SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The Company's complete Summary of Significant Accounting Policies can be found in "Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules - Note 4. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, as filed with the SEC. Certain significant accounting policies have been repeated below.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when the earnings process is complete, which under SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 104, Topic No. 13, “Revenue Recognition” (“SAB 104”), is when revenue is realized or realizable and earned, there is persuasive evidence a revenue arrangement exists, delivery of goods or services has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured.

The Company accounts for material revenue arrangements which contain multiple deliverables in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 605-25, Revenue Recognition - Multiple-Element Arrangements ("ASC 605-25"), which addresses the determination of whether an arrangement involving multiple deliverables contains more than one unit of accounting. A delivered item within an arrangement is considered a separate unit of accounting only if both of the following criteria are met:


•	the delivered item has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis; and


•	if the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item, delivery or performance of the undelivered item is considered probable and substantially in the control of the vendor.

Under ASC 605-25, if both of the criteria above are not met, then separate accounting for the individual deliverables is not appropriate. Revenue recognition for arrangements with multiple deliverables constituting a single unit of accounting is recognized generally over the greater of the term of the arrangement or the expected period of performance, either on a straight-line basis or on a modified proportional performance method.

The Company accounts for milestones related to research and development activities in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 605-28, Revenue Recognition - Milestone Method ("ASC 605-28"). ASC 605-28 allows for the recognition of consideration, which is contingent on the achievement of a substantive milestone, in its entirety in the period the milestone is achieved. A milestone is considered to be substantive if all of the following criteria are met:


•	the milestone is commensurate with either (1) the performance required to achieve the milestone or (2) the enhancement of the value of the delivered items resulting from the performance required to achieve the milestone;


•	the milestone relates solely to past performance; and


•	the milestone payment is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the agreement.

Impax Generics revenues, net and Impax Specialty Pharma revenues, net

The Impax Generics revenues, net and Impax Specialty Pharma revenues, net include revenue recognized related to shipments of generic and branded pharmaceutical products to the Company’s customers, primarily drug wholesalers and retail chains. Gross sales revenue is recognized at the time title and risk of loss passes to the customer, which is generally when product is received by the customer. Net revenues may include deductions from the gross sales price related to estimates for chargebacks, rebates, distribution service fees, returns, shelf-stock adjustments, and other pricing adjustments. The Company records an estimate for these deductions in the same period when revenue is recognized. A description of each of these gross-to-net deductions follows.


•	Chargebacks

The Company has agreements establishing contract prices for certain products with certain indirect customers, such as managed care organizations, hospitals and government agencies who purchase products from drug wholesalers. The contract prices are lower than the prices the customer would otherwise pay to the wholesaler, and the price difference is referred to as a chargeback, which generally takes the form of a credit memo issued by the Company to reduce the invoiced gross selling price charged to the wholesaler. An estimated accrued provision for chargeback deductions is recognized at the time of product shipment. The primary factors considered when estimating the provision for chargebacks are the average historical chargeback credits given, the mix of products shipped, and the amount of inventory on hand at the major drug wholesalers with whom the Company does business. The Company also monitors actual chargebacks granted and compares them to the estimated provision for chargebacks to assess the reasonableness of the chargeback reserve at each quarterly balance sheet date.


•	Rebates

The Company maintains various rebate programs with its customers in an effort to maintain a competitive position in the marketplace and to promote sales and customer loyalty. The rebates generally take the form of a credit memo to reduce the invoiced gross selling price charged to a customer for products shipped. An estimated accrued provision for rebate deductions is recognized at the time of product shipment. The primary factors the Company considers when estimating the provision for rebates are the average historical experience of aggregate credits issued, the mix of products shipped and the historical relationship of rebates as a percentage of total gross product sales, the contract terms and conditions of the various rebate programs in effect at the time of shipment, and the amount of inventory on hand at the major drug wholesalers with whom the Company does business. The Company also monitors actual rebates granted and compares them to the estimated provision for rebates to assess the reasonableness of the rebate reserve at each quarterly balance sheet date.


•	Distribution Service Fees

The Company pays distribution service fees to several of its wholesaler customers related to sales of its Impax Products. The wholesalers are generally obligated to provide the Company with periodic outbound sales information as well as inventory levels of the Company’s Impax Products held in their warehouses. Additionally, the wholesalers have agreed to manage the variability of their purchases and inventory levels within specified days on hand limits. An accrued provision for distribution service fees is recognized at the time products are shipped to wholesalers.


•	Returns

The Company allows its customers to return product if approved by authorized personnel in writing or by telephone with the lot number and expiration date accompanying any request and if such products are returned within six months prior to or until twelve months following, the product’s expiration date. The Company estimates and recognizes an accrued provision for product returns as a percentage of gross sales based upon historical experience. The product return reserve is estimated using a historical lag period, which is the time between when the product is sold and when it is ultimately returned, and estimated return rates which may be adjusted based on various assumptions including: changes to internal policies and procedures, business practices, commercial terms with customers, and the competitive position of each product; the amount of inventory in the wholesale and retail supply chain; the introduction of new products; and changes in market sales information. The Company also considers other factors, including significant market changes which may impact future expected returns and actual product returns. The Company monitors actual returns on a quarterly basis and may record specific provisions for returns it believes are not covered by historical percentages.


•	Shelf-Stock Adjustments

Based upon competitive market conditions, the Company may reduce the selling price of certain Impax Generics division products. The Company may issue a credit against the sales amount to a customer based upon their remaining inventory of the product in question, provided the customer agrees to continue to make future purchases of product from the Company. This type of customer credit is referred to as a shelf-stock adjustment, which is the difference between the initial sales price and the revised lower sales price, multiplied by an estimate of the number of product units on hand at a given date. Decreases in selling prices are discretionary decisions made by the Company in response to market conditions, including estimated launch dates of competing products and declines in market price. The Company records an estimate for shelf-stock adjustments in the period it agrees to grant such a credit memo to a customer.


•	Cash Discounts

The Company offers cash discounts to its customers, generally 2% to 3% of the gross selling price, as an incentive for paying within invoice terms, which generally range from 30 to 90 days. An estimate of cash discounts is recorded in the same period when revenue is recognized.


•	Medicaid and Other U.S. Government Pricing Programs

As required by law, the Company provides a rebate on drugs dispensed under the Medicaid program, Medicare Part D, TRICARE, and other U.S. government pricing programs. The Company determines its estimated government rebate accrual primarily based on historical experience of claims submitted by the various states and other jurisdictions and any new information regarding changes in the various programs which may impact the Company’s estimate of government rebates. In determining the appropriate accrual amount, the Company considers historical payment rates and processing lag for outstanding claims and payments. The Company records estimates for government rebates as a deduction from gross sales, with a corresponding adjustment to accrued liabilities.


•	Rx Partner and OTC Partner

The Rx Partner and OTC Partner contracts include revenue recognized under alliance and collaboration agreements between the Company and unrelated third-party pharmaceutical companies. The Company has entered into these alliance agreements to develop marketing and/or distribution relationships with its partners to fully leverage its technology platform.

The Rx Partners and OTC Partners alliance agreements obligate the Company to deliver multiple goods and/or services over extended periods. Such deliverables include manufactured pharmaceutical products, exclusive and semi-exclusive marketing rights, distribution licenses, and research and development services. In exchange for these deliverables the Company receives payments from its agreement partners for product shipments and research and development services, and may also receive other payments including royalties, profit sharing payments, and upfront and periodic milestone payments. Revenue received from the alliance agreement partners for product shipments under these agreements is not subject to deductions for chargebacks, rebates, product returns, and other pricing adjustments. Royalty and profit sharing amounts the Company receives under these agreements are calculated by the respective agreement partner, with such royalty and profit share amounts generally based upon estimates of net product sales or gross profit which include estimates of deductions for chargebacks, rebates, product returns, and other adjustments the alliance agreement partners may negotiate with their respective customers. The Company records the agreement partner's adjustments to such estimated amounts in the period the agreement partner reports the amounts to the Company.

The Company applies the guidance of ASC 605-25 to the Strategic Alliance Agreement, as amended, with Teva Pharmaceuticals Curacao N.V., a subsidiary of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited (the “Teva Agreement”). The Company looks to the underlying delivery of goods and/or services which give rise to the payment of consideration under the Teva Agreement to determine the appropriate revenue recognition. The Company initially defers consideration received as a result of research and development-related activities performed under the Teva Agreement. The Company recognizes deferred revenue on a straight-line basis over the expected period of performance for such services. Consideration received as a result of the manufacture and delivery of products under the Teva Agreement is recognized at the time title and risk of loss passes to the customer, which is generally when product is received by Teva. The Company recognizes profit share revenue in the period earned.

OTC Partner revenue is related to agreements with Pfizer, Inc., formerly Wyeth LLC (“Pfizer”) and L. Perrigo Company (“Perrigo”) with respect to the supply of over-the-counter pharmaceutical products. The OTC Partner sales channel is no longer a core area of the business, and the over-the-counter pharmaceutical products the Company sells through this sales channel are older products which are only sold to Pfizer and Perrigo. The Company is currently only required to manufacture the over-the-counter pharmaceutical products under its agreements with Pfizer and Perrigo. The Company recognizes profit share revenue in the period earned.


•	Research Partner

The Research Partner contract revenue results from development agreements the Company enters into with unrelated third-party pharmaceutical companies. The development agreements generally obligate the Company to provide research and development services over multiple periods. In exchange for this service, the Company generally receives upfront payments upon signing of each development agreement and is eligible to receive contingent milestone payments, payment of which is based upon the achievement of contractually specified events. Additionally, the Company may also receive royalty payments from the sale, if any, of a successfully developed and commercialized product under one of these development agreements. The Company recognizes revenue received from the achievement of contingent research and development milestones in the period such payment is earned. Royalty revenue, if any, will be recognized as current period revenue when earned.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are cash, cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. The Company limits its credit risk associated with cash and cash equivalents by placing its investments with high quality money market funds, corporate debt, and short-term commercial paper and in securities backed by the U.S. Government. The Company limits its credit risk with respect to accounts receivable by performing credit evaluations when deemed necessary. The Company does not require collateral to secure amounts owed to it by its customers.

In July 2015, the Company received an unsolicited offer from Turing Pharmaceuticals AG (“Turing”) to purchase the U.S. rights to Daraprim®, one of the marketed products acquired in the Tower acquisition, as well as the active pharmaceutical ingredient for the product and the finished goods inventory on hand. Pursuant to the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreement between the Company and Turing dated August 7, 2015 (the “Turing APA”), the Company also granted a limited license to sell the existing Daraprim® product under the Company’s labeler code with the Company’s trade dress. The sale closed on August 7, 2015.

In accordance with the terms of the Turing APA and in accordance with federal laws and regulations, the Company received, and is initially responsible for processing and paying (subject to reimbursement by Turing), all chargebacks and rebates resulting from utilization by Medicaid, Medicare and other federal, state and local governmental programs, health plans and other health care providers for product sold under the Company’s labeler code. Under the terms of the Turing APA, Turing is responsible for liabilities related to chargebacks and rebates that arise as a result of Turing’s marketing or selling related activities in connection with Daraprim®.

During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company began receiving invoices for chargebacks from wholesalers and rebates from various state Medicaid agencies for Daraprim® purchases made by governmental agencies during the third quarter of 2015. As a result, the Company recorded a $40.6 million receivable from Turing as of December 31, 2015, representing actual invoices received related to the third quarter of 2015 and an estimate for invoices not yet received related to the third and fourth quarters of 2015. During the first quarter of 2016, the Company received additional invoices related to the third and fourth quarters of 2015 and recorded an estimate for invoices not yet received related to the first quarter of 2016. In total, the Company recorded an additional $7.4 million receivable from Turing during the three month period ended March 31, 2016, resulting in an estimated accounts receivable balance due to the Company of $48.0 million as of March 31, 2016, with over $20 million of such amount representing overdue unpaid invoices due from Turing for chargebacks and Medicaid rebate liability as of March 31, 2016. The Company has also recorded as of March 31, 2016 an estimated accrued liability of $42.9 million for amounts owed to wholesalers, Medicaid and other governmental agencies for Daraprim®. The difference of $5.1 million represents payments made by the Company on Turing's behalf during the first quarter of 2016. As of May 6, 2016, the amount of total payments made by the Company on Turing’s behalf was $19.2 million.

As a result of the uncertainty of the Company collecting the reimbursement amounts owed by Turing that has developed since the filing of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recorded a reserve in the amount of $48.0 million on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations in other income (expense) for the three month period ended March 31, 2016, representing the full amount of the estimated receivable due from Turing as of March 31, 2016.

On May 2, 2016, the Company filed suit against Turing in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York alleging breach of the terms of the Turing APA seeking (i) a declaratory judgment that the Company may revoke Turing’s right to sell Daraprim® under the Company’s labeler code and national drug codes; (ii) specific performance to require Turing to comply with its obligations under the Turing APA for past due reports and for reports going forward; and (iii) money damages to remedy Turing’s failure to reimburse the Company for in excess of $20 million of Medicaid rebate liability and for future amounts that may be due. If the Company receives an unfavorable outcome in its suit against Turing or if Turing for any reason does not, or is unable to, make its reimbursement payments to the Company, it could result in a material charge to the Company and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operation and financial condition.