UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549 

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒     QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025

Or

☐         TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from      to      

Commission file number:

001-36299

Ladder Capital Corp

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware			80-0925494
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(IRS Employer Identification No.)
320 Park Avenue,	New York,	NY	10022
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip Code)

(212) 715-3170

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Class A common stock, $0.001 par value	LADR	New York Stock Exchange

1

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes  ☒  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes  ☒  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act): 

Yes ☐  No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Class	Outstanding at July 18, 2025
Class A common stock, $0.001 par value	127,460,976
Class B common stock, $0.001 par value	—

2

LADDER CAPITAL CORP

FORM 10-Q

June 30, 2025

Index			Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION			2
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)		2
		Consolidated Balance Sheets	3
		Consolidated Statements of Income	4
		Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	5
		Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity	6
		Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	10
		Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	12
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		48
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk		77
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures		80
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION			81
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings		81
Item 1A.	Risk Factors		81
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds		81
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities		81
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures		81
Item 5.	Other Information		81
Item 6.	Exhibits		82
SIGNATURES			83

1

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Quarterly Report”) includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this Quarterly Report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, strategy and plans, and our expectations for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “plan,” “intend,” “believe,” “may,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “can have,” “likely,” “continue,” “design,” and other words and terms of similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives and financial needs. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results could differ from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. Our future financial position and results of operations, as well as any forward-looking statements are subject to change and inherent risks and uncertainties. You should consider our forward-looking statements in light of a number of factors that may cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements including, but not limited to:

•risks discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” herein and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (“the Annual Report”), as well as our consolidated financial statements, related notes, and the other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report and our other filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”);

•heightened market volatility driven by escalating global trade tensions and increased tariffs;

•actions by the new U.S. presidential administration that have contributed to increased policy uncertainty, impacting the regulatory landscape, capital markets, and consumer confidence;

•labor shortages, supply chain imbalances, inflation, and the potential for a global economic recession or further downgrades to the credit ratings of the U.S.;

•increasing geopolitical uncertainty, including the broader impacts of the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East and escalating global tensions such as those between the U.S. and China;

•changes or volatility in general economic conditions and in the commercial finance and the real estate markets;

•risks inherent in the ownership and operation of real estate, including risks related to property management, leasing, tenant defaults, property maintenance, renovation costs, property taxes and compliance with environmental laws and regulations;

•acts of God such as hurricanes, earthquakes, droughts, wildfires and other natural disasters, pandemics or outbreaks of infectious disease, acts of war or terrorism, and other events that may cause unanticipated and uninsured performance declines or losses to us or the owners and operators of the real estate securing our investments;

•changes in credit spreads;

•changes to our business and investment strategy and increased operating costs;

•our ability to obtain and maintain financing arrangements;

•the financing and advance rates for our assets, including the potential need for additional collateral;

•our actual and expected leverage and liquidity;

•the availability of investment opportunities in mortgage-related and real estate-related instruments and other securities;

•the adequacy and performance of collateral securing our loan portfolio and a decline in the fair value of our assets;

•interest rate and duration mismatches between our assets and our borrowings used to fund such investments;

•changes in interest rates affecting the market value of our assets and the related impacts on our borrowers;

•changes in prepayment rates on our mortgages and the loans underlying our commercial mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities;

•difficulty or delays in redeploying the proceeds from repayments of our existing investments, which may cause our financial performance to decline and impact our ability to maintain consistent returns to our stockholders;

•the effects of hedging instruments and the degree to which our hedging strategies may or may not protect us from interest rate and credit risk volatility;

•the increased rate of default and non-accrual or decreased recovery rates on our assets and the potential insufficiency of our provision for loan loss reserves;

4

•the adequacy of our policies, procedures and systems for managing risk effectively;

•a potential downgrade in the credit ratings assigned to subsidiaries of Ladder Capital Corp (“Ladder,” “Ladder Capital,” and the “Company”) or our investments or corporate debt;

•our compliance with, and the impact of, and changes in laws, governmental regulations, tax laws and rates, accounting guidance and similar matters;

•our ability to maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes and our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to operate in compliance with REIT requirements;

•our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to maintain our and their exemptions from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”);

•the effects of climate change or the potential liability relating to environmental matters that impact the value of properties we may acquire or the properties underlying our investments;

•the inability of insurance covering real estate underlying our loans and investments to cover all losses;

•fraud by potential borrowers or their inability to complete their business plans;

•our ability to attract and retain qualified originators;

•cybersecurity risks, including the possibility of system outages resulting from cyber incidents;

•our ability to maintain strategic business alliances;

•the impact of any tax legislation or IRS guidance;

•volatility in the equity capital markets and the impact on our Class A common stock;

•the degree and nature of our competition; and

•the market trends in our industry, interest rates, real estate values and the debt securities markets.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. In addition, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report are made as of the date hereof, and the Company assumes no obligation to update or supplement any forward-looking statements. New risks and uncertainties arise over time and it is not possible to predict those events or how they may affect us in the future.

5

REFERENCES TO LADDER CAPITAL CORP

Ladder Capital Corp is a holding company, and its primary assets are a controlling equity interest in Ladder Capital Finance Holdings LLLP (“LCFH”) and in each series thereof, directly or indirectly. Unless the context suggests otherwise, references in this report to “Ladder,” “Ladder Capital,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Ladder Capital Corp and its consolidated subsidiaries.

1

Part I - Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)

The consolidated financial statements of Ladder Capital Corp and the notes related to the foregoing consolidated financial statements are included in this Item.

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Consolidated Balance Sheets		3
Consolidated Statements of Income		4
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income		5
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity		6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		10
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		12
	Note 1. Organization and Operations	12
	Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies	12
	Note 3. Mortgage Loan Receivables	16
	Note 4. Securities	19
	Note 5. Real Estate and Related Lease Intangibles, Net	22
	Note 6. Debt Obligations, Net	25
	Note 7. Derivative Instruments	29
	Note 8. Offsetting Assets and Liabilities	31
	Note 9. Equity	32
	Note 10. Noncontrolling Interests	33
	Note 11. Earnings Per Share	34
	Note 12. Stock-Based and Other Compensation Plans	35
	Note 13. Fair Value of Financial Instruments	38
	Note 14. Income Taxes	42
	Note 15. Related Party Transactions	42
	Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies	43
	Note 17. Segment Reporting	44
	Note 18. Subsequent Events	47

2

Ladder Capital Corp

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Dollars in Thousands)

	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024(1)
	(Unaudited)
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	134,939	$	1,323,481
Restricted cash	13,388		12,608
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost:
Mortgage loans receivable	1,593,710		1,591,322
Allowance for credit losses	(52,166)		(52,323)
Mortgage loan receivables held for sale	28,347		26,898
Securities	1,966,471		1,080,839
Real estate and related lease intangibles, net	690,186		670,803
Investments in and advances to unconsolidated ventures	18,903		19,923
Derivative instruments	247		437
Accrued interest receivable	13,302		12,936
Other assets	50,147		158,149
Total assets	$	4,457,474	$	4,845,073
Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities
Debt obligations, net	$	2,783,166	$	3,135,617
Dividends payable	30,921		31,838
Accrued expenses	55,347		74,824
Other liabilities	87,970		69,855
Total liabilities	2,957,404		3,312,134
Commitments and contingencies (refer to Note 16)	—		—
Equity
Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share, 600,000,000 shares authorized; 130,790,591 and 129,883,019 shares issued and 127,460,976 and 127,106,481 shares outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.	127		127
Additional paid-in capital	1,781,307		1,777,118
Treasury stock, 3,329,615 and 2,776,538 shares, at cost	(36,584)		(30,475)
Retained earnings (dividends in excess of earnings)	(236,595)		(206,874)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(5,639)		(4,866)
Total shareholders’ equity	1,502,616		1,535,030
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated ventures	(2,546)		(2,091)
Total equity	1,500,070		1,532,939
Total liabilities and equity	$	4,457,474	$	4,845,073

(1)Includes amounts relating to consolidated variable interest entities. Refer to Note 2 and Note 6.

Refer to the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

3

Ladder Capital Corp
Consolidated Statements of Income
(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Data)
(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net interest income
Interest income	$	62,735	$	88,516	$	127,061	$	184,428
Interest expense	41,205		54,199		85,202		112,971
Net interest income (expense)	21,530		34,317		41,859		71,457
Provision for (release of) loan loss reserves, net	(42)		5,055		(123)		10,823
Net interest income (expense) after provision for (release of) loan loss reserves	21,572		29,262		41,982		60,634
Other income (loss)
Real estate operating income	25,775		26,133		47,548		50,019
Net result from mortgage loan receivables held for sale	4,914		(541)		5,076		(454)
Gain (loss) on real estate, net	—		12,543		3,807		12,543
Fee and other income	2,803		3,638		8,088		7,338
Net result from derivative transactions	1,526		617		1,849		4,637
Earnings (loss) from investment in unconsolidated ventures	(288)		18		(1,020)		3
Gain on extinguishment of debt	1		—		257		177
Total other income (loss)	34,731		42,408		65,605		74,263
Costs and expenses
Compensation and employee benefits	11,561		13,721		30,322		34,510
Operating expenses	4,767		5,178		9,283		9,822
Real estate operating expenses	10,266		11,034		19,032		20,180
Investment related expenses	844		2,288		2,031		4,281
Depreciation and amortization	8,043		8,413		15,379		16,715
Total costs and expenses	35,481		40,634		76,047		85,508
Income (loss) before taxes	20,822		31,036		31,540		49,389
Income tax expense (benefit)	3,714		(1,089)		2,876		836
Net income (loss)	17,108		32,125		28,664		48,553
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated ventures	220		224		440		403
Net income (loss) attributable to Class A common shareholders	$	17,328	$	32,349	$	29,104	$	48,956
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.14	$	0.26	$	0.23	$	0.39
Diluted	$	0.14	$	0.26	$	0.23	$	0.39
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	125,796,410		125,730,765		125,713,143		125,523,265
Diluted	126,204,424		125,839,500		126,242,515		125,679,937

Refer to the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

4

Ladder Capital Corp
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(Dollars in Thousands)
(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net income (loss)	$	17,108	$	32,125	$	28,664	$	48,553
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Gain (loss) on available for sale securities, net of tax:
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities, available for sale	1,608		(930)		(561)		3,124
Reclassification adjustment for (gain) loss included in net income (loss)	(32)		(2)		(212)		(23)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	1,576		(932)		(773)		3,101
Comprehensive income (loss)	18,684		31,193		27,891		51,654
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in consolidated ventures	220		224		440		403
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Class A common shareholders	$	18,904	$	31,417	$	28,331	$	52,057

Refer to the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

5

Ladder Capital Corp

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

(Dollars and Shares in Thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Shareholders’ Equity
	Class A Common Stock			Additional Paid- in-Capital		Treasury Stock		Retained Earnings (Dividends in Excess of Earnings)		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity
	Shares	Par										Consolidated Ventures
Balance, March 31, 2025	128,096	$	128	$	1,778,311	$	(29,964)	$	(224,592)	$	(7,215)	$	(2,311)	$	1,514,357
Distributions	—	—		—		—		—		—		(15)		(15)
Amortization of equity based compensation	—	—		2,996		—		—		—		—		2,996
Purchase of treasury stock	(635)	(1)		—		(6,620)		—		—		—		(6,621)
Dividends declared	—	—		—		—		(29,331)		—		—		(29,331)
Net income (loss)	—	—		—		—		17,328		—		(220)		17,108
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		—		—		1,576		—		1,576
Balance, June 30, 2025	127,461	$	127	$	1,781,307	$	(36,584)	$	(236,595)	$	(5,639)	$	(2,546)	$	1,500,070

Refer to the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

6

Ladder Capital Corp

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

(Dollars and Shares in Thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Shareholders’ Equity
	Class A Common Stock			Additional Paid- in-Capital		Treasury Stock		Retained Earnings (Dividends in Excess of Earnings)		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity
	Shares	Par										Consolidated Ventures
Balance, March 31, 2024	127,888	$	128	$	1,767,129	$	(21,611)	$	(210,611)	$	(9,820)	$	(1,329)	$	1,523,886
Distributions	—	—		—		—		—		—		(23)		(23)
Amortization of equity based compensation	—	—		3,117		—		—		—		—		3,117
Purchase of treasury stock	(20)	—		—		(212)		—		—		—		(212)
Forfeitures	(3)	—		29		(29)		—		—		—		—
Dividends declared	—	—		—		—		(29,466)		—		—		(29,466)
Net income (loss)	—	—		—		—		32,349		—		(224)		32,125
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		—		—		(932)		—		(932)
Balance, June 30, 2024	127,866	$	128	$	1,770,275	$	(21,852)	$	(207,728)	$	(10,752)	$	(1,576)	$	1,528,495

Refer to the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

7

Ladder Capital Corp

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

(Dollars and Shares in Thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Shareholders’ Equity
	Class A Common Stock			Additional Paid- in-Capital		Treasury Stock		Retained Earnings (Dividends in Excess of Earnings)		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Noncontrolling  Interests		Total Equity
	Shares	Par										Consolidated Ventures
Balance, December 31, 2024	127,106	$	127	$	1,777,118	$	(30,475)	$	(206,874)	$	(4,866)	$	(2,091)	$	1,532,939
Distributions	—	—		—		—		—		—		(15)		(15)
Amortization of equity based compensation	—	—		14,211		—		—		—		—		14,211
Grants of restricted stock	1,820	2		(10,022)		10,022		—		—		—		2
Purchase of treasury stock	(705)	(1)		—		(7,425)		—		—		—		(7,426)
Shares acquired to satisfy minimum required federal and state tax withholding on vesting restricted stock	(760)	(1)		—		(8,706)		—		—		—		(8,707)
Dividends declared	—	—		—		—		(58,825)		—		—		(58,825)
Net income (loss)	—	—		—		—		29,104		—		(440)		28,664
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		—		—		(773)		—		(773)
Balance, June 30, 2025	127,461	$	127	$	1,781,307	$	(36,584)	$	(236,595)	$	(5,639)	$	(2,546)	$	1,500,070

Refer to the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

8

Ladder Capital Corp

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

(Dollars and Shares in Thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Shareholders’ Equity
	Class A Common Stock			Additional Paid- in-Capital		Treasury Stock		Retained Earnings (Dividends in Excess of Earnings)		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Noncontrolling  Interests		Total Equity
	Shares	Par										Consolidated Ventures
Balance, December 31, 2023	126,912	$	127	$	1,756,750	$	(12,001)	$	(197,875)	$	(13,853)	$	(950)	$	1,532,198
Distributions	—	—		—		—		—		—		(223)		(223)
Amortization of equity based compensation	—	—		13,415		—		—		—		—		13,415
Grants of restricted stock	1,856	2		—		—		—		—		—		2
Purchase of treasury stock	(80)	—		—		(858)		—		—		—		(858)
Shares acquired to satisfy minimum required federal and state tax withholding on vesting restricted stock	(811)	(1)		—		(8,883)		—		—		—		(8,884)
Forfeitures	(11)	—		110		(110)		—		—		—		—
Dividends declared	—	—		—		—		(58,809)		—		—		(58,809)
Net income (loss)	—	—		—		—		48,956		—		(403)		48,553
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		—		—		3,101		—		3,101
Balance, June 30, 2024	127,866	$	128	$	1,770,275	$	(21,852)	$	(207,728)	$	(10,752)	$	(1,576)	$	1,528,495

Refer to the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

9

Ladder Capital Corp
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Dollars in Thousands)
(Unaudited)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	28,664	$	48,553
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt	(257)		(177)
Depreciation and amortization	15,379		16,715
Unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments	185		697
Unrealized (gain) loss on securities	(790)		—
Provision for (release of) loan loss reserves, net	(123)		10,823
Amortization of equity based compensation	14,211		13,415
Amortization of deferred financing costs included in interest expense	4,729		5,719
Amortization of (premium)/discount on mortgage loan financing included in interest expense	(330)		(340)
Amortization of above- and below-market lease intangibles	(748)		(862)
(Accretion)/amortization of discount, premium and other fees on mortgage loans receivable	(5,350)		(7,891)
(Accretion)/amortization of discount and premium on securities	(968)		(459)
Net result from mortgage loan receivables held for sale	(5,076)		454
Realized (gain) loss on securities	(1,029)		(75)
(Gain) loss on real estate, net	(3,807)		(12,543)
(Earnings) loss from investments in unconsolidated ventures in excess of distributions received	1,020		(3)
Origination of mortgage loan receivables held for sale	(63,360)		—
Repayment of mortgage loan receivables held for sale	140		—
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loan receivables held for sale	66,847		—
Change in deferred tax asset (liability)	1,719		1,344
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued interest receivable	(366)		3,287
Other assets	(3,807)		(298)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	(31,565)		(53,328)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	15,318		25,031
Cash flows from investing activities:
Origination and funding of mortgage loan receivables held for investment	(412,598)		(69,583)
Repayment of mortgage loan receivables held for investment	474,194		611,348
Purchases of securities	(1,113,514)		(152,312)
Repayment of securities	200,563		147,868
Basis recovery of interest-only securities	1,058		1,713
Proceeds from sales of securities	59,368		10,581
Capital improvements of real estate	(1,507)		(1,831)
Proceeds from sale of real estate	13,079		46,886
Capital contributions and advances to investment in unconsolidated joint ventures	—		(13,125)
Proceeds from FHLB stock	—		5,175
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(779,357)		586,720
Cash flows from financing activities:
Deferred financing costs paid	(1,833)		(1,794)
Proceeds from borrowings under debt obligations	347,782		141,653
Repayment and repurchase of borrowings under debt obligations	(702,221)		(550,208)
Cash dividends paid to Class A common shareholders	(59,742)		(59,899)

10

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024
Capital distributed to noncontrolling interests in consolidated ventures	(15)		(223)
Payment of liability assumed in exchange for shares for the minimum withholding taxes on vesting restricted stock	(8,707)		(8,884)
Purchase of treasury stock	(8,937)		(858)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(433,673)		(480,213)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(1,197,712)		131,538
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	1,346,039		1,075,942
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	148,327	$	1,207,480
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Securities and derivatives purchased, not settled	31,796		—
Repayment in transit of mortgage loans receivable held for investment (other assets)	922		47,112
Non-cash disposition of loans via foreclosure	(42,400)		(42,646)
Real estate and real estate held for sale acquired in settlement of mortgage loans receivable held for investment, net	42,400		41,296
Dividends declared, not paid	30,921		31,206

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statement of cash flows ($ in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024
Cash and cash equivalents	$	134,939	$	1,195,559
Restricted cash	13,388		11,921
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statement of cash flows	$	148,327	$	1,207,480

Refer to the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Ladder Capital Corp
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)

1. ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS

Ladder Capital Corp (“Ladder,” “Ladder Capital,” and the “Company”) is an investment grade-rated, internally-managed U.S. real estate investment trust (“REIT”) that is a leader in commercial real estate finance. The Company originates and invests in a diverse portfolio of commercial real estate and real estate-related assets, focusing on senior secured assets. The Company’s investment activities include: (i) the Company’s primary business of originating senior first mortgage fixed and floating rate loans collateralized by commercial real estate with flexible loan structures; (ii) owning and operating commercial real estate, including net leased commercial properties; and (iii) investing in investment grade securities secured by first mortgage loans on commercial real estate. Ladder Capital Corp, as the general partner of Ladder Capital Finance Holdings LLLP (“LCFH”), operates the Ladder Capital business through LCFH and its subsidiaries. As of June 30, 2025, Ladder Capital Corp has a 100% economic interest in LCFH and controls the management of LCFH as a result of its ability to appoint its board members. Accordingly, Ladder Capital Corp consolidates the financial results of LCFH and its subsidiaries. In addition, Ladder Capital Corp, through certain subsidiaries, which are treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries (each a “TRS”), is indirectly subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. Other than such indirect U.S. federal, state and local income taxes, there are no material differences between Ladder Capital Corp’s consolidated financial statements and LCFH’s consolidated financial statements.

Ladder Capital Corp was formed as a Delaware corporation on May 21, 2013. The Company conducted its initial public offering (“IPO”) which closed on February 11, 2014. The Company used the net proceeds from the IPO to purchase newly-issued limited partnership units (“LP Units”) from LCFH. In connection with the IPO, Ladder Capital Corp also became a holding corporation and the general partner of, and obtained a controlling interest in, LCFH. Ladder Capital Corp’s only business is to act as the general partner of LCFH, and, as such, Ladder Capital Corp indirectly operates and controls all of the business and affairs of LCFH and its subsidiaries. The IPO transactions described herein are referred to as the “IPO Transactions.”

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Accounting and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). In the opinion of management, the unaudited financial information for the interim periods presented in this report reflects all normal and recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of results of operations, financial position and cash flows. The interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, which are included in the Annual Report, as certain disclosures that would substantially duplicate those contained in the audited consolidated financial statements have not been included in this interim report. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of operating results for an entire fiscal year.

The consolidated financial statements include the Company’s accounts and those of its subsidiaries that are majority-owned and/or controlled by the Company and variable interest entities for which the Company has determined itself to be the primary beneficiary, if any. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810 — Consolidation (“ASC 810”), provides guidance on the identification of entities for which control is achieved through means other than voting rights (“variable interest entities” or “VIEs”) and the determination of which business enterprise, if any, should consolidate the VIEs. Generally, the consideration of whether an entity is a VIE applies when either: (1) the equity investors (if any) lack one or more of the essential characteristics of a controlling financial interest; (2) the equity investment at risk is insufficient to finance that entity’s activities without additional subordinated financial support; or (3) the equity investors have voting rights that are not proportionate to their economic interests and the activities of the entity involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor with a disproportionately small voting interest. The Company consolidates VIEs in which it is considered to be the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity that has both of the following characteristics: (1) the power to direct the activities that, when taken together, most significantly impact the VIE’s performance; and (2) the obligation to absorb losses and right to receive the returns from the VIE that would be significant to the VIE. Refer to Note 6, Debt Obligations, Net, for further information.

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The Company has investments in two unconsolidated ventures, which were determined to be VIEs. The Company determined that it was not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs because the Company does not have power over these entities and therefore does not have controlling financial interests in these VIEs. These investments are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets within investments in and advances to unconsolidated ventures. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss is limited to its investments in these VIEs. The Company has not provided financial support to these unconsolidated VIEs that it was not previously contractually required to provide.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The Company uses a current expected credit loss model (“CECL”) for estimating the provision for loan losses on its loan portfolio. The CECL model requires the consideration of possible credit losses over the life of an instrument and includes a portfolio-based component and an asset-specific component. The Company engages a third-party service provider to provide market data and a credit loss model. The credit loss model is a forward-looking, econometric, commercial real estate (“CRE”) loss forecasting tool. It is comprised of a probability of default (“PD”) model and a loss given default (“LGD”) model that, layered together with the Company’s loan-level data, fair value of collateral, net operating income of collateral, selected forward-looking macroeconomic variables, and pool-level mean loss rates, produces life of loan expected losses (“EL”) at the loan and portfolio level. Where management has determined that the credit loss model does not fully capture certain external factors, including portfolio trends or loan-specific factors, a qualitative adjustment to the reserve is recorded. In addition, interest receivable on loans is not included in the Company’s CECL calculations as the Company performs timely write offs of aged interest receivable. The Company has made a policy election to write off aged receivables through interest income as opposed to through the CECL provision on its statements of income.

Loans for which the borrower or sponsor is experiencing financial difficulty, and where repayment of the loan is expected substantially through the operation or sale of the underlying collateral, are considered collateral dependent loans. For collateral dependent loans, the Company may elect a practical expedient that allows the Company to measure expected losses based on the difference between the collateral’s fair value and the amortized cost basis of the loan. When the repayment or satisfaction of the loan is dependent on a sale, rather than operations of the collateral, the fair value is adjusted for the estimated costs to sell the collateral. If foreclosure is probable, the Company is required to measure for expected losses using this methodology.

The Company generally will use the direct capitalization rate valuation methodology or the sales comparison approach to estimate the fair value of the collateral for loans and in certain cases will obtain external appraisals. Determining fair value of the collateral may take into account a number of assumptions including, but not limited to, cash flow projections, market capitalization rates, discount rates and data regarding recent comparable sales of similar properties. Such assumptions are generally based on current market conditions and are subject to economic and market uncertainties.

The Company’s loans are typically collateralized by real estate directly or indirectly. As a result, the Company regularly evaluates the extent and impact of any credit deterioration associated with the performance and/or value of the underlying collateral property as well as the financial and operating capability of the borrower/sponsor on a loan-by-loan basis. Specifically, a property’s operating results and any cash reserves are analyzed and used to assess: (i) whether cash flow from operations is sufficient to cover the debt service requirements currently and into the future; (ii) the ability of the borrower to refinance the loan at maturity; and/or (iii) the property’s liquidation value. The Company also evaluates the financial wherewithal of any loan guarantors as well as the borrower’s competency in managing and operating the properties. In addition, the Company considers the overall economic environment, real estate sector, and geographic submarket in which the collateral property is located. Such impairment analyses are completed and reviewed by asset management and underwriting personnel, who utilize various data sources, including: (i) periodic financial data such as property occupancy, tenant profile, rental rates, operating expenses, the borrowers’ business plan, and capitalization and discount rates; (ii) site inspections; and (iii) current credit spreads and other market data and ultimately presented to management for approval.

