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INCOME TAXES
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES
INCOME TAXES
The Company calculates its interim income tax provision in accordance with FASB ASC Topics 270 and 740. At the end of each interim period, the Company makes an estimate of the annual United States domestic and foreign jurisdictions’ expected effective tax rates and applies these rates to its respective year-to-date taxable income or loss. The computation of the annual estimated effective tax rates at each interim period requires certain estimates and assumptions including, but not limited to, the expected operating income for the year, projections of the proportion of income (or loss) earned and taxed in the United States, and the various state and local tax jurisdictions, as well as tax jurisdictions outside the United States, along with permanent differences, and the likelihood of deferred tax asset utilization. The accounting estimates used to compute the provision for income taxes may change as new events occur, more experience is acquired or additional information is obtained. The computation of the annual estimated effective tax rate includes modifications, which were projected for the year, for share-based compensation and state research and development credits, among others. In addition, the effect of changes in enacted tax laws, rates, or tax status is recognized in the interim period in which the respective change occurs.

During the three month period ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized aggregate consolidated tax benefits of $7.1 million and $4.4 million, respectively, for U.S. domestic and foreign income taxes. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 was 41% for both periods. The amount of tax benefit recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2016 reflects the Company’s estimate as of such date of the annual effective tax rate applied to the year-to-date loss. A discrete tax benefit of $17.4 million for the reserve recorded against the Turing receivable as described above under "Note 4. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Concentration of Credit Risk" is also reflected in income tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Excluding discrete items, the Company’s estimate of the annualized effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was 34%. The effective tax rate, including the effects of discrete tax income tax items, was 41% for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Due to the taxable loss for the three months ended March 31, 2016, the discrete tax benefit increased the tax rate. The increase in the aggregate tax benefit resulted from higher consolidated loss before taxes in the three month period ended March 31, 2016, as compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase in tax benefit was also a result of a change in the timing and mix of U.S. and foreign income; the exclusion of a zero-rate jurisdiction from the interim effective tax rate calculation; the inclusion of the federal research and development credit which was permanently reinstated in December of 2015; and an increase in the deferred tax asset related to a state R&D tax credit carryforward in a state with indefinite carryforwards. The Company is closely monitoring the events and circumstances that determine the need for a valuation allowance related to state research and development tax credit carryforwards and have determined that, based upon the evaluation of the provisions of ASC 740, no valuation allowance will be recorded at this time.
Lineage is currently under audit for federal income tax by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") for the 2013 tax year, which pre-dates the Company’s acquisition of Lineage. The Company and the former stockholders of Lineage are currently cooperating with the IRS in connection with the audit. Under the terms of the Stock Purchase Agreement related to the Tower acquisition, the Company is not responsible for pre-acquisition income tax liabilities. Neither the Company nor any of its other affiliates is currently under audit for federal income tax. No provision has been made for U.S. federal deferred income taxes on accumulated earnings on foreign subsidiaries since it is the current intention of management to indefinitely reinvest the undistributed earnings in the foreign subsidiary.