SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Note 1— Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Organization MMA Capital Holdings, Inc. focuses on investments that generate positive environmental and social impacts and deliver attractive risk-adjusted total returns to our shareholders, with an emphasis on debt associated with renewable energy projects and infrastructure. Unless the context otherwise requires, and when used in these Notes, the “Company,” “MMA,” “we,” “our” or “us” refers to MMA Capital Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries. We were originally organized as a Delaware limited liability company in 1996, converted to a Delaware corporation on January 1, 2019, and are externally managed by Hunt Investment Management, LLC (our “External Manager”), an affiliate of Hunt Companies, Inc. (Hunt Companies, Inc. and its affiliates are hereinafter referred to as “Hunt”). Our objective is to produce attractive risk adjusted returns by investing in the large, growing and fragmented renewable energy market in the United States (“U.S”). We believe that we are well positioned to take advantage of these investment opportunities because of our External Manager’s origination network built off of extensive relationships and credit expertise gathered through years of experience. We also seek to increase the Company’s return on equity by prudently deploying debt and recycling equity out of lower yielding investments that are unrelated to renewable energy. In addition to renewable energy investments, we continue to own a limited number of bond investments, loan receivables and real estate-related investments, as well as have subordinated debt with beneficial economic terms. Further, we have significant net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) that may be used to offset future federal income tax obligations, a portion of which were reported as deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) in our Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2019. We do not anticipate growing investments that are unrelated to renewable energy given current market conditions and, effective December 31, 2019, the assets and liabilities of the Company are no longer organized into discrete portfolios (at December 31, 2018 and in each Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that was filed in 2019, assets and liabilities of the Company were allocated to one of two portfolios, “Energy Capital” and “Other Assets and Liabilities”). We operate as a single reporting segment. Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). The Company evaluates subsequent events through the date of filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Changes in Presentation We have revised the presentation of our Consolidated Statements of Operations for all reporting periods presented by reclassifying “Equity in income from unconsolidated funds and ventures” and all net gains (losses) associated with the Company’s bonds, loans, derivatives, real estate, other investments and the extinguishment of debt obligations as a component of “Non-interest income.” Additionally, the Company made certain reclassifications to prior year financial statements in order to enhance their comparability with current year financial statements. Use of Estimates The preparation of the Company’s financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, commitments and contingencies, and revenues and expenses. Management made estimates in certain areas, including the determination of the Company’s valuation allowance established against its deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) as well as in the fair value measurement of bonds and derivative instruments. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company as well as those entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest, including wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Equity investments in unconsolidated entities where the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operations of the entity, but is not considered the primary beneficiary, are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) Assessment We had interests in various legal entities that represent VIEs. A VIE is an entity: (i) that has total equity at risk that is not sufficient to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other entities; (ii) where the group of equity holders does not have the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, or the obligation to absorb the entity’s expected losses or the right to receive the entity’s expected residual returns, or both, or (iii) where the voting rights of some investors are not proportional to their obligations to absorb the expected losses of the entity, their rights to receive the expected residual returns of the entity, or both, and substantially all of the entity’s activities either involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor that has disproportionately few voting rights. We determine if a legal entity was a VIE by performing a qualitative analysis that requires certain subjective decisions including, but not limited to, the design of the entity, the variability that the entity was designed to create and pass along to its interest holders, the rights of the parties and the purpose of the arrangement. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had no investments in entities that were determined to be VIEs. Measurement of Consolidated Assets and Liabilities If we are required to consolidate an entity for reporting purposes, we will record upon the initial consolidation of an entity the assets, liabilities and noncontrolling interests at fair value and will recognize a gain or loss for the difference between (i) the fair value of the consideration paid, fair value of noncontrolling interests and the reported amount of any previously held interests and (ii) the net amount of the fair value of the assets and liabilities consolidated. We record gains or losses that are associated with the consolidation of VIEs as “Net gains on real estate and other investments” in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. If we cease to be deemed the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we will deconsolidate a VIE for reporting purposes. We use fair value to measure the initial cost basis for any retained interests that are recorded upon the deconsolidation of a VIE. Any difference between the fair value and the previous carrying amount of our investment in the VIE is recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of short-term marketable securities with maturities of three months or less at purchase, all of which are readily convertible to cash. Restricted Cash Restricted cash represents cash and cash equivalents restricted as to withdrawal or usage. The Company may be required to pledge cash collateral in connection with secured borrowings, derivative transactions or other contractual arrangements. Investments in Debt Securities We classify and account for mortgage revenue bonds and other municipal bonds that we own as available-for-sale pursuant to requirements established in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 320, “Investments – Debt and Equity Securities.” Accordingly, we measure investments in bonds at fair value (“FV”) in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, with unrealized gains and losses included in “AOCI.” We evaluate each bond whose fair value has declined below its amortized cost to determine whether the decline in fair value is other-than-temporary. We assess that an impairment is OTTI if one of the following conditions exists: (a) we have the intent to sell the bond; (b) it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell prior to recovery of the bond’s amortized cost basis; or (c) we do not expect to recover the amortized cost basis of the bond. If we have the intent to sell an impaired bond or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a bond prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, we will recognize an impairment loss in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Impairments” for the full difference between the bond’s fair value and its amortized cost basis. However, if we do not have the intent to sell an impaired bond and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the bond prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, we will, where applicable, recognize only the credit component of the OTTI in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Impairments” while the balance of an unrealized holding loss associated with an impaired bond will be recognized in AOCI. The credit component of an OTTI represents the amount by which the present value of cash flows expected to be collected discounted at the bond’s original effective rate is less than a bond’s amortized cost basis. There were no bonds in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2019. Realized gains and losses on sales of these investments are measured using the specific identification method and are recognized in earnings at the time of disposition. The Company recognizes interest income over the contractual terms of the bonds using the interest method. Therefore, the Company will accrue interest based upon a yield that incorporates the effects of purchase premiums and discounts, as well as deferred fees and costs. Contingent interest on participating bonds is recognized when the contingencies are resolved. Bonds are placed on nonaccrual status when any portion of principal or interest is 90 days past due or on the date after which collectability of principal or interest is not reasonably assured. The Company applies interest payments received on nonaccrual bonds first to accrued interest and then as interest income. Bonds return to accrual status when principal and interest payments become current and future payments are anticipated to be fully collectible. At December 31, 2019, the Company had no bonds that were on nonaccrual status. Proceeds from the sale or repayment of bonds greater or less than their amortized cost (which would include any previously recorded impairment charges) are recorded as realized gains or losses and any previously unrealized gains included in AOCI are reversed. The Company may periodically agree to modify the contractual terms of its investments in debt securities in the interest of attempting to obtain more cash or other value from a debtor than it otherwise would, or to increase the probability of receipt, by granting a concession to a borrower. If the Company makes an economic concession to a borrower that is experiencing financial difficulty, the Company will typically assess a modification or other form of economic concession to represent a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) for reporting purposes. Investments in Partnerships The Company’s investments in partnerships that are not required to be consolidated for reporting purposes are accounted for using the equity method as described in FASB ASC Topic 323, “Equity Method Investments,” to the extent that, based on contractual rights associated with our investments, we can exert significant influence over a partnership’s operations. Under the equity method, the Company’s investment in the partnership is recorded at cost and is subsequently adjusted to recognize the Company’s allocable share of the earnings or losses from the partnership. The Company’s allocable share of earnings or losses from the partnership is adjusted for the following: the elimination of any intra-entity profits or losses; the amortization of any basis differences between the Company’s cost and the underlying equity in net assets of the partnership; capital transactions; and other comprehensive income. Dividends received by the Company are recognized as a reduction in the carrying amount of the investment. The Company continues to record its allocable share of losses from the partnership up to the Company’s investment carrying amount, including any additional financial support made or committed to be made to the partnership. The order in which additional equity method losses are applied to other investments in the partnership is based upon the seniority and priority in liquidation of the other investments. The Company ceases recording losses on an investment in partnership when the cumulative losses and distributions from the partnership exceed the carrying amount of the investment and any advances made by the Company, unless: (i) an imminent return to profitable operations by the partnership is assured; (ii) the Company has guaranteed obligations of the partnership, or (iii) the Company has otherwise committed to provide further financial support to the partnership. The Company must periodically assess the appropriateness of the carrying amount of its equity method investments to ensure that the carrying amount of its investment is not other-than-temporarily impaired whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment might not be recoverable. The Company recognizes impairment-related losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Impairments.” The Company classifies distributions received from its equity investments as operating activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows when cumulative equity in earnings is greater than or equal to the cumulative cash distributions. The Company classifies distributions as cash flows from investing activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows when cumulative equity in earnings is less than cumulative cash distributions. Loans Loans Held For Sale (“HFS”) When we originate loans that we intend to sell, we classify these loans as HFS. We report HFS loans at the lower of cost or fair value. Any excess of an HFS loan’s cost over its fair value is recognized as a valuation allowance, with changes in the valuation allowance recognized as “Other expenses” in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We recognize interest income on HFS loans on an accrual basis, unless we determine that the ultimate collection of contractual principal or interest payments in full is not reasonably assured. Purchase premiums, discounts and other cost basis adjustments on HFS loans are deferred upon loan acquisition, included in the cost basis of the loan, and not amortized. We determine any lower of cost or fair value adjustment on HFS loans at an individual loan level. In the event that we reclassify HFS loans to loans held for investment, we record the loans at lower of cost or fair value on the date of reclassification. We report any lower of cost or fair value adjustment recognized upon reclassification as a basis adjustment to the held for investment loan. Loans Held for Investment (“HFI”) When we recognize loans that we have the ability and the intent to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity, we classify the loans as HFI. We report HFI loans at the unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized premiums and discounts, unearned income, non-refundable deferred origination fees and costs, and allowance for loan losses. We recognize interest income on HFI loans on an accrual basis using the interest method over the contractual life of the loan, including the amortization of any deferred cost basis adjustments, such as the premium or discount at acquisition, unless we determine that the ultimate collection of contractual principal or interest payments in full is not reasonably assured. The Company recognizes a provision for loan losses in its Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Other expenses.” Allowance for Loan Losses Our allowance for loan losses is a valuation allowance that reflects management’s estimate of probable losses inherent in our lending activities. Quarterly, the Company reviews each loan to assess its overall collectability. For impaired loans, which include non-performing loans as well as loans modified in a TDR, management measures impairment primarily based on the present value of payments expected to be received, discounted at the loans’ original effective contractual interest rates. Impaired loans and TDRs may also be measured based on observable market prices, or for loans that are solely dependent on the collateral for repayment, the estimated fair value of the collateral less costs to sell. If the recorded investment exceeds this amount, a specific allowance is established as a component of the allowance for loan losses unless these are secured loans that are solely dependent on the collateral for repayment, in which case the amount that exceeds the fair value of the collateral is charged off. At December 31, 2019, the Company had no allowance for loan losses recorded. Nonaccrual Loans Loans that are past due 90 days or more as to principal or interest, or where reasonable doubt exists as to timely collection, including loans that are individually identified as being impaired, are generally placed on nonaccrual status unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. Accrued interest receivable is reversed when loans are placed on nonaccrual status, provided collection is not anticipated within 12 months of being placed on nonaccrual status. Interest collections on any nonaccrual loans for which the ultimate collectability of principal is uncertain are applied as principal reductions; otherwise collections are credited to income when received. Loans may be restored to accrual status when all principal and interest is current and full repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest is expected, or when the loan otherwise becomes well-secured and is in the process of collection. At December 31, 2019, the Company had no nonaccrual loans. Fair Value Option (“FVO”) Loans For loans for which the Company has elected the FVO, unearned income, non-refundable origination fees and costs are recognized at inception upon origination of the loan. These assets are subsequently measured on a fair value basis, with changes therein classified in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Net gains on loans.” Real Estate Owned (“REO”) The Company’s REO is generally obtained when a delinquent borrower chooses to transfer a mortgaged property to us in lieu of going through a foreclosure process. The Company classifies REO in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in “Other assets.” REO is subsequently measured for reporting purposes based upon whether the Company has designated REO as HFS or held for use (“HFU”). REO is classified as HFS when we intend to sell the property and we are actively marketing property that is available for immediate sale in its current condition and a sale is reasonably expected to take place within one year. REO that we do not classify as HFS is designated as HFU. REO that is designated as HFS is reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less estimated selling costs. We recognize a recovery for any subsequent increase in fair value, less estimated costs to sell, up to the cumulative loss previously recognized through the valuation allowance. We do not depreciate REO that is classified as HFS. REO that is designated as HFU is depreciated for reporting purposes and evaluated for impairment when circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the property is no longer recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of the REO is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. We recognize impairment-related losses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Other expenses.” We recognize gains or losses on sales of REO in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Other expenses.” Derivative Instruments The Company accounts for all derivative instruments at their fair value unless a given derivative instrument is determined to be exempt from the recognition and measurement requirements of FASB ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging.” The Company has not designated any of its derivative investments as hedging instruments for accounting purposes. As a result, changes in the fair value of these instruments are reported in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Net (losses) gains on derivatives.” Derivative assets are classified in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of “Other assets” while derivative liabilities are classified as a component of “Other liabilities.” Guarantees With respect to our contingent obligation to perform under a guarantee, we will recognize a liability for probable and estimable losses to the extent that a measured loss exceeds the unamortized balance of our noncontingent obligation to stand ready to perform under our guarantee. The Company recognizes guarantee-related losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Other expenses” while related liabilities are classified in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of “Other liabilities.” Guarantees provided by the Company in connection with the performance of a consolidated subsidiary are exempt from financial statement recognition, though disclosure of these activities is provided in Note 9, “Guarantees and Collateral.” Stock-Based Compensation The Company accounts for previously awarded employee stock-based compensation plans as liability classified awards. Compensation expense is based on the fair value of awarded instruments as of the reporting date, adjusted to reflect the vesting schedule. Subsequent compensation expense is determined by changes in the fair value of awarded instruments at subsequent reporting dates, continuing through the settlement date. As of December 31, 2018, all previously awarded and outstanding stock options had been exercised by our officers. The Company accounts for its director stock-based compensation plans as equity classified awards. Compensation expense is based on the fair value of awarded instruments at the grant date. Foreign Currency Conversion Assets, liabilities and operations of foreign subsidiaries are recorded based on the functional currency of each entity. For certain of the foreign operations, the functional currency is the local currency, in which case the assets, liabilities and operations are translated, for consolidation purposes, from the local currency to the U.S. dollar reporting currency at period-end rates for assets and liabilities and generally at average rates for results of operations. The resulting unrealized gains or losses are reported as a component of AOCI in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. When assets or liabilities are denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency, the resulting remeasurement gains or losses on foreign currency-denominated assets or liabilities are included in earnings in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Other expenses.” Income (Loss) per Common Share Basic income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares issued and outstanding during the period. The numerator used to calculate diluted income (loss) per share includes net income (loss) to common shareholders adjusted to remove the difference in income or loss associated with reporting the dilutive employee share awards classified as liabilities as opposed to equity awards. The denominator used to calculate diluted income (loss) per share includes the weighted-average number of common shares issued and outstanding during the period adjusted to add in common stock equivalents associated with unvested share awards as well as in the money option awards unless they are contingent upon a certain share price that has not yet been achieved. All outstanding stock options of the Company were exercised as of December 31, 2018. Income Taxes All of our business activities, with the exception of our foreign investments, are conducted by entities included in our consolidated corporate federal income tax return. ASC Topic No. 740, “Income Taxes,” establishes financial accounting and reporting standards for the effect of income taxes. The objectives of accounting for income taxes are to recognize the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current period and DTAs and deferred tax liabilities (“DTLs”) for future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in an entity’s financial statements or tax returns. In this regard, we recognize DTAs and DTLs based on the differences in the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities. We measure DTAs and DTLs using enacted tax rates that are applicable to the period(s) that the differences are expected to reverse. We adjust DTAs and DTLs for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates in the period of enactment. We recognize investment and other tax credits through our effective tax rate calculation assuming that we will be able to realize the full benefit of the credits. Each reporting period, we assess whether DTAs are realizable. These reviews include management’s estimates and assumptions regarding future pretax book income, which also incorporates various tax planning strategies, including strategies that may be available to utilize NOLs before they expire. In connection with these reviews, if it is determined that a DTA is not realizable, a valuation allowance is established. At each reporting period, we evaluate the recoverability of our DTAs, weighing all positive and negative evidence, and are required to establish or maintain a valuation allowance for these assets if we determine that, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the DTAs will not be realized. The weight given to the evidence is commensurate with the extent to which evidence is objectively verifiable. If negative evidence exists, positive evidence must be present to support a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not necessary. We account for uncertain tax positions using a two-step approach whereby we recognize an income tax benefit if, based on the technical merits of a tax position, it is more likely than not that the tax position would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authority, which includes all related appeals and litigation. We then measure the recognized tax benefit based on the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement with the taxing authority, considering all information available at the reporting date. We establish additional provisions for income taxes when there are certain tax positions that could be challenged and it is more likely than not these positions will not be sustained upon review by taxing authorities. Accounting Guidance Adoption of Accounting Standards Accounting for Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets In February 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017‑05, “Other Income – Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Topic 610‑20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets” was issued. This guidance clarifies that the derecognition of all businesses should be accounted for in accordance with the derecognition and deconsolidation guidance of Topic 810‑10 – Consolidations. In addition, this guidance eliminates the scope exception in authoritative literature that governs transfers of financial assets related to transfers of investments (including equity method investments) in real estate entities and supersedes guidance related to the exchange of a nonfinancial asset for a noncontrolling ownership interest as set forth in Topic 845 – Nonmonetary Transactions. The effective date of ASU 2017‑05 is aligned with Topic 606. We adopted ASU No. 2017‑05 in conjunction with our adoption of Topic 606 as of January 1, 2018 and we recognized a cumulative effect adjustment of $9.2 million to retained earnings on January 1, 2018. Accounting for Financial Instruments In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825‑10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” This guidance amends the classification and measurement of financial instruments, including equity investments not accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Although this ASU retains many current requirements, it significantly revised an entity’s accounting related to (i) the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and (ii) the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value. Additionally, certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments were amended. We adopted this new guidance on its effective date of January 1, 2018. Upon adoption of this guidance, the Company assessed that certain of our equity investments did not have a readily determinable fair value, resulting in the Company electing the measurement alternative. Accordingly, during the first quarter of 2018, the Company recognized a $0.4 million impairment within our Consolidated Statements of Operations. In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08, “Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities.” This guidance amends the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium, shortening the period to the earliest call date. We adopted this new guidance on its effective date of January 1, 2019. Upon adoption of this guidance, the Company assessed that certain of our bond investments were being held at a premium resulting in a reduction in amortization periods used for interest income recognition. Accordingly, during the first quarter of 2019, the Company recognized a cumulative effect adjustment of $0.3 million charge to retained earnings. Accounting for Income Taxes In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018‑02, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.” This guidance permits companies to reclassify stranded tax effects caused by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) from AOCI to retained earnings and also requires new disclosures. We adopted this guidance on its effective date of January 1, 2019. The adoption of this guidance did not impact the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, Consolidated Statements of Operations, Consolidated Statements of Equity or Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as of the adoption date. Accounting for Stock Compensation In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018‑07, “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” This guidance expands the scope of ASC Topic 718 to include all share-based payment arrangements related to the acquisition of goods and services from both nonemployees and employees. We adopted this new guidance on its effective date of January 1, 2019. The adoption of this guidance did not impact the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, Consolidated Statements of Operations, Consolidated Statements of Equity or Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as of the adoption date. Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted Accounting for Financial Instruments – Credit Losses In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-10, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) and Leases (Topic 842): Effective Dates.” This guidance gives private companies, not-for-profit organizations, and certain smaller reporting companies additional time to implement FASB standards on credit losses, leases, derivatives and hedging and intangible-goodwill and other (ASC 350). Because the Company is a smaller reporting company the following “credit loss” ASUs will become effective for the Company on January 1, 2023. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016‑13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments Improvements.” This guidance is intended to reduce the complexity of U.S. GAAP by decreasing the number of credit impairment models that entities use to account for debt instruments. This guidance establishes an impairment methodology that reflects lifetime expected credit losses rather than incurred losses. This guidance requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. This new guidance is effective on January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-04, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments.” This guidance is intended to clarify aspects of accounting for credit losses, hedging activities, and financial instruments. This new guidance is effective on January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-05, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief.” This guidance provides transition relief for entities adopting ASU 2016-13. This guidance allows entities to elect the fair value options on certain financial instruments. This new guidance is effective on January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-11, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses.” This guidance amends certain aspects of the FASB’s new credit losses standard, including an amendment requiring entities to include certain expected recoveries in the amortized cost basis in the allowance for credit losses for purchased credit deteriorated assets. This new guidance is effective on January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements. Accounting for Financial Instruments – Fair Value Measurement In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018‑13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” This guidance eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements, requires public entities to disclose certain new information and modifies some disclosure requirements. This new guidance is effective for us on January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We have considered the impact of this new guidance and do not expect its adoption to materially impact our consolidated financial statements. Accounting for Income Taxes In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes.” This guidance eliminates certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. This new guidance is effective for us on January 1, 2021, with early adoption permitted. We are evaluating the potential impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

Note 1— Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization

MMA Capital Holdings, Inc. focuses on investments that generate positive environmental and social impacts and deliver attractive risk-adjusted total returns to our shareholders, with an emphasis on debt associated with renewable energy projects and infrastructure. Unless the context otherwise requires, and when used in these Notes, the “Company,” “MMA,” “we,” “our” or “us” refers to MMA Capital Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries. We were originally organized as a Delaware limited liability company in 1996, converted to a Delaware corporation on January 1, 2019, and are externally managed by Hunt Investment Management, LLC (our “External Manager”), an affiliate of Hunt Companies, Inc. (Hunt Companies, Inc. and its affiliates are hereinafter referred to as “Hunt”).

Our objective is to produce attractive risk adjusted returns by investing in the large, growing and fragmented renewable energy market in the United States (“U.S”). We believe that we are well positioned to take advantage of these investment opportunities because of our External Manager’s origination network built off of extensive relationships and credit expertise gathered through years of experience. We also seek to increase the Company’s return on equity by prudently deploying debt and recycling equity out of lower yielding investments that are unrelated to renewable energy.

In addition to renewable energy investments, we continue to own a limited number of bond investments, loan receivables and real estate-related investments, as well as have subordinated debt with beneficial economic terms. Further, we have significant net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) that may be used to offset future federal income tax obligations, a portion of which were reported as deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) in our Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2019. We do not anticipate growing investments that are unrelated to renewable energy given current market conditions and, effective December 31, 2019, the assets and liabilities of the Company are no longer organized into discrete portfolios (at December 31, 2018 and in each Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that was filed in 2019, assets and liabilities of the Company were allocated to one of two portfolios, “Energy Capital” and “Other Assets and Liabilities”).

We operate as a single reporting segment.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”).

The Company evaluates subsequent events through the date of filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

Changes in Presentation

We have revised the presentation of our Consolidated Statements of Operations for all reporting periods presented by reclassifying “Equity in income from unconsolidated funds and ventures” and all net gains (losses) associated with the Company’s bonds, loans, derivatives, real estate, other investments and the extinguishment of debt obligations as a component of “Non-interest income.” Additionally, the Company made certain reclassifications to prior year financial statements in order to enhance their comparability with current year financial statements.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the Company’s financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, commitments and contingencies, and revenues and expenses. Management made estimates in certain areas, including the determination of the Company’s valuation allowance established against its deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) as well as in the fair value measurement of bonds and derivative instruments. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company as well as those entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest, including wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Equity investments in unconsolidated entities where the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operations of the entity, but is not considered the primary beneficiary, are accounted for using the equity method of accounting.

Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) Assessment

We had interests in various legal entities that represent VIEs. A VIE is an entity: (i) that has total equity at risk that is not sufficient to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other entities; (ii) where the group of equity holders does not have the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, or the obligation to absorb the entity’s expected losses or the right to receive the entity’s expected residual returns, or both, or (iii) where the voting rights of some investors are not proportional to their obligations to absorb the expected losses of the entity, their rights to receive the expected residual returns of the entity, or both, and substantially all of the entity’s activities either involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor that has disproportionately few voting rights.

We determine if a legal entity was a VIE by performing a qualitative analysis that requires certain subjective decisions including, but not limited to, the design of the entity, the variability that the entity was designed to create and pass along to its interest holders, the rights of the parties and the purpose of the arrangement. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had no investments in entities that were determined to be VIEs.

Measurement of Consolidated Assets and Liabilities

If we are required to consolidate an entity for reporting purposes, we will record upon the initial consolidation of an entity the assets, liabilities and noncontrolling interests at fair value and will recognize a gain or loss for the difference between (i) the fair value of the consideration paid, fair value of noncontrolling interests and the reported amount of any previously held interests and (ii) the net amount of the fair value of the assets and liabilities consolidated. We record gains or losses that are associated with the consolidation of VIEs as “Net gains on real estate and other investments” in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

If we cease to be deemed the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we will deconsolidate a VIE for reporting purposes. We use fair value to measure the initial cost basis for any retained interests that are recorded upon the deconsolidation of a VIE. Any difference between the fair value and the previous carrying amount of our investment in the VIE is recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of short-term marketable securities with maturities of three months or less at purchase, all of which are readily convertible to cash.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash represents cash and cash equivalents restricted as to withdrawal or usage. The Company may be required to pledge cash collateral in connection with secured borrowings, derivative transactions or other contractual arrangements.

Investments in Debt Securities

We classify and account for mortgage revenue bonds and other municipal bonds that we own as available-for-sale pursuant to requirements established in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 320, “Investments – Debt and Equity Securities.” Accordingly, we measure investments in bonds at fair value (“FV”) in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, with unrealized gains and losses included in “AOCI.”

We evaluate each bond whose fair value has declined below its amortized cost to determine whether the decline in fair value is other-than-temporary. We assess that an impairment is OTTI if one of the following conditions exists: (a) we have the intent to sell the bond; (b) it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell prior to recovery of the bond’s amortized cost basis; or (c) we do not expect to recover the amortized cost basis of the bond. If we have the intent to sell an impaired bond or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a bond prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, we will recognize an impairment loss in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Impairments” for the full difference between the bond’s fair value and its amortized cost basis. However, if we do not have the intent to sell an impaired bond and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the bond prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, we will, where applicable, recognize only the credit component of the OTTI in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Impairments” while the balance of an unrealized holding loss associated with an impaired bond will be recognized in AOCI. The credit component of an OTTI represents the amount by which the present value of cash flows expected to be collected discounted at the bond’s original effective rate is less than a bond’s amortized cost basis.

There were no bonds in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2019.

Realized gains and losses on sales of these investments are measured using the specific identification method and are recognized in earnings at the time of disposition.

The Company recognizes interest income over the contractual terms of the bonds using the interest method. Therefore, the Company will accrue interest based upon a yield that incorporates the effects of purchase premiums and discounts, as well as deferred fees and costs. Contingent interest on participating bonds is recognized when the contingencies are resolved.

Bonds are placed on nonaccrual status when any portion of principal or interest is 90 days past due or on the date after which collectability of principal or interest is not reasonably assured. The Company applies interest payments received on nonaccrual bonds first to accrued interest and then as interest income. Bonds return to accrual status when principal and interest payments become current and future payments are anticipated to be fully collectible. At December 31, 2019, the Company had no bonds that were on nonaccrual status.

Proceeds from the sale or repayment of bonds greater or less than their amortized cost (which would include any previously recorded impairment charges) are recorded as realized gains or losses and any previously unrealized gains included in AOCI are reversed.

The Company may periodically agree to modify the contractual terms of its investments in debt securities in the interest of attempting to obtain more cash or other value from a debtor than it otherwise would, or to increase the probability of receipt, by granting a concession to a borrower. If the Company makes an economic concession to a borrower that is experiencing financial difficulty, the Company will typically assess a modification or other form of economic concession to represent a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) for reporting purposes.

Investments in Partnerships

The Company’s investments in partnerships that are not required to be consolidated for reporting purposes are accounted for using the equity method as described in FASB ASC Topic 323, “Equity Method Investments,” to the extent that, based on contractual rights associated with our investments, we can exert significant influence over a partnership’s operations.

Under the equity method, the Company’s investment in the partnership is recorded at cost and is subsequently adjusted to recognize the Company’s allocable share of the earnings or losses from the partnership. The Company’s allocable share of earnings or losses from the partnership is adjusted for the following: the elimination of any intra-entity profits or losses; the amortization of any basis differences between the Company’s cost and the underlying equity in net assets of the partnership; capital transactions; and other comprehensive income. Dividends received by the Company are recognized as a reduction in the carrying amount of the investment.

The Company continues to record its allocable share of losses from the partnership up to the Company’s investment carrying amount, including any additional financial support made or committed to be made to the partnership. The order in which additional equity method losses are applied to other investments in the partnership is based upon the seniority and priority in liquidation of the other investments.

The Company ceases recording losses on an investment in partnership when the cumulative losses and distributions from the partnership exceed the carrying amount of the investment and any advances made by the Company, unless: (i) an imminent return to profitable operations by the partnership is assured; (ii) the Company has guaranteed obligations of the partnership, or (iii) the Company has otherwise committed to provide further financial support to the partnership.

The Company must periodically assess the appropriateness of the carrying amount of its equity method investments to ensure that the carrying amount of its investment is not other-than-temporarily impaired whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment might not be recoverable. The Company recognizes impairment-related losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Impairments.”

The Company classifies distributions received from its equity investments as operating activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows when cumulative equity in earnings is greater than or equal to the cumulative cash distributions.

The Company classifies distributions as cash flows from investing activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows when cumulative equity in earnings is less than cumulative cash distributions.

Loans

Loans Held For Sale (“HFS”)

When we originate loans that we intend to sell, we classify these loans as HFS. We report HFS loans at the lower of cost or fair value. Any excess of an HFS loan’s cost over its fair value is recognized as a valuation allowance, with changes in the valuation allowance recognized as “Other expenses” in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We recognize interest income on HFS loans on an accrual basis, unless we determine that the ultimate collection of contractual principal or interest payments in full is not reasonably assured. Purchase premiums, discounts and other cost basis adjustments on HFS loans are deferred upon loan acquisition, included in the cost basis of the loan, and not amortized. We determine any lower of cost or fair value adjustment on HFS loans at an individual loan level.

In the event that we reclassify HFS loans to loans held for investment, we record the loans at lower of cost or fair value on the date of reclassification. We report any lower of cost or fair value adjustment recognized upon reclassification as a basis adjustment to the held for investment loan.

Loans Held for Investment (“HFI”)

When we recognize loans that we have the ability and the intent to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity, we classify the loans as HFI. We report HFI loans at the unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized premiums and discounts, unearned income, non-refundable deferred origination fees and costs, and allowance for loan losses. We recognize interest income on HFI loans on an accrual basis using the interest method over the contractual life of the loan, including the amortization of any deferred cost basis adjustments, such as the premium or discount at acquisition, unless we determine that the ultimate collection of contractual principal or interest payments in full is not reasonably assured. The Company recognizes a provision for loan losses in its Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Other expenses.”

Allowance for Loan Losses

Our allowance for loan losses is a valuation allowance that reflects management’s estimate of probable losses inherent in our lending activities. Quarterly, the Company reviews each loan to assess its overall collectability. For impaired loans, which include non-performing loans as well as loans modified in a TDR, management measures impairment primarily based on the present value of payments expected to be received, discounted at the loans’ original effective contractual interest rates. Impaired loans and TDRs may also be measured based on observable market prices, or for loans that are solely dependent on the collateral for repayment, the estimated fair value of the collateral less costs to sell. If the recorded investment exceeds this amount, a specific allowance is established as a component of the allowance for loan losses unless these are secured loans that are solely dependent on the collateral for repayment, in which case the amount that exceeds the fair value of the collateral is charged off. At December 31, 2019, the Company had no allowance for loan losses recorded.

Nonaccrual Loans

Loans that are past due 90 days or more as to principal or interest, or where reasonable doubt exists as to timely collection, including loans that are individually identified as being impaired, are generally placed on nonaccrual status unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. Accrued interest receivable is reversed when loans are placed on nonaccrual status, provided collection is not anticipated within 12 months of being placed on nonaccrual status. Interest collections on any nonaccrual loans for which the ultimate collectability of principal is uncertain are applied as principal reductions; otherwise collections are credited to income when received. Loans may be restored to accrual status when all principal and interest is current and full repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest is expected, or when the loan otherwise becomes well-secured and is in the process of collection. At December 31, 2019, the Company had no nonaccrual loans.

Fair Value Option (“FVO”) Loans

For loans for which the Company has elected the FVO, unearned income, non-refundable origination fees and costs are recognized at inception upon origination of the loan. These assets are subsequently measured on a fair value basis, with changes therein classified in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Net gains on loans.”

Real Estate Owned (“REO”)

The Company’s REO is generally obtained when a delinquent borrower chooses to transfer a mortgaged property to us in lieu of going through a foreclosure process. The Company classifies REO in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in “Other assets.”

REO is subsequently measured for reporting purposes based upon whether the Company has designated REO as HFS or held for use (“HFU”).

REO is classified as HFS when we intend to sell the property and we are actively marketing property that is available for immediate sale in its current condition and a sale is reasonably expected to take place within one year. REO that we do not classify as HFS is designated as HFU.

REO that is designated as HFS is reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less estimated selling costs. We recognize a recovery for any subsequent increase in fair value, less estimated costs to sell, up to the cumulative loss previously recognized through the valuation allowance. We do not depreciate REO that is classified as HFS.

REO that is designated as HFU is depreciated for reporting purposes and evaluated for impairment when circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the property is no longer recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of the REO is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. We recognize impairment-related losses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Other expenses.”

We recognize gains or losses on sales of REO in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Other expenses.”

Derivative Instruments

The Company accounts for all derivative instruments at their fair value unless a given derivative instrument is determined to be exempt from the recognition and measurement requirements of FASB ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging.”

The Company has not designated any of its derivative investments as hedging instruments for accounting purposes. As a result, changes in the fair value of these instruments are reported in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Net (losses) gains on derivatives.”

Derivative assets are classified in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of “Other assets” while derivative liabilities are classified as a component of “Other liabilities.”

Guarantees

With respect to our contingent obligation to perform under a guarantee, we will recognize a liability for probable and estimable losses to the extent that a measured loss exceeds the unamortized balance of our noncontingent obligation to stand ready to perform under our guarantee. The Company recognizes guarantee-related losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Other expenses” while related liabilities are classified in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of “Other liabilities.”

Guarantees provided by the Company in connection with the performance of a consolidated subsidiary are exempt from financial statement recognition, though disclosure of these activities is provided in Note 9, “Guarantees and Collateral.”

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for previously awarded employee stock-based compensation plans as liability classified awards. Compensation expense is based on the fair value of awarded instruments as of the reporting date, adjusted to reflect the vesting schedule. Subsequent compensation expense is determined by changes in the fair value of awarded instruments at subsequent reporting dates, continuing through the settlement date. As of December 31, 2018, all previously awarded and outstanding stock options had been exercised by our officers.

The Company accounts for its director stock-based compensation plans as equity classified awards. Compensation expense is based on the fair value of awarded instruments at the grant date.

Foreign Currency Conversion

Assets, liabilities and operations of foreign subsidiaries are recorded based on the functional currency of each entity. For certain of the foreign operations, the functional currency is the local currency, in which case the assets, liabilities and operations are translated, for consolidation purposes, from the local currency to the U.S. dollar reporting currency at period-end rates for assets and liabilities and generally at average rates for results of operations. The resulting unrealized gains or losses are reported as a component of AOCI in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. When assets or liabilities are denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency, the resulting remeasurement gains or losses on foreign currency-denominated assets or liabilities are included in earnings in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of “Other expenses.”

Income (Loss) per Common Share

Basic income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares issued and outstanding during the period. The numerator used to calculate diluted income (loss) per share includes net income (loss) to common shareholders adjusted to remove the difference in income or loss associated with reporting the dilutive employee share awards classified as liabilities as opposed to equity awards. The denominator used to calculate diluted income (loss) per share includes the weighted-average number of common shares issued and outstanding during the period adjusted to add in common stock equivalents associated with unvested share awards as well as in the money option awards unless they are contingent upon a certain share price that has not yet been achieved. All outstanding stock options of the Company were exercised as of December 31, 2018.

Income Taxes

All of our business activities, with the exception of our foreign investments, are conducted by entities included in our consolidated corporate federal income tax return.

ASC Topic No. 740, “Income Taxes,” establishes financial accounting and reporting standards for the effect of income taxes. The objectives of accounting for income taxes are to recognize the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current period and DTAs and deferred tax liabilities (“DTLs”) for future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in an entity’s financial statements or tax returns. In this regard, we recognize DTAs and DTLs based on the differences in the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities. We measure DTAs and DTLs using enacted tax rates that are applicable to the period(s) that the differences are expected to reverse. We adjust DTAs and DTLs for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates in the period of enactment. We recognize investment and other tax credits through our effective tax rate calculation assuming that we will be able to realize the full benefit of the credits. Each reporting period, we assess whether DTAs are realizable. These reviews include management’s estimates and assumptions regarding future pretax book income, which also incorporates various tax planning strategies, including strategies that may be available to utilize NOLs before they expire. In connection with these reviews, if it is determined that a DTA is not realizable, a valuation allowance is established. At each reporting period, we evaluate the recoverability of our DTAs, weighing all positive and negative evidence, and are required to establish or maintain a valuation allowance for these assets if we determine that, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the DTAs will not be realized. The weight given to the evidence is commensurate with the extent to which evidence is objectively verifiable. If negative evidence exists, positive evidence must be present to support a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not necessary.

We account for uncertain tax positions using a two-step approach whereby we recognize an income tax benefit if, based on the technical merits of a tax position, it is more likely than not that the tax position would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authority, which includes all related appeals and litigation. We then measure the recognized tax benefit based on the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement with the taxing authority, considering all information available at the reporting date. We establish additional provisions for income taxes when there are certain tax positions that could be challenged and it is more likely than not these positions will not be sustained upon review by taxing authorities.

Accounting Guidance

Adoption of Accounting Standards

Accounting for Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets

In February 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017‑05, “Other Income – Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Topic 610‑20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets” was issued. This guidance clarifies that the derecognition of all businesses should be accounted for in accordance with the derecognition and deconsolidation guidance of Topic 810‑10 – Consolidations. In addition, this guidance eliminates the scope exception in authoritative literature that governs transfers of financial assets related to transfers of investments (including equity method investments) in real estate entities and supersedes guidance related to the exchange of a nonfinancial asset for a noncontrolling ownership interest as set forth in Topic 845 – Nonmonetary Transactions. The effective date of ASU 2017‑05 is aligned with Topic 606. We adopted ASU No. 2017‑05 in conjunction with our adoption of Topic 606 as of January 1, 2018 and we recognized a cumulative effect adjustment of $9.2 million to retained earnings on January 1, 2018.

Accounting for Financial Instruments

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825‑10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” This guidance amends the classification and measurement of financial instruments, including equity investments not accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Although this ASU retains many current requirements, it significantly revised an entity’s accounting related to (i) the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and (ii) the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value. Additionally, certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments were amended. We adopted this new guidance on its effective date of January 1, 2018. Upon adoption of this guidance, the Company assessed that certain of our equity investments did not have a readily determinable fair value, resulting in the Company electing the measurement alternative. Accordingly, during the first quarter of 2018, the Company recognized a $0.4 million impairment within our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08, “Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities.” This guidance amends the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium, shortening the period to the earliest call date. We adopted this new guidance on its effective date of January 1, 2019. Upon adoption of this guidance, the Company assessed that certain of our bond investments were being held at a premium resulting in a reduction in amortization periods used for interest income recognition. Accordingly, during the first quarter of 2019, the Company recognized a cumulative effect adjustment of $0.3 million charge to retained earnings.

Accounting for Income Taxes

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018‑02, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.” This guidance permits companies to reclassify stranded tax effects caused by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) from AOCI to retained earnings and also requires new disclosures. We adopted this guidance on its effective date of January 1, 2019. The adoption of this guidance did not impact the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, Consolidated Statements of Operations, Consolidated Statements of Equity or Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as of the adoption date.

Accounting for Stock Compensation

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018‑07, “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” This guidance expands the scope of ASC Topic 718 to include all share-based payment arrangements related to the acquisition of goods and services from both nonemployees and employees. We adopted this new guidance on its effective date of January 1, 2019. The adoption of this guidance did not impact the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, Consolidated Statements of Operations, Consolidated Statements of Equity or Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as of the adoption date.

Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

Accounting for Financial Instruments – Credit Losses

In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-10, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) and Leases (Topic 842): Effective Dates.” This guidance gives private companies, not-for-profit organizations, and certain smaller reporting companies additional time to implement FASB standards on credit losses, leases, derivatives and hedging and intangible-goodwill and other (ASC 350). Because the Company is a smaller reporting company the following “credit loss” ASUs will become effective for the Company on January 1, 2023.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016‑13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments Improvements.” This guidance is intended to reduce the complexity of U.S. GAAP by decreasing the number of credit impairment models that entities use to account for debt instruments. This guidance establishes an impairment methodology that reflects lifetime expected credit losses rather than incurred losses. This guidance requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. This new guidance is effective on January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-04, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments.” This guidance is intended to clarify aspects of accounting for credit losses, hedging activities, and financial instruments. This new guidance is effective on January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-05, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief.” This guidance provides transition relief for entities adopting ASU 2016-13. This guidance allows entities to elect the fair value options on certain financial instruments. This new guidance is effective on January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-11, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses.” This guidance amends certain aspects of the FASB’s new credit losses standard, including an amendment requiring entities to include certain expected recoveries in the amortized cost basis in the allowance for credit losses for purchased credit deteriorated assets. This new guidance is effective on January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

Accounting for Financial Instruments – Fair Value Measurement

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018‑13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” This guidance eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements, requires public entities to disclose certain new information and modifies some disclosure requirements. This new guidance is effective for us on January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We have considered the impact of this new guidance and do not expect its adoption to materially impact our consolidated financial statements.

Accounting for Income Taxes

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes.” This guidance eliminates certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. This new guidance is effective for us on January 1, 2021, with early adoption permitted. We are evaluating the potential impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements.