INCOME TAXES

The major components of income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are set out below:



FOR THE YEARS ENDED DEC. 31 (MILLIONS)	2019			2018
Current income tax expense	$	970		$	861
Deferred income tax expense / (recovery)
Origination and reversal of temporary differences	281			143
Expense arising from previously unrecognized tax assets	(647		)	(955		)
Change of tax rates and new legislation	(109		)	(297		)
Total deferred income tax recovery	(475		)	(1,109		)
Income tax expense (recovery)	$	495		$	(248	)

The company’s Canadian domestic statutory income tax rate has remained consistent at 26% throughout both of 2019 and 2018. The company’s effective income tax rate is different from the company’s domestic statutory income tax rate due to the following differences set out below:



FOR THE YEARS ENDED DEC. 31	2019		2018
Statutory income tax rate	26	%	26	%
Increase (reduction) in rate resulting from:
Change in tax rates and new legislation	(2	)	(4	)
International operations subject to different tax rates	(7	)	(3	)
Taxable income attributable to non-controlling interests	(4	)	(8	)
Portion of gains subject to different tax rates	(1	)	(4	)
Recognition of deferred tax assets	(9	)	(12	)
Non-recognition of the benefit of current year’s tax losses	4		1
Other	1		1
Effective income tax rate	8	%	(3	)%

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities as at December 31, 2019 and 2018 relate to the following:



AS AT DEC. 31 (MILLIONS)	2019			2018
Non-capital losses (Canada)	$	848		$	685
Capital losses (Canada)	80			108
Losses (U.S.)	3,102			2,219
Losses (International)	705			645
Difference in basis	(16,012		)	(13,161		)
Total net deferred tax liabilities	$	(11,277	)	$	(9,504	)

The aggregate amount of temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries for which deferred tax liabilities have not been recognized as at December 31, 2019 is approximately $5 billion (2018 – approximately $6 billion).

The company regularly assesses the status of open tax examinations and its historical tax filing positions for the potential for adverse outcomes to determine the adequacy of the provision for income and other taxes. The company believes that it has adequately provided for any tax adjustments that are more likely than not to occur as a result of ongoing tax examinations or historical filing positions.

The dividend payment on certain preferred shares of the company results in the payment of cash taxes in Canada and the company obtaining a deduction based on the amount of these taxes.

The following table details the expiry date, if applicable, of the unrecognized deferred tax assets:



AS AT DEC. 31 (MILLIONS)	2019		2018
One year from reporting date	$	22	$	16
Two years from reporting date	9		—
Three years from reporting date	14		2
After three years from reporting date	1,159		1,125
Do not expire	1,632		1,526
Total	$	2,836	$	2,669

The components of the income taxes in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are set out below:



FOR THE YEARS ENDED DEC. 31 (MILLIONS)	2019			2018
Revaluation of property, plant and equipment	$	623		$	1,302
Financial contracts and power sale agreements	6			26
Fair value through OCI securities	88			10
Foreign currency translation	(8		)	69
Revaluation of pension obligation	(6		)	7
Total deferred tax in other comprehensive income	$	703		$	1,414