due to customer fraud and theft of service, such as fraudulent credit card transactions. Customers have, in the past, obtained access to our service without paying for monthly service and international toll calls by unlawfully using fraudulently obtained codes. If our existing anti-fraud procedures are not adequate or effective, consumer fraud and theft of service could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

The GDPR and the Data Protection Act in the United Kingdom are intended to protect the privacy and security of personal data, including credit card information that is collected, processed, and transmitted in or from the relevant jurisdiction. We stopped hosting websites in GDPR-complaint countries or countries from which the bulk of business came from countries subject to GDPR. We also took steps to block those countries from accessing any other sites we host. While we do not currently provide services in countries where compliance would be required and are therefore not required to be compliant, if we did provide those services or otherwise were required to become complaint, implementation of and compliance with these laws and regulations may be more costly or take longer than we anticipate, or could otherwise adversely affect our business operations, which could negatively impact our financial position or cash flows.

Additionally, media coverage of data breaches has escalated, in part because of the increased number of enforcement actions, investigations, and lawsuits. As this focus and attention on privacy and data protection increases, we also risk exposure to potential liabilities and costs resulting from compliance with or any failure to comply with applicable legal requirements, conflicts among these legal requirements, or differences in approaches to privacy.

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We could fail to comply with requirements for debit card, credit card, and other digital payment methods, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, results of operations, and financial condition.

A significant and increasing portion of our transactions are processed using debit cards, credit cards, and other digital payment methods. The banks, credit card companies, networks, and other payment processing providers impose strict regulatory, compliance, system, and other requirements to participate in such parties’ payment systems. We are required to comply with the privacy provisions of various federal and state privacy statutes and regulations, and the PCI DSS, each of which is subject to change at any time. Compliance with PCI DSS does not guarantee a completely secure environment and notwithstanding the results of this assessment there can be no assurance that payment card brands will not request further compliance assessments or set forth additional requirements to maintain access to credit card processing services. Compliance with PCI DSS is an ongoing effort, and the requirements evolve as new threats are identified. Compliance with these requirements is often difficult and costly, and our failure, or our counterparty’s failure, to comply may result in significant fines or civil penalties, regulatory enforcement action, or liability under or termination of necessary agreements, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and/or operations and that of our distributors who could be liable as well.

Further, our payment services are subject to stringent requirements by regulators and trade organizations in various jurisdictions. Our payment services unit is subject to federal and state banking regulations, and we are also subject to further regulation by those states in which we are licensed as a money transmitter. We may not be able to comply with all such requirements in a timely manner or remain in compliance. If we are not in compliance, we could be subject to penalties or the termination of our rights to participate in such payment systems or provide such services, which could have a material negative impact on our ability to grow our businesses and our revenues and profits.

We face risks in our sales to certain market segments including, but not limited to, sales subject to HIPAA Regulations.

Our customers can use our services to store contact and other personal or identifying information, and to process, transmit, receive, store, and retrieve a variety of communications and messages, including information about their own customers and other contacts. In addition, customers may use our services to store protected health information, or PHI, that is protected under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA. We have sold and will continue to attempt to sell to certain customer segments which may have requirements for additional privacy or security. In addition, sales may be made to customers that are subject to additional security requirements. Selling into segments with additional requirements increases potential liability that in some instances may be unlimited. While we believe we meet or exceed all requirements for sales to such segments, there is no assurance that our systems fully comply with all requirements. Noncompliance with laws and regulations relating to privacy and HIPAA may lead to significant fines, penalties, or civil liability.

Our ability to offer services outside the United States is subject to different regulations which may be unknown and uncertain.

Regulatory treatment of VoIP providers outside the United States varies from country to country, and local jurisdictions. Many times, the laws are vague, unclear and regulations are not enforced uniformly. We are licensed as a VoIP seller in our international markets and are considering expanding to other countries. We also cannot control if our customers take their devices out of the United States and use them abroad. Our resellers may sell to customers who maintain facilities outside the United States. The failure by us or our customers and resellers to comply with laws and regulations could reduce our revenue and profitability. As we expand to additional countries there may be additional regulations that we are required to comply with, the failure to comply or properly assess regulations may subject us to penalties, fines, and other actions that could materially affect our business.