When a debtor is experiencing financial difficulties and a loan is modified, the effect of the modification will be included in the Company’s assessment of the CECL allowance for loan losses. If the Company provides principal forgiveness, the amortized cost basis of the loan is written off against the allowance for loan losses. Generally, when modifying loans, the Company will seek to protect its position by requiring incremental pay downs, additional collateral or guarantees and, in some cases, lookback features or equity interests to offset concessions granted should conditions impacting the loan improve.

The Company designates a loan as a non-accrual loan generally when: (i) the principal or coupon interest components of loan payments become 90-days past due; or (ii) in the opinion of the Company, recovery of principal and coupon interest is doubtful. Interest income on non-accrual loans in which the Company reasonably expects a recovery of the loan’s outstanding principal balance is recognized when received in cash. Otherwise, income recognition will be suspended and any cash received will be applied as a reduction to the amortized cost basis. A non-accrual loan is returned to accrual status at such time as the loan

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becomes contractually current and future principal and coupon interest are reasonably assured to be received. A loan will be charged-off when management has determined principal and coupon interest is no longer realizable and deemed non-recoverable.

Transfers of Financial Assets

For a transfer of financial assets to be considered a sale, the transfer must meet the sale criteria of ASC 860, which, at the time of the transfer, require that the transferred assets qualify as recognized financial assets and the Company surrender control over the assets. Such surrender requires that the assets be isolated from the Company, even in bankruptcy or other receivership, the purchaser have the right to pledge or sell the assets transferred and the Company not have an option or obligation to reacquire the assets. If the sale criteria are not met, the transfer is considered to be a secured borrowing, the assets remain on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and the sale proceeds are recognized as a liability. In November 2017, the SEC staff indicated that, despite transfer restrictions placed on qualified Third Party Purchasers by the risk retention rules of the Dodd-Frank Act, they would not take exception to a registrant treating transfers of financial instruments in a securitization as sales if the transfers otherwise met all the criteria for sale accounting. The Company believes treatment of such transfers as sales is consistent with the substance of such transactions and, accordingly, reflects such transfers as sales. The Company recognizes gains on sale of loans net of any costs related to that sale.

Debt Issued

From time to time, a subsidiary of the Company will originate a loan (each, an “inter-segment loan,” and collectively, “inter-segment loans”) to another subsidiary of the Company to finance the purchase of real estate. The mortgage loan receivable and the related obligation do not appear in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as they are eliminated upon consolidation. Once the Company issues (sells) an inter-segment loan to a third-party securitization trust (for cash), the related mortgage note is recognized as a financing transaction and accounted for under ASC 470. The accounting for the securitization of an inter-segment loan—a financial instrument that has never been recognized in the consolidated financial statements as an asset—is considered a financing transaction under ASC 470 and ASC 835.

The periodic securitization of the Company’s mortgage loans involves both inter-segment loans and mortgage loans made to third parties with the latter recognized as financial assets in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as part of an integrated transaction. The Company receives aggregate proceeds equal to the transaction’s all-in securitization value and sales price. In accordance with the guidance under ASC 835, when initially measuring the obligation arising from an inter-segment loan’s securitization, the Company allocates the proceeds from each securitization transaction between the third-party loans and each inter-segment loan securitized on a relative fair value basis determined in accordance with the guidance in ASC 820. The difference between the amount allocated to each inter-segment loan and the loan’s face amount is recorded as a premium or discount, and is amortized, using the effective interest method, as a reduction or increase in reported interest expense, respectively.

Reclassification

Certain other prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period's presentation.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07—Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Upon transition, the segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in the prior periods should be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 during the fourth quarter of 2024 and the adoption of ASU 2023-07 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09—Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 improves the transparency of income tax disclosures related to rate reconciliation and income taxes. ASU 2023-07 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The amendments should be applied prospectively, however retrospective application is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“DISE”). DISE requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. ASU 2024-03 does not change the expense captions an entity presents on the face of the income statement; rather, it requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. As revised by ASU No. 2025-01, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures, the provisions of ASU 2024-03 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. With the exception of expanding disclosures to include more granular income statement expense categories, we do not expect the adoption of ASU 2024-03 to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Any new accounting standards not disclosed above that have been issued or proposed by FASB and that do not require adoption until a future date are being evaluated or are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

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3. MORTGAGE LOAN RECEIVABLES

June 30, 2025 ($ in thousands)

	Outstanding Face Amount		Carrying Value			Weighted Average Yield (1)(2)		Remaining Maturity (years)(2)(3)
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost:
First mortgage loans	$	1,592,553	$	1,586,395		8.97	%	1.3
Mezzanine loans	7,325		7,315			11.29	%	0.9
Total mortgage loans receivable	1,599,878		1,593,710			8.98	%	1.3
Allowance for credit losses	N/A		(52,166)
Total mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost	1,599,878		1,541,544
Mortgage loan receivables held for sale:
First mortgage loans	31,350		28,347		(4)	4.57	%	6.7
Total	$	1,631,228	$	1,569,891	(5)	8.89	%	1.4

(1)Includes the impact of interest rate floors. Term SOFR rates in effect as of June 30, 2025 are used to calculate weighted average yield for floating rate loans.

(2)Excludes five non-accrual loans with an amortized cost basis of $162.3 million. Refer to “Non-Accrual Status” below for further details.

(3)The remaining maturity is calculated based on the initial maturity. The weighted average extended maturity for all loans is 2.2 years.

(4)As a result of changes in prevailing rates, the Company recorded a reversal of lower of cost or market adjustment as of June 30, 2025. The adjustment was calculated using a 5.03% discount rate.

(5)Net of $7.2 million of deferred origination fees and other items as of June 30, 2025.

As of June 30, 2025, $1.3 billion, or 81.9%, of the outstanding face amount of the mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost, were at variable interest rates linked to Term SOFR. Of this $1.3 billion, 100% of these variable interest rate mortgage loan receivables were subject to interest rate floors. As of June 30, 2025, $31.4 million, or 100%, of the outstanding face amount of the mortgage loan receivables held for sale were at fixed interest rates.

December 31, 2024 ($ in thousands)

	Outstanding Face Amount		Carrying Value			Weighted Average Yield (1)(2)		Remaining Maturity (years)(2)(3)
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost:
First mortgage loans	$	1,584,674	$	1,579,740		9.34	%	0.9
Mezzanine loans	11,603		11,582			11.51	%	1.1
Total mortgage loans receivable	1,596,277		1,591,322			9.36	%	0.9
Allowance for credit losses	—		(52,323)
Total mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost	1,596,277		1,538,999
Mortgage loan receivables held for sale:
First mortgage loans	31,350		26,898		(4)	4.57	%	7.2
Total	$	1,627,627	$	1,565,897	(5)	9.27	%	1.0

(1)Includes the impact of interest rate floors. Term SOFR rates in effect as of December 31, 2024 are used to calculate weighted average yield for floating rate loans.

(2)Excludes two non-accrual loans with an amortized cost basis of $76.9 million. Refer to “Non-Accrual Status” below for further details.

(3)The remaining maturity is calculated based on the initial maturity. The weighted average extended maturity for all loans is 1.6 years.

(4)As a result of rising prevailing rates, the Company recorded a reversal of lower of cost or market adjustment as of December 31, 2024. The adjustment was calculated using a 5.20% discount rate.

(5)Net of $5.0 million of deferred origination fees and other items as of December 31, 2024.

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As of December 31, 2024, $1.3 billion, or 83.3%, of the outstanding face amount of the mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost, were at variable interest rates linked to Term SOFR. Of this $1.3 billion, 100.0% of these variable interest rate mortgage loan receivables were subject to interest rate floors. As of December 31, 2024, $31.4 million, or 100%, of the outstanding face amount of the mortgage loan receivables held for sale were at fixed interest rates.

For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, loan portfolio activity was as follows ($ in thousands):

	Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost:
	Mortgage loans receivable		Allowance for credit losses		Mortgage loan  receivables held for sale
Balance, December 31, 2024	$	1,591,322	$	(52,323)	$	26,898
Origination of mortgage loan receivables (1)	412,598		—		63,360
Repayment of mortgage loan receivables (2)	(373,160)		—		(140)
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loan receivables	—		—		(66,847)
Non-cash disposition of loans via foreclosure	(42,400)		—		—
Net result from mortgage loan receivables held for sale (3)	—		—		5,076
Accretion/amortization of discount, premium and other fees	5,350		—		—
Release (addition) of provision for current expected credit loss, net (4)	—		157		—
Balance, June 30, 2025	$	1,593,710	$	(52,166)	$	28,347

(1)Includes funding of commitments on existing mortgage loans.

(2)Includes $0.9 million of repayments in transit.

(3)Includes unrealized lower of cost or market adjustment reversal of $1.5 million and realized gain on loans held for sale of $3.6 million.

(4)Refer to “Allowance for Credit Losses” table below for further detail.

	Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost:
	Mortgage loans receivable		Allowance for credit losses		Mortgage loan  receivables held for sale
Balance, December 31, 2023	$	3,155,089	$	(43,165)	$	26,868
Origination of mortgage loan receivables (1)	69,583		—		—
Repayment of mortgage loan receivables (2)	(650,594)		—		—
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loan receivables (3)	—		—		—
Non-cash disposition of loans via foreclosure (4)	(42,646)		—		—
Net result from mortgage loan receivables held for sale (5)	—		—		(454)
Accretion/amortization of discount, premium and other fees	7,891		—		—
Release (addition) of provision for current expected credit loss, net (6)	—		(10,942)		—
Balance, June 30, 2024	$	2,539,323	$	(54,107)	$	26,414

(1)Includes funding of commitments on existing mortgage loans.

(2)Includes $39.2 million of repayments in transit.

(3)Excludes $69.4 million of proceeds received from the sale of conduit mortgage loans collateralized by net leased properties in the Company’s real estate segment to a third-party securitization trust. The mortgage loan receivables, which were originated during the current period, and the related obligation do not appear in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as they are eliminated upon consolidation. Upon the sale of the mortgage loan receivable to a third-party securitization trust (for cash), the related mortgage note is recognized as a financing transaction.

(4)Refer to Note 5, Real Estate and Related Lease Intangibles, Net, for further detail on foreclosures of real estate.

(5)Includes unrealized lower of cost or market adjustment and realized gain/loss on loans held for sale.

(6)Refer to “Allowance for Credit Losses” table below for further detail.

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Allowance for Credit Losses and Non-Accrual Status ($ in thousands)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
Allowance for Credit Losses	2025		2024		2025		2024
Allowance for credit losses at beginning of period	$	52,208	$	49,060	$	52,323	$	43,165
Provision for (release of) current expected credit loss, net(1)	(42)		5,047		(157)		10,942
Allowance for credit losses at end of period	$	52,166	$	54,107	$	52,166	$	54,107

(1)As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no asset-specific reserves.

Non-Accrual Status (1)	June 30, 2025(2)		December 31, 2024(3)
Amortized cost basis of loans on non-accrual status	$	162,264	$	76,875

(1)As of June 30, 2025, $162.3 million of loans on non-accrual status were greater than 90 days past due. As of December 31, 2024, $76.9 million of loans on non-accrual status were greater than 90 days past due. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized $0.9 million of interest income on these loans while on non-accrual status.

(2)Comprised of one multi-family loan with an amortized cost basis of $61.0 million, one mixed-use loan with an amortized cost basis of $16.8 million, one office loan with an amortized cost basis of $22.4 million, one hotel loan with an amortized cost basis of $11.9 million and one multi-family loan with an amortized cost basis of $50.1 million, for which the Company determined no asset-specific reserves were necessary.

(3)Comprised of one multi-family loan with an amortized cost basis of $60.9 million and one mixed-use loan with an

amortized cost basis of $16.0 million, for which the Company determined no asset-specific reserve was necessary.

Current Expected Credit Loss

As of June 30, 2025, the Company has a $52.7 million allowance for current expected credit losses, of which $52.2 million pertains to mortgage loan receivables and $0.5 million relates to unfunded commitments included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had a $52.8 million allowance for current expected credit losses, of which $52.3 million pertained to mortgage loan receivables and $0.5 million related to unfunded commitments included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet.

The release of loan loss reserves for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $42 thousand and $0.1 million, respectfully. The release recorded during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily due to continued uncertainty in macroeconomic market conditions affecting commercial real estate, partially offset by a decrease in the size of the Company’s balance sheet first mortgage loan portfolio as a result of repayments.

The provision for loan loss reserves for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was $5.1 million and $10.8 million, respectively. The provision recorded during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was primarily due to adverse changes in macroeconomic market conditions affecting commercial real estate, partially offset by a decrease in the size of the Company’s balance sheet first mortgage loan portfolio as a result of repayments.

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Management’s method for monitoring credit is the performance of a loan. The primary credit quality indicator management utilizes to assess its current expected credit loss reserve is by viewing the Company’s mortgage loan portfolio by collateral type. The primary credit quality indicator is reviewed by management on a quarterly basis. The following tables summarize the amortized cost of the mortgage loan portfolio by collateral type as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively ($ in thousands):

	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year as of June 30, 2025
Collateral Type	2025		2024		2023		2022		2021 and Earlier		Total (2)
Office	$	21,796	$	—	$	—	$	55,800	$	658,660	$	736,256
Multifamily	266,203		126,958		14,634		23,175		111,114		542,084
Mixed Use	18,185		—		—		—		83,207		101,392
Industrial	42,520		26,935		—		—		—		69,455
Other	48,616		—		—		14,207		—		62,823
Retail	14,812		10,456		—		—		24,162		49,430
Hospitality	—		—		—		—		32,270		32,270
Subtotal mortgage loans receivable	412,132		164,349		14,634		93,182		909,413		1,593,710
Individually Impaired loans	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total mortgage loans receivable (1)	$	412,132	$	164,349	$	14,634	$	93,182	$	909,413	$	1,593,710

	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year as of December 31, 2024
Collateral Type	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020 and Earlier		Total (3)
Office	$	—	$	—	$	59,944	$	518,663	$	185,242	$	763,849
Multifamily	126,588		14,636		105,324		272,291		—		518,839
Mixed Use	—		—		—		127,380		—		127,380
Retail	23,833		—		—		48,628		—		72,461
Hospitality	—		—		—		13,064		55,260		68,324
Industrial	26,368		—		—		—		—		26,368
Other	—		—		14,101		—		—		14,101
Subtotal mortgage loans receivable	176,789		14,636		179,369		980,026		240,502		1,591,322
Individually Impaired loans	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total mortgage loans receivable (4)(5)	$	176,789	$	14,636	$	179,369	$	980,026	$	240,502	$	1,591,322

(1)Not included above is $8.4 million of accrued interest receivable on all loans at June 30, 2025.

(2)For purposes of calculating our CECL allowance, one loan collateralized by a hospitality property, one loan collateralized by an office property, and one loan collateralized by a multifamily property utilized valuations of the underlying collateral to calculate the allowance at June 30, 2025.

(3)For purposes of calculating our CECL allowance, two loans collateralized by mixed-use, one loan collateralized by office, and one loan collateralized by multifamily utilized valuations of the underlying collateral to calculate the allowance at December 31, 2024.

(4)For the year ended December 31, 2024, there was a $5.0 million charge-off of an asset-specific allowance in connection with a foreclosure of one office property in Oakland, California.

(5)Not included above is $9.4 million of accrued interest receivable on all loans at December 31, 2024.

4. SECURITIES

The Company invests in primarily AAA-rated real estate securities, typically front pay securities, with relatively short duration and significant credit subordination.

Commercial mortgage-backed securities, including CRE CLOs (“CMBS”), CMBS interest-only securities, U.S. Agency securities, corporate bonds and U.S. Treasury securities are classified as available-for-sale and reported at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in the current period in other comprehensive income. As of June 30, 2025, the Company does not intend to sell these investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases.

19

Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) interest-only, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp (“FHLMC”) and equity securities are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings in the consolidated statements of income. The following is a summary of the Company’s securities at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 ($ in thousands):

June 30, 2025

						Gross Unrealized								Weighted Average
Asset Type	Outstanding Face Amount			Amortized Cost Basis		Gains		Losses (1)		Carrying Value			# of Securities	Rating (2)	Coupon %		Yield %		Remaining Duration (years)
CMBS	$	1,966,176		$	1,963,496	$	3,205	$	(8,939)	$	1,957,762	(3)	108	AAA	5.77 %		5.90 %		2.38
CMBS interest-only(4)	415,529		(4)	2,101		95		(1)		2,195		(5)	6	AAA	0.49 %		8.61 %		0.71
GNMA interest-only(6)	29,844		(4)	151		43		(55)		139			13	AAA	0.31 %		9.32 %		4.36
Agency securities	6			7		—		—		7			1	AAA	4.00 %		2.35 %		0.33
Total debt securities	$	2,411,555		$	1,965,755	$	3,343	$	(8,995)	$	1,960,103	(7)	128		4.79	%	5.88	%	2.37
Equity securities	N/A			6,527		158		(297)		6,388			6	N/A	N/A		N/A		N/A
Allowance for current expected credit losses	N/A			—		—		(20)		(20)
Total securities	$	2,411,555		$	1,972,282	$	3,501	$	(9,312)	$	1,966,471		134

December 31, 2024

						Gross Unrealized								Weighted Average
Asset Type	Outstanding Face Amount			Amortized Cost Basis		Gains		Losses (1)		Carrying Value			# of Securities	Rating (2)	Coupon %		Yield %		Remaining Duration (years)
CMBS	$	1,065,985		$	1,063,835	$	3,335	$	(8,296)	$	1,058,874	(3)	92	AAA	5.97 %		6.13 %		2.41
CMBS interest-only(4)	769,724		(4)	3,149		104		(9)		3,244		(5)	7	AAA	0.38 %		7.81 %		0.87
GNMA interest-only(6)	32,710		(4)	160		53		(58)		155			13	AAA	0.33 %		9.38 %		3.64
Agency securities	11			11		—		—		11			1	AAA	4.00 %		2.60 %		0.58
Total debt securities	$	1,868,430		$	1,067,155	$	3,492	$	(8,363)	$	1,062,284	(7)	113		3.56	%	6.03	%	2.37
Equity securities	N/A			19,511		3		(939)		18,575			8	N/A	N/A		N/A		N/A
Allowance for current expected credit losses	N/A			—		—		(20)		(20)
Total securities	$	1,868,430		$	1,086,666	$	3,495	$	(9,322)	$	1,080,839		121

(1)Based on the Company’s analysis, including review of interest rate changes and current levels of subordination, among other factors, the unrealized loss positions are determined to be due to market factors other than credit.

(2)Represents the weighted average of the ratings of all securities in each asset type, expressed as an S&P equivalent rating. For each security rated by multiple rating agencies, the highest rating is used. The ratings provided were determined by third-party rating agencies. The rates may not be current and are subject to change (including the assignment of a “negative outlook” or “credit watch”) at any time.

(3)As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, includes $8.8 million and $8.9 million, respectively, of restricted securities which are designated as risk retention securities under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, as amended (“Dodd-Frank Act”) and are therefore subject to transfer restrictions over the term of the securitization trust and are classified as held-to-maturity and reported at amortized cost.

(4)The amounts presented represent the principal amount of the mortgage loans outstanding in the pool in which the interest-only securities participate.

(5)As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, includes $0.2 million of restricted securities which are designated as risk retention securities under the Dodd-Frank Act and are therefore subject to transfer restrictions over the term of the securitization trust and are classified as held-to-maturity and reported at amortized cost.

(6)GNMA interest-only securities are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings. The Company’s GNMA interest-only securities are considered to be hybrid financial instruments that contain embedded derivatives. As a result, the Company has elected to account for them as hybrid instruments in their entirety at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in unrealized gain (loss) on securities in the consolidated statements of income.

(7)The Company’s investments in debt securities represent an ownership interest in unconsolidated VIEs. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from these unconsolidated VIEs is the amortized cost basis of the securities which represents the purchase price of the investment adjusted by any unamortized premiums or discounts as of the reporting date.

20

The following tables summarize the carrying value of the Company’s debt securities by remaining maturity based upon expected cash flows at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 ($ in thousands):

June 30, 2025

Asset Type	Within 1 year		1-5 years		5-10 years		After 10 years		Total
CMBS	$	324,062	$	1,625,199	$	8,501	$	—	$	1,957,762
CMBS interest-only	2,195		—		—		—		2,195
GNMA interest-only	29		—		4		106		139
Agency securities	7		—		—		—		7
Total securities (1)	$	326,293	$	1,625,199	$	8,505	$	106	$	1,960,103

(1)Excluded from the table above are $6.4 million of equity securities and $(20.0) thousand of allowance for current expected credit losses.

December 31, 2024

Asset Type	Within 1 year		1-5 years		5-10 years		Total
CMBS	$	170,874	$	888,000	$	—	$	1,058,874
CMBS interest-only	2,937		307		—		3,244
GNMA interest-only	53		13		89		155
Agency securities	11		—		—		11
U.S. Treasury securities	—		—				—
Total securities (1)	$	173,875	$	888,320	$	89	$	1,062,284

(1)Excluded from the table above are $18.6 million of equity securities and $(20.0) thousand of allowance for current expected credit losses.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company sold $14.6 million and $32.6 million of equity securities, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company sold $0.8 million and $1.8 million of equity securities, respectively.

The following table summarizes the Company’s realized and unrealized gain (loss) on securities, included within “Fee and Other Income” on the Company’s consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024 ($ in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Realized gain (loss) on securities	$	487	$	22	$	1,029	$	75
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities	102		(19)		790		(27)
Total realized and unrealized gain (loss) on securities	$	589	$	3	$	1,819	$	48

United States Treasury Securities

The Company invests in short-term and long-term U.S. Treasury securities. Short-term U.S. Treasury securities are classified as cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheets and long-term U.S. Treasury securities are classified as securities on the consolidated balance sheets. As of June 30, 2025, the Company held $18.9 million of U.S. Treasury securities classified as cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheet.

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5. REAL ESTATE AND RELATED LEASE INTANGIBLES, NET

The Company’s real estate assets were comprised of the following ($ in thousands):

	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Land	$	183,976	$	173,798
Building	639,154		622,701
In-place leases and other intangibles	112,864		107,899
Undepreciated real estate and related lease intangibles	935,994		904,398
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(245,808)		(233,595)
Real estate and related lease intangibles, net(1)	$	690,186	$	670,803
Below market lease intangibles, net (other liabilities)(2)	$	(23,689)	$	(25,340)

(1)There was unencumbered real estate of $266.8 million and $213.4 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

(2)Below market lease intangibles is net of $17.2 million and $16.5 million of accumulated amortization as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had no real estate and lease intangibles held for sale.

The following table presents depreciation and amortization expense on real estate recorded by the Company ($ in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Depreciation expense(1)	$	6,464	$	6,346	$	12,516	$	12,735
Amortization expense	1,579		2,067		2,863		3,980
Total real estate depreciation and amortization expense	$	8,043	$	8,413	$	15,379	$	16,715

(1)Depreciation expense on the consolidated statements of income also includes $0.2 million and $0.1 million of depreciation on corporate fixed assets for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively, and $0.1 million and $0.2 million of depreciation on corporate fixed assets for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively.

The Company’s intangible assets are comprised of in-place leases, above market leases and other intangibles. The following tables present additional detail related to the intangible assets ($ in thousands):

	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Gross intangible assets(1)	$	112,864	$	107,899
Accumulated amortization	59,873		57,281
Net intangible assets	$	52,991	$	50,618

(1)Includes $3.3 million and $2.3 million of unamortized above market lease intangibles, which are included in real estate and related lease intangibles, net on the consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following table presents increases/reductions in operating lease income related to the amortization of above or below market leases recorded by the Company ($ in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Reduction in operating lease income for amortization of above market lease intangibles acquired	$	(157)	$	(95)	$	(250)	$	(192)
Increase in operating lease income for amortization of below market lease intangibles acquired	503		525		998		1,054
Total	$	346	$	430	$	748	$	862

22

The following table presents expected adjustment to operating lease income and expected amortization expense during the next five years and thereafter related to the above and below market leases and acquired in-place lease and other intangibles for property owned as of June 30, 2025 ($ in thousands):

Period Ending December 31,	Increase/(Decrease) to Operating Lease Income		Amortization Expense
2025 (last six months)	$	606	$	3,308
2026	1,224		5,923
2027	1,188		5,730
2028	1,250		4,740
2029	1,496		3,589
Thereafter	14,315		27,364
Total	$	20,079	$	50,654

Rent Receivables

There were $3.0 million and $2.6 million of rent receivables included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Operating Lease Income & Tenant Reimbursements

The following table is a schedule of non-cancellable, contractual, future minimum rent under leases (excluding property operating expenses paid directly by tenant under net leases) at June 30, 2025 ($ in thousands):

Period Ending December 31,	Amount
2025 (last six months)	$	35,926
2026	62,858
2027	52,256
2028	49,769
2029	46,943
Thereafter	130,612
Total	$	378,364

Tenant reimbursements, which consist of real estate taxes and utilities paid by the Company, which were reimbursable by the Company’s tenants pursuant to the terms of the lease agreements, were $1.5 million and $2.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $1.4 million and $3.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Tenant reimbursements are included in operating lease income on the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Acquisitions

The Company acquired the following properties during the six months ended June 30, 2025 ($ in thousands):

Acquisition Date		Type	Primary Location(s)	Purchase Price/Fair Value on the Date of Foreclosure		Ownership Interest (1)
April 2025	(2)	Office	Carmel, IN	$	42,400	100%
Total real estate acquisitions				$	42,400

(1)Properties were consolidated as of acquisition date.

(2)In April 2025, the Company acquired an office portfolio consisting of two buildings in Carmel, IN via foreclosure. The portfolio served as collateral for a mortgage loan receivable held for investment. The $42.4 million fair value was determined by using the direct capitalization approach. A capitalization rate of 11.6% was used to determine fair value. There was no gain or loss resulting from the foreclosure of the loan. The key inputs used to determine fair value were determined to be Level 3 inputs.

23

The Company acquired the following properties during the six months ended June 30, 2024 ($ in thousands):

Acquisition Date		Type	Primary Location(s)	Purchase Price/Fair Value on the Date of Foreclosure		Ownership Interest (1)
February 2024	(2)	Multifamily	Los Angeles, CA	$	14,110	100%
April 2024	(3)	Multifamily	Longview, TX	6,080		100%
April 2024	(4)	Multifamily	Amarillo, TX	9,651		100%
June 2024	(5)	Multifamily	Los Angeles, CA	11,455		100%
Total real estate acquisitions				$	40,900

(1)Properties were consolidated as of acquisition date.

(2)In February 2024, the Company acquired a multifamily portfolio consisting of three properties in Los Angeles, CA via foreclosure. The portfolio served as collateral for a mortgage loan receivable held for investment. The Company obtained a third-party appraisal of the properties. The $14.1 million fair value was determined by using the sales comparison and direct capitalization approaches. The appraiser utilized a capitalization rate of 5.5%. There was no gain or loss resulting from the foreclosure of the loan. The key inputs used to determine fair value were determined to be Level 3 inputs. The portfolio was sold in June 2024.

(3)In April 2024, the Company acquired a multifamily portfolio consisting of two properties in Longview, TX via foreclosure. The portfolio served as collateral for a mortgage loan receivable held for investment. There was a $0.4 million gain recognized in connection with the foreclosure of the loan. During June 2024, the Company sold the portfolio for $6.1 million. The fair value at foreclosure was based on the sales price.

(4)In April 2024, the Company acquired a multifamily property in Amarillo, TX via foreclosure. The property served as collateral for a mortgage loan receivable held for investment. The Company determined the fair value of $9.7 million by using the sales comparison approach utilizing a terminal capitalization rate of 8.3%. There was no gain or loss resulting from the foreclosure of the loan. The key inputs used to determine fair value were determined to be Level 3 inputs.

(5)In June 2024, the Company acquired a multifamily portfolio consisting of three properties in Los Angeles, CA via foreclosure. The portfolio served as collateral for a mortgage loan receivable held for investment. The $11.5 million fair value was determined by using the sales comparison approach. There was no gain or loss resulting from the foreclosure of the loan.

Sales

The Company sold the following property during the six months ended June 30, 2025 ($ in thousands):

Sales Date	Type	Primary Location(s)	Sales Proceeds		Net Book Value		Realized Gain/(Loss)		Properties
March 2025	Retail	Jenks, OK	$	13,079	$	9,272	$	3,807	1
Totals			$	13,079	$	9,272	$	3,807

The Company sold the following properties during the six months ended June 30, 2024 ($ in thousands):

Sales Date	Type	Primary Location(s)		Sales Proceeds		Net Book Value		Realized Gain/(Loss)		Properties
May 2024	Office	Peoria, IL		$	1,227	$	2,320	$	(1,093)	1
June 2024	Multifamily	Los Angeles, CA		14,834		13,911		923		3
June 2024	Retail	Waldorf, MD		23,734		11,424		12,310		1
June 2024	Multifamily	Longview, TX	(1)	6,080		6,080		403		2
Totals				$	45,875	$	33,735	$	12,543

(1)The Company recognized a $0.4 million gain on foreclosure which is recognized in gain (loss) on real estate, net on the consolidated statements of income.

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6. DEBT OBLIGATIONS, NET

The details of the Company’s debt obligations at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows ($ in thousands):

June 30, 2025

Debt Obligations	Committed Amount		Outstanding Principal Amount		Carrying Value		Average Cost of Funds(1)	Current Maturity	Final Stated Maturity(2)	Carrying Value of Collateral
Loan Repurchase Facility	$	500,000	$	62,738	$	62,738	6.46%	9/27/2025	9/27/2027	$	97,732
Loan Repurchase Facility	300,000		—		—		—%	10/21/2027	10/21/2029	—
Loan Repurchase Facility	200,000		—		—		—%	10/3/2025	10/3/2027	14,634
Loan Repurchase Facility	56,000		—		—		—%	4/30/2026	4/30/2029	—
Loan Repurchase Facilities(3)	$	1,056,000	$	62,738	$	62,738				$	112,366
Securities Repurchases	—		294,428		294,428		4.86%	7/2025	7/2025	327,209
Total Repurchase Facilities	$	1,056,000	$	357,166	$	357,166				$	439,575
Mortgage Debt	N/A		419,172		421,900		6.14%	2025-2034(4)	2027-2048	423,374
Revolving Credit Facility(5)	850,000		—		—		—%	12/20/2028	12/20/2029	N/A
Senior Unsecured Notes	N/A		2,018,458		2,004,100		5.23%	2025-2031	2025-2031	N/A
Total Debt Obligations, net	$	1,906,000	$	2,794,796	$	2,783,166				$	862,949

(1)Interest rates on floating rate debt reflect the applicable index in effect as of June 30, 2025. Excludes deferred financing costs.

(2)Final Stated Maturity assumes extensions at our option are exercised with consent of financing providers, where applicable.

(3)Carrying value excludes $1.1 million of unamortized deferred financing costs included in Other Assets.

(4)Anticipated Repayment Dates.

(5)Carrying Value excludes $7.7 million of unamortized deferred financing costs included in Other Assets.

December 31, 2024

Debt Obligations	Committed Amount		Outstanding Principal Amount		Carrying Value		Average Cost of Funds(1)	Current Maturity	Final Stated Maturity(2)	Carrying Value of Collateral
Loan Repurchase Facility	$	500,000	$	62,738	$	62,738	6.55%	9/27/2025	9/27/2027	$	97,254
Loan Repurchase Facility	300,000		—		—		—%	10/21/2027	10/21/2029	—
Loan Repurchase Facility	200,000		—		—		—%	10/3/2025	10/3/2027	14,636
Loan Repurchase Facility	100,000		—		—		—%	1/22/2025	1/22/2026	—
Loan Repurchase Facility	56,000		—		—		—%	4/30/2026	4/30/2029	—
Loan Repurchase Facilities(3)	$	1,156,000	$	62,738	$	62,738				$	111,890
Mortgage Debt	N/A		443,733		446,397		6.09%	2025-2034(4)	2027-2048	451,880
CLO Debt	N/A		601,464		601,429		6.36%	2025-2026(5)	2036-2038	831,270
Revolving Credit Facility(6)	725,000		—		—		—%	12/20/2028	12/20/2029	N/A
Senior Unsecured Notes	N/A		2,041,557		2,025,053		5.22%	2025-2031	2025-2031	N/A
Total Debt Obligations, net	$	1,881,000	$	3,149,492	$	3,135,617				$	1,395,040

(1)Interest rates on floating rate debt reflect the applicable index in effect as of December 31, 2024. Excludes deferred financing costs.

(2)Final Stated Maturity assumes extensions at our option are exercised with consent of financing providers, where applicable.

(3)Carrying value excludes $2.1 million of unamortized deferred financing costs included in Other Assets.

(4)Anticipated Repayment Dates.

(5)Represents the estimated maturity dates based on the underlying loan maturities.

(6)The obligations under the revolving credit facility are secured by equity pledges of certain subsidiaries of the Company. Carrying Value excludes $7.1 million of unamortized deferred financing costs included in Other Assets.

25

Senior Unsecured Notes

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had $2.0 billion of senior unsecured notes outstanding. These unsecured financings were comprised of $285.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.25% senior notes due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”), $599.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.25% senior notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”), $633.9 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.75% senior notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”) and $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.00% senior notes due 2031 (the “2031 Notes”). Subsequent to quarter end, the Company issued $500 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.50% senior notes due 2030 (the “2030 Notes,” collectively with the 2025 Notes, the 2027 Notes, the 2029 Notes and the 2031 Notes, the “Notes”) and redeemed in full the 2025 Notes which had an outstanding principal amount of $285.0 million as of June 30, 2025. The Company currently guarantees the obligations under the Notes and the indenture.

The Notes require interest payments semi-annually in cash in arrears, are unsecured, and in some cases, are subject to an unencumbered assets to unsecured debt covenant. The Company may redeem the Notes prior to their stated maturity, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, with required notice and at a redemption price as specified in each respective indenture governing the Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date. The board of directors has authorized the Company to repurchase any or all of the Notes from time to time without further approval. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company repurchased $10.7 million of the 2025 Notes and $12.4 million of the 2027 Notes, recognizing a net gain on extinguishment of debt of $7 thousand and $250 thousand, respectively.

Revolving Credit Facility

The Company’s Revolving Credit Facility is available on a revolving basis to finance the Company’s working capital needs and for general corporate purposes. On January 2, 2025, the Company increased the aggregate maximum borrowing amount of the Revolving Credit Facility to $850.0 million, following the upsize to $725 million on December 20, 2024. The Revolving Credit Facility also allows the Company to enter into additional incremental revolving commitments up to an aggregate facility size of $1.3 billion subject to certain customary conditions. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to adjusted term SOFR plus a margin. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to adjusted term SOFR plus a margin of 125 basis points as of June 30, 2025. The margin for borrowings is subject to adjustment based on the Company's credit rating and may range between 77.5 and 170 basis points. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had no outstanding borrowings on the Revolving Credit Facility.

Effective May 27, 2025, the date on which the Company received investment grade ratings from Moody’s and Fitch, the Revolving Credit Facility was automatically amended, the pledge of the shares of (or other ownership or equity interest in) certain subsidiaries was terminated, and each guarantor (other than Ladder Capital Corp and any subsidiary that is a trigger guarantor) was released and discharged from all obligations as a guarantor and/or pledgor.

Collateralized Loan Obligations (“CLO”) Debt

On July 13, 2021, the Company financed a pool of $607.5 million of loans at an 82% advance rate on a matched term, non-mark-to-market and non-recourse basis in a managed CLO transaction (“LCCM 2021-FL2”), which generated $498.2 million of gross proceeds to Ladder. The Company retained an 18% subordinate and controlling interest in LCCM 2021-FL2. The Company retained control over major decisions made with respect to the administration of the loans in LCCM 2021-FL2, including broad discretion in managing these loans, and had the ability to appoint the special servicer. LCCM 2021-FL2 was a VIE and the Company was the primary beneficiary and, therefore, consolidated the VIE. On February 18, 2025, the Company redeemed all outstanding obligations of LCCM 2021-FL2 and no longer consolidated this VIE as of June 30, 2025.

On December 2, 2021, the Company financed a pool of $729.4 million of loans at a 77.6% advance rate on a matched term, non-mark-to-market and non-recourse basis in a managed CLO transaction (“LCCM 2021-FL3”), which generated $566.2 million of gross proceeds to Ladder. The Company retained a 15.6% subordinate and controlling interest in the LCCM 2021-FL3 and held two additional tranches totaling 6.8% as investments. The Company retained control over major decisions made with respect to the administration of the loans in LCCM 2021-FL3, including broad discretion in managing these loans, and had the ability to appoint the special servicer. LCCM 2021-FL3 was a VIE and the Company was the primary beneficiary and, therefore, consolidated the VIE. On June 16, 2025, the Company redeemed all outstanding obligations of LCCM 2021-FL3 and no longer consolidated this VIE as of June 30, 2025.

At December 31, 2024, the Company had $601.4 million of matched term, non-mark-to-market and non-recourse CLO debt included in debt obligations on its consolidated balance sheet, as a result, the Company consolidated two CLOs that were considered VIE's on its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 ($ in thousands):

26

	December 31, 2024
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost	$	831,270
Accrued interest receivable	5,530
Other assets	42,621
Total assets	$	879,421
Debt obligations, net	$	601,429
Accrued expenses	1,806
Total liabilities	603,235
Net equity in VIEs (eliminated in consolidation)	276,186
Total equity	276,186
Total liabilities and equity	$	879,421

Loan and Securities Repurchase Financing

As of June 30, 2025, the Company has entered into four committed master repurchase agreements to finance its lending activities, totaling $1.1 billion of credit capacity and $357.2 million outstanding.

Assets pledged as collateral under these facilities are generally limited to first lien whole mortgage loans, mezzanine loans and certain interests in such first mortgage and mezzanine loans. The lenders have sole discretion to include collateral in these facilities and to determine the market value of the collateral. In certain cases the lenders may require additional collateral, a full or partial repayment of the facilities (margin call) or a reduction in undrawn availability under the facilities.

The Company has also entered into master repurchase agreements with several counterparties to finance real estate securities. The securities that serve as collateral for these borrowings are typically highly liquid AAA-rated CMBS with relatively short duration and significant subordination. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had $294.4 million of securities repurchase debt outstanding.

As of June 30, 2025, one loan repurchase facility was scheduled to mature within 90 days of June 30, 2025 and included extension provisions allowing for renewal for up to an additional two years. No counterparties held collateral that exceeded the amounts borrowed under the related loan and securities repurchase agreements by more than $150.0 million, or 10% of the Company’s total equity. As of June 30, 2025, the weighted average haircut, or the percent of collateral value in excess of the loan amount, under the Company’s repurchase agreements was 44%. There have been no significant fluctuations in haircuts across asset classes on the repurchase facilities.

Mortgage Loan Financing

The Company typically finances its real estate investments with long-term, non-recourse mortgage financing. These mortgage loans have carrying amounts of $421.9 million and $446.4 million, net of unamortized premiums of $3.4 million and $3.7 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, representing proceeds received upon financing greater than the contractual amounts due under these agreements. The premiums are being amortized over the remaining life of the respective debt instruments using the effective interest method. The Company recorded $0.2 million and $0.3 million of premium amortization for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $0.2 million and $0.3 million of premium amortization for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company executed no new term debt agreements. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company executed five and ten new term debt agreements, respectively, to finance properties in its real estate portfolio with a carrying amount of $28.8 million and $68.9 million, respectively.

Financial Covenants

Our borrowings under certain financing agreements are subject to financial covenants, including maximum leverage ratio limits, minimum net worth requirements, minimum liquidity requirements, minimum fixed charge coverage ratio requirements, and minimum unencumbered assets to unsecured debt requirements. The Company’s subsidiary, Tuebor Captive Insurance Company LLC (“Tuebor”), was previously a captive insurance company subject to state regulations, which required regulatory

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approval for dividend distributions, limiting the Company's ability to utilize cash held by Tuebor. Effective January 31, 2025, Tuebor is no longer licensed as a captive insurer and is no longer subject to state regulation.

The Company was in compliance with all covenants as of June 30, 2025.

Combined Maturity of Debt Obligations

The following schedule reflects the Company’s contractual payments under borrowings by maturity ($ in thousands): 

Period ending December 31,	Borrowings by Maturity(1)
2025 (last six months)	$	613,952
2026	89,161
2027	805,391
2028	24,317
2029	669,484
Thereafter	592,491
Subtotal	2,794,796
Debt issuance costs included in senior unsecured notes	(14,358)
Debt issuance costs included in mortgage loan financings	(661)
Net premiums included in mortgage loan financings (2)	3,389
Total	$	2,783,166

(1)The allocation of repayments under the Company’s committed loan repurchase facilities is based on the earlier of: (i) the final stated maturity date of each agreement; or (ii) the maximum maturity date of the collateral loans, assuming all extension options are exercised by the borrower. Repayments of the Company's mortgage debt is based on the anticipated repayment dates as defined in the mortgage loan agreements.

(2)Represents sales proceeds received in excess of loan amounts sold into securitizations that are amortized as a reduction to interest expense using the effective interest method over the life of the underlying loan.

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7. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

The Company primarily uses derivative instruments to economically manage the fair value variability of fixed rate assets caused by interest rate fluctuations and overall portfolio market risk. The following is a breakdown of the derivatives outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 ($ in thousands):

June 30, 2025

			Fair Value				Remaining Maturity (years)
Contract Type	Notional		Asset(1)		Liability(1)
Caps
1 Month Term SOFR	$	90,000	$	125	$	—	0.13
Futures
10-year Treasury-Note Futures	25,000		122		—		0.26
Total futures	25,000		122		—
Total derivatives	$	115,000	$	247	$	—

(1)Shown as derivative instruments in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.

December 31, 2024

				Fair Value				Remaining Maturity (years)
Contract Type	Notional			Asset(1)		Liability(1)
Caps
1 Month Term SOFR	$	90,000		$	432	$	—	0.62
Options
Options	N/A		(2)	5		—		0.05
Total credit derivatives	—			5		—
Total derivatives	$	90,000		$	437	$	—

(1)Shown as derivative instruments in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.

(2)The Company held 275 options contracts as of December 31, 2024.

The following table summarizes the net realized gains (losses) and unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, by primary underlying risk exposure, as included in net result from derivatives transactions in the consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 ($ in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2025						Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
Contract Type	Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Realized Gain/(Loss)		Net Result from Derivative Transactions		Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Realized Gain/(Loss)		Net Result from Derivative Transactions
Caps	$	(154)	$	189	$	35	$	(308)	$	378	$	70
Futures	(66)		1,557		1,491		123		1,661		1,784
Options	—		—		—		—		(5)		(5)
Total	$	(220)	$	1,746	$	1,526	$	(185)	$	2,034	$	1,849

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	Three Months Ended June 30, 2024						Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Contract Type	Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Realized Gain/(Loss)		Net Result from Derivative Transactions		Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Realized Gain/(Loss)		Net Result from Derivative Transactions
Caps	$	(383)	$	419	$	36	$	(630)	$	837	$	207
Futures	466		115		581		(65)		4,496		4,431
Options	—		—		—		—		(1)		(1)
Total	$	83	$	534	$	617	$	(695)	$	5,332	$	4,637

Futures

Collateral posted with the Company’s futures counterparties is segregated in the Company’s books and records. Interest rate futures are centrally cleared by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”) through a futures commission merchant. Interest rate futures that are governed by an International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) agreement provide for bilateral collateral pledging based on the counterparties’ market value. The counterparties have the right to re-pledge the collateral posted but have the obligation to return the pledged collateral, or substantially the same collateral, if agreed to by us, as the market value of the interest rate futures change.

The Company is required to post initial margin and daily variation margin for its interest rate futures that are centrally cleared by CME. CME determines the fair value of the Company’s centrally cleared futures, including daily variation margin. Variation margin pledged on the Company’s centrally cleared interest rate futures is settled against the realized results of these futures. The Company’s counterparties held $0.6 million of cash margin as collateral for derivatives as of June 30, 2025, which is included in restricted cash in the consolidated balance sheets and no cash margin as collateral for derivatives as of December 31, 2024.

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8. OFFSETTING ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

The following tables present both gross information and net information about derivatives and other instruments eligible for offset in the statement of financial position as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company’s accounting policy is to record derivative asset and liability positions on a gross basis; therefore, the following tables present the gross derivative asset and liability positions recorded on the balance sheets, while also disclosing the eligible amounts of financial instruments and cash collateral to the extent those amounts could offset the gross amount of derivative asset and liability positions. The actual amounts of collateral posted by or received from counterparties may be in excess of the amounts disclosed in the following tables as the following only disclose amounts eligible to be offset to the extent of the recorded gross derivative positions.

The following table represents offsetting of financial assets and derivative assets as of June 30, 2025 ($ in thousands): 

Description	Gross amounts of recognized assets		Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet		Net amounts of assets presented in the balance sheet		Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet				Net amount
							Financial instruments		Cash collateral received/(posted)(1)
Derivatives	$	247	$	—	$	247	$	—	$	(638)	$	(391)
Total	$	247	$	—	$	247	$	—	$	(638)	$	(391)

(1)Included in restricted cash on consolidated balance sheet.

The following table represents offsetting of financial liabilities and derivative liabilities as of June 30, 2025 ($ in thousands): 

Description	Gross amounts of recognized liabilities		Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet		Net amounts of liabilities presented in the balance sheet		Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet				Net amount
							Financial instruments collateral		Cash collateral posted/(received)(1)
Repurchase agreements	$	62,738	$	—	$	62,738	$	62,738	$	—	$	62,738
Total	$	62,738	$	—	$	62,738	$	62,738	$	—	$	62,738

(1)Included in restricted cash on consolidated balance sheet.

The following table represents offsetting of financial assets and derivative assets as of December 31, 2024 ($ in thousands):

Description	Gross amounts of recognized assets		Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet		Net amounts of assets presented in the balance sheet		Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet				Net amount
							Financial instruments		Cash collateral received/(posted)(1)
Derivatives	$	437	$	—	$	437	$	—	$	—	$	437
Total	$	437	$	—	$	437	$	—	$	—	$	437

(1)Included in restricted cash on consolidated balance sheet.

The following table represents offsetting of financial liabilities and derivative liabilities as of December 31, 2024 ($ in thousands):

Description	Gross amounts of recognized liabilities		Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet		Net amounts of liabilities presented in the balance sheet		Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet				Net amount
							Financial instruments collateral		Cash collateral posted/(received)(1)
Repurchase agreements	$	62,738	$	—	$	62,738	$	62,738	$	—	$	62,738
Total	$	62,738	$	—	$	62,738	$	62,738	$	—	$	62,738

(1)Included in restricted cash on consolidated balance sheet.

Master netting agreements that the Company has entered into with its derivative and repurchase agreement counterparties allow for netting of the same transaction, in the same currency, on the same date. Assets, liabilities, and collateral subject to master netting agreements as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are disclosed in the tables above. The Company does not present its derivative and repurchase agreements net on the consolidated financial statements as it has elected gross presentation. 

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9. EQUITY

Stock Repurchases

On April 23, 2025, the board of directors authorized the repurchase of $100.0 million of the Company’s Class A common stock from time to time without further approval. This authorization increased the remaining outstanding authorization per the April 24, 2024 authorization from $66.8 million to $100.0 million. Stock repurchases by the Company are generally made for cash in open market transactions at prevailing market prices but may also be made in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The timing and amount of purchases are determined based upon prevailing market conditions, the Company’s liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has a remaining amount available for repurchase of $93.4 million, which represents 6.8% in the aggregate of its outstanding Class A common stock, based on the closing price of $10.75 per share on such date.

The following tables summarize the Company’s repurchase activity of its Class A common stock during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 ($ in thousands):

	Shares	Amount(1)
Authorizations remaining as of December 31, 2024		$	67,604
Additional authorizations (2)		33,201
Repurchases paid:
March 1, 2025 - March 31, 2025	70,506	(805)
April 1, 2025 - April 30, 2025	—	—
May 1, 2025 - May 31, 2025	401,396	(4,151)
June 1, 2025 - June 30, 2025	234,094	(2,456)
Authorizations remaining as of June 30, 2025		$	93,393

(1)Amount excludes commissions paid associated with share repurchases.

(2)On April 23, 2025, the Board authorized repurchases up to $100.0 million in aggregate.

	Shares	Amount(1)
Authorizations remaining as of December 31, 2023		$	44,256
Additional authorizations (2)		31,391
Repurchases paid:
March 1, 2024 - March 31, 2024	60,000	(647)
May 1, 2024 - May 31, 2024	2,100	(23)
June 1, 2024 - June 30, 2024	17,590	(189)
Authorizations remaining as of June 30, 2024		$	74,788

(1)Amount excludes commissions paid associated with share repurchases.

(2)On April 24, 2024, the Board authorized repurchases up to $75.0 million in aggregate.

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Dividends

The following table presents dividends declared (on a per share basis) of Class A common stock for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

Declaration Date	Dividend per Share
March 14, 2025	$	0.23
June 13, 2025	0.23
Total	$	0.46
March 15, 2024	$	0.23
June 14, 2024	0.23
Total	$	0.46

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table presents changes in accumulated other comprehensive income related to the cumulative difference between the fair market value and the amortized cost basis of securities classified as available for sale for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 ($ in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) beginning of period	$	(4,866)	$	(13,853)
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities, available for sale	(773)		3,101
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) end of period	$	(5,639)	$	(10,752)

10. NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS

Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Ventures

As of June 30, 2025, the Company consolidates two ventures and in each, there are different noncontrolling investors, which own between 10.0% - 25.0% of such ventures. These ventures hold investments in a 40-building student housing portfolio in Isla Vista, CA with a book value of $77.3 million, and a single-tenant office building in Oakland County, MI with a book value of $8.5 million. The Company makes distributions and allocates income from these ventures to the noncontrolling interests in accordance with the terms of the respective governing agreements.

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11. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The Company’s net income (loss) and weighted average shares outstanding for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 consist of the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands except share amounts)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Basic and Diluted Net income (loss) available for Class A common shareholders	$	17,328	$	32,349	$	29,104	$	48,956
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	125,796,410		125,730,765		125,713,143		125,523,265
Diluted	126,204,424		125,839,500		126,242,515		125,679,937

The calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share amounts for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 consist of the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands except share and per share amounts) (1)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Basic Net Income (Loss) Per Share of Class A Common Stock
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to Class A common shareholders	$	17,328	$	32,349	$	29,104	$	48,956
Denominator:
Weighted average number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding	125,796,410		125,730,765		125,713,143		125,523,265
Basic net income (loss) per share of Class A common stock	$	0.14	$	0.26	$	0.23	$	0.39
Diluted Net Income (Loss) Per Share of Class A Common Stock
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to Class A common shareholders	$	17,328	$	32,349	$	29,104	$	48,956
Diluted net income (loss) attributable to Class A common shareholders	17,328		32,349		29,104		48,956
Denominator:
Basic weighted average number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding	125,796,410		125,730,765		125,713,143		125,523,265
Add - dilutive effect of:
Incremental shares of unvested Class A restricted stock(1)	408,014		108,735		529,372		156,672
Diluted weighted average number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding (2)(3)	126,204,424		125,839,500		126,242,515		125,679,937
Diluted net income (loss) per share of Class A common stock	$	0.14	$	0.26	$	0.23	$	0.39

(1)The Company applies the treasury stock method.

(2)There were 10,482 and 16,869 anti-dilutive shares for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively.

(3)There were 461,207 and 419,937 anti-dilutive shares for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.

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12. STOCK-BASED AND OTHER COMPENSATION PLANS

Summary of Stock and Shares Unvested/Outstanding

The following table summarizes the impact on the consolidated statements of income of the various stock-based compensation plans and other compensation plans ($ in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Stock-based compensation expense	$	2,996	$	3,117	$	14,211	$	13,415
Total Stock-Based Compensation Expense	$	2,996	$	3,117	$	14,211	$	13,415

A summary of the grants is presented below:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
	Number of Shares/Options	Weighted Average Fair Value Per Share		Number of Shares	Weighted Average Fair Value Per Share		Number of Shares	Weighted Average Fair Value Per Share		Number of Shares	Weighted Average Fair Value Per Share
Grants - Class A Common Stock	—	$	—	—	$	—	1,820,027	$	11.68	1,855,541	$	10.70

The table below presents the number of unvested shares of Class A common stock and outstanding stock options at June 30, 2025 and changes during 2025 of the Class A common stock and stock options of Ladder Capital Corp:

	Restricted Stock	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Stock Options
Nonvested/Outstanding at December 31, 2024	2,020,752	$	12.28	623,788
Granted	1,820,027	11.68		—
Vested	(1,776,196)	11.49		—
Forfeited	—	—		—
Expired	—	—		(439,760)
Nonvested/Outstanding at June 30, 2025	2,064,583	$	12.44	184,028
Exercisable at June 30, 2025 (1)				184,028

(1)The weighted average exercise price of outstanding options is $11.86 at June 30, 2025.

At June 30, 2025, there was $16.0 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to certain share-based compensation awards that is expected to be recognized over a period of up to 32.1 months, with a weighted average remaining vesting period of 25.9 months.

2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan

In connection with the IPO Transactions, the 2014 Ladder Capital Corp Omnibus Incentive Equity Plan (the “2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan”) was adopted by the board of directors on February 11, 2014, and provided certain members of management, employees and directors of the Company or its affiliates with additional incentives including grants of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, other stock-based awards and other cash-based awards.

2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan

At the Company’s Annual Meeting held on June 6, 2023, the stockholders of the Company approved the Ladder Capital Corp 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan”), effective as of the date of the Annual Meeting (the “Effective Date”). The 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan superseded and replaced the 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan in its entirety as of the Effective Date.

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The aggregate number of shares of the Company’s Class A common stock that will be available for issuance to employees, non-employee directors and consultants of the Company and its affiliates under the 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan will not exceed 3,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, plus an additional amount, not to exceed 10,253,867 shares of Class A common stock, remaining available for new awards under the 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan as of the Effective Date, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

Annual Incentive Awards Granted in 2025 with respect to 2024 Performance

For 2024 performance, certain employees received stock-based incentive equity in February 2025. Restricted stock subject to time-based vesting criteria will vest in three installments on February 18 of each of 2026, 2027 and 2028, subject to continued employment on the applicable vesting dates. The Company has elected to recognize the compensation expense related to the time-based vesting of the annual restricted stock awards for the entire award on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. Restricted stock subject to performance criteria is eligible to vest in three equal installments upon the Board’s confirmation that the Company achieves a pre-tax return on average equity, based on distributable earnings divided by the Company’s average shareholders’ equity, equal to or greater than 8% for such year (the “Performance Target”) for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2026 and 2027, respectively. If the Company misses the Performance Target during either the first or second calendar year but meets the Performance Target for a subsequent year during the three-year performance period and the Company’s return on equity for such subsequent year and any years for which it missed its Performance Target equals or exceeds the compounded pre-tax return on average equity of 8% based on distributable earnings divided by the Company’s average shareholders’ equity, the performance-vesting restricted stock which failed to vest because the Company previously missed its Performance Target will vest subject to continued employment on the applicable vesting date (the “Catch-Up Provision”). Approximately 2/3 of all the shares subject to attainment of the Performance Target are also subject to the Catch-Up Provision, as the Catch-Up Provision is not available for the missed performance during the third performance year and has the effect of requiring the Company to achieve an average 8% return over the full three-year performance plan in order to be effective. Accruals of compensation cost for an award with a performance condition shall be based on the probable outcome of that performance condition. Therefore, compensation cost shall be accrued if it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved and shall not be accrued if it is not probable that the performance condition will be achieved. The probability of meeting the performance outcome is assessed quarterly.

On February 18, 2025, in connection with 2024 performance, annual stock awards were granted to management employees (each, a “Management Grantee”), with an aggregate grant date fair value of $11 million, which represents 962,821 shares of Class A common stock. The grant to Mr. Harris and approximately half of the grants to each of Ms. McCormack and Mr. Perelman were unrestricted. The other half of incentive equity granted to each of Ms. McCormack and Mr. Perelman is restricted stock subject to attainment of the Performance Target for the applicable years and is also subject to the Catch-Up Provision described above. For the grants to Mr. Miceli and Ms. Porcella (a total of 125,871 shares with an aggregate fair value of $1.5 million), approximately half of the awards are subject to time-based vesting criteria and the remaining half are subject to attainment of the Performance Target, including the Catch-Up Provision, for the applicable years.

On February 18, 2025, in connection with 2024 performance, annual stock awards were granted to certain non-management employees (“Non-Management Grantees”) with an aggregate grant date fair value of $9.6 million, which represents 825,016 shares of Class A common stock. Of these awards, 21,658 shares were unrestricted, 390,859 shares are subject to time-based vesting criteria and the remaining 412,499 shares are subject to the attainment of the Performance Target, including the Catch-Up Provision, for the applicable years.

Other 2025 Restricted Stock Awards

On February 18, 2025, certain members of the board of directors received annual restricted stock awards with a grant date fair value of $0.4 million, representing 32,190 shares of restricted Class A common stock, which will vest in full on the first anniversary of the date of grant, subject to continued service on the board of directors. Compensation expense related to the time-based vesting criteria of the award shall be recognized on a straight-line basis over the one-year vesting period.

Annual Incentive Awards Granted in 2024 with respect to 2023 Performance

For 2023 performance, certain employees received stock-based incentive equity in February 2024. Restricted stock subject to time-based vesting criteria will vest in three installments on February 18 of each of 2025, 2026 and 2027, subject to continued employment on the applicable vesting dates. The Company has elected to recognize the compensation expense related to the time-based vesting of the annual restricted stock awards for the entire award on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. Restricted stock subject to performance criteria is eligible to vest in three equal installments upon

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the compensation committee’s confirmation that the Company achieves the Performance Target for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2025 and 2026, respectively, subject to the Catch-Up Provision as described above.

On February 18, 2024, in connection with 2023 performance, annual stock awards were granted to Management Grantees with an aggregate grant date fair value of $10 million, which represents 937,560 shares of Class A common stock. The grant to Mr. Harris and approximately half of the grants to each of Ms. McCormack and Mr. Perelman were unrestricted. The other half of incentive equity granted to each of Ms. McCormack and Mr. Perelman is restricted stock subject to attainment of the Performance Target for the applicable years and is also subject to the Catch-Up Provision described above. For the grants to Mr. Miceli and Ms. Porcella (a total of 127,275 shares with an aggregate fair value of $1.4 million), approximately half of the awards are subject to time-based vesting criteria and the remaining half are subject to attainment of the Performance Target, including the Catch-Up Provision, for the applicable years.

On February 18, 2024, in connection with 2023 performance, annual stock awards were granted to certain Non-Management Grantees with an aggregate grant date fair value of $9.4 million, which represents 882,436 shares of Class A common stock. Of these awards, 22,939 shares were unrestricted, 418,285 shares are subject to time-based vesting criteria and the remaining 441,212 shares are subject to the attainment of the Performance Target, including the Catch-Up Provision, for the applicable years.

Other 2024 Restricted Stock Awards

On February 18, 2024, certain members of the board of directors received annual restricted stock awards with a grant date fair value of $0.4 million, representing 35,545 shares of restricted Class A common stock, which will vest in full on the first anniversary of the date of grant, subject to continued service on the board of directors. Compensation expense related to the time-based vesting criteria of the award shall be recognized on a straight-line basis over the one-year vesting period.

Annual Incentive Awards Granted in 2023 with respect to 2022 Performance

For 2022 performance, certain employees received stock-based incentive equity in February 2023. Restricted stock subject to time-based vesting criteria will vest in three installments on February 18 of each of 2024, 2025 and 2026, subject to continued employment on the applicable vesting dates. The Company has elected to recognize the compensation expense related to the time-based vesting of the annual restricted stock awards for the entire award on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. Restricted stock subject to performance criteria is eligible to vest in three equal installments upon the compensation committee’s confirmation that the Company achieves the Performance Target for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, subject to the Catch-Up Provision as described above.

On February 18, 2023, in connection with 2022 performance, annual stock awards were granted to Management Grantees with an aggregate grant date fair value of $8.5 million, which represents 733,607 shares of Class A common stock. The grant to Mr. Harris and approximately half of the grants to each of Ms. McCormack and Mr. Perelman were unrestricted. The other half of incentive equity granted to each of Ms. McCormack and Mr. Perelman is restricted stock subject to attainment of the Performance Target for the applicable years and is also subject to the Catch-Up Provision described above. For the grants to Mr. Miceli and Ms. Porcella (a total of 101,344 shares with an aggregate fair value of $1.2 million), approximately half of the awards are subject to time-based vesting criteria and the remaining half are subject to attainment of the Performance Target, including the Catch-Up Provision, for the applicable years.

On February 18, 2023, in connection with 2022 performance, annual stock awards were granted to certain Non-Management Grantees with an aggregate grant date fair value of $7.5 million, which represents 651,429 shares of Class A common stock. Of these awards, 19,558 shares were unrestricted, 306,162 shares are subject to time-based vesting criteria and the remaining 325,709 shares are subject to the attainment of the Performance Target, including the Catch-Up Provision, for the applicable years.

Other 2023 Restricted Stock Awards

On February 18, 2023, certain members of the board of directors received annual restricted stock awards with a grant date fair value of $0.4 million, representing 32,525 shares of restricted Class A common stock, which will vest in full on the first anniversary of the date of grant, subject to continued service on the board of directors. Compensation expense related to the time-based vesting criteria of the award shall be recognized on a straight-line basis over the one-year vesting period.

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Change in Control

Upon a change in control (as defined in the respective award agreements), restricted stock awards to Mr. Miceli, Ms. McCormack, Mr. Perelman, Ms. Porcella (for her February 18, 2024 award), and one Non-Management Grantee will become fully vested if: (1) such Grantee continues to be employed through the closing of the change in control; or (2) after the signing of definitive documentation related to the change in control, but prior to its closing, such Grantee’s employment is terminated without cause or due to death or disability or the Grantee resigns for Good Reason, as defined in each Grantee’s employment agreement. The compensation committee retains the right, in its sole discretion, to provide for the accelerated vesting (in whole or in part) of the restricted stock awards granted.

In the event a Non-Management Grantee (except for the one grantee mentioned above and including Ms. Porcella, in regards to her awards granted prior to February 18, 2024), is terminated by the Company without cause within six months of certain changes in control, all unvested time shares shall vest on the termination date and all unvested performance shares shall remain outstanding and be eligible to vest (or be forfeited) in accordance with the performance conditions.

13. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Fair value is based upon internal models, using market quotations, broker quotations, counterparty quotations or pricing services quotations, which provide valuation estimates based upon reasonable market order indications and are subject to significant variability based on market conditions, such as interest rates, credit spreads and market liquidity. The fair value of the mortgage loan receivables held for sale is based upon a securitization model utilizing market data from recent securitization spreads and pricing.

Fair Value Summary Table

The carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, which are both reported at fair value on a recurring basis or amortized cost/par, at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows ($ in thousands):

June 30, 2025

									Weighted Average
Assets:	Principal Amount			Amortized Cost Basis/Purchase Price		Fair Value		Fair Value Method	Yield %		Remaining Maturity/Duration (years)
CMBS(1)	$	1,966,176		$	1,963,496	$	1,957,762	Internal model	5.90	%	2.38
CMBS interest-only(1)	415,529		(2)	2,101		2,195		Internal model	8.61	%	0.71
GNMA interest-only(3)	29,844		(2)	151		139		Internal model	9.32	%	4.36
Agency securities(1)	6			7		6		Internal model	2.35	%	0.33
Equity securities(3)	N/A			6,527		6,388		Observable market prices	N/A		N/A
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost(4)	1,599,878			1,593,710		1,577,296		Discounted Cash Flow(5)	8.98	%	1.26
Mortgage loan receivables held for sale	31,350			28,347		28,347		Internal model, third-party inputs(6)	4.57	%	6.69
Nonhedge derivatives(1)(10)	115,000			247		247		Counterparty quotations	N/A		0.19
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements - short-term	357,166			357,166		357,166		Cost plus Accrued Interest (7)	5.14	%	0.07
Mortgage loan financing	419,172			421,900		417,076		Discounted Cash Flow	6.14	%	3.45
Senior unsecured notes	2,018,458			2,004,100		2,017,180		Internal model	5.23	%	3.25

(1)Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) in equity.

(2)Represents notional outstanding balance of underlying collateral.

(3)Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded in current period earnings.

(4)Balance does not include impact of allowance for current expected credit losses of $52.2 million at June 30, 2025.

(5)Fair value for floating rate mortgage loan receivables, held for investment is estimated to approximate the outstanding face amount given the short interest rate reset risk (30 days) and no significant change in credit spreads since origination. Fair value for fixed rate mortgage loan receivables, held for investment is measured using a discounted cash flow model.

(6)Fair value for mortgage loan receivables, held for sale is measured using a hypothetical securitization model utilizing market data from recent securitization spreads and pricing.

(7)For repurchase agreements - short term, the value approximates the cost plus accrued interest.

(8)For CLO debt, the carrying value approximates the fair value discounting the expected cash flows at current market rates. If the collateral is determined to be impaired, the related financing would be revalued accordingly. There are no impairments on any positions.

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(9)The outstanding face amount of the nonhedge derivatives represents the notional amount of the underlying contracts.

December 31, 2024

									Weighted Average
Assets:	Principal Amount			Amortized Cost Basis/Purchase Price		Fair Value		Fair Value Method	Yield %		Remaining Maturity/Duration (years)
CMBS(1)	$	1,065,985		$	1,063,835	$	1,058,873	Internal model	6.13	%	2.41
CMBS interest-only(1)	769,724		(2)	3,149		3,244		Internal model	7.81	%	0.87
GNMA interest-only(3)	32,710		(2)	160		155		Internal model	9.38	%	3.64
Agency securities(1)	11			11		11		Internal model	2.60	%	0.58
Equity securities(3)	N/A			19,511		18,575		Observable market prices	N/A		N/A
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost(4)	1,596,277			1,591,322		1,575,911		Discounted Cash Flow(5)	9.36	%	0.86
Mortgage loan receivables held for sale	31,350			26,898		26,898		Internal model, third-party inputs(6)	4.57	%	7.18
Nonhedge derivatives(1)(10)	90,000			437		437		Counterparty quotations	N/A		0.62
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements - short-term	62,738			62,738		62,738		Cost plus Accrued Interest (7)	6.55	%	0.74
Mortgage loan financing	443,733			446,397		435,048		Discounted Cash Flow	6.09	%	3.36
CLO debt	601,464			601,380		601,430		Discounted Cash Flow(8)	2.01	%	0.98
Senior unsecured notes	2,041,557			2,025,053		2,001,207		Internal model	5.22	%	3.72

(1)Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) in equity.

(2)Represents notional outstanding balance of underlying collateral.

(3)Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded in current period earnings.

(4)Balance does not include impact of allowance for current expected credit losses of $52.3 million at December 31, 2024.

(5)Fair value for floating rate mortgage loan receivables, held for investment is estimated to approximate the outstanding face amount given the short interest rate reset risk (30 days) and no significant change in credit spreads since origination. Fair value for fixed rate mortgage loan receivables, held for investment is measured using a discounted cash flow model.

(6)Fair value for mortgage loan receivables, held for sale is measured using a hypothetical securitization model utilizing market data from recent securitization spreads and pricing.

(7)For repurchase agreements - short term, the value approximates the cost plus accrued interest.

(8)For CLO debt, the carrying value approximates the fair value discounting the expected cash flows at current market rates. If the collateral is determined to be impaired, the related financing would be revalued accordingly. There are no impairments on any positions.

(9)The outstanding face amount of the nonhedge derivatives represents the notional amount of the underlying contracts.

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The following table summarizes the Company’s financial assets and liabilities, which are both reported at fair value on a recurring basis (as indicated) or amortized cost/par, at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 ($ in thousands):

June 30, 2025

Financial Instruments Reported at Fair Value on Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition	Principal Amount			Fair Value
				Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
CMBS(1)	$	1,957,189		$	—	$	1,948,989	$	—	$	1,948,989
CMBS interest-only(1)	407,496		(2)	—		2,037		—		2,037
GNMA interest-only(3)	29,844		(2)	—		139		—		139
Agency securities(1)	6			—		6		—		6
Equity securities	N/A			6,388		—		—		6,388
Nonhedge derivatives(4)	115,000			247		—		—		247
				$	6,635	$	1,951,171	$	—	$	1,957,806
Financial Instruments Not Reported at Fair Value on Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition	Principal Amount			Fair Value
				Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost(5)	$	1,599,878		$	—	$	—	$	1,577,296	$	1,577,296
Mortgage loan receivable held for sale(6)	31,350			—		—		28,347		28,347
CMBS(7)	8,987			—		8,773		—		8,773
CMBS interest-only(7)	8,033			—		158		—		158
				$	—	$	8,931	$	1,605,643	$	1,614,574
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements - short-term	$	357,166		$	—	$	357,166	$	—	$	357,166
Mortgage loan financing	419,172			—		—		417,076		417,076
Senior unsecured notes	2,018,458			—		2,017,180		—		2,017,180
				$	—	$	2,374,346	$	417,076	$	2,791,422

(1)Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) in equity.

(2)Represents notional outstanding balance of underlying collateral. 

(3)Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded in current period earnings. 

(4)Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded in current period earnings. The outstanding face amount of the nonhedge derivatives represents the notional amount of the underlying contracts.

(5)Balance does not include impact of allowance for current expected credit losses of $52.2 million at June 30, 2025.

(6)A lower of cost or market adjustment was recorded as of June 30, 2025.

(7)Restricted securities which are designated as risk retention securities under the Dodd-Frank Act and are therefore subject to transfer restrictions over the term of the securitization trust, are classified as held-to-maturity and reported at amortized cost.

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December 31, 2024

Financial Instruments Reported at Fair Value on Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition	Principal Amount			Fair Value
				Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
CMBS(1)	$	1,056,844		$	—	$	1,049,986	$	—	$	1,049,986
CMBS interest-only(1)	761,537		(2)	—		3,037		—		3,037
GNMA interest-only(3)	32,710		(2)	—		155		—		155
Agency securities(1)	11			—		11		—		11
Equity securities	N/A			18,575		—		—		18,575
Nonhedge derivatives(4)	90,000			—		437		—		437
				$	18,575	$	1,053,626	$	—	$	1,072,201
Financial Instruments Not Reported at Fair Value on Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition	Principal Amount			Fair Value
				Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost(5)	$	1,596,277		$	—	$	—	$	1,575,911	$	1,575,911
Mortgage loan receivable held for sale(6)	31,350			—		—		26,898		26,898
CMBS(7)	9,142			—		8,887		—		8,887
CMBS interest-only(7)	8,187			—		207		—		207
				$	—	$	9,094	$	1,602,809	$	1,611,903
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements - short-term	$	62,738		$	—	$	62,738	$	—	$	62,738
Mortgage loan financing	443,733			—		—		435,048		435,048
CLO debt	601,464			—		601,430		—		601,430
Senior unsecured notes	2,041,557			—		2,001,207		—		2,001,207
				$	—	$	2,665,375	$	435,048	$	3,100,423

(1)Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) in equity.

(2)Represents notional outstanding balance of underlying collateral. 

(3)Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded in current period earnings. 

(4)Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded in current period earnings. The outstanding face amount of the nonhedge derivatives represents the notional amount of the underlying contracts.

(5)Balance does not include impact of allowance for current expected credit losses of $52.3 million at December 31, 2024.

(6)A lower of cost or market adjustment was recorded as of December 31, 2024.

(7)Restricted securities which are designated as risk retention securities under the Dodd-Frank Act and are therefore subject to transfer restrictions over the term of the securitization trust, are classified as held-to-maturity and reported at amortized cost.

(8)As of December 31, 2024, the Company determined that $2.0 billion of senior unsecured notes were level 2 based on the Company’s increased observability of the inputs used to internally value the senior unsecured notes.

The Company did not have any Level 3 financial instruments as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Nonrecurring Fair Values

The Company measures fair value of certain assets on a nonrecurring basis when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may be impaired. Adjustments to fair value generally result from the application of lower of amortized cost or fair value accounting for assets held for sale or write-down of assets value due to impairment. Refer to Note 3, Mortgage Loan Receivables and Note 5, Real Estate and Related Lease Intangibles, Net, for disclosure of Level 3 inputs for certain assets measured on a nonrecurring basis.

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14. INCOME TAXES

The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code (“the Code”), commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2015 (the REIT Election”). As such, the Company’s income is generally not subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes other than as described below.

Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries have elected to be treated as TRSs. TRSs permit the Company to participate in certain activities from which REITs are generally precluded, as long as these activities meet specific criteria, are conducted within the parameters of certain limitations established by the Code, and are conducted in entities which elect to be treated as taxable subsidiaries under the Code. To the extent these criteria are met, the Company will continue to maintain its qualification as a REIT. The Company’s TRSs are not consolidated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, but are instead taxed as corporations. For financial reporting purposes, a provision for current and deferred taxes is established for the portion of earnings recognized by the Company with respect to its interest in TRSs. Current income tax expense (benefit) was $1.3 million and $1.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $0.2 million and $0.8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s net deferred tax assets (liabilities) were $(6.4) million and $(4.6) million, respectively, and are included in other assets (liabilities) in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Deferred income tax expense (benefit) included within the provision for income taxes was $2.2 million and $(1.3) million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively. Deferred income tax expense (benefit) included within the provision for income taxes was $1.7 million and $0.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively. The Company’s net deferred tax liability is comprised of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities. The Company believes it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets (aside from the exception noted below) will be realized in the future. Realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon the Company’s generation of sufficient taxable income in future years in appropriate tax jurisdictions to obtain benefit from the reversal of temporary differences. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable is subject to adjustment in future periods if estimates of future taxable income change.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had a deferred tax asset of $0.1 million relating to capital losses which it may only use to offset capital gains. These tax attributes will begin to expire if unused by December 31, 2025. As the realization of these assets are not more likely than not to be realized before their expiration, the Company provided a full valuation allowance against this deferred tax asset. Additionally, as of June 30, 2025, the Company had $2.6 million of deferred tax assets related to the Code Section 163(j) interest expense limitation. As the Company is uncertain if this asset will be realized in the future, the Company provided a full valuation allowance against this deferred tax asset.

The Company’s tax returns are subject to audit by taxing authorities. Generally, as of June 30, 2025, the tax years 2021-2024 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions in which the Company is subject to taxes. Two of the Company’s subsidiary entities are currently under audit in New York City for tax years 2014-2020 and 2022-2023, respectively. The Company does not expect these audits to result in any material changes to the Company’s financial position or performance. The Company does not expect tax expense to have an impact on either short, or long-term liquidity or capital needs.

Under U.S. GAAP, a tax benefit related to an income tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities based on the technical merits of the position. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has not recognized interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions. In addition, the Company does not believe that it has any tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that it will be required to record a significant liability for unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.

15. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The Company has no material related party relationships to disclose.

16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Leases

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had a $16.1 million lease liability and a $15.0 million right-of-use asset on its consolidated balance sheet recorded within other liabilities and other assets, respectively. The right-of-use lease asset relates to the Company’s operating lease of office space. Right-of-use lease assets initially equal the lease liability. The Company recognized

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$0.9 million and $1.9 million in operating expenses in its consolidated statements of income relating to operating leases for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively.

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases as of June 30, 2025 are as follows ($ in thousands):

Period ending December 31,	Minimum Lease Payments
2025 (last six months)	$	2,049
2026	2,869
2027	2,232
2028	2,306
2029	2,409
Thereafter	8,629
Total undiscounted cash flows	20,494
Present value discount (1)	(4,431)
Lease liabilities (2)	$	16,063

(1)Lease liabilities were discounted at the Company's weighted average incremental borrowing rate, estimated at the time of lease commencement, for similar collateral, which was 6.71%. The average remaining lease term is 7.6 years.

(2)The Company has a five-year extension option on its corporate headquarters office at 320 Park Avenue, New York, New York, which is not reflected in the total lease liability.

Unfunded Loan Commitments

As of June 30, 2025, the Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements consisted of $47.9 million of unfunded commitments on mortgage loan receivables held for investment to provide additional first mortgage loan financing over the next three years at rates to be determined at the time of funding. 74% of these unfunded commitments require the occurrence of certain “good news” events, such as the owner concluding a lease agreement with a major tenant in the building or reaching some pre-determined net operating income. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements consisted of $34.6 million of unfunded commitments on mortgage loan receivables held for investment to provide additional first mortgage loan financing.

Commitments are subject to the Company’s loan borrowers’ satisfaction of certain financial and nonfinancial covenants and may or may not be funded depending on a variety of circumstances including timing, credit metric hurdles, and other nonfinancial events occurring. The Company carefully monitors the progress of work at properties that serve as collateral underlying its commercial mortgage loans, including the progress of capital expenditures, construction, leasing and business plans in light of current market conditions. These commitments are not reflected on the consolidated balance sheets. 

Unsettled Trades

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $10.0 million of U.S. Treasury securities traded and not yet settled on its consolidated balance sheet. The U.S. Treasury securities are recorded within other assets, and the related payable is recorded within other liabilities. These balances relate to the Company’s purchase of U.S. Treasury securities with maturities of less than three months, which will be recorded within cash and cash equivalents upon settlement. The payable within other liabilities at December 31, 2024 was paid during the six months ended June 30, 2025.

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17. SEGMENT REPORTING

The Company has determined that it has three reportable segments based on how the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), the Chief Executive Officer, reviews and manages the business. The CODM uses net income (loss) to measure segment operating performance. All of the Company’s expenses are reviewed regularly and are included in segment operating performance. These reportable segments include loans, securities, and real estate. The loans segment includes all of the Company’s activities related to mortgage loan receivables held for investment (balance sheet loans) and mortgage loan receivables held for sale (conduit loans). The securities segment includes of all of the Company’s activities related to securities, which include investments in CMBS, U.S. Agency securities, corporate bonds, equity securities and U.S. Treasury securities not classified as cash and cash equivalents. The real estate segment includes all of the Company’s activities related to net leased properties, other diversified real estate and investments in unconsolidated ventures. Corporate/other includes cash and cash equivalents, senior unsecured notes, compensation and employee benefits, operating expenses, and unallocated items including any inter-segment eliminations necessary to reconcile to consolidated Company totals.

The Company evaluates performance based on the following financial measures for each segment ($ in thousands):

Three months ended June 30, 2025	Loans		Securities		Real Estate (1)		Corporate/Other(2)		Company  Total
Net interest income
Interest income	$	35,481	$	24,697	$	93	$	2,464	$	62,735
Interest expense	(4,976)		(1,032)		(6,556)		(28,641)		(41,205)
Net interest income (expense)	30,505		23,665		(6,463)		(26,177)		21,530
(Provision for) release of loan loss reserves	42		—		—		—		42
Net interest income (expense) after provision for (release of) loan reserves	30,547		23,665		(6,463)		(26,177)		21,572
Other income (loss)
Real estate operating income	—		—		25,775		—		25,775
Net result from mortgage loan receivables held for sale	4,914		—		—		—		4,914
Gain (loss) on real estate, net	—		—		—		—		—
Fee and other income	1,986		798		19		—		2,803
Net result from derivative transactions	1,301		—		35		190		1,526
Earnings (loss) from investment in unconsolidated ventures	—		—		(288)		—		(288)
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt	—		—		—		1		1
Total other income (loss)	8,201		798		25,541		191		34,731
Costs and expenses
Compensation and employee benefits	—		—		—		(11,561)		(11,561)
Operating expenses	—		—		—		(4,767)		(4,767)
Real estate operating expenses	—		—		(10,266)		—		(10,266)
Investment related expenses	(538)		(102)		(91)		(113)		(844)
Depreciation and amortization	—		—		(7,933)		(110)		(8,043)
Total costs and expenses	(538)		(102)		(18,290)		(16,551)		(35,481)
Income (loss) before taxes	38,210		24,361		788		(42,537)		20,822
Income tax (expense) benefit	—		—		—		(3,714)		(3,714)
Segment net income (loss)	$	38,210	$	24,361	$	788	$	(46,251)	$	17,108
Total assets as of June 30, 2025	$	1,569,891	$	1,966,471	$	709,089	$	212,023	$	4,457,474

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Three months ended June 30, 2024	Loans		Securities		Real Estate (1)		Corporate/Other(2)		Company  Total
Net interest income
Interest income	$	63,811	$	8,051	$	73	$	16,581	$	88,516
Interest expense	(25,992)		(28)		(8,271)		(19,908)		(54,199)
Net interest income (expense)	37,819		8,023		(8,198)		(3,327)		34,317
(Provision for) release of loan loss reserves	(5,055)		—		—		—		(5,055)
Net interest income (expense) after provision for (release of) loan reserves	32,764		8,023		(8,198)		(3,327)		29,262
Other income (loss)
Real estate operating income	—		—		26,133		—		26,133
Net result from mortgage loan receivables held for sale	1,223		—		—		(1,764)		(541)
Gain (loss) on real estate, net	—		—		12,543		—		12,543
Fee and other income	2,191		8		1,325		114		3,638
Net result from derivative transactions	(206)		9		36		778		617
Earnings (loss) from investment in unconsolidated ventures	—		—		18		—		18
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt	—		—		—		—		—
Total other income (loss)	3,208		17		40,055		(872)		42,408
Costs and expenses
Compensation and employee benefits	—		—		—		(13,721)		(13,721)
Operating expenses	—		—				(5,178)		(5,178)
Real estate operating expenses	—		—		(11,034)		—		(11,034)
Investment related expenses	(1,631)		(46)		(259)		(352)		(2,288)
Depreciation and amortization	—		—		(8,304)		(109)		(8,413)
Total costs and expenses	(1,631)		(46)		(19,597)		(19,360)		(40,634)
Income (loss) before taxes	34,341		7,994		12,260		(23,559)		31,036
Income tax (expense) benefit	—		—		—		1,089		1,089
Segment net income (loss)	$	34,341	$	7,994	$	12,260	$	(22,470)	$	32,125
Total assets as of December 31, 2024	$	1,565,897	$	1,080,839	$	690,726	$	1,507,611	$	4,845,073

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Six months ended June 30, 2025	Loans		Securities		Real Estate (1)		Corporate/Other(2)		Company  Total
Net interest income
Interest income	$	70,231	$	43,225	$	198	$	13,406	$	127,061
Interest expense	(13,388)		(1,032)		(13,244)		(57,537)		(85,202)
Net interest income (expense)	56,842		42,193		(13,046)		(44,131)		41,859
(Provision for) release of loan loss reserves	123		—		—		—		123
Net interest income (expense) after provision for (release of) loan reserves	56,965		42,193		(13,046)		(44,131)		41,982
Other income (loss)
Real estate operating income	—		—		47,548		—		47,548
Net result from mortgage loan receivables held for sale	5,076		—		—		—		5,076
Gain (loss) on real estate, net	—		—		3,807		—		3,807
Fee and other income	5,480		2,589		19		—		8,088
Net result from derivative transactions	1,301		—		70		478		1,849
Earnings (loss) from investment in unconsolidated ventures	—		—		(1,020)		—		(1,020)
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt	—		—		—		257		257
Total other income (loss)	11,857		2,589		50,424		735		65,605
Costs and expenses
Compensation and employee benefits	—		—		—		(30,322)		(30,322)
Operating expenses	—		—		—		(9,283)		(9,283)
Real estate operating expenses	—		—		(19,032)		—		(19,032)
Investment related expenses	(1,326)		(167)		(192)		(346)		(2,031)
Depreciation and amortization	—		—		(15,162)		(217)		(15,379)
Total costs and expenses	(1,326)		(167)		(34,386)		(40,168)		(76,047)
Income (loss) before taxes	67,496		44,615		2,992		(83,564)		31,540
Income tax (expense) benefit	—		—		—		(2,876)		(2,876)
Segment net income (loss)	$	67,496	$	44,615	$	2,992	$	(86,440)	$	28,664
Total assets as of June 30, 2025	$	1,569,891	$	1,966,471	$	709,089	$	212,023	$	4,457,474

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Six months ended June 30, 2024	Loans		Securities		Real Estate (1)		Corporate/Other(2)		Company  Total
Net interest income
Interest income	$	137,434	$	15,943	$	182	$	30,869	$	184,428
Interest expense	(55,442)		(56)		(16,621)		(40,852)		(112,971)
Net interest income (expense)	81,992		15,887		(16,439)		(9,983)		71,457
(Provision for) release of loan loss reserves	(10,823)		—		—		—		(10,823)
Net interest income (expense) after provision for (release of) loan reserves	71,169		15,887		(16,439)		(9,983)		60,634
Other income (loss)
Real estate operating income	—		—		50,019		—		50,019
Net result from mortgage loan receivables held for sale	2,166		—		—		(2,620)		(454)
Gain (loss) on real estate, net	—		—		12,543		—		12,543
Fee and other income	5,697		83		1,327		231		7,338
Net result from derivative transactions	434		80		207		3,916		4,637
Earnings (loss) from investment in unconsolidated ventures	—		—		3		—		3
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt	—		—		—		177		177
Total other income (loss)	8,297		163		64,099		1,704		74,263
Costs and expenses
Compensation and employee benefits	—		—		—		(34,510)		(34,510)
Operating expenses	—		—		—		(9,822)		(9,822)
Real estate operating expenses	—		—		(20,180)		—		(20,180)
Investment related expenses	(3,220)		(93)		(352)		(616)		(4,281)
Depreciation and amortization	—		—		(16,496)		(219)		(16,715)
Total costs and expenses	(3,220)		(93)		(37,028)		(45,167)		(85,508)
Income (loss) before taxes	76,246		15,957		10,632		(53,446)		49,389
Income tax (expense) benefit	—		—		—		(836)		(836)
Segment net income (loss)	$	76,246	$	15,957	$	10,632	$	(54,282)	$	48,553
Total assets as of December 31, 2024	$	1,565,897	$	1,080,839	$	690,726	$	1,507,611	$	4,845,073

(1)Includes the Company’s investment in unconsolidated ventures that held real estate of $18.9 million and $19.9 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

(2)Corporate/Other represents all corporate level and unallocated items including any inter-segment eliminations necessary to reconcile to consolidated Company totals. This segment also includes the Company’s senior unsecured notes of $2.0 billion at both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

18. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Subsequent to quarter end, the Company issued $500 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.50% senior notes due 2030 (the “2030 Notes”). The 2030 Notes require interest payments semi-annually in cash in arrears, are unsecured, and are subject to financial covenants, including maximum leverage ratio limits, minimum fixed charge coverage ratio requirements, and minimum unencumbered assets to unsecured debt ratio requirements. The Company may redeem the 2030 Notes prior to their stated maturity, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, with required notice and at a redemption price as specified in the indenture governing the 2030 Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date. The board of directors has authorized the Company to repurchase any or all of the 2030 Notes from time to time without further approval.

Additionally, subsequent to quarter end, the Company redeemed in full the 2025 Notes which had an outstanding principal amount of $285.0 million as of June 30, 2025.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes of Ladder Capital Corp included within this Quarterly Report and the Annual Report. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” within this Quarterly Report and “Risk Factors” within the Annual Report for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including but not limited to, those in “Risk Factors” set forth within the Annual Report.

References to “Ladder,” the “Company,” and “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Ladder Capital Corp, a Delaware corporation incorporated in 2013, and its consolidated subsidiaries. 

Overview

Ladder Capital is an investment grade-rated, internally-managed real estate investment trust (“REIT”) that is a leader in commercial real estate finance. We originate and invest in a diverse portfolio of commercial real estate and real estate-related assets, focusing on senior secured assets. Our investment activities include: (i) our primary business of originating senior first mortgage fixed and floating rate loans collateralized by commercial real estate with flexible loan structures; (ii) owning and operating commercial real estate, including net leased commercial properties; and (iii) investing in investment grade securities secured by first mortgage loans on commercial real estate. We believe that our in-house origination platform, ability to flexibly allocate capital among complementary product lines, credit-centric underwriting approach, access to diversified financing sources, and experienced management team position us well to deliver attractive returns on equity to our shareholders through economic and credit cycles.

Our businesses, including balance sheet lending, conduit lending, securities investments, and real estate investments, provide for a stable base of net interest and rental income. We have originated $30.4 billion of commercial real estate loans from our inception in October 2008 through June 30, 2025. During this timeframe, we also acquired $15.2 billion of predominantly investment grade-rated securities secured by first mortgage loans on commercial real estate and $2.1 billion of selected net leased and other real estate assets.

As part of our commercial mortgage lending operations, we originate conduit loans, which are first mortgage loans on stabilized, income producing commercial real estate properties that we intend to make available for sale in commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) securitizations. From our inception in October 2008 through June 30, 2025, we originated $17.0 billion of conduit loans, of which $16.9 billion were sold into 75 CMBS securitizations, making us, by volume, one of the largest non-bank contributors of loans to CMBS securitizations in the United States in such period. Our sales of loans into securitizations are generally accounted for as true sales, not financings, and we generally retain no ongoing interest in loans which we securitize unless we are required to do so as issuer pursuant to the risk retention requirements of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, as amended, (the “Dodd-Frank Act”). The securitization of conduit loans enables us to reinvest our equity capital into new loan originations or allocate it to other investments.

We maintain a diversified and flexible financing strategy supporting our investment strategy and overall business operations, including the use of senior unsecured notes, non-recourse, non-mark-to-market Collateralized Loan Obligations (“CLO”) debt issuances and committed term financing from leading financial institutions. Refer to “Our Financing Strategies” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further information.

Ladder was founded in October 2008 and we completed our initial public offering in February 2014. We are led by a disciplined and highly aligned management team. As of June 30, 2025, our management team and directors held interests in our Company comprising over 11% of our total equity. On average, our management team members have 29 years of experience in the industry. Our management team includes Brian Harris, Chief Executive Officer; Pamela McCormack, President; Paul J. Miceli, Chief Financial Officer; Robert Perelman, Head of Asset Management; and Kelly Porcella, Chief Administrative Officer & General Counsel. Anthony V. Esposito, Chief Accounting Officer, and Stephanie Lin, Assistant Secretary, are additional officers of Ladder.

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Our Businesses

We invest primarily in loans, securities and other interests in U.S. commercial real estate, with a focus on senior secured assets. Our complementary business segments are designed to provide us with the flexibility to opportunistically allocate capital in order to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns under varying market conditions. The following chart summarizes our investment portfolio as of June 30, 2025 ($ in thousands):

    

(1)CRE equity asset amounts represent undepreciated asset values.

There are a number of factors that influence our operating results. Some of these factors include: (1) our competition; (2) market and economic conditions, including inflation; (3) loan origination and repayment volume; (4) profitability of securitizations; (5) avoidance of credit losses; (6) availability of debt and equity funding and the costs of that funding; (7) the net interest margin on our investments; (8) effectiveness of our hedging and other risk management practices; (9) real estate transaction volumes; (10) occupancy rates; and (11) expense management. Refer to the heading “Results of Operations.”

Loans

Balance Sheet First Mortgage Loans. We originate and invest in balance sheet first mortgage loans secured by commercial real estate properties that are typically undergoing transition, including lease-up, sell-out, and renovation or repositioning. These mortgage loans are structured to fit the needs and business plans of the property owners, and generally have Term SOFR-based floating rates and terms (including extension options) ranging from one to five years. Our loans are directly originated by an internal team that has longstanding and strong relationships with borrowers and mortgage brokers throughout the United States. We follow a rigorous investment process, which begins with an initial due diligence review; continues through a comprehensive legal and underwriting process incorporating multiple internal and external checks and balances; and culminates in approval or disapproval of each prospective investment by our Investment Committee. Balance sheet first mortgage loans in excess of $50.0 million also require the approval of our board of directors’ Risk and Underwriting Committee.

We generally seek to hold our balance sheet first mortgage loans for investment although we also maintain the flexibility to contribute such loans into a CLO or similar structure, sell participation interests or “b-notes” in our mortgage loans or sell such mortgage loans as whole loans. Our balance sheet first mortgage loans may be refinanced by us into a new conduit first mortgage loan upon property stabilization. As of June 30, 2025, we held a portfolio of 52 balance sheet first mortgage loans with an aggregate book value of $1.6 billion. Based on the loan balances and the “as-is” third-party Financial Institutions

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Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (“FIRREA”) appraised values at origination, the weighted average loan-to-value ratio of this portfolio was 67.1% at June 30, 2025.

Other Commercial Real Estate-Related Loans. We selectively invest in note purchase financings, subordinated debt, mezzanine debt and other structured finance products related to commercial real estate that are generally held for investment. As of June 30, 2025, we held a portfolio of 2 mezzanine loans with an aggregate book value of $7.3 million. Based on the loan balance and the “as-is” third-party FIRREA appraised values at origination, the weighted average loan-to-value ratio of the portfolio was 69.2% at June 30, 2025.

Conduit First Mortgage Loans. We also originate conduit loans, which are first mortgage loans that are secured by cash-flowing commercial real estate and are available for sale to securitizations. These first mortgage loans are typically structured with fixed interest rates and generally have five- to ten-year terms. Conduit first mortgage loans are originated, underwritten, approved and funded using the same comprehensive legal and underwriting approach, process and personnel used to originate our balance sheet first mortgage loans. Conduit first mortgage loans in excess of $50.0 million also require approval of our board of directors’ Risk and Underwriting Committee. We held one conduit loan with an aggregate carrying value of $28.3 million at June 30, 2025.

Although our primary intent is to sell our conduit first mortgage loans to CMBS trusts, we generally seek to maintain the flexibility to keep them on our balance sheet, sell participation interests or “B-notes” in such loans or sell the loans as whole loans. The Company holds these conduit loans in its taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) upon origination. As of June 30, 2025, we held one conduit first mortgage loan that was available for contribution into securitizations. Based on the loan balance and the “as-is” third-party FIRREA appraised values at origination, loan-to-value ratio of the loan was 58.9% at June 30, 2025.

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The following charts set forth our total outstanding balance sheet first mortgage loans, other commercial real estate-related loans, and conduit first mortgage loans as of June 30, 2025, and a breakdown of our loan portfolio by loan size and geographic location and asset type of the underlying real estate by loan balance.

Real Estate

Net Leased Commercial Real Estate Properties. As of June 30, 2025, we owned 149 single tenant net leased properties with an undepreciated book value of $592.0 million. These properties are fully leased on a net basis where the tenant is generally responsible for payment of real estate taxes, property, building and general liability insurance and property and building maintenance expenses. As of June 30, 2025, our net leased properties comprised a total of 3.4 million square feet, 100% leased with an average age since construction of 21.1 years and a weighted average remaining lease term of 7.2 years. Commercial real estate investments in excess of $20.0 million require the approval of our board of directors’ Risk and Underwriting Committee. The majority of the tenants in our net leased properties are necessity-based businesses. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, we collected 100% of rent on these properties.

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Diversified Commercial Real Estate Properties. As of June 30, 2025, we owned 55 diversified commercial real estate properties throughout the U.S with an undepreciated book value of $344.0 million. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, we collected 98% of rent on these properties.

The following charts summarize the composition of our real estate investments as of June 30, 2025 ($ in millions):

Securities

We invest in primarily AAA-rated real estate securities, typically front pay securities, with relatively short duration and significant subordination. We invest primarily in CMBS, including CRE CLOs, secured by first mortgage loans on commercial real estate. These investments provide a stable and attractive base of net interest income and help us manage our liquidity and hyper-amortization features included in many of these securities positions help mitigate potential credit losses in the event of adverse market conditions. We have significant in-house expertise in the evaluation and trading of these securities, due in part to our experience in originating and underwriting mortgage loans that comprise assets within CMBS trusts, as well as our experience in structuring CMBS transactions. In the future, we may invest in CMBS securities or other securities that are unrated.

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As of June 30, 2025, the estimated fair value of our portfolio of CMBS investments totaled $2.0 billion in 114 CUSIPs ($17.2 million average investment per CUSIP). Included in the $2.0 billion of CMBS securities are $8.9 million of CMBS securities designated as risk retention securities under the Dodd-Frank Act, which are subject to transfer restrictions over the term of the securitization trust. The following chart summarizes our securities investments by market value, 99.3% of which were rated investment grade by Standard & Poor’s Ratings Group, Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. or Fitch Ratings Inc. as of June 30, 2025:

As of June 30, 2025, our CMBS investments had a weighted average duration of 2.4 years. The commercial real estate collateral underlying our CMBS investment portfolio is located throughout the United States. As of June 30, 2025, by property count and market value, respectively, 60.5% and 65.2% of the collateral underlying our CMBS investment portfolio was distributed throughout the top 25 metropolitan statistical areas (“MSAs”) in the United States, with 5.0% and 12.9%, by property count and market value, respectively, of the collateral located in the New York-Newark-Jersey City MSA, and the concentrations in each of the remaining top 24 MSAs ranging from 0.4% to 5.8% by property count and 0.2% to 7.0% by market value.

AAA-rated CMBS or U.S. Agency securities investments in excess of $106.0 million and all other investment grade CMBS or U.S. Agency securities investments in excess of $51.0 million, each in any single class of any single issuance, require the approval of our board of directors’ Risk and Underwriting Committee. The Risk and Underwriting Committee also must approve any investments in non-rated or sub-investment grade CMBS or U.S. Agency securities in any single class of any single issuance in excess of the lesser of (x) $21.0 million and (y) 10% of the total net asset value of the respective Ladder subsidiary or other entity for which Ladder has authority to make investment decisions.

Other Investments

Unconsolidated Ventures. From time to time we invest in real estate related ventures. As of June 30, 2025, the carrying value of our unconsolidated ventures was $18.9 million.

United States Treasury Securities. We invest in short-term and long-term U.S. Treasury securities. Short-term U.S. Treasury securities are classified as cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheet. As of June 30, 2025, we held $18.9 million of U.S. Treasury securities classified as cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheet.

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Our Financing Strategies

Our financing strategies are critical to the success and growth of our business. We manage our financing to complement our asset composition and to diversify our exposure across multiple capital markets and counterparties. In addition to cash flow from operations, we fund our operations and investment strategy through a diverse array of funding sources, including:

•Senior unsecured notes

•Revolving credit facility

•CLO transactions

•Secured loan and securities repurchase financing

•Non-recourse mortgage debt

•Loan sales and securitizations

•Unencumbered assets available for financing

•Equity

From time to time, we may add financing counterparties that we believe will complement our business, although the agreements governing our indebtedness may limit our ability and the ability of our present and future subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness. Our amended and restated charter and by-laws do not impose any threshold limits on our ability to use leverage. Refer to our discussion below and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." under the heading “Liquidity and Capital Resources” and Note 6, Debt Obligations, Net, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, for additional information about our financing arrangements.

Senior Unsecured Notes

As of June 30, 2025, we had $2.0 billion of senior unsecured notes outstanding. These unsecured financings were comprised of $285.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.25% senior notes due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”), $599.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.25% senior notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”), $633.9 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.75% senior notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”) and $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.00% senior notes due 2031 (the “2031 Notes”, collectively with the 2025 Notes, the 2027 Notes and the 2029 Notes, the “Notes”). The Company currently guarantees the obligations under the Notes and the indenture. Subsequent to quarter end, we issued $500.0 million of 5.50% senior notes due 2030 and redeemed in full our 2025 Notes, which had an outstanding principal amount of $285.0 million as of June 30, 2025.

Due in large part to devoting such a large portion of our capital structure to equity and unsecured corporate bond debt, we maintain a $3.6 billion pool of unencumbered assets, comprised primarily of first mortgage loans and unrestricted cash as of June 30, 2025.

Revolving Credit Facility

Our Revolving Credit Facility is available on a revolving basis to finance our working capital needs and for general corporate purposes. On January 2, 2025, we increased the aggregate maximum borrowing amount of the Revolving Credit Facility to $850.0 million, following the upsize to $725 million on December 20, 2024. The Revolving Credit Facility also allows us to enter into additional incremental revolving commitments up to an aggregate facility size of $1.3 billion subject to certain customary conditions. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to adjusted term SOFR plus a margin of 125 basis points as of June 30, 2025. The margin for borrowings is subject to adjustment based on the Company's credit rating and may range between 77.5 and 170 basis points. As of June 30, 2025, we had no outstanding borrowings on the Revolving Credit Facility.

Effective May 27, 2025, the date on which we received investment grade ratings from Moody’s and Fitch, the Revolving Credit Facility was automatically amended, the pledge of the shares of (or other ownership or equity interest in) certain subsidiaries was terminated, and each guarantor (other than Ladder Capital Corp and any subsidiary that is a trigger guarantor) was released and discharged from all obligations as a guarantor and/or pledgor.

Collateralized Loan Obligations (“CLO”) Debt

In July 2021, we financed a pool of $607.5 million of loans in a managed CLO transaction (“LCCM 2021-FL2”), which generated $498.2 million of gross proceeds to Ladder. On February 18, 2025, the Company redeemed all outstanding obligations of LCCM 2021-FL2. In December 2021, the Company financed a pool of $729.4 million of loans in a managed

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CLO transaction (“LCCM 2021-FL3”), which generated $566.2 million of gross proceeds to Ladder. On June 16, 2025, the Company redeemed all outstanding obligations of LCCM 2021-FL3. Refer to Note 6, Debt Obligations, Net for further detail.

As of June 30, 2025, we did not have any matched term, non-mark-to-market and non-recourse CLO debt included in debt obligations on our consolidated balance sheets.

Committed Loan Financing Facilities

We are a party to multiple committed loan repurchase agreement facilities, totaling $1.1 billion of credit capacity. As of June 30, 2025, we had $62.7 million of borrowings outstanding, with an additional $1.0 billion of committed financing available. Assets pledged as collateral under these facilities are generally limited to first lien whole mortgage loans, mezzanine loans and certain interests in such first mortgage and mezzanine loans.

We have the option to extend some of our existing facilities subject to a number of customary conditions. The lenders have sole discretion to include collateral in these facilities and to determine the market value of the collateral. In certain cases the lenders may require additional collateral, a full or partial repayment of the facilities (margin call), or a reduction in undrawn availability under the facilities. Typically, the lender establishes a maximum percentage of the collateral asset’s market value that can be borrowed. We often borrow at a lower percentage of the collateral asset’s value than the maximum, leaving us with excess borrowing capacity that can be drawn upon at a later date and/or applied against future margin calls so that they can be satisfied on a cashless basis.

Securities Repurchase Financing

We are a party to master repurchase agreements with several counterparties to finance our investments in securities. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had $294.4 million of securities repurchase debt outstanding. The securities that serve as collateral for these borrowings are typically highly liquid AAA-rated CMBS with relatively short duration and significant subordination. The lenders have sole discretion to determine the market value of the collateral on a daily basis, and, if the estimated market value of the collateral declines, the lenders have the right to require additional collateral. If the estimated market value of the collateral subsequently increases, we have the right to call back excess collateral.

Mortgage Loan Financing

We typically finance our real estate investments with long-term, non-recourse mortgage financing. These mortgage loans have carrying amounts of $421.9 million, net of unamortized premiums of $3.4 million as of June 30, 2025, representing proceeds received upon financing greater than the contractual amounts due under these agreements. The premiums are being amortized over the remaining life of the respective debt instruments using the effective interest method. We recorded $0.3 million of premium amortization, which decreased interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, we executed no new term debt agreements.

Hedging Strategies

We may enter into interest rate and credit spread derivative contracts to mitigate our exposure to changes in interest rates and credit spreads. We generally seek to hedge the interest rate risk on the financing of assets that have a duration longer than five years, including newly-originated conduit first mortgage loans and securities if long enough in duration. We monitor our asset profile and our hedge positions to manage our interest rate and credit spread exposures, and we seek to match fund our assets according to the liquidity characteristics and expected holding periods of our assets.

Financial Covenants

We generally seek to maintain a debt-to-equity ratio of approximately 3.0:1.0 or below. We expect this ratio to fluctuate during the course of a fiscal year due to the normal course of business. This ratio may also fluctuate as a result of our conduit lending operations, in which we generally securitize our inventory of conduit loans at intervals, and also because of changes in our asset mix, due in part to such securitizations. We generally seek to match fund our assets according to their liquidity characteristics and expected hold period. We believe that the defensive positioning of our predominantly senior secured assets and our financing strategy has allowed us to maintain financial flexibility to capitalize on an attractive range of market opportunities as they have arisen.

We and our subsidiaries may incur substantial additional debt in the future. However, we are subject to certain restrictions on our ability to incur additional debt in the indentures governing the Notes and our other debt agreements. Subsequent to June 30,

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2025, we issued $500 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.50% senior notes due 2030, and are subject to additional restrictions on our ability to incur additional debt in the indenture governing such notes (the “2030 Indenture”). Under the 2030 Indenture, we may not incur certain types of indebtedness unless our leverage ratio (as defined in the 2030 Indenture) is less than or equal to 3.50:1.00 and our fixed charge coverage ratio is more than or equal to 1.25:1.00. We are also required to maintain unencumbered assets in excess of 120% of our aggregate unsecured indebtedness.

Our borrowings under certain financing agreements are subject to financial covenants as defined in such agreements, including minimum net worth requirements, minimum liquidity levels, maximum leverage ratios, minimum fixed charge coverage or interest coverage ratios. These restrictions, which would permit us to incur substantial additional debt, are subject to significant qualifications and exceptions.

Further, certain of our financing arrangements and loans on our real property are secured by our assets, including the assets of certain subsidiaries. From time to time, certain of these financing arrangements and loans may prohibit certain of our subsidiaries from paying dividends to us, from making distributions on such subsidiary’s capital stock, from repaying to us any loans or advances to such subsidiary from us or from transferring any of such subsidiary’s property or other assets to us or other of our subsidiaries. In addition, one of our subsidiaries was previously a captive insurance company subject to state regulations, which required regulatory approval for dividend distributions, limiting the Company’s ability to utilize cash held by our subsidiary. Effective January 31, 2025, the subsidiary is no longer licensed as a captive insurer and is no longer subject to state regulation.

We are in compliance with all covenants as described in this Quarterly Report as of June 30, 2025.

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Results of Operations

A discussion regarding our results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 is presented below.

Three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025

The following table sets forth information regarding our consolidated results of operations ($ in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2025		March 31, 2025		Difference
Net interest income
Interest income	$	62,735	$	64,326	$	(1,591)
Interest expense	41,205		43,997		(2,792)
Net interest income (expense)	21,530		20,329		1,201
Provision for (release of) loan loss reserves, net	(42)		(81)		39
Net interest income (expense) after provision for (release of) loan loss reserves	21,572		20,410		1,162
Other income (loss)
Real estate operating income	25,775		21,773		4,002
Net result from mortgage loan receivables held for sale	4,914		162		4,752
Gain (loss) on real estate, net	—		3,807		(3,807)
Fee and other income	2,803		5,285		(2,482)
Net result from derivative transactions	1,526		323		1,203
Earnings (loss) from investment in unconsolidated ventures	(288)		(732)		444
Gain on extinguishment of debt	1		256		(255)
Total other income (loss)	34,731		30,874		3,857
Costs and expenses
Compensation and employee benefits	11,561		18,761		(7,200)
Operating expenses	4,767		4,516		251
Real estate operating expenses	10,266		8,766		1,500
Investment related expenses	844		1,188		(344)
Depreciation and amortization	8,043		7,336		707
Total costs and expenses	35,481		40,567		(5,086)
Income (loss) before taxes	20,822		10,717		10,105
Income tax expense (benefit)	3,714		(838)		4,552
Net income (loss)	$	17,108	$	11,555	$	5,553

Investment Overview

Activity for the three months ended June 30, 2025 included fundings of $159.6 million and paydowns of $191.4 million, which contributed to a $133.6 million decrease of commercial mortgage loans. Activity for the three months ended June 30, 2025 included securities purchases of $623.5 million, amortization and paydowns of $116.0 million and sales of $19.5 million, which contributed to a net increase in our securities portfolio of $490.1 million. In addition, we purchased $267.8 million of short-term U.S. Treasury securities during the three months ended June 30, 2025. Nearly the entire short-term U.S. Treasury securities portfolio, or $733.9 million, matured or was sold during the three months ended June 30, 2025.

Activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 included fundings of $316.4 million and paydowns of $181.9 million, which contributed to a $137.6 million increase of commercial mortgage loans. Activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 included securities purchases of $521.8 million, $85.2 million of amortization and paydowns and sales of $39.9 million, which contributed to a net increase in our securities portfolio of $395.5 million. In addition, we purchased $1.4 billion of short-term U.S. Treasury securities during the three months ended March 31, 2025, and $1.8 billion matured or was sold during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

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Net Interest Income

The $1.6 million decrease in net interest income was primarily attributable to net payoffs within our loan portfolio, partially offset by an increase in interest earned from CMBS securities due to purchases. There was a $0.5 billion increase in average securities investments from $1.3 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 to $1.8 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2025. There was a $0.1 billion increase in average loan investments from $1.6 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 to $1.7 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2025.

The $2.8 million decrease in interest expense was primarily attributable to the redemption of all outstanding obligations of LCCM 2021-FL2 and LCCM 2021-FL3.

The increase in net interest income before provision for loan losses of $1.2 million is primarily driven by increased income securities and lower interest expense as a result of the payoffs of LCCM 2021-FL2 and LCCM 2021-FL3.

As of June 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, the weighted average yield on our mortgage loan receivables was 8.9% and 8.6%, respectively. As of June 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, the weighted average interest rate on borrowings against our mortgage loan receivables was 6.5% and 6.3%, respectively. The increase in the rate on borrowings against our mortgage loan receivables from June 30, 2025 to March 31, 2025 was primarily due to changes in composition of our borrowings against our mortgage loans. As of June 30, 2025, we had outstanding borrowings secured by our mortgage loan receivables equal to 4.0% of the carrying value of our mortgage loan receivables, compared to 19.9% as of March 31, 2025.

As of June 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, the weighted average yield on our securities was 5.9% and 5.7%, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, the weighted average interest rate on borrowings against our securities was 4.9%. As of June 30, 2025, we had outstanding borrowings secured by our securities equal to 15.0% of the carrying value of our securities. As of March 31, 2025, we did not have any borrowings against our securities.

Our real estate portfolio is comprised of non-interest bearing assets; however, interest incurred on mortgage financing collateralized by such real estate is included in interest expense. As of June 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, the weighted average interest rate on mortgage borrowings against our real estate was 6.1%. As of June 30, 2025, we had outstanding borrowings secured by our real estate equal to 61.1% of the carrying value of our real estate, compared to 65.0% as of March 31, 2025.

Real Estate Operating Income

The increase of $4.0 million in real estate operating income during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to an increase in operations at our properties and the acquisition of real estate that occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2025, for which there was no operating income during the three months ended March 31, 2025. Refer to Note 5, Real Estate and Related Lease Intangibles, Net, for further details.

Net Result from Mortgage Loan Receivables Held for Sale

Net result from mortgage loan receivables held for sale includes unrealized losses on loans held for sale related to lower of cost or market adjustments and realized gains and losses from the sale of loans. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, we sold one conduit loan for a gain of $3.6 million and we recorded $1.3 million of unrealized gains on loans related to lower of cost or market adjustments on our conduit loans. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recorded $0.2 million of unrealized gains on loans related to lower of cost or market adjustments on our conduit loans. Income from sales of loans, net is subject to market conditions impacting timing, size and pricing and as such may vary significantly quarter to quarter.

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Gain (Loss) on Real Estate, net

The decrease of $3.8 million of gain on real estate, net during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 was the result of no property sales during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to property sales during the three months ended March 31, 2025. Refer to Note 5, Real Estate and Related Lease Intangibles, Net, for further detail.

Fee and Other Income

We generate fee income on the loans we originate and in which we invest and include unrealized and realized gains and losses on securities within fee and other income. The $2.5 million decrease in fee and other income was primarily due to a decrease in unrealized and realized gains on securities, and the timing of loan payoffs and late fees received for the three months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Net Result from Derivative Transactions

The total net result from derivative transactions is comprised of hedging interest expense, realized gains/losses related to hedge terminations and unrealized gains/losses related to changes in the fair value of asset hedges. Net result from derivative transactions of $1.5 million was comprised of a realized gain of $1.7 million and an unrealized loss of $(0.2) million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. Net result from derivative transactions of $0.3 million was comprised of a realized gain of $0.3 million and an unrealized gain of $35 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The hedge positions primarily relate to fixed rate conduit loans and securities investments. The derivative positions that generated these results were a combination of five and ten year U.S. treasury rate futures that we employed in an effort to hedge the interest rate risk primarily on the financing of our fixed rate assets and the net interest income we earn against the impact of changes in interest rates. The gain during the three months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily related to movement in interest rates during the three months ended June 30, 2025.

Compensation and Employee Benefits

Compensation and employee benefits are comprised primarily of salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and other employee benefits. The decrease of $7.2 million in compensation expense was primarily attributable to the immediate vesting of shares that were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2025, partially offset by an increase in bonus accrual for the three months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses are primarily comprised of professional fees, and lease, technology and administrative expenses. The increase of $0.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily related to an increase in professional fees, information technology and administrative expenses.

Real Estate Operating Expenses

The increase of $1.5 million in real estate operating expenses during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to an increase in operations at our properties and the acquisition of real estate that occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2025, for which there was no operating expenses during the three months ended March 31, 2025. Refer to Note 5, Real Estate and Related Lease Intangibles, Net, for further details.

Investment Related Expenses

Investment related expenses are comprised primarily of custodian fees, financing costs, servicing fees related to loans, and other deal related expenses. The decrease of $0.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to a decrease in deal related expenses.

Depreciation and Amortization

The increase of $0.7 million in depreciation and amortization during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to the acquisition of real estate that occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2025, for which there was no depreciation and amortization during the three months ended March 31, 2025. Refer to Note 5, Real Estate and Related Lease Intangibles, Net, for further details.

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Income Tax (Benefit) Expense

Most of our consolidated income tax provision relates to business units held in our TRSs. The increase in expense during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 is primarily a result of changes in our income in our TRSs.

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Results of Operations

A discussion regarding our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 is presented below.

Six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024

The following table sets forth information regarding our consolidated results of operations ($ in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		Difference
Net interest income
Interest income	$	127,061	$	184,428	$	(57,367)
Interest expense	85,202		112,971		(27,769)
Net interest income (expense)	41,859		71,457		(29,598)
Provision for (release of) loan loss reserves, net	(123)		10,823		(10,946)
Net interest income (expense) after provision for (release of) loan loss reserves	41,982		60,634		(18,652)
Other income (loss)
Real estate operating income	47,548		50,019		(2,471)
Net result from mortgage loan receivables held for sale	5,076		(454)		5,530
Gain (loss) on real estate, net	3,807		12,543		(8,736)
Fee and other income	8,088		7,338		750
Net result from derivative transactions	1,849		4,637		(2,788)
Earnings (loss) from investment in unconsolidated ventures	(1,020)		3		(1,023)
Gain on extinguishment of debt	257		177		80
Total other income (loss)	65,605		74,263		(8,658)
Costs and expenses
Compensation and employee benefits	30,322		34,510		(4,188)
Operating expenses	9,283		9,822		(539)
Real estate operating expenses	19,032		20,180		(1,148)
Investment related expenses	2,031		4,281		(2,250)
Depreciation and amortization	15,379		16,715		(1,336)
Total costs and expenses	76,047		85,508		(9,461)
Income (loss) before taxes	31,540		49,389		(17,849)
Income tax expense (benefit)	2,876		836		2,040
Net income (loss)	$	28,664	$	48,553	$	(19,889)

Investment Overview

Activity for the six months ended June 30, 2025 included fundings of $476.0 million and paydowns of $373.3 million, which contributed to a $3.8 million increase in commercial mortgage loans. Activity for the six months ended June 30, 2025 included securities purchases of $1.1 billion, $201.3 million of amortization and paydowns, and sales of $59.4 million, which contributed to a net increase in our securities portfolio of $885.6 million. In addition, we purchased $1.6 billion of short-term U.S. Treasury securities during the six months ended June 30, 2025. Nearly the entire short-term U.S. Treasury securities portfolio, or $2.7 billion, matured or was sold during the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Activity for the six months ended June 30, 2024 included fundings of $69.6 million and paydowns of $650.6 million, which contributed to a $615.8 million decrease in commercial mortgage loans. Activity for the six months ended June 30, 2024 included securities purchases of $152.3 million, sales of $10.6 million and $148.3 million of amortization and paydowns, which contributed to a net decrease in our securities portfolio of $4.6 million. We acquired $40.9 million in real estate via foreclosure. In addition, we purchased $3.8 billion of short-term U.S. Treasury securities during the six months ended June 30, 2024, of which $3.7 billion matured during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

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Net Interest Income

The $57.4 million decrease in interest income was primarily attributable to net payoffs within our loan portfolio, partially offset by an increase in interest earned on CMBS securities due to purchases. There was a $1.2 billion decrease in average loan investments from $2.9 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2024 to $1.7 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2025. There was a $1.0 billion increase in average securities investments from $0.5 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2024 to $1.5 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

The $27.8 million decrease in interest expense is primarily related to lower outstanding balances on our securities and loan repurchase facilities, the payoff of our FHLB borrowings, redemption of all outstanding obligations of LCCM 2021-FL2 and LCCM 2021-FL3, as well as a reduction in expense as a result of redemptions of our Notes, partially offset by the issuance of our 2031 Notes.

As of June 30, 2025, the weighted average yield on our mortgage loan receivables was 8.9%, compared to 9.4% as of June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2025, the weighted average interest rate on borrowings against our mortgage loan receivables was 6.5%, compared to 7.2% as of June 30, 2024 primarily due to decreases in prevailing interest rates. As of June 30, 2025, we had outstanding borrowings secured by our mortgage loan receivables equal to 4.0% of the carrying value of our mortgage loan receivables, compared to 51.9% as of June 30, 2024.

As of June 30, 2025 the weighted average yield on our securities was 5.9%, compared to 6.9% as of June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2025, the weighted average interest rate on borrowings against our securities was 4.9%, compared to 6.7% as of June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2025, we had outstanding borrowings secured by our securities equal to 15.0% of the carrying value of our real estate securities, compared to 0.3% as of June 30, 2024.

Our real estate is comprised of non-interest bearing assets; however, interest incurred on mortgage financing collateralized by such real estate is included in interest expense. As of June 30, 2025, the weighted average interest rate on mortgage borrowings against our real estate assets was 6.1%, compared to 6.0% as of June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2025, we had outstanding borrowings secured by our real estate equal to 61.1% of the carrying value of our real estate, compared to 70.9% as of June 30, 2024.

Provision for (release of) Loan Loss Reserves

The release of loan loss reserves for the six months ended June 30, 2025 of $(0.1) million was primarily due to a decrease in the size of our balance sheet first mortgage loan portfolio as a result of repayments, offset by continued uncertainty in macroeconomic market conditions affecting commercial real estate. For additional information, refer to Note 3, Mortgage Loan Receivables, in the consolidated financial statements.

The provision for loan loss reserves for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $10.8 million. The increase in provision associated with the general reserve during the six months ended June 30, 2024 was primarily due to adverse changes in macroeconomic market conditions affecting commercial real estate, partially offset by a decrease in the size of our balance sheet first mortgage loan portfolio as a result of repayments.

For additional information, refer to “Allowance for Credit Losses and Non-Accrual Status” in Note 3, Mortgage Loan Receivables, to the consolidated financial statements.

Real Estate Operating Income

The decrease of $2.5 million in real estate operating income was primarily attributable to real estate sales that occurred between June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2025, partially offset by foreclosures that occurred during the same period. Refer to Note 5, Real Estate and Related Lease Intangibles, Net, for further details.

Net Result from Mortgage Loan Receivables Held for Sale

Net result from mortgage loan receivables held for sale includes unrealized losses on loans held for sale related to lower of cost or market adjustments and realized gains and losses from the sale of loans. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, we sold one conduit loan for a gain of $3.6 million and we recorded $1.4 million of unrealized gains on loans related to lower of cost or market adjustments on our conduit loans. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we recorded $0.5 million of unrealized losses on loans related to lower of cost or market adjustments on our conduit loans. Income from sales of loans, net is subject to market conditions impacting timing, size and pricing and as such may vary significantly quarter to quarter.

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Gain (Loss) on Real Estate, net

The decrease of $8.7 million of gain on real estate, net during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 was the result of one property sale during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to four property sales during the six months ended June 30, 2024. Refer to Note 5, Real Estate and Related Lease Intangibles, Net, for further detail.

Fee and Other Income

We generate fee income on the loans we originate and in which we invest and include unrealized and realized gains and losses on securities within fee and other income. The $0.7 million increase in fee and other income was primarily due to an increase in unrealized and realized gains on securities, and the timing of loan payoffs and late fees received for the six months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Net Result from Derivative Transactions

Net result from derivative transactions of $1.8 million was comprised of a realized gain of $2.0 million and an unrealized loss of $(0.2) million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. Net result from derivative transactions of $4.6 million was comprised of a realized gain of $5.3 million and an unrealized loss of $0.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The hedge positions primarily relate to fixed rate conduit loans and securities investments. The derivative positions that generated these results were a combination of five and ten year U.S. treasury rate futures that we employed in an effort to hedge the interest rate risk primarily on the financing of our fixed rate assets and the net interest income we earn against the impact of changes in interest rates. The net gain in 2025 was primarily related to changes in interest rates during the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Gain on Extinguishment of Debt

Gain on extinguishment of debt totaled $0.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company retired: (1) $10.7 million of principal of the 2025 Notes for a repurchase price of $10.6 million, recognizing a $7 thousand net gain on extinguishment of debt after recognizing $9 thousand of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the retired debt; and (2) $12.4 million of principal of the 2027 Notes for a repurchase price of $12.2 million, recognizing a $0.2 million net gain on extinguishment of debt after recognizing $48 thousand of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the retired debt.

Gain on extinguishment of debt totaled $0.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company retired $2.0 million of principal of the 2029 Notes for a repurchase price of $1.8 million, recognizing a $0.2 million net gain on extinguishment of debt after recognizing $21 thousand of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the retired debt.

Compensation and Employee Benefits

Compensation and employee benefits are comprised primarily of salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and other employee benefits. The decrease of $4.2 million in compensation expense is primarily due to a decrease in bonus compensation expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses are primarily comprised of professional fees, lease expense and technology expenses. The decrease during the six months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to June 30, 2024 of $0.5 million was primarily related to a decrease in professional fees.

Real Estate Operating Expenses

The decrease of $1.1 million in real estate operating expenses was primarily attributable to real estate sales that occurred between June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2025, partially offset by foreclosures that occurred during the same period. Refer to Note 5, Real Estate and Related Lease Intangibles, Net, for further details.

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Investment Related Expenses

Investment related expenses are comprised primarily of custodian fees, financing costs, servicing fees related to loans and other loan related expenses. The decrease during the six months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to June 30, 2024 of $2.2 million was primarily attributable to a decrease in loan related expenses as a result of a smaller loan portfolio.

Depreciation and Amortization

The decrease of $1.3 million in depreciation and amortization was primarily attributable to real estate sales that occurred between June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2025, partially offset by foreclosures that occurred during the same period. Refer to Note 5, Real Estate and Related Lease Intangibles, Net, for further details.

Income Tax (Benefit) Expense

Most of our consolidated income tax provision related to the business units held in our TRSs. The increase in expense of $2.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to June 30, 2024 is primarily a result of changes in income generated by our TRSs.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The management of our liquidity and capital diversity and allocation strategies is critical to the success and growth of our business. We manage our sources of liquidity to complement our asset composition and to diversify our exposure across multiple capital markets and counterparties.

We require substantial amounts of capital to support our business. The management team, in consultation with our board of directors, establishes our overall liquidity and capital allocation strategies. A key objective of those strategies is to support the execution of our business strategy while maintaining sufficient ongoing liquidity throughout the business cycle to service our financial obligations as they become due. When making funding and capital allocation decisions, members of our senior management consider: business performance; the availability of, and costs and benefits associated with, different funding sources; current and expected capital markets and general economic conditions; our asset composition and capital structure; and our targeted liquidity profile and risks relating to our funding needs.

To ensure that Ladder can effectively address the funding needs of the Company on a timely basis, we maintain a diverse array of liquidity sources including: (1) cash and cash equivalents; (2) cash generated from operations; (3) proceeds from debt financing; (4) principal repayments on investments including mortgage loans and securities; (5) proceeds from securitizations and sales of loans; (6) proceeds from the sale of securities; (7) proceeds from the sale of real estate; and (8) proceeds from the issuance of equity capital. We use these funding sources to meet our obligations on a timely basis and have the ability to use our significant unencumbered asset base to further finance our business.

Our primary uses of liquidity are for: (1) the funding of loan, real estate-related and securities investments; (2) the repayment of short-term and long-term borrowings and related interest; (3) the funding of our operating expenses; and (4) distributions to our equity investors to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. We require short-term liquidity to fund loans that we originate and hold on our consolidated balance sheet pending sale, including through whole loan sale, participation, or securitization. We generally require longer-term funding to finance the loans and real estate-related investments that we hold for investment. We have historically used the aforementioned funding sources to meet the operating and investment needs as they have arisen and have been able to do so by applying a rigorous approach to long and short-term cash and debt forecasting.

In addition, as a REIT, we are also required to make sufficient dividend payments to our shareholders in amounts at least sufficient to maintain our REIT status. Under IRS guidance, we may elect to pay a portion of our dividends in stock, subject to a cash/stock election by our shareholders, to optimize our level of capital retention. Accordingly, our cash requirement to pay dividends to maintain REIT status could be substantially reduced at the discretion of the board of directors.

Our principal debt financing sources include: (1) long-term senior unsecured notes in the form of corporate bonds; (2) an unsecured Revolving Credit Facility; (3) CLO issuances; (4) committed and uncommitted secured funding provided by banks and other lenders; and (5) long term non-recourse mortgage financing.

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In the future, we may also use other sources of financing to fund the acquisition of our assets, including credit facilities, warehouse facilities, repurchase facilities and other secured and unsecured forms of borrowing. These financings may be collateralized or non-collateralized, may involve one or more lenders and may accrue interest at either fixed or floating rates. We may also seek to raise further equity capital or issue debt securities in order to fund our future investments.

Refer to “Financial Covenants” and “Our Financing Strategies” for further disclosure of our diverse financing sources and, for a summary of our financial obligations, refer to the Contractual Obligations table below. All of our existing financial obligations due within the following year can be extended for one or more additional years at our discretion, refinanced or repaid at maturity or are incurred in the normal course of business (i.e., interest payments/loan funding obligations).

Cash Flows

We held cash and cash equivalents of $134.9 million and restricted cash of $13.4 million as of June 30, 2025. We held cash and cash equivalents of $1.3 billion and restricted cash of $12.6 million as of December 31, 2024.

The following table provides a breakdown of the net change in our cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash ($ in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	15,318	$	25,031
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(779,357)		586,720
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(433,673)		(480,213)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(1,197,712)	$	131,538

Six months ended June 30, 2025

We experienced a net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $(1.2) billion for the six months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting cash provided by operating activities of $15.3 million, cash used in investing activities of $(779.4) million and cash used in financing activities of $(433.7) million.

Net cash provided by operating activities of $15.3 million was primarily driven by net interest income and net operating income on our real estate portfolio.

Net cash used in investing activities of $(779.4) million was driven by $(1.1) billion in purchases of securities and $(412.6) million of origination of mortgage loans held for investment, partially offset by $474.2 million of repayment from mortgage loan receivables, $200.6 million in repayments on securities, $59.4 million of proceeds from sale of securities and $13.1 million in proceeds from sale of real estate.

Net cash used in financing activities of $(433.7) million was primarily as a result of net repayments of borrowings of $(354.4) million, $(59.7) million of dividend payments, $(8.7) million payment to satisfy minimum federal and state tax withholdings on restricted stock, $(8.9) million purchase of treasury stock, and $(1.8) million in deferred financing cost.

Six months ended June 30, 2024

We experienced a net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $131.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, reflecting cash provided by operating activities of $25.0 million, cash provided by investing activities of $586.7 million and cash used in financing activities of $(480.2) million.

Net cash provided by operating activities of $25.0 million was primarily driven by net interest income and net increases in operating income on our real estate portfolio.

Net cash provided by investing activities of $586.7 million was driven by $611.3 million of repayment from mortgage loan receivables, $147.9 million in repayments on securities, and $10.6 million of proceeds from sale of securities, partially offset by $(152.3) million in purchases of securities and $(69.6) million of origination of mortgage loans held for investment.

Net cash used in financing activities of $(480.2) million was primarily as a result of net repayments of borrowings of $(408.6) million, $(59.9) million of dividend payments, $(8.9) million of shares acquired to satisfy minimum federal and state tax withholdings on restricted stock, $(0.9) million purchase of treasury stock, and $(1.8) million in deferred financing cost.

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Unencumbered Assets

As of June 30, 2025, we held unencumbered cash and cash equivalents of $134.9 million, unencumbered loans of $1.5 billion, unencumbered securities of $1.6 billion, unencumbered real estate of $266.8 million and $82.5 million of other assets not encumbered by any portion of secured indebtedness. As of December 31, 2024, we held unencumbered cash and cash equivalents of $1.3 billion, unencumbered loans of $689.7 million, unencumbered securities of $1.1 billion, unencumbered real estate of $213.4 million and $409.1 million of other assets not encumbered by any portion of secured indebtedness.

Borrowings under various financing arrangements

Our financing strategies are critical to the success and growth of our business. We manage our leverage policies to complement our asset composition and to diversify our exposure across multiple counterparties. Our borrowings under various financing arrangements as of June 30, 2025 are set forth in the table below ($ in thousands):

	June 30, 2025
Loan repurchase facilities	$	62,738
Uncommitted securities repurchase facilities	294,428
Securities repurchase financing	—
Total repurchase facilities	357,166
Revolving credit facility	—
Mortgage debt(1)	421,900
Senior unsecured notes(2)	2,004,100
Total debt obligations, net	$	2,783,166

(1)Presented net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.7 million and net of premiums of $3.4 million as of June 30, 2025.

(2)Presented net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $14.4 million as of June 30, 2025.

The Company’s repurchase agreements include financial covenants, including minimum net worth requirements, minimum liquidity levels, maximum leverage ratios and minimum fixed charge or interest coverage ratios. We were in compliance with all covenants as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Further, certain of our financing arrangements and loans on our real property are secured by the assets of the Company, including the assets of certain subsidiaries. From time to time, certain of these financing arrangements and loans may prohibit certain of our subsidiaries from paying dividends to the Company, from making distributions on such subsidiary’s capital stock, from repaying to the Company any loans or advances to such subsidiary from the Company or from transferring any of such subsidiary’s property or other assets to the Company or other subsidiaries of the Company.

Senior Unsecured Notes

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had $2.0 billion of senior unsecured notes outstanding. These unsecured financings were comprised of $285.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.25% senior notes due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”), $599.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.25% senior notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”), $633.9 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.75% senior notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”), and $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.00% senior notes due 2031 (the “2031 Notes”). Subsequent to quarter end the Company issued $500.0 million of 5.50% senior notes due 2030 (the “2030 Notes,” collectively with the 2025 Notes, the 2027 Notes, the 2029 Notes and the 2031 Notes, the “Notes”) and redeemed in full the 2025 Notes which had an outstanding principal amount of $285.0 million as of June 30, 2025.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $2.0 billion of senior unsecured notes outstanding. These unsecured financings were comprised of $295.7 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2025 Notes, $611.9 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2027 Notes, $633.9 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes and $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2031 Notes.

LCFH issued the Notes with Ladder Capital Finance Corporation (“LCFC”), as co-issuers on a joint and several basis. LCFC is a 100% owned finance subsidiary of LCFH with no assets, operations, revenues or cash flows other than those related to the issuance, administration and repayment of the Notes. The Company guarantees the obligations under the Notes and the indenture. The Company believes it was in compliance with all covenants of the Notes as of June 30, 2025 and 2024. The Notes are presented net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $14.4 million and $16.5 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

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The Notes require interest payments semi-annually in cash in arrears, are unsecured, and in some cases, are subject to an unencumbered assets to unsecured debt covenant. The Company may redeem the Notes prior to their stated maturity, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, with required notice and at a redemption price as specified in each respective indenture governing the Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date. The board of directors has authorized the Company to repurchase any or all of the Notes from time to time without further approval.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company repurchased $10.7 million of the 2025 Notes and $12.4 million of the 2027 Notes recognizing a net gain on extinguishment of debt of $7 thousand and $250 thousand, respectively.

Revolving Credit Facility

The Company’s Revolving Credit Facility is available on a revolving basis to finance the Company’s working capital needs and for general corporate purposes. On January 2, 2025, the Company increased the aggregate maximum borrowing amount of the Revolving Credit Facility to $850.0 million, following the upsize to $725 million on December 20, 2024. The Revolving Credit Facility also allows the Company to enter into additional incremental revolving commitments up to an aggregate facility size of $1.3 billion subject to certain customary conditions. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to adjusted term SOFR plus a margin of 125 basis points as of June 30, 2025. The margin for borrowings is subject to adjustment based on the Company’s credit rating and may range between 77.5 and 170 basis points. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had no outstanding borrowings on the Revolving Credit Facility.

Effective May 27, 2025, the date on which the Company received investment grade ratings from Moody’s and Fitch, the Revolving Credit Facility was automatically amended, the pledge of the shares of (or other ownership or equity interest in) certain subsidiaries was terminated, and each guarantor (other than Ladder Capital Corp and any subsidiary that is a trigger guarantor) was released and discharged from all obligations as a guarantor and/or pledgor.

Collateralized Loan Obligations (“CLO”) Debt

On July 13, 2021, the Company financed a pool of $607.5 million of loans at an 82% advance rate on a matched term, non-mark-to-market and non-recourse basis in a managed CLO transaction (“LCCM 2021-FL2”), which generated $498.2 million of gross proceeds to Ladder. The Company retained an 18% subordinate and controlling interest in LCCM 2021-FL2. The Company retained control over major decisions made with respect to the administration of the loans in LCCM 2021-FL2, including broad discretion in managing these loans, and had the ability to appoint the special servicer. LCCM 2021-FL2 was a VIE and the Company was the primary beneficiary and, therefore, consolidated the VIE. On February 18, 2025, the Company redeemed all outstanding obligations of LCCM 2021-FL2.

On December 2, 2021, the Company financed a pool of $729.4 million of loans at a 77.6% advance rate on a matched term, non-mark-to-market and non-recourse basis in a managed CLO transaction (“LCCM 2021-FL3”), which generated $566.2 million of gross proceeds to Ladder. The Company retained a 15.6% subordinate and controlling interest in the LCCM 2021-FL3 and held two additional tranches totaling 6.8% as investments. The Company retained control over major decisions made with respect to the administration of the loans in LCCM 2021-FL3, including broad discretion in managing these loans, and had the ability to appoint the special servicer. LCCM 2021-FL3 was a VIE and the Company was the primary beneficiary and, therefore, consolidated the VIE. On June 16, 2025, the Company redeemed all outstanding obligations of LCCM 2021-FL3. Refer to Note 6, Debt Obligations, Net for further detail.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company did not have any matched term, non-mark-to-market and non-recourse CLO debt included in debt obligations on its consolidated balance sheets.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $601.4 million of matched term, non-mark-to-market and non-recourse CLO debt included in debt obligations on its consolidated balance sheets. Unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.1 million were included in CLO debt as of December 31, 2024.

Committed Loan Financing Facilities

The Company is a party to multiple committed loan repurchase agreement facilities, totaling $1.1 billion of credit capacity as of June 30, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had $62.7 million of borrowings outstanding, with an additional $1.0 billion of committed financing available. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $62.7 million of borrowings outstanding, with

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an additional $1.1 billion of committed financing available. Assets pledged as collateral under these facilities are generally limited to first lien whole mortgage loans, mezzanine loans and certain interests in such first mortgage and mezzanine loans.

The Company has the option to extend some of its existing facilities subject to a number of customary conditions. The lenders have sole discretion to include collateral in these facilities and to determine the market value of the collateral. In certain cases the lenders may require additional collateral, a full or partial repayment of the facilities (margin call) or a reduction in undrawn availability under the facilities. Typically, the facilities are established with stated guidelines regarding the maximum percentage of the collateral asset’s market value that can be borrowed. The Company often borrows at a lower percentage of the collateral asset’s value than the maximum leaving the Company with excess borrowing capacity that can be drawn upon at a later date and/or applied against future margin calls so that they can be satisfied on a cashless basis.

Securities Repurchase Financing

The Company is a party to master repurchase agreements with several counterparties to finance its investments in securities. The securities that serve as collateral for these borrowings are typically highly liquid AAA-rated CMBS with relatively short duration and significant subordination. The lenders have sole discretion to determine the market value of the collateral on a daily basis, and, if the estimated market value of the collateral declines, the lenders have the right to require additional collateral. If the estimated market value of the collateral subsequently increases, the Company has the right to call back excess collateral. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had $294.4 million of securities repurchase debt outstanding.

Mortgage Loan Financing

The Company typically finances its real estate investments with long-term, non-recourse mortgage financing. These mortgage loans have carrying amounts of $421.9 million and $446.4 million, net of unamortized premiums of $3.4 million and $3.7 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, representing proceeds received upon financing greater than the contractual amounts due under these agreements. The premiums are being amortized over the remaining life of the respective debt instruments using the effective interest method. The Company recorded $0.3 million of premium amortization, which decreased interest expense for each of the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company executed no new term debt agreements. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company executed ten new term debt agreements to finance properties in its real estate portfolio with a carrying amount of $68.9 million.

Stock Repurchases

On April 23, 2025, the board of directors authorized the repurchase of $100.0 million of the Company’s Class A common stock from time to time without further approval. This authorization increased the remaining outstanding authorization per the April 24, 2024 authorization from $66.8 million to $100.0 million. Stock repurchases by the Company are generally made for cash in open market transactions at prevailing market prices but may also be made in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The timing and amount of purchases are determined based upon prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has a remaining amount available for repurchase of $93.4 million, which represents 6.8% in the aggregate of its outstanding Class A common stock, based on the closing price of $10.75 per share on such date. Refer to Note 9, Equity, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, for disclosure of the Company’s repurchase activity.

The following table is a summary of the Company’s repurchase activity of its Class A common stock during the six months ended June 30, 2025 ($ in thousands):

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	Shares	Amount(1)
Authorizations remaining as of December 31, 2024		$	67,604
Additional authorizations (2)		33,201
Repurchases paid:
January 1, 2025 - January 31, 2025	—	—
February 1, 2025 - February 28, 2025	—	—
March 1, 2025 - March 31, 2025	70,506	(805)
April 1, 2025 - April 30, 2025	—	—
May 1, 2025 - May 31, 2025	401,396	(4,151)
June 1, 2025 - June 30, 2025	234,094	(2,456)
Authorizations remaining as of June 30, 2025		$	93,393

(1)Amount excludes commissions paid associated with share repurchases.

(2)On April 23, 2025, the Board authorized repurchases up to $100.0 million in aggregate.

Dividends

In order for the Company to maintain its qualification as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”), it must annually distribute at least 90% of its taxable income. The Company has paid and in the future intends to declare regular quarterly distributions to its shareholders in aggregating to an amount approximating at least 90% of the REIT’s annual net taxable income.

All distributions are made at the discretion of our board of directors and depend on our earnings, our financial condition, any debt covenants, maintenance of our REIT qualification, restrictions on making distributions under Delaware law and other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time.

Refer to Note 9, Equity, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, for disclosure of dividends declared.

Principal Repayments on Investments

We receive principal amortization on our loans and securities as part of the normal course of our business. Repayment of mortgage loan receivables provided net cash of $474.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and $611.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Repayment of real estate securities provided net cash of $200.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, and $147.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Proceeds from Securitizations and Sales of Loans

We sell our conduit mortgage loans to securitization trusts and to other third parties as part of our normal course of business and from time to time will sell balance sheet mortgage loans. There were $66.8 million of proceeds from sales of mortgage loans for the six months ended June 30, 2025. There were $69.4 million of proceeds from sales of mortgage loans for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Proceeds from the Sale of Securities

We sell our investments in CMBS, including CRE CLOs, U.S. Agency securities, corporate bonds, U.S. Treasury securities, and equity securities as a part of our normal course of business. Proceeds from sales of securities provided net cash of $59.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, and $10.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Proceeds from the Sale of Real Estate

There were $13.1 million of proceeds from sales of real estate, net of closing costs for the six months ended June 30, 2025. There were $45.9 million of proceeds from sales of real estate, net of closing costs for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

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Other Potential Sources of Financing

In the future, we may also use other sources of financing to fund the acquisition of our assets, including credit facilities, warehouse facilities, repurchase facilities and other secured and unsecured forms of borrowing. These financings may be collateralized or non-collateralized, may involve one or more lenders and may accrue interest at either fixed or floating rates. We may also seek to raise further equity capital or issue debt securities in order to fund our future investments.

Contractual Obligations

Contractual obligations as of June 30, 2025 were as follows ($ in thousands):

	Contractual Obligations (1)
	Less than 1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		More than 5 Years		Total
Secured financings	$	402,479	$	227,047	$	59,068	$	87,744	$	776,338
Senior unsecured notes (2)	285,049		599,490		633,919		500,000		2,018,458
Interest payable (3)	112,489		167,870		92,681		58,805		431,845
Other funding obligations (4)	349		12,180		—		—		12,529
Operating lease obligations	3,469		4,590		4,789		7,646		20,494
Total	$	803,835	$	1,011,177	$	790,457	$	654,195	$	3,259,664

(1)As more fully disclosed in Note 6, Debt Obligations, Net, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, the allocation of repayments under our committed loan repurchase facilities is based on the earlier of: (i) the maturity date of each agreement; or (ii) the maximum maturity date of the collateral loans, assuming all extension options are exercised by the borrower.

(2)Subsequent to quarter end, we redeemed in full the 2025 Notes which had an outstanding principal amount of $285.0 million as of June 30, 2025.

(3)Comprised of interest on secured financings and on senior unsecured notes. For borrowings with variable interest rates, we used the rates in effect as of June 30, 2025 to determine the future interest payment obligations.

(4)Comprised primarily of our off-balance sheet unfunded commitment to provide additional first mortgage loan financing as of June 30, 2025. The allocation of our unfunded loan commitments is based on the earlier of the commitment expiration date or the final maturity date, however, we may be obligated to fund these commitments earlier than such date. This amount excludes $35.7 million of future funding commitments that require the occurrence of certain “good news” events, such as the owner concluding a lease agreement with a major tenant in the building or reaching a pre-determined net operating income which may or may not be achieved.

The table above does not include amounts due under our derivative agreements as those contracts do not have fixed and determinable payments. Our contractual obligations will be refinanced and/or repaid from earnings as well as amortization and sales of our liquid collateral. We have made investments in various unconsolidated ventures of which our maximum exposure to loss from these investments is limited to the carrying value of our investments.

Future Liquidity Needs

In addition to the future contractual obligations above, the Company, in the coming year and beyond, as a part of its normal course of business will require cash to fund unfunded loan commitments and new investments in a combination of balance sheet mortgage loans, conduit loans, real estate investments and securities as it deems appropriate as well as necessary expenses as a part of general corporate purposes. These new investments and general corporate expenses may be funded with existing cash, proceeds from loan and securities payoffs, through financing using our Revolving Credit Facility or loan and security financing facilities, or through additional debt or equity raises. The Company has no known material cash requirements other than its contractual obligations in the above table, unfunded commitments and future general corporate expenses.

Unfunded Loan Commitments

We may be a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of our borrowers. These commitments are not reflected on the consolidated balance sheets. As of June 30, 2025, our off-balance sheet arrangements consisted of $47.9 million of unfunded commitments of mortgage loan receivables held for investment. 74% of these unfunded commitments require the occurrence of certain “good news” events, such as the owner

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concluding a lease agreement with a major tenant in the building or reaching some pre-determined net operating income. As of December 31, 2024, our off-balance sheet arrangements consisted of $34.6 million of unfunded commitments of mortgage loan receivables held for investment to provide additional first mortgage loan financing. Such commitments are subject to our borrowers’ satisfaction of certain financial and nonfinancial covenants and involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. Commitments are subject to our loan borrowers’ satisfaction of certain financial and nonfinancial covenants and may or may not be funded depending on a variety of circumstances including timing, credit metric hurdles, and other nonfinancial events occurring.

Interest Rate Environment

The nature of the Company’s business exposes it to market risk arising from changes in interest rates. Changes, both increases and decreases, in the rates the Company is able to charge its borrowers, the yields the Company is able to achieve in its securities investments, and the Company’s cost of borrowing directly impacts its net income. The Company’s net interest income includes interest from both fixed and floating rate debt. The percentage of the Company’s assets and liabilities bearing interest at fixed and floating rates may change over time, and asset composition may differ materially from debt composition. Refer to Item 3 “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” for further disclosures surrounding the impact of rising or falling interest rate on our earnings.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments in certain circumstances that affect amounts reported as assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. We have established detailed policies and control procedures intended to ensure that valuation methods, including any judgments made as part of such methods, are well controlled, reviewed and applied consistently from period to period. We base our estimates on historical corporate and industry experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be appropriate under the circumstances. The Company’s critical accounting estimates are those which require assumptions to be made about matters that are highly uncertain. Different estimates could have a material effect on the Company’s financial results. For all of these estimates, we caution that future events rarely develop exactly as forecasted and, therefore, routinely require adjustment.

During 2025, management reviewed and evaluated these critical accounting estimates and policies and believes they are appropriate. The following discussion describes critical accounting estimates that require more significant judgment by management. This summary should be read in conjunction with a more complete discussion of our significant accounting policies which are described in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The Company uses a current expected credit loss model (“CECL”) for estimating the provision for loan losses on its loan portfolio. The CECL model requires the consideration of possible credit losses over the life of an instrument and includes a portfolio-based component and an asset-specific component. The Company engages a third-party service provider to provide market data and a credit loss model. The credit loss model is a forward-looking, econometric, commercial real estate (“CRE”) loss forecasting tool. It is comprised of a probability of default (“PD”) model and a loss given default (“LGD”) model that, layered together with the Company’s loan-level data, fair value of collateral, net operating income of collateral, selected forward-looking macroeconomic variables, and pool-level mean loss rates, produces life of loan expected losses (“EL”) at the loan and portfolio level. Where management has determined that the credit loss model does not fully capture certain external factors, including portfolio trends or loan-specific factors, a qualitative adjustment to the reserve is recorded. In addition, interest receivable on loans is not included in the Company’s CECL calculations as the Company performs timely write offs of aged interest receivable. The Company has made a policy election to write off aged receivables through interest income as opposed to through the CECL provision on its statements of income.

Loans for which the borrower or sponsor is experiencing financial difficulty, and where repayment of the loan is expected substantially through the operation or sale of the underlying collateral, are considered collateral dependent loans. For collateral dependent loans, the Company may elect a practical expedient that allows the Company to measure expected losses based on the difference between the collateral’s fair value and the amortized cost basis of the loan. When the repayment or satisfaction of the loan is dependent on a sale, rather than operations of the collateral, the fair value is adjusted for the estimated costs to sell the collateral. If foreclosure is probable, the Company is required to measure for expected losses using this methodology.

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The Company generally will use the direct capitalization rate valuation methodology or the sales comparison approach to estimate the fair value of the collateral for loans and in certain cases will obtain external appraisals. Determining fair value of the collateral may take into account a number of assumptions including, but not limited to, cash flow projections, market capitalization rates, discount rates and data regarding recent comparable sales of similar properties. Such assumptions are generally based on current market conditions and are subject to economic and market uncertainties.

The Company’s loans are typically collateralized by real estate directly or indirectly. As a result, the Company regularly evaluates the extent and impact of any credit deterioration associated with the performance and/or value of the underlying collateral property as well as the financial and operating capability of the borrower/sponsor on a loan-by-loan basis. Specifically, a property’s operating results and any cash reserves are analyzed and used to assess: (i) whether cash flow from operations is sufficient to cover the debt service requirements currently and into the future; (ii) the ability of the borrower to refinance the loan at maturity; and/or (iii) the property’s liquidation value. The Company also evaluates the financial wherewithal of any loan guarantors as well as the borrower’s competency in managing and operating the properties. In addition, the Company considers the overall economic environment, real estate sector, and geographic submarket in which the collateral property is located. Such impairment analyses are completed and reviewed by asset management and underwriting personnel, who utilize various data sources, including: (i) periodic financial data such as property occupancy, tenant profile, rental rates, operating expenses, the borrowers’ business plan, and capitalization and discount rates; (ii) site inspections; and (iii) current credit spreads and other market data and ultimately presented to management for approval.

When a debtor is experiencing financial difficulties and a loan is modified, the effect of the modification will be included in the Company’s assessment of the CECL allowance for loan losses. If the Company provides principal forgiveness, the amortized cost basis of the loan is written off against the allowance for loan losses. Generally, when modifying loans, the Company will seek to protect its position by requiring incremental pay downs, additional collateral or guarantees and, in some cases, lookback features or equity interests to offset concessions granted should conditions impacting the loan improve.

The Company designates a loan as a non-accrual loan generally when: (i) the principal or coupon interest components of loan payments become 90-days past due; or (ii) in the opinion of the Company, recovery of principal and coupon interest is doubtful. Interest income on non-accrual loans in which the Company reasonably expects a recovery of the loan’s outstanding principal balance is recognized when received in cash. Otherwise, income recognition will be suspended and any cash received will be applied as a reduction to the amortized cost basis. A non-accrual loan is returned to accrual status at such time as the loan becomes contractually current and future principal and coupon interest are reasonably assured to be received. A loan will be charged-off when management has determined principal and coupon interest is no longer realizable and deemed non-recoverable.

The CECL accounting estimate is subject to uncertainty as a result of changing macro-economic market conditions, as well as the vintage and location of the underlying assets as disclosed in Note 3, Mortgage Loan Receivables, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. The provision for (release of) loan loss reserves for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024 was $(42.0) thousand and $5.1 million, respectively, and $(0.1) million and $10.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively.

The allowance for loan losses at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $52.7 million and $52.8 million, respectively. The allowance includes $0.5 million of reserves for unfunded commitments at both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The estimate is sensitive to the assumptions used to represent future expected economic conditions.

Acquisition of Real Estate

We generally acquire real estate assets or land and development assets through purchases and may also acquire such assets through foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure (collectively, “foreclosure”) in full or partial satisfaction of defaulted loans. Purchased properties are classified as real estate, net or land and development, net on our consolidated balance sheets. When we intend to hold, operate or develop the property for a period of at least 12 months, the asset is classified as real estate, net, and if the asset meets the held-for-sale criteria, the asset is classified as real estate held for sale. Upon purchase, the properties are recorded at cost. Foreclosed assets classified as real estate and land and development are initially recorded at their estimated fair value and assets classified as held for sale are recorded at their estimated fair value less costs to sell. The excess of the carrying value of the loan over these amounts is charged-off against the reserve for loan losses. In both cases, upon acquisition, tangible and intangible assets and liabilities acquired are recorded at their relative fair values.

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Identified Intangible Assets and Liabilities

We record intangible assets and liabilities acquired at their relative fair values, and determine whether such intangible assets and liabilities have finite or indefinite lives. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all such acquired intangible assets and liabilities have finite lives. We review finite lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. If we determine the carrying value of an intangible asset is not recoverable, we will record an impairment charge to the extent its carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. Impairments of intangibles are recorded in impairment of assets in our consolidated statements of income.

Impairment or Disposal of Long-lived Assets

Real estate assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or estimated fair value less costs to sell and are included in real estate held for sale on our consolidated balance sheets. The difference between the estimated fair value less costs to sell and the carrying value will be recorded as an impairment charge. Impairment for real estate assets are included in impairment of assets in our consolidated statements of operations. Once the asset is classified as held for sale, depreciation expense is no longer recorded.

We periodically review real estate to be held and used, and land and development assets for impairment in value, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The asset’s value is impaired only if management’s estimate of the aggregate future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) to be generated by the asset (taking into account the anticipated holding period of the asset) is less than the carrying value. Such estimate of cash flows considers factors such as expected future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of demand, competition and other economic factors. To the extent impairment has occurred, the loss will be measured as the excess of the carrying amount of the property over the fair value of the asset and reflected as an adjustment to the basis of the asset. Impairments of real estate and land and development assets are recorded in impairment of assets in our consolidated statements of operations.

There were no properties classified as held for sale as of June 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024. We did not record any impairments of real estate for the six months ended June 30, 2025 or June 30, 2024.

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

The degree of management judgment involved in determining the fair value of assets and liabilities is dependent upon the availability of quoted market prices or observable market parameters. For financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that trade actively and have quoted market prices or observable market parameters, there is minimal subjectivity involved in measuring fair value. When observable market prices and parameters are not fully available, management judgment is necessary to estimate fair value. In addition, changes in market conditions may reduce the availability of quoted prices or observable data. For example, reduced liquidity in the capital markets or changes in secondary market activities could result in observable market inputs becoming unavailable. Therefore, when market data is not available, we would use valuation techniques requiring more management judgment to estimate the appropriate fair value measurement.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements and Recent Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption

Our recently adopted accounting pronouncements and recent accounting pronouncements pending adoption are described in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

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Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Distributable Earnings

The Company utilizes distributable earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure, as a supplemental measure of our operating performance. We believe distributable earnings assists investors in comparing our operating performance and our ability to pay dividends across reporting periods on a more relevant and consistent basis by excluding from GAAP measures certain non-cash expenses and unrealized results as well as eliminating timing differences related to conduit securitization gains or losses and changes in the values of assets and derivatives. In addition, we use distributable earnings: (i) to evaluate our earnings from operations because management believes that it may be a useful performance measure; and (ii) because our board of directors considers distributable earnings in determining the amount of quarterly dividends. In addition, we believe it is useful to present distributable earnings prior to charge-offs of allowance for credit losses to reflect our direct operating results and help existing and potential future holders of our Class A common stock assess the performance of our business excluding such charge-offs. Distributable earnings prior to charge-offs of allowance for credit losses is used as an additional performance metric to consider when declaring our dividends.

We define distributable earnings as income before taxes adjusted for: (i) net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated ventures; (ii) our share of real estate depreciation, amortization and gain adjustments and (earnings) loss from investments in unconsolidated ventures in excess of distributions received; (iii) the impact of derivative gains and losses related to hedging fair value variability of fixed rate assets caused by interest rate fluctuations and overall portfolio market risk as of the end of the specified accounting period; (iv) economic gains or losses on loan sales, certain of which may not be recognized under GAAP accounting in consolidation for which risk has substantially transferred during the period, as well as the exclusion of the related GAAP economics in subsequent periods; (v) unrealized gains or losses related to our investments in securities recorded at fair value in current period earnings; (vi) unrealized and realized provision for loan losses and real estate impairment; (vii) non-cash stock-based compensation; and (viii) certain non-recurring transactional items.

We exclude the effects of our share of real estate depreciation and amortization. Given GAAP gains and losses on sales of real estate include the effects of previously-recognized real estate depreciation and amortization, our adjustment eliminates the portion of the GAAP gain or loss that is derived from depreciation and amortization.

As discussed in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, our derivative instruments do not qualify for hedge accounting under GAAP and, therefore, any net payments under, or fluctuations in the fair value of derivatives are recognized currently in our income statement. The Company utilizes derivative instruments to hedge exposure to interest rate risk associated with fixed rate mortgage loans, fixed rate securities, and/or overall portfolio market risks. Distributable earnings excludes the GAAP results from derivative activity until the associated mortgage loan or security for which the derivative position is hedging is sold or paid off, or the hedge position for overall portfolio market risk is closed, at which point any gain or loss is recognized in distributable earnings in that period. For derivative activity associated with securities or mortgage loans held for investment, any hedging gain or loss is amortized over the expected life of the underlying asset for distributable earnings. We believe that adjusting for these specifically identified gains and losses associated with hedging positions adjusts for timing differences between when we recognize the gains or losses associated with our assets and the gains and losses associated with derivatives used to hedge such assets.

We originate conduit loans, which are first mortgage loans on stabilized, income producing commercial real estate properties that we intend to sell into third-party CMBS securitizations. Mortgage loans receivable held for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or market under GAAP. For purposes of distributable earnings, we exclude the impact of unrealized lower of cost or market adjustments on conduit loans held for sale and include the realized gains or losses in distributable earnings in the period when the loan is sold. Our conduit business includes mortgage loans made to third parties and may also include mortgage loans secured by real estate owned in our real estate segment. Such mortgage loans receivable secured by real estate owned in our real estate segment are eliminated in consolidation within our GAAP financial statements until the loans are sold in a third-party securitization. Upon the sale of a loan to a third-party securitization trust (for cash), the related mortgage note payable is recognized on our GAAP financial statements. For purposes of distributable earnings, we include adjustments for economic gains and losses related to the sale of these inter-segment loans for which risk has substantially transferred during the period and exclude the resultant GAAP recognition of amortization of any related premium/discount on such mortgage loans payable recognized in interest expense during the subsequent periods. This adjustment is reflected in distributable earnings when there is a true risk transfer on the mortgage loan sale and settlement. Conversely, if the economic risk was not substantially transferred, no adjustments to net income would be made relating to those transactions for distributable earnings purposes. Management believes recognizing these amounts for distributable earnings purposes in the period of transfer of economic risk is a useful supplemental measure of our performance.

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As more fully discussed in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, we invest in certain securities that are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings. For purposes of distributable earnings, we exclude the impact of unrealized gains and losses associated with these securities and include realized gains and losses in connection with any disposition of securities. Distributable earnings includes declines in fair value deemed to be an impairment for GAAP purposes if the decline is determined to be non-recoverable and the loss to be nearly certain to be eventually realized. In those cases, an impairment is included in distributable earnings for the period in which such determination was made.

We include adjustments for unrealized and realized provision for loan losses and real estate impairment. For purposes of distributable earnings, management recognizes loan and real estate losses as being realized generally in the period in which the asset is sold or the Company determines a decline in value to be non-recoverable and the loss to be nearly certain.

Set forth below is an unaudited reconciliation of income (loss) before taxes to distributable earnings (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	June 30,		March 31,
	2025		2025
Income (loss) before taxes	$	20,822	$	10,717
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated ventures	220		220
Our share of real estate depreciation, amortization and real estate sale adjustments (1)	7,755		4,503
Adjustments for derivative results and loan sale activity (2)	(724)		(435)
Unrealized (gain) loss on securities	(102)		(687)
Adjustment for impairment	(42)		(81)
Non-cash stock-based compensation	2,996		11,215
Distributable earnings	$	30,925	$	25,452

(1)	The following is an unaudited reconciliation of GAAP depreciation and amortization to our share of real estate depreciation, amortization and gain adjustments and (earnings) loss from investment in unconsolidated ventures in excess of distributions received ($ in thousands):
		Three Months Ended
		June 30,		March 31,
		2025		2025
	Total GAAP depreciation and amortization	$	8,043	$	7,336
	Depreciation and amortization related to non-rental property fixed assets	(109)		(108)
	Non-controlling interests in consolidated ventures’ share of depreciation and amortization	(121)		(119)
	Our share of operating lease income from above/below market lease intangible amortization	(346)		(402)
	Our share of real estate depreciation and amortization	7,467		6,707
	Adjustments for accumulated depreciation and amortization on real estate sold (a)	—		(2,936)
	Adjustment for (earnings) loss from investments in unconsolidated ventures in excess of distributions received	288		732
	Our share of real estate depreciation, amortization and real estate sale adjustments	$	7,755	$	4,503
	(a) GAAP gains/losses on sales of real estate include the effects of previously-recognized real estate depreciation and amortization. For purposes of distributable earnings, our share of real estate depreciation and amortization is eliminated and, accordingly, the resultant gains/losses also must be adjusted. The following is an unaudited reconciliation of the related consolidated GAAP amounts to the amounts reflected in distributable earnings ($ in thousands):
		Three Months Ended
		June 30,		March 31,
		2025		2025
	GAAP realized gain/loss on sale of real estate, net	$	—	$	3,807
	Adjusted (gain)/loss on sale of real estate for purposes of distributable earnings	—		(871)
	Accumulated depreciation and amortization on real estate sold	$	—	$	2,936

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(2)	The following is an unaudited reconciliation of GAAP net results from derivative transactions to our adjustments for derivative results and loan sale activity within distributable earnings ($ in thousands):
		Three Months Ended
		June 30,		March 31,
		2025		2025
	GAAP net results from derivative transactions	$	(1,526)	$	(323)
	Realized results of loan sales, net (a)	1,504		—
	Unrealized lower of cost or market adjustments related to loans held for sale	(1,287)		(162)
	Amortization of (premium)/discount on mortgage loan financing included in interest expense	(152)		(178)
	Recognized derivative results	737		228
	Adjustments for derivative results and loan sale activity	$	(724)	$	(435)

(a) Represents the net hedge related gain on conduit sales for the three months ended June 30, 2025.

Distributable earnings has limitations as an analytical tool. Some of these limitations are:  

•Distributable earnings does not reflect the impact of certain cash charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our ongoing operations and is not necessarily indicative of cash necessary to fund cash needs; and

•Other companies in our industry may calculate distributable earnings differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Because of these limitations, distributable earnings should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) attributable to shareholders or any other performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Our non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered an alternative to cash flows from operations as a measure of our liquidity.

In addition, distributable earnings should not be considered to be the equivalent to REIT taxable income calculated to determine the minimum amount of dividends the Company is required to distribute to shareholders to maintain REIT status. In order for the Company to maintain its qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, we must annually distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income. The Company has declared, and intends to continue declaring, regular quarterly distributions to its shareholders in an amount approximating the REIT’s net taxable income.

In the future, we may incur gains and losses that are the same as or similar to some of the adjustments in this presentation. Our presentation of distributable earnings should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

For a discussion of current market conditions, refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

Interest Rate Risk

The nature of the Company’s business exposes it to market risk arising from changes in interest rates. Changes, both increases and decreases, in the rates the Company is able to charge its borrowers, the yields the Company is able to achieve in its securities investments, and the Company’s cost of borrowing directly impacts its net income. The Company’s net interest income includes interest from both fixed and floating rate debt. The percentage of the Company’s assets and liabilities bearing interest at fixed and floating rates may change over time, and asset composition may differ materially from debt composition. Another component of interest rate risk is the effect changes in interest rates will have on the market value of the assets the Company acquires. The Company faces the risk that the market value of its assets will increase or decrease at different rates than that of its liabilities, including its hedging instruments. The Company mitigates interest rate risk through utilization of hedging instruments, primarily interest rate futures agreements. Interest rate futures agreements are utilized to hedge against future interest rate increases on the Company’s borrowings and potential adverse changes in the value of certain assets that result from interest rate changes. The Company generally seeks to hedge assets that have a duration longer than five years, including newly originated conduit first mortgage loans, most of its U.S. Agency securities, and other securities if long enough in duration.

The following table summarizes the change in net income for a 12-month period commencing June 30, 2025 and the change in fair value of our investments and indebtedness assuming an increase or decrease of 100 basis points in the relevant benchmark interest rates on June 30, 2025, both adjusted for the effects of our interest rate hedging activities ($ in thousands):

	Projected change in net income(1)		Projected change in portfolio value
Change in interest rate:
Decrease by 1.00%	$	(27,526)	$	(186)
Increase by 1.00%	28,758		205

(1)    Subject to limits for floors on our floating rate investments and indebtedness.

Market Risk

As market volatility increases or liquidity decreases, the market value of the Company’s assets may be adversely impacted.

The Company’s securities investments are reflected at their estimated fair value. The change in estimated fair value of securities available-for-sale is reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income. The change in estimated fair value of Agency interest-only securities is recorded in current period earnings. The estimated fair value of these securities fluctuates primarily due to changes in interest rates and other factors. Generally, in a rising interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of these securities would be expected to decrease; conversely, in a decreasing interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of these securities would be expected to increase.

The Company’s fixed rate mortgage loan portfolio is subject to the same risks. However, to the extent those loans are classified as held for sale, they are reflected at the lower of cost or market. Otherwise, held for investment mortgage loans are reflected at values equal to the unpaid principal balances net of certain fees, costs and loan loss allowances.

Concentrations of market risk may exist with respect to the Company’s investments. Market risk is a potential loss the Company may incur as a result of change in the fair values of its investments. The Company may also be subject to risk associated with concentrations of investments in geographic regions and industries.

Liquidity Risk

Market disruptions may lead to a significant decline in transaction activity in all or a significant portion of the asset classes in which the Company invests and may at the same time lead to a significant contraction in short-term and long-term debt and equity funding sources. A decline in liquidity of real estate and real estate-related investments, as well as a lack of availability of observable transaction data and inputs, may make it more difficult to sell the Company’s investments or determine their fair

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values. As a result, the Company may be unable to sell its investments, or only be able to sell its investments at a price that may be materially different from the fair values presented. Also, in such conditions, there is no guarantee that the Company’s borrowing arrangements or other arrangements for obtaining leverage will continue to be available or, if available, will be available on terms and conditions acceptable to the Company. In addition, a decline in market value of the Company’s assets may have particular adverse consequences in instances where it borrowed money based on the fair value of its assets. A decrease in the market value of the Company’s assets may result in the lender requiring it to post additional collateral or otherwise sell assets at a time when it may not be in the Company’s best interest to do so. The Company’s subsidiary, Tuebor Captive Insurance Company LLC (“Tuebor”), was previously a captive insurance company subject to state regulations, which required regulatory approval for dividend distributions, limiting the Company's ability to utilize cash held by Tuebor. Effective January 31, 2025, Tuebor is no longer licensed as a captive insurer and is no longer subject to state regulation.

Credit Risk

The Company is subject to varying degrees of credit risk in connection with its investments. The Company seeks to manage credit risk by performing deep credit fundamental analyses of potential assets and through ongoing asset management. The Company’s investment guidelines do not limit the amount of its equity that may be invested in any type of its assets; however, investments greater than a certain size are subject to approval by the Risk and Underwriting Committee of the board of directors.

Our portfolio’s low weighted average loan-to-value, based on the loan balances and the “as-is” third-party Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (“FIRREA”) appraised values at origination, of 66.9% as of June 30, 2025 reflects significant equity value that our sponsors are motivated to protect through periods of cyclical disruption. While we believe the principal amounts of our loans are generally adequately protected by underlying collateral value, there is a risk that we will not realize the entire principal value of certain investments.

Credit Spread Risk

Credit spread risk is the risk that interest rate spreads between two different financial instruments will change. In general, fixed-rate commercial mortgages and CMBS are priced based on a spread to Treasury or interest rate swaps. The Company generally benefits if credit spreads narrow during the time that it holds a portfolio of mortgage loans or CMBS investments, and the Company may experience losses if credit spreads widen during the time that it holds a portfolio of mortgage loans or CMBS investments. The Company actively monitors its exposure to changes in credit spreads and the Company may enter into credit total return swaps or take positions in other credit-related derivative instruments to moderate its exposure against losses associated with a widening of credit spreads.

Risks Related to Real Estate

Real estate and real estate-related assets, including loans and commercial real estate-related securities, are subject to volatility and may be affected adversely by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, national, regional and local economic conditions (which may be adversely affected by industry slowdowns, economic downturns and other factors); local real estate conditions; changes or continued weakness in specific industry segments; construction quality, age and design; demographic factors; environmental conditions; competition from comparable property types or properties; changes in tenant mix or performance and retroactive changes to building or similar codes and rent regulations. In addition, decreases in property values reduce the value of the collateral and the potential proceeds available to a borrower to repay the underlying loans, which could also cause the Company to suffer losses.

Covenant Risk

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into loan and securities repurchase agreements and credit facilities with certain lenders to finance its real estate investment transactions. These agreements contain, among other conditions, events of default and various covenants and representations. If such events are not cured by the Company or waived by the lenders, the lenders may decide to curtail or limit extension of credit, and the Company may be forced to repay its advances or loans. In addition, the Company’s Notes are subject to covenants, including maintenance of unencumbered assets and limitations on the incurrence of additional debt. The Company’s failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default, which could result in the Company being required to repay these borrowings before their due date.

We were in compliance with all covenants as described in this Quarterly Report as of June 30, 2025.

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Diversification Risk

The Company’s investments include mortgage loan receivables collateralized by commercial real estate, owned real estate and real estate backed securities. The Company’s mortgage loan investments are primarily middle market focused, spread across geographically diverse regions within the United States, and granular in nature with an average loan balance of approximately $25 million to $30 million. The primary assets of the Company are therefore concentrated in the commercial real estate sector, and accordingly, the investment portfolio of the Company may be subject to more rapid change in value than would be the case if the Company were to maintain a wide diversification among investments or industry sectors. Furthermore, even within the commercial real estate sector, the investment portfolio may be relatively concentrated in terms of geography and type of real estate investment. This lack of diversification may subject the investments of the Company to more rapid change in value than would be the case if the assets of the Company were more widely diversified.

Regulatory Risk

Effective January 31, 2025, the Company’s subsidiary, Tuebor, is no longer licensed as a captive insurer and is no longer subject to state regulation.

Effective as of July 16, 2021, LCAM is a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisors Act of 1940, as amended. LCAM provided investment advisory services solely to Ladder-sponsored collateralized loan obligation trusts (“CLO Trusts”). As of June 30, 2025, LCAM redeemed both CLO Trusts. As a result of these redemptions, LCAM no longer has any advisory clients or regulatory assets under management as of June 30, 2025.

LCAM is eligible to retain its SEC registration status until June 30, 2026.

A registered investment adviser is subject to U.S. federal and state laws and regulations primarily intended to benefit its clients. These laws and regulations include requirements relating to, among other things, fiduciary duties to clients, maintaining an effective compliance program, solicitation agreements, conflicts of interest, record keeping and reporting requirements, disclosure requirements, custody arrangements, limitations on agency cross and principal transactions between an investment adviser and its advisory clients and general anti-fraud prohibitions. In addition, these laws and regulations generally grant supervisory agencies and bodies broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict us from conducting our advisory activities in the event we fail to comply with those laws and regulations. Sanctions that may be imposed for a failure to comply with applicable legal requirements include the suspension of individual employees, limitations on our engaging in various advisory activities for specified periods of time, disgorgement, the revocation of registrations, and other censures and fines.

We may become subject to additional regulatory and compliance burdens if our investment adviser subsidiary expands its product offerings and investment platform.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as required by Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act as of June 30, 2025. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, as of June 30, 2025, to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Due to the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended June 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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Part II

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be involved in litigation and claims incidental to the conduct of our business in the ordinary course. Further, certain of our subsidiaries, such as our registered investment adviser, are subject to scrutiny by government regulators, which could result in enforcement proceedings or litigation related to regulatory compliance matters. We are not presently a party to any material enforcement proceedings, litigation related to regulatory compliance matters or any other type of material litigation matters. We maintain insurance policies in amounts and with the coverage and deductibles we believe are adequate, based on the nature and risks of our business, historical experience and industry standards.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes during the three months ended June 30, 2025 to the risk factors in Item 1A in our Annual Report.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

a) Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table summarizes the share repurchase activity for the three months ended June 30, 2025 ($ in thousands, except per share data and average price paid per share):

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1)
April 1, 2025 - April 30, 2025	—	—		—	100,000
May 1, 2025 - May 31, 2025	401,396	10.34		401,396	95,849
June 1, 2025 - June 30, 2025	234,094	10.49		234,094	93,393
Total	635,490	$	10.40	635,490	$	93,393

(1)On April 23, 2025, the board of directors authorized the repurchase of $100.0 million of the Company’s Class A common stock from time to time without further approval. This authorization increased the remaining outstanding authorization per the April 24, 2024 authorization from $66.8 million to $100.0 million.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

During the three months ended June 30, 2025, no director or officer of the Company adopted, modified or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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Item 6. Exhibits

EXHIBIT INDEX
EXHIBIT NO.	DESCRIPTION
4.1	Indenture, dated as of June 23, 2025, by and among Ladder Capital Finance Holdings LLLP as issuer, Ladder Capital Finance Corporation as co-issuer, Ladder Capital Corp as guarantor, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the registration statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on June 23, 2025)
4.2	First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 3, 2025, among Ladder Capital Finance Holdings LLLP, Ladder Capital Finance Corporation, Ladder Capital Corp and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee, to the Indenture dated as of June 23, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on July 3, 2025)
10.1	Amended Credit and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of December 20, 2024, by and among Ladder Capital Finance Holdings LLLP, Ladder Corporate Revolver I LLC, Ladder Capital Finance Corporation, Ladder Capital Corp, certain subsidiary guarantors, the lenders party hereto from time to time and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 20, 2024)
22.1	Subsidiary Guarantors and Issuers of Guaranteed Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 22.1 to the registration statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on June 23, 2025)
31.1	Certification of Brian Harris pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2	Certification of Paul J. Miceli pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1*	Certification of Brian Harris pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2*	Certification of Paul J. Miceli pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101	101.SCH* iXBRL Schema Document. 101.CAL* iXBRL Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.DEF* iXBRL Definition Linkbase Document. 101.LAB* iXBRL Label Linkbase Document. 101.PRE* iXBRL Presentation Linkbase Document.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

*                                        The certifications attached hereto as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 are furnished to the SEC pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, nor shall they be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	LADDER CAPITAL CORP
	(Registrant)
Date: July 25, 2025	By:	/s/ BRIAN HARRIS
		Brian Harris
		Chief Executive Officer
Date: July 25, 2025	By:	/s/ PAUL J. MICELI
		Paul J. Miceli
		Chief Financial Officer

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