UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________________ to __________________

Commission File Number: 001-41555

ASP Isotopes Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware	87-2618235
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

601 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, South Building, Suite 900 Washington, DC	20004
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (202) 756-2245

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01per share	ASPI	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 14, 2025, the registrant had 91,913,109 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	5
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Six Month Periods ended June 30, 2025 and 2024	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Three and Six Month Periods ended June 30, 2025 and 2024	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Month Periods ended June 30, 2025 and 2024	8
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	26
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	36
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	36
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	37
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	37
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	37
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	42
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	42
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	42
Item 5.	Other Information	42
Item 6.	Exhibits	43
Signatures		44

2

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “should,” “would,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Some of the key factors that could cause actual results to differ from our expectations include:

•our ability to achieve or sustain positive cash flows from operations or profitability;

•our ability to complete the construction of, commission and successfully operate isotope enrichment plants in a cost-effective manner;

•our ability to meet, and to continue to meet, applicable regulatory requirements for the use of the isotopes we may produce using the ASP technology or the Quantum Enrichment technology;

•our ability to obtain regulatory approvals for the enrichment of uranium and the production and distribution of other isotopes;

•our ability to comply on an ongoing basis with the numerous regulatory requirements applicable to the ASP technology, the Quantum Enrichment technology and our enrichment facilities in South Africa;

•our ability to execute on various projects and strategic initiatives with potential customers and partners, including our initiative to commence enrichment of uranium in South Africa;

•the success or profitability of our future offtake arrangements with respect to various isotopes that we may produce using ASP technology or the Quantum Enrichment technology;

•a failure of demand for various isotopes that we may produce using ASP technology or the Quantum Enrichment technology;

•our future capital requirements and sources and uses of cash;

•our ability to obtain funding for our operations and future growth;

•the extensive costs, time and uncertainty associated with new technology development;

•our ability to implement and maintain effective internal controls;

•developments and projections relating to our competitors and industry;

•the ability to recognize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions, including our acquisition of assets of Molybdos (Pty) Limited in the “business rescue” auction, the assets and intellectual property we acquired from Klydon Proprietary Ltd, and our investment in PET Labs Pharmaceuticals;

•problems with the performance of the ASP technology or the Quantum Enrichment technology in the enrichment of isotopes;

•our dependence on a limited number of third-party suppliers for certain components;

•our inability to adapt to changing technology and diagnostic landscape, such as the emergence of new diagnostic scanners or tracers;

•our expected dependence on a limited number of key customers for isotopes that we may produce using ASP technology or the Quantum Enrichment technology;

•our inability to protect our intellectual property and the risk of claims that we have infringed on the intellectual property of others;

•our inability to compete effectively;

•risks associated with the current economic environment;

•risks associated with our international operations;

•our credit counterparty risks;

•geopolitical risk and changes in applicable laws or regulations;

•our inability to adequately protect our technology infrastructure;

•our inability to hire or retain skilled employees and the loss of any of our key personnel;

•operational risk;

•costs and other risks associated with becoming a reporting company and becoming subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;

•our ability to complete the Renergen acquisition within the anticipated timeframe or at all by fulfilling or, if applicable, obtaining a waiver of a number of closing conditions, including various regulatory approvals and third party consents, by no later than September 30, 2025, unless extended;

3

•our ability to complete the spin-out of Quantum lean Energy as a standalone public within the anticipated timeframe or at all;

•our inability to be repaid $30,000,000 advanced to Renergen under a loan agreement should we be unsuccessful in our bid to acquire the company;

•our ability to negotiate a favorable term sheet with institutional debt investors for a potential debt financing of $30 million aggregate principal amount in order to neutralize the effect of the proposed Renergen transaction on the Company’s cash position; and

•other factors that are described in “Risk Factors,” on page 37.

These statements relate to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those set forth in Part I, Item 1A - “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (as amended), other reports that we filed with the SEC, and Part II, Item 1A - “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Any forward-looking statement in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q reflects our current view with respect to future events and is subject to these and other risks, uncertainties, and assumptions relating to our operations, results of operations, industry, and future growth. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q also contains estimates, projections, and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the potential markets for certain isotopes, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets, their projected growth rates, and the incidence of certain medical conditions. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties, and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained these industry, business, market, and other data from reports, research surveys, studies, and similar data prepared by third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data, and similar sources. In some cases, we do not expressly refer to the sources from which these data are derived.

Except where the context otherwise requires, in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, “we,” “us,” “our,” “ASP Isotopes,” and the “Company” refer to ASP Isotopes Inc. and, where appropriate, its consolidated subsidiaries.

Trademarks

All trademarks, service marks, and trade names included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this report may be referred to without the ® and ™ symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto.

4

PART I-FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

ASP Isotopes Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(unaudited)

	June 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	67,679,097		$	61,890,048
Accounts receivable		649,476			706,925
Inventory		1,045,612			65,655
Receivable from noncontrolling interests		—			27,556
Note receivable		30,363,798			—
Lease receivable - current		16,273			—
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		1,834,245			3,053,478
Total current assets		101,588,501			65,743,662
Property and equipment, net		27,600,294			22,354,377
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		1,016,560			1,122,134
Deferred tax assets		33,509			31,847
Goodwill		3,362,650			3,168,101
Lease receivable - noncurrent		376,314			—
Other noncurrent assets		1,936,664			1,927,867
Total assets	$	135,914,492		$	94,347,988
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	2,600,670		$	1,021,393
Accrued expenses		1,792,652			2,275,681
Notes payable - current		342,080			939,110
Finance lease liabilities – current		145,976			125,862
Operating lease liabilities – current		500,873			557,676
Deferred revenue		882,000			882,000
Other current liabilities		489,584			1,256,549
Share liability		149,766			—
Total current liabilities		6,903,601			7,058,271
Convertible notes payable, at fair value		98,148,315			33,433,184
Notes payable - noncurrent		1,393,519			1,441,286
Finance lease liabilities – noncurrent		518,578			560,328
Operating lease liabilities – noncurrent		639,419			688,479
Total liabilities		107,603,432			43,181,548
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued    and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024		—			—
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 500,000,000 shares authorized, 83,905,417 and    72,068,059 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024,    respectively		839,054			720,681
Additional paid-in capital		164,045,692			105,515,005
Accumulated deficit		(139,681,935	)		(56,172,881	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		29,148			(2,164,313	)
Total stockholders’ equity attributed to ASP Isotopes Inc. stockholders		25,231,959			47,898,492
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated subsidiaries		3,079,101			3,267,948
Total stockholders’ equity		28,311,060			51,166,440
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	135,914,492		$	94,347,988

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

ASP Isotopes Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Product revenue	$	1,198,345		$	1,022,299		$	2,299,950		$	1,862,653
Cost of goods sold		626,247			601,275			1,401,012			1,162,759
Gross profit		572,098			421,024			898,938			699,894
Operating expenses:
Research and development		879,925			473,302			2,409,720			688,436
Selling, general and administrative		11,660,759			7,405,178			18,410,140			13,283,724
Total operating expenses		12,540,684			7,878,480			20,819,860			13,972,160
Loss from operations		(11,968,586	)		(7,457,456	)		(19,920,922	)		(13,272,266	)
Other (expense) income:
Foreign exchange transaction (loss) gain		(37,047	)		26,147			(98,517	)		1,804
Change in fair value of share liability		(141,769	)		164,000			(129,269	)		(54,000	)
Change in fair value of convertible notes payable		(63,757,723	)		(1,574,816	)		(64,715,131	)		(2,528,526	)
Interest income		925,007			43,530			1,438,720			55,718
Interest expense		(81,803	)		(69,078	)		(168,954	)		(82,866	)
Total other expense		(63,093,335	)		(1,410,217	)		(63,673,151	)		(2,607,870	)
Loss before income tax (expense) benefit		(75,061,921	)		(8,867,673	)		(83,594,073	)		(15,880,136	)
Income tax (expense) benefit		(95,238	)		(13,769	)		(24,518	)		33,850
Net loss before allocation to noncontrolling interests		(75,157,159	)		(8,881,442	)		(83,618,591	)		(15,846,286	)
Less: Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests		(94,302	)		51,483			(109,537	)		34,724
Net loss attributable to ASP Isotopes Inc. shareholders    before deemed dividend on inducement warrant for    common stock	$	(75,062,857	)	$	(8,932,925	)	$	(83,509,054	)	$	(15,881,010	)
Deemed dividend on inducement warrant for common stock		—			(2,779,659	)		—			(2,779,659	)
Net loss attributable to ASP Isotopes Inc. shareholders	$	(75,062,857	)	$	(11,712,584	)	$	(83,509,054	)	$	(18,660,669	)
Net loss per share, attributable to ASP Isotopes Inc.    shareholders, basic and diluted	$	(1.03	)	$	(0.24	)	$	(1.17	)	$	(0.40	)
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding,    basic and diluted		73,009,938			49,136,009			71,256,809			46,848,926
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss before allocation to noncontrolling interests	$	(75,157,159	)	$	(8,881,442	)	$	(83,618,591	)	$	(15,846,286	)
Foreign currency translation		1,022,760			763,420			2,193,461			219,691
Total comprehensive loss before allocation to noncontrolling    interests		(74,134,399	)		(8,118,022	)		(81,425,130	)		(15,626,595	)
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling    interests		1,466			52,303			—			44,773
Total comprehensive loss	$	(74,135,865	)	$	(8,170,325	)	$	(81,425,130	)	$	(15,671,368	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

ASP Isotopes Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(unaudited)

	Common Stock						Additional Paid-in			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Noncontrolling			Total Stockholders'
	Shares			Amount			Capital			(Loss) Income			Deficit			Interests			Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2024		72,068,059		$	720,681		$	105,515,005		$	(2,164,313	)	$	(56,172,881	)	$	3,267,948		$	51,166,440
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			1,889,701			—			—			—			1,889,701
Distribution to noncontrolling interest of VIE		—			—			—			—			—			(38,304	)		(38,304	)
Foreign currency translation		—			—			—			1,170,701			—			—			1,170,701
Net loss		—			—			—			—			(8,446,197	)		(15,235	)		(8,461,432	)
Balance as of March 31, 2025		72,068,059		$	720,681		$	107,404,706		$	(993,612	)	$	(64,619,078	)	$	3,214,409		$	45,727,106
Issuance of common stock from public offering, net of issuance costs of $3,238,630		7,518,797			75,188			46,686,182			—			—			—			46,761,370
Issuance of common stock from exercise of warrants		1,294,778			12,948			4,902,364			—			—			—			4,915,312
Issuance of restricted common stock		2,923,783			29,237			(29,237	)		—			—			—			—
Settlement of liabilities with consultant		100,000			1,000			652,000			—			—			—			653,000
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			4,429,677			—			—			—			4,429,677
Distribution to noncontrolling interest of VIE		—			—			—			—			—			(41,006	)		(41,006	)
Foreign currency translation		—			—			—			1,022,760			—			—			1,022,760
Net loss		—			—			—			—			(75,062,857	)		(94,302	)		(75,157,159	)
Balance as of June 30, 2025		83,905,417		$	839,054		$	164,045,692		$	29,148		$	(139,681,935	)	$	3,079,101		$	28,311,060
Balance as of December 31, 2023		48,923,276		$	489,233		$	40,567,003		$	(920,982	)	$	(23,839,300	)	$	2,534,677		$	18,830,631
Retired unvested restricted shares		(325,000	)		(3,250	)		3,250			—			—			—			—
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			1,713,654			—			—			—			1,713,654
Distribution to noncontrolling interest of VIE		—			—			—			—			—			(8,694	)		(8,694	)
Foreign currency translation		—			—			—			(543,729	)		—			—			(543,729	)
Net loss		—			—			—			—			(6,948,085	)		(16,759	)		(6,964,844	)
Balance as of March 31, 2024		48,598,276		$	485,983		$	42,283,907		$	(1,464,711	)	$	(30,787,385	)	$	2,509,224		$	13,027,018
Issuance of common stock from warrant exercise		3,164,557			31,646			5,506,329			—			—			—			5,537,975
Issuance of restricted common stock		250,000			2,500			(2,500	)		—			—			—			—
Issuance of common stock to consultant		60,000			600			183,000			—			—			—			183,600
Settlement of liabilities with consultants		60,000			600			183,000			—			—			—			183,600
Board fee liabilities to be settled with shares		—			—			240,000			—			—			—			240,000
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			2,518,016			—			—			—			2,518,016
Contribution from noncontrolling interest of VIE		—			—			—			—			—			807,975			807,975
Distribution to noncontrolling interest of VIE		—			—			—			—			—			(18,422	)		(18,422	)
Foreign currency translation		—			—			—			763,420			—			—			763,420
Net loss		—			—			—			—			(8,932,925	)		51,483			(8,881,442	)
Balance as of June 30, 2024		52,132,833		$	521,329		$	50,911,752		$	(701,291	)	$	(39,720,310	)	$	3,350,260		$	14,361,740

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ASP Isotopes Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(unaudited)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025			2024
Cash flows from Operating activities
Net loss	$	(83,618,591	)	$	(15,846,286	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation		678,959			249,714
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		—			1,666
Non cash interest income on note receivable		(363,798	)		—
Stock-based compensation		6,319,378			4,231,670
Convertible note payable for non-cash issuance costs		—			621,915
Shares issued for non-cash consultant expense		673,497			619,200
Change in fair value of share liability		129,269			54,000
Change in fair value of convertible notes payable		64,715,131			2,528,526
Change in right-of-use lease asset		267,952			217,997
Non-cash lease income		(22,064	)		—
Change in deferred taxes		285			(39,068	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		89,048			(288,878	)
Receivable from noncontrolling interest		28,353			—
Inventory		(946,052	)		—
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		1,318,444			(1,566,707	)
Other noncurrent assets		103,204			—
Accounts payable		1,106,878			223,828
Accrued expenses		(507,883	)		1,425,242
Operating lease liabilities		(275,614	)		(224,134	)
Other current liabilities		(767,707	)		(303,941	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(11,071,311	)		(8,095,256	)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment		(4,107,564	)		(3,867,903	)
Cash advance in exchanges for note receivable		(30,000,000	)		—
Net cash used in investing activities		(34,107,564	)		(3,867,903	)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		50,000,000			5,537,975
Payment of common stock issuance costs		(3,238,630	)		(45,000	)
Proceeds from exercise of warrants		4,915,312			—
Proceeds from noncontrolling interest in VIE		—			807,975
Proceeds from collection of receivable from noncontrolling interest in VIE		—			705,403
Distribution to noncontrolling interest in VIE		(79,310	)		(27,116	)
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes payable		—			25,936,228
Proceeds from bank loans		47,045			—
Payment of notes payable		(409,696	)		(438,569	)
Payment of principal portion of bank loans		(392,263	)		—
Payment of principal portion of finance leases		(61,831	)		(61,929	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		50,780,627			32,414,967
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		5,601,752			20,451,808
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		187,297			(97,657	)
Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of period		61,890,048			7,908,181
Cash and cash equivalents - end of period	$	67,679,097		$	28,262,332
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Lease receivable	$	392,586		$	—
Purchase of property and equipment included in accounts payable	$	412,483		$	1,100,179
Purchase of property and equipment with bank loans	$	—		$	1,653,000
Right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for operating lease liability	$	101,929		$	364,458
Right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for finance lease liability	$	—		$	501,389
Deemed dividend on inducement warrant	$	—		$	2,779,659
Board fees settled with common stock	$	—		$	240,000

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ASP Isotopes Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Organization

Description of Business

ASP Isotopes Inc. was incorporated in the state of Delaware on September 13, 2021 and has its principal operations in Washington, DC. ASP Isotopes Inc.’s subsidiary, ASP Isotopes Guernsey Limited (“ASP Guernsey”), has its principal operations in Guernsey. ASP Guernsey’s subsidiary, ASP Isotopes South Africa Proprietary Limited (“ASP South Africa”), has its principal operations in South Africa. ASP Rentals Proprietary Limited (“ASP Rentals”), a variable interest entity (“VIE”) of ASP South Africa, has its principal operations in South Africa. Enlightened Isotopes (Pty) Ltd (“Enlightened Isotopes”), a 80% owned subsidiary of ASP South Africa, was formed in March 2023 and began operations in January 2024. ASP Isotopes UK Ltd (“ASP UK”), a subsidiary of ASP Guernsey, was incorporated in July 2022. ASPI South Africa Asset Finance ("ASP SA Asset Finance”), a subsidiary of ASP South Africa, was incorporated in July 2024. ASP Isotopes efh, a subsidiary of ASP Guernsey, was incorporated in 2024 in Iceland. PET Labs Global Nuclear Medicine SEZC (“PET Labs Global”), a subsidiary of ASP Guernsey, was incorporated in June 2024 in the Cayman Islands. PET Labs Pharmaceuticals Proprietary Limited (“PET Labs”), a 51% owned subsidiary of ASP Isotopes Inc. operates in South Africa. ASP Isotopes Inc.’s subsidiary, Quantum Leap Energy LLC (“QLE”), was formed in the state of Delaware in September 2023 and began operations in February 2024. QLE’s direct wholly owned subsidiary Quantum Leap Energy Limited (“QLE UK”), has its operations in the United Kingdom. QLE’s indirect wholly owned subsidiary Quantum Leap Energy Proprietary Limited (“QLE South Africa”), has its operations in South Africa. QLE also formed QLE TP Funding SPE LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, as a wholly owned subsidiary to act as a special purpose borrower for a loan transaction with TerraPower (the “QLE SPE Borrower”). The QLE SPE Borrower has formed a subsidiary in South Africa to act as the project company for a proposed new uranium enrichment facility at Pelindaba, South Africa. ASP Isotopes Inc., its subsidiaries and ASP Rentals are collectively referred to as “the Company” throughout these consolidated statements.

The Company is a development stage advanced materials company dedicated to the development of technology and processes that, if successful, will allow for the enrichment of natural isotopes into higher concentration products, which could be used in several industries. The Company’s proprietary technologies, the Aerodynamic Separation Process (“ASP technology”) and Quantum Enrichment technology (“QE technology”), are designed to enable the production of isotopes used in several industries. The Company’s initial focus is on the production and commercialization of enriched Carbon-14 (“C-14”), Silicon-28 (“Si-28”) and Ytterbium-176 (“Yb-176”).

The Company has completed the commissioning phase and are commencing commercial production at the C-14 and Si-28 enrichment facilities located in Pretoria, South Africa. The Company has also completed the commissioning phase and is commencing production of commercial samples of highly enriched Yb-176 at the Yb-176 enrichment facility in Pretoria, South Africa. We expect our first three enrichment facilities to generate commercial supply during the fourth quarter of 2025. In addition, the Company has started planning additional isotope enrichment plants both in South Africa and in other jurisdictions, including Iceland and the United States. The Company believes the C-14 it may produce using the ASP technology may be used in the development of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The Company believes the Si-28 it may produce using the ASP technology may be used to develop advanced semiconductors and in quantum computing. The Company believes the Yb-176 we may produce using the QE technology may be used to create radiotherapeutics that treat various forms of oncology.

In addition, the Company is considering the future development of the ASP technology for the separation of Zinc-68, Xenon-129/136 for potential use in the healthcare end market, Germanium 70/72/74 for possible use in the semiconductor end market, and Chlorine-37 for potential use in the nuclear energy end market.

The Company is also considering the future development of QE technology for the separation of Nickel-64, Gadolinium-160, Lithium 6 and Lithium-7. The Company is also pursuing an initiative to apply our enrichment technologies to the enrichment of Uranium-235 (“U-235”). The Company believes the U-235 that it may produce using quantum enrichment technology may be commercialized as a nuclear fuel component for use in the new generation of high-assay low-enriched uranium ("HALEU")-fueled small modular reactors that are now under development for commercial and government uses.

Liquidity

The Company has experienced net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities since its inception. The Company incurred net losses of $83.6 million and $15.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. On June 3, 2025, the Company sold 7,518,797 shares of its common stock in a registered direct offering at the offering price of $6.65 per share, for net proceeds of approximately $46.8 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses. On July 25, 2025, the Company raised an additional $56,400,000 in net proceeds from issuing 7,500,000 shares of its common stock at a price of $8.00 per share. The Company currently expects that its cash and cash equivalents of $67.7 million as of June 30, 2025 plus amounts raised in July 2025 will be sufficient to fund its operating expenses and capital requirements for more than 12 months from the date the financial statements are issued.

There can be no assurance that the Company will achieve or sustain positive cash flows from operations or profitability. The Company anticipates it will need to continue to raise capital through additional equity and/or debt financings and/or collaborative development agreements to fund its operations beyond the next year. However, such funding may not be available on a timely basis on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, the Company may be required to scale back or discontinue the advancement of product candidates, reduce headcount, reorganize, merge with another entity, or cease operations.

2. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Unaudited Financial Information

The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"), and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. In the Company’s opinion, the information furnished reflects all adjustments, all of which are of a normal and recurring nature, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations for the reported interim periods. The Company considers events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date but before the financial statements are issued to provide additional evidence relative to certain estimates or to identify matters that require additional disclosure. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year or any other interim

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period. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that impact the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and disclosure in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The most significant estimates in the Company’s consolidated financial statements relate to stock-based compensation, fair value of convertible notes, loss contingencies and accounting for acquisitions, including goodwill. Although these estimates are based on the Company’s knowledge of current events and actions it may undertake in the future, actual results may materially differ from these estimates and assumptions.

Principles of consolidation

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ASP Isotopes Inc., its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the 80% owned Enlightened Isotopes, the 51% owned PET Labs and the 42% owned VIE ASP Rentals. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Currency and currency translation

The condensed consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, the Company’s reporting currency. The functional currency of ASP Isotopes Inc. and ASP Guernsey is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiaries ASP South Africa and Quantum Leap Energy South Africa is the South African Rand. The functional currency of the 80% owned Enlighted Isotopes, the 51% owned PET Labs and the 42% owned VIE ASP Rentals is the South African Rand. Adjustments that arise from exchange rate changes on transactions of each group entity denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in other income and expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Assets and liabilities of the entities with functional currency of South African Rand are recorded in South African Rand and translated into the U.S. dollar reporting currency of the Company at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses of the entities with functional currency of South African Rand are recorded in South African Rand and translated into the U.S. dollar reporting currency of the Company at the average exchange rate prevailing during the reporting period. Resulting translation adjustments are recorded separately in stockholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income.

Concentration of Credit Risk and other Risks

Cash balances are maintained at U.S. financial institutions and may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limit of $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank for each account ownership category. Although the Company currently believes that the financial institutions with whom it does business, will be able to fulfill their commitments to the Company, there is no assurance that those institutions will be able to continue to do so. The Company has not experienced any credit losses associated with its balances in such accounts for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

The Company's foreign subsidiaries held cash of approximately $4,513,629 and $1,512,000 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which is included in cash and cash equivalents on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company's strategic plan does not require the repatriation of foreign cash in order to fund its operations in the U.S., and it is the Company's current intention to indefinitely reinvest its foreign cash outside of the U.S. If the Company were to repatriate foreign cash to the U.S., the Company would be required to accrue and pay U.S. taxes in accordance with applicable U.S. tax rules and regulations as a result of the repatriation.

The Company is potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk in accounts receivable as the following customer balances exceed 10% of accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheet as June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

	As of June 30, 2025					As of December 31, 2024
	Accounts Receivable		% of Total Accounts Receivable			Accounts Receivable		% of Total Accounts Receivable
Customer A	$	—		—		$	200,000		28	%
Customer B	$	2,422		0	%	$	153,469		22	%
Customer C	$	79,562		12	%	$	162,100		4	%

Although the Company is directly affected by the financial condition of its customers, management does not believe significant credit risks exist at June 30, 2025. Generally, we do not require collateral or other securities to support its accounts receivable.

There was one customer representing 10%, or $246,000, of the Company's consolidated revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and one customer representing 13%, or $234,000, of the Company's consolidated revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities at the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at fair value and may include money market funds, U.S. Treasury and U.S. government-sponsored agency securities, corporate debt, commercial paper and certificates of deposit. The Company had cash equivalents totaling $56,345,291 and $0 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Accounting guidance defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market

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participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the accounting guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

Level 2: Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

The Company’s share liability (Note 12) is measured as a Level 1 fair value on a recurring basis. The Company’s share liability was $149,766 as of June 30, 2025. There was no share liability as of December 31, 2024. The Company’s convertible notes payable (Note 6) is measured as a Level 3 fair value on a recurring basis and was $98,148,315 as of June 30, 2025 (Note 6). There were no transfers among Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 categories in the six months ended June 30, 2025. The following table provides a reconciliation of the Company’s liabilities measured as a Level 3 at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs:

	Convertible Notes Payable
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	—
Fair value at issuance		26,558,143
Fair value adjustment		6,875,041
Balance as of December 31, 2024		33,433,184
Fair value adjustment		64,715,131
Balance as of June 30, 2025	$	98,148,315

The carrying amounts of accounts payable, accrued expenses and notes payable are considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments.

Revenue Recognition

The Company’s revenue relates to PET Labs, in which the Company acquired 51% ownership on October 31, 2023 (Note 11). The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The Company enters into transactions with radiopharmacy companies that are within the scope of ASC 606. The terms of these transactions include payment for delivery of nuclear medical doses for PET scanning in South Africa.

Under ASC 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized for arrangements determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.

The Company evaluates a transaction’s performance obligations to determine if promised goods or services in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and are considered distinct when (i) the customer can benefit from the good or service on its own or together with other readily available resources and (ii) the promised good or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. In assessing whether promised goods or services are distinct, the Company considers whether the goods or services are integral or dependent to other goods or services in the contract.

The Company determines the transaction price based on the agreed government rates for the promised goods in the contract.

The consideration is recognized as revenue when control is transferred for the related goods.

The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. The Company receives payments from its customers based on billing schedules established in each contract. Upfront payments and fees are recorded as deferred revenue upon receipt or when due until the Company performs its obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the Company’s right to consideration is unconditional.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are stated at the amount management expects to collect from outstanding balances. An allowance for expected credit losses is estimated for those accounts receivable considered to be uncollectible based upon historical experience and management's evaluation of outstanding accounts receivable. The Company maintains an allowance for expected credit losses for accounts receivable, which is recorded as an offset to accounts receivable, and changes in such are classified as selling, general and administrative expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The Company assesses collectability by reviewing accounts receivable on a collective basis where similar characteristics exist and on an individual basis when the Company identifies specific customers with known disputes or collectability issues. In determining the amount of the allowance for expected credit losses, the Company considers historical collectability based on past due status and make judgments about the creditworthiness of customers based on ongoing credit evaluations. The Company also considers customer-specific information, current market conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. Bad debts are written off against the allowance when identified. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 there was no allowance for expected credit losses.

Inventory

The Company uses the first in, first out inventory method to account for its inventory. As of December 31, 2024, inventory consists of raw materials and is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. As of June 30, 2025, inventory consists of raw materials and work-in-process and is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment include costs of assets constructed, purchased or leased under a finance lease, related delivery and installation costs and interest incurred on significant capital projects during their construction periods. Expenditures for renewals and

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betterments also are capitalized, but expenditures for normal repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Costs associated with yearly planned major maintenance are generally deferred and amortized over 12 months or until the same major maintenance activities must be repeated, whichever is shorter. The cost and accumulated depreciation applicable to assets retired or sold are removed from the respective accounts, and gains or losses thereon are included in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company assigns the useful lives of its property and equipment based upon its internal engineering estimates, which are reviewed periodically. The estimated useful lives of the Company's property and equipment range from 3 to 10 years, or the shorter of the useful life or remaining life of the lease for leasehold improvements. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method.

Construction in progress (Note 4) is carried at cost and consists of specifically identifiable direct and indirect development and construction costs. While under construction, costs of the property are included in construction in progress until the property is placed in service, at which time costs are transferred to the appropriate property and equipment account, including, but not limited to, leasehold improvements or other such accounts.

Business Combination and Asset Acquisitions

The Company evaluates acquisitions of assets and other similar transactions to assess whether or not the transaction should be accounted for as a business combination or asset acquisition by first applying a screen to determine if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. If the screen is met, the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. If the screen is not met, further determination is required as to whether or not the Company has acquired inputs and processes that have the ability to create outputs, which would meet the requirements of a business. If determined to be a business combination, the Company accounts for the transaction under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 805 Business Combinations ("ASC 805"), which requires the acquiring entity in a business combination to recognize the fair value of all assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree and establishes the acquisition date as the fair value measurement point. Accordingly, the Company recognizes assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, including contingent assets and liabilities, and non-controlling interest in the acquiree based on the fair value estimates as of the date of acquisition. In accordance with ASC 805, the Company recognizes and measures goodwill as of the acquisition date, as the excess of the fair value of the consideration paid over the fair value of the identified net assets acquired.

The consideration for the Company’s business acquisitions may include future payments that are contingent upon the occurrence of a particular event or events. The obligations for such contingent consideration payments are recorded at fair value on the acquisition date. The contingent consideration obligations are then evaluated each reporting period. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration, other than changes due to payments, are recognized as a gain or loss and recorded within change in the fair value of deferred and contingent consideration liabilities in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

If determined to be an asset acquisition, the Company accounts for the transaction under ASC 805-50, which requires the acquiring entity in an asset acquisition to recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the cost to the acquiring entity on a relative fair value basis, which includes transaction costs in addition to consideration given. No gain or loss is recognized as of the date of acquisition unless the fair value of non-cash assets given as consideration differs from the assets’ carrying amounts on the acquiring entity’s books. Consideration transferred that is non-cash will be measured based on either the cost (which shall be measured based on the fair value of the consideration given) or the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, whichever is more reliably measurable. Goodwill is not recognized in an asset acquisition and any excess consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired is allocated to the identifiable assets based on relative fair values.

Contingent consideration payments in asset acquisitions are recognized when the contingency is resolved and the consideration is paid or becomes payable (unless the contingent consideration meets the definition of a derivative, in which case the amount becomes part of the basis in the asset acquired). Upon recognition of the contingent consideration payment, the amount is included in the cost of the acquired asset or group of assets.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the amount of consideration paid in excess of the fair value of net assets acquired as a result of the Company’s business acquisitions accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. Goodwill is not amortized and is subject to impairment testing at a reporting unit level on an annual basis or when a triggering event occurs that may indicate the carrying value of the goodwill is impaired. An entity is permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine if a quantitative impairment test is necessary. Further testing is only required if the entity determines, based on the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The Company will perform its annual test for goodwill as of October 31.

Variable Interest Entities

The Company accounts for the investments it makes in certain legal entities in which equity investors do not have (1) sufficient equity at risk for the legal entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, or (2) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk do not have either the power, through voting or similar rights, to direct the activities of the legal entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, or (3) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the legal entity or the right to receive expected residual returns of the legal entity. These certain legal entities are referred to as variable interest entities (“VIEs”).

The Company would consolidate the results of any such entity in which it determined that it had a controlling financial interest. The Company would have a “controlling financial interest” in such an entity if the Company had both the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb the losses of, or right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could be potentially significant to the VIE. On a quarterly basis, the Company will reassess whether it has a controlling financial interest in any investments it has in these certain legal entities.

Convertible Notes Payable

Convertible notes payable are accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments ("ASC 825"). Upon issuance the Company has elected the fair value option to account for the convertible notes payable. Changes in fair value during the reporting period are recognized in other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Leases

Lease agreements and agreements that contain lease components entered into by the Company, both as a lessee and as a lessor are accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 842, Leases ("ASC 842"). At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines

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whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on specific facts and circumstances, the existence of an identified asset(s), if any, and the Company’s control over the use of the identified asset(s), if applicable.

Lessee arrangements

Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use ("ROU") assets are recorded based on the present value of future lease payments over the expected lease term. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As such, the Company will utilize the incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment, and considering the region in which the ROU asset and liabilities are located.

The Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components as a single component. Operating leases are recognized on the balance sheet as ROU lease assets, lease liabilities current and lease liabilities non-current. Fixed rents are included in the calculation of the lease balances, while variable costs paid for certain operating and pass-through costs are excluded. Lease expense is recognized over the expected term on a straight-line basis.

Finance leases are recognized on the balance sheet as property and equipment, finance lease liabilities current and finance lease liabilities non-current. Finance lease ROU assets and the related lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. The finance lease ROU assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term with the related interest expense of the lease liability payment recognized over the lease term using the effective interest method.

Lessor arrangements

For leases where the Company retains ownership of the underlying asset, the Company classifies the lease as an operating lease. Lease revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis and the associated asset is depreciated.

When control of the underlying asset is transferred to the lessee, the Company classifies the lease as sales-type lease. The Company derecognizes the asset, recognizes a net investment in the lease, and recognizes selling profit and interest income over the lease term. This classification applies if certain criteria are met, including transfer of ownership, a purchase option, a lease term covering a major part of the asset's life, the present value of payments covering substantially all of the asset's fair value, or the asset being specialized.

For all other leases that do not meet the sales-type criteria and meet conditions related to the sum of payments/residual value covering substantially all of the asset's fair value and the lessor's likelihood of collecting payments, the Company classifies as direct financing leases. Similar to sales-type leases, the Company recognizes a net investment. Selling profit is recognized as interest income using the effective interest method.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

Long-lived assets consist primarily of property and equipment. The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset is not recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the assets. The Company did not recognize any impairment losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 or 2024.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs consist primarily of fees paid to consultants, license fees and facilities costs. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made. All research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Selling, General and Administrative Costs

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related benefits, including stock-based compensation expense, related to the Company's executive, finance, business development, legal, human resources and support functions. Other general and administrative expenses include professional fees for auditing, tax, consulting and patent-related services, rent and utilities and insurance.

Stock-based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense represents the cost of the grant date fair value of employee stock awards recognized over the requisite service period of the awards (usually the vesting period) on a straight-line basis. The Company estimates the fair value of each stock-based award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes option pricing model incorporates various assumptions, such as the value of the underlying common stock, the risk-free interest rate, expected volatility, expected dividend yield, and expected life of the options. Forfeitures are recognized as a reduction of stock-based compensation expense as they occur.

The Company also awards restricted stock to employees and directors. Restricted stock is generally subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to the completion of the vesting restrictions. The Company expenses the cost of the restricted stock, which is determined to be the fair market value of the shares of common stock underlying the restricted stock at the date of grant, ratably over the period during which the vesting restrictions lapse.

Stock-based compensation expense is classified in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipients’ payroll costs are classified or in which the award recipients’ service payments are classified.

Income Taxes

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences associated with differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities, as measured by the enacted tax rates, which are expected to be in effect when these differences reverse. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

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The Company records the provision for income taxes for the activity from PET Labs operations.

The Company follows the provisions of ASC 740-10, Uncertainty in Income Taxes, or ASC 740-10. The Company has not recognized a liability for any uncertain tax positions. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits has not been provided since there is no unrecognized benefit since the date of adoption. The Company has not recognized interest expense or penalties as a result of the implementation of ASC 740-10. If there were an unrecognized tax benefit, the Company would recognize interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits and penalties in income tax expense.

The Company has identified the United States, South Africa and Guernsey as its major tax jurisdictions. Refer to Note 15 for further details.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss is defined as a change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. The Company’s comprehensive loss is comprised of net loss and the effect of currency translation adjustments.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company has reviewed recently issued accounting pronouncements and plans to adopt those that are applicable to it. The Company does not expect the adoption of any recently issued pronouncements to have a material impact on its results of operations or financial position.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires an annual tabular effective tax rate reconciliation disclosure including information for specified categories and jurisdiction levels, as well as, disclosure of income taxes paid, net of refunds received, disaggregated by federal, state/local, and significant foreign jurisdiction. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption will have an impact on disclosures and not impact the Company’s consolidated results of operations, cash flows, nor financial position. The Company plans to adopt the ASU for the annual reporting period ending December 31, 2025.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”) and is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. ASU 2024-03 requires disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented on the face of the income statement as well as disclosures about selling expenses. The Company is still assessing the impact of adopting this standard.

3. Revenue and Segment Information

In connection with the Company's acquisition of 51% ownership of PET Labs in October 2023, the Company manufactures and sells nuclear medical doses for PET scanning in South Africa. The Company recognized revenue of $1,198,345 and $1,022,299 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $2,299,950 and $1,862,653 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The following table presents changes in the Company’s accounts receivable for the six months ended June 30, 2025:

	Balance as of December 31, 2024		Additions		Deductions			Balance as of June 30, 2025
Accounts receivable	$	706,925	$	2,299,950	$	(2,357,399	)	$	649,476

Segment Information

Beginning in 2024, primarily as a result of increased business activities of its subsidiary, Quantum Leap Energy LLC, the Company has two operating segments: (i) nuclear fuels, and (ii) specialist isotopes and related services.

The nuclear fuels segment is focused on research and development of technologies and methods used to produce high-assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU) and Lithium-6 for the advanced nuclear fuels target end market.

The specialist isotopes and related services segment is focused on research and development of technologies and methods used to separate high-value, low-volume isotopes (such as C-14, Mo-100 and Si-28) for highly specialized target end markets other than advanced nuclear fuels, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, nuclear medical imaging and semiconductors, as well as services related to these isotopes, and this segment includes PET Labs.

The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is its chief executive officer. The segment revenue and segment net loss is regularly reviewed by the CODM in deciding how to allocate resources. The Company manages assets on a total company basis, not by operating segment, as the assets are shared or commingled. Therefore, the CODM does not regularly review any asset information by operating segment and, accordingly, asset information is not reported on a segment basis.

Select information from the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as of the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

	Revenues				Net Loss Before Allocation to Noncontrolling Interest
	Three Months Ended June 30,				Three Months Ended June 30,
Segment	2025		2024		2025			2024
Specialist isotopes and related services	$	1,198,345	$	1,022,299	$	(8,195,975	)	$	(6,219,317	)
Nuclear fuels		—		—		(66,711,648	)		(2,852,272	)
Corporate		—		—		(249,536	)		190,147
	$	1,198,345	$	1,022,299	$	(75,157,159	)	$	(8,881,442	)

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Select information from the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as of the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

	Revenues				Net Loss Before Allocation to Noncontrolling Interest
	Six Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
Segment	2025		2024		2025			2024
Specialist isotopes and related services	$	2,299,950	$	1,862,653	$	(14,585,508	)	$	(10,862,811	)
Nuclear fuels		—		—		(68,805,297	)		(4,931,279	)
Corporate		—		—		(227,786	)		(52,196	)
	$	2,299,950	$	1,862,653	$	(83,618,591	)	$	(15,846,286	)

A reconciliation of total segment revenue to total consolidated revenue and of total segment gross profit and segment operating income to total consolidated income before income taxes, for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2025
	Specialist isotopes and related services			Nuclear fuels			Corporate			Total
Sales from external customers	$	1,198,345		$	—		$	—		$	1,198,345
Less: cost of sales		(626,247	)		—			—			(626,247	)
Segment gross profit		572,098			—			—			572,098
Personnel expenses		4,451,837			2,440,753			—			6,892,590
Professional fees		2,387,459			461,395			—			2,848,854
Other segment expenses		2,546,036			253,204			—			2,799,240
Segment operating loss		(8,813,234	)		(3,155,352	)		—			(11,968,586	)
Foreign exchange transaction gain		—			—			(37,047	)		(37,047	)
Change in fair value of share liability		—			—			(141,769	)		(141,769	)
Change in fair value of convertible notes payable		—			(63,757,723	)		—			(63,757,723	)
Interest income (expense), net		641,358			201,846			—			843,204
Loss before income tax expense	$	(8,171,876	)	$	(66,711,229	)	$	(178,816	)	$	(75,061,921	)

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Specialist isotopes and related services			Nuclear fuels			Corporate		Total
Sales from external customers	$	1,022,299		$	—		$	—	$	1,022,299
Less: cost of sales		(601,275	)		—			—		(601,275	)
Segment gross profit		421,024			—			—		421,024
Personnel expenses		3,300,621			460,808			—		3,761,429
Professional fees		1,939,382			(466,887	)		—		1,472,495
Other segment expenses		1,312,161			1,332,395			—		2,644,556
Segment operating loss		(6,131,140	)		(1,326,316	)		—		(7,457,456	)
Foreign exchange transaction gain		—			—			26,147		26,147
Change in fair value of share liability		—			—			164,000		164,000
Change in fair value of convertible notes payable		—			(1,574,816	)		—		(1,574,816	)
Interest income (expense), net		(25,548	)		—			—		(25,548	)
Loss before income tax expense	$	(6,156,688	)	$	(2,901,132	)	$	190,147	$	(8,867,673	)

A reconciliation of total segment revenue to total consolidated revenue and of total segment gross profit and segment operating income to total consolidated income before income taxes, for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, is as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
	Specialist isotopes and related services			Nuclear fuels			Corporate			Total
Sales from external customers	$	2,299,950		$	—		$	—		$	2,299,950
Less: cost of sales		(1,401,012	)		—			—			(1,401,012	)
Segment gross profit		898,938			—			—			898,938
Personnel expenses		7,751,878			3,031,996			—			10,783,874
Professional fees		4,166,442			837,424			—			5,003,866
Other segment expenses		4,434,525			597,595			—			5,032,120
Segment operating loss		(15,453,907	)		(4,467,015	)		—			(19,920,922	)
Foreign exchange transaction gain		—			—			(98,517	)		(98,517	)
Change in fair value of share liability		—			—			(129,269	)		(129,269	)
Change in fair value of convertible notes payable		—			(64,715,131	)		—			(64,715,131	)
Interest income (expense), net		892,498			377,268			—			1,269,766
Loss before income tax expense	$	(14,561,409	)	$	(68,804,878	)	$	(227,786	)	$	(83,594,073	)

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	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Specialist isotopes and related services			Nuclear fuels			Corporate			Total
Sales from external customers	$	1,862,653		$	—		$	—		$	1,862,653
Less: cost of sales		(1,162,759	)		—			—			(1,162,759	)
Segment gross profit		699,894			—			—			699,894
Personnel expenses		5,907,066			460,808			—			6,367,874
Professional fees		3,188,364			643,301			—			3,831,665
Other segment expenses		2,440,226			1,332,395			—			3,772,621
Segment operating loss		(10,835,762	)		(2,436,504	)		—			(13,272,266	)
Foreign exchange transaction gain		—			—			1,804			1,804
Change in fair value of share liability		—			—			(54,000	)		(54,000	)
Change in fair value of convertible notes payable		—			(2,528,526	)		—			(2,528,526	)
Interest income (expense), net		(27,148	)		—			—			(27,148	)
Loss before income tax expense	$	(10,862,910	)	$	(4,965,030	)	$	(52,196	)	$	(15,880,136	)

4. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consisted of the following:

	Useful Lives (Years)	June 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
Construction in progress	-	$	2,166,292		$	13,969,784
Tools, machinery and equipment	3 - 10		6,653,046			5,898,618
Plant	10		18,558,462			2,269,204
Computer equipment	3 - 4		198,437			145,225
Vehicles	5		362,379			292,498
Software	5		612,596			1,590
Office furniture	5 - 10		179,792			147,079
Leasehold improvements	5		107,184			115,890
Property and equipment, at cost			28,838,188			22,839,888
Less accumulated depreciation			(1,237,894	)		(485,511	)
Property and equipment, net		$	27,600,294		$	22,354,377

The Company has three plants in Pretoria, South Africa: a Carbon-14 plant, a multi-isotope plant and a laser isotope separation plant using quantum enrichment technology. The multi-isotope plant and the laser isotope separation plant were completed in March 2025 and depreciation began in April 2025. The Carbon-14 plant was completed in June 2024 and depreciation began in July 2024. As of December 31, 2024, costs incurred for the multi-isotope plant and the laser isotope separation plant were considered construction in progress because the work was not complete. Depreciation expense was $529,956 and $146,504 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Depreciation expense was $678,959 and $249,714 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

5. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Accrued professional	$	624,858	$	671,314
Accrued salaries and other employee costs		1,137,040		1,584,273
Accrued other		30,754		20,094
Total accrued expenses	$	1,792,652	$	2,275,681

6. Notes Payable

Debt consisted of the following as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

	June 30,			December 31,
	2025			2024
Promissory notes	$	—		$	409,696
Motor vehicle and equipment loans		1,735,599			1,970,700
Total notes payable		1,735,599			2,380,396
less current portion of notes payable		(342,080	)		(939,110	)
Long term portion of notes payable	$	1,393,519		$	1,441,286

Promissory Note Payable

During 2021, the Company executed a promissory note payable with an aggregate principal balance of $33,500 (25,000 GBP). The note was due after a period of two months, followed by mutually agreed upon monthly extensions, and does not bear interest. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the promissory note payable balance was $0 and $31,380, respectively. This note was paid in full on April 2, 2025.

In November 2024, the Company executed a promissory note payable with a finance company to fund its directors and officers’ insurance policy for $500,923. This note bears interest at an annual rate of 8.45% with seven monthly payments beginning in

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December 31, 2024. The note was repaid in full in June 2025. In November 2023, the Company executed a promissory note payable with a finance company to fund its directors and officers' insurance policy for $526,282. This note bore interest at an annual rate of 8.74% with six monthly payments beginning in December 2023. The note was repaid in full in May 2024. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded interest expense of $2,698 and $4,499, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded interest expense of $9,378 and $11,247, respectively. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the promissory note payable balance was $0 and $378,316, respectively.

Motor Vehicle and Equipment Loans

Periodically, the Company enters into loans to purchase motor vehicles and certain equipment. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company entered into new loans totaling $47,045. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into loans totaling $2,020,511. These loans are secured by the underlying assets included in property and equipment. The loans have variable interest rates ranging from 9.9% to 11.75% and mature from September 2028 to March 2030. Minimum monthly payments total $43,610. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, interest expense under the outstanding loans was $56,412 and $0, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, interest expense under the outstanding loans was $114,637 and $0, respectively. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, motor vehicle and equipment loans totaled $1,735,599 and $1,970,700, respectively.

Convertible Notes Payable

In March 2024, QLE issued convertible notes payable (“March 2024 Convertible Notes”) totaling $21,063,748 and received aggregate cash of $20,550,000. One of the notes totaling $513,748 was issued to the placement agent in lieu of cash issuance costs. Issuance costs paid in cash totaling $521,423 and the value of the note issued to the placement agent were expensed in selling, general and administrative costs in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

In June 2024, QLE issued additional convertible notes payable (“June 2024 Convertible Notes”) totaling $5,494,395 and received aggregate cash of $5,386,228. One of the notes totaling $108,167 was issued to the placement agent in lieu of cash issuance costs and was expensed in selling, general and administrative costs in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. Issuance costs paid in cash were negligible. The March 2024 Convertible Notes and the June 2024 Convertible Notes are collectively the “Convertible Notes”.

The Convertible Notes are payable on demand in March 2029 and bear an annual interest rate of 6% through March 7, 2025 and 8% thereafter. Upon a qualified financing event the Convertible Notes convert into the shares issued in that qualified financing event at a price per share equal to 80% of the share price issued subject to a valuation cap. Upon a qualified transaction, the noteholders may elect to receive either 1.5x the principal and accrued interest balance in cash or convert into common shares.

The Convertible Notes are recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet at their fair values. The fair value of the March Convertible Notes on the date of issuance was $21,063,748. The fair value of the June Convertible Notes on the date of issuance was $5,494,395. The fair value of the Convertible Notes as of June 30, 2025 has been determined to be $98,148,315 and the resultant change in fair value of $63,757,723 and $64,715,131 has been recorded in other income and expense in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. The change in fair value of $1,574,816 and $2,528,526 has been recorded in other income and expense in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2025, the total principal and accrued interest of the Convertible Notes is $28,739,752 of which $2,181,609 relates to the interest portion. The Company announced plans to spin-off QLE in the second half of 2025. The Company has also announced QLE and certain of its subsidiaries have entered into a loan agreement with TerraPower, a US nuclear innovation company, for a multiple advance term loan of up to $22,000,000 related to financing support for the construction of a new uranium enrichment facility capable of producing HALEU in South Africa. Per the terms of the loan agreement and subject to the satisfaction of various conditions precedent to each disbursement (including receiving all required licenses and permits to perform uranium enrichment in South Africa), the borrower could receive aggregate loan disbursements of $20,000,000.

7. Deferred Revenues

In June 2023, the Company entered into a Supply Agreement with a customer for the delivery of Molybdenum-100 and Molybdenum-98. In conjunction with the Supply Agreement, the Company received $882,000 in September 2023, as an advance towards future revenue. The Company has recorded $882,000 as deferred revenue on the balance sheet as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

8. Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments

Share Purchase Agreement relating to PET Labs

On October 31, 2023, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with Nucleonics Imaging Proprietary Limited, a company incorporated in the Republic of South Africa (the “Seller”), relating to the purchase and sale of ordinary shares in the issued share capital of Pet Labs. PET Labs is a South African radiopharmaceutical operations company, dedicated to nuclear medicine and the science of radiopharmaceutical production.

Under the Purchase Agreement, the Company has agreed to purchase from the Seller 51 ordinary shares in the issued share capital of PET Labs (the “Initial Sale Shares”) (representing 51% of the issued share capital of PET Labs) and has an option to purchase from the Seller the remaining 49 ordinary shares in the issued share capital of PET Labs (the “Option Shares”) (representing the remaining 49% of the issued share capital of PET Labs). The Company agreed to pay to the Seller an aggregate of $2,000,000 for the Initial Sale Shares, of which aggregate amount of $500,000 was payable on the completion of the sale of the Initial Sale Shares and $1,500,000 is payable on demand after one calendar year from the agreement date. In January 2024, the Company agreed to pay $264,750 to the Seller. The Company paid an additional $750,000 in January 2025, leaving a balance due for the Initial Sale Shares as of June 30, 2025 of $485,250, which is recorded in other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. If the Company exercises its option to purchase the Option Shares (which option is exercisable from the agreement date until January 31, 2027, provided that the Initial Sale Shares have been paid for in full), the Company has agreed to pay $2,200,000 for the Option Shares upon exercise.

PET Labs Global

In August 2024, PET Labs Global entered into a three-year service agreement with Cayman Enterprise City and is licensed to operate from within the Cayman Islands’ Special Economic Zone (“SEZ”). The service fee includes among other things the right to use certain office space and associated facilities within the SEZ. The Company has applied the guidance in ASC 842 and determined that

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this agreement is not a leasing arrangement. Management has determined that based on the nature of the combined services the expense should be recognized as incurred.

Renergen Firm Intention Letter and Loan Agreement

On March 31, 2025, after the annual report on Form 10-K was filed, the Company entered into an Exclusivity Agreement with Renergen Limited (“Renergen”) an entity in South Africa listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (“JSE”) and the Australian Stock Exchange. On May 18, the Exclusivity Agreement was amended. Per the terms of the amended Exclusivity Agreement, the Company received the rights to negotiate the terms of the acquisition of Renergen during an exclusive negotiation period that ends on May 31, 2025. In April 2025, the Company paid an exclusivity fee of $10,000,000 to Renergen.

As contemplated in the Exclusivity Agreement signed on March 31, 2025 and amended on May 18, 2025, the Company entered into a Firm Intention Letter with Renergen on May 19, 2025. The Firm Intention Letter sets the acquisition terms for the Company to purchase 100% of the outstanding shares of Renergen in exchange for shares of the Company. The completion of the acquisition is subject to Renergen shareholder approval, which was obtained on July 10, 2025.

In addition, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with Renergen in which a total of $30,000,000 will be provided by the Company in periodic payments for the purpose of funding Renergen’s operations. In conjunction with the Loan Agreement, the full amount of the previously paid exclusivity fee of $10,000,000 is applied to the loan. The remaining $20,000,000 available under the Loan Agreement was paid by the Company to Renergen in June 2025. The Loan Agreement matures and repayment is due on September 30, 2025 and bears interest at the South African Prime Rate which is currently 10.75%.

Contingencies

From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities. The Company accrues liabilities for such matters when future expenditures are probable and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated.

On December 4, 2024, a purported stockholder of the Company filed a putative securities class action on behalf of purchasers of the Company’s securities between October 30, 2024 through November 26, 2024 against ASP Isotopes Inc. and certain of its executive officers in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Corredor v. ASP Isotopes Inc., et al., Case No. 1:24-cv-09253 (S.D.N.Y)) (the “Securities Class Action”). The Securities Class Action alleges that the Company, its chief executive officer and chief financial officer (“Defendants”) made materially misleading or false statements or omissions regarding the Company’s business and asserts purported claims under §§ 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and SEC Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. The complaint seeks unspecified compensatory damages, attorney’s fees and costs. On May 2, 2025, the Court appointed Mark Leone (“Leone”) as lead plaintiff and directed the Clerk of court to amend the caption to substitute Leone for Alexander Corredor as plaintiff. On May 2, 2025, the Court also appointed lead counsel and set deadlines for filing an amended consolidated class action complaint and briefing schedules for a motion to dismiss, if any, and class certification. On May 27, 2025, Leone and two additional named plaintiffs (“Plaintiffs”) filed the amended class action complaint (“Amended Complaint”), that asserts the same causes of action and seeks the same relief as the initial complaint and is based upon substantially similar factual allegations as the initial complaint. On June 27, 2025, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Amended Complaint. Also on June 27, 2025, Plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification. On July 25, 2025, Plaintiffs filed an opposition to Defendants’ motion to dismiss. Also on July 25, 2025, Defendants filed an opposition to Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. Defendants intend to vigorously defend against the Securities Class Action; however, we cannot be certain of the outcome and, if decided adversely to us, our business and financial condition may be adversely affected.

In addition to the matters described above, from time to time, we may become subject to arbitration, litigation or claims arising in the ordinary course of business. The results of any current or future claims or proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and litigation costs, diversion of management resources, reputational harm and other factors.

9. Leases

Lease liability

The Company accounts for all leases in accordance with ASC 842 (Note 2). The Company is party to five facility leases in South Africa for office, manufacturing and laboratory space.

A lease for office and laboratory space in Pretoria, South Africa commenced in October 2021 with the initial term set to expire in December 2030. The Company has applied the guidance in ASC 842 and has determined that it should be classified as an operating lease. The Company’s incremental borrowing rate for this lease is 7.5% based on the remaining lease term of the applicable lease. Consequently, a ROU lease asset of $952,521 with a corresponding lease liability of $952,521 based on the present value of the minimum rental payments of such lease was recorded at the inception of the lease.

A lease for additional production space in Pretoria, South Africa commenced in April 2023 with the initial term set to expire in March 2024. Effective February 1, 2024, this lease was amended such that the new term begins on February 1, 2024 and expires in February 2026. Prior to the amendment, the Company had applied the guidance in ASC 842 and determined that this lease was a short-term lease and expensed the monthly payments as incurred. The Company has applied the guidance in ASC 842 to the amended lease and has determined that it should be classified as an operating lease. The Company’s incremental borrowing rate for this lease is 10.6% based on the lease term of the applicable lease. Consequently, a ROU lease asset of $364,458 with a corresponding lease liability of $364,458 based on the present value of the minimum rental payments of such lease was recorded at the inception of the amended lease.

A lease for laboratory space in Pretoria, South Africa commenced in November 2023 with the initial term set to expire in October 2026. The Company has applied the guidance in ASC 842 and has determined that it should be classified as an operating lease. The Company’s incremental borrowing rate for this lease is 13.16% based on the remaining lease term of the applicable lease. Consequently, a ROU lease asset of $70,607 with a corresponding lease liability of $70,607 based on the present value of the minimum rental payments of such lease was recorded at the inception of the lease. Additionally, a lease for office space in Pretoria, South Africa commenced in June 2025 with the initial term set to expire in May 2028. The Company has applied the guidance in ASC 842 and has determined that it should be classified as an operating lease. The Company’s incremental borrowing rate for this lease is 10.79% based on the lease term of the applicable lease. Consequently, a ROU lease asset of $70,607 with a corresponding lease liability of $101,929 based on the present value of the minimum rental payments of such lease was recorded at the inception of the lease

A lease for office and production space in Pretoria, South Africa commenced prior to October 31, 2023 with the initial term set to expire in March 2026. The Company has applied the guidance in ASC 842 and has determined that it should be classified as an operating lease effective on the date of ASP Isotopes' acquisition of 51% of PET Labs. The Company’s incremental borrowing rate is

18

approximately 12.875% based on the expected remaining lease term of the applicable lease. Consequently, a ROU lease asset of $592,304 which reflects an $84,858 unfavorable adjustment based on the fair value of the lease terms and a corresponding lease liability of $677,163 based on the present value of the minimum rental payments of such lease was recorded at the date of ASP Isotopes acquisition of 51% of PET Labs. Dr. Gerdus Kemp, an officer of PET Labs and an employee of ASP UK, is the sole owner of the facility under this lease agreement.

A summary of long-term leases in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2025 is as follows:

	ROU Asset		Operating Lease Liability - Current		Operating Lease Liability – Non-Current		Total Operating Lease Liability
Office and laboratory, Pretoria, South Africa	$	533,972	$	74,397	$	550,479	$	624,876
Additional production, Pretoria, South Africa		131,857		131,857		—		131,857
Laboratory, Pretoria, South Africa		36,228		27,879		10,381		38,260
Office, Pretoria, South Africa		99,457		24,287		78,559		102,846
Office and production, Pretoria, South Africa		215,046		242,453		—		242,453
Total	$	1,016,560	$	500,873	$	639,419	$	1,140,292

A summary of long-term leases in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 is as follows:

	ROU Asset		Operating Lease Liability - Current		Operating Lease Liability – Non-Current		Total Operating Lease Liability
Office and laboratory, Pretoria, South Africa	$	538,942	$	63,703	$	554,332	$	618,035
Additional production, Pretoria, South Africa		211,829		179,948		31,881		211,829
Laboratory, Pretoria, South Africa		45,433		23,653		23,674		47,327
Office and production, Pretoria, South Africa		325,930		290,372		78,592		368,964
Total	$	1,122,134	$	557,676	$	688,479	$	1,246,155

A lease for additional production space in Pretoria, South Africa commenced prior to October 31, 2023 with the initial term expiring in March 2024 and the Company is maintaining the lease under the agreed upon monthly extensions. The Company has applied the guidance in ASC 842 and has determined that this lease is a short-term lease effective on the date of ASP Isotopes acquisition of 51% of PET Labs and expensed the monthly payments for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

Quantitative information regarding the Company’s operating lease liabilities is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Operating Lease Cost
Operating lease cost	$	185,006		$	167,692		$	353,464		$	316,592
Other Information
Operating cash flows paid for amounts included in the    measurement of lease liabilities	$	178,004		$	162,037		$	343,108		$	305,375
Operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-    use assets	$	101,929		$	—		$	101,929		$	364,458
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)		3.56			3.80			3.56			3.80
Weighted average discount rate		9.49	%		10.12	%		9.49	%		10.12	%

Future lease payments under noncancelable operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2025 are as follows:

	Operating Leases
Future Lease Payments
2025 (remaining six months)	$	361,681
2026		312,189
2027		178,256
2028		161,993
2029		153,042
Thereafter		164,521
Total lease payments	$	1,331,682
Less: imputed interest		(191,390	)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	1,140,292
Less current portion	$	(500,873	)
Operating lease liability - noncurrent	$	639,419

The Company records the expense from short-term leases as incurred. Lease expense from short-term leases was $64,418 and $43,205 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $32,209 and $15,762 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company accounts for finance leases in accordance with ASC 842 (Note 2). The Company is party to several ongoing finance leases in South Africa for certain fixed assets, including new finance leases for additional equipment in May and October 2024.

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Quantitative information regarding the Company’s finance lease liabilities is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Finance Lease Cost
Interest on lease liabilities	$	23,016		$	16,893		$	45,263		$	23,933
Other Information
Operating cash flows paid for amounts included in the    measurement of finance lease liabilities	$	31,920		$	24,468		$	61,831		$	38,846
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	12,695		$	9,871		$	53,244		$	19,312
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)		4.0			4.4			4.0			4.4
Weighted average discount rate		13.1	%		12.9	%		13.1	%		12.9	%

Future lease payments under noncancelable finance lease liabilities are as follows as of June 30, 2025:

	Finance Leases
Future Lease Payments
2025 (remaining six months)	$	111,463
2026		224,690
2027		219,626
2028		180,850
2029		70,284
Thereafter		68,901
Total lease payments	$	875,814
Less: imputed interest		(211,260	)
Total lease liabilities	$	664,554
Less current portion	$	(145,976	)
Finance lease liability - noncurrent	$	518,578

Lease receivable

The Company classifies certain of its leases as sales-type leases and records the leases within “Lease receivables” on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets and records interest income in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company does not have significant variable lease payments or residual value guarantees associated with these leases. Credit risk is monitored regularly, and no allowance for credit losses was recorded as of the reporting date.

In March 2025, the Company purchased a GE NM 830 Gamma Camera, a nuclear medicine machine that enables earlier disease diagnosis, patient comfort, and enhanced operational efficiency. On April 1, 2025 the Company entered into an Equipment Lease Agreement (the “Lease”) with Drs. Van Niekerk, Ramjee, Modiselle, Lengana and Louw Incorporated (“CoMIT”) for the use of certain Equipment. The term is for 120 months beginning April 1, 2025.

The Company’s net investment in sales-type leases were comprised of the following:

	June 30, 2025
Total undiscounted cash flows	$	999,179
Present value discount		(606,592	)
Net investment in sales-type leases	$	392,587

Future minimum lease payments to be collected under sales-type leases accounted for under ASC 842, excluding lease payments that are not fixed and determinable, as of June 30, 2025 are as follows:

	Sales-type Leases
Future Lease Payments
2025 (remaining six months)	$	26,294
2026		105,177
2027		105,177
2028		105,177
2029		105,177
Thereafter		552,177
Total undiscounted cash flows	$	999,179

Interest income recognized from sales-type leases during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $22,064.

10. License Agreements

Klydon Proprietary Ltd (“Klydon”)

In July 2022, ASP UK entered into a license agreement with Klydon, as licensor, pursuant to which ASP Isotopes UK Ltd acquired from Klydon an exclusive license to use, develop, modify, improve, subcontract and sublicense certain intellectual property rights relating to the ASP technology for the production, distribution, marketing and sale of all isotopes produced using the ASP technology (the “Klydon license agreement”). The Klydon license agreement is royalty-free, has a term of 999 years and is worldwide for the development of the ASP technology and the distribution, marketing and sale of isotopes. Future production of isotopes is limited to member countries of the Nuclear Suppliers Group. In connection with the Klydon license agreement, the Company agreed to make an upfront payment of $100,000 (to be included within the payments the Company makes under the Turnkey Contract) and deferred payments of $300,000 over 24 months, which was expensed to research and development expense.

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TerraPower, LLC

TerraPower Agreement

On April 4, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with TerraPower LLC (“TerraPower”) to develop a conceptual design, refined cost/schedule/financing, risk register, and term sheet for a High Assay Low Enriched Uranium (“HALEU”) facility (the “TerraPower Agreement”). The TerraPower Agreement may be terminated for (a) breach or default, (b) the Company’s convenience or (c) TerraPower’s convenience. TerraPower is obligated to make all payments for milestones completed by the Company and these payments are nonrefundable.

On October 18, 2024, the Company and TerraPower signed a term sheet (the “TerraPower Term Sheet”) that provides for the execution of two definitive agreements: (1) an agreement pursuant to which TerraPower will provide funding for the Company’s construction of a uranium enrichment facility capable of producing HALEU using the Company’s proprietary aerodynamic separation process technology to be located in the Republic of South Africa and (2) An agreement pursuant to which the Company will deliver to TerraPower the full capacity of the enrichment facility.

The Company accounts for the TerraPower Agreement in accordance with ASC 808. The Company has concluded that other authoritative accounting literature does not apply directly to these payments from TerraPower, either directly or by analogy, including ASC 606 because TerraPower is not a customer. The Company has concluded that TerraPower is not a customer because TerraPower has not contracted with the Company to obtain goods or services that are an output of the Company’s ordinary activities in exchange for consideration. The Company also has concluded that there is no other authoritative accounting literature that is appropriate to apply by analogy, and, accordingly, its accounting policy is to evaluate the income statement classification for presentation of amounts associated with each separate activity. As a result, the Company concludes that all portions of the net receivable from TerraPower are directly related to the conceptual design of the HALEU facility. Furthermore, the Company and TerraPower will jointly develop criteria for optimization of the HALEU facility’s operations. TerraPower shares the risks and rewards of designing the HALEU facility since its successful completion will enable TerraPower to purchase output from the HALEU facility in the future.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, no collaboration revenue was recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

TerraPower Loan Agreement and HALEU Supply Agreements

In May 2025, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with TerraPower, which provides conditional commitments from TerraPower to the Company through one of its wholly-owned U.S.-based subsidiaries (“Borrower”) for a multiple advance term loan totaling $22,000,000 for the purpose of partially funding the construction of a proposed new uranium enrichment facility in South Africa. The total loan amount is inclusive of a 10% original issue discount on each disbursement and carries a fixed interest rate of 10% per annum. Per the terms of the Loan Agreement and subject to the satisfaction of various conditions precedent to disbursements (including receiving all required licenses and permits to perform uranium enrichment in South Africa), the Company will receive aggregate loan disbursements of $20,000,000. The Loan Agreement matures on May 16, 2032. Interest will begin accruing upon each milestone disbursement received by the Company and will be added to the principal balance until November 2027. Principal and interest payments will be made in 60 equal installments beginning in November 2027. The Company does not plan to request a drawdown on this loan until early 2026 when construction of the uranium enrichment facility is expected to begin.

In addition to a loan agreement, the Company and TerraPower have entered into two supply agreements for the HALEU expected to be produced at the Company’s uranium enrichment facility. The initial core supply agreement is intended to support the supply of the required first fuel cores for the initial loading of TerraPower’s Natrium project in Wyoming. The long-term supply agreement is a 10-year supply agreement of up to a total of 150 metric tons of HALEU, commencing in 2028 through end of 2037.

11. Acquisitions

PET Labs

In October 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of PET Labs. The acquisition is intended to accelerate the distribution of the Company’s pipeline.

Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, the Company acquired 51% of the common shares issued and outstanding for total purchase consideration of $2,000,000 in cash of which $500,000 was paid up front. In January 2025 and 2024, the Company made a partial payment of $750,000 and $264,750, respectively. The balance as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $485,250 and $1,235,250, respectively, and is expected to be paid in the second half of 2025. It is recorded in other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

In addition to the purchase consideration, the Company has an option to purchase the remaining 49% of the issued and outstanding shares for an agreed consideration totaling $2,200,000. No consideration or value relating to this option was recognized as it was not considered probable at the time of acquisition and as of June 30, 2025.

Dr. Gerdus Kemp is an officer of PET Labs and, effective November 1, 2023, an employee of ASP Guernsey. In addition, Dr. Kemp controls the remaining 49% ownership of PET Labs.

The Company accounts for business combinations in accordance with ASU No. 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805), which requires an acquirer to retrospectively adjust provisional amounts recognized in a business combination during the measurement period (which represents a period not to exceed one year from the date of the acquisition), in the reporting period in which the adjustment is determined, as well as present separately on the face of the income statement or as a disclosure in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, the portion of the amount recorded in current period earnings that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date.

The changes to the carrying value of goodwill is as follows:

Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	3,267,103
Translation adjustment		(99,002	)
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	3,168,101
Translation adjustment		194,549
Balance as of June 30, 2025	$	3,362,650

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ASP Rentals

In December 2023, ASP South Africa entered into a Shareholders Agreement (“ASP Rentals Shareholders Agreement”) with ASP Rentals, a newly formed equipment financing service provider formed for the sole purpose of providing financing to ASP South Africa for its significant asset purchases in South Africa. In accordance with the terms of the ASP Rentals Shareholders Agreement, ASP Rentals issued 24% of its capital stock to ASP South Africa for total consideration of ZAR 3,300,829 (which at the exchange rate as of December 31, 2023 was $180,387) and the remaining 76% of its capital stock was issued to two third party entities for combined consideration of ZAR 13,203,317 (which at the exchange rate as of December 31, 2023 was $721,548).

In June 2024, ASP Rentals issued additional capital stock to support additional financing to ASP South Africa and PET Labs. Per the terms of the ASP Rentals Shareholder Agreement, ASP Rentals issued 20% of the new capital to ASP South Africa for total consideration of ZAR 3,671,412 (which at the exchange rate as of June 30, 2024 was $201,994) and the remaining 80% of the new capital to one of the two original third party entities for a combined consideration of ZAR 18,357,063 (which at the exchange rate as of June 30, 2024 was $1,009,969).

In August 2024, ASP Rentals issued additional capital stock to support additional financing to PET Labs. Per the terms of the ASP Rentals Shareholder Agreement, ASP Rentals issued 20% of the new capital to ASP South Africa for total consideration of ZAR 369,965 (which at the exchange rate as of August 23, 2024 was $21,421) and the remaining 80% of the new capital to one of the two original third party entities for a combined consideration of ZAR 1,849,826 (which at the exchange rate as of August 23, 2024 was $104,925).

In December 2024, ASP Rentals issued additional capital stock to support additional financing to ASP South Africa. Per the terms of the ASP Rentals Shareholder Agreement, ASP Rentals issued 20% of the new capital to ASP South Africa for total consideration of ZAR 130,000 (which at the exchange rate as of December 31, 2024 was $6,889) and the remaining 80% of the new capital to one of the two original third party entities for a combined consideration of ZAR 650,000 (which at the exchange rate as of December 31, 2024 was $35,746).

As a result of the additional financings in 2024, ASP South Africa now controls 42% of ASP Rentals.

In addition to issuance of these shares, future ASP South Africa and PET Labs Pharmaceutical equipment purchases may also be financed by ASP Rentals through the issuance of additional shares. ASP South Africa will only be entitled to dividend distributions upon the two third party entities receiving a designated return on their investment.

In conjunction with the ASP Rental Shareholders Agreement, ASP South Africa and PET Labs have both entered into an Asset Sale Agreement and an Asset Rental Agreement with ASP Rentals in order to facilitate the financing of equipment recently purchased by ASP South Africa and PET Labs. As a result of the transactions contemplated by these agreements, collectively, ASP Rentals is considered a variable interest entity. In addition, since the only function of ASP Rentals is to provide financing to ASP South Africa and PET Labs, ASP Isotopes is considered to be the primary beneficiary of ASP Rentals. Therefore, ASP Rentals has been consolidated in accordance with ASC 810.

12. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred stock

The Company has 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized, of which no shares were issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Common stock

The Company has 500,000,000 shares of common stock authorized, of which 83,905,417 and 72,068,059 shares were issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Common stockholders are entitled to one vote for each share of outstanding common stock held at all meetings of stockholders and written actions in lieu of meetings. Common stockholders are entitled to receive dividends for each share of outstanding common stock, if and when declared by the Board. No dividends have been declared or paid by the Company through June 30, 2025.

In June 2025, the Company issued 7,518,797 shares of common stock at $6.65 per share resulting in net proceeds of approximately $46.8 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses.

In July 2025, the Company issued 7,500,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $8.00 per share resulting in net proceeds of approximately $56.4 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses.

The following shares were issued to consultants and vendors for the three months ended June 30, 2025:

Description	Origination Date	Shares		Fair Value		Settlement Date	Fair Value at Settlement		Change in Fair Value
Settlement of liability with consultants	January 2025		50,000	$	247,000	April 2025	$	326,500	$	79,500
Issuance of common stock to consultant	April 2025		50,000		326,500	April 2025		326,500		—
Issuance of restricted common stock to consultants	April 2025		180,000		1,175,400	April 2025		1,175,400		—
			280,000	$	1,748,900		$	1,828,400	$	79,500

The following shares were issued to consultants and vendors for the three months ended June 30, 2024:

Description	Origination Date	Shares		Fair Value		Settlement Date	Fair Value at Settlement		Change in Fair Value
Settlement of liability with consultants	January 2024		100,000	$	195,000	September 2024	$	219,500	$	(24,500	)
Settlement of liability with consultants	April 2024		60,000		240,600	June 2024		183,600	$	57,000
Issuance of common stock to consultant	June 2024		60,000		183,600	June 2024		183,600	$	—
			220,000	$	619,200		$	586,700	$	32,500

During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company issued shares of common stock to consultants and vendors to settle share liabilities. The fair value of these shares is recorded to share liability in the consolidated balance sheet and the change in

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fair value upon settlement of the share liability is recorded to change in fair value of share liability in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Activity of the share liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 is as follows:

	Share Liability as of December 31, 2024		New Share Liabilities in 2025		Mark to Market Adjustments in 2025		Liabilities Settled in 2025			Share Liabilities as of June 30, 2025
Share liabilities	$	—	$	346,997	$	129,269	$	(326,500	)	$	149,766

Activity of the share liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 is as follows:

	Share Liability as of December 31, 2023		New Share Liabilities in 2024		Mark to Market Adjustments in 2024		Liabilities Settled in 2024			Share Liabilities as of June 30, 2024
Share liabilities	$	—	$	435,600	$	54,000	$	(183,600	)	$	306,000

Common Stock Warrants

In May 2025, a warrant to purchase 1,294,778 shares of common stock was exercised and the Company received gross proceeds of $4,915,312. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were warrants to purchase shares of common stock outstanding of 221,519 and 1,516,297 shares, respectively.

13. Stock Compensation Plan

Equity Incentive Plan

In October 2021, the Company adopted the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (“2021 Plan”) that provided for the issuance of common stock to employees, nonemployee directors, and consultants. Recipients of incentive stock options are eligible to purchase shares of common stock at an exercise price equal to no less than the estimated fair market value of such stock on the date of grant. The 2021 Plan provided for the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock awards and stock appreciation rights. The maximum contractual term of options granted under the 2021 Plan is ten years. The maximum number of shares initially available for issuance under the 2021 Plan was 6,000,000. No further options are available to be issued under the 2021 Plan.

In November 2022, the Company adopted the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (“2022 Plan”) that provides for the issuance of common stock to employees, nonemployee directors, and consultants. Recipients of incentive stock options are eligible to purchase shares of common stock at an exercise price equal to no less than the estimated fair market value of such stock on the date of grant. The 2022 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock awards and stock appreciation rights. The maximum contractual term of options granted under the 2022 Plan is ten years. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock initially reserved for issuance under the 2022 Plan is equal to 5,000,000, subject to an annual increase, to be added on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023 and continuing until, and including, the fiscal year ending December 31, 2033, equal to the lesser of 5% of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on such date or an amount determined by the Company’s board of directors. On January 1, 2025, the Company added 3,603,403 shares to the 2022 Plan. As of June 30, 2025, 1,335,155 shares remain available for future grant under the 2022 Plan.

In June 2024, the Company adopted the 2024 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (“2024 Plan”). The 2024 Plan will be used exclusively for the grant of equity awards to individuals who were not previously employees or directors of the Company, or following a bona fide period of non-employment, as an inducement material to such individuals entering into employment with the Company, pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4). Recipients of stock options are eligible to purchase shares of common stock at an exercise price equal to no less than the estimated fair market value of such stock on the date of grant. The 2024 Plan provides for the grant of non-statutory stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock awards and stock appreciation rights. The maximum contractual term of options granted under the 2024 Plan is ten years. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock initially reserved for issuance under the 2024 plan is equal to 2,500,000. As of June 30, 2025, 1,545,000 shares remain available for future grant under the 2024 Plan.

Stock Options

The following table sets forth the activity for the Company’s stock options during the periods presented:

	Number of Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024		2,731,000		$	1.90		7.4	$	7,171,930
Granted		—		$	—
Forfeited		(300,000	)	$	2.00
Outstanding as of June 30, 2025		2,431,000		$	1.89		6.9	$	13,292,660
Exercisable as of June 30, 2025		2,429,519		$	1.89		6.9	$	13,284,722
Vested or expected to vest as of June 30, 2025		2,431,000		$	1.89		6.9	$	13,292,660

No options were granted for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense from options of $136,146 and $194,845 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense from options of $316,752 and $391,032 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, there was $1,700 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested stock-based compensation arrangements granted under the Plan, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of less than one year.

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Stock Awards

In October 2021, the Company issued 1,500,000 shares of restricted common stock to its Chief Executive Officer. The number of shares that vest is dependent on achieving certain performance conditions and dependent market conditions upon the third anniversary from the date of grant. The Company determined that the fair value of this award was $0.25 per share for a total value of $375,000. The Company determined the performance condition probable and recognized stock-based compensation expense of $375,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense from stock awards totaling $4,293,531 and $2,323,171 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense from stock awards totaling $6,002,626 and $3,840,639 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, there is $21,140,085 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the non-vested portion of restricted stock awards that is expected to be recognized over the next year.

The following table summarizes vesting of restricted common stock:

	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Unvested as of December 31, 2024		2,814,703		$	3.24
Granted		2,923,783		$	6.55
Vested		(984,330	)	$	4.73
Unvested as of June 30, 2025		4,754,156		$	4.97

Stock-based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense for all stock awards recognized in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Selling, general and administrative	$	4,379,090	$	2,436,295	$	6,198,189	$	4,066,886
Research and development		50,587		81,721		121,189		164,784
Total	$	4,429,677	$	2,518,016	$	6,319,378	$	4,231,670

14. Net Loss Per Share

The Company has reported losses since inception and has computed basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding for the period, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities. The Company computes diluted net loss per share of Common Stock after giving consideration to all potentially dilutive shares of common stock, including options to purchase common stock and warrants to purchase common stock, outstanding during the period determined using the treasury-stock and if-converted methods, except where the effect of including such securities would be antidilutive. Because the Company has reported net losses since inception, these potential shares of Common Stock have been anti-dilutive and basic and diluted loss per share were the same for all periods presented.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to ASP Isotopes Inc. shareholders before deemed dividend on warrant to purchase common stock	$	(75,062,857	)	$	(8,932,925	)	$	(83,509,054	)	$	(15,881,010	)
Deemed dividend on warrant to purchase common stock		—			(2,779,659	)		—			(2,779,659	)
Net loss attributable to ASP Isotopes Inc. shareholders		(75,062,857	)		(11,712,584	)		(83,509,054	)		(18,660,669	)
Denominator:
Weighted average common stock outstanding, basic and diluted		73,009,938			49,136,009			71,256,809			46,848,926
Net loss per share, basic and diluted		(1.03	)		(0.24	)		(1.17	)		(0.40	)

The following table sets forth the potentially dilutive securities that have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share because to include them would be anti-dilutive:

	As of June 30,
	2025		2024
Options to purchase common stock		2,431,000		2,731,000
Restricted stock		4,754,156		2,550,000
Warrants to purchase common stock		221,519		1,446,519
Total shares of common stock equivalents		7,406,675		6,727,519

15. Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was -0.1%. The effective tax rate for the tthree months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 varied from the federal statutory rate primarily due to losses in jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance is recorded.

The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was 0.0% and 0.2%, respectively. The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 varied from the federal statutory rate primarily due to losses in jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance is recorded.

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The Company recognizes a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits. Income tax positions must meet a more likely than not recognition threshold to be recognized. The Company’s practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Company had no accrual for interest and penalties on the Company’s balance sheets and has not recognized interest and/or penalties in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. Uncertain tax positions are evaluated based upon the facts and circumstances that exist at each reporting period. Subsequent changes in judgment based upon new information may lead to changes in recognition, derecognition, and measurement. Adjustments may result, for example, upon resolution of an issue with the taxing authorities or expiration of a statute of limitations barring an assessment for an issue. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no uncertain tax positions.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company did not recognize any interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits. Due to net operating losses incurred, tax years from inception remain open to examination by the Federal and State taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject. The Company is not currently under Internal Revenue Services (IRS), state or local tax examination.

Ownership changes, as defined in the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”), may limit the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income pursuant to IRC Section 382 or similar provisions. Subsequent ownership changes could further affect the limitation in future years. The Company has not completed a study to assess whether a change of control has occurred or whether there have been multiple changes of control since the Company’s formation due to the significant complexity and cost associated with such study and because there could be additional changes in control in the future. As a result, the Company is not able to estimate the effect of the change in control, if any, on the Company’s ability to utilize net operating loss and research and development credit carryforwards in the future.

16. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through August 14, 2025, the date on which the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements were issued and concluded that no subsequent events have occurred that require disclosure except as described below.

Investment in IsoBio, Inc.

On July 28, 2025, the Company purchased 2,000,000 shares of IsoBio, Inc. (“IsoBio”) Series Seed-1 Preferred Stock at $2.50 per share for a total aggregate purchase price of $5,000,000. IsoBio is a U.S.-based radiotherapeutic development company focused on developing a broad pipeline of mAb-based radioisotope therapeutics targeting both derisked and novel tumor antigens for patients in need of new cancer therapies.

As the owner of the Series Seed-1 Preferred Stock, the Company has the right to designate one board member. An officer and director of the Company was designated to fill that board seat. In addition, another board member of the Company is a board member and executive officer of IsoBio.

Issuance of Common Stock

On July 25, 2025, the Company issued 7,500,000 shares of its common stock at a price of $8.00 per share in a registered direct offering. Gross proceeds from the offering totaled $60,000,000, and net proceeds were approximately $56.4 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses.

Income Taxes

On July 4, 2025, subsequent to the end of the Company’s second quarter, the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” ("OBBBA") was enacted into law. The legislation includes a number of significant tax-related provisions, including changes affecting corporate tax incentives, international tax provisions, and various business credits and deductions.

Pursuant to ASC 740, Income Taxes, the Company will recognize the effects of the OBBBA in the third fiscal quarter of 2025, the period in which the legislation was enacted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of the OBBBA on its financial statements.

2025 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan

On July 16, 2025, upon recommendation of the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board, the Board approved and adopted the Company’s 2025 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (the “Inducement Equity Plan”), and subject to the adjustment provisions of the Inducement Equity Plan, reserved 2,000,000 shares of Common Stock for issuance of equity awards under the Inducement Equity Plan. The Company expects to issue awards under the Inducement Equity Plan to new hires from Renergen, assuming the Company completes the acquisition.

The Inducement Equity Plan was approved and adopted without stockholder approval pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4). The Inducement Equity Plan provides for grants of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance awards (consisting of performance shares or performance units) and other cash-based or stock-based awards (each, an “Inducement Award”). In addition, the Board also approved and adopted forms of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Agreement, and Notice of Grant of Stock Option and Stock Option Agreement for use with the Inducement Equity Plan. The terms and conditions of the Inducement Equity Plan are intended to comply with the Nasdaq inducement award rules.

In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4), the only persons eligible to receive grants of Inducement Awards are individuals who were not previously employees or directors of the Company (or following a bona fide period of non-employment), as an inducement material to the individuals’ entry into employment with the Company.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the section entitled “Risk Factors,” our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. You should carefully read the section entitled “Risk Factors” to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements. Please also see the section entitled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

We are a development stage advanced materials company dedicated to the development of technology and processes that, if successful, will allow for the enrichment of natural isotopes into higher concentration products, which could be used in several industries. Our proprietary technologies, the Aerodynamic Separation Process (“ASP technology”) and Quantum Enrichment technology (“QE technology”), are designed to enable the production of isotopes used in several industries. Our initial focus is on the production and commercialization of enriched Carbon-14 (“C-14”), Silicon-28 (“Si-28”) and Ytterbium-176 (“Yb-176”).

We have completed the commissioning phase and are commencing commercial production at our C-14 and Si-28 enrichment facilities in Pretoria, South Africa. We have also completed the commissioning phase and are commencing production of commercial samples of highly enriched Yb-176 at the Yb-176 enrichment facility in Pretoria, South Africa. Our C-14 and Si-28 enrichment facilities utilize the ASP technology and our Yb-176 enrichment facility utilizes QE technology. We expect our first three enrichment facilities to generate commercial product during 2025. In addition, we have started planning additional isotope enrichment plants both in South Africa and in other jurisdictions, including Iceland and the United States. We believe the C-14 we may produce using the ASP technology could be used in the development of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. We believe the Si-28 we may produce using the ASP technology may be used to create advanced semiconductors and in quantum computing. We believe the Yb-176 we may produce using the QE technology may be used to create radiotherapeutics that treat various forms of oncology.

In addition, we are considering the future development of the ASP technology for the separation of Zinc-68 and Xenon-129/136 for potential use in the healthcare end market, Germanium 70/72/74 for potential use in the semiconductor end market, and Chlorine -37 for potential use in the nuclear energy end market. We are also considering the future development of QE technology for the separation of Nickel-64, Gadolinium-160, Ytterbium-171, Lithium 6 and Lithium7.

We are currently pursuing an initiative to apply our enrichment technologies to the enrichment of Uranium-235 (“U-235”) in South Africa. We believe that the U-235 we may produce using quantum enrichment technology may be commercialized as a nuclear fuel component for use in the new generation of high-assay low-enriched uranium (“HALEU”)-fueled small modular reactors that are now under development for commercial and government uses. In furtherance of our uranium enrichment initiative, in October 2024, we entered into a term sheet with TerraPower, LLC (“TerraPower”) which contemplates the parties entering into definitive agreements pursuant to which TerraPower would provide funding for the construction of a HALEU production facility and agree to purchase all HALEU produced at the facility over a 10-year period after the planned completion of the facility in 2027. In addition, in November 2024, we entered into a memorandum of understanding with The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (“Necsa”), a South African state-owned company responsible for undertaking and promoting research and development in the field of nuclear energy and radiation sciences, to collaborate on the research, development and ultimately the commercial production of advanced nuclear fuels. Subject to the receipt of funding and all required permits and licenses to begin enrichment of U-235 in South Africa, it is anticipated that the research, development and ultimate construction of a HALEU production facility will take place at South Africa’s main nuclear research center at Pelindaba in Pretoria. See the section captioned “TerraPower” below for disclosures regarding certain definitive agreements entered into between TerraPower and us and/or our subsidiaries, including a term loan subject to conditions to support construction of a new uranium enrichment facility at Pelindaba, South Africa and supply agreements for the future supply of HALEU to TerraPower, as a customer.

Our Subsidiaries and Segments

We operate principally through our subsidiaries. ASP Isotopes Guernsey Limited (the holding company for subsidiaries in the Cayman Islands, South Africa, Iceland and the United Kingdom) is focused on the development and commercialization of high-value, low-volume isotopes for highly specialized end markets (such as C-14, Mo-100, and Si-28). ASP Isotopes UK Ltd is the owner of our technology.

QLE. In September 2023, we formed Quantum Leap Energy LLC (“QLE”), which also has subsidiaries in the United Kingdom (Quantum Leap Energy Limited) and South Africa (Quantum Leap Energy (Pty) Limited), to focus on the development and commercialization of advanced nuclear fuels such as HALEU and Lithium-6.

Although no assurance can be given, we plan to spin-out QLE as a separate public company and list the shares of QLE on a U.S. national exchange and distribute a portion of QLE’s common equity to ASPI’s stockholders as of a to-be-determined future record date, in each case subject to obtaining applicable approvals and consents and complying with applicable rules and regulations and public market trading and listing requirements. The regulatory landscape and supply chain for nuclear fuel production differs significantly from that of medical isotopes, hence we and QLE have different business models and we believe that both companies would benefit if QLE is independently managed and financed.

In connection with the anticipated spin-out, we entered into a number of agreements with QLE, including a License Agreement, pursuant to which QLE has licensed from us the rights to technologies and methods used to separate Uranium 235 and Lithium 6 (including but not limited to the quantum enrichment and ASP technologies) in exchange for a perpetual royalty in the amount of 10% of all future QLE revenues, and an EPC Services Framework Agreement, pursuant to which we will provide services for the engineering, procurement and construction of one or more turnkey Uranium-235 and Lithium-6 enrichment facilities in locations to be identified by QLE and owned or leased by QLE, and commissioning, start-up and test services for each such facility, subject to the receipt of all applicable regulatory approvals, permits, licenses, authorizations, registrations, certificates, consents, orders, variances and similar rights. In addition, in February 2024, we assigned to QLE certain existing memoranda of understanding with U.S.-based small modular reactor companies for the use of Quantum Enrichment for the production of HALEU. The MOUs provide for substantial financial

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support for the development of HALEU production facilities that should be capable of supplying metric ton quantities of HALEU by 2027.

PET Labs. We have a 51% ownership stake in PET Labs Pharmaceuticals Proprietary Limited (“PET Labs”), a South African radiopharmaceutical operations company focused on the production of fluorinated radioisotopes and active pharmaceutical ingredients, through which we entered the downstream medical isotope production and distribution market. Under the terms of the Share Purchase Agreement pursuant to which we acquired the shares in PET Labs, we agreed to pay a total of $2,000,000 for the shares in two installments. The first installment of $500,000 was paid in November 2023. In January 2025 and 2024, we paid $750,000 and $264,750, respectively, towards the balance due. The remaining balance of $485,250 is due upon demand any time after October 31, 2024, and is expected to be paid in 2025.

Beginning in 2024, primarily as a result of the increased business activities of QLE, we have two operating segments: (i) nuclear fuels, and (ii) specialist isotopes and related services.

Financings

In March 2024, our wholly owned subsidiary QLE received gross proceeds of $20,550,000 through the issuance of Convertible Promissory Notes. These convertible notes have a stated interest rate of 6% for the first year and 8% thereafter. The maturity date of these convertible promissory notes is March 7, 2029. These convertible promissory notes automatically convert into common shares upon Quantum Leap Energy’s closing of an IPO or other qualifying public transaction at 80% of the share price taking into consideration a valuation cap.

In June 2024, our wholly owned subsidiary QLE received gross proceeds of $5,386,228 through this issuance of additional Convertible Promissory Notes with a stated interest rate of 6% for the first year and 8% thereafter. One of the notes totaling $108,167 was issued to the placement agent in lieu of cash issuance costs. The maturity date of the Convertible Promissory Notes is March 7, 2029. The Convertible Promissory Notes automatically convert into common shares upon Quantum Leap Energy’s closing of an IPO or other qualifying public transaction at 80% of the share price taking into consideration a valuation cap.

In April 2024, we received approximately $5.5 million from the issuance of 3,164,557 shares of common stock upon the exercise of warrants.

In July 2024, we issued 13,800,000 in a public offering at a public offering price of $2.50 per share resulting in net proceeds of approximately $32.3 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses.

In October 2024, a warrant to purchase 151,741 shares of common stock was exercised and the Company received gross proceeds of $299,688.

In November 2024, we issued 2,754,250 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $6.75 per share resulting in net proceeds of approximately $17.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses.

In June 2025, we issued 7,518,797 shares of common stock at $6.65 per share in a registered direct offering resulting in net proceeds of approximately $46.8 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses.

In July 2025, we issued 7,500,000 shares of common stock at $8.00 per share in a registered direct offering resulting in net proceeds of approximately $56.4 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses.

TerraPower

On April 4, 2024, we entered into an agreement with TerraPower to develop a conceptual design, refined cost/schedule/financing, risk register, and term sheet for a HALEU facility (the “TerraPower Agreement”). The TerraPower Agreement may be terminated for (a) breach or default, (b) our convenience or (c) TerraPower’s convenience. TerraPower is obligated to make all payments for milestones completed by us and these payments are nonrefundable.

On October 18, 2024, we signed a term sheet with TerraPower (the “TerraPower Term Sheet”) that provides for the execution of two definitive agreements: (1) an agreement pursuant to which TerraPower will provide funding for our construction of a uranium enrichment facility capable of producing HALEU using our proprietary aerodynamic separation process technology to be located in the Republic of South Africa and (2) An agreement pursuant to which we will deliver to TerraPower the full capacity of the enrichment facility.

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, no collaboration revenue has been recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

In May 2025, we entered into a Loan Agreement with TerraPower, which provides conditional commitments from TerraPower to us through one of our wholly-owned U.S.-based subsidiaries (“Borrower”) for a multiple advance term loan totaling $22,000,000 for the purpose of partially funding the construction of a proposed new uranium enrichment facility in South Africa. The total loan amount is inclusive of a 10% original issue discount on each disbursement and carries a fixed interest rate of 10% per annum. Per the terms of the Loan Agreement and subject to the satisfaction of various conditions precedent to disbursements (including receiving all required licenses and permits to perform uranium enrichment in South Africa), we will receive aggregate loan disbursements of $20,000,000. The Loan Agreement matures on May 16, 2032. Interest will begin accruing upon each milestone disbursement we receive and will be added to the principal balance until November 2027. Principal and interest payments will be made in 60 equal installments beginning in November 2027. The Company does not plan to request drawdown on this loan until early 2026 when construction of the uranium enrichment facility is expected to begin.

In addition to a loan agreement, in May 2025, we and TerraPower have entered into two supply agreements for the HALEU expected to be produced at our uranium enrichment facility. The initial core supply agreement is intended to support the supply of the required first fuel cores for the initial loading of TerraPower’s Natrium project in Wyoming. The long-term supply agreement is a 10-year supply agreement of up to a total of 150 metric tons of HALEU, commencing in 2028 through end of 2037.

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Renergen Acquisition and Financing

On May 20, 2025, we entered into agreement (the “Firm Intention Agreement”) with Renergen Limited, a public company incorporated under the laws of the Republic of South Africa focused on production of liquefied helium (LHe) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) (“Renergen”), pursuant to which, subject to the terms and conditions thereof, the Company will make an offer to acquire all of the issued ordinary shares of Renergen (“Renergen Ordinary Shares”), in exchange for shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of the Company (the “Company Common Stock”), as described below (the “Offer”). The Company intends to implement the Offer through the implementation of a scheme of arrangement (the “Scheme”) in accordance with Sections 114 and 115 of the South African Companies Act, No. 71 of 2008 (the “Companies Act”). As a result of the implementation of the Scheme, Renergen will become a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. If the Scheme lapses or fails, solely due to one or more Scheme conditions not being fulfilled or, where applicable, not being waived, the Company, as part of the same Offer, will make an offer to acquire up to 100% of the Renergen Ordinary Shares from Renergen shareholders by way of general standby offer, which will not be subject to any condition as to acceptances (the “Standby Offer”).

The implementation of the Scheme will result in the delisting of the Renergen Ordinary Shares from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (the “JSE”), the Australian Securities Exchange and A2X. The Company Common Stock will continue to be listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market and will additionally be listed on the JSE by way of a secondary inward listing (the “Company Secondary Listing”).

Offer Consideration. On the implementation date of the Scheme (the “closing date of the acquisition”), the holders of record of Renergen Ordinary Shares, who are registered as such in Renergen’s securities register as of the applicable record date for purposes of the listing requirements of the JSE (the “Scheme Record Date”), will exchange 100% of the issued Renergen Ordinary Shares as of the Scheme Record Date, excluding treasury shares, in exchange for consideration consisting of 0.09196 shares of Company Common Stock for each Renergen Ordinary Share (the “Scheme Consideration” and the shares of Company Common Stock to be issued as the Scheme Consideration or in the Standby Offer, the “Consideration Shares”). Any entitlements to fractions of shares of Company Common Stock that otherwise would be issuable pursuant to the Scheme will be rounded down to the nearest whole number of shares and a cash payment will be made for any fractional shares resulting from such rounding. In no event will the Company issues more than14,270,000 Consideration Shares.

The implementation of the Scheme and the issuance of the Consideration Shares is expected to result in current securityholders of Renergen and current securityholders of the Company owning approximately 16% and 84%, respectively, of the outstanding shares of Company Common Stock immediately following the closing date of the acquisition.

Governance. The Firm Intention Agreement provides that, in the event that either the Scheme or the Stand-by Offer results in the Company acquiring at least 51% of the issued Renergen Ordinary Shares, after such event, Renergen will become an operating subsidiary of the Company and will continue to be led by Stefano Marani, the current Chief Executive Officer of Renergen, who will join the board of directors of the Company and become the Chief Executive Officer of the Electronics and Space Division of ASP Isotopes. Nick Mitchell, the Chief Operating Officer of Renergen, will become Co-Chief Operating Officer of ASP Isotopes.

Conditions to Closing. The Offer (including the Scheme and the Standby Offer) will be subject to the fulfilment or, where permissible, waiver of the following Offer conditions that, by no later than September 30, 2025: (i) the written consent for the transfer of the Renergen Ordinary Shares in terms of the Offer is obtained from the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa and the United States International Development Finance Corporation (“Renergen Lenders”) in terms of the change of control provisions under their respective loan and/or funding arrangements with Renergen and subsidiaries of Renergen and that the Renergen Lenders agree not to proceed in foreclosing on outstanding debt due by those subsidiaries, as a result of any breach of covenants, event of default or otherwise, prior to July 31, 2027; (ii) the written consent for the transfer of the Renergen Ordinary Shares in terms of the Offer is obtained from The Standard Bank of South Africa (“SBSA”) in terms of the change of control provisions under its respective loan(s) and/or funding arrangement(s) with Renergen and SBSA agrees to extend the repayment date for the loan(s) and/or funding arrangement(s) to at least March 31, 2026; (iii) AIRSOL SRL agrees to extend the maturity date for the convertible debentures that it holds in Renergen, to at least March 31, 2026; (iv) receipt of required regulatory approvals required to implement the Offer are obtained (except for the requirement that Takeover Panel issue a compliance certificate to Renergen in terms of section 121(b) of the Companies Act); (v) receipt of all regulatory approvals required for the Company Secondary Listing; (vi) approval of applicable competition authorities to implement the Offer; (vii) approval by Renergen’s shareholders of the Shareholder Ratification resolution and the Scheme resolution to be descried in the combined circular to be distributed to Renergen’s shareholders (the “Renergen shareholder Approval”); and (viii) absence of a material adverse change with respect to Renergen. The Renergen shareholder Approval was obtained at a general meeting of shareholders of Renergen held on July 10, 2025.

Exclusivity Agreement and Bridge Loan. On March 31, 2025, the Company and Renergen entered into an exclusivity agreement (as subsequently amended, the “Exclusivity Agreement”), pursuant to which the parties agreed to discuss and negotiate the proposed transaction on an exclusive basis for a limited period ending on May 31, 2025. Renergen received a refundable exclusivity payment of the ZAR equivalent amount of $10 million, which amount has since been converted into and credited as an advance under a $30 million bridge loan agreement, dated May 19, 2025, by and among the Company, ASP Isotopes South Africa Proprietary Limited, as lender, and Renergen, as borrower (the “Bridge Loan Agreement”). Under the Bridge Loan Agreement, the Company agreed to advance two tranches of loan amounts of the ZAR equivalent amount of $10 million, each of which was advanced to Renergen in the second quarter of 2025, such that the total advanced amounts advanced to Renergen as of June 30, 2025 is the ZAR equivalent of $30 million, to enable Renergen to meet key lender payment deadlines and avoid a default by Renergen under its existing loan/funding arrangements.

Other Commercial Agreements

Below is a summary of the key terms of our other commercial agreements.

Lease for Processing Plant. On October 12, 2021, ASP South Africa entered into an agreement of lease with the landlord of the facility located at 33 Eland Street, Koedoespoort Industrial, Pretoria where we operate our multi-isotope processing plant where gaseous compounds will be treated (which process comprises several stages of compression and expansion during which the product is purified). The term of the lease ends on December 31, 2030.

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Lease for additional production space. On April 1, 2023, ASP South Africa entered into an agreement of lease with the landlord of facility located in Pretoria where we plan to perform production activities. The initial term of the lease was set to end on March 31, 2024. We entered into a new agreement of lease with the landlord. The terms of the new lease ends on February 28, 2026.

Lease for additional laboratory space. On November 1, 2023, ASP South Africa entered into an agreement of lease with the landlord of the facility located in Pretoria where we perform research and development activities. The term of the lease ends on October 30, 2026.

Lease for additional office space. On June 1, 2025, ASP South Africa entered into an agreement of lease with the landlord of facility located in Pretoria for additional office space. The term of the lease ends on May 31, 2028.

Lease for PET Labs operations. Commencing with our acquisition of PET Labs in October 2023, this facility has an initial term set to expire in March 2026 with automatic monthly extensions thereafter. This space is used for office and production activities.

Lease for additional PET Labs operations. Commencing with our acquisition of PET Labs in October 2023, this facility had an initial term which expired in December 2023 and is currently under automatic monthly extensions. This space is used for production activities.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

Effective with the acquisition of 51% of PET Labs, the Company recognizes revenue from the sale of nuclear medical doses for PET scanning.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold associated with the sale of nuclear medical doses for PET scanning consist of labor, delivery and materials.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of (i) research and development expenses and (ii) selling, general and administrative expenses.

Research and Development

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of direct and indirect costs incurred in connection with the development activities for our future isotopes.

Direct costs include:

•external research and development expenses; and

•costs related to designing the development processes of isotope production.

Indirect costs include:

•personnel-related costs, which include salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits, and other employee-related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, for personnel engaged in research and development functions; and

•facilities and other various expenses.

Research and development expenses are recognized as incurred and payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are capitalized until the goods or services are received.

We expect that our research and development expenses will increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we continue the development of our future isotopes. We cannot determine with certainty the timing of initiation, the duration or the completion costs of development activities. Actual development timelines, the probability of success and development costs can differ materially from expectations.

We will need to raise substantial additional capital in the future. In addition, we cannot forecast which future isotopes may be subject to future collaborations, when such arrangements will be secured, if at all, and to what degree such arrangements would affect our development plans and capital requirements.

Our research and development expenses may vary significantly based on a variety of factors, such as:

•the scope, rate of progress, expense and results of our development activities;

•the phase of development of our future isotopes;

•the timing, receipt, and terms of any approvals from applicable regulatory authorities including the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities;

•significant and changing government regulation and regulatory guidance;

•the cost and timing of designing the development processes of isotope production;

•the extent to which we establish additional strategic collaborations or other arrangements; and

•the impact of any business interruptions to our operations or to those of the third parties with whom we work.

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of any of our future isotopes could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that future isotope.

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Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs, which include salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits, and other employee-related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, for personnel in executive, sales, finance and other administrative functions. Other significant costs include legal fees relating to corporate matters, professional fees for accounting and consulting services and facility-related costs.

We expect that our ongoing selling, general and administrative expenses will increase substantially for the foreseeable future to support our increased research and development activities and increased costs of operating as a public company and in building our internal resources. These increased costs will include increased expenses related to audit, legal, regulatory and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with exchange listing and SEC requirements, director and officer insurance premiums and investor and public relations costs associated with operating as a public company.

Segment Information

Beginning in 2024, primarily as a result of the increased business activities of our subsidiary QLE, we have two operating segments: (i) nuclear fuels, and (ii) specialist isotopes and related services.

The nuclear fuels segment is focused on research and development of technologies and methods used to produce HALEU and Lithium-6 for the advanced nuclear fuels target end market.

The specialist isotopes and related services segment is focused on research and development of technologies and methods used to separate high-value, low-volume isotopes (such as C-14, Mo-100 and Si-28) for highly specialized target end markets other than advanced nuclear fuels, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, nuclear medical imaging and semiconductors, as well as services related to these isotopes, and this segment includes PET Labs.

The financial information is regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources. Our CODM is our chief executive officer.

We manage assets on a total company basis, not by operating segment, as the assets are shared or commingled. Therefore, the chief operating decision maker does not regularly review any asset information by operating segment and, accordingly, asset information is not reported on a segment basis.

Select information from the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as of the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

	Revenues				Net Loss Before Allocation to Noncontrolling Interest
	Three Months Ended June 30,				Three Months Ended June 30,
Segment	2025		2024		2025			2024
Specialist isotopes and related services	$	1,198,345	$	1,022,299	$	(8,195,975	)	$	(6,219,317	)
Nuclear fuels		—		—		(66,711,648	)		(2,852,272	)
Corporate		—		—		(249,536	)		190,147
	$	1,198,345	$	1,022,299	$	(75,157,159	)	$	(8,881,442	)

Select information from the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as of the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

	Revenues				Net Loss Before Allocation to Noncontrolling Interest
	Six Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
Segment	2025		2024		2025			2024
Specialist isotopes and related services	$	2,299,950	$	1,862,653	$	(14,585,508	)	$	(10,862,811	)
Nuclear fuels		—		—		(68,805,297	)		(4,931,279	)
Corporate		—		—		(227,786	)		(52,196	)
	$	2,299,950	$	1,862,653	$	(83,618,591	)	$	(15,846,286	)

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2025			2024			Change
Revenue	$	1,198,345		$	1,022,299		$	176,046
Cost of goods sold		626,247			601,275			24,972
Gross profit		572,098			421,024			151,074
Operating expenses:
Research and development		879,925			473,302			406,623
Selling, general and administrative		11,660,759			7,405,178			4,255,581
Total operating expenses		12,540,684			7,878,480			4,662,204
Other (expense) income:
Foreign exchange transaction loss		(37,047	)		26,147			(63,194	)
Change in fair value of share liability		(141,769	)		164,000			(305,769	)
Change in fair value of convertible notes payable		(63,757,723	)		(1,574,816	)		(62,182,907	)
Interest income		925,007			43,530			881,477
Interest expense		(81,803	)		(69,078	)		(12,725	)
Total other (expense) income		(63,093,335	)		(1,410,217	)		(61,683,118	)
Loss before income tax expense	$	(75,061,921	)	$	(8,867,673	)	$	(66,194,248	)

Revenue and Cost of Goods Sold

We have recognized revenue of PET Labs from the sale of nuclear medical doses for PET scanning for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. In addition, we have recognized the related cost of goods sold, operating expenses and other income and expenses of PET Labs for the same periods.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		Change
Personnel-related costs	$	148,353	$	149,020	$	(667	)
Consulting and professional		57,962		174,490		(116,528	)
Facility and depreciation expenses		544,413		88,344		456,069
Other expenses		129,197		61,448		67,749
Total research and development expenses	$	879,925	$	473,302	$	406,623

Research and development expenses were $879,925 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $473,302 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The overall increase of $406,623 was primarily due to the following:

•an increase in facility and depreciation expenses of $456,069 due to an increase in space dedicated to development, noncapitalized expenses and repairs and maintenance; and

•an increase in other expenses of $67,749 primarily related to other general research and development expenses.

This increase is partially offset by a decrease in consulting and professional fees of $116,528 due to increased outsourced development activity for new specialty isotopes.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $11,660,759 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $7,405,178 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The overall increase of $4,255,581 was primarily due to the following:

•an increase in personnel-related costs of $3,131,829 primarily due to the increase in headcount and salaries; and

•an increase in professional fees of $1,306,636 primarily due to corporate development activity and consulting costs related to new general ledger system.

Other (Expense) Income

Other expense for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was $63,093,335, which includes an expense of $63,757,723 due to change in fair value of the convertible notes payable issued in March and June 2024, a change in fair value of share liability of $141,769 related to the share issued to consultants, interest expense of $81,803 and a foreign exchange transaction expense of $37,047, partially offset by interest income of $925,007.

Other expense for the three months ended June 30, 2024 was $1,410,217, which includes a $1,574,816 change in fair value of the convertible notes payable issued in March and June 2024, interest expense of $69,078, partially offset by a $164,000 change in the fair value of the share liability related to the shares issuable to a consultant, foreign exchange transaction gain of $26,147 and interest income of $43,530.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025			2024			Change
Revenue	$	2,299,950		$	1,862,653		$	437,297
Cost of goods sold		1,401,012			1,162,759			238,253
Gross profit		898,938			699,894			199,044
Operating expenses:
Research and development		2,409,720			688,436			1,721,284
Selling, general and administrative		18,410,140			13,283,724			5,126,416
Total operating expenses		20,819,860			13,972,160			6,847,700
Other (expense) income:
Foreign exchange transaction loss		(98,517	)		1,804			(100,321	)
Change in fair value of share liability		(129,269	)		(54,000	)		(75,269	)
Change in fair value of convertible notes payable		(64,715,131	)		(2,528,526	)		(62,186,605	)
Interest income		1,438,720			55,718			1,383,002
Interest expense		(168,954	)		(82,866	)		(86,088	)
Total other (expense) income		(63,673,151	)		(2,607,870	)		(61,065,281	)
Loss before income tax expense	$	(83,594,073	)	$	(15,880,136	)	$	(67,713,937	)

Revenue and Cost of Goods Sold

We have recognized revenue of PET Labs from the sale of nuclear medical doses for PET scanning for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. In addition, we have recognized the related cost of goods sold, operating expenses and other income and expenses of PET Labs for the same periods.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		Change
Personnel-related costs	$	666,859	$	304,625	$	362,234
Consulting and professional		57,962		174,490		(116,528	)
Facility and depreciation expenses		1,214,547		159,626		1,054,921
Other expenses		470,352		49,695		420,657
Total research and development expenses	$	2,409,720	$	688,436	$	1,721,284

Research and development expenses were $2,409,720 for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $688,436 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The overall increase of $1,721,284 was primarily due to the following:

•an increase in personnel-related costs of $362,234 primarily due to the increase in headcount, salaries and related costs;

•an increase in facility and depreciation expenses of $1,054,921 due to an increase in space dedicated to development, noncapitalized expenses and repairs and maintenance; and

•an increase in other expenses of $420,657 primarily related to other general research and development expenses.

This increase is partially offset by a decrease in consulting and professional fees of $116,528 due to decreases in outsourced development activity.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $18,410,140 for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $13,283,724 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The overall increase of $5,126,416 was primarily due to the following:

•an increase in personnel-related costs of $4,053,766 primarily due to the increase in headcount, salaries and related costs; and

•an increase in professional fees of $1,288,728 primarily due to corporate development activity and consulting costs related to new general ledger system.

Other (Expense) Income

Other expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $63,673,151, which includes an expense of $64,715,131 due to change in fair value of the convertible notes payable issued in March and June 2024, a change in fair value of share liability related to the shares issuable to consultants of $129,269, interest expense of $168,954 and a foreign exchange transaction loss of $98,517, partially offset by interest income of $1,438,720.

Other expense for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $2,607,870, which includes a $54,000 change in the fair value of the share liability related to the shares issuable to a consultant, a $2,528,526 change in fair value of the convertible notes payable issued in March and June 2024 and interest expense of $82,866, partially offset by interest income of $55,718.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

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Sources of Liquidity

We have incurred net losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception, and we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing net losses for the foreseeable future. We have principally financed our operations to date through the issuance of our common stock, including our IPO, and the issuance of convertible notes payable.

As of June 30, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $67.7 million. We have not generated any revenue from the sale of our enriched isotopes, and our ability to generate product revenue from the sale of enriched isotopes sufficient to achieve profitability will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of one or more of our current or future enriched isotopes.

We recognize revenue from the sale of nuclear medical doses for PET scanning in South Africa. Our ability to generate product revenue from the sale of nuclear medical doses for PET scanning sufficient to achieve profitability will depend on the successful expansion of production capabilities and commercialization of the results of that expansion.

Future Funding Requirements

Based on our current operating plan, we estimate that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through at least the next 12 months from the date the financial statements are issued. However, our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement that involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary materially. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could deplete our capital resources sooner than we expect. Additionally, the process of developing isotopes is costly, and the timing of progress and expenses in these development activities is uncertain.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

•the type, number, scope, progress, expansions, results, costs and timing of, our development activities for our future isotopes;

•the outcome, timing and costs of regulatory review of our future isotopes;

•the costs and timing of manufacturing for our future isotopes;

•our efforts to enhance operational systems and hire additional personnel to satisfy our obligations as a public company, including enhanced internal controls over financial reporting;

•the costs associated with hiring additional personnel and consultants as our preclinical and clinical activities increase;

•the costs and timing of establishing or securing sales and marketing and distribution capabilities, whether alone or with third parties, to commercialize future isotopes for which we may obtain regulatory approval, if any;

•our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors and adequate market share and revenue for any approved products;

•the terms and timing of establishing and maintaining collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements;

•the costs of obtaining, expanding, maintaining and enforcing our patent and other intellectual property rights;

•the costs to spinoff QLE and subsequent arrangement for distributing proceeds; and

•costs associated with any products or technologies that we may in-license or acquire.

Developing isotopes is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never achieve the necessary results required or obtain applicable regulatory approval for any isotopes or generate revenue from the sale of any future isotopes (assuming applicable regulatory approval is received). In addition, our future isotopes (assuming applicable regulatory approval is received) may not achieve commercial success. Our commercial revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of isotopes that we do not expect to be commercially available in substantial quantities until at least 2025. If we receive permits and licenses to enrich U-235 (which in itself is highly uncertain), we do not expect U-235 to be commercially available for at least several years, if ever. As a result, we may need substantial additional financing to support our continuing operations and further the development of and commercialization of our future isotopes.

Expansion of the production and distribution of nuclear medical doses for PET scanning is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that may take years to complete. As a result, we may need substantial additional financing to support our continuing operations and further the development of and commercialization of future nuclear medical doses for PET scanning.

Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from sales of our future isotopes or nuclear medical doses for PET scanning, if ever, we expect to finance our cash needs through public or private equity or debt financings or other capital sources, including potential collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all. Our ability to raise additional funds may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, increased interest rates, inflationary pressures, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. The financial markets and the global economy may also be adversely affected by the current or anticipated impact of military conflict. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be or could be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing and equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through collaborations, or other similar arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our future isotopes, future revenue streams or research programs or may have to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us and/or may reduce the value of our common stock. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market our future isotopes even if we would otherwise prefer to develop and market such isotopes ourselves.

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Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025			2024
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	(11,071,311	)	$	(8,095,256	)
Investing activities		(34,107,564	)		(3,867,903	)
Financing activities		50,780,627			32,414,967
Change in cash and cash equivalents	$	5,601,752		$	20,451,808

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $11,071,311 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and was primarily due to our net loss of $83.6 million, adjusted for stock-based compensation expense of $6,319,378, amortization of right-of-use asset of $267,952, depreciation expense of $678,959, issuance of common stock to a consultant with a fair value of $673,497, change in fair values for the convertible notes payable of $64,715,131 and a $148,671 change in our operating assets and liabilities.

Net cash used in operating activities was $8,095,256 for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and was primarily due to our net loss of $15.8 million, adjusted for stock-based compensation expense of $4,231,670, non-cash issuance costs for the convertible notes payable of $621,915, amortization of right-of-use asset of $217,997, issuance of common stock to a consultant with a fair value of $619,200, change in fair values for the convertible notes payable of $2,528,526, change in deferred tax liabilities of $39,068, and a $734,590 change in our operating assets and liabilities.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $34,107,564 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and was comprised of cash paid for a note receivable of $30.0 million and the purchases of machinery and equipment, vehicles and construction in progress of $4,520,048.

Net cash used in investing activities was $3,867,903 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and was comprised of the purchases of machinery and equipment and additional construction in progress.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $50,780,627 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and was comprised primarily of $50,000,000 in gross proceeds from the issuance of common stock and $4,915,312 in proceeds from the exercise of warrants, partially offset by underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses from the issuance of common stock of $3,238,630, payments of $409,696 on the note payable related to a financed corporate insurance policy, payment of principal portion of finance leases of $61,831 and distribution to noncontrolling interest in VIE of $79,310.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $32,414,967 for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and was comprised primarily of gross proceeds of $25,936,228 from the issuance of convertible notes payable, proceeds of $5,537,975 million from the issuance of common stock for a warrant exercise, contributions from noncontrolling interest in VIE of $807,975, proceeds from collection of receivable from noncontrolling interest in VIE of $705,403, partially offset by payments of $438,569 on the note payable related to a financed corporate insurance policy, payment of principal portion of finance leases of $61,929 and distribution to noncontrolling interest in VIE of $27,116.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

We lease our main facility in Pretoria, South Africa under a lease with a base monthly rent payment of approximately $9,000 with a term expiring on December 31, 2030. We also lease additional space on a short term basis in Pretoria, South Africa under a lease with a base monthly rent payment of approximately $18,000 with a term expiring on February 28, 2026 and the Company is continuing to occupy that space under the monthly extensions. We also lease additional space in Pretoria, South Africa under leases with a base monthly rent payment of approximately $2,000 with a term expiring on October 30, 2026 and a base monthly rent payment of approximately $3,000 with a term expiring on May 31, 2028.

PET Labs Pharmaceuticals operates in a facility in Pretoria, South Africa is under a lease with a base monthly rent payment of approximately $27,000 with a term expiring on March 30. 2026 with automatic monthly extension afterwards. PET Labs Pharmaceuticals also rents space at a local hospital in Pretoria, South Africa for which there was a lease with a base monthly rent payment of approximately $5,000 which expired on December 31, 2023 and is currently in automatic monthly extensions.

In November 2024 and 2023, the Company executed a promissory note payable with a finance company to fund its directors and officers’ insurance policy for $500,923 and $526,282, respectively. During 2024, the Company entered into several loans to purchase motor vehicles and certain equipment totaling $2,020,511. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company entered into loans to purchase motor vehicles and certain equipment totaling $47,045. These loans are secured by the underlying assets included in property and equipment. Refer to Note 6 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1, for information regarding interest rates and maturities.

On March 31, 2025, after the annual report on Form 10-K was filed, we entered into an Exclusivity Agreement with Renergen Limited (“Renergen”), an entity in South Africa listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (“JSE”) and the Australian Stock Exchange. On May 18, the Exclusivity Agreement was amended. Per the terms of the amended Exclusivity Agreement, we received the rights to negotiate the terms of the acquisition of Renergen during an exclusive negotiation period that ends on May 31, 2025. In April 2025, we paid an exclusivity fee of $10,000,000 to Renergen. On May 19, 2025 we entered into a Firm Intention Letter with Renergen. The Firm Intention Letter sets the acquisition terms for us to purchase 100% of the outstanding shares of Renergen in exchange for our shares. The acquisition has been approved by Renergen shareholders. The completion of the acquisition is subject to certain regulatory and debtor approvals.

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In addition, we entered into a Loan Agreement with Renergen in which a total of $30,000,000 will be provided by us in periodic payments for the purpose of funding Renergen’s operations. In conjunction with the Loan Agreement, the full amount of the previously paid exclusivity fee of $10,000,000 is applied to the loan. The remaining $20,000,000 available under the loan was paid by us to Renergen prior to June 30, 2025.

In addition, we entered into contracts in the normal course of business with vendors for services and products for operating purposes. These contracts do not contain any minimum purchase commitments and generally provide for termination after a notice period and, therefore, are not considered long-term contractual obligations. Payments due upon cancellation consist only of payments for services provided and expenses incurred up to the date of cancellation.

Off-balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

See Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements which discusses new accounting pronouncements.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Item 10 of Regulation S-K and are not required to provide the information otherwise required under this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2025. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, mean controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company on the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgement in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2025, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as a result of a material weakness identified in our internal control over financial reporting, as previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K (as amended) for the year ended December 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of June 30, 2025. In order to remediate the material weakness, we expect to enhance our formal documentation over internal control procedures and management controls infrastructure to allow for more consistent execution of control procedures and hire additional accounting, and finance and information technology resources or consultants with public company experience.

Changes in Internal Control

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act during our most recently completed fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II-OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

Except as described herein, we are currently not party to, and our property is not currently the subject of, any material pending legal matters or claims.

On December 4, 2024, a purported stockholder of the Company filed a putative securities class action on behalf of purchasers of the Company’s securities between October 30, 2024 through November 26, 2024 against ASP Isotopes Inc. and certain of its executive officers in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Corredor v. ASP Isotopes Inc., et al., Case No. 1:24-cv-09253 (S.D.N.Y)) (the “Securities Class Action”). The Securities Class Action alleges that the Company, its chief executive officer and chief financial officer (“Defendants”) made materially misleading or false statements or omissions regarding the Company’s business and asserts purported claims under §§ 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and SEC Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. The complaint seeks unspecified compensatory damages, attorney’s fees and costs. On May 2, 2025 the Court appointed Mark Leone (“Leone”) as lead plaintiff and directed the Clerk of court to amend the caption to substitute Leone for Alexander Corredor as plaintiff. On May 2, 2025 the Court also appointed lead counsel and set deadlines for filing an amended consolidated class action complaint and briefing schedules for a motion to dismiss, if any, and class certification. On May 27, 2025, Leone and two additional named plaintiffs (“Plaintiffs”) filed the amended class action complaint (“Amended Complaint”), that asserts the same causes of action and seeks the same relief as the initial complaint and is based upon substantially similar factual allegations as the initial complaint. On June 27, 2025, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Amended Complaint. Also on June 27, 2025, Plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification. On July 25, 2025, Plaintiffs filed an opposition to Defendants’ motion to dismiss. Also on July 25, 2025, Defendants filed an opposition to Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. Defendants intend to vigorously defend against the Securities Class Action; however, we cannot be certain of the outcome and, if decided adversely to us, our business and financial condition may be adversely affected.

In addition to the matters described above, from time to time, we may become subject to arbitration, litigation or claims arising in the ordinary course of business. The results of any current or future claims or proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and litigation costs, diversion of management resources, reputational harm and other factors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

In addition to the other information set forth in this Form 10-Q, including under the heading “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” the risks and uncertainties which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects that we believe are most important for you to consider are discussed in “Part II, Item 1A—Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025 and as amended by Forms 10-K/A filed with the SEC on April 30, 2025 and other reports that we filed with the SEC. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (as amended) and those additional risks listed below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we presently deem less significant may also impair our business operations. Except as set forth below, there are no material changes to the Risk Factors described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (as amended).

Risks Relating to the Acquisition of Renergen

The number of shares of ASPI common stock that Renergen shareholders will receive in the Offer is based on a fixed Entitlement Ratio. The market value of the ASPI common stock to be issued upon completion of the transaction is unknown, and therefore, Renergen shareholders cannot be certain of the value of the acquisition consideration to be paid in ASPI common stock.

Renergen shareholders will receive a fixed number of ASPI common stock in the transaction rather than a number of shares with a particular fixed market value. The market values of ASPI common stock and Renergen shares have fluctuated since the date of the announcement of the transaction and will continue to fluctuate to the closing date of the acquisition. The market values of ASPI common stock and Renergen shares at the time of the closing of the transactions may vary significantly from their prices on the date of the ASPI Offer Letter, the date of the announcement of the transaction or the closing date of the acquisition. Because the Entitlement Ratio will not be adjusted to reflect any changes in the market prices of ASPI common stock or Renergen shares, the market value of the ASPI common stock issued as the Scheme Consideration Shares and Renergen shares exchanged in the transaction may be higher or lower than the values of such shares on earlier dates. The Scheme Consideration to be received by Renergen shareholders will be solely ASPI common stock, except that any entitlements to fractions of shares of ASPI common stock that otherwise would be issuable pursuant to the Scheme will be rounded down to the nearest whole number of shares and a cash payment will be made for any fractional shares resulting from such rounding. Although the consideration to be received by Renergen shareholders is set, the market value of the Scheme Consideration to be received by Renergen shareholders that is comprised of ASPI common stock will fluctuate. On May 19, 2025, the last trading day prior to the announcement of the transaction, the market value of the Scheme Consideration was approximately $107.3 million based on the closing price of ASPI common stock on May 19, 2025. As of July 31, 2025, the market value of the Scheme Consideration was approximately $129.4 million based on the closing price of ASPI common stock on July 31, 2025.

Changes in the market prices of ASPI common stock and Renergen shares may result from a variety of factors that are beyond the control of ASP Isotopes or Renergen, including changes in their businesses, operations and prospects, regulatory considerations, governmental actions, and legal proceedings and developments.

The parties may not realize the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the transaction.

While ASPI and Renergen will continue to operate independently until the completion of the transaction, the success of the transaction will depend, in part, on ASPI’s and Renergen’s ability to realize the anticipated benefits and cost savings from combining ASPI’s and Renergen’s businesses. The parties’ ability to realize these anticipated benefits and cost savings is subject to certain risks, including, among others:

•the parties’ ability to successfully combine their respective businesses;

•the risk that the combined businesses will not perform as expected;

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•the extent to which the parties will be able to realize the expected synergies, which include realizing potential savings from re-assessing priority assets and aligning investments, eliminating duplication and redundancy, adopting an optimized operating model between both companies and leveraging scale, and creating value resulting from the combination of ASPI’s and Renergen’s businesses;

•the possibility that the aggregate consideration being paid for Renergen is greater than the value ASPI will derive from the transaction;

•the possibility that the combined company will not achieve unlevered free cash flow that the parties expect;

•the incurrence of additional indebtedness in connection with the transaction and the resulting limitations placed on the combined company’s operations;

•the assumption of known and unknown liabilities of Renergen, including potential tax and employee-related liabilities; and;

•the possibility of costly litigation challenging the transaction.

If ASPI and Renergen are not able to successfully integrate their businesses within the anticipated time frame, or at all, the anticipated cost savings, synergies operational efficiencies and other benefits of the transaction may not be realized fully or may take longer to realize than expected, and the combined company may not perform as expected.

Integrating ASPI’s and Renergen’s businesses may be more difficult, time-consuming or costly than expected.

ASPI and Renergen have operated and, until completion of the transaction, will continue to operate independently, and there can be no assurances that their businesses can be integrated successfully. It is possible that the integration process could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of either company’s or both companies’ ongoing businesses or unexpected integration issues, such as higher than expected integration costs and an overall post-completion integration process that takes longer than originally anticipated. Specifically, issues that must be addressed in integrating the operations of ASPI and Renergen in order to realize the anticipated benefits of the transaction so the combined business performs as expected include, among others:

•combining the companies’ separate operational, financial, reporting and corporate functions;

•integrating the companies’ technologies, products and services;

•identifying and eliminating redundant and underperforming operations and assets;

•harmonizing the companies’ operating practices, employee development, compensation and benefit programs, internal controls and other policies, procedures and processes;

•addressing possible differences in corporate cultures and management philosophies;

•maintaining employee morale and retaining key management and other employees;

•attracting and recruiting prospective employees;

•consolidating the companies’ corporate, administrative and information technology infrastructure;

•coordinating sales, distribution and marketing efforts;

•managing the movement of certain businesses and positions to different locations;

•maintaining existing agreements with customers and vendors and avoiding delays in entering into new agreements with prospective customers and vendors;

•coordinating geographically dispersed organizations; and

•effecting potential actions that may be required in connection with obtaining regulatory approvals.

In addition, at times, the attention of certain members of each company’s management and each company’s resources may be focused on completion of the transaction and the integration of the businesses of the two companies and diverted from day-to-day business operations, which may disrupt each company’s ongoing business and, consequently, the business of the combined company.

Failure to complete the transaction could negatively impact the price of ASPI common stock, Renergen shares and the future business and financial results of ASPI and Renergen.

The parties’ respective obligations to complete the transaction are subject to the satisfaction or waiver of a number of conditions set forth in the Circular. There can be no assurance that the conditions to completion of the transaction will be satisfied or waived or that the transaction will be completed. If the transaction is not completed for any reason, the ongoing businesses of ASPI and Renergen may be materially and adversely affected and, without realizing any of the benefits of having completed the transaction, ASPI and Renergen would be subject to a number of risks, including the following:

•ASPI and Renergen may experience negative reactions from the financial markets, including negative impacts on trading prices of ASPI common stock and Renergen shares and from their respective customers, vendors, regulators and employees;

•ASPI may not be able to recover amounts advanced to Renergen under the Loan Agreement ($30 million);

•ASPI and Renergen will be required to pay certain expenses incurred in connection with the transactions, whether or not the transactions are completed;

•the ASPI Offer Letter places certain restrictions on the operation of each of ASPI’s and Renergen’s respective businesses prior to the closing of the transaction, and such restrictions may prevent ASPI or Renergen, as applicable, from making certain acquisitions, taking certain other specified actions or otherwise pursuing business opportunities during the pendency of the transaction that ASPI or Renergen would have made, taken or pursued if these restrictions were not in place; and

•matters relating to the transaction (including integration planning) will require substantial commitments of time and resources of ASPI and Renergen management and the expenditure of significant funds in the form of fees and expenses, which would otherwise have been devoted to day-to-day operations and other opportunities that may have been beneficial to either ASPI or Renergen as an independent company.

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In addition, each of ASPI and Renergen could be subject to litigation related to any failure to complete the transaction or related to any proceeding to specifically enforce ASPI’s or Renergen’s obligations under the ASPI Offer Letter.

If any of these risks materialize, they may materially and adversely affect ASPI’s or Renergen’s business, financial condition, financial results and the price of ASPI common stock, Renergen shares.

ASPI and Renergen will be subject to business uncertainties and contractual restrictions while the transaction is pending.

Uncertainty about the effect of the transaction on employees, vendors and customers may have an adverse effect on ASPI or Renergen and, consequently, on the combined company after the closing of the transaction. These uncertainties may impair ASPI’s or Renergen’s ability to retain and motivate key personnel and could cause customers and others that deal with ASPI or Renergen, as applicable, to defer or decline entering into contracts, or making other decisions concerning ASPI or Renergen, as applicable, or seek to change existing business relationships with ASPI or Renergen, as applicable. In addition, if key employees depart because of uncertainty about their future roles and the potential complexities of the transaction, ASPI’s and Renergen’s businesses could be harmed. Furthermore, the ASPI Offer Letter places certain restrictions on the operation of ASPI’s and Renergen’s businesses prior to the closing of the transaction, which may delay or prevent ASPI and Renergen from undertaking certain actions or business opportunities that may arise prior to the consummation of the transaction.

Third parties may terminate or alter existing contracts or relationships with ASPI or Renergen.

Each of ASPI and Renergen has contracts with customers, vendors and other business partners which may require ASPI or Renergen, as applicable, to obtain consents from these other parties in connection with the transaction. If these consents cannot be obtained, the counterparties to these contracts and other third parties with which ASPI and/or Renergen currently have relationships may have the ability to terminate, reduce the scope of or otherwise materially adversely alter their relationships with either party in anticipation of the transaction, or with ASPI following the transaction. The pursuit of such rights may result in ASPI or Renergen suffering a loss of potential future revenue, incurring liabilities in connection with a breach of such agreements or losing rights that are material to its business. Any such disruptions could limit ASPI’s ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of the transaction. The adverse effect of such disruptions could also be exacerbated by a delay in the completion of the transaction or the termination of the transaction.

In order to complete the transaction, the parties must obtain certain governmental approvals, and if such approvals are not granted or are granted with conditions that become applicable to the parties, completion of the transaction may be jeopardized or prevented or the anticipated benefits of the transaction could be reduced.

Consummation of the transaction is conditioned upon, among other things, the receipt of certain governmental approvals, including approvals required under South African law. Although the parties have agreed in the ASPI Offer Letter to use their reasonable best efforts to make certain governmental filings and obtain the required governmental approvals, there can be no assurance that the required approvals will be obtained and no assurance that the transaction will be completed.

In addition, the governmental authorities from which these approvals are required have broad discretion in administering the governing laws and regulations, and may take into account various facts and circumstances in their consideration of the transaction. These governmental authorities may initiate proceedings seeking to prevent, or otherwise seek to prevent, the transaction. As a condition to the approval of the transaction, these governmental authorities also may impose requirements, limitations or costs, require divestitures or place restrictions on the conduct of the combined company’s business after completion of the transaction. Conditions imposed by certain governmental authorities may be appealable; however, there can be no assurance that an appeal will be successful. Additionally, there is no certainty as to what conditions such governmental authorities may impose, the extent of such conditions or the impact of such conditions on the completion of the transaction.

The transaction is subject to a number of closing conditions and, if these conditions are not satisfied, the ASPI Offer Letter may be terminated in accordance with its terms and the transaction may not be completed.

The transaction is subject to a number of closing conditions and, if these conditions are not satisfied or waived (to the extent permitted by law), the transaction will not be completed. These conditions include, among others: (i) the written consent for the transfer of the Renergen shares in terms of the Offer is obtained from the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa and the United States International Development Finance Corporation (“Renergen Lenders”) in terms of the change of control provisions under their respective loan and/or funding arrangements with Renergen and subsidiaries of Renergen and that the Renergen Lenders agree not to proceed in foreclosing on outstanding debt due by those subsidiaries, as a result of any breach of covenants, event of default or otherwise, prior to July 31, 2027; (ii) the written consent for the transfer of the Renergen shares in terms of the Offer is obtained from The Standard Bank of South Africa (“SBSA”) in terms of the change of control provisions under its respective loan(s) and/or funding arrangement(s) with Renergen and SBSA agrees to extend the repayment date for the loan(s) and/or funding arrangement(s) to at least March 31, 2026; (iii) AIRSOL SRL agrees to extend the maturity date for the convertible debentures that it holds in Renergen, to at least March 31, 2026; (iv) receipt of required regulatory approvals required to implement the Offer are obtained (except for the requirement that Takeover Panel issue a compliance certificate to Renergen in terms of section 121(b) of the Companies Act); (v) receipt of all regulatory approvals required for the Company Secondary Listing; (vi) approval of applicable competition authorities to implement the Offer (which has been obtained); (vii) approval by Renergen’s shareholders of the Shareholder Ratification resolution and the Scheme resolution to be descried in the combined circular to be distributed to Renergen’s shareholders (the “Renergen shareholder Approval”); and (viii) absence of a material adverse change with respect to Renergen. The Renergen shareholder Approval was obtained on July 20, 2025.

The conditions to the closing may not be fulfilled and, accordingly, the transaction may not be completed.

Both ASPI Shareholders and Renergen shareholders will have a reduced ownership and voting interest after the transaction and will exercise less influence over management.

After the completion of the transaction, ASPI’s Shareholders and Renergen’s Shareholders will own a smaller percentage of ASPI than they currently own of ASPI and Renergen, respectively. Based on the number of shares of ASPI common stock and Renergen shares outstanding and the Entitlement Ratio, it is expected that Renergen securityholders will own approximately 14%, and ASPI securityholders will own approximately 86%, of the combined company immediately after consummation of the transaction on a fully diluted basis. Consequently, ASPI stockholders, as a group, and Renergen shareholders, as a group, will each have reduced ownership and voting power in the combined company compared to their current ownership and voting power in ASPI and Renergen,

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respectively. In particular, Renergen stockholders, as a group, will have less than a majority of the ownership and voting power of ASPI and, therefore, will be able to exercise less collective influence over the management and policies of ASPI than they currently exercise over Renergen’s management and policies. While ASPI shareholders will own a majority of ASPI common stock immediately after consummation of the transaction, their collective ownership percentage will likewise be reduced compared to their current level, as will be their ability to influence management and policies.

There can be no assurance that ASPI will be able to secure the financing necessary to fund Renergen to enable Renergen to meet key lender payment deadlines and avoid a default by Renergen under its existing loan/funding arrangements.

ASPI may need to obtain debt and/or equity financing in an amount sufficient to fund Renergen to enable Renergen to meet key lender payment deadlines and avoid a default by Renergen under its existing loan/funding arrangements; however, there is no assurance that it will secure the financing necessary to do so. ASPI cannot assure stockholders that it will be able to obtain financing in connection with the contemplated funding of Renergen. In the event that ASPI is unable to secure financing on acceptable terms, the funding of Renergen may be delayed or not be completed, and Renergen may not be able to avoid a default under its existing loan/funding arrangements and the consummation of the transaction may be delayed or may not occur.

The financial analyses and forecasts considered by ASPI and Renergen and their respective financial advisor or independent expert, as applicable, may not be realized, which may adversely affect the market price of ASPI common stock following the completion of the transaction.

In performing their financial analyses and rendering their opinions related to the transaction, ASPI’s financial advisor and Renergen’s independent expert relied on, among other things, certain information, including financial forecasts and projections of ASPI and Renergen provided by ASPI and Renergen. These projections and forecasts were prepared by, or at the direction of, the management of ASPI or the management of Renergen, as applicable. None of these projections or forecasts were prepared with a view towards public disclosure or compliance with the published guidelines of the SEC, GAAP or the guidelines established by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants for preparation and presentation of financial forecasts. These projections and forecasts are inherently based on various estimates and assumptions that are subject to the judgment of those preparing them. These projections and forecasts are also subject to change, including due to significant economic, competitive, industry and other uncertainties and contingencies, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict and many of which are beyond the control of ASPI and Renergen. There can be no assurance that ASPI’s or Renergen’s financial condition or results of operations will be consistent with those set forth in such projections and forecasts, which could have an adverse impact on the market price of ASPI common stock or the financial position of ASPI following the transaction.

The financial forecasts used by the parties are based on various assumptions that may not be realized.

The unaudited prospective financial information used in the forecasts were prepared solely for internal use and are subjective in many respects. ASPI’s and Renergen’s prospective financial information were based solely upon assumptions of, and information available to, ASPI’s management and Renergen’s management, as applicable, when prepared, and these estimates and assumptions are subject to uncertainties, many of which are beyond ASPI’s and Renergen’s control and may not be realized. Many factors, including the risks outlined in this “Risk Factors” disclosure, will be important in determining the combined company’s future results. As a result of these contingencies, actual future results may vary materially from ASPI’s and Renergen’s estimates.

Executive officers and directors of ASPI and Renergen may have interests in the transaction that are different from, or in addition to, the rights of their respective stockholders.

Executive officers of ASPI and Renergen negotiated the terms of the ASPI Offer Letter and the ASPI board and the Renergen independent board each approved the ASPI Offer Letter and the transaction. These executive officers and directors may have interests in the transaction that are different from, or in addition to, yours. These interests include the continued employment of certain executive officers of ASPI and Renergen, the continued service of certain directors of ASPI and Renergen

ASPI, Renergen and, subsequently, the combined company may have difficulty attracting, motivating and retaining executives and other key employees in light of the transaction.

The combined company’s success after the transaction will depend in part on each of ASPI’s and Renergen’s ability to retain key executives and other employees. Uncertainty about the effect of the transaction on ASPI’s and Renergen’s employees may have an adverse effect on each company separately and, consequently, the combined business. This uncertainty may impair ASPI’s and/or Renergen’s ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel. Employee retention may be particularly challenging during the pendency of the transaction, as ASPI’s and Renergen’s employees may experience uncertainty about their future roles in the combined business.

Additionally, Renergen’s officers and employees hold Renergen shares, and, if the transaction are completed, these officers and employees will be entitled to the Scheme Consideration in respect of such shares.

Furthermore, if any of ASPI’s or Renergen’s key employees depart or are at risk of departing, including because of issues relating to the uncertainty and difficulty of integration, financial security or a desire not to become employees of the combined business, ASPI or Renergen, as applicable, may have to incur significant costs in retaining such individuals or in identifying, hiring and retaining replacements for departing employees and may lose significant expertise and talent, and the combined company’s ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the transaction may be materially and adversely affected. No assurance can be given that the combined company will be able to attract or retain key employees to the same extent that ASPI or Renergen has been able to attract or retain employees in the past.

ASPI and Renergen will incur significant transaction and Scheme related transition costs in connection with the transaction.

ASPI and Renergen expect that they will incur significant, non-recurring costs in connection with consummating the transaction and integrating the operations of the two companies post-closing. ASPI and/or Renergen may incur additional costs to retain key employees. ASPI and/or Renergen will also incur significant fees and expenses relating to financing arrangements and legal services (including any costs that would be incurred in defending against any potential class action lawsuits and derivative lawsuits in connection with the transaction if any such proceedings are brought), accounting and other fees and costs associated with

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consummating the transaction. Some of these costs are payable regardless of whether the transaction is completed. Though ASPI and Renergen continue to assess the magnitude of these costs, additional unanticipated costs may be incurred in the transaction and the integration of the businesses of ASPI and Renergen.

ASPI and Renergen may be the target of securities class action and derivative lawsuits which could result in substantial costs and may delay or prevent the transaction from being completed.

Securities class action lawsuits and derivative lawsuits are often brought against public companies that have entered into business combination agreements. Even if the lawsuits are without merit, defending against these claims can result in substantial costs and divert management time and resources. An adverse judgment could result in monetary damages, which could have a negative impact on ASPI’s or Renergen’s liquidity and financial condition. Additionally, if a plaintiff is successful in obtaining an injunction prohibiting completion of the transaction, then that injunction may delay or prevent the transaction from being completed, which may adversely affect ASPI’s or Renergen’s or, if the transaction are completed but delayed, the combined company’s business, financial position and results of operations. As of the date hereof, no such lawsuits have been filed in connection with the transaction and we cannot predict whether any will be filed.

Risks Relating to the Combined Company after Completion of the Transaction

In connection with the transaction, the combined company may incur significant indebtedness to fund Renergen.

ASPI may need to obtain debt and/or equity financing in an amount sufficient to fund Renergen to enable Renergen to meet key lender payment deadlines and avoid a default by Renergen under its existing loan/funding arrangements. If such financing involves debt, such indebtedness will have the effect, among other things, of reducing the combined company’s flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions, will increase the combined company’s borrowing costs and, to the extent that such indebtedness is subject to floating interest rates, may increase the combined company’s vulnerability to fluctuations in market interest rates. The increased levels of indebtedness could also reduce funds available to fund efforts to combine ASPI’s and Renergen’s businesses and realize expected benefits of the transaction and/or engage in investments in product development, capital expenditures and other activities and may create competitive disadvantages for the combined company relative to other companies with lower debt levels. The combined company may be required to raise additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate purposes. The combined company’s ability to arrange additional financing will depend on, among other factors, its financial position and performance, as well as prevailing market conditions and other factors beyond its control. ASPI and Renergen cannot assure you that they will be able to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to them or at all.

The combined company will be subject to the risks that each of ASPI and Renergen faces.

Following completion of the transaction, the combined company will be subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including the risks faced by each of ASPI and Renergen. The risks faced by ASPI are described herein and in the other documents that ASPI has filed with the SEC.

Renergen faces numerous financial, operational and other risks, including risks related to Renergen’s debt, funding challenges, liquidity concerns, losses, project execution risk, ability to produce Grade-A quality helium, the accuracy of reserve estimates, cost overruns and delays, commodity price volatility, market competition, regulatory and environmental risks, and existing and potential litigation. Renergen’s risks also include: unplanned stoppages and unforeseen operational interruptions that can impact production; ineffective or failed internal processes, people, systems, or external events that could lead to injury or harm; increasing pressure and attention from shareholders, activists and NGOs; strikes, riots and labor disruptions that can damage economic growth and, in turn, negatively impact Renergen’s business; escalating global socioeconomic pressures and inflationary impacts on the back of global geopolitical tensions; South Africa's exports to the U.S. may face higher tariffs, leading to reduced competitiveness and export volumes; economic contraction; delays in achieving expansion plans within the specified time due to funding constraints; delays in achieving Phase 1 nameplate capacity within the specified time and budget; Eskom’s inability to prevent load shedding and further risk of blackouts; Eskom remains constrained in meeting the country’s electricity demand; generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has increased the risk of cyber-attacks by making information for simulation attacks more accessible; a malicious or accidental cyber-attack from outside Renergen, insider threats or supplier breaches that could result in operational interruptions or the infringement of data; information and cyber security threats, including business operations outages; climate change and prolonged droughts that could have an impact on water resources; unseasonal weather exacerbated by climate change impacts that could lead to delays in the project (construction phase).

If any such risks actually occur, the business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of the combined company could be materially adversely affected.

The market price for shares of ASPI common stock may decline as a result of the transaction, including as a result of some ASPI stockholders adjusting their portfolios.

The market value of ASPI common stock at the time of consummation of the transaction may vary significantly from the prices of the ASPI common stock and Renergen shares on the date the of the ASPI Offer Letter, the date of the announcement of the transaction and the closing date of the acquisition. Following consummation of the transaction, the market price of ASPI common stock may decline if, among other things, the operational cost savings estimates in connection with the integration of ASPI’s and Renergen’s businesses are not realized, or if the costs related to the transaction are greater than expected, or if the financing related to the transaction is on unfavorable terms. The market price also may decline if ASPI does not achieve the perceived benefits of the transaction as rapidly or to the extent anticipated by financial or industry analysts or if the effect of the transaction on ASPI’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows is not consistent with the expectations of financial or industry analysts.

In addition, sales of ASPI common stock by ASPI’s stockholders after the completion of the transaction may cause the market price of ASPI common stock to decrease. Approximately 105,683,109 shares of ASPI common stock are expected to be issued and outstanding immediately after the closing of the transaction. Many Renergen shareholders may decide not to hold the shares of ASPI common stock that they receive in the transaction. Other ASPI stockholders following consummation of the transaction, such as funds with limitations on their permitted holdings of stock in individual issuers, may be required to sell the shares of ASPI common stock

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that they receive in the transaction. Such sales of ASPI common stock could have the effect of depressing the market price for ASPI common stock and may take place promptly following the transaction.

Any of these events may make it more difficult for ASPI to sell equity or equity-related securities, dilute your ownership interest in ASPI and have an adverse impact on the price of ASPI common stock.

The transaction may not be accretive, and may be dilutive, to the combined company’s earnings per share, which may negatively affect the market price of shares of ASPI common stock.

ASPI and Renergen currently believe the transaction will result in a number of benefits, including cost savings, operating efficiencies, and stronger demand for their respective products and services, and that the transaction will be accretive to ASPI’s earnings. This belief is based, in part, on preliminary current estimates that may materially change. In addition, future events and conditions, including adverse changes in market conditions, additional transaction and integration-related costs and other factors such as the failure to realize some or all of the anticipated benefits of the transaction, could decrease or delay the accretion that is currently anticipated or could result in dilution. Any dilution of, or decrease in or delay of any accretion to, the combined company’s earnings per share could cause the price of shares of ASPI common stock to decline or grow at a reduced rate.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

None.

Item 5. Other Information.

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

During the quarter ended June 30, 2025, our directors and/or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) adopted or terminated the contracts, instructions, or written plans for the purchase or sale of our securities set forth in the table below.

Name and Title	Action	Adoption/ Termination Date	Rule 10b5-1 (1)	Non-Rule 10b5-1 (2)		Total Number of Shares of Common Stock to be Sold (3)	Expiration Date
Paul E. Mann (Chief Executive Officer and Executive Chairman)	Adoption	June 9, 2025	X		—	Up to 711,459(4)	November 16, 2026
Robert Ainscow (Chief Operating Officer)	Adoption	June 9, 2025	X		—	Up to 292,504(5)	June 7, 2027

(1) Contract, instruction or written plan intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act.

(2)“Non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act.

(3)Represents the maximum number of shares that may be sold pursuant to the 10b5-1 arrangement. The number of shares sold will be dependent on the satisfaction of certain conditions as set forth in the trading plan.

(4)Mr. Mann’s trading plan provides for sales of up to 711,459 shares of common stock to cover estimated tax withholding obligations arising from vesting of certain outstanding RSAs.

(5)Mr. Ainscow’s trading plan provides for sales of up to 292,504 shares of common stock to cover estimated tax withholding obligations arising from vesting of certain outstanding RSAs.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number	Description
2.1	Firm Intention Letter Agreement, dated May 20,2025, by and between ASP Isotopes Inc. and Renergen Limited (as filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2025).
10.1*+	ASP Isotopes Inc. 2025 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan and forms of award agreement thereunder.
10.2	Loan Agreement, dated May 16, 2025, by and between QLE TP Funding SPE LLC, as borrower, and TerraPower, LLC, as lender (as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2025).
10.3*	Natrium Project Procurement Terms and Conditions – Enrichment Services by and between TerraPower, LLC and ASP Isotopes Inc., dated as of May 16, 2025
10.4*	HALEU Long-Term Supply Agreement by and between TerraPower, LLC and ASP Isotopes Inc., dated as of May 16, 2025
10.5	Loan Agreement, dated May 19, 2025, by and among ASP Isotopes Inc., ASP Isotopes South Africa Proprietary Limited, as lender, and Renergen Limited, as borrower (as filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2025).
31.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
31.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32.1**	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Documents
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Exhibits filed herewith.

** Exhibits furnished herewith.

+ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	ASP Isotopes Inc.
Date: August 14, 2025	By:	/s/ Paul E. Mann
		Paul E. Mann
		Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: August 14, 2025	By:	/s/ Heather Kiessling
		Heather Kiessling
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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