Examinations by relevant tax authorities may result in material changes in related tax reserves for tax positions taken in previously filed tax returns or may impact the valuation of certain deferred income tax assets, such as net operating loss carry-forwards.

Based on the outcome of examinations by relevant tax authorities, or because of the expiration of statutes of limitations for specific jurisdictions, it is reasonably possible that the related tax reserves for tax positions taken regarding previously filed tax returns will materially change from those recorded in our financial statements. In addition, the outcome of examinations may impact the valuation of certain deferred income tax assets (such as net operating loss carry-forwards) in future periods. It is not possible to estimate the impact of the amount of such changes, if any, on previously recorded uncertain tax positions.

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There may be a negative effect on our business going forward because of changes to net neutrality.

The principle that Internet service providers should treat all Internet communications equally, and not charge users different rates for various tiers of service or prioritize certain traffic while blocking or slowing down others, is called net neutrality. On January 4, 2018, the FCC released an order that largely repealed prior FCC rules that prevented broadband internet access providers from degrading or otherwise disrupting a broad range of services provisioned over consumers’ and enterprises’ broadband internet access lines. Many of the largest providers of broadband services, like cable companies and traditional telephone companies, have publicly stated that they will not degrade or disrupt their customers’ use of applications and services, like ours. However, there was no guarantee that they would not do so in the future. If such providers were to degrade, impair, or block our services, it would negatively impact our ability to provide services to our customers, and we would likely lose revenue and profits. We would probably incur legal fees in an attempt to restore our customers’ access to our services. Broadband internet access providers may also attempt to charge us or our customers additional fees to access services like ours that may result in the loss of customers and revenue, or increase our costs thereby reducing our profitability, or make our services less competitive if we increase our rates to our customers. President Biden and numerous Senators have criticized the status of net neutrality, at this time we are not aware if there will be legislation that might reimpose the prior regulations.

Following the adoption of the January 4, 2018 order, a number of states passed laws establishing rules similar to those that existed prior to the effective date of the January 4, 2018 order. However, we cannot rely on those state laws because of the uncertainty as to whether states have the authority to establish rules that could be interpreted to conflict with the January 4, 2018 order. The U.S. Department of Justice has taken the position that local authorities do not have the authority to contradict the FCC’s January 4, 2018 order. We cannot predict the ultimate outcome of these disputes.

States are adding regulation for VoIP providers which could increase our costs and change certain aspects of our service.

Certain states take the position that offerings by VoIP providers may include intrastate communications and should therefore be subject to state regulation including state taxes or surcharges. We have registered as an interconnected VoIP provider in those states where registration is required; however, our rates are not regulated in the same manner as traditional telephone service providers. We believe that the FCC has pre-empted states from regulating VoIP providers in the same manner as providers of traditional telecommunications services. We cannot predict how this issue will be resolved or its impact on our business at this time.

Taxing authorities may successfully assert that we should have collected or in the future should collect sales and use, value added, or similar taxes, and any such assessments could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Jurisdictions in which we do not collect sales, use, value added, or similar taxes on VoIP services or other products may assert that such taxes are applicable, which could result in tax assessments, penalties, and interest, and we may be required to collect such taxes in the future. Such tax assessments, penalties, interest, or future requirements could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Further, in June 2018, the Supreme Court held in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. that states could impose sales tax collection obligations on out-of-state sellers even if those sellers lack any physical presence within the states imposing the sales taxes. Under Wayfair, a person requires only a “substantial nexus” with the taxing state before the state may subject the person to sales tax collection obligations therein. An increasing number of states (both before and after the publication of Wayfair) have considered or adopted laws that attempt to impose sales tax collection obligations on out-of-state sellers. The Supreme Court’s Wayfair decision has removed a significant impediment to the enactment and enforcement of these laws, and it is possible that states may seek to tax out-of-state sellers on sales that occurred in prior tax years, which could create additional administrative burdens for us, put us at a competitive disadvantage if such states do not impose similar obligations on our competitors, and decrease our future sales, which would adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Capital Structure

Holders of our Class B common stock have significantly less voting power than holders of our Class A common stock.

Holders of our Class B common stock are entitled to one-tenth of a vote per share on all matters on which our stockholders are entitled to vote, while holders of our Class A common stock are entitled to three votes per share. As a result, the ability of holders of our Class B common stock to influence our management is limited.

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Eight trusts for the benefit of sons and daughters of Howard S. Jonas, our Chairman and Chairman of the Board, hold shares that, in the aggregate, represent more than a majority of the combined voting power of our outstanding capital stock, which may limit the ability of other stockholders to affect our management.

Howard S. Jonas serves as our Chairman, which is an executive officer position, and our Chairman of the Board, which is a Board of Directors position. As of October 11, 2023, eight trusts for the benefit of children of Howard S. Jonas (the “Trusts”), collectively have voting power over 1,574,326 shares of our Class A common stock, (which is all the issued and outstanding shares of the Class A common stock), which are convertible into shares of our Class B common stock on a 1-for-1 basis, and 2,382,371 shares of our Class B common stock, representing approximately 70% of the combined voting power of our outstanding capital stock, as of October 11, 2023. Each of the Trusts has a different, independent trustee. In addition, as of October 11, 2023, The HSJ Remainder 2019 Trust holds 1,811,711 shares of our Class B common stock and The HSJ 2022 Annuity Trust holds 78,016 shares of our Class B common stock. Both of these trusts have an independent trustee.

Howard S. Jonas does not have the right to direct or control the voting of the shares of our common stock that is held by the Trusts, and the independent trustees hold sole voting and dispositive power over the common stock held by the Trusts. However, he is the trustor of the trusts and is the father of each of the beneficiaries of the Trusts and his views may be taken into account by the trustees and others related to the Trusts. In addition, he is our founder and has served as an executive officer, including our Chief Executive Officer, for a very significant time period. The members of the Board and management often look to him for guidance on major financial, operational, and strategic matters.

We are not aware of any voting agreement between or among any of the Trusts and/or Howard S. Jonas, but if such a voting agreement or other similar arrangement exists or were to be consummated, if all or several of the Trusts were to act in concert, or if we issued additional Class A common stock, certain or all of the Trusts and/or Howard S. Jonas along with holders of the Class A common stock would be able to control matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of all of the directors, amendment of organizational documents, and the approval of significant corporate transactions, including any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. As a result, the ability of any of our other stockholders to influence our management may be limited. In addition, our dual class structure has an anti-takeover effect, and accordingly, the holders of the shares of Class A common stock can prevent any change in control transactions that may otherwise be in the best interest of stockholders.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2. Properties.

Our headquarters is located in a building in Newark, New Jersey. We lease approximately 80,000 square feet of office space plus a portion of the 800-car public parking garage located across the street from the building. We also lease approximately 3,600 square feet of office space in Jerusalem, Israel that is owned by Rafael Holdings. The Newark lease expires in April 2025 and the Israel lease expires in July 2025.

We lease space in New York, New York for corporate purposes as well as a number of other locations in metropolitan areas. These leased spaces are utilized primarily to house telecommunications equipment and retail operations.

We maintain our European headquarters in London, England. We also maintain other international office locations and telecommunications facilities in regions of Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa where we conduct operations.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Legal proceedings disclosure is presented in Note 23 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 to Part II of this Annual Report.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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Part II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Our Class B common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “IDT.”

On October 11, 2023, there were 271 holders of record of our Class B common stock and eight holders of record of our Class A common stock. All shares of Class A common stock are beneficially owned by eight trusts for the benefit of children of Howard S. Jonas, our Chairman and the Chairman of the Board. The number of holders of record of our Class B common stock does not include the number of persons whose shares are in nominee or in “street name” accounts through brokers. On October 11, 2023, the last sales price reported on the New York Stock Exchange for the Class B common stock was $27.37 per share.

