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Significant Accounting Policies (Policy)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2013
Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Principles Of Consolidation
Principles of Consolidation:
 
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Use Of Estimates
Use of Estimates:
 
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted (“GAAP”) in the United States of America (“U.S.”) requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, as well as disclosures regarding contingencies. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including those related to customer programs and incentives, product returns, doubtful accounts, inventories, stock-based compensation, goodwill, intangible assets, income taxes, warranty obligations, copyright fees, restructurings, pension and other postretirement benefits, contingencies and litigation, long-lived assets, and fair values that are based on unobservable inputs significant to the overall measurement. Lexmark bases its estimates on historical experience, market conditions, and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Foreign Currency Translation And Remeasurement
Foreign Currency Translation and Remeasurement:
 
Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries that operate in a local currency environment are translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates. Income and expense accounts are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the period. Adjustments arising from the translation of assets and liabilities, changes in stockholders' equity and results of operations are accumulated as a separate component of Accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss) in stockholders' equity.
 
Certain non-U.S. subsidiaries use the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. Local currency transactions of these subsidiaries are remeasured using a combination of current and historical exchange rates. The effect of re-measurement is included in net earnings.
Cash Equivalents
Cash Equivalents:
 
All highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the Company's date of purchase are considered to be cash equivalents.
Fair Value Of Marketable Securities
Fair Value:
 
The Company generally uses a market approach, when practicable, in valuing financial instruments. In certain instances, when observable market data is lacking, the Company uses valuation techniques consistent with the income approach whereby future cash flows are converted to a single discounted amount. The Company uses multiple sources of pricing as well as trading and other market data in its process of reporting fair values and testing default level assumptions. The Company assesses the quantity of pricing sources available, variability in pricing, trading activity, and other relevant data in performing this process. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables and accounts payable approximate their carrying values due to the relatively short-term nature of the instruments.
 
In determining where measurements lie in the fair value hierarchy, the Company uses default assumptions regarding the general characteristics of the financial instrument as the starting point. The Company then adjusts the level assigned to the fair value measurement, as necessary, based on the weight of the evidence obtained by the Company. Except for its pension plan assets, the Company reviews the levels assigned to its fair value measurements on a quarterly basis and recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy as of the beginning of the quarter in which the transfer occurs. For pension plan assets, the Company reviews the levels assigned to its fair value measurements on an annual basis and recognizes transfers between levels as of the beginning of the year in which the transfer occurs.
Fair Value Measurements - Nonrecurring
The Company also performs fair value measurements on a nonrecurring basis for various nonfinancial assets including intangible assets acquired in a business combination, impairment of long-lived assets held for sale and goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment testing. The valuation approach(es) selected for each of these measurements depends upon the specific facts and circumstances.
Marketable Securities
Marketable Securities:
 
Based on the Company's expected holding period, Lexmark has classified all of its marketable securities as available-for-sale and the majority of these investments are reported in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as current assets. The Company's available-for-sale auction rate securities have been classified as noncurrent assets since the expected holding period is assumed to be greater than one year due to failed market auctions of these securities. Realized gains or losses are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of the securities.
 
The Company records its investments in marketable securities at fair value through accumulated other comprehensive earnings in accordance with the accounting guidance for available-for-sale securities. Once these investments have been marked to market, the Company must assess whether or not its individual unrealized loss positions contain other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”). If an unrealized position is deemed OTTI, then the unrealized loss, or a portion thereof, must be recognized in earnings.  The Company recognizes OTTI in earnings for the entire unrealized loss position if it intends to sell or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery of its amortized cost basis. If the Company does not expect to sell the debt security, but the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss is deemed to exist and OTTI shall be considered to have occurred.  The OTTI is separated into two components, the amount representing the credit loss which is recognized in earnings and the amount related to all other factors which is recognized in other comprehensive income.
 
In determining whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell impaired securities before recovery of net book or carrying values, the Company considers various factors that include:
  • The Company's current cash flow projections,
  • Other sources of funds available to the Company such as borrowing lines,
  • The value of the security relative to the Company's overall cash position,
  • The length of time remaining until the security matures, and
  • The potential that the security will need to be sold to raise capital.
 
If the Company determines that it does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security, the Company assesses whether it expects to recover the net book or carrying value of the security. The Company makes this assessment based on quantitative and qualitative factors of impaired securities that include a time period analysis on unrealized loss to net book value ratio; severity analysis on unrealized loss to net book value ratio; credit analysis of the security's issuer based on rating downgrades; and other qualitative factors that may include some or all of the following criteria:
  • The regulatory and economic environment.
  • The sector, industry and geography in which the issuer operates.
  • Forecasts about the issuer's financial performance and near-term prospects, such as earnings trends and analysts' or industry specialists' forecasts.
  • Failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments.
  • Material recoveries or declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date.
 
Securities that are identified through the analysis using the quantitative and qualitative factors described above are then assessed to determine whether the entire net book value basis of each identified security will be recovered. The Company performs this assessment by comparing the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security with its net book value. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the net book value basis of the security, then a credit loss is deemed to exist and an other-than-temporary impairment is considered to have occurred. There are numerous factors to be considered when estimating whether a credit loss exists and the period over which the debt security is expected to recover, some of which have been highlighted in the preceding paragraph.
Trade Receivables -- Allowance For Doubtful Accounts
Trade Receivables -- Allowance for Doubtful Accounts:
 
Lexmark maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. The Company estimates the allowance for doubtful accounts based on a variety of factors including the length of time receivables are past due, the financial health of its customers, unusual macroeconomic conditions and historical experience. If the financial condition of its customers deteriorates or other circumstances occur that result in an impairment of customers' ability to make payments, the Company records additional allowances as needed. The Company writes off uncollectible trade accounts receivable against the allowance for doubtful accounts when collections efforts have been exhausted and/or any legal action taken by the Company has concluded.
Inventories
Inventories:
 
Inventories are stated at the lower of average cost or market, using standard cost which approximates the average cost method of valuing its inventories and related cost of goods sold. The Company considers all raw materials to be in production upon their receipt.
 
Lexmark writes down its inventory for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory by an amount equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated market value. The Company estimates the difference between the cost of obsolete or unmarketable inventory and its market value based upon product demand requirements, product life cycle, product pricing and quality issues. Also, Lexmark records an adverse purchase commitment liability when anticipated market sales prices are lower than committed costs.
Property, Plant And Equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment:
 
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. The Company capitalizes interest related to the construction of certain fixed assets if the effect of capitalization is deemed material. Property, plant and equipment accounts are relieved of the cost and related accumulated depreciation when assets are disposed of or otherwise retired. Gains or losses on the dispositions of property, plant and equipment are included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
Internal-Use Software Costs
Internal-Use Software Costs:
 
Lexmark capitalizes direct costs incurred during the application development and implementation stages for developing, purchasing, or otherwise acquiring software for internal use. These software costs are included in Property, plant and equipment, net, on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and are amortized over the estimated useful life of the software, generally three to five years. All costs incurred during the preliminary project stage are expensed as incurred.
Software Development Costs
Software Development Costs:
 
Software development costs incurred subsequent to a product establishing technological feasibility are usually not significant. As such, Lexmark capitalizes a limited amount of costs for software to be sold, leased or otherwise marketed.
Business Combinations
Business Combinations:
 
The financial results of the businesses that Lexmark has acquired are included in the Company's consolidated financial results based on the respective dates of the acquisitions. The Company allocates the purchase consideration to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the business combination based on their acquisition-date fair values (with certain limited exceptions). The excess of the purchase consideration over the amounts assigned to the identifiable assets and liabilities is recognized as goodwill. Factors giving rise to goodwill generally include synergies that are anticipated as a result of the business combination, including enhanced product and service offerings and access to new customers. The fair values of identifiable intangible assets acquired in business combinations are generally determined using an income approach, requiring financial forecasts and estimates as well as market participant assumptions.
Goodwill And Intangible Assets
Goodwill and Intangible Assets:
 
Lexmark assesses its goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually as of December 31 or between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that lead management to believe it is more likely than not that an impairment exists. Examples of such events or circumstances include a deterioration in general economic conditions, increased competitive environment, or a decline in overall financial performance of the Company. Goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level, which is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment (a "component") if the component constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by segment management. Components are aggregated as a single reporting unit if they have similar economic characteristics. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units of the Company that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the related acquisition.
 
Although the qualitative assessment for goodwill impairment testing is available to Lexmark, the Company performed a quantitative test of impairment in 2013 and 2012. To estimate fair value for goodwill impairment testing, the Company generally considers both a discounted cash flow analysis, which requires judgments such as projected future earnings and weighted average cost of capital, as well as certain market-based measurements, including multiples developed from prices paid in observed market transactions of comparable companies. In estimating the fair value of its Perceptive Software reporting unit, the Company used an equally-weighted measure based on a discounted cash flow analysis and certain market-based measurements. In estimating the fair value of its ISS reporting unit, the Company used a discounted cash flow analysis.
 
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. In certain instances where consumption could be greater in the earlier years of the asset's life, the Company has selected, as a compensating measure, a shorter period over which to amortize the asset. The Company's intangible assets with finite lives are tested for impairment in accordance with its policy for long-lived assets below.
Long-Lived Assets Held And Used
Long-Lived Assets Held and Used:
 
Lexmark reviews for impairment of long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition are insufficient to recover the carrying value of the assets, then an impairment loss is recognized based upon the excess of the carrying value of the assets over the fair value of the assets. Fair value is determined based on the highest and best use of the assets considered from the perspective of market participants.
 
Lexmark also reviews any legal and contractual obligations associated with the retirement of its long-lived assets and records assets and liabilities, as necessary, related to such obligations. The asset recorded is amortized over the useful life of the related long-lived tangible asset. The liability recorded is relieved when the costs are incurred to retire the related long-lived tangible asset. The Company's asset retirement obligations are currently not material to the Company's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.
Financing Receivables
Financing Receivables:
 
The Company assesses and monitors credit risk associated with financing receivables, namely sales-type capital lease receivables, through an analysis of both commercial risk and political risk associated with the customer financing. Internal credit quality indicators are developed by the Company's credit management function, taking into account the customer's net worth, payment history, long term debt ratings and/or other information available from recognized credit rating services. If such information is not available, the Company estimates a rating based on its analysis of the customer's audited financial statements prepared and certified in accordance with recognized generally accepted accounting principles, if available. The portfolio is assessed on an annual basis for significant changes in credit ratings or other information indicating an increase in exposure to credit risk. Quantitative disclosures related to financing receivables have been omitted from the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements as these balances represent approximately 2% of the Company's total assets.
Environmental Remediation Obligations
Environmental Remediation Obligations:
 
Lexmark accrues for losses associated with environmental remediation obligations when such losses are probable and reasonably estimable. In the early stages of a remediation process, particular components of the overall obligation may not be reasonably estimable. In this circumstance, the Company recognizes a liability for the best estimate (or the minimum amount in a range if no best estimate is available) of its allocable share of the cost of the remedial investigation-feasibility study, consultant and external legal fees, corrective measures studies, monitoring, and any other component remediation costs that can be reasonably estimated. Accruals are adjusted as further information develops or circumstances change. Recoveries from other parties are recorded as assets when their receipt is deemed probable.
Litigation
Litigation:
 
The Company accrues for liabilities related to litigation matters when the information available indicates that it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs such as outside counsel fees and expenses are charged to expense in the period incurred and are recorded in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Refer to Note 19 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding loss contingencies.
Waste Obligation
Waste Obligation:
 
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (“WEEE”) Directives issued by the European Union require producers of electrical and electronic goods to be financially responsible for specified collection, recycling, treatment and disposal of past and future covered products. The Company's estimated liability for these costs involves a number of uncertainties and takes into account certain assumptions and judgments including collection costs, return rates and product lives. The Company adjusts its liability, as necessary, when new information becomes known or a sufficient level of entity-specific experience indicates a change in estimate is warranted.
Standard Warranty
Lexmark provides for the estimated cost of product warranties at the time revenue is recognized. The amounts accrued for product warranties are based on the quantity of units sold under warranty, estimated product failure rates, and material usage and service delivery costs. The estimates for product failure rates and material usage and service delivery costs are periodically adjusted based on actual results.
Extended Warranty
For extended warranty programs, the Company defers revenue in short-term and long-term liability accounts (based on the extended warranty contractual period) for amounts invoiced to customers for these programs and recognizes the revenue ratably over the contractual period. Costs associated with extended warranty programs are expensed as incurred.
Shipping And Distribution Costs
Shipping and Distribution Costs:
 
Lexmark includes shipping and distribution costs in Cost of revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
Segment Data
Segment Data:
 
The Company is primarily managed along two segments:  Imaging Solutions and Services (“ISS”) and Perceptive Software. ISS offers a broad portfolio of monochrome and color laser printers and laser multifunction products as well as a wide range of supplies and services covering its printing products and technology solutions. Perceptive Software offers a complete suite of ECM, BPM, DOM, intelligent data capture and search software as well as associated industry specific solutions.
Revenue Recognition, General
Revenue Recognition:
 
General
 
Lexmark recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Revenue as reported in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Earnings is reported net of any taxes (e.g., sales, use, value added) assessed by a governmental entity that are directly imposed on a revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer.
 
The Company typically records revenue on a gross basis in those instances when revenue is derived from sales of products or services from third-party vendors.  The Company records revenue on a gross basis when it is the principal to the transaction and net of costs when it is acting as an agent between the customer and the vendor.  The Company considers several factors in determining whether it is acting as principal or agent such as whether the Company is the primary obligor to the customer, has control over the pricing, and has inventory and credit risks.  
Revenue Recognition, Printing Products
Printing Products
 
Revenue from product sales, including sales to distributors and resellers, is recognized when title and risk of loss transfer to the customer, generally when the product is shipped to the customer. Lexmark customers include distributors, resellers and end-users of Lexmark products. When other significant obligations remain after products are delivered, such as contractual requirements pertaining to customer acceptance, revenue is recognized only after such obligations are fulfilled. At the time revenue is recognized, the Company provides for the estimated cost of post-sales support, principally product warranty, and reduces revenue for estimated product returns.
Revenue Recognition, Printing Products - Estimated Reductions
Lexmark records estimated reductions to revenue at the time of sale for customer programs and incentive offerings including special pricing agreements, promotions and other volume-based incentives. Estimated reductions in revenue are based upon historical trends and other known factors at the time of sale. Lexmark also records estimated reductions to revenue for price protection, which it provides to substantially all of its distributors and reseller customers.
Printing Services
Printing Services
 
Revenue from support or maintenance contracts, including extended warranty programs, is recognized ratably over the contractual period. Amounts invoiced to customers in excess of revenue recognized on support or maintenance contracts are recorded as deferred revenue until the appropriate revenue recognition criteria are met. Revenue for time and material contracts is recognized as the services are performed.
Software And Solutions
Software and Solutions
 
Lexmark enters into software agreements with customers through the sale of  perpetual licenses, software as a service and subscription services. Provided that all other recognition criteria have been met, license revenue is recognized when the customer either takes possession of the software via a download, or has been provided with access codes that allow immediate possession of the software.  Conversely, software as a service and subscription services revenue is recognized ratably over the duration of the contract, which is typically three to five years, as the customer does not have the right to take possession of the software.  Revenue from software support services is recognized as the services are performed, or is deferred and recognized ratably over the life of the contract for ongoing support service obligations that are billed in advance or that are part of multiple element revenue arrangements.
Multiple Element Revenue Arrangements
Multiple Element Revenue Arrangements
 
General:
 
Lexmark enters into agreements with customers that contain multiple elements, such as the provisions of hardware, supplies, customized services such as installation, maintenance, and enhanced warranty services, and separately priced maintenance services.  These bundled arrangements generally involve capital or operating leases, or upfront purchases of hardware products with services and supplies provided per contract terms or as needed. Lexmark also enters into agreements with customers that contain software deliverables which are discussed separately in the section to follow.
 
If a deliverable in a multiple element arrangement is subject to other authoritative guidance, such as leased equipment, software or separately priced maintenance services, that deliverable is separated from the arrangement based on its relative selling price and accounted for in accordance with such specific guidance.  The remaining deliverables are accounted for under the guidance on multiple-deliverable revenue arrangements. Revenue for these arrangements is allocated to each deliverable based on its relative selling price and is recognized when the revenue recognition criteria for each deliverable has been met.
 
A multiple deliverable arrangement is separated into more than one unit of accounting if both of the following criteria are met:
  • The delivered item(s) has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis; and
  • If the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item(s), delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially within the Company's control.
 
If these criteria are not met, the arrangement is accounted for as one unit of accounting and the recognition of revenue is deferred until delivery is complete or is recognized ratably over the contract period as appropriate.
 
If these criteria are met, consideration is allocated at inception of the arrangement to all deliverables on the basis of the relative selling price. The Company has generally met these criteria in that all of the deliverables in its multiple deliverable arrangements have stand-alone value in that either the customer can resell that item or another vendor sells that item separately. In cases of deliverables with variable quantities, the Company's practice is to consider these a separate deliverable in the original arrangement when the customer does not have the option but to purchase future quantities from the Company. The Company typically does not offer a general right of return in regards to its multiple deliverable arrangements.
 
The selling price of each deliverable is determined by establishing vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”), third party evidence (“TPE”) or best estimate of selling price (“BESP”) for each delivered item. If VSOE or TPE is not determinable, the Company utilizes its BESP in order to allocate consideration for those deliverables.
 
The Company uses its BESP when allocating the transaction price for most of its non-software deliverables due to variability in pricing or lack of stand-alone sales as well as the unique and customized nature of certain deliverables. BESP for the Company's product deliverables is determined by utilizing a weighted average price approach. BESP for the Company's service deliverables is determined by utilizing a cost plus margin approach. These approaches are described further in the paragraphs below.
 
The Company's method for determining management's BESP for products starts with a review of historical stand-alone sales data. Prior sales are grouped by product and key data points utilized such as the average unit price and the weighted average price in order to incorporate the frequency of each product sold at any given price. Due to the large number of product offerings, products are then grouped into common product categories (families) incorporating similarities in function and use and a BESP discount is determined by common product category. This discount is then applied to product list price to arrive at a product BESP. This method is performed and applied at a geography level in order to incorporate variances in product pricing across worldwide boundaries.
 
The Company does not typically sell its services on a stand-alone basis, thus a BESP for services is determined using a cost plus margin approach. The Company typically uses third party suppliers to provide the services component of its multiple element arrangements, thus the cost of services is generally that which is invoiced to the Company, but may also include cost estimates based on parts, labor, overhead and estimates of the number of service actions to be performed. A margin is applied to the cost of services in order to determine a BESP, and is primarily based on consideration of internal factors such as margin objectives and pricing practices as well as competitor pricing strategies.
 
Software:
 
For software deliverables, relative selling price is determined using VSOE which is based on company specific stand-alone sales data or renewal rates. For those arrangements, the Company often uses the residual method to allocate arrangement consideration to delivered software licenses as permitted under the software revenue recognition guidance when VSOE does not exist for all arrangement deliverables. VSOE for professional services is generally based on hourly rates charged and is determined using a bell curve approach on stand-alone sales data, while VSOE for maintenance agreements is determined using a renewal rate approach, which is based on the contractual price for renewal in the original arrangement as substantiated by actual renewal experience. Maintenance revenue is deferred and recognized ratably over the term of the support period which is generally twelve months. Software components that function together with the non-software components to provide the equipment's essential functionality are accounted for as part of the sale of the equipment. Software components that do not function together with the non-software components to deliver the equipment's essential functionality are accounted for under the software revenue recognition guidance.
Research And Development Costs
Research and Development Costs:
 
Lexmark engages in the design and development of new products and enhancements to its existing products. The Company's research and development activity is focused on laser devices and associated supplies, features and related technologies as well as software. Refer to Software Development Costs earlier in this note for information related to software development costs.
 
The Company expenses research and development costs when incurred. Equipment acquired for research and development activities that has alternative future use (in research and development projects or otherwise) may be capitalized and depreciated. Research and development costs include salary and labor expenses, infrastructure costs, and other costs leading to the establishment of technological feasibility of the new product or enhancement.
Advertising Costs
Advertising Costs:
 
The Company expenses advertising costs when incurred. Advertising expense was approximately $41.7 million, $41.0 million and $55.3 million in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
Pension And Other Postretirement Plans
Pension and Other Postretirement Plans:
 
The Company accounts for its defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans using actuarial models. Costs are attributed using the projected unit credit method. The objective under this method is to expense each participant's benefits under the plan as they accrue, taking into consideration future salary increases and the plan's benefit allocation formula. Thus, the total pension to which each participant is expected to become entitled is broken down into units, each associated with a year of past or future credited service.
 
The discount rate assumption for the pension and other postretirement benefit plan liabilities reflects the rates at which the benefits could effectively be settled and are based on current investment yields of high-quality fixed-income investments. The Company uses a yield-curve approach to determine the assumed discount rate based on the timing of the cash flows of the expected future benefit payments. This approach matches the plan's cash flows to that of a yield curve that provides the equivalent yields on zero-coupon corporate bonds for each maturity.
 
The Company's assumed long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on long-term historical actual return information, the mix of investments that comprise plan assets, and future estimates of long-term investment returns by reference to external sources. The Company also includes an additional return for active management, when appropriate, and deducts various expenses. The differences between actual and expected asset returns are recognized immediately in net periodic benefit cost.
 
The rate of compensation increase is determined by the Company based upon its long-term plans for such increases. This assumption is no longer applicable to the U.S. and certain non-U.S. pension plans due to benefit accrual freezes.
 
The Company's funding policy for its pension plans is to fund the minimum amounts according to the regulatory requirements under which the plans operate. From time to time, the Company may choose to fund amounts in excess of the minimum.
 
The Company accrues for the cost of providing postretirement benefits such as medical and life insurance coverage over the remaining estimated service period of participants. These benefits are funded by the Company when paid.
 
The accounting guidance for employers' defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans requires recognition of the funded status of a benefit plan in the statement of financial position. The change in the fair value of plan assets and net actuarial gains and losses are recognized in net periodic benefit cost in the fourth quarter of each year and whenever a remeasurement is triggered. Such gains and losses may be related to actual results that differ from assumptions as well as changes in assumptions, which may occur each year. Prior service cost or credit is accumulated in other comprehensive earnings and amortized over the estimated future service period of active plan participants.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-Based Compensation:
 
Equity Classified
 
Share-based payments to employees, including grants of stock options, are recognized in the financial statements based on their grant date fair value. The fair value of the Company's stock-based awards, less estimated forfeitures, is amortized over the awards' vesting periods on a straight-line basis if the awards have a service condition only. For awards that contain a performance condition, the fair value of these stock-based awards, less estimated forfeitures, is amortized over the awards' vesting periods using the graded vesting method of expense attribution.
 
The fair value of each stock option award on the grant date was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions: expected dividend yield, expected stock price volatility, weighted average risk-free interest rate and weighted average expected life of the options. Under the accounting guidance on share-based payment, the Company's expected volatility assumption used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model was based exclusively on historical volatility and the expected life assumption was established based upon an analysis of historical option exercise behavior. The risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes model was based on the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the Company's expected term assumption. The fair value of each restricted stock unit (“RSU”) award and deferred stock unit (“DSU”) award was calculated using the closing price of the Company's stock on the date of grant.  Under the terms of the Company's RSU agreements, unvested RSU awards contain forfeitable rights to dividend equivalent units.  The fair value of each dividend equivalent unit (“DEU”) was calculated using the closing price of the Company's stock on the date of the dividend payment.
 
The Company elected to adopt the alternative transition method provided in the guidance for calculating the tax effects of stock-based compensation pursuant to the adoption of the share-based payment guidance. The alternative transition method includes simplified methods to establish the beginning balance of the additional paid-in capital pool (“APIC pool”) related to the tax effects of employee stock-based compensation, and to determine the subsequent impact on the APIC pool and Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows of the tax effects of employee stock-based compensation awards that are outstanding upon the adoption of the share-based payment guidance.
 
Liability Classified
 
Cash-based long-term incentive awards based on the Company's relative total shareholder return were granted in 2012 and 2013.  The fair value of the awards is determined each period under a Monte Carlo simulation, which can result in greater variability in expense over the period earned. Refer to Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding stock-based compensation.
Restructuring
Restructuring:
 
Lexmark records a liability for a cost associated with an exit or disposal activity at its fair value in the period in which the liability is incurred, except for liabilities for certain employee termination benefit charges that are accrued over time. Employee termination benefits associated with an exit or disposal activity are accrued when the obligation is probable and estimable as a postemployment benefit obligation when local statutory requirements stipulate minimum involuntary termination benefits or, in the absence of local statutory requirements, termination benefits to be provided are similar to benefits provided in prior restructuring activities. Specifically for termination benefits under a one-time benefit arrangement, the timing of recognition and related measurement of a liability depends on whether employees are required to render service until they are terminated in order to receive the termination benefits and, if so, whether employees will be retained to render service beyond a minimum retention period. For employees who are not required to render service until they are terminated in order to receive the termination benefits or employees who will not provide service beyond the minimum retention period, the Company records a liability for the termination benefits at the communication date. If employees are required to render service until they are terminated in order to receive the termination benefits and will be retained to render service beyond the minimum retention period, the Company measures the liability for termination benefits at the communication date and recognizes the expense and liability ratably over the future service period. For contract termination costs, Lexmark records a liability for costs to terminate a contract before the end of its term when the Company terminates the agreement in accordance with the contract terms or when the Company ceases using the rights conveyed by the contract. The Company records a liability for other costs associated with an exit or disposal activity in the period in which the liability is incurred.
Income Taxes
Income Taxes:
 
The provision for income taxes is computed based on pre-tax income included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The Company estimates its tax liability based on current tax laws in the statutory jurisdictions in which it operates. These estimates include judgments about the recognition and realization of deferred tax assets and liabilities resulting from the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.
 
The Company determines its effective tax rate by dividing its income tax expense by its income before taxes as reported in its Consolidated Statements of Earnings. For reporting periods prior to the end of the Company's fiscal year, the Company records income tax expense based upon an estimated annual effective tax rate. This rate is computed using the statutory tax rate and an estimate of annual net income by geographic region adjusted for an estimate of non-deductible expenses and available tax credits.
 
The evaluation of a tax position in accordance with the accounting guidance for uncertainty in income taxes is a two-step process. The first step is recognition: The enterprise determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any litigation. The second step is measurement: A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate resolution. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as part of its income tax provision.
Derivatives
Derivatives:
 
All derivatives, including foreign currency exchange contracts, are recognized in the Statements of Financial Position at fair value. The Company nets the fair values of its derivative assets and liabilities for presentation purposes as permitted under the accounting guidance for offsetting. Derivatives that are not hedges must be recorded at fair value through earnings. If a derivative is a hedge, depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative are either offset against the change in fair value of underlying assets or liabilities through earnings or recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss) until the underlying hedged item is recognized in earnings. Any ineffective portion of a derivative's change in fair value is immediately recognized in earnings. Derivatives qualifying as hedges are included in the same section of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as the underlying assets and liabilities being hedged. Changes in the fair value of the derivatives for the fair value hedges were offset against the changes in fair value of the underlying assets or liabilities through earnings.  Changes in the fair value of the cash flow hedge are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss), until earnings are affected by the variability of cash flows of the hedged transaction.
Net Earnings Per Share
Net Earnings Per Share:
 
Basic net earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the reported period. The calculation of diluted net earnings per share is similar to basic, except that the weighted average number of shares outstanding includes the additional dilution from potential common stock such as stock options, restricted stock units, and dividend equivalents.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Earnings
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Earnings:
 
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) earnings refers to revenues, expenses, gains and losses that under U.S. GAAP are included in comprehensive (loss) earnings but are excluded from net income as these amounts are recorded directly as an adjustment to stockholders' equity, net of tax. Lexmark's Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) earnings is composed of unamortized prior service cost or credit related to pension or other postretirement benefits, foreign currency exchange rate adjustments, a forward starting interest rate swap designated as a cash flow hedge and net unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities including the non-credit loss component of OTTI. The Company presents each item of other comprehensive (loss) earnings, on a net basis, and related tax amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings, displaying the combination of reclassification adjustments and other changes as a single amount. Reclassification adjustments, including related tax amounts, are disclosed in Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. For any item required under U.S. GAAP to be reclassified to net income in its entirety in the same reporting period, the affected line item(s) on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings are provided. For other amounts not required to be reclassified to net income in their entirety, such as pension-related amounts, the Company provides in Note 15 a cross-reference to related footnote disclosures.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recent Accounting Pronouncements:
 
Accounting Standards Updates Recently Issued and Effective
 
In December 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2011-11, Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities (“ASU 2011-11”). ASU 2011-11 amends the disclosure requirements on offsetting financial instruments, requiring entities to disclose both gross information and net information about instruments and transactions eligible for offset in the statement of financial position and instruments and transactions subject to an agreement similar to a master netting arrangement. ASU 2011-11 does not change the existing offsetting eligibility criteria or the permitted balance sheet presentation for those instruments that meet the eligibility criteria. The amendments were effective for the Company starting in the first quarter of fiscal 2013 and required retrospective application. In January 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-01, Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities (“ASU 2013-01”). ASU 2013-01 clarifies that the scope of ASU 2011-11 should apply only to derivatives, repurchase agreements, and securities lending transactions and was also effective for the Company starting in the first quarter of fiscal 2013. ASU 2011-11 and ASU 2013-01 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements or its disclosures.
 
In July 2012, the FASB issued ASU No. 2012-02, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets for Impairment (“ASU 2012-02”). The amendments in ASU 2012-02 allow an entity the option to first assess qualitatively whether it is more likely than not (a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative impairment test under the pre-existing guidance. The amendments in ASU 2012-02 were effective for the Company's 2013 fiscal year and required prospective application. The amendments in ASU 2012-02 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements as the Company elected to perform the quantitative impairment test during the fourth quarter of 2013 when the Company's indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks became subject to amortization. Refer to Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
 
In February 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-02, Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“ASU 2013-02”). ASU 2013-02 requires an entity to provide information in one location about amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income by component and their corresponding effect on net income if the amount reclassified is required under U.S. GAAP to be reclassified to net income in its entirety in the same reporting period. For other amounts not required to be reclassified to net income in their entirety, such as pension-related amounts, an entity is required to cross-reference to related footnote disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2013-02 were effective prospectively for the Company starting in the first quarter of fiscal 2013. The disclosures required by ASU 2013-02 have been included in Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
 
Accounting Standards Updates Recently Issued But Not Yet Effective
 
In February 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-04, Liabilities (Topic 405): Obligations Resulting from Joint and Several Liability Arrangements for Which the Total Amount of the Obligation is Fixed at the Reporting Date (“ASU 2013-04”). ASU 2013-04 provides guidance for the recognition, measurement, and disclosure of obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements for which the total amount of the obligation is fixed at the reporting date, excluding certain obligations addressed within existing guidance. The guidance requires an entity to measure those obligations as the sum of the amount the reporting entity agreed to pay on the basis of its arrangement among its co-obligors and any additional amount the reporting entity expects to pay on behalf of its co-obligors. The amendments in ASU 2013-04 are effective for the Company's 2014 fiscal year and must be applied retrospectively to joint and several liability obligations that exist at the beginning of the year of adoption. The Company does not expect the amendments in ASU 2013-04 to have a material impact to its financial statements.
 
In March 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-05, Foreign Currency Matters (Topic 830): Parent's Accounting for the Cumulative Translation Adjustment Upon Derecognition of Certain Subsidiaries or Groups of Assets within a Foreign Entity or of an Investment in a Foreign Entity (“ASU 2013-05”). The amendments in ASU 2013-05 address the diversity in practice about when to release the cumulative translation adjustment related to a foreign entity. ASU 2013-05 clarifies that if a group of assets or business is sold that doesn't constitute the entire foreign entity (transactions occurring within a foreign entity) the cumulative translation adjustment should not be released until there is a complete or substantially complete liquidation of the foreign entity. However, transactions resulting in the sale of an investment in a foreign entity (loss of a controlling financial interest) will trigger the release of the cumulative translation adjustment into earnings under ASU 2013-05. The amendments in ASU 2013-05 are effective prospectively for the Company's 2014 fiscal year. The Company does not anticipate a material impact to its financial statements from ASU 2013-05, absent any material transactions in future periods involving the derecognition of subsidiaries or groups of assets within a foreign entity.
 
In July 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-11, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists (“ASU 2013-11”). ASU 2013-11 requires that unrecognized tax benefits be presented as a reduction to deferred tax assets for all same jurisdiction loss or other tax carryforwards that are available and would be used by the entity to settle additional income taxes resulting from disallowance of the uncertain tax position. The amendments in ASU 2013-11 are effective for the Company's 2014 fiscal year (and interim periods within) and will be applied prospectively to all unrecognized tax benefits that exist at the effective date. Although the Company is still evaluating the impact of ASU 2013-11, it does not expect a significant impact to its statement of financial position at this time.
 
The FASB issued other guidance during the period that is not applicable to the Company's current financial statements and disclosures and, therefore, is not discussed above.
Reclassifications
Reclassifications:
 
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current presentation.  Results for all periods presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect the retrospective application of the accounting policy change for pension and other postretirement plan gains and losses described above.
 
In the fourth quarter of 2013, the Company changed its presentation of Cash flows from operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows to separately disclose Pension and other postretirement (income) expense and Pension and other postretirement contributions. Prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current presentation. These amounts were previously included in Other and Other assets and liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and in Other, Accrued liabilities, and Other assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2011.
 
During 2013, service revenue exceeded ten percent of total revenue and is separately stated, along with the associated cost of revenue, on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Service revenue includes extended warranties and professional services performed under MPS arrangements, as well as software subscriptions, maintenance and support, and other software-related services. Product revenue includes all hardware, parts, supplies and license revenue. Restructuring-related costs include accelerated depreciation charges and excess component and other inventory-related charges. In addition, the amortization of developed technology is included as cost of product revenue. Prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.