The major components of income tax expense/(recovery) for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are set out below:


FOR THE YEARS ENDED DEC. 31 (MILLIONS)	2020		2019
Current income tax expense	$	756	$	970
Deferred income tax expense / (recovery)
Origination and reversal of temporary differences	(103)		281
Expense / (recovery) arising from previously unrecognized tax assets	2		(647)
Change of tax rates and new legislation	182		(109)
Total deferred income tax expense / (recovery)	81		(475)
Income tax expense	$	837	$	495

The company’s Canadian domestic statutory income tax rate has remained consistent at 26% throughout both of 2020 and 2019. The company’s effective income tax rate is different from the company’s domestic statutory income tax rate due to the following differences set out below:


FOR THE YEARS ENDED DEC. 31	2020		2019
Statutory income tax rate	26	%	26	%
Increase (reduction) in rate resulting from:
Change in tax rates and new legislation	12		(2)
International operations subject to different tax rates	52		(7)
Taxable income attributable to non-controlling interests	(31)		(4)
Portion of gains subject to different tax rates	(10)		(1)
Recognition of deferred tax assets	(10)		(9)
Non-recognition of the benefit of current year’s tax losses	8		4
Other	7		1
Effective income tax rate	54	%	8	%


AS AT DEC. 31 (MILLIONS)	2020		2019
Non-capital losses (Canada)	$	916	$	848
Capital losses (Canada)	48		80
Losses (U.S.)	3,338		3,102
Losses (International)	1,415		705
Difference in basis	(18,292)		(16,012)
Total net deferred tax liabilities	$	(12,575)	$	(11,277)

The aggregate amount of temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries for which deferred tax liabilities have not been recognized as at December 31, 2020 is approximately $5 billion (2019 – approximately $5 billion).

The company regularly assesses the status of open tax examinations and its historical tax filing positions for the potential for adverse outcomes to determine the adequacy of the provision for income and other taxes. The company believes that it has adequately provided for any tax adjustments that are more likely than not to occur as a result of ongoing tax examinations or historical filing positions.

The dividend payment on certain preferred shares of the company results in the payment of cash taxes in Canada and the company obtaining a deduction based on the amount of these taxes.


AS AT DEC. 31 (MILLIONS)	2020		2019
One year from reporting date	$	4	$	22
Two years from reporting date	20		9
Three years from reporting date	20		14
After three years from reporting date	465		1,159
Do not expire	1,473		1,632
Total	$	1,982	$	2,836

The components of the income taxes in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are set out below:


FOR THE YEARS ENDED DEC. 31 (MILLIONS)	2020		2019
Revaluation of property, plant and equipment	$	1,214	$	623
Financial contracts and power sale agreements	(59)		6
Fair value through OCI securities	74		88
Foreign currency translation	37		(8)
Revaluation of pension obligation	(40)		(6)
Total deferred tax in other comprehensive income	$	1,226	$	703