In fiscal 2018, our Board of Directors discontinued our quarterly dividend, electing instead to repurchase shares of our Class B common stock when warranted by market conditions, available resources, and our business outlook and results, as well as to invest in our growth business initiatives. Accordingly, no dividends were paid in fiscal 2023 or fiscal 2022.

The information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2023, and which is incorporated by reference herein.

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Performance Graph of Stock

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information with respect to purchases by us of our shares during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023.

	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1)
May 1 – 31, 2023(2)		14,680	$	32.37		—		4,933,623
June 1 – 30, 2023		—		—		—		4,933,623
July 1 – 31, 2023		231,416	$	24.07		231,416		4,702,207
Total		246,096	$	24.56		231,416

(1) On January 22, 2016, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program to purchase up to 8.0 million shares of our Class B common stock.

(2) Shares of our Class B common stock that were tendered by employees of ours to satisfy the employees’ tax withholding obligations in connection with the lapsing of restrictions on deferred stock units. Such shares were repurchased by us based on their fair market value as of the close of business on the trading day immediately prior to the vesting date.

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Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including statements that contain the words “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends” and similar words and phrases. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results projected in any forward-looking statement. In addition to the factors specifically noted in the forward-looking statements, other important factors, risks and uncertainties that could result in those differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed under Item 1A to Part I “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. The forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this Annual Report, and we assume no obligation to update the forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Investors should consult all of the information set forth in this report and the other information set forth from time to time in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including our reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Our financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Critical accounting estimates are estimates made in accordance with U.S. GAAP that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had, or are reasonably likely to have, a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. Our critical accounting estimates include those related to goodwill impairment testing, valuation of long-lived assets, allowance for doubtful accounts receivable, and income taxes, sales taxes, and regulatory agency fees. See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 to Part II of this Annual Report for a complete discussion of our significant accounting policies.

Goodwill Impairment Testing

Under U.S. GAAP, goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed annually for impairment at a level of reporting referred to as a reporting unit. A reporting unit is an operating segment, or one level below the operating segment, depending on whether certain criteria are met.

Our annual assessment date is May 1. An interim impairment test would be required whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred. The goodwill impairment test compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. We would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill. Additionally, we consider income tax effects from any tax-deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable.

We have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. However, we may elect to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test even if no indications of a potential impairment exist.

The carrying amount of our goodwill by reporting unit was as follows:

(in millions) July 31	2023		2022
Retail Communications	$	11.2	$	11.1
net2phone		9.9		9.7
Fintech		3.2		3.2
IDT Digital Payments		2.2		2.4
TOTAL	$	26.5	$	26.4

For our annual goodwill impairment tests as of May 1, 2023 and 2022, we performed qualitative assessments for all of our reporting units that indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair values of our reporting units exceeded their respective carrying values and, therefore, did not result in an impairment. In addition, we do not believe we are currently at risk of goodwill impairment. Our qualitative assessments considered several factors including (i) the business enterprise value of the reporting unit from the last quantitative test at May 1, 2020 and the excess of the fair value over carrying value, (ii) macroeconomic conditions including changes in interest rates and discount rates, (iii) industry and market considerations including industry revenue, EBITDA margins, and multiples based on business enterprise value to revenues and to EBITDA, and (iv) the recent financial performance and budget of the reporting unit.

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For our quantitative assessment, we calculate the fair value of the reporting unit using a discounted cash flow method as a form of the income approach, and a market approach that incorporates comparative multiples to corroborate discounted cash flow results. The discounted cash flow method is based on the present value of projected cash flows and a terminal value. The terminal value represents the expected normalized future cash flows of the reporting unit beyond the projection period. We use a discount rate based on the weighted-average cost of capital of comparable companies by Standard Industrial Classification, or SIC, code that represents our estimate of the expected return a marketplace participant would have required.

Calculating the fair value of a reporting unit requires significant estimates and assumptions by management. The key assumptions and judgments underlying our quantitative assessment include the discount rates and terminal growth rates used in our discounted cash flow analysis, the revenue and EBITDA projections for our reporting units, estimates of future levels of gross and operating profits and capital expenditures, and the selection of comparable companies for the market approach. Should the estimates and assumptions regarding the fair value of the reporting units prove to be incorrect, we may be required to record impairments to goodwill in future periods.

