The Company provides retirement plans, including defined benefit and defined contribution plans, and other postretirement benefit plans to certain employees. The Company applies ASC Topic 715 “Compensation – Retirement Benefits,” which required the recognition in pension and other postretirement benefits obligations and accumulated other comprehensive income of actuarial gains or losses, prior service costs or credits and transition assets or obligations that had previously been deferred. This statement also requires an entity to measure a defined benefit postretirement plan’s assets and obligations that determine its funded status as of the end of the fiscal year.

The Company provides defined benefit pension plans to certain employees. The Company uses March 31 as the measurement date. The following provides a reconciliation of benefit obligation, plan assets, and funded status of the plans:


	March 31,
	2023		2022
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	356,974	$	404,841
Service cost	707		980
Interest cost	11,312		10,130
Actuarial (gain) loss	(42,652)		(30,482)
Benefits paid	(23,980)		(23,200)

Foreign exchange rate changes	(2,151)		(5,295)
Benefit obligation at end of year	$	300,210	$	356,974

Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	271,985	$	286,678
Actual gain (loss) on plan assets	(20,735)		3,048
Employer contribution	4,796		5,442
Benefits paid	(23,980)		(23,200)

Foreign exchange rate changes	(399)		17
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	231,667	$	271,985

Funded status	$	(68,543)	$	(84,989)
Unrecognized actuarial loss	17,169		29,230
Net amount recognized	$	(51,374)	$	(55,759)

During fiscal 2021, the Company settled the liabilities for one of its U.S. pension plans through a combination of (i) lump sum payments to eligible participants who elected to receive them and (ii) the purchase of annuity contracts for participants who did not elect lump sums. The lump sum payments were paid during the quarter ended June 30, 2020 and resulted in a settlement charge of $2,722,000 which was recorded in Other (income) expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the quarter ended September 30, 2020, the Company purchased annuity contracts to settle the remaining liabilities of the terminated plan. The total settlement charge of $19,038,000 was recorded in Other (income) expense, net on the Statements of Operations during the twelve months ending March 31, 2021. There was no remaining asset surplus from the terminated plan as of March 31, 2023. The remaining surplus of $2,176,000 as of March 31, 2022, was used, as prescribed in the applicable regulations, to fund obligations associated with the Company's U.S. defined contribution plans.


	March 31,
	2023		2022
Other assets	$	5,832	$	5,208
Accrued liabilities	(3,715)		(3,523)
Other non-current liabilities	(70,660)		(86,674)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, before tax	17,169		29,230
Net amount recognized	$	(51,374)	$	(55,759)


	Year Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Service costs—benefits earned during the period	$	707	$	980	$	1,092
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation	11,312		10,130		11,527
Expected return on plan assets	(10,844)		(13,037)		(12,787)
Net amortization	851		1,457		3,234
Settlement	(62)		—		19,038
Net periodic pension cost (benefit)	$	1,964	$	(470)	$	22,104

Unrecognized gains and losses are amortized through March 31, 2023 on a straight-line basis over the average remaining service period of active participants. Starting in fiscal 2016, the Company changed the amortization period of its largest plan to the average remaining lifetime of inactive participants, as a significant portion of the plan population is now inactive. This change increases the amortization period of the unrecognized gains and losses.

The weighted-average assumptions in the following table represent the rates used to develop the actuarial present value of the projected benefit obligation for the year listed and also net periodic pension cost for the following year:


	2023		2022		2021
Discount rate	4.82	%	3.35	%	2.62	%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets	4.13	%	4.70	%	4.60	%
Rate of compensation increase on active plans	3.00	%	2.76	%	2.76	%
Interest crediting rates used in cash balance pension plans	4.04	%	1.05	%	1.10	%

The Company has an investment objective for domestic pension plans to adequately provide for both the growth and liquidity needed to support all current and future benefit payment obligations. The Company's policy is to de-risk the portfolio by increasing liability-hedging investments as the pension liability funded status increases, which is known as the glide path

The Company’s funding policy with respect to the defined benefit pension plans is to contribute annually at least the minimum amount required by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). Additional contributions may be made to minimize PBGC premiums. The Company plans to contribute approximately $6,839,000 to its pension plans in fiscal 2024.

The Company sponsors a defined benefit other postretirement health care plan that provide medical and life insurance coverage to certain U.S. retirees and their dependents of one of its subsidiaries. Prior to the acquisition of this subsidiary, the Company did not sponsor any postretirement benefit plans. The Company pays the majority of the medical costs for certain retirees and their spouses who are under age 65. For retirees and dependents of retirees who retired prior to January 1, 1989, and are age 65 or over, the Company contributes 100% toward the American Association of Retired Persons (“AARP”) premium frozen at the 1992 level. For retirees and dependents of retirees who retired after January 1, 1989, the Company contributes $35 per month toward the AARP premium. The life insurance plan is noncontributory. The net periodic postretirement benefit cost for fiscal 2023 was $158,000 and the liability at March 31, 2023 is $997,000 with $826,000 included in Other non-current liabilities and $171,000 included in Accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The Company has collateralized split-dollar life insurance arrangements with two of its former officers. Under these arrangements, the Company pays certain premium costs on life insurance policies for the former officers. Upon the later of the death of the former officer and their spouse, the Company will receive all of the premiums paid to-date. The net periodic pension cost for fiscal 2023 was $124,000 and the liability at March 31, 2023 is $4,492,000 with $4,356,000 included in Other non-current liabilities and $136,000 included in Accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The cash surrender value of the policies is $3,690,000 and $3,590,000 at March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The balance is included in Other assets in the consolidated balance sheet.

The Company also sponsors defined contribution plans covering substantially all domestic employees and certain international employees. Participants may elect to contribute basic contributions. These plans provide for employer contributions based on employee eligibility and participation. The Company recorded a charge for such contributions of approximately $5,808,000, $4,540,000, and $4,063,000 for the years ended March 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively which are included in Cost of Products Sold, Selling Expenses, and General and Administrative Expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company classified its investments within the categories of equity securities, fixed income securities, alternative real estate, and cash equivalents, as the Company’s management bases its investment objectives and decisions from these four categories. The Company’s investment policy is to use its glide-path method to de-risk the portfolio by increasing liability-hedging investments as the pension liability funded status increases.

The fair values of our defined benefit plans’ consolidated assets were determined using the fair value hierarchy of inputs described in Note 5. The fair values by category of inputs as of March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022 were as follows:


	Measured at NAV (1)		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant other observable Inputs		Significant unobservable Inputs
As of March 31, 2023:			(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Asset categories:
Equity securities	$	14,274	$	27,576	$	—	$	—	$	41,850
Fixed income securities	25,936		7,064		145,904		—		178,904
Alternative real estate	8,565		—		—		—		8,565
Cash equivalents	—		2,348		—		—		2,348
Total	$	48,775	$	36,988	$	145,904	$	—	$	231,667


	Measured at NAV (1)		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant other observable Inputs		Significant unobservable Inputs
As of March 31, 2022:			(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Asset categories:
Equity securities	$	33,321	$	46,699	$	—	$	—	$	80,020
Fixed income securities	26,312		17,013		133,670		1,160		178,155
Alternative real estate	11,849		—		—		—		11,849
Cash equivalents	—		1,961		—		—		1,961
Total	$	71,482	$	65,673	$	133,670	$	1,160	$	271,985

The Level 2 fixed income securities are investments in a combination of funds whose underlying investments are in a variety of fixed income securities including foreign and domestic corporate bonds, securities issued by the U.S. government, U.S. and foreign government obligations, and other similar fixed income investments. The fair values of the underlying investments in these funds are generally based on independent broker dealer bids, or by comparison to other debt securities having similar durations, yields, and credit ratings. The fair values of these funds are determined based on their net asset values which are published daily. We are not aware of any significant restrictions on the issuances or redemption of shares of these funds.