Valuation of Long-Lived Assets

We test the recoverability of our long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of any such asset may not be recoverable. Such events or changes in circumstances include:

■ significant actual underperformance relative to expected performance or projected future operating results;

■ significant changes in the manner or use of the asset or the strategy of our overall business;

■ significant adverse changes in the business climate in which we operate; and

■ loss of a significant contract.

There were no such events or changes in circumstances in fiscal 2023 or fiscal 2022. If we determine that events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of certain long-lived assets may not be recoverable, we test for impairment based on the projected undiscounted cash flows to be derived from such asset. If the projected undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, we will record an impairment loss based on the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the asset. We generally measure fair value by considering sale prices for similar assets or by discounting estimated future cash flows from the asset using an appropriate discount rate. Cash flow projections for specific assets and fair value estimates of assets require significant estimates and assumptions by management that have a significant level of estimation uncertainty. Should our estimates and assumptions prove to be incorrect, we may be required to record impairments in future periods and such impairments could be material.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable

Our allowance for doubtful accounts was $5.6 million at July 31, 2023 and $5.3 million at July 31, 2022. The allowance for doubtful accounts as a percentage of gross trade accounts receivable increased to 15.0% at July 31, 2023 from 11.9% at July 31, 2022 because, at July 31, 2023 compared to July 31, 2022, gross trade accounts receivable decreased 15.9% and the allowance for doubtful accounts increased 5.9%. The most significant decrease in the gross trade accounts receivable balance at July 31, 2023 compared to July 31, 2022 was in IDT Digital Payments.

We estimated the balance of our allowance for doubtful accounts by analyzing accounts receivable balances by age and applying historical write-off and collection trend rates. Our estimates included separately providing for customer receivables based on specific circumstances and credit conditions, and when it was deemed probable that the balance was uncollectible. Account balances are written off against the allowance when it is determined that the receivable will not be recovered.

On August 1, 2023, we adopted Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, that changed the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. Effective with the adoption of ASU 2016-13, we will record an expense based on a forward-looking current expected credit loss model to maintain an allowance for credit losses. When determining the allowance for trade accounts receivable, we will consider the probability of recoverability of accounts receivable based on past experience, taking into account current collection trends and general economic factors, including bankruptcy rates. We will also consider future economic trends to estimate expected credit losses over the lifetime of the asset. Credit risks will be assessed based on historical write-offs, net of recoveries, as well as an analysis of the aged accounts receivable balances with allowances generally increasing as the receivable ages. Accounts receivable may be fully reserved for when specific collection issues are known to exist, such as pending bankruptcies.

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Our allowance for credit losses estimates is subject to change due to new developments, changes in assumptions or changes in our strategy. We continually assess the likelihood of potential amounts or ranges of recoverability and adjust our allowance accordingly, however, actual collections and write-offs of trade accounts receivables may materially differ from our estimates.

Income Taxes, Sales Taxes, and Regulatory Agency Fees

Our current and deferred income taxes and associated valuation allowance, accruals for sales taxes, and telecom regulatory agency fee accruals, are impacted by events and transactions arising in the normal course of business as well as in connection with special and non-routine items. Assessment of the appropriate amount of income taxes, sales taxes, and regulatory agency fees is dependent on several factors, including estimates of the timing and realization of deferred income tax assets, judgments about the potential results of audits and applicability of regulatory agency rules and regulations, as well as judgments and assumptions about changes in income tax, sales tax, and regulatory agency laws, rules, or regulations.

The valuation allowance on our deferred income tax assets was $10.6 million and $11.6 million at July 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In fiscal 2023, we decreased the valuation allowance by $1.0 million, which included a decrease of $2.8 million due to the utilization or disposal of previously valued deferred income tax assets and a release of $0.7 million for profitability in the United Kingdom, net of an establishment of $2.5 million for deferred income tax assets that were not more likely than not going to be utilized prior to expiration. In fiscal 2021, we released $46.5 million of our valuation allowance on the portion of the deferred income tax assets that we are more likely than not going to utilize. This release was mostly related to domestic deferred income tax assets. We used the framework of Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Income Taxes (Topic 740) to determine whether the valuation allowance should be maintained or reversed. We considered the scheduled expiration of our net operating losses included in our deferred tax assets, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in our assessment of the valuation allowance. The primary factors that resulted in the valuation allowance release were the three consecutive years of profitability in the United States and expected future profitability in both the United States and the United Kingdom that will utilize a significant portion of the net operating losses. Our tax planning strategies were not a significant factor in the analysis.

On June 21, 2018, the United States Supreme Court rendered a decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., holding that a state may require a remote seller with no physical presence in the state to collect and remit sales tax on goods and services provided to purchasers in the state, overturning certain existing court precedent. It is possible that one or more jurisdictions may assert that we have liability for periods for which we have not collected sales, use or other similar taxes, and if such an assertion or assertions were successful it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, and operating results. One or more jurisdictions may change their laws or policies to apply their sales, use or other similar taxes to our operations, and if such changes were made it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, and operating results.

Our 2017 FCC Form 499-A, which reports our calendar year 2016 revenue, was audited by the USAC. The Internal Audit Division of USAC issued preliminary audit findings and, in accordance with USAC’s audit procedures, we appealed certain of the findings. USAC issued a final decision, and the final decision overturned one of the initial findings but left the remaining initial findings in place. The reversal will result in the elimination of a $1.8 million charge by the Universal Service Fund. The final decision upheld the imposition of a $2.9 million charge to the Federal Telecommunications Relay Service, or TRS, Fund. We have appealed the USAC’s final decision to the FCC and we do not intend to remit payment for the TRS Fund fees unless and until a negative decision on our appeal has been issued. In response to the aforementioned preliminary audit findings, we made certain changes to our filing policies and procedures for years that remain potentially under audit. At July 31, 2023 and 2022, our accrued expenses included $26.8 million and $33.2 million, respectively, for FCC-related regulatory fees for the year covered by the audit, as well as prior and subsequent years.

RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARD NOT YET ADOPTED

In June 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU No. 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, that clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The ASU also requires specific disclosures related to equity securities that are subject to contractual sales restrictions. We will adopt the amendments in this ASU prospectively on August 1, 2024. We are evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

We evaluate the performance of our business segments based primarily on income (loss) from operations. Accordingly, the income and expense line items below income (loss) from operations are only included in our discussion of the consolidated results of operations.

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COVID-19

In May 2023, the World Health Organization declared an end to COVID-19 as a public health emergency. As of the date of this Annual Report, we continue to monitor the situation. We cannot predict with certainty the potential impact of COVID-19 if it re-invigorates on our results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

Concentration of Customers

Our most significant customers typically include telecom operators to whom we provide wholesale services and distributors of our retail calling products. While they may vary from quarter to quarter, our five largest customers collectively accounted for 10.8%, 12.5%, and 14.5% of our consolidated revenues in fiscal 2023, fiscal 2022, and fiscal 2021, respectively. Our customers with the five largest receivables balance collectively accounted for 16.7% and 27.1% of our consolidated gross trade accounts receivable at July 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This concentration of customers increases our risk associated with nonpayment by those customers. In an effort to reduce our risk, we perform ongoing credit evaluations of our significant customers, and in some cases, do not offer credit terms to customers, choosing instead to require prepayment. Historically, when we have issued credit, we have not required collateral to support trade accounts receivable from our customers. However, when necessary, we have imposed stricter credit restrictions on our customers. In some cases, this has resulted in our sharply curtailing, or ceasing completely, sales to certain customers. We attempt to mitigate our credit risk related to specific IDT Global customers by also buying services from the customer, in order to create an opportunity to offset our payables and receivables with the customer. In this way, we can continue to sell services to these customers while reducing our receivable exposure risk. When it is practical to do so, we will increase our purchases from IDT Global customers with receivable balances that exceed our applicable payables in order to maximize the offset and reduce our credit risk.

Explanation of Performance Metrics

Our results of operations discussion include the following performance metrics: