UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from             to             

Commission File No. 1-11778

CHUBB LIMITED

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Switzerland	98-0091805
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Baerengasse 32
Zurich, Switzerland CH-8001
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

+41 (0)43 456 76 00

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, par value CHF 0.50 per share	CB	New York Stock Exchange
Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings LLC 0.875% Senior Notes due 2027	CB/27	New York Stock Exchange
Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings LLC 1.55% Senior Notes due 2028	CB/28	New York Stock Exchange
Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings LLC 0.875% Senior Notes due 2029	CB/29A	New York Stock Exchange
Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings LLC 1.40% Senior Notes due 2031	CB/31	New York Stock Exchange
Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings LLC 2.50% Senior Notes due 2038	CB/38A	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes  ☑                                                 No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes  ☑                                                 No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☑	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes  ☐                                               No  ☑

The number of registrant’s Common Shares (CHF 0.50 par value) outstanding as of July 21, 2025, was 398,690,293.

CHUBB LIMITED

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

Part I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION		Page
Item 1.	Financial Statements:
	Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024		3
	Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024		4
	Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity (Unaudited) Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024		5
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024		6
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Note 1.	General and significant accounting policies	7
	Note 2.	Acquisitions	7
	Note 3.	Investments	8
	Note 4.	Fair value measurements	13
	Note 5.	Reinsurance	18
	Note 6.	Deferred policy acquisition costs	19
	Note 7.	Goodwill	20
	Note 8.	Unpaid losses and loss expenses	20
	Note 9.	Future policy benefits	22
	Note 10.	Policyholders' account balances, Separate accounts, and Unearned revenue liabilities	27
	Note 11.	Market risk benefits	31
	Note 12.	Debt	32
	Note 13.	Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees	33
	Note 14.	Shareholders' equity	38
	Note 15.	Share-based compensation	41
	Note 16.	Postretirement benefits	42
	Note 17.	Other income and expense	43
	Note 18.	Segment information	44
	Note 19.	Earnings per share	49
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		50
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk		86
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures		88
Part II.	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings		89
Item 1A.	Risk Factors		89
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds		89
Item 5.	Other Information		89
Item 6.	Exhibits		90

2

PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Financial Statements

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries                    

	June 30		December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)	2025		2024
Assets
Investments
Short-term investments, at fair value (amortized cost – $4,508 and $5,143) (includes variable interest entities (VIE) balances of $155 and $57)	$	4,508	$	5,142
Fixed maturities available-for-sale, at fair value, net of valuation allowance – $71 and $70     (amortized cost – $118,947 and $115,083)	116,119		110,363
Private debt held-for-investment, at amortized cost, net of valuation allowance – $3 and $4	2,429		2,628
Equity securities, at fair value (includes VIE balances of $1,906 and $1,289)	9,913		9,151
Private equities (includes VIE balances of $22 and $22)	16,313		14,769
Other investments (includes VIE balances of $4,441 and $4,538)	9,032		8,597
Total investments	158,314		150,650
Cash, including restricted cash $182 and $261 (includes VIE balances of $189 and $114)	2,371		2,549
Securities lending collateral	1,941		1,445
Accrued investment income	1,324		1,160
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable, net of valuation allowance – $55 and $59	16,778		14,426
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses, net of valuation allowance – $323 and $310	19,595		19,777
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits	297		289
Deferred policy acquisition costs	9,437		8,358
Value of business acquired	3,245		3,223
Goodwill	20,184		19,579
Other intangible assets	6,391		6,377
Deferred tax assets	1,621		1,603
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	4,294		3,378
Separate account assets	6,481		6,231
Other assets (includes VIE balances of $78 and $26)	9,290		7,503
Total assets	$	261,563	$	246,548
Liabilities
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	$	86,376	$	84,004
Unearned premiums	26,519		23,504
Future policy benefits	18,018		16,121
Market risk benefits	609		607
Policyholders' account balances	8,344		8,016
Separate account liabilities	6,481		6,231
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable	9,232		8,121
Repurchase agreements (includes VIE balances of $700 and $815)	3,059		2,731
Securities lending payable	1,941		1,445
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities (includes VIE balances of $77 and $183)	9,450		10,192
Deferred tax liabilities	1,691		1,584
Short-term debt	1,499		800
Long-term debt	13,477		14,379
Hybrid debt	420		419
Total liabilities	187,116		178,154
Commitments and contingencies (refer to Note 13)
Shareholders’ equity
Common Shares (CHF 0.50 par value; 412,107,421 and 419,625,986 shares issued; 398,660,788 and 400,703,663 shares outstanding)	231		235
Common Shares in treasury (13,446,633 and 18,922,323 shares)	(2,462)		(3,524)
Additional paid-in capital	13,763		14,393
Retained earnings	63,921		61,561
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI)	(6,058)		(8,644)
Total Chubb shareholders’ equity	69,395		64,021
Noncontrolling interests (includes VIE balances of $4,238 and $3,459)	5,052		4,373
Total shareholders' equity	74,447		68,394
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	261,563	$	246,548

See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

3

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Revenues
Net premiums written	$	14,196	$	13,360	$	26,842	$	25,581
Increase in unearned premiums	(1,071)		(1,068)		(1,717)		(1,706)
Net premiums earned	13,125		12,292		25,125		23,875
Net investment income	1,568		1,468		3,129		2,859
Net realized gains (losses)	160		104		44		3
Market risk benefits gains (losses)	(17)		(29)		(109)		(8)
Total revenues	14,836		13,835		28,189		26,729
Expenses
Losses and loss expenses	6,572		6,431		13,468		12,158
Policy benefits (includes remeasurement losses of $2, $3, $5 and $22)	1,406		1,219		2,633		2,399
Policy acquisition costs	2,415		2,226		4,728		4,433
Administrative expenses	1,125		1,094		2,205		2,164
Interest expense	181		182		362		360
Other (income) expense	(655)		(110)		(738)		(301)
Amortization of purchased intangibles	74		80		149		160
Integration expenses	2		7		2		14
Total expenses	11,120		11,129		22,809		21,387
Income before income tax	3,716		2,706		5,380		5,342
Income tax expense	717		490		1,038		832
Net income	$	2,999	$	2,216	$	4,342	$	4,510
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	31		(14)		43		137
Net income attributable to Chubb	$	2,968	$	2,230	$	4,299	$	4,373
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Change in:
Unrealized appreciation (depreciation)	$	986	$	(489)	$	1,887	$	(1,166)
Current discount rate on future policy benefits	(130)		53		(252)		—
Instrument-specific credit risk on market risk benefits	1		5		5		10
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment	796		(530)		1,155		(450)
Other, including postretirement benefit liability adjustment	(26)		(29)		(121)		2
Other comprehensive income (loss), before income tax	1,627		(990)		2,674		(1,604)
Income tax (expense) benefit related to OCI items	(33)		29		(76)		38
Other comprehensive income (loss)	1,594		(961)		2,598		(1,566)
Comprehensive income	4,593		1,255		6,940		2,944
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	48		(57)		55		66
Comprehensive income attributable to Chubb	$	4,545	$	1,312	$	6,885	$	2,878
Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share attributable to Chubb	$	7.42	$	5.51	$	10.74	$	10.79
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Chubb	$	7.35	$	5.46	$	10.63	$	10.68

See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

4

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Common Shares
Balance – beginning of period	$	231	$	241	$	235	$	241
Cancellation of treasury shares	—		(6)		(4)		(6)
Balance – end of period	231		235		231		235
Common Shares in treasury
Balance – beginning of period	(1,799)		(4,461)		(3,524)		(4,400)
Common Shares repurchased	(676)		(570)		(1,061)		(886)
Cancellation of treasury shares	—		2,527		1,942		2,527
Net shares issued under employee share-based compensation plans	13		23		181		278
Balance – end of period	(2,462)		(2,481)		(2,462)		(2,481)
Additional paid-in capital
Balance – beginning of period	13,976		15,188		14,393		15,665
Net shares redeemed (issued) under employee share-based    compensation plans	26		17		(120)		(142)
Exercise of stock options	1		—		2		(19)
Share-based compensation expense	95		90		189		172
Net increase (decrease) due to acquisitions	53		—		53		(31)
Funding of dividends declared to Retained earnings	(388)		(369)		(754)		(719)
Balance – end of period	13,763		14,926		13,763		14,926
Retained earnings
Balance – beginning of period	60,953		56,953		61,561		54,810
Net income attributable to Chubb	2,968		2,230		4,299		4,373
Cancellation of treasury shares and other	—		(2,521)		(1,939)		(2,521)
Funding of dividends declared from Additional paid-in capital	388		369		754		719
Dividends declared on Common Shares	(388)		(369)		(754)		(719)
Balance – end of period	63,921		56,662		63,921		56,662
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI)
Balance – beginning of period	(7,635)		(7,386)		(8,644)		(6,809)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	1,577		(918)		2,586		(1,495)
Balance – end of period	(6,058)		(8,304)		(6,058)		(8,304)
Total Chubb shareholders’ equity	$	69,395	$	61,038	$	69,395	$	61,038
Noncontrolling interests
Balance – beginning of period	$	5,029	$	3,896	$	4,373	$	4,184
Net increase (decrease) due to consolidation, deconsolidation,    and other transactions	(25)		(296)		624		(707)
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	31		(14)		43		137
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	17		(43)		12		(71)
Other	—		(6)		—		(6)
Balance – end of period	$	5,052	$	3,537	$	5,052	$	3,537
Total shareholders' equity	$	74,447	$	64,575	$	74,447	$	64,575

See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

5

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	Six Months Ended
	June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	4,342	$	4,510
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows from operating activities
Net realized (gains) losses	(44)		(3)
Market risk benefits (gains) losses	109		8
Amortization of premiums (discounts) on fixed maturities	(196)		(178)
Amortization of purchased intangibles	149		160
Equity in net income of partially-owned entities	(739)		(278)
Deferred income taxes	(16)		131
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	1,224		2,338
Unearned premiums	2,446		2,214
Future policy benefits	1,178		954
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable	1,018		838
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	10		(410)
Income taxes	(74)		(144)
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable	(2,088)		(2,666)
Reinsurance recoverable	494		511
Deferred policy acquisition costs	(870)		(796)
Net sales (purchases) of investments by consolidated investment products	(115)		109
Other	(1,711)		1
Net cash flows from operating activities	5,117		7,299
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of fixed maturities available-for-sale	(13,805)		(15,131)
Purchases of equity securities	(1,413)		(1,778)
Sales of fixed maturities available-for-sale	5,292		6,292
Sales of equity securities	1,410		1,413
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available-for-sale	5,542		4,705
Net change in short-term investments	764		(190)
Net derivative instruments settlements	(66)		(31)
Private equity contributions	(1,522)		(500)
Private equity distributions	744		538
Acquisition of subsidiaries (net of cash acquired of $32 and nil)	(289)		(538)
Net consolidations of consolidated investment products	14		—
Other	(296)		(846)
Net cash flows used for investing activities	(3,625)		(6,066)
Cash flows from financing activities
Dividends paid on Common Shares	(731)		(698)
Common Shares repurchased	(1,437)		(1,056)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt	249		996
Repayment of long-term debt	(800)		(700)
Proceeds from share-based compensation plans	189		242
Policyholder contract deposits	452		562
Policyholder contract withdrawals	(311)		(374)
Third-party capital invested into consolidated investment products	1,076		840
Third-party capital distributed by consolidated investment products	(677)		(1,047)
Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements	2,368		2,662
Repayment of repurchase agreements	(2,072)		(2,418)
Other	(193)		(193)
Net cash flows used for financing activities	(1,887)		(1,184)
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and restricted cash	217		(102)
Net decrease in cash and restricted cash	(178)		(53)
Cash and restricted cash – beginning of period	2,549		2,621
Cash and restricted cash – end of period	$	2,371	$	2,568
Supplemental cash flow information
Taxes paid	$	1,116	$	845
Interest paid	$	350	$	316

                                                    

See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

6

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

1. General and significant accounting policies

a) Basis of presentation

Chubb Limited is a holding company incorporated in Zurich, Switzerland. Chubb Limited, through its subsidiaries, provides a broad range of insurance and reinsurance products to insureds worldwide. Our results are reported through the following business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. Refer to Note 18 for additional information.

The interim unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries (collectively, Chubb, we, us, or our), over which Chubb exercises control, including Huatai Group, our majority-owned subsidiary, and minority-owned entities such as variable interest entities (VIEs) in which Chubb is considered the primary beneficiary. Noncontrolling interests on the Consolidated Financial Statements represent the portion of majority-owned subsidiaries and VIEs in which we do not have direct equity ownership. These interim unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results and financial position for such periods. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

The results of operations and cash flows for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year. These Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included in our 2024 Form 10-K.

b) New Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting guidance not yet adopted

Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

In December 2023, the FASB issued guidance that requires expanded income tax disclosures, including the disaggregation of existing disclosures related to the tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The guidance is effective for our 2025 annual reporting. Prospective application is required, with retrospective application permitted. We are evaluating the impact of this disclosure-only requirement.

Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses

In November 2024, the FASB issued guidance that requires disclosure of specified information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to the financial statements. The guidance is effective for our 2027 annual reporting, and interim reporting periods beginning in 2028. Prospective application is required, with retrospective application permitted. We are evaluating the impact of this disclosure-only requirement.

2. Acquisitions

Liberty Mutual's P&C Insurance Businesses in Thailand and Vietnam

On March 3, 2025, we entered into agreements to acquire the insurance businesses of Liberty Mutual in Thailand and Vietnam. The two companies, LMG Insurance in Thailand and Liberty Insurance in Vietnam, offer a range of consumer and commercial P&C products.

On April 1, 2025, we completed the acquisition of LMG Insurance in Thailand for $321 million, and recognized goodwill of $183 million and intangible assets of $57 million. This acquisition expands our presence and advances our long-term growth opportunity in the region. The results of operations for LMG Insurance in Thailand are reported in our Overseas General Insurance segment, and they are not material to Chubb's financial results.

We expect to complete the acquisition of Liberty Insurance in Vietnam by early 2026, subject to required regulatory approvals and customary closing conditions.

Huatai Group

In the second quarter of 2025, we closed on incremental ownership interests of approximately 1.6 percent. Our aggregate ownership interest in Huatai Group was approximately 87.2 percent as of June 30, 2025.

7

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

3. Investments

a) Fixed maturities

June 30, 2025	Amortized Cost		Valuation Allowance		Gross Unrealized Appreciation		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Fair Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Available-for-sale
U.S. and local government securities	$	4,271	$	—	$	19	$	(257)	$	4,033
Non-U.S.	38,411		(20)		983		(911)		38,463
Corporate and asset-backed securities	46,411		(51)		568		(1,802)		45,126
Mortgage-backed securities	29,854		—		173		(1,530)		28,497
	$	118,947	$	(71)	$	1,743	$	(4,500)	$	116,119

December 31, 2024	Amortized Cost		Valuation Allowance		Gross Unrealized Appreciation		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Fair Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Available-for-sale
U.S. and local government securities	$	4,383	$	—	$	10	$	(323)	$	4,070
Non-U.S.	36,311		(23)		753		(1,203)		35,838
Corporate and asset-backed securities	45,231		(47)		287		(2,264)		43,207
Mortgage-backed securities	29,158		—		69		(1,979)		27,248
	$	115,083	$	(70)	$	1,119	$	(5,769)	$	110,363

The following table presents fixed maturities by contractual maturity:

	June 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Net Carrying Value		Fair Value		Net Carrying Value		Fair Value
Available-for-sale
Due in 1 year or less	$	5,175	$	5,175	$	4,507	$	4,507
Due after 1 year through 5 years	36,243		36,243		33,446		33,446
Due after 5 years through 10 years	27,636		27,636		26,901		26,901
Due after 10 years	18,568		18,568		18,261		18,261
	87,622		87,622		83,115		83,115
Mortgage-backed securities	28,497		28,497		27,248		27,248
	$	116,119	$	116,119	$	110,363	$	110,363

Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties.

b) Gross unrealized loss

Fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position comprised both investment grade and below investment grade securities for which fair value declined, principally due to rising interest rates since the date of purchase. Refer to Note 1 f) in the 2024 Form 10-K for further information on factors considered in the evaluation of expected credit losses.

8

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The following tables present, for available-for-sale (AFS) fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position (including securities on loan) that are not deemed to have expected credit losses, the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position:

	0 – 12 Months				Over 12 Months				Total
June 30, 2025	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
U.S. and local government securities	$	528	$	(7)	$	2,386	$	(248)	$	2,914	$	(255)
Non-U.S.	3,265		(65)		10,654		(668)		13,919		(733)
Corporate and asset-backed securities	4,608		(90)		11,476		(867)		16,084		(957)
Mortgage-backed securities	4,391		(39)		11,676		(1,490)		16,067		(1,529)
Total AFS fixed maturities	$	12,792	$	(201)	$	36,192	$	(3,273)	$	48,984	$	(3,474)

	0 – 12 Months				Over 12 Months				Total
December 31, 2024	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
U.S. and local government securities	$	767	$	(16)	$	2,489	$	(303)	$	3,256	$	(319)
Non-U.S.	6,630		(138)		12,023		(874)		18,653		(1,012)
Corporate and asset-backed securities	10,069		(194)		13,290		(1,259)		23,359		(1,453)
Mortgage-backed securities	10,490		(170)		11,987		(1,794)		22,477		(1,964)
Total AFS fixed maturities	$	27,956	$	(518)	$	39,789	$	(4,230)	$	67,745	$	(4,748)

At June 30, 2025, the tax benefit on certain unrealized losses in our investment portfolio was reduced by a valuation allowance of $341 million necessary due to limitations on the utilization of these losses for tax purposes. As part of evaluating whether it was more likely than not that we could record a tax benefit on these losses, we considered realized gains, carryback capacity and available tax planning strategies.

The following table presents a roll-forward of valuation allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturities:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Available-for-sale
Valuation allowance for expected credit losses - beginning of period	$	63	$	115	$	70	$	156
Provision for expected credit loss	30		41		51		72
Write-offs charged against the expected credit loss	(1)		—		(1)		(5)
Recovery of expected credit loss	(21)		(34)		(49)		(101)
Valuation allowance for expected credit losses - end of period	$	71	$	122	$	71	$	122
Private debt held-for-investment
Valuation allowance for expected credit losses - beginning of period	$	3	$	5	$	4	$	4
Provision for expected credit loss	—		1		—		2
Recovery of expected credit loss	—		(1)		(1)		(1)
Valuation allowance for expected credit losses - end of period	$	3	$	5	$	3	$	5

9

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

c) Net realized gains (losses)

The following table presents the components of net realized gains (losses):

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Fixed maturities:
Gross realized gains	$	69	$	36	$	107	$	52
Gross realized losses	(123)		(106)		(219)		(247)
Other investments - Fixed maturities (2025 includes $53 million and nil related to investments measured under the fair value option)	61		132		21		300
Net (provision for) recovery of expected credit losses	(9)		(8)		(1)		32
Impairment (1)	(5)		(28)		(12)		(62)
Total fixed maturities	(7)		26		(104)		75
Equity securities (2025 includes $12 million and $65 million related to investments measured under the fair value option)	137		21		200		24
Private equities (less than 3 percent ownership)	(28)		49		(17)		80
Foreign exchange	(89)		27		(154)		(104)
Investment and embedded derivative instruments	154		(17)		131		(60)
Other derivative instruments	(2)		(3)		(5)		(5)
Other	(5)		1		(7)		(7)
Net realized gains (losses) (pre-tax)	$	160	$	104	$	44	$	3

(1)Relates to certain securities we intended to sell and securities written to market entering default.

Realized gains and losses from Equity securities, Other investments and Private equities from the table above include sales of securities and unrealized gains and losses from fair value changes as follows:

											Three Months Ended
													June 30
							2025								2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Equity Securities		Other Investments		Private Equities		Total		Equity Securities		Other Investments		Private Equities		Total
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period	$	137	$	61	$	(28)	$	170	$	21	$	132	$	49	$	202
Less: Net gains (losses) recognized from sales of securities	32		3		—		35		14		—		—		14
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized for securities still held at reporting date	$	105	$	58	$	(28)	$	135	$	7	$	132	$	49	$	188

10

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

											Six Months Ended
													June 30
							2025								2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Equity Securities		Other Investments		Private Equities		Total		Equity Securities		Other Investments		Private Equities		Total
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period	$	200	$	21	$	(17)	$	204	$	24	$	300	$	80	$	404
Less: Net gains (losses) recognized from sales of securities	20		4		—		24		11		—		—		11
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized for securities still held at reporting date	$	180	$	17	$	(17)	$	180	$	13	$	300	$	80	$	393

d) Private equities

Private equities include investment funds, limited partnerships, and partially-owned investment companies measured at fair value using net asset value (NAV) as a practical expedient. The following table presents, by investment category, the expected liquidation period, fair value, and maximum future funding commitments for private equities:

	Expected Liquidation Period of Underlying Assets	June 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)		Fair Value		Maximum Future Funding Commitments		Fair Value		Maximum Future Funding Commitments
Financial	2 to 10 Years	$	1,402	$	224	$	1,265	$	281
Real assets	2 to 13 Years	1,910		732		1,974		547
Distressed	2 to 8 Years	1,213		1,034		1,257		679
Private credit	3 to 8 Years	305		332		295		285
Traditional	2 to 14 Years	11,153		4,563		9,674		4,650
Vintage	1 to 3 Years	59		—		64		—
Investment funds	Not Applicable	271		—		240		—
		$	16,313	$	6,885	$	14,769	$	6,442

Included in all categories in the above table, except for Investment funds, are investments for which Chubb will never have the contractual option to redeem but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets. Further, for all categories except for Investment funds, Chubb does not have the ability to sell or transfer the investments without the consent from the general partner of individual funds.

Investment Category:	Consists of investments in private equity funds:
Financial	targeting financial services companies, such as financial institutions and insurance services worldwide
Real assets	targeting investments related to hard physical assets, such as real estate, infrastructure, and natural resources
Distressed	targeting distressed corporate debt/credit and equity opportunities in the U.S.
Private credit	targeting privately originated corporate debt investments, including senior secured loans and subordinated bonds
Traditional	employing traditional private equity investment strategies, such as buyout and growth equity globally
Vintage	funds where the initial fund term has expired

    

11

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Investment funds employ various investment strategies, such as long/short equity and arbitrage/distressed. Included in this category are investments for which Chubb has the option to redeem at agreed upon value as described in each investment fund’s subscription agreement. Depending on the terms of the various subscription agreements, investment fund investments may be redeemed monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually. If Chubb wishes to redeem an investment fund investment, it must first determine if the investment fund is still in a lock-up period (a time when Chubb cannot redeem its investment so that the investment fund manager has time to build the portfolio). If the investment fund is no longer in its lock-up period, Chubb must then notify the investment fund manager of its intention to redeem by the notification date prescribed by the subscription agreement. Subsequent to notification, the investment fund can redeem Chubb’s investment within several months of the notification. Notice periods for redemption of the investment funds are up to 270 days. Chubb can redeem its investment funds without consent from the investment fund managers.

e) Restricted assets

Chubb is required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support its insurance and reinsurance operations. These requirements are generally promulgated in the statutory regulations of the individual jurisdictions. The assets on deposit are available to settle insurance and reinsurance liabilities. Chubb is also required to restrict assets pledged under repurchase agreements, which represent Chubb's agreement to sell securities and repurchase them at a future date for a predetermined price. We use trust funds in certain large reinsurance transactions where the trust funds are set up for the benefit of the ceding companies and generally take the place of letter of credit (LOC) requirements. We have investments in segregated portfolios primarily to provide collateral or guarantees for LOC and derivative transactions. Included in restricted assets at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, are investments, primarily fixed maturities, totaling $18,335 million and $17,945 million, respectively, and cash of $182 million and $261 million, respectively.

The following table presents the components of restricted assets:

	June 30		December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024
Trust funds	$	8,438	$	8,170
Assets pledged under repurchase agreements	3,132		2,890
Deposits with U.S. regulatory authorities	2,540		2,487
Deposits with non-U.S. regulatory authorities and other	4,407		4,659
Total	$	18,517	$	18,206

f) Variable interest entities (VIEs)

Consolidated VIEs

Certain subsidiaries of Huatai Group are the investment manager of, and maintain investments in, sponsored investment products that are considered VIEs. We have determined that we are the primary beneficiary and consolidate these investment products if we hold at least 10 percent ownership. Refer to Note 1 g) of our 2024 Form 10-K for further information on our consolidation criteria. The assets of these VIEs are not available to our creditors, and the investors in these VIEs have no recourse to Chubb in excess of the assets contained within the VIEs. Our economic exposures are limited to our investments based on our ownership interest in these VIEs. Our total exposure to these consolidated investment products represents the value of our economic ownership interest.

12

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Unconsolidated VIEs

We recorded an investment in a reserved alternative investment fund (Fund) sponsored and managed by a third-party investment fund manager. The Fund is a variable interest entity; however, Chubb is not the primary beneficiary and does not consolidate the Fund because Chubb does not receive substantially all the risks and returns of the Fund. The carrying value of this investment at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, was $5.0 billion, which approximates our maximum risk of loss. We have elected to account for this investment using the fair value option, classified as Equity securities on the Consolidated balance sheets. We elected the fair value option so that changes in fair value of the Fund are recorded in Net realized gains (losses) and dividends from the Fund are recorded as Net investment income when declared on the Consolidated statements of operations.

We also do not consolidate sponsored investment products where we have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary. The carrying value of these investments at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, was $110 million and $97 million, respectively, and our maximum risk of loss approximates the carrying amount. These investments are classified primarily within Equity securities on the Consolidated balance sheets.

4. Fair value measurements

a) Fair value hierarchy

Fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities is estimated based on the framework established in the fair value accounting guidance. The guidance defines fair value as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants and establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data.

The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:

•Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets;

•Level 2 – Includes, among other items, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability such as

interest rates and yield curves, quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; and

•Level 3 – Inputs that are unobservable and reflect management’s judgments about assumptions that market participants

would use in pricing an asset or liability.

We categorize financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy at the balance sheet date based upon the lowest level of inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement.

We use pricing services to obtain fair value measurements for the majority of our investment securities. Based on management’s understanding of the methodologies used, these pricing services only produce an estimate of fair value if there is observable market information that would allow them to make a fair value estimate. Based on our understanding of the market inputs used by the pricing services, all applicable investments have been valued in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We do not adjust prices obtained from pricing services. Refer to Note 4 a) of our 2024 Form 10-K for further information on the valuation and leveling of assets and liabilities measured at fair value.

13

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, by valuation hierarchy

June 30, 2025	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Assets:
Fixed maturities available-for-sale
U.S. and local government securities	$	1,783	$	2,250	$	—	$	4,033
Non-U.S.	—		37,865		598		38,463
Corporate and asset-backed securities	—		41,940		3,186		45,126
Mortgage-backed securities	—		28,497		—		28,497
	1,783		110,552		3,784		116,119
Equity securities (1)	4,744		—		125		4,869
Short-term investments	2,666		1,800		42		4,508
Other investments (2)	599		6,999		—		7,598
Securities lending collateral	—		1,941		—		1,941
Investment derivatives	51		—		—		51
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	—		257		—		257
Other derivative instruments	7		—		—		7
Separate account assets	6,399		82		—		6,481
Total assets measured at fair value (1)(2)(3)	$	16,249	$	121,631	$	3,951	$	141,831
Liabilities:
Investment derivatives	$	143	$	—	$	—	$	143
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	—		223		—		223
Other derivative instruments	31		5		—		36
Market risk benefits (4)	—		—		609		609
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	174	$	228	$	609	$	1,011

(1)Excluded from the table above is a fund of $5,044 million, measured using NAV as a practical expedient.

(2)Excluded from the table above are other investments of $1,434 million, principally policy loans, measured using NAV as a practical expedient.

(3)Excluded from the table above are private equities of $16,313 million, measured using NAV as a practical expedient.

(4)Refer to Note 11 for additional information on Market risk benefits.

14

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

December 31, 2024	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Assets:
Fixed maturities available-for-sale
U.S. and local government securities	$	1,765	$	2,305	$	—	$	4,070
Non-U.S.	—		35,234		604		35,838
Corporate and asset-backed securities	—		40,316		2,891		43,207
Mortgage-backed securities	—		27,245		3		27,248
	1,765		105,100		3,498		110,363
Equity securities (1)	4,053		—		120		4,173
Short-term investments	3,156		1,972		14		5,142
Other investments (2)	573		6,783		—		7,356
Securities lending collateral	—		1,445		—		1,445
Investment derivatives	41		—		—		41
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	—		146		—		146
Other derivative instruments	35		—		—		35
Separate account assets	6,165		66		—		6,231
Total assets measured at fair value (1)(2)(3)	$	15,788	$	115,512	$	3,632	$	134,932
Liabilities:
Investment derivatives	$	303	$	—	$	—	$	303
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	—		116		—		116
Other derivative instruments	—		2		—		2
Market risk benefits (4)	—		—		607		607
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	303	$	118	$	607	$	1,028

(1)Excluded from the table above is a fund of $4,978 million, measured using NAV as a practical expedient.

(2)Excluded from the table above are other investments of $1,241 million, principally policy loans, measured using NAV as a practical expedient.

(3)Excluded from the table above are private equities of $14,769 million, measured using NAV as a practical expedient.

(4)Refer to Note 11 for additional information on Market risk benefits.

15

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Level 3 financial instruments

The following tables present a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of financial instruments measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). Excluded from the tables below is the reconciliation of Market risk benefits, refer to Note 11 for additional information.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 (in millions of U.S. dollars)	Available-for-Sale Debt Securities						Equity securities		Short-term investments
	Non-U.S.		Corporate and asset- backed securities		Mortgage-backed securities
Balance, beginning of period	$	587	$	3,017	$	—	$	113	$	18
Transfers into Level 3	10		60		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	—		(12)		—		(1)		—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) in OCI	18		(3)		—		—		—
Net Realized Gains (Losses)	3		(4)		—		2		—
Purchases	84		295		—		19		25
Sales	(34)		(53)		—		(8)		—
Settlements	(70)		(114)		—		—		(1)
Balance, end of period	$	598	$	3,186	$	—	$	125	$	42
Net Realized Gains (Losses) Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet date	$	—	$	(1)	$	—	$	4	$	—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI at the Balance Sheet date	$	16	$	(7)	$	—	$	—	$	—

Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 (in millions of U.S. dollars)	Available-for-Sale Debt Securities						Equity securities		Short-term investments
	Non-U.S.		Corporate and asset- backed securities		Mortgage-backed securities
Balance, beginning of period	$	718	$	2,658	$	7	$	101	$	5
Transfers into Level 3	—		4		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(2)		—		—		—		—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) in OCI	(6)		4		—		—		(1)
Net Realized Gains (Losses)	(4)		(5)		—		2		—
Purchases	83		326		15		1		12
Sales	(31)		(87)		—		(4)		—
Settlements	(126)		(191)		(2)		—		(4)
Balance, end of period	$	632	$	2,709	$	20	$	100	$	12
Net Realized Gains (Losses) Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet date	$	(1)	$	(2)	$	—	$	1	$	—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI at the Balance Sheet date	$	(10)	$	(1)	$	—	$	—	$	(1)

16

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 (in millions of U.S. dollars)	Available-for-Sale Debt Securities						Equity securities		Short-term investments
	Non-U.S.		Corporate and asset- backed securities		Mortgage-backed securities
Balance, beginning of period	$	604	$	2,891	$	3	$	120	$	14
Transfers into Level 3	11		84		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	—		(13)		—		(1)		—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) in OCI	38		(7)		—		—		—
Net Realized Gains (Losses)	(3)		(6)		(2)		(3)		—
Purchases	144		514		1		26		30
Sales	(87)		(100)		(2)		(17)		—
Settlements	(109)		(177)		—		—		(2)
Balance, end of period	$	598	$	3,186	$	—	$	125	$	42
Net Realized Gains (Losses) Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet date	$	(1)	$	(4)	$	—	$	9	$	—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI at the Balance Sheet date	$	30	$	(17)	$	—	$	—	$	—

Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 (in millions of U.S. dollars)	Available-for-Sale Debt Securities						Equity securities		Short-term investments
	Non-U.S.		Corporate and asset- backed securities		Mortgage-backed securities
Balance, beginning of period	$	692	$	2,622	$	7	$	87	$	3
Transfers into Level 3	1		5		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(6)		(3)		—		—		—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) in OCI	8		10		—		—		(1)
Net Realized Gains (Losses)	(4)		(5)		—		(1)		—
Purchases	155		469		15		19		16
Sales	(51)		(107)		—		(5)		—
Settlements	(163)		(282)		(2)		—		(6)
Balance, end of period	$	632	$	2,709	$	20	$	100	$	12
Net Realized Gains (Losses) Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet date	$	(1)	$	(2)	$	—	$	(1)	$	—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI at the Balance Sheet date	$	3	$	5	$	—	$	—	$	(1)

b) Financial instruments disclosed, but not measured, at fair value

Chubb uses various financial instruments in the normal course of its business. Our insurance contracts are excluded from fair value of financial instruments accounting guidance, and therefore, are not included in the amounts discussed below.

The carrying values of cash, other assets, other liabilities, and other financial instruments not included below approximated their fair values. Refer to Note 4 b) of our 2024 Form 10-K for information on the fair value methods and assumptions for private debt held-for-investment, repurchase agreements, short-term and long-term debt, and hybrid debt.

17

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The following tables present fair value, by valuation hierarchy, and carrying value of the financial instruments not measured at fair value:

June 30, 2025	Fair Value								Net Carrying Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Private debt held-for-investment	$	—	$	—	$	2,472	$	2,472	$	2,429
Total assets	$	—	$	—	$	2,472	$	2,472	$	2,429
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements	$	—	$	3,059	$	—	$	3,059	$	3,059
Short-term debt	—		1,488		—		1,488		1,499
Long-term debt	—		12,025		254		12,279		13,477
Hybrid debt	—		479		—		479		420
Total liabilities	$	—	$	17,051	$	254	$	17,305	$	18,455

December 31, 2024	Fair Value								Net Carrying Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Private debt held-for-investment	$	—	$	—	$	2,680	$	2,680	$	2,628
Total assets	$	—	$	—	$	2,680	$	2,680	$	2,628
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements	$	—	$	2,731	$	—	$	2,731	$	2,731
Short-term debt	—		797		—		797		800
Long-term debt	—		12,979		—		12,979		14,379
Hybrid debt	—		479		—		479		419
Total liabilities	$	—	$	16,986	$	—	$	16,986	$	18,329

5. Reinsurance

Reinsurance recoverable on ceded reinsurance

	June 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Net Reinsurance Recoverable (1)		Valuation allowance		Net Reinsurance Recoverable (1)		Valuation allowance
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses	$	17,691	$	261	$	17,734	$	242
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss expenses	1,904		62		2,043		68
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses	$	19,595	$	323	$	19,777	$	310
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits	$	297	$	—	$	289	$	—

(1)Net of valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance.

18

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The following table presents a roll-forward of valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance related to Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024
Valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance - beginning of period	$	310	$	367
Provision for uncollectible reinsurance	17		18
Write-offs charged against the valuation allowance	(6)		(3)
Foreign exchange revaluation	2		(1)
Valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance - end of period	$	323	$	381

For additional information, refer to Note 1 e) to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2024 Form 10-K.

6. Deferred policy acquisition costs

The following tables present a roll-forward of deferred policy acquisition costs on long-duration contracts included in the Life Insurance segment:

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Term Life		Universal Life		Whole Life		A&H		Other		Total
Balance – beginning of period	$	469	$	722	$	870	$	1,681	$	324	$	4,066
Capitalizations	115		69		224		327		61		796
Amortization expense	(73)		(41)		(25)		(111)		(15)		(265)
Other (including foreign exchange)	13		10		23		51		12		109
Balance – end of period	$	524	$	760	$	1,092	$	1,948	$	382	$	4,706
Overseas General Insurance segment excluded from table											646
Total deferred policy acquisition costs on long-duration contracts											$	5,352
Deferred policy acquisition costs on short-duration contracts											4,085
Total deferred policy acquisition costs											$	9,437

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Term Life		Universal Life		Whole Life		A&H		Other		Total
Balance – beginning of period	$	402	$	674	$	534	$	1,301	$	274	$	3,185
Capitalizations	98		70		170		311		36		685
Amortization expense	(58)		(39)		(17)		(86)		(14)		(214)
Other (including foreign exchange)	(6)		(25)		(14)		(30)		(7)		(82)
Balance – end of period	$	436	$	680	$	673	$	1,496	$	289	$	3,574
Overseas General Insurance segment excluded from table											592
Total deferred policy acquisition costs on long-duration contracts											$	4,166
Deferred policy acquisition costs on short-duration contracts											3,646
Total deferred policy acquisition costs											$	7,812

19

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

7. Goodwill

Goodwill

The following table presents a roll-forward of Goodwill by segment:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	North America Commercial P&C Insurance		North America Personal P&C Insurance		North America Agricultural Insurance		Overseas General Insurance		Global Reinsurance		Life Insurance		Chubb Consolidated
Balance at December 31, 2024	$	7,168	$	2,218	$	134	$	5,047	$	371	$	4,641	$	19,579
Acquisition of Liberty Mutual's P&C insurance business in Thailand	—		—		—		183		—		—		183
Foreign exchange revaluation	28		10		—		256		—		128		422
Balance at June 30, 2025 (1)	$	7,196	$	2,228	$	134	$	5,486	$	371	$	4,769	$	20,184

(1)Includes $456 million attributable to noncontrolling interests.

8. Unpaid losses and loss expenses

The following table presents a reconciliation of beginning and ending Unpaid losses and loss expenses:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024
Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses – beginning of period	$	84,004	$	80,122
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses – beginning of period (1)	(17,734)		(17,884)
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses – beginning of period	66,270		62,238
Net losses and loss expenses incurred in respect of losses occurring in:
Current year	13,959		12,604
Prior years (2)	(491)		(446)
Total	13,468		12,158
Net losses and loss expenses paid in respect of losses occurring in:
Current year	2,960		2,492
Prior years	8,982		6,918
Total	11,942		9,410
Foreign currency revaluation and other	889		(204)
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses – end of period	68,685		64,782
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses (1)	17,691		17,409
Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses – end of period	$	86,376	$	82,191

(1)    Net of valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance.

(2)    Relates to prior period loss reserve development only and excludes prior period development related to reinstatement premiums, expense adjustments, earned premiums, and A&H long-duration lines totaling $(13) million and $47 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Net unpaid losses and loss expenses increased $2,415 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, principally reflecting underlying exposure growth, net catastrophe losses and the unfavorable impact of foreign currency movement, partially offset by the impact of favorable prior period development.

20

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Prior Period Development

Prior period development (PPD) arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from previous accident years. Long-tail lines include lines such as workers' compensation, general liability, and financial lines; while short-tail lines include lines such as most property lines, energy, personal accident, and agriculture. The following table summarizes (favorable) and adverse PPD by segment:

	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Long-tail		Short-tail		Total		Long-tail		Short-tail		Total
2025
North America Commercial P&C Insurance	$	(75)	$	(31)	$	(106)	$	(27)	$	(193)	$	(220)
North America Personal P&C Insurance	—		(121)		(121)		—		(121)		(121)
North America Agricultural Insurance	—		—		—		—		(33)		(33)
Overseas General Insurance	35		(112)		(77)		36		(234)		(198)
Global Reinsurance	—		(15)		(15)		(5)		(10)		(15)
Corporate	70		—		70		83		—		83
Total	$	30	$	(279)	$	(249)	$	87	$	(591)	$	(504)
2024
North America Commercial P&C Insurance	$	(142)	$	(2)	$	(144)	$	(46)	$	(146)	$	(192)
North America Personal P&C Insurance	—		(64)		(64)		—		(116)		(116)
North America Agricultural Insurance	—		—		—		—		(28)		(28)
Overseas General Insurance	36		(97)		(61)		35		(185)		(150)
Global Reinsurance	5		(21)		(16)		5		(20)		(15)
Corporate	93		—		93		102		—		102
Total	$	(8)	$	(184)	$	(192)	$	96	$	(495)	$	(399)

Significant prior period movements by segment, principally driven by reserve reviews completed during each respective period, are discussed in more detail below. The remaining net development for long-tail lines and short-tail business for each segment and Corporate comprises numerous favorable and adverse movements across a number of lines and accident years, none of which is significant individually or in the aggregate.

North America Commercial P&C Insurance. Net favorable development for the three months ended June 30, 2025, included $75 million from long-tail lines, primarily from the Risk Management business where PPD was favorable $163 million. This business underwrites workers' compensation, general liability and auto liability, and the favorable development was the net of lower-than-expected reported loss activity primarily on workers' compensation, partially offset by adverse development in general liability. This favorable development was partially offset by adverse development from other commercial auto liability portfolios which experienced higher-than-expected reported loss activity. Net favorable development for the six months ended June 30, 2025, included $193 million of favorable development from short-tail lines, primarily from surety, due to lower-than-expected loss development. Net favorable development for long-tail lines was the result of favorable development in workers' compensation and financial lines partially offset by adverse development in general casualty lines.

Net favorable development for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, included $142 million and $46 million, respectively, from long-tail lines, primarily from worker's compensation due to lower-than-expected loss experience and our annual assessment of multi-claimant events, including industrial accidents. This favorable development was partially offset by net adverse development in commercial auto liability mainly due to higher-than-expected loss development and severity trend. Favorable development for the six months ended June 30, 2024, was partially offset by net adverse development in commercial excess and umbrella lines. Net favorable development for the six months ended June 30, 2024, included $146 million from short-tail lines, primarily from surety, and property and marine lines.

North America Personal P&C Insurance. Net favorable development for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, included favorable development in the auto physical damage and recreational marine lines due to favorable loss emergence.

21

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Overseas General Insurance. Net favorable development for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, included $112 million and $234 million, respectively, from short-tail lines, primarily from favorable claim development in property and marine lines.

Net favorable development for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, included $97 million and $185 million from short-tail lines, primarily from favorable claim development in marine and property lines.

Corporate. Net adverse development for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024 was driven primarily by adverse development for molestation-related claims.

9. Future policy benefits

The following tables present a roll-forward of the liability for future policy benefits included in the Life Insurance segment:

Present Value of Expected Net Premiums	Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Term Life		Whole Life		A&H		Other		Total
Balance – beginning of period	$	1,523	$	4,405	$	11,626	$	125	$	17,679
Beginning balance at original discount rate	1,819		4,303		11,499		124		17,745
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	—		(4)		13		—		9
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(4)		18		(168)		2		(152)
Adjusted beginning of period balance	1,815		4,317		11,344		126		17,602
Issuances	116		719		1,107		311		2,253
Interest accrual	26		65		260		5		356
Net premiums collected (1)	(122)		(743)		(755)		(93)		(1,713)
Other (including foreign exchange)	59		134		459		4		656
Ending balance at original discount rate	1,894		4,492		12,415		353		19,154
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	(296)		142		184		3		33
Balance – end of period	$	1,598	$	4,634	$	12,599	$	356	$	19,187

(1)Net premiums collected represent the portion of gross premiums collected from policyholders that is used to fund expected benefit.

22

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits	Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Term Life		Whole Life		A&H		Other		Total
Balance – beginning of period	$	2,238	$	12,057	$	15,693	$	647	$	30,635
Beginning balance at original discount rate	2,647		11,242		15,652		601		30,142
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	—		(9)		21		—		12
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(1)		18		(170)		3		(150)
Adjusted beginning of period balance	2,646		11,251		15,503		604		30,004
Issuances	116		719		1,107		311		2,253
Interest accrual	36		185		325		12		558
Benefit payments	(110)		(154)		(864)		(10)		(1,138)
Other (including foreign exchange)	88		300		601		16		1,005
Ending balance at original discount rate	2,776		12,301		16,672		933		32,682
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	(432)		1,106		109		59		842
Balance – end of period	$	2,344	$	13,407	$	16,781	$	992	$	33,524

Liability for Future Policy Benefits, Life Insurance Segment	June 30, 2025
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Term Life		Whole Life		A&H		Other		Total
Net liability for future policy benefits	$	746	$	8,773	$	4,182	$	636	$	14,337
Deferred profit liability	306		1,539		219		68		2,132
Net liability for future policy benefits, before reinsurance recoverable	1,052		10,312		4,401		704		16,469
Less: Reinsurance recoverable on future policy benefits	107		46		121		1		275
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable	$	945	$	10,266	$	4,280	$	703	$	16,194
Weighted average duration (years)	10.4		27.6		10.0		25.3		22.0

23

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Present Value of Expected Net Premiums	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Term Life		Whole Life		A&H		Other		Total
Balance – beginning of period	$	1,590	$	3,950	$	10,432	$	64	$	16,036
Beginning balance at original discount rate	1,992		3,945		10,692		64		16,693
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	6		70		111		—		187
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(12)		21		(129)		(1)		(121)
Adjusted beginning of period balance	1,986		4,036		10,674		63		16,759
Issuances	111		620		1,196		39		1,966
Interest accrual	26		55		239		2		322
Net premiums collected (1)	(122)		(603)		(729)		(20)		(1,474)
Other (including foreign exchange)	(25)		(77)		(273)		10		(365)
Ending balance at original discount rate	1,976		4,031		11,107		94		17,208
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	(397)		17		(162)		—		(542)
Balance – end of period	$	1,579	$	4,048	$	10,945	$	94	$	16,666

(1)Net premiums collected represent the portion of gross premiums collected from policyholders that is used to fund expected benefit.

Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Term Life		Whole Life		A&H		Other		Total
Balance – beginning of period	$	2,254	$	10,063	$	14,650	$	495	$	27,462
Beginning balance at original discount rate	2,749		9,991		15,071		492		28,303
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	8		85		102		—		195
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(9)		31		(129)		—		(107)
Adjusted beginning of period balance	2,748		10,107		15,044		492		28,391
Issuances	111		620		1,196		39		1,966
Interest accrual	35		151		300		8		494
Benefit payments	(115)		(179)		(789)		(10)		(1,093)
Other (including foreign exchange)	(3)		(169)		(356)		9		(519)
Ending balance at original discount rate	2,776		10,530		15,395		538		29,239
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	(512)		129		(337)		17		(703)
Balance – end of period	$	2,264	$	10,659	$	15,058	$	555	$	28,536

24

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Liability for Future Policy Benefits, Life Insurance Segment	June 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for years)	Term Life		Whole Life		A&H		Other		Total
Net liability for future policy benefits	$	685	$	6,611	$	4,113	$	461	$	11,870
Deferred profit liability	268		986		174		24		1,452
Net liability for future policy benefits, before reinsurance recoverable	953		7,597		4,287		485		13,322
Less: Reinsurance recoverable on future policy benefits	103		44		110		—		257
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable	$	850	$	7,553	$	4,177	$	485	$	13,065
Weighted average duration (years)	10.2		25.0		10.0		16.3		19.1

The following table presents a reconciliation of the roll-forwards above to the Future policy benefits liability presented in the Consolidated balance sheets.

	June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024
Net liability for future policy benefits, Life Insurance segment	$	14,337	$	11,870
Other (1)	1,549		1,341
Deferred profit liability	2,132		1,452
Liability for future policy benefits, per consolidated balance sheet	$	18,018	$	14,663

(1)Other business principally comprises certain Overseas General Insurance accident and health (A&H) policies and certain Chubb Life Re business.

25

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The following table presents the amount of undiscounted and discounted expected gross premiums and expected future policy benefit payments included in the Life Insurance segment:

	June 30		June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024
Term Life
Undiscounted expected future benefit payments	$	4,563	$	4,334
Undiscounted expected future gross premiums	7,094		7,223
Discounted expected future benefit payments	2,344		2,264
Discounted expected future gross premiums	4,775		4,776
Whole Life
Undiscounted expected future benefit payments	30,751		25,052
Undiscounted expected future gross premiums	10,841		9,555
Discounted expected future benefit payments	13,407		10,659
Discounted expected future gross premiums	8,929		7,744
A&H
Undiscounted expected future benefit payments	28,274		26,037
Undiscounted expected future gross premiums	41,427		38,166
Discounted expected future benefit payments	16,781		15,058
Discounted expected future gross premiums	24,697		22,556
Other
Undiscounted expected future benefit payments	1,754		956
Undiscounted expected future gross premiums	570		174
Discounted expected future benefit payments	992		555
Discounted expected future gross premiums	$	527	$	155

The following table presents the amount of revenue and interest recognized in the Consolidated statements of operations for the Life Insurance segment:

	Gross Premiums or Assessments				Interest Accretion
	Six Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Life Insurance
Term Life	$	353	$	337	$	10	$	9
Whole Life	1,250		1,008		120		96
A&H	1,509		1,525		65		61
Other	129		32		7		6
Total	$	3,241	$	2,902	$	202	$	172

26

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The following table presents the weighted-average interest rates for the Life Insurance segment:

	Interest Accretion Rate				Current Discount Rate
	June 30				June 30
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Life Insurance
Term Life	3.0	%	2.9	%	5.9	%	5.7	%
Whole Life	3.4	%	3.2	%	3.9	%	4.6	%
A&H	4.0	%	3.7	%	5.8	%	6.3	%
Other	3.2	%	2.7	%	3.3	%	4.2	%

10. Policyholders' account balances, Separate accounts, and Unearned revenue liabilities

Policyholders' account balances

The following tables present a roll-forward of policyholders' account balances:

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Universal Life		Annuities (2)		Other (3)		Total
Balance – beginning of period	$	1,809	$	2,585	$	2,354	$	6,748
Premiums received	105		159		211		475
Policy charges (1)	(56)		—		(5)		(61)
Surrenders and withdrawals	(57)		(17)		(94)		(168)
Benefit payments (4)	(19)		(77)		(46)		(142)
Interest credited	24		24		33		81
Other (including foreign exchange)	34		22		25		81
Balance – end of period	$	1,840	$	2,696	$	2,478	$	7,014
Unearned revenue liability							753
Other (5)							577
Policyholders' account liability, per consolidated balance sheet							$	8,344

(1)Contracts included in the policyholder account balances are generally charged a premium and/or monthly assessments on the basis of the account balance.

(2)Relates to Huatai Life.

(3)Primarily comprises policyholder account balances related to investment linked products including endowment and investment contracts, none of which bear significant insurance risk.

(4)Includes benefit payments upon maturity as well as death benefits.

(5)Primarily comprises unpaid dividends on certain participating policies.

27

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Universal Life		Annuities (2)		Other (3)		Total
Balance – beginning of period	$	1,876	$	2,411	$	2,502	$	6,789
Premiums received	139		208		217		564
Policy charges (1)	(65)		—		(5)		(70)
Surrenders and withdrawals	(65)		(20)		(153)		(238)
Benefit payments (4)	(56)		(81)		(1)		(138)
Interest credited	25		30		27		82
Other (including foreign exchange)	(76)		(27)		(274)		(377)
Balance – end of period	$	1,778	$	2,521	$	2,313	$	6,612
Unearned revenue liability							675
Other (5)							500
Policyholders' account liability, per consolidated balance sheet							$	7,787

(1)Contracts included in the policyholder account balances are generally charged a premium and/or monthly assessments on the basis of the account balance.

(2)Relates to Huatai Life.

(3)Primarily comprises policyholder account balances related to investment linked products including endowment and investment contracts, none of which bear significant insurance risk.

(4)Includes benefit payments upon maturity as well as death benefits.

(5)Primarily comprises unpaid dividends on certain participating policies.

	June 30
	2025									2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	Universal Life			Annuities			Other			Universal Life			Annuities			Other
Weighted-average crediting rate (1)	2.6		%	1.8		%	2.9		%	2.8		%	2.5		%	2.9		%
Net amount at risk (2)	$	11,571		$	10		$	378		$	11,987		$	—		$	454
Cash Surrender Value	$	1,695		$	1,774		$	2,175		$	1,611		$	1,618		$	2,013

(1)Calculated using actual interest credited for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(2)For those guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is defined as the current guaranteed minimum death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the balance sheet date.

The following tables present the balance of account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of difference, in basis points, between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimum:

Universal Life

	June 30, 2025
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	At Guaranteed Minimum		1 Basis Point - 50 Basis Points Above		51 Basis Points - 150 Basis Points Above		Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above		Total
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates
Up to 2.00%	$	454	$	—	$	49	$	153	$	656
2.01% – 4.00%	247		573		352		—		1,172
Greater than 4.00%	12		—		—		—		12
Total	$	713	$	573	$	401	$	153	$	1,840

28

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	June 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	At Guaranteed Minimum		1 Basis Point - 50 Basis Points Above		51 Basis Points - 150 Basis Points Above		Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above		Total
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates
Up to 2.00%	$	436	$	—	$	42	$	68	$	546
2.01% – 4.00%	77		424		717		—		1,218
Greater than 4.00%	14		—		—		—		14
Total	$	527	$	424	$	759	$	68	$	1,778

Annuities

	June 30, 2025
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	At Guaranteed Minimum		1 Basis Point - 50 Basis Points Above		51 Basis Points - 150 Basis Points Above		Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above		Total
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates
Up to 2.00%	$	103	$	—	$	1,647	$	66	$	1,816
2.01% – 4.00%	880		—		—		—		880
Greater than 4.00%	—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	983	$	—	$	1,647	$	66	$	2,696

	June 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	At Guaranteed Minimum		1 Basis Point - 50 Basis Points Above		51 Basis Points - 150 Basis Points Above		Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above		Total
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates
Up to 2.00%	$	732	$	—	$	1,638	$	1	$	2,371
2.01% – 4.00%	150		—		—		—		150
Greater than 4.00%	—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	882	$	—	$	1,638	$	1	$	2,521

Other policyholders' account balances

	June 30, 2025
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	At Guaranteed Minimum		1 Basis Point - 50 Basis Points Above		51 Basis Points - 150 Basis Points Above		Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above		Total
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates
Up to 2.00%	$	377	$	5	$	157	$	435	$	974
2.01% – 4.00%	1,452		52		—		—		1,504
Greater than 4.00%	—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	1,829	$	57	$	157	$	435	$	2,478

29

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	June 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	At Guaranteed Minimum		1 Basis Point - 50 Basis Points Above		51 Basis Points - 150 Basis Points Above		Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above		Total
Guaranteed minimum crediting rates
Up to 2.00%	$	574	$	—	$	227	$	513	$	1,314
2.01% – 4.00%	381		618		—		—		999
Greater than 4.00%	—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	955	$	618	$	227	$	513	$	2,313

Separate accounts

Separate account assets represent segregated funds where investment risks are borne by the customers, except to the extent of certain guarantees made by Chubb. The assets that support variable contracts are measured at fair value and are reported as Separate account assets and corresponding liabilities are reported within Separate account liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets. Policy charges assessed against the policyholders for mortality, administration, and other services are included in Net premiums earned on the Consolidated statements of operations.

The following table presents the aggregate fair value of Separate account assets, by major security type:

	June 30		June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024
Cash and cash equivalents	$	131	$	100
Mutual funds	6,268		5,649
Fixed maturities	82		85
Total	$	6,481	$	5,834

The following table presents a roll-forward of separate account liabilities:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024
Balance – beginning of period	$	6,231	$	5,573
Premiums and deposits	802		576
Policy charges	(79)		(80)
Surrenders and withdrawals	(494)		(426)
Benefit payments	(225)		(208)
Investment performance	(265)		502
Other (including foreign exchange)	511		(103)
Balance – end of period	$	6,481	$	5,834
Cash surrender value (1)	$	6,101	$	5,625

(1)Cash surrender value represents the amount of the policyholder's account balances distributable at the balance sheet date less certain surrender charges.

Unearned revenue liabilities

Unearned revenue liabilities represent policy charges for services to be provided in future periods. The charges are reflected as deferred revenue and are generally amortized into income over the expected life of the contract using the same methodology, factors, and assumptions used to amortize deferred acquisition costs. Unearned revenue liabilities pertaining to both

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

policyholders' account balances and separate accounts are recorded in Policyholders' account balances in the Consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents a roll-forward of unearned revenue liabilities:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024
Balance – beginning of period	$	711	$	673
Deferred revenue	69		69
Amortization	(38)		(36)
Other (including foreign exchange)	11		(31)
Balance – end of period	$	753	$	675

11. Market risk benefits

Our reinsurance programs covering variable annuity guarantees, comprising guaranteed living benefits (GLB) and guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB), meet the definition of Market risk benefits (MRB). The following table presents a roll-forward of MRB:

	Six Months Ended June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024
Balance – beginning of period	$	607	$	771
Balance, beginning of period, before effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk	592		749
Interest rate changes	41		(87)
Effect of market movements (1)	(50)		(83)
Effect of changes in volatilities	19		(13)
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior	28		31
Effect of timing and all other	(31)		(33)
Balance, end of period, before effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk	$	599	$	564
Effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk	10		12
Balance – end of period	$	609	$	576
Weighted-average age of policyholders (years)	74		74
Net amount at risk (2)	$	1,479	$	1,630

(1)     Market movements are predominantly driven by changes in equities.    

(2)     The net amount at risk is defined as the present value of future claim payments assuming policy account values and guaranteed values are fixed at the valuation date, and reinsurance coverage ends at the earlier of the maturity of the underlying variable annuity policy or the reinsurance treaty. No withdrawals, lapses, and mortality improvements are assumed in the projection. GLB-related risks contain conservative mortality and annuitization assumptions.

Excluded from the table above are MRB losses of $103 million and $191 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, reported in the Consolidated statements of operations, relating to the market risk benefits' economic hedge and other net cash flows. There is no reinsurance recoverable associated with our liability for MRB.

For MRB, Chubb estimates fair value using an internal valuation model which includes a number of factors including interest rates, equity markets, credit risk, current account value, market volatility, expected annuitization rates and other policyholder behavior, and changes in policyholder mortality. All reinsurance treaties contain claim limits, which are also factored into the valuation model.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Inputs	June 30, 2025			June 30, 2024
			Ranges	Weighted Average(1)		Ranges	Weighted Average(1)
MRB (1)	Actuarial model	Lapse rate	0.5% – 27.3%	3.4	%	0.5% – 30.0%	4.3	%
		Annuitization rate	0% – 100%	4.6	%	0% – 100%	4.3	%

(1)The weighted-average lapse and annuitization rates are determined by weighting each treaty's rates by the MRB contract's fair value.

The most significant policyholder behavior assumptions include lapse rates for MRBs, and GLB annuitization rates. Assumptions regarding lapse rates and GLB annuitization rates differ by treaty, but the underlying methodologies to determine rates applied to each treaty are comparable.

A lapse rate is the percentage of in-force policies surrendered in a given calendar year. All else equal, as lapse rates increase, ultimate claim payments will decrease.

The GLB annuitization rate is the percentage of policies for which the policyholder will elect to annuitize using the guaranteed benefit provided under the GLB. All else equal, as GLB annuitization rates increase, ultimate claim payments will increase, subject to treaty claim limits.

The effect of changes in key market factors on assumed lapse and annuitization rates reflect emerging trends using data available from cedants. For treaties with limited experience, rates are established by blending the experience with data received from other ceding companies. The model and related assumptions are regularly re-evaluated by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon additional experience obtained related to policyholder behavior and availability of updated information such as market conditions, market participant assumptions, and demographics of in-force annuities. For detailed information on our lapse and annuitization rate assumptions, refer to Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2024 Form 10-K.

12. Debt

Chubb INA Senior Notes

Chubb INA's $800 million of 3.15 percent senior notes due March 2025 were paid upon maturity.

Chubb INA Term Loan

In April 2025, Chubb INA entered into a 1.8 billion Chinese yuan renminbi term loan (approximately $249 million based on the foreign exchange rate at the date of issuance) at 2.85 percent, due April 10, 2028. This term loan is guaranteed by Chubb Limited. The term loan is designated as a non-derivative net investment hedge to mitigate the foreign currency exposure in the net investments of certain foreign subsidiaries. Changes in the carrying value of the debt attributable to foreign currency revaluation are recorded in Cumulative translation adjustments (CTA) within OCI. These adjustments will remain in CTA until the underlying hedge subsidiary is deconsolidated or hedge accounting is discontinued. Refer to Note 13 b) to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

Commercial Paper Program

In the second quarter of 2025, Chubb established a commercial paper program, under which Chubb INA may issue short-term, unsecured commercial paper notes (commercial paper) on a private placement basis. Payment of the commercial paper is guaranteed on an unsecured and unsubordinated basis by Chubb Limited, and the commercial paper and guarantee rank equally with all other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness.

We have the ability to borrow a total of $2.0 billion, supported by our $3.0 billion group syndicated credit facility which expires in October 2027. Commercial paper is recorded in Short-term debt in the Consolidated balance sheets.

As of June 30, 2025, there was no commercial paper outstanding.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

13. Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees

a) Derivative instruments

Chubb maintains positions in derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts for which the primary purposes are to manage duration and foreign currency exposure, yield enhancement, or to obtain an exposure to a particular financial market. Chubb also maintains positions in convertible securities that contain embedded derivatives, and exchange-traded equity futures contracts on equity market indices to limit equity exposure in the market risk benefit (MRB) book of business. Derivative instruments are principally recorded in either Other assets (OA) or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities (AP) in the Consolidated balance sheets. Convertible securities are recorded in either Fixed maturities available-for-sale (FM AFS) or Equity securities (ES), depending on the underlying investment. These are the most numerous and frequent derivative transactions. In addition, Chubb, from time to time, purchases to be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBAs) as part of its investing activities.

As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities, and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives discussed below. Some of Chubb's derivatives satisfy hedge accounting requirements, as discussed below. We also consider economic hedging for planned cross border transactions.

The following table presents the balance sheet location, fair value in an asset or (liability) position, and notional value/payment provision of our derivative instruments:

				June 30, 2025						December 31, 2024
	Consolidated Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value				Notional Amount/ Payment Provision		Fair Value				Notional Amount/ Payment Provision
(in millions of U.S. dollars)		Derivative Asset		Derivative (Liability)				Derivative Asset		Derivative (Liability)
Investment and embedded derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign currency forward contracts	OA / (AP)	$	45	$	(136)	$	4,386	$	41	$	(295)	$	3,959
Options/Futures/Forward contracts on notes and bonds	OA / (AP)	6		(7)		909		—		(8)		449
Convertible securities (1)	FM AFS / ES	7		—		6		12		—		12
Total		$	58	$	(143)	$	5,301	$	53	$	(303)	$	4,420
Other derivative instruments:
Futures contracts on equities (2)	OA / (AP)	$	—	$	(31)	$	986	$	35	$	—	$	1,047
Other	OA / (AP)	7		(5)		379		—		(2)		211
Total		$	7	$	(36)	$	1,365	$	35	$	(2)	$	1,258
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Cross-currency swaps - fair value hedges	OA / (AP)	$	233	$	—	$	2,010	$	103	$	—	$	1,579
Cross-currency swaps - net investment hedges	OA / (AP)	24		(223)		3,003		43		(116)		2,896
Total		$	257	$	(223)	$	5,013	$	146	$	(116)	$	4,475

(1)Includes fair value of embedded derivatives.

(2)Related to MRB book of business.

At June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, net derivative liabilities of $87 million and $199 million, respectively, included in the table above were subject to a master netting agreement. The remaining derivatives included in the table above were not subject to a master netting agreement.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

b) Hedge accounting

We designate certain derivatives as fair value hedges and net investment hedges for accounting purposes to hedge foreign currency exposure associated with portions of our euro denominated debt and the net investment in certain foreign subsidiaries, respectively. These derivatives comprise cross-currency swaps, which are agreements under which two counterparties exchange interest payments and principal denominated in different currencies at a future date. These hedges have been and are expected to be highly effective.

(i) Fair value hedges

Cross-currency swaps

Chubb holds certain cross-currency swaps designated as fair value hedges. The objective of these cross-currency swaps is to hedge the foreign currency risk on €1.7 billion, or approximately $2.0 billion at June 30, 2025, of euro denominated debt by converting cash flows back into the U.S. dollar.

These hedges are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in Other comprehensive income (OCI). The gains or losses on the fair value hedges offsetting the foreign currency remeasurement on the hedged euro denominated senior notes are reclassified from OCI into Net realized gains (losses), and an additional portion is reclassified into Interest expense as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(pre-tax, in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Gain (loss) recognized in OCI	$	141	$	(46)	$	115	$	(54)
Net realized gain (loss) reclassified from OCI	169		(12)		238		(49)
Interest expense reclassified from OCI	(5)		(4)		(9)		(8)
OCI gain (loss) after reclassifications	$	(23)	$	(30)	$	(114)	$	3

(ii) Net investment hedges

Cross-currency swaps

Chubb holds certain cross-currency swaps designated as net investment hedges. The objective of these cross-currency swaps is to hedge the foreign currency exposure in the net investments of certain foreign subsidiaries by converting cash flows from U.S. dollar to the British pound sterling, Japanese yen, Swiss franc, and Chinese yuan renminbi. The hedged risk is designated as the foreign currency exposure arising between the functional currency of the foreign subsidiary and the functional currency of its parent entity.

These net investment hedges are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in Cumulative translation adjustments (CTA) within OCI, and a portion reclassified to Interest expense. The mark-to-market adjustments for foreign currency changes will remain in CTA until the underlying hedge subsidiary is deconsolidated or hedge accounting is discontinued.

Foreign denominated debt

In April 2025, Chubb designated its CNH1.8 billion term loan, or approximately $254 million as of June 30, 2025, as a non-derivative net investment hedge to mitigate the foreign currency exposure in the net investments of certain foreign subsidiaries. Changes in the carrying value of the debt attributable to foreign currency revaluation are recorded in CTA within OCI. These adjustments will remain in CTA until the underlying hedge subsidiary is deconsolidated or hedge accounting is discontinued. Refer to Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The following table presents the OCI impact of derivative and non-derivative net investment hedges:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(pre-tax, in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Cross-currency swaps:
Gain (loss) recognized in OCI	$	(138)	$	37	$	(114)	$	73
Interest income reclassified from OCI	7		3		15		6
Total cross currency swaps	(145)		34		(129)		67
Foreign denominated debt:
Gain (loss) recognized in OCI	(6)		—		(6)		—
Total OCI gain (loss) after reclassifications	$	(151)	$	34	$	(135)	$	67

c) Derivative instruments not designated as hedges

Derivative instruments which are not designated as hedges are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in Net realized gains (losses) or, for futures contracts on equities related to the MRB book of business, in Market risk benefits gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. The following table presents net gains (losses) related to derivative instrument activity in the Consolidated statements of operations:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Investment and embedded derivative instruments:
Foreign currency forward contracts	$	147	$	(28)	$	133	$	(80)
Options/Futures/Forward contracts on notes and bonds	7		12		(2)		18
Convertible securities (1)	—		(1)		—		2
Total investment and embedded derivative instruments	$	154	$	(17)	$	131	$	(60)
Other derivative instruments:
Futures contracts on equities (2)	$	(89)	$	(21)	$	(35)	$	(116)
Other	(2)		(3)		(5)		(5)
Total other derivative instruments	$	(91)	$	(24)	$	(40)	$	(121)
Total	$	63	$	(41)	$	91	$	(181)

(1)Includes embedded derivatives.

(2)Related to MRB book of business.

(i) Foreign currency exposure management

A foreign currency forward contract (forward) is an agreement between participants to exchange specific currencies at a future date. Chubb uses forwards to minimize the effect of fluctuating foreign currencies as discussed above.

(ii) Duration management and market exposure

Futures

Futures contracts give the holder the right and obligation to participate in market movements, determined by the index or underlying security on which the futures contract is based. Settlement is made daily in cash by an amount equal to the change in value of the futures contract times a multiplier that scales the size of the contract. Exchange-traded futures contracts on money market instruments, notes and bonds are used in fixed maturity portfolios to more efficiently manage duration, as substitutes for ownership of the money market instruments, bonds, and notes without significantly increasing the risk in the portfolio. Investments in futures contracts may be made only to the extent that there are assets under management not otherwise committed.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Exchange-traded equity futures contracts are used to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and, therefore, an increase in market risk benefit reserves.

Forwards

A fixed income forward contract (forward) is an agreement between participants to exchange a specific instrument at a fixed price at a future date. Chubb uses forwards to mitigate reinvestment risk of future written premiums.

Options

An option contract conveys to the holder the right, but not the obligation, to purchase or sell a specified amount or value of an underlying security at a fixed price. Option contracts are used in our investment portfolio as protection against unexpected shifts in interest rates, which would affect the duration of the fixed maturity portfolio. By using options in the portfolio, the overall interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio can be reduced. Option contracts may also be used as an alternative to futures contracts in the synthetic strategy as described above.

The price of an option is influenced by the underlying security, level of interest rates, expected volatility, time to expiration, and supply and demand.

The credit risk associated with the above derivative financial instruments relates to the potential for non-performance by counterparties. Although non-performance is not anticipated, in order to minimize the risk of loss, management monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties and obtains collateral. The performance of exchange-traded instruments is guaranteed by the exchange on which they trade. For non-exchange-traded instruments, the counterparties are principally banks which must meet certain criteria according to our investment guidelines.

Other

Included within Other are derivatives intended to reduce potential losses which may arise from certain exposures in our insurance business. The economic benefit provided by these derivatives is similar to purchased reinsurance. For example, Chubb may, from time to time, enter into crop derivative contracts to protect underwriting results in the event of a significant decline in commodity prices.

(iii) Convertible security investments

A convertible security is a debt instrument or preferred stock that can be converted into a predetermined amount of the issuer’s equity. The convertible option is an embedded derivative within the host instruments which are classified in the investment portfolio as either available-for-sale or as an equity security. Chubb purchases convertible securities for their total return and not specifically for the conversion feature.

(iv) TBA

By acquiring to be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBAs), we make a commitment to purchase a future issuance of mortgage-backed securities. For the period between purchase of the TBAs and issuance of the underlying security, we account for our position as a derivative in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Chubb purchases TBAs, from time to time, both for their total return and for the flexibility they provide related to our mortgage-backed security strategy.

(v) Futures contracts on equities

Under the MRB program, as the assuming entity, Chubb is obligated to provide coverage until the expiration or maturity of the underlying deferred annuity contracts or the expiry of the reinsurance treaty. We may recognize a loss for changes in fair value due to adverse changes in the capital markets (e.g., declining interest rates and/or declining U.S. and/or international equity markets). To mitigate adverse changes in the capital markets, we maintain positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts, as noted under section "(ii) Futures" above. These futures increase in fair value when the S&P 500 index decreases (and decrease in fair value when the S&P 500 index increases). The net impact of gains or losses related to changes in fair value of the MRB liability and the exchange-traded equity futures are included in Market risk benefits gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations.

d) Securities lending and secured borrowings

Chubb participates in a securities lending program operated by a third-party banking institution whereby certain assets are loaned to qualified borrowers and from which we earn an incremental return. The securities lending collateral can only be drawn down by Chubb in the event that the institution borrowing the securities is in default under the lending agreement. An indemnification agreement with the lending agent protects us in the event a borrower becomes insolvent or fails to return any of

36

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

the securities on loan. The collateral is recorded in Securities lending collateral and the liability is recorded in Securities lending payable in the Consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents the carrying value of collateral held under securities lending agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements:

	Remaining contractual maturity
	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Overnight and Continuous
Collateral held under securities lending agreements:
Cash	$	695	$	557
U.S. and local government securities	161		148
Non-U.S.	1,001		663
Corporate and asset-backed securities	74		49
Equity securities	10		28
Total	$	1,941	$	1,445
Gross amount of recognized liability for securities lending payable	$	1,941	$	1,445

At June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, our repurchase agreement obligations of $3,059 million and $2,731 million, respectively, were fully collateralized. In contrast to securities lending programs, the use of cash received is not restricted for the repurchase obligations. The fair value of the underlying securities sold remains in Fixed maturities available-for-sale or Other investments, and the repurchase agreement obligation is recorded in Repurchase agreements in the Consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents the carrying value of collateral pledged under repurchase agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements:

	Remaining contractual maturity
	June 30, 2025								December 31, 2024
	Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Collateral pledged under repurchase agreements:
Cash	$	—	$	2	$	—	$	2	$	—	$	19	$	2	$	21
Non-U.S.	1,205		—		—		1,205		1,387		—		—		1,387
U.S. and local government securities	—		—		—		—		—		—		104		104
Mortgage-backed securities	977		923		25		1,925		—		454		924		1,378
Total	$	2,182	$	925	$	25	$	3,132	$	1,387	$	473	$	1,030	$	2,890
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements							$	3,059							$	2,731
Difference (1)							$	73							$	159

(1)Per the repurchase agreements, the amount of collateral posted is required to exceed the amount of gross liability.

Potential risks exist in our secured borrowing transactions due to market conditions and counterparty exposure. With collateral that we pledge, there is a risk that the collateral may not be returned at the expiration of the agreement. If the counterparty fails to return the collateral, Chubb will have free use of the borrowed funds until our collateral is returned. In addition, we may encounter the risk that Chubb may not be able to renew outstanding borrowings with a new term or with an existing counterparty due to market conditions including a decrease in demand as well as more restrictive terms from banks due to increased regulatory and capital constraints. Should this condition occur, Chubb may seek alternative borrowing sources or reduce borrowings. Additionally, increased margins and collateral requirements due to market conditions would increase our restricted assets as we are required to provide additional collateral to support the transaction.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

e) Fixed maturities

At June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, commitments to purchase fixed income securities over the next several years were $1.3 billion.

f) Private equities

Private equities in the Consolidated balance sheets are investments in limited partnerships and partially-owned investment companies. At June 30, 2025, private equities with a carrying value of $16.0 billion had commitments that could require funding of up to $6.9 billion over the next several years. At December 31, 2024, these investments had a carrying value of $14.5 billion with commitments of up to $6.4 billion. The remaining private equities had no funding commitments.

g) Income taxes

At June 30, 2025, $77 million of unrecognized tax benefits remain outstanding. It is reasonably possible that, over the next twelve months, the amount of unrecognized tax benefits may change resulting from the re-evaluation of unrecognized tax benefits arising from examinations by taxing authorities, settlements, and the lapses of statutes of limitations. With few exceptions, Chubb is no longer subject to income tax examinations for years before 2012.

h) Legal proceedings

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to claims litigation involving disputed interpretations of policy coverages and, in some jurisdictions, direct actions by allegedly-injured persons seeking damages from policyholders. These lawsuits, involving claims on policies issued by our subsidiaries which are typical to the insurance industry in general and in the normal course of business, are considered in our loss and loss expense reserves. In addition to claims litigation, we are subject to lawsuits and regulatory actions in the normal course of business that do not arise from or directly relate to claims on insurance policies. This category of business litigation typically involves, among other things, allegations of underwriting errors or misconduct, employment claims, regulatory activity, or disputes arising from our business ventures. In the opinion of management, our ultimate liability for these matters could be, but we believe is not likely to be, material to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

i) Lease commitments

At June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the right-of-use asset was $1,044 million and $824 million, respectively, recorded within Other assets, and the lease liability was $1,177 million and $942 million, respectively, recorded within Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets. These leases consist principally of real estate operating leases that are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, which expire at various dates.

14. Shareholders’ equity

All of Chubb’s Common Shares are authorized under Swiss corporate law. Though the par value of Common Shares is stated in Swiss francs, Chubb continues to use U.S. dollars as its reporting currency for preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements. Under Swiss corporate law, dividends, including distributions from legal reserves or through a reduction in par value (par value reduction), must be stated in Swiss francs though dividend payments are made by Chubb in U.S. dollars. At June 30, 2025, our Common Shares had a par value of CHF 0.50 per share.

At our May 2025 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $3.88 per share, expected to be paid in four quarterly installments of $0.97 per share after the general meeting by way of distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. The Board of Directors (Board) will determine the record and payment dates at which the annual dividend may be paid until the date of 2026 annual general meeting, and is authorized to abstain from distributing a dividend at its discretion.

At our May 2024 and 2023 annual general meetings, our shareholders approved annual dividends for the following year of up to $3.64 per share and $3.44 per share, respectively, which were paid in four quarterly installments of $0.91 and $0.86 per share, respectively, at dates determined by the Board after the annual general meetings by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The following table presents dividend distributions per Common Share in Swiss francs (CHF) and U.S. dollars (USD):

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30						June 30
	2025			2024			2025			2024
	CHF	USD		CHF	USD		CHF	USD		CHF	USD
Total dividend distributions per common share	0.81	$	0.97	0.82	$	0.91	1.62	$	1.88	1.57	$	1.77

Increases in Common Shares in treasury are due to open market repurchases of Common Shares and the surrender of Common Shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock and the forfeiture of unvested restricted stock. Decreases in Common Shares in treasury are principally due to grants of restricted stock, exercises of stock options, purchases under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), and share cancellations. At our May 2024 annual general meeting, held on May 16, 2024, our shareholders approved the cancellation of 11,825,600 shares purchased under our share repurchase programs during 2023. The capital reduction was subject to publication requirements and became effective in accordance with Swiss law on May 21, 2024. On March 7, 2025, Chubb completed a share capital reduction by means of cancellation of 7,518,565 Common Shares purchased under our share repurchase program during 2024. The capital reduction was completed in accordance with the capital band provision for authorized share capital increases and reductions by the Board set forth in the Articles of Association. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, 3,685,509 shares were repurchased, 7,518,565 shares were canceled, and 1,642,634 net shares were issued under employee share-based compensation plans. At June 30, 2025, 13,446,633 Common Shares remain in treasury.

Chubb Limited securities repurchase authorizations

In June 2023, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $5.0 billion of Chubb Common Shares, effective July 1, 2023, with no expiration date. In May 2025, the Board determined to terminate the June 2023 authorization as of June 30, 2025 and concurrently authorized a new repurchase amount of up to $5.0 billion of Chubb Common Shares, effective July 1, 2025, with no expiration date. The following table presents repurchases of Chubb's Common Shares conducted in a series of open market transactions under the Board authorizations:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share data)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Number of shares repurchased	2,339,727		2,254,236		3,685,509		3,474,357
Cost of shares repurchased	$	676	$	570	$	1,061	$	886
Repurchase authorization remaining at end of period (1)	$	—	$	2,808	$	—	$	2,808

(1) As of June 30, 2025, $628 million expired under the July 2023 $5.0 billion share repurchase authorization.

The following table presents changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI)
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments
Balance – beginning of period, net of tax	$	(3,704)	$	(4,825)	$	(4,552)	$	(4,177)
Change in period, before reclassification from AOCI (before tax)	918		(484)		1,761		(1,280)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (before tax)	68		(5)		126		114
Change in period, before tax	986		(489)		1,887		(1,166)
Income tax (expense) benefit	(50)		7		(111)		49
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	936		(482)		1,776		(1,117)
Noncontrolling interests, net of tax	4		(6)		(4)		7
Balance – end of period, net of tax	(2,772)		(5,301)		(2,772)		(5,301)

39

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) - continued
Current discount rate on liability for future policy benefits
Balance – beginning of period, net of tax	(645)		11		(539)		51
Change in period, before tax	(130)		53		(252)		—
Income tax (expense) benefit	9		(2)		21		(22)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(121)		51		(231)		(22)
Noncontrolling interests, net of tax	(20)		(4)		(24)		(37)
Balance – end of period, net of tax	(746)		66		(746)		66
Instrument-specific credit risk on market risk benefits
Balance – beginning of period, net of tax	(13)		(17)		(16)		(22)
Change in period, before tax	1		5		5		10
Income tax expense	—		(1)		(1)		(1)
Total other comprehensive income	1		4		4		9
Noncontrolling interests, net of tax	—		—		—		—
Balance – end of period, net of tax	(12)		(13)		(12)		(13)
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment
Balance – beginning of period, net of tax	(3,685)		(2,864)		(4,025)		(2,945)
Change in period, before reclassification from AOCI (before tax)	803		(527)		1,170		(444)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (before tax)	(7)		(3)		(15)		(6)
Change in period, before tax	796		(530)		1,155		(450)
Income tax (expense) benefit	3		19		(9)		12
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	799		(511)		1,146		(438)
Noncontrolling interests, net of tax	33		(33)		40		(41)
Balance – end of period, net of tax	(2,919)		(3,342)		(2,919)		(3,342)
Fair value hedging instruments
Balance – beginning of period, net of tax	(22)		13		50		(13)
Change in period, before reclassification from AOCI (before tax)	141		(46)		115		(54)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (before tax)	(164)		16		(229)		57
Change in period, before tax	(23)		(30)		(114)		3
Income tax (expense) benefit	5		6		24		(1)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(18)		(24)		(90)		2
Noncontrolling interests, net of tax	—		—		—		—
Balance – end of period, net of tax	(40)		(11)		(40)		(11)
Postretirement benefit liability adjustment
Balance – beginning of period, net of tax	434		296		438		297
Change in period, before tax	(3)		1		(7)		(1)
Income tax benefit	—		—		—		1
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(3)		1		(7)		—
Noncontrolling interests, net of tax	—		—		—		—
Balance – end of period, net of tax	431		297		431		297
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(6,058)	$	(8,304)	$	(6,058)	$	(8,304)

40

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The following table presents reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to the Consolidated statements of operations:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended				Consolidated Statement of Operations Location
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Fixed maturities available-for-sale	$	(68)	$	5	$	(126)	$	(114)	Net realized gains (losses)
Income tax benefit	3		12		28		24		Income tax expense
	$	(65)	$	17	$	(98)	$	(90)	Net income
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment
Cross-currency swaps	$	7	$	3	$	15	$	6	Interest expense
Income tax expense	(1)		—		(3)		(1)		Income tax expense
	$	6	$	3	$	12	$	5	Net income
Net gains (losses) of fair value hedging instruments
Cross-currency swaps	$	169	$	(12)	$	238	$	(49)	Net realized gains (losses)
Cross-currency swaps	(5)		(4)		(9)		(8)		Interest expense
Income tax (expense) benefit	(34)		3		(48)		12		Income tax expense
	$	130	$	(13)	$	181	$	(45)	Net income
Total amounts reclassified from AOCI	$	71	$	7	$	95	$	(130)

15. Share-based compensation

The Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (the Amended 2016 LTIP), permits grants of both incentive and non-qualified stock options principally at an option price per share equal to the grant date fair value of Chubb's Common Shares. Stock options are generally granted with a 3-year vesting period and a 10-year term. Stock options typically vest in equal annual installments over the respective vesting period, which is also the requisite service period. On March 3, 2025, Chubb granted 1,253,605 stock options with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $74.64 each. The fair value of the options issued is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

The Amended 2016 LTIP also permits grants of service-based restricted stock and restricted stock units as well as performance shares and performance stock units. Under the Chubb Deferred Stock Unit Plan, a sub-plan of the Amended 2016 LTIP, eligible participants may defer vested performance stock units and restricted stock units to the extent such awards are U.S.-allocated compensation.

Chubb generally grants service-based restricted stock and restricted stock units with a 4-year vesting period, based on a graded vesting schedule. Performance shares and performance stock units granted comprise both target and premium awards that cliff vest at the end of a 3-year performance period based on tangible book value (Chubb shareholders' equity less goodwill and intangible assets attributable to Chubb, net of tax) per share growth and P&C combined ratio compared to a defined group of peer companies. Premium awards are subject to an additional vesting provision based on total shareholder return compared to the peer group. Stock and unit awards are principally granted at market close price on the grant date. On March 3, 2025, Chubb granted 619,298 service-based restricted stock, 287,268 service-based restricted stock units, 103,285 performance shares, and 289,620 performance stock units to employees and officers with a grant date fair value of $289.69 each. Each service-based restricted stock unit and performance stock unit represents our obligation to deliver to the holder one Common Share upon vesting (or the end of the deferral period, if the unit is under the Chubb Deferred Stock Unit Plan).

41

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

16. Postretirement benefits

The components of net pension and other postretirement benefit costs (benefits) reflected in Net income in the Consolidated statements of operations were as follows:

	Pension Benefit Plans								Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
	2025				2024				2025		2024
Three Months Ended June 30	U.S. Plans		Non-U.S. Plans		U.S. Plans		Non-U.S. Plans
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Service cost	$	—	$	2	$	—	$	3	$	—	$	—
Non-service cost (benefit):
Interest cost	33		9		34		9		1		—
Expected return on plan assets	(62)		(14)		(61)		(12)		(1)		(1)
Amortization of net actuarial (gain) loss	(2)		—		(1)		—		(1)		—
Amortization of prior service cost	—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total non-service cost (benefit)	(31)		(5)		(28)		(3)		(1)		(1)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$	(31)	$	(3)	$	(28)	$	—	$	(1)	$	(1)

	Pension Benefit Plans								Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
	2025				2024				2025		2024
Six Months Ended June 30	U.S. Plans		Non-U.S. Plans		U.S. Plans		Non-U.S. Plans
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Service cost	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	5	$	—	$	—
Non-service cost (benefit):
Interest cost	67		18		67		18		1		1
Expected return on plan assets	(125)		(27)		(122)		(25)		(1)		(2)
Amortization of net actuarial (gain) loss	(4)		—		(1)		1		(2)		(1)
Amortization of prior service cost	—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total non-service cost (benefit)	(62)		(9)		(56)		(6)		(2)		(2)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$	(62)	$	(5)	$	(56)	$	(1)	$	(2)	$	(2)

42

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The line items in which the service cost and non-service cost (benefit) components of net periodic cost (benefit) are included in the Consolidated statements of operations were as follows:

	Pension Benefit Plans				Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
Three Months Ended June 30	2025		2024		2025		2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Service cost:
Losses and loss expenses	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Administrative expenses	2		3		—		—
Total service cost	2		3		—		—
Non-service cost (benefit):
Losses and loss expenses	(4)		(3)		—		—
Administrative expenses	(32)		(28)		(1)		(1)
Total non-service cost (benefit)	(36)		(31)		(1)		(1)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$	(34)	$	(28)	$	(1)	$	(1)

	Pension Benefit Plans				Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
Six Months Ended June 30	2025		2024		2025		2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Service cost:
Losses and loss expenses	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Administrative expenses	4		5		—		—
Total service cost	4		5		—		—
Non-service cost (benefit):
Losses and loss expenses	(7)		(6)		—		—
Administrative expenses	(64)		(56)		(2)		(2)
Total non-service cost (benefit)	(71)		(62)		(2)		(2)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$	(67)	$	(57)	$	(2)	$	(2)

17. Other income and expense

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Equity in net income (loss) of partially-owned entities	$	657	$	94	$	739	$	278
Gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets	(12)		11		(22)		21
Asset management and performance fee revenue	57		57		113		110
Asset management and performance fee expense	(39)		(35)		(72)		(68)
Federal excise and capital taxes	(6)		(5)		(11)		(9)
Other	(2)		(12)		(9)		(31)
Total	$	655	$	110	$	738	$	301

Equity in net income of partially-owned entities includes our share of net income or loss, both underlying operating income and mark-to-market movement, related to partially-owned investment companies (private equity) where we own more than three percent, and partially-owned insurance companies. This line item includes mark-to-market gains (losses) on private equities of

43

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

$540 million and $513 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $4 million and $107 million, respectively, for the prior year periods.

Also included in Other income and expense are gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account treatment under U.S. GAAP. The offsetting movement in the separate account liabilities is included in Policy benefits in the Consolidated statements of operations.

Asset management and performance fee revenue and expense primarily relate to the management of third-party assets by Huatai's asset management business, which is unrelated to Huatai Group's core insurance operations. These revenues and expenses are recognized in the period in which the services are performed and, for certain asset performance fees, to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur.

Certain federal excise and capital taxes incurred as a result of capital management initiatives are included in Other income and expense as these are considered capital transactions and are excluded from underwriting results. Bad debt expense for uncollectible premiums is also included in Other income and expense.

18. Segment information

Chubb operates through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. These segments distribute their products through various forms of brokers, agencies, and direct marketing programs. All business segments have established relationships with reinsurance intermediaries.

Segment performance is reviewed by the Chief Executive Officer of Chubb Ltd, our Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM). The CODM is ultimately responsible for evaluating the performance of our six business segments, making strategic operating decisions, and allocating resources. The financial results of our operations are reported in a manner consistent with results reviewed by the CODM in reviewing and assessing the performance of our six business segments. Excluding our Life Insurance segment, the CODM uses Underwriting income (loss) as a basis for segment performance. Chubb calculates Underwriting income (loss) by subtracting Losses and loss expenses, Policy benefits, Policy acquisition costs, and Administrative expenses from Net premiums earned. For both our P&C and Life Insurance segments, another measure of segment performance is Segment income (loss). Segment income (loss) includes Underwriting income (loss), Net investment income (loss), amortization of purchased intangibles acquired by the segment, and other operating income and expense items such as each segment's share of the operating income (loss) related to partially-owned entities, and miscellaneous income and expense items for which the segments are held accountable. We determined that this definition of Segment income (loss) is appropriate and aligns with how the business is managed. We continue to evaluate our segments as our business continues to evolve and may further refine our segments and Segment income (loss) measures.

Revenue and expenses managed at the corporate level, including Net realized gains (losses), Market risk benefits gains (losses), Interest expense, Integration expenses, Income tax expense, and Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests are reported within Corporate. Integration expenses are one-time costs that are directly attributable to third-party consulting fees, employee-related retention costs, and other professional and legal fees primarily related to the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia. These items are not allocated to the segment level as they are one-time in nature and are not related to the ongoing business activities of the segment. The CODM does not manage segment results or allocate resources to segments when considering these costs, and therefore Integration expenses are excluded from our definition of Segment income (loss).

Certain items are presented in a different manner for segment reporting purposes than in the Consolidated Financial Statements, including:

•Losses and loss expenses include realized gains and losses on crop derivatives. These derivatives were purchased to provide economic benefit, in a manner similar to reinsurance protection, in the event that a significant decline in commodity pricing impacts underwriting results. We view gains and losses on these derivatives as part of the results of our underwriting operations, and therefore, realized gains (losses) from these derivatives are reclassified to losses and loss expenses.

•Policy benefits include fair value changes on separate accounts that do not qualify for separate accounting under U.S. GAAP. These gains and losses have been reclassified from Other (income) expense to Policy benefits. Policy benefits also include the impact of realized gains and losses on investment portfolios supporting certain participating policies. These realized gains and losses have been reclassified from net realized gains (losses) to policy benefits. This presentation better reflects the gains and losses from fair value changes in separate account assets and liabilities, and

44

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

the economics of the participating policies by connecting the investment performance that is shared with policyholders to the liability.

•Net investment income includes investment income reclassified from Other (income) expense related to partially-owned investment companies (private equity partnerships) where our ownership interest is in excess of three percent. We view investment income from these equity-method private equity partnerships as Net investment income for segment reporting purposes.

The following tables present the Statement of Operations by segment:

For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 (in millions of U.S. dollars)	North America Commercial P&C Insurance		North America Personal P&C Insurance		North America Agricultural Insurance		Overseas General Insurance		Global Reinsurance		Life Insurance		Total
Net premiums written	$	5,723	$	1,938	$	733	$	3,620	$	380	$	1,802	$	14,196
Net premiums earned	5,177		1,681		598		3,542		338		1,789		13,125
Losses and loss expenses	3,258		822		483		1,789		132		20
Policy benefits	—		—		—		129		—		1,249
Policy acquisition costs	705		332		48		913		98		319
Administrative expenses	357		82		2		369		10		199
Underwriting income	857		445		65		342		98		NM
Net investment income	938		118		19		278		85		274
Other (income) expense	8		—		—		5		—		(37)
Amortization of purchased intangibles	2		2		6		19		—		8
Segment income	$	1,785	$	561	$	78	$	596	$	183	$	305	$	3,508
Net realized gains (losses)													160
Market risk benefits gains (losses)													(17)
Interest expense													181
Integration expenses													2
Corporate underwriting loss													(176)
Corporate net investment loss													(29)
Corporate other (income) expense													(528)
Corporate amortization of purchased intangibles													37
Other reclassification													(38)
Income before income tax													$	3,716

NM – not meaningful. Underwriting income is not used as a basis for segment performance for the Life Insurance segment.

45

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 (in millions of U.S. dollars)	North America Commercial P&C Insurance		North America Personal P&C Insurance		North America Agricultural Insurance		Overseas General Insurance		Global Reinsurance		Life Insurance		Total
Net premiums written	$	5,501	$	1,776	$	758	$	3,334	$	411	$	1,580	$	13,360
Net premiums earned	4,900		1,512		626		3,347		339		1,568		12,292
Losses and loss expenses	3,074		876		543		1,671		155		22
Policy benefits	—		—		—		92		—		1,031
Policy acquisition costs	660		299		45		842		80		300
Administrative expenses	327		88		3		348		11		218
Underwriting income	839		249		35		394		93		NM
Net investment income	863		108		21		283		58		258
Other (income) expense	15		(2)		—		4		—		(32)
Amortization of purchased intangibles	—		2		7		20		—		11
Segment income	$	1,687	$	357	$	49	$	653	$	151	$	276	$	3,173
Net realized gains (losses)													104
Market risk benefits gains (losses)													(29)
Interest expense													182
Integration expenses													7
Corporate underwriting loss													(192)
Corporate net investment loss													(32)
Corporate other (income) expense													7
Corporate amortization of purchased intangibles													40
Other reclassification													(82)
Income before income tax													$	2,706

NM – not meaningful. Underwriting income is not used as a basis for segment performance for the Life Insurance segment.

46

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 (in millions of U.S. dollars)	North America Commercial P&C Insurance		North America Personal P&C Insurance		North America Agricultural Insurance		Overseas General Insurance		Global Reinsurance		Life Insurance		Total
Net premiums written	$	10,510	$	3,490	$	1,009	$	7,523	$	788	$	3,522	$	26,842
Net premiums earned	10,165		3,255		763		6,751		706		3,485		25,125
Losses and loss expenses	6,289		2,915		575		3,186		374		46
Policy benefits	—		—		—		242		—		2,412
Policy acquisition costs	1,424		662		65		1,750		198		629
Administrative expenses	701		169		4		699		20		401
Underwriting income (loss)	1,751		(491)		119		874		114		NM
Net investment income	1,867		238		43		559		155		545
Other (income) expense	16		1		1		11		—		(72)
Amortization of purchased intangibles	3		4		12		38		—		18
Segment income (loss)	$	3,599	$	(258)	$	149	$	1,384	$	269	$	596	$	5,739
Net realized gains (losses)													44
Market risk benefits gains (losses)													(109)
Interest expense													362
Integration expenses													2
Corporate underwriting loss													(295)
Corporate net investment loss													(56)
Corporate other (income) expense													(495)
Corporate amortization of purchased intangibles													74
Income before income tax													$	5,380

NM – not meaningful. Underwriting income is not used as a basis for segment performance for the Life Insurance segment.

47

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 (in millions of U.S. dollars)	North America Commercial P&C Insurance		North America Personal P&C Insurance		North America Agricultural Insurance		Overseas General Insurance		Global Reinsurance		Life Insurance		Total
Net premiums written	$	10,190	$	3,232	$	1,007	$	7,169	$	770	$	3,213	$	25,581
Net premiums earned	9,780		2,983		754		6,545		634		3,179		23,875
Losses and loss expenses	6,249		1,775		592		3,097		292		54
Policy benefits	—		—		—		192		—		2,101
Policy acquisition costs	1,348		599		66		1,665		161		594
Administrative expenses	655		174		5		679		20		425
Underwriting income	1,528		435		91		912		161		NM
Net investment income	1,689		210		42		550		115		488
Other (income) expense	22		(1)		—		9		—		(72)
Amortization of purchased intangibles	—		4		13		40		—		21
Segment income	$	3,195	$	642	$	120	$	1,413	$	276	$	544	$	6,190
Net realized gains (losses)													3
Market risk benefits gains (losses)													(8)
Interest expense													360
Integration expenses													14
Corporate underwriting loss													(309)
Corporate net investment loss													(58)
Corporate other (income) expense													(61)
Corporate amortization of purchased intangibles													82
Other reclassification													(81)
Income before income tax													$	5,342

NM – not meaningful. Underwriting income is not used as a basis for segment performance for the Life Insurance segment.

Underwriting assets are reviewed in total by management for purposes of decision-making. Other than certain insurance related balances, Goodwill and Other intangible assets, Chubb does not allocate assets to its segments.

48

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

19. Earnings per share

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Numerator:
Net income	$	2,999	$	2,216	$	4,342	$	4,510
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	31		(14)		43		137
Net income attributable to Chubb	$	2,968	$	2,230	$	4,299	$	4,373
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share attributable to Chubb:
Weighted-average shares outstanding	399,886,323		404,615,765		400,281,946		405,139,228
Denominator for diluted earnings per share attributable to Chubb:
Share-based compensation plans	3,960,707		3,990,902		4,012,933		4,138,555
Weighted-average shares outstanding and assumed conversions	403,847,030		408,606,667		404,294,879		409,277,783
Basic earnings per share attributable to Chubb	$	7.42	$	5.51	$	10.74	$	10.79
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Chubb	$	7.35	$	5.46	$	10.63	$	10.68
Potential anti-dilutive share conversions	1,663,091		1,348,531		1,684,365		939,842

Excluded from weighted-average shares outstanding and assumed conversions is the impact of securities that would have been anti-dilutive during the respective periods. These securities consisted of stock options in which the underlying exercise prices were greater than the average market prices of our Common Shares. Refer to Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on stock options.

49

ITEM 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following is a discussion of our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity and capital resources as of and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.

All comparisons in this discussion are to the corresponding prior year period unless otherwise indicated. All dollar amounts are rounded. However, percent changes and ratios are calculated using whole dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded dollars may differ.

Our results of operations and cash flows for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of our results for the full year. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes and our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (2024 Form 10-K).

Other Information

We routinely post important information for investors on our website (investors.chubb.com). We use this website as a means of disclosing material, non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure). Accordingly, investors should monitor the Investor Information portion of our website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, and webcasts. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this report.

MD&A Index	Page
Forward-Looking Statements	51
Overview	52
Consolidated Operating Results	53
Segment Operating Results	57
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)	68
Effective Income Tax Rate	69
Non-GAAP Reconciliation	69
Net Investment Income	75
Investments	75
Critical Accounting Estimates	79
Catastrophe Management	80
Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program	81
Capital Resources	82
Liquidity	83
Information Provided In Connection With Outstanding Debt of Subsidiaries	85

50

Forward-Looking Statements

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking statements. Any written or oral statements made by us or on our behalf may include forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties, and other factors that could, should potential events occur, cause actual results to differ materially from such statements. These risks, uncertainties, and other factors, which are described in more detail elsewhere herein and in other documents we file with the SEC, include but are not limited to:

•actual amount of new and renewal business, premium rates, underwriting margins, market acceptance of our products, and risks associated with the introduction of new products and services and entering new markets; the competitive environment in which we operate, including trends in pricing or in policy terms and conditions, which may differ from our projections, and changes in market conditions that could render our business strategies ineffective or obsolete;

•losses arising out of natural or man-made catastrophes; actual loss experience from insured or reinsured events and the timing of claim payments; the uncertainties of the loss-reserving and claims-settlement processes, including the difficulties associated with assessing environmental damage and asbestos-related latent injuries, the impact of aggregate-policy-coverage limits, the impact of bankruptcy protection sought by various asbestos producers and other related businesses, and the timing of loss payments;

•changes in the distribution or placement of risks due to increased consolidation of insurance and reinsurance brokers; material differences between actual and expected assessments for guaranty funds and mandatory pooling arrangements; the ability to collect reinsurance recoverable, credit developments of reinsurers, and any delays with respect thereto and changes in the cost, quality, or availability of reinsurance;

•uncertainties relating to governmental, legislative and regulatory policies, developments, actions, investigations, and treaties; judicial decisions and rulings, new theories of liability, legal tactics, and settlement terms; the effects of data privacy or cyber laws or regulation; global political conditions and possible business disruption or economic contraction that may result from such events;

•the impact of changes in tax laws, guidance and interpretations, such as the implementation of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development international tax framework, or the increasing number of challenges from tax authorities in the current global tax environment;

•severity of pandemics and related risks, and their effects on our business operations and claims activity, and any adverse impact to our insureds, brokers, agents, and employees; actual claims may exceed our best estimate of ultimate insurance losses incurred which could change including as a result of, among other things, the impact of legislative or regulatory actions taken in response to a pandemic;

•developments in global financial markets, including changes in interest rates, stock markets, and other financial markets; increased government involvement or intervention in the financial services industry; the cost and availability of financing, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; changing rates of inflation; and other general economic and business conditions, including the depth and duration of potential recession;

•the availability of borrowings and letters of credit under our credit facilities; the adequacy of collateral supporting funded high deductible programs; and the amount of dividends received from subsidiaries;

•changes to our assessment as to whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, or have the intent to sell, available-for-sale fixed maturity investments before their anticipated recovery;

•actions that rating agencies may take from time to time, such as financial strength or credit ratings downgrades or placing these ratings on credit watch negative or the equivalent;

•the effects of public company bankruptcies and accounting restatements, as well as disclosures by and investigations of public companies relating to possible accounting irregularities, and other corporate governance issues;

•acquisitions made performing differently than expected, our failure to realize anticipated expense-related efficiencies or growth from acquisitions, and the impact of acquisitions on our pre-existing organization;

•risks associated with being a Swiss corporation, including reduced flexibility with respect to certain aspects of capital management and the potential for additional regulatory burdens; share repurchase plans and share cancellations;

•loss of the services of any of our executive officers without suitable replacements being recruited in a reasonable time frame;

51

•the ability of our technology resources, including information systems and security, to perform as anticipated such as with respect to preventing material information technology failures or third-party infiltrations or hacking resulting in consequences adverse to Chubb or its customers or partners; the ability of our company to increase use of data analytics and technology as part of our business strategy and adapt to new technologies; and

•management’s response to these factors and actual events (including, but not limited to, those described above).

The words “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “should,” “plan,” “expect,” “intend,” “hope,” “feel,” “foresee,” “will likely result,” “will continue,” and variations thereof and similar expressions, identify forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the dates such statements were made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

Overview

Chubb Limited is the Swiss-incorporated holding company of the Chubb Group of Companies. Chubb Limited, which is headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, and its direct and indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the Chubb Group of Companies, Chubb, we, us, or our) are a global insurance and reinsurance organization, serving the needs of a diverse group of clients worldwide. At June 30, 2025, we had total assets of $262 billion and total Chubb shareholders’ equity, which excludes noncontrolling interests, of $69 billion. Chubb was incorporated in 1985 at which time it opened its first business office in Bermuda and continues to maintain operations in Bermuda. We operate through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. For more information on our segments refer to “Segment Information” under Item 1 in our 2024 Form 10-K.

52

Consolidated Operating Results – Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30				% Change		June 30				% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2025		2024		Q-25 vs. Q-24		2025		2024		YTD-25 vs. YTD-24
Net premiums written	$	14,196	$	13,360	6.3	%	$	26,842	$	25,581	4.9	%
Net premiums written - constant dollars (1)					7.1	%					6.4	%
Net premiums earned	13,125		12,292		6.8	%	25,125		23,875		5.2	%
Net investment income	1,568		1,468		6.8	%	3,129		2,859		9.4	%
Net realized gains (losses)	160		104		53.3	%	44		3		NM
Market risk benefits gains (losses)	(17)		(29)		(39.9)	%	(109)		(8)		NM
Total revenues	14,836		13,835		7.2	%	28,189		26,729		5.5	%
Losses and loss expenses	6,572		6,431		2.2	%	13,468		12,158		10.8	%
Policy benefits	1,406		1,219		15.5	%	2,633		2,399		9.8	%
Policy acquisition costs	2,415		2,226		8.4	%	4,728		4,433		6.6	%
Administrative expenses	1,125		1,094		2.8	%	2,205		2,164		1.9	%
Interest expense	181		182		(1.3)	%	362		360		0.4	%
Other (income) expense	(655)		(110)		NM		(738)		(301)		146.2	%
Amortization of purchased intangibles	74		80		(6.9)	%	149		160		(6.8)	%
Integration expenses	2		7		(75.9)	%	2		14		(88.6)	%
Total expenses	11,120		11,129		(0.1)	%	22,809		21,387		6.6	%
Income before income tax	3,716		2,706		37.4	%	5,380		5,342		0.7	%
Income tax expense	717		490		46.3	%	1,038		832		24.8	%
Net income	$	2,999	$	2,216	35.4	%	$	4,342	$	4,510	(3.7)	%
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	31		(14)		NM		43		137		(68.2)	%
Net income attributable to Chubb	$	2,968	$	2,230	33.1	%	$	4,299	$	4,373	(1.7)	%

NM - not meaningful

(1)     On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.

Financial Highlights for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025

•Net income attributable to Chubb was $2.97 billion compared with $2.23 billion in the prior year period. Net income in the current year quarter was primarily driven by double-digit growth in both P&C underwriting income and Life segment income and higher income from our private equity investments.

•Consolidated net premiums written were $14.20 billion, up 6.3 percent, or 7.1 percent in constant dollars.

•P&C net premiums written were $12.39 billion, up 5.2 percent, or 5.8 percent in constant dollars, with commercial insurance up 3.6 percent and consumer insurance up 11.9 percent in constant dollars. Overall growth in commercial lines reflects strong new business in casualty lines, continued strong middle market P&C growth, and acceleration of our excess and surplus (E&S) digital business. Consumer insurance growth reflects strong new business and retention, including positive rate and exposure increases in all lines.

•Life Insurance net premiums written were $1.80 billion, up 14.1 percent, or 17.3 percent in constant dollars, due to growth in international life of 17.8 percent in constant dollars, predominantly in Asia, and Combined North America of 18.1 percent in constant dollars, primarily driven by worksite business. Life Insurance segment income was $305 million, up 10.4 percent, or 15.3 percent in constant dollars.

53

•Pre-tax net investment income was $1.57 billion, up 6.8 percent compared to $1.47 billion in the prior year period, primarily due to higher average invested assets.

•Operating cash flow was $3.55 billion.

•On April 1, 2025, Chubb completed the acquisition of Liberty Mutual’s business in Thailand for $321 million.

•Chubb increased its ownership in Huatai Group (Huatai) with the closing of incremental 0.6% and 1.0% ownership interests. Chubb’s aggregate ownership interest in Huatai is now approximately 87.2%.

Net Premiums Written	Three Months Ended June 30						% Change		Six Months Ended June 30						% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2025		2024		Q-25 vs. Q-24		C$ Q-25 vs. Q-24		2025		2024		YTD-25 vs. YTD-24		C$ YTD-25 vs. YTD-24
Property and other short-tail lines	$	2,766	$	2,715	1.9	%	2.2	%	$	5,255	$	5,075	3.5	%	4.6	%
Commercial casualty	2,389		2,155		10.9	%	11.0	%	4,641		4,365		6.3	%	6.9	%
Financial lines	1,278		1,237		3.3	%	3.5	%	2,357		2,345		0.5	%	1.3	%
Workers' compensation	547		559		(2.1)	%	(2.1)	%	1,185		1,188		(0.3)	%	(0.3)	%
Commercial multiple peril (1)	481		428		12.1	%	12.1	%	897		796		12.6	%	12.6	%
Surety	225		200		12.4	%	17.2	%	425		384		10.7	%	15.6	%
Total Commercial P&C lines	7,686		7,294		5.4	%	5.7	%	14,760		14,153		4.3	%	5.1	%
Agriculture	733		758		(3.3)	%	(3.3)	%	1,009		1,007		0.2	%	0.2	%
Personal homeowners	1,466		1,355		8.1	%	8.5	%	2,555		2,420		5.5	%	6.1	%
Personal automobile	756		614		23.3	%	30.8	%	1,412		1,256		12.5	%	20.3	%
Personal other	567		520		9.1	%	8.9	%	1,167		1,085		7.6	%	8.7	%
Total Personal lines	2,789		2,489		12.1	%	13.8	%	5,134		4,761		7.8	%	10.3	%
Global A&H - P&C	806		828		(2.6)	%	(2.2)	%	1,629		1,677		(2.8)	%	(1.1)	%
Reinsurance lines	380		411		(7.6)	%	(7.8)	%	788		770		2.4	%	2.3	%
Total Property and Casualty lines	12,394		11,780		5.2	%	5.8	%	23,320		22,368		4.3	%	5.4	%
Life Insurance	1,802		1,580		14.1	%	17.3	%	3,522		3,213		9.6	%	13.8	%
Total consolidated	$	14,196	$	13,360	6.3	%	7.1	%	$	26,842	$	25,581	4.9	%	6.4	%

(1)Commercial multiple peril represents retail package business (property and general liability).

For additional information on net premiums written, refer to the segment operating results discussions.

54

Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development

We generally define catastrophe loss events consistent with the definition of the Property Claims Service (PCS) for events in the U.S. and Canada. PCS defines a catastrophe as an event that causes damage of $25 million or more in insured losses and affects a significant number of insureds. For events outside of the U.S. and Canada, we generally use a similar definition. Catastrophe losses are net of reinsurance and include reinstatement premiums, which are additional premiums paid on certain reinsurance agreements in order to reinstate coverage that had been exhausted by loss occurrences. The reinstatement premium amount is typically a pro rata portion of the original ceded premium paid based on how much of the reinsurance limit had been exhausted.

Prior period development (PPD) arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from previous accident years. PPD includes adjustments relating to either profit commission reserves or policyholder dividend reserves based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. The expense adjustments correlate to the prior period loss development on these same policies.

Refer to the Non-GAAP Reconciliation section for further information on reinstatement premiums on catastrophe losses and adjustments to prior period development.

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net catastrophe losses	$	630	$	580	$	2,271	$	1,015
Favorable prior period development	$	249	$	192	$	504	$	399

Catastrophe losses through June 30, 2025 and 2024, were primarily from the following events:

•2025: California wildfire losses of $1.47 billion; flooding in the U.S., hail, tornadoes, wind events; global earthquakes, principally in Thailand; and winter storm losses.

◦Total North America P&C Insurance catastrophe losses were $372 million and $1.88 billion for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively.

◦Total Overseas General catastrophe losses were $252 million and $307 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively.

•2024: Severe weather-related events in the U.S. and internationally.

◦Total North America P&C Insurance catastrophe losses were $423 million and $832 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.

◦Total Overseas General catastrophe losses were $157 million and $183 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.

Pre-tax net favorable PPD for the three months ended June 30, 2025, was $319 million in our active companies, including net favorable development of $279 million and $40 million in short-tail lines and long-tail lines, respectively. Net favorable development for short-tail lines primarily includes property, auto physical damage, and marine lines. Net favorable development for long-tail lines primarily relates to the Risk Management business with favorable development primarily in workers' compensation, partially offset by adverse development in general liability in the Risk Management business and adverse development from other commercial auto liability portfolios. Our corporate run-off portfolio had adverse development of $70 million, primarily driven by adverse development for molestation-related claims.

Pre-tax net favorable PPD for the six months ended June 30, 2025, was $587 million in our active companies, including net favorable development of $591 million in short-tail lines and net adverse development of $4 million in long-tail lines. Net favorable development for short-tail lines primarily includes surety, property, and marine lines. Net adverse development for long-tail lines reflects favorable development in workers' compensation and financial lines offset by adverse development in general casualty lines. Our corporate run-off portfolio had adverse development of $83 million, primarily driven by adverse development for molestation-related claims.

Pre-tax net favorable PPD for the three months ended June 30, 2024, was $285 million in our active companies with $101 million in long-tail lines, primarily in workers' compensation lines, partially offset by unfavorable development in commercial

auto liability, and $184 million in short-tail lines, primarily in marine and property lines. Our corporate run-off portfolio had

adverse development of $93 million, which included molestation-related claims development of approximately $60 million.

55

Pre-tax net favorable PPD for the six months ended June 30, 2024, was $501 million in our active companies, principally in short-tail surety and property and marine lines. Our corporate run-off portfolio had adverse development of $102 million, primarily for molestation-related claims development.

Refer to the prior period development discussion in Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

P&C Combined Ratio

In evaluating our segments, excluding Life Insurance financial performance, we use the P&C combined ratio, the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. We calculate these ratios by dividing the respective expense amounts by net premiums earned. We do not calculate these ratios for the Life Insurance segment as we do not use these measures to monitor or manage the business in that segment. The P&C combined ratio is determined by adding the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. A P&C combined ratio under 100 percent indicates underwriting income, and a combined ratio exceeding 100 percent indicates underwriting loss. P&C CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses (CATs) excludes CATs and prior period development (PPD) from the P&C combined ratio.

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Combined ratio:
Loss and loss expense ratio	59.0	%	60.6	%	63.1	%	59.4	%
Policy acquisition cost ratio	18.5	%	18.0	%	18.9	%	18.6	%
Administrative expense ratio	8.1	%	8.2	%	8.4	%	8.4	%
P&C Combined ratio	85.6	%	86.8	%	90.4	%	86.4	%
Catastrophe losses	(5.5)	%	(5.4)	%	(10.5)	%	(4.9)	%
Prior period development	2.2	%	1.8	%	2.4	%	1.9	%
P&C CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses	82.3	%	83.2	%	82.3	%	83.4	%

The P&C combined ratio decreased for the three months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting higher favorable prior period development partially offset by higher catastrophe losses. The P&C combined ratio increased for the six months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting California wildfire losses of $1.47 billion, including the unfavorable impact of $37 million of net ceded reinstatement premiums on the expense ratio (i.e., lower premium resulting in a higher expense ratio). The increase was partially offset by higher favorable prior period development.

The P&C CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting lower losses, and the favorable impact of higher net premiums earned. This was partially offset by an increase in the underlying expense ratio from changes in the mix of business.

Refer to the respective sections that follow for a discussion of Net investment income, Other (income) expense, Net realized gains (losses), Interest expense, Amortization of purchased intangibles, and Income tax expense.

56

Segment Operating Results – Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

We operate through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. For more information on our segments refer to “Segment Information” under Item 1 in our 2024 Form 10-K.

North America Commercial P&C Insurance

The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide P&C insurance and services to large, middle market, and small commercial businesses in the U.S., Canada, and Bermuda. This segment includes our North America Major Accounts and Specialty Insurance division (large corporate accounts and wholesale business), and the North America Commercial Insurance division (principally middle market, and small commercial accounts).

	Three Months Ended									Six Months Ended
	June 30						% Change			June 30						% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2025			2024			Q-25 vs. Q-24			2025			2024			YTD-25 vs. YTD-24
Net premiums written	$	5,723		$	5,501		4.1		%	$	10,510		$	10,190		3.1		%
Net premiums earned	5,177			4,900			5.7		%	10,165			9,780			3.9		%
Losses and loss expenses	3,258			3,074			6.0		%	6,289			6,249			0.6		%
Policy acquisition costs	705			660			6.9		%	1,424			1,348			5.7		%
Administrative expenses	357			327			9.3		%	701			655			7.0		%
Underwriting income	857			839			2.2		%	1,751			1,528			14.6		%
Net investment income	938			863			8.6		%	1,867			1,689			10.5		%
Other (income) expense	8			15			(43.7)		%	16			22			(25.8)		%
Amortization of purchased intangibles	2			—			NM			3			—			NM
Segment income	$	1,785		$	1,687		5.8		%	$	3,599		$	3,195		12.6		%
Combined ratio:
Loss and loss expense ratio	62.9		%	62.7		%	0.2	pts		61.9		%	63.9		%	(2.0)	pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio	13.7		%	13.5		%	0.2	pts		14.0		%	13.8		%	0.2	pts
Administrative expense ratio	6.9		%	6.7		%	0.2	pts		6.9		%	6.7		%	0.2	pts
Combined ratio	83.5		%	82.9		%	0.6	pts		82.8		%	84.4		%	(1.6)	pts
Catastrophe losses	(4.5)		%	(5.2)		%	0.7	pts		(3.8)		%	(5.0)		%	1.2	pts
Prior period development	2.1		%	3.0		%	(0.9)	pts		2.2		%	2.0		%	0.2	pts
CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses	81.1		%	80.7		%	0.4	pts		81.2		%	81.4		%	(0.2)	pts

NM - Not meaningful

The following table provides the net premiums written by Major Accounts & Specialty, comprising large corporate accounts and wholesale business, and Commercial, principally comprising middle market and small commercial accounts.

Production by Size - Net premiums written	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30				% Change		June 30				% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024				2025		2024
Major Accounts & Specialty	$	3,578	$	3,524	1.5	%	$	6,309	$	6,303	0.1	%
Commercial	2,145		1,977		8.5	%	4,201		3,887		8.1	%
Total	$	5,723	$	5,501	4.1	%	$	10,510	$	10,190	3.1	%

57

Net Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net catastrophe losses	$	229	$	252	$	383	$	488
Favorable prior period development	$	106	$	144	$	220	$	192

Catastrophe losses through June 30, 2025 and 2024, were primarily from the following events:

2025: Flooding in the U.S., hail, tornadoes, wind events, and California wildfire losses.

2024: Flooding in the U.S., hail, tornadoes, wind events, and winter storm losses.

Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development.

Premiums

Net premiums written increased $222 million, or 4.1 percent, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, which includes P&C growth of 4.2 percent, and financial lines growth of 3.6 percent. Middle market and small commercial grew 8.5 percent, with P&C lines up 10.2 percent and financial lines up 2.7 percent. Major accounts retail and specialty grew 1.5 percent, with property and other short-tail lines down 4.2 percent, casualty up 12.0 percent, and financial lines up 4.4 percent.

Net premiums written increased $320 million, or 3.1 percent, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, which includes P&C growth of 3.5 percent and financial lines growth of 1.4 percent. Middle market and small commercial grew 8.1 percent, with P&C lines up 10.1 percent and financial lines up 0.7 percent. Major accounts retail and specialty grew 0.1 percent, with property and other short-tail lines down 3.5 percent, casualty up 6.6 percent, and financial lines up 2.3 percent.

The increase in premiums was across a number of lines, most notably in primary and excess casualty and in our small and mid-market commercial E&S, reflecting new business and rate increases, and new business in surety. The increases were partially offset by rate decreases in our Large Risk and E&S brokerage property lines. The six months ended June 30, 2025, also declined from the impact of lower year-over-year large structured transactions.

Net premiums earned increased $277 million, or 5.7 percent, and $385 million, or 3.9 percent, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, reflecting the growth in net premiums written described above.

Combined Ratio

The combined ratio increased for the three months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting lower favorable prior period development, partially offset by lower catastrophe losses. The CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased for the three months ended June 30, 2025, with the underlying loss ratio flat and an increase in the expense ratio primarily reflecting one-off benefits in the prior year and a change in the mix of business.

The combined ratio decreased for the six months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting lower catastrophe losses and higher favorable prior period development. The CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased for the six months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting a higher percentage of net premiums earned from property lines, and earned rate exceeding loss trends in global casualty and property lines.

58

North America Personal P&C Insurance

The North America Personal P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide high net worth personal lines products, including homeowners and complementary products such as valuable articles, excess liability, automobile, and recreational marine insurance and services in the U.S. and Canada.

	Three Months Ended									Six Months Ended
	June 30						% Change			June 30						% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2025			2024			Q-25 vs. Q-24			2025			2024			YTD-25 vs. YTD-24
Net premiums written	$	1,938		$	1,776		9.1		%	$	3,490		$	3,232		8.0		%
Net premiums earned	1,681			1,512			11.1		%	3,255			2,983			9.1		%
Losses and loss expenses	822			876			(6.2)		%	2,915			1,775			64.1		%
Policy acquisition costs	332			299			11.2		%	662			599			10.6		%
Administrative expenses	82			88			(6.6)		%	169			174			(3.0)		%
Underwriting income (loss)	445			249			78.0		%	(491)			435			NM
Net investment income	118			108			9.9		%	238			210			13.4		%
Other (income) expense	—			(2)			NM			1			(1)			NM
Amortization of purchased intangibles	2			2			—			4			4			—
Segment income (loss)	$	561		$	357		57.2		%	$	(258)		$	642		NM
Combined ratio:
Loss and loss expense ratio	48.9		%	57.9		%	(9.0)	pts		89.5		%	59.5		%	30.0	pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio	19.7		%	19.8		%	(0.1)	pts		20.4		%	20.1		%	0.3	pts
Administrative expense ratio	4.9		%	5.8		%	(0.9)	pts		5.2		%	5.8		%	(0.6)	pts
Combined ratio	73.5		%	83.5		%	(10.0)	pts		115.1		%	85.4		%	29.7	pts
Catastrophe losses	(8.5)		%	(9.1)		%	0.6	pts		(45.2)		%	(10.3)		%	(34.9)	pts
Prior period development	7.2		%	4.2		%	3.0	pts		3.7		%	3.9		%	(0.2)	pts
CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses	72.2		%	78.6		%	(6.4)	pts		73.6		%	79.0		%	(5.4)	pts

NM - Not meaningful

Net Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net catastrophe losses	$	142	$	138	$	1,484	$	308
Favorable prior period development	$	121	$	64	$	121	$	116

Catastrophe losses through June 30, 2025 and 2024, were primarily from the following events:

2025: California wildfire losses of $1.29 billion, flooding in the U.S., hail, tornadoes, wind events, and winter storm losses.

2024: Flooding in the U.S., hail, tornadoes, wind events, and winter storm losses.

Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development.

Premiums

Net premiums written increased $162 million, or 9.1 percent, and $258 million, or 8.0 percent, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, driven by strong new business and retention, including positive rate and exposure increases in all lines. The growth in premiums for the six months ended June 30, 2025, was partially offset by $50 million of ceded reinstatement premiums related to the California wildfires.

59

Net premiums earned increased $169 million, or 11.1 percent, and $272 million, or 9.1 percent, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, reflecting the growth in net premiums written described above.

Combined Ratio

The combined ratio decreased for the three months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting higher favorable prior period development and a lower impact from catastrophe losses. The combined ratio increased for the six months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting the California wildfire catastrophe losses, including the unfavorable impact of the ceded reinstatement premiums on the expense ratio, which are fully earned and carry no expenses.

The CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to an improvement in homeowners and auto from earned rate and exposure exceeding loss trends, and a lower administrative expense ratio primarily due to the impact of higher net premiums earned and expense management.

60

North America Agricultural Insurance

The North America Agricultural Insurance segment comprises our North American based businesses that provide a variety of coverages in the U.S. and Canada including crop insurance, primarily Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail through Rain and Hail Insurance Service, Inc. (Rain and Hail), as well as farm and ranch and specialty P&C commercial insurance products and services through our Agriculture P&C business.

	Three Months Ended									Six Months Ended
	June 30						% Change			June 30						% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2025			2024			Q-25 vs. Q-24			2025			2024			YTD-25 vs. YTD-24
Net premiums written	$	733		$	758		(3.3)		%	$	1,009		$	1,007		0.2		%
Net premiums earned	598			626			(4.3)		%	763			754			1.2		%
Losses and loss expenses	483			543			(11.0)		%	575			592			(2.9)		%
Policy acquisition costs	48			45			6.9		%	65			66			(1.9)		%
Administrative expenses	2			3			(22.5)		%	4			5			(7.7)		%
Underwriting income	65			35			85.2		%	119			91			30.9		%
Net investment income	19			21			(6.9)		%	43			42			3.5		%
Other (income) expense	—			—			—			1			—			NM
Amortization of purchased intangibles	6			7			(2.5)		%	12			13			(2.5)		%
Segment income	$	78		$	49		56.5		%	$	149		$	120		24.2		%
Combined ratio:
Loss and loss expense ratio	80.8		%	86.8		%	(6.0)	pts		75.4		%	78.6		%	(3.2)	pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio	7.9		%	7.1		%	0.8	pts		8.5		%	8.7		%	(0.2)	pts
Administrative expense ratio	0.4		%	0.5		%	(0.1)	pts		0.5		%	0.6		%	(0.1)	pts
Combined ratio	89.1		%	94.4		%	(5.3)	pts		84.4		%	87.9		%	(3.5)	pts
Catastrophe losses	(0.3)		%	(5.3)		%	5.0	pts		(2.1)		%	(4.6)		%	2.5	pts
Prior period development	—		%	—		%	—	pts		4.4		%	4.2		%	0.2	pts
CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses	88.8		%	89.1		%	(0.3)	pts		86.7		%	87.5		%	(0.8)	pts

NM - Not meaningful

Net Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net catastrophe losses	$	1	$	33	$	16	$	36
Favorable prior period development	$	—	$	—	$	33	$	28

Catastrophe losses through both June 30, 2025 and 2024 were primarily from flooding in the U.S., hail, tornadoes, wind events, and winter-related storms.

Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development.

Premiums

Net premiums written decreased $25 million, or 3.3 percent, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to lower commodity prices in the current year. Net premiums written for the six months ended June 30, 2025, were relatively flat, reflecting a ceded premium increase of $41 million to the U.S. Government under the profit-sharing formula in the prior year, mostly offset by lower commodity prices in the current year.

61

Net premiums earned decreased $28 million, or 4.3 percent, and increased $9 million, or 1.2 percent, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, reflecting the factors described above.

Combined Ratio

The combined ratio decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting lower catastrophe losses. The combined ratio for the six months ended June 30, 2025, also reflects higher favorable prior period development.

The CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, reflecting earned rate exceeding loss trend in our Agriculture P&C business, and the favorable impact of our crop commodity price hedge activity, which produced a higher loss in the prior year.

Overseas General Insurance

Overseas General Insurance segment comprises Chubb International and Chubb Global Markets (CGM). Chubb International comprises our international commercial P&C traditional and specialty lines serving large corporations, middle market and small customers; A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines business serving local territories outside the U.S., Bermuda, and Canada. CGM, our London-based international commercial P&C excess and surplus lines business, includes Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) Syndicate 2488. Chubb provides funds at Lloyd's to support underwriting by Syndicate 2488 which is managed by Chubb Underwriting Agencies Limited. Effective April 1, 2025, the Overseas General Insurance segment includes the results of Liberty Mutual's P&C insurance business in Thailand.

	Three Months Ended									Six Months Ended
	June 30						% Change			June 30						% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2025			2024			Q-25 vs. Q-24			2025			2024			YTD-25 vs. YTD-24
Net premiums written	$	3,620		$	3,334		8.5		%	$	7,523		$	7,169		4.9		%
Net premiums written - constant dollars							10.2		%							8.2		%
Net premiums earned	3,542			3,347			5.8		%	6,751			6,545			3.1		%
Losses and loss expenses	1,789			1,671			7.1		%	3,186			3,097			2.9		%
Policy benefits	129			92			41.5		%	242			192			26.4		%
Policy acquisition costs	913			842			8.4		%	1,750			1,665			5.1		%
Administrative expenses	369			348			5.8		%	699			679			2.8		%
Underwriting income	342			394			(13.3)		%	874			912			(4.2)		%
Net investment income	278			283			(1.8)		%	559			550			1.5		%
Other (income) expense	5			4			18.2		%	11			9			18.7		%
Amortization of purchased intangibles	19			20			(6.2)		%	38			40			(6.0)		%
Segment income	$	596		$	653		(8.8)		%	$	1,384		$	1,413		(2.1)		%
Segment income - constant dollars							(8.2)		%							(0.1)		%
Combined ratio:
Loss and loss expense ratio	54.2		%	52.7		%	1.5	pts		50.8		%	50.3		%	0.5	pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio	25.7		%	25.1		%	0.6	pts		25.9		%	25.4		%	0.5	pts
Administrative expense ratio	10.4		%	10.4		%	—	pts		10.3		%	10.4		%	(0.1)	pts
Combined ratio	90.3		%	88.2		%	2.1	pts		87.0		%	86.1		%	0.9	pts
Catastrophe losses	(7.1)		%	(4.7)		%	(2.4)	pts		(4.5)		%	(2.8)		%	(1.7)	pts
Prior period development	2.2		%	1.8		%	0.4	pts		3.0		%	2.3		%	0.7	pts
CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses	85.4		%	85.3		%	0.1	pts		85.5		%	85.6		%	(0.1)	pts

62

Net Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net catastrophe losses	$	252	$	157	$	307	$	183
Favorable prior period development	$	77	$	61	$	198	$	150

Catastrophe losses through June 30, 2025 and 2024, were primarily from the following events:

•2025: Global earthquakes, principally in Thailand; storms in Australia; and California wildfire losses.

•2024: Rio Grande storms (Brazil), and International weather-related events.

Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development.

Net Premiums Written by Region	Three Months Ended June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2025		2025  % of Total		2024		2024 % of Total		C$ 2024		Q-25 vs. Q-24		C$ Q-25 vs. Q-24
Region
Europe, Middle East, and Africa	$	1,548	43	%	$	1,409	42	%	$	1,431	9.9	%	8.2	%
Asia	1,316		36	%	1,177		35	%	1,167		11.8	%	12.7	%
Latin America	743		21	%	697		21	%	633		6.6	%	17.3	%
Other (1)	13		—	%	51		2	%	53		(76.0)	%	(76.1)	%
Net premiums written	$	3,620	100	%	$	3,334	100	%	$	3,284	8.5	%	10.2	%

	Six Months Ended June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2025		2025  % of Total		2024		2024 % of Total		C$ 2024		YTD-25 vs. YTD-24		C$ YTD-25 vs. YTD-24
Region
Europe, Middle East, and Africa	$	3,463	46	%	$	3,278	46	%	$	3,247	5.6	%	6.7	%
Asia	2,514		33	%	2,338		33	%	2,297		7.5	%	9.5	%
Latin America	1,479		20	%	1,474		20	%	1,327		0.3	%	11.4	%
Other (1)	67		1	%	79		1	%	79		(16.1)	%	(15.5)	%
Net premiums written	$	7,523	100	%	$	7,169	100	%	$	6,950	4.9	%	8.2	%

(1)    Includes the international supplemental A&H business of Combined Insurance and other international operations.

Premiums

Overall, net premiums written increased $286 million and $354 million, or $336 million and $573 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, reflecting growth in commercial lines of 6.0 percent and 4.7 percent, or 6.8 percent and 7.1 percent on a constant-dollar basis, respectively, and growth in consumer lines of 12.2 percent and 5.2 percent, or 15.3 percent and 10.1 percent on a constant-dollar basis, respectively.

Our European division increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, supported by both our wholesale and retail divisions primarily from growth in commercial property, casualty, and cyber lines due to higher new business.

Asia increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting growth primarily in consumer lines, including personal lines and A&H, and growth in commercial lines due to higher new business. Growth in Asia is also attributable to the acquisition of Liberty Mutual's P&C insurance business in Thailand effective April 1, 2025.

Latin America increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting growth in personal lines business, including automobile in Mexico. Commercial lines increased primarily from new business growth.

63

Net premiums earned increased $195 million and $206 million, or $245 million and $398 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, reflecting the increase in net premiums written described above.

Combined Ratio

The combined ratio increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting higher catastrophe losses, partially offset by higher favorable prior period development. The CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses was relatively flat for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 reflecting loss ratio improvement offset by changes in mix of business, primarily higher consumer lines.

64

Global Reinsurance

The Global Reinsurance segment represents our reinsurance operations comprising Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda, Chubb Tempest Re USA, Chubb Tempest Re International, and Chubb Tempest Re Canada. Global Reinsurance markets its reinsurance products worldwide primarily through reinsurance brokers under the Chubb Tempest Re brand name and provides a broad range of traditional and non-traditional reinsurance coverage to a diverse array of primary P&C companies.

	Three Months Ended									Six Months Ended
	June 30						% Change			June 30						% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2025			2024			Q-25 vs. Q-24			2025			2024			YTD-25 vs. YTD-24
Net premiums written	$	380		$	411		(7.6)		%	$	788		$	770		2.4		%
Net premiums written - constant dollars							(7.8)		%							2.3		%
Net premiums earned	338			339			(0.3)		%	706			634			11.4		%
Losses and loss expenses	132			155			(14.9)		%	374			292			28.3		%
Policy acquisition costs	98			80			21.7		%	198			161			22.4		%
Administrative expenses	10			11			(7.6)		%	20			20			—
Underwriting income	98			93			6.0		%	114			161			(29.0)		%
Net investment income	85			58			46.6		%	155			115			35.2		%
Segment income	$	183		$	151		21.6		%	$	269		$	276		(2.3)		%
Combined ratio:
Loss and loss expense ratio	39.0		%	45.7		%	(6.7)	pts		53.0		%	46.0		%	7.0	pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio	29.1		%	23.8		%	5.3	pts		28.0		%	25.5		%	2.5	pts
Administrative expense ratio	2.9		%	3.2		%	(0.3)	pts		2.8		%	3.1		%	(0.3)	pts
Combined ratio	71.0		%	72.7		%	(1.7)	pts		83.8		%	74.6		%	9.2	pts
Catastrophe losses	(1.8)		%	—		%	(1.8)	pts		(12.0)		%	—		%	(12.0)	pts
Prior period development	4.3		%	4.7		%	(0.4)	pts		2.1		%	2.4		%	(0.3)	pts
CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses	73.5		%	77.4		%	(3.9)	pts		73.9		%	77.0		%	(3.1)	pts

Net Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net catastrophe losses	$	6	$	—	$	81	$	—
Favorable prior period development	$	15	$	16	$	15	$	15

Catastrophe losses through June 30, 2025, were primarily from California wildfire losses in the first quarter.

Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development.

Premiums

Net premiums written decreased $31 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to the impact of a large one-off structured transaction in the prior year. Excluding the effects of this transaction, net premiums written increased due to growth in casualty lines, partially offset by decreases in property, financial, and specialty lines. Net premiums written increased $18 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, due to growth in casualty and property lines and catastrophe reinsurance premiums, partially offset by the impact of the large one-off structured transaction noted above and decreases in financial and specialty lines.

Net premiums earned were relatively flat for the three months ended June 30, 2025, and increased $72 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting the changes in net premiums written described above and the impact of higher new business written in the prior year for which premiums are earned in the current year.

65

Combined Ratio

The combined ratio decreased for the three months ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to the impact of the large one-off structured transaction in the prior year, partially offset by higher catastrophe losses. The combined ratio increased for the six months ended June 30, 2025, primarily reflecting the impact of higher catastrophe losses, partially offset by the impact of the large one-off structured transaction in the prior year.

The CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to the impact of the large one-off structured transaction described above and lower loss expectations in property and casualty lines.

Life Insurance

The Life Insurance segment comprises our international life operations, the life and asset management business of Huatai Group, Chubb Tempest Life Re (Chubb Life Re), and the North American supplemental A&H and life business of Combined Insurance.

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30				% Change		June 30				% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2025		2024		Q-25 vs. Q-24		2025		2024		YTD-25 vs. YTD-24
Net premiums written	$	1,802	$	1,580	14.1	%	$	3,522	$	3,213	9.6	%
Net premiums written - constant dollars					17.3	%					13.8	%
Net premiums earned	1,789		1,568		14.2	%	3,485		3,179		9.6	%
Losses and loss expenses	20		22		(9.1)	%	46		54		(14.8)	%
Policy benefits	1,249		1,031		21.2	%	2,412		2,101		14.8	%
Policy acquisition costs	319		300		5.8	%	629		594		5.8	%
Administrative expenses	199		218		(8.8)	%	401		425		(5.7)	%
Net investment income	274		258		6.3	%	545		488		11.6	%
Other (income) expense	(37)		(32)		16.5	%	(72)		(72)		1.2	%
Amortization of purchased intangibles	8		11		(9.4)	%	18		21		(9.9)	%
Segment income	$	305	$	276	10.4	%	$	596	$	544	9.5	%
Segment income - constant dollars					15.3	%					15.5	%

Premiums

Net premiums written increased $222 million and $309 million, or $266 million and $427 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively.

For our international life operations, net premiums written increased 14.0 percent and 8.6 percent, or 17.8 percent and 13.4 percent on a constant-dollar basis, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. This growth was primarily driven by strong new business in North Asia, notably in Huatai, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Korea.

Net premiums written in our Combined Insurance business increased 17.3 percent for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, or 18.1 percent and 18.4 percent on a constant-dollar basis, respectively, due to 36.7 percent and 35.7 percent growth in worksite business.

66

Deposits

The following table presents deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts:

	Three Months Ended										Six Months Ended
	June 30						% Change				June 30						% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2025		2024		C$ 2024		Q-25 vs. Q-24		C$ Q-25 vs. Q-24		2025		2024		C$ 2024		Y-25 vs. Y-24		C$  Y-25 vs. Y-24
Deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts	$	518	$	547	$	542	(5.4)	%	(4.5)	%	$	1,273	$	1,147	$	1,122	10.9	%	13.3	%

Deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts (life deposits) are not reflected as revenues in our Consolidated statements of operations in accordance with U.S. GAAP. However, new life deposits are an important component of production, as we earn income from both net investment spreads on account balances and fees for management and administrative services. Life deposits collected decreased $29 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, reflecting a shift towards insurance products in Huatai and Taiwan, and increased $126 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, primarily from investment linked products in Taiwan.

Life Insurance segment income

Life Insurance segment income increased $29 million, or 10.4 percent, and $52 million, or 9.5 percent, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. Segment income increased $40 million, or 15.3 percent, and $80 million, or 15.5 percent, on a constant-dollar basis, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. The increase for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, reflected the growth in premiums described above and higher net investment income from asset growth.

Corporate

Corporate results primarily include the results of our non-insurance companies, income and expenses not attributable to reportable segments, loss and loss expenses of asbestos and environmental (A&E) liabilities, certain other non-A&E run-off exposures including molestation, and Huatai Group's non-insurance operations results, comprising real estate and holding company activity.

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30				% Change		June 30				% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2025		2024		Q-25 vs. Q-24		2025		2024		YTD-25 vs. YTD-24
Losses and loss expenses	$	70	$	93	(24.0)	%	$	84	$	103	(18.1)	%
Administrative expenses	106		99		6.5	%	211		206		2.7	%
Underwriting income (loss)	(176)		(192)		(8.5)	%	(295)		(309)		(4.5)	%
Net investment income (loss)	(29)		(32)		(12.3)	%	(56)		(58)		(5.6)	%
Other income (expense)	528		(7)		NM		495		61		NM
Amortization of purchased intangibles	37		40		(9.4)	%	74		82		(9.6)	%
Net realized gains (losses)	122		22		NM		44		(78)		NM
Market risk benefits gains (losses)	(17)		(29)		(39.9)	%	(109)		(8)		NM
Interest expense	181		182		(1.3)	%	362		360		0.4	%
Integration expenses	2		7		(75.9)	%	2		14		(88.6)	%
Income tax expense	717		490		46.3	%	1,038		832		24.8	%
Net loss	$	(509)	$	(957)	(46.9)	%	$	(1,397)	$	(1,680)	(16.8)	%
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	31		(14)		NM		43		137		(68.2)	%
Net loss attributable to Chubb	$	(540)	$	(943)	(42.8)	%	$	(1,440)	$	(1,817)	(20.7)	%

NM - not meaningful

Integration expenses principally comprised legal and professional fees and all other costs primarily related to acquisitions. These expenses are one-time in nature and are not related to the on-going business activities of the segments. The Chief Executive

67

Officer does not manage segment results or allocate resources to segments when considering these costs and they are therefore excluded from our definition of segment income.

Refer to the respective sections that follow for a discussion of Net realized gains (losses), Net investment income (loss), and Income tax expense (benefit). Refer to Notes 11 and 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on Market risk benefits gains (losses) and Other (income) expense, respectively.

Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)

We take a long-term view with our investment strategy, and our investment managers manage our investment portfolio to maximize total return within specific guidelines designed to minimize risk. The majority of our investment portfolio is available-for-sale and reported at fair value.

The effect of market movements on our fixed maturities available-for-sale portfolio impacts Net income (through Net realized gains (losses)) when securities are sold, when we write down an asset, or when we record a change to the valuation allowance for expected credit losses. For a further discussion related to how we assess the valuation allowance for expected credit losses and the related impact on Net income, refer to Note 1 f) to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Form 10-K. The effect of market movements on fixed maturities related to consolidated investment products and investments supporting certain participating products in the Huatai portfolio impact Net realized gains (losses). Additionally, Net income is impacted through the reporting of changes in the fair value of public and private equity securities and derivatives, including financial futures, options, and swaps. Changes in unrealized appreciation and depreciation on available-for-sale securities, resulting from the revaluation of securities held, changes in cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment, changes in current discount rate on future policy benefits, changes in instrument-specific credit risk on market risk benefits, unrealized postretirement benefit obligations liability adjustment, and cross-currency swaps designated as hedges for accounting purposes are reported as separate components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in Shareholders’ equity in the Consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents our net realized and unrealized gains (losses):

	Three Months Ended June 30
					2025						2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Net Realized Gains (Losses)		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Net Impact		Net Realized Gains (Losses)		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Net Impact
Fixed maturities	$	(7)	$	986	$	979	$	26	$	(489)	$	(463)
Investment and embedded derivative instruments	154		—		154		(17)		—		(17)
Public equity
Sales	32		—		32		14		—		14
Mark-to-market	105		—		105		7		—		7
Private equity (less than 3 percent ownership)
Mark-to-market	(28)		—		(28)		49		—		49
Total investment portfolio	256		986		1,242		79		(489)		(410)
Other derivative instruments	(2)		—		(2)		(3)		—		(3)
Foreign exchange	(89)		796		707		27		(530)		(503)
Current discount rate on future policy benefits	—		(130)		(130)		—		53		53
Instrument-specific credit risk on market risk benefits	—		1		1		—		5		5
Other	(5)		(26)		(31)		1		(29)		(28)
Net gains (losses), pre-tax	$	160	$	1,627	$	1,787	$	104	$	(990)	$	(886)

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	Six Months Ended June 30
					2025						2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Net Realized Gains (Losses)		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Net Impact		Net Realized Gains (Losses)		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Net Impact
Fixed maturities	$	(104)	$	1,887	$	1,783	$	75	$	(1,166)	$	(1,091)
Investment and embedded derivative instruments	131		—		131		(60)		—		(60)
Public equity
Sales	20		—		20		11		—		11
Mark-to-market	180		—		180		13		—		13
Private equity (less than 3 percent ownership)
Mark-to-market	(17)		—		(17)		80		—		80
Total investment portfolio	210		1,887		2,097		119		(1,166)		(1,047)
Other derivative instruments	(5)		—		(5)		(5)		—		(5)
Foreign exchange	(154)		1,155		1,001		(104)		(450)		(554)
Current discount rate on future policy benefits	—		(252)		(252)		—		—		—
Instrument-specific credit risk on market risk benefits	—		5		5		—		10		10
Other	(7)		(121)		(128)		(7)		2		(5)
Net gains (losses), pre-tax	$	44	$	2,674	$	2,718	$	3	$	(1,604)	$	(1,601)

Pre-tax net unrealized gains of $986 million and $1,887 million in our investment portfolio for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, were primarily driven by lower interest rates.

Pre-tax net realized gains of $160 million and $44 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, includes mark-to-market gains on equity securities and gains on investment derivatives, partially offset by foreign exchange losses and net realized losses on fixed maturities.

Effective Income Tax Rate

Our effective tax rate (ETR) reflects a mix of income or losses in jurisdictions with a wide range of tax rates, permanent differences between U.S. GAAP and local tax laws, and the impact of discrete items. A change in the geographic mix of earnings could impact our ETR.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, our ETR was 19.3 percent, compared to an ETR of 18.1 percent and 15.6 percent, respectively, in the prior year. The ETR for each period was impacted by our mix of earnings among various jurisdictions and by discrete tax items. The ETR for six months ended June 30, 2024, included an incremental deferred tax benefit of $55 million related to the Bermuda tax law enacted in December 2023.

Non-GAAP Reconciliation

In presenting our results, we included and discussed certain non-GAAP measures. These non-GAAP measures, which may be defined differently by other companies, are important for an understanding of our overall results of operations and financial condition. However, they should not be viewed as a substitute for measures determined in accordance with GAAP.

We provide financial measures, including net premiums written, net premiums earned, segment income, and underwriting income on a constant-dollar basis. We believe it is useful to evaluate the trends in our results exclusive of the effect of fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the currencies in which our international business is transacted, as these exchange rates could fluctuate significantly between periods and distort the analysis of trends. The impact is determined by assuming constant foreign exchange rates between periods by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.

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P&C performance metrics comprise consolidated operating results (including Corporate) and exclude the operating results of the Life Insurance segment. We believe that these measures are useful and meaningful to investors as they are used by management to assess the company’s P&C operations which are the most economically similar. We exclude the Life Insurance segment because the results of this business do not always correlate with the results of our P&C operations.

P&C combined ratio is the sum of the loss and loss expense ratio, policy acquisition cost ratio and the administrative expense ratio excluding the life business and including the realized gains and losses on the crop derivatives. These derivatives were purchased to provide economic benefit, in a manner similar to reinsurance protection, in the event that a significant decline in commodity pricing impacts underwriting results. We view gains and losses on these derivatives as part of the results of our underwriting operations.

CAY P&C combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses (CATs) excludes CATs and prior period development (PPD) from the P&C combined ratio. We exclude CATs as they are not predictable as to timing and amount and PPD as these unexpected loss developments on historical reserves are not indicative of our current underwriting performance. The combined ratio numerator is adjusted to exclude CATs, PPD, and expense adjustments on PPD, and the denominator is adjusted to exclude net premiums earned adjustments on PPD and reinstatement premiums on CATs and PPD. In periods where there are adjustments on loss sensitive policies, these adjustments are excluded from PPD and net premiums earned when calculating the ratios. We believe this measure provides a better evaluation of our underwriting performance and enhances the understanding of the trends in our P&C business that may be obscured by these items. This measure is commonly reported among our peer companies and allows for a better comparison.

Reinstatement premiums are additional premiums paid on certain reinsurance agreements in order to reinstate coverage that had been exhausted by loss occurrences. The reinstatement premium amount is typically a pro rata portion of the original ceded premium paid based on how much of the reinsurance limit had been exhausted.

Net premiums earned adjustments within PPD are adjustments to the initial premium earned on retrospectively rated policies based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. The premium adjustments correlate to the prior period loss development on these same policies and are fully earned in the period the adjustments are recorded.

Prior period expense adjustments typically relate to adjustable commission reserves or policyholder dividend reserves based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. The expense adjustments correlate to the prior period loss development on these same policies.

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The following tables present the calculation of combined ratio, as reported for each segment to P&C combined ratio, adjusted for CATs and PPD:

		North America Commercial P&C Insurance			North America Personal P&C Insurance			North America Agricultural Insurance			Overseas General Insurance			Global Reinsurance			Corporate		Total P&C
Three Months Ended
June 30, 2025
(in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios)
Numerator
Losses and loss expenses/policy benefits	A	$	3,258		$	822		$	483		$	1,918		$	132		$	70	$	6,683
Catastrophe losses and related adjustments
Catastrophe losses, net of related adjustments		(229)			(142)			(1)			(252)			(6)			—		(630)
Reinstatement premiums collected (expensed) on catastrophe losses		—			—			—			(5)			—			—		(5)
Catastrophe losses, gross of related adjustments		(229)			(142)			(1)			(247)			(6)			—		(625)
PPD and related adjustments
PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable)		106			121			—			77			15			(70)		249
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable)		6			—			—			—			—			—		6
Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable)		2			—			—			—			1			—		3
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable)		—			—			—			—			(2)			—		(2)
PPD, gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable)		114			121			—			77			14			(70)		256
CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs	B	$	3,143		$	801		$	482		$	1,748		$	140		$	—	$	6,314
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	C	$	1,062		$	414		$	50		$	1,282		$	108		$	106	$	3,022
Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable)		(2)			—			—			—			(1)			—		(3)
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted	D	$	1,060		$	414		$	50		$	1,282		$	107		$	106	$	3,019
Denominator
Net premiums earned	E	$	5,177		$	1,681		$	598		$	3,542		$	338				$	11,336
Reinstatement premiums (collected) expensed on catastrophe losses		—			—			—			5			—					5
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable)		6			—			—			—			—					6
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable)		—			—			—			—			(2)					(2)
Net premiums earned excluding adjustments	F	$	5,183		$	1,681		$	598		$	3,547		$	336				$	11,345
P&C Combined ratio
Loss and loss expense ratio	A/E	62.9		%	48.9		%	80.8		%	54.2		%	39.0		%			59.0		%
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio	C/E	20.6		%	24.6		%	8.3		%	36.1		%	32.0		%			26.6		%
P&C Combined ratio		83.5		%	73.5		%	89.1		%	90.3		%	71.0		%			85.6		%
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	B/F	60.6		%	47.6		%	80.5		%	49.3		%	41.5		%			55.6		%
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio, adjusted	D/F	20.5		%	24.6		%	8.3		%	36.1		%	32.0		%			26.7		%
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs		81.1		%	72.2		%	88.8		%	85.4		%	73.5		%			82.3		%
Combined ratio
Combined ratio																			85.6		%
Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives																			—
P&C Combined ratio																			85.6		%
Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E, and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above.

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		North America Commercial P&C Insurance			North America Personal P&C Insurance			North America Agricultural Insurance			Overseas General Insurance			Global Reinsurance			Corporate		Total P&C
Three Months Ended
June 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios)
Numerator
Losses and loss expenses/policy benefits	A	$	3,074		$	876		$	543		$	1,763		$	155		$	93	$	6,504
Catastrophe losses and related adjustments
Catastrophe losses, net of related adjustments		(252)			(138)			(33)			(157)			—			—		(580)
Reinstatement premiums collected (expensed) on catastrophe losses		—			—			—			—			—			—		—
Catastrophe losses, gross of related adjustments		(252)			(138)			(33)			(157)			—			—		(580)
PPD and related adjustments
PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable)		144			64			—			61			16			(93)		192
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable)		8			—			—			—			—			—		8
Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable)		(1)			—			—			—			—			—		(1)
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable)		—			—			—			—			1			—		1
PPD, gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable)		151			64			—			61			17			(93)		200
CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs	B	$	2,973		$	802		$	510		$	1,667		$	172		$	—	$	6,124
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	C	$	987		$	387		$	48		$	1,190		$	91		$	99	$	2,802
Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable)		1			—			—			—			—			—		1
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted	D	$	988		$	387		$	48		$	1,190		$	91		$	99	$	2,803
Denominator
Net premiums earned	E	$	4,900		$	1,512		$	626		$	3,347		$	339				$	10,724
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable)		8			—			—			—			—					8
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable)		—			—			—			—			1					1
Net premiums earned excluding adjustments	F	$	4,908		$	1,512		$	626		$	3,347		$	340				$	10,733
P&C Combined ratio
Loss and loss expense ratio	A/E	62.7		%	57.9		%	86.8		%	52.7		%	45.7		%			60.6		%
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio	C/E	20.2		%	25.6		%	7.6		%	35.5		%	27.0		%			26.2		%
P&C Combined ratio		82.9		%	83.5		%	94.4		%	88.2		%	72.7		%			86.8		%
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	B/F	60.6		%	53.0		%	81.5		%	49.8		%	50.4		%			57.1		%
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio, adjusted	D/F	20.1		%	25.6		%	7.6		%	35.5		%	27.0		%			26.1		%
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs		80.7		%	78.6		%	89.1		%	85.3		%	77.4		%			83.2		%
Combined ratio
Combined ratio																			86.8		%
Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives																			—
P&C Combined ratio																			86.8		%
Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E, and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above.

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		North America Commercial P&C Insurance			North America Personal P&C Insurance			North America Agricultural Insurance			Overseas General Insurance			Global Reinsurance			Corporate		Total P&C
Six Months Ended
June 30, 2025
(in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios)
Numerator
Losses and loss expenses/policy benefits	A	$	6,289		$	2,915		$	575		$	3,428		$	374		$	84	13,665
Catastrophe losses and related adjustments
Catastrophe losses, net of related adjustments		(383)			(1,484)			(16)			(307)			(81)			—		(2,271)
Reinstatement premiums collected (expensed) on catastrophe losses		—			(50)			—			(5)			13			—		(42)
Catastrophe losses, gross of related adjustments		(383)			(1,434)			(16)			(302)			(94)			—		(2,229)
PPD and related adjustments
PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable)		220			121			33			198			15			(83)		504
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable)		5			—			—			—			—			—		5
Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable)		—			—			(3)			—			—			—		(3)
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable)		—			—			—			—			(2)			—		(2)
PPD, gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable)		225			121			30			198			13			(83)		504
CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs	B	$	6,131		$	1,602		$	589		$	3,324		$	293		$	1	$	11,940
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	C	$	2,125		$	831		$	69		$	2,449		$	218		$	211	$	5,903
Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable)		—			—			3			—			—			—		3
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted	D	$	2,125		$	831		$	72		$	2,449		$	218		$	211	$	5,906
Denominator
Net premiums earned	E	$	10,165		$	3,255		$	763		$	6,751		$	706				$	21,640
Reinstatement premiums (collected) expensed on catastrophe losses		—			50			—			5			(13)					42
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable)		5			—			—			—			—					5
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable)		—			—			—			—			(2)					(2)
Net premiums earned excluding adjustments	F	$	10,170		$	3,305		$	763		$	6,756		$	691				$	21,685
P&C Combined ratio
Loss and loss expense ratio	A/E	61.9		%	89.5		%	75.4		%	50.8		%	53.0		%			63.1		%
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio	C/E	20.9		%	25.6		%	9.0		%	36.2		%	30.8		%			27.3		%
P&C Combined ratio		82.8		%	115.1		%	84.4		%	87.0		%	83.8		%			90.4		%
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	B/F	60.3		%	48.4		%	77.3		%	49.2		%	42.4		%			55.1		%
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio, adjusted	D/F	20.9		%	25.2		%	9.4		%	36.3		%	31.5		%			27.2		%
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs		81.2		%	73.6		%	86.7		%	85.5		%	73.9		%			82.3		%
Combined ratio
Combined ratio																			90.4		%
Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives																			—
P&C Combined ratio																			90.4		%
Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E, and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above.

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		North America Commercial P&C Insurance			North America Personal P&C Insurance			North America Agricultural Insurance			Overseas General Insurance			Global Reinsurance			Corporate		Total P&C
Six Months Ended
June 30, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios)
Numerator
Losses and loss expenses/policy benefits	A	$	6,249		$	1,775		$	592		$	3,289		$	292		$	103	$	12,300
Catastrophe losses and related adjustments
Catastrophe losses, net of related adjustments		(488)			(308)			(36)			(183)			—			—		(1,015)
Reinstatement premiums collected (expensed) on catastrophe losses		—			—			—			—			—			—		—
Catastrophe losses, gross of related adjustments		(488)			(308)			(36)			(183)			—			—		(1,015)
PPD and related adjustments
PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable)		192			116			28			150			15			(102)		399
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable)		8			—			39			—			—			—		47
Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable)		7			—			3			—			—			—		10
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable)		—			—			—			—			1			—		1
PPD, gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable)		207			116			70			150			16			(102)		457
CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs	B	$	5,968		$	1,583		$	626		$	3,256		$	308		$	1	$	11,742
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	C	$	2,003		$	773		$	71		$	2,344		$	181		$	206	$	5,578
Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable)		(7)			—			(3)			—			—			—		(10)
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted	D	$	1,996		$	773		$	68		$	2,344		$	181		$	206	$	5,568
Denominator
Net premiums earned	E	$	9,780		$	2,983		$	754		$	6,545		$	634				$	20,696
Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable)		8			—			39			—			—					47
PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable)		—			—			—			—			1					1
Net premiums earned excluding adjustments	F	$	9,788		$	2,983		$	793		$	6,545		$	635				$	20,744
P&C Combined ratio
Loss and loss expense ratio	A/E	63.9		%	59.5		%	78.6		%	50.3		%	46.0		%			59.4		%
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio	C/E	20.5		%	25.9		%	9.3		%	35.8		%	28.6		%			27.0		%
P&C Combined ratio		84.4		%	85.4		%	87.9		%	86.1		%	74.6		%			86.4		%
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	B/F	61.0		%	53.1		%	79.0		%	49.7		%	48.3		%			56.6		%
Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio, adjusted	D/F	20.4		%	25.9		%	8.5		%	35.9		%	28.7		%			26.8		%
CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs		81.4		%	79.0		%	87.5		%	85.6		%	77.0		%			83.4		%
Combined ratio
Combined ratio																			86.4		%
Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives																			—
P&C Combined ratio																			86.4		%
Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E, and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above.

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Net Investment Income

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Fixed maturities (1)	$	1,424	$	1,367	$	2,825	$	2,678
Short-term investments	36		41		74		90
Other interest income	8		23		25		38
Equity securities	93		35		186		59
Private equities	35		31		70		47
Other investments	25		22		52		45
Gross investment income (1)	1,621		1,519		3,232		2,957
Investment expenses	(53)		(51)		(103)		(98)
Net investment income (1)	$	1,568	$	1,468	$	3,129	$	2,859
(1) Includes amortization expense related to fair value adjustment of acquired invested assets	$	(4)	$	(4)	$	(6)	$	(9)

Net investment income is influenced by a number of factors including the amounts and timing of inward and outward cash flows, the level of interest rates, and changes in overall asset allocation. Net investment income increased 6.8 percent and 9.4 percent for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, primarily due to higher average invested assets. Income from equity securities increased due to dividends from an investment fund that holds investment grade fixed income securities.

For private equities where we own less than three percent, investment income is included within Net investment income in the table above. For private equities where we own more than three percent, investment income is included within Other (income) expense in the Consolidated statements of operations. Excluded from Net investment income is the mark-to-market movement for private equities, which is recorded within either Other (income) expense or Net realized gains (losses) based on our percentage of ownership. The total mark-to-market movement for private equities excluded from Net investment income was as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Total mark-to-market gain on private equity, pre-tax	$	512	$	53	$	496	$	187

Investments

Our investment portfolio is invested primarily in publicly traded, investment grade, fixed income securities with an average credit quality of A/A as rated by the independent investment rating services Standard and Poor’s (S&P)/Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s) at June 30, 2025. The portfolio is primarily managed externally by independent, professional investment managers and is broadly diversified across geographies, sectors, and issuers. We hold no collateralized debt obligations in our investment portfolio, and we provide no credit default protection. We have long-standing global credit limits for our entire portfolio across the organization. Exposures are aggregated, monitored, and actively managed by our Global Credit Committee, comprising senior executives, including our Chief Financial Officer, our Chief Risk Officer, our Chief Investment Officer, and our Treasurer. We also have well-established, strict contractual investment rules requiring managers to maintain highly diversified exposures to individual issuers and closely monitor investment manager compliance with portfolio guidelines.

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The following table shows the fair value and cost/amortized cost, net of valuation allowance, of our invested assets:

	June 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Fair Value		Cost/ Amortized Cost, Net		Fair Value		Cost/ Amortized Cost, Net
Short-term investments	$	4,508	$	4,508	$	5,142	$	5,143
Other investments - Fixed maturities	6,441		6,441		6,265		6,265
Fixed maturities available-for-sale	116,119		118,876		110,363		115,013
Fixed income securities	127,068		129,825		121,770		126,421
Equity securities	9,913		9,913		9,151		9,151
Private debt held-for-investment	2,472		2,429		2,680		2,628
Private equities and other	18,904		18,904		17,101		17,101
Total investments	$	158,357	$	161,071	$	150,702	$	155,301

The fair value of our total investments increased $7.7 billion during the six months ended June 30, 2025, mainly due to the investing of operating cash flow and gains in fixed maturities available-for-sale. The valuation of our fixed income portfolio is impacted by changes in interest rates.

The following tables present the fair value of our fixed income securities at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. The first table lists investments according to type and second according to S&P credit rating:

	June 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	Fair Value		% of Total		Fair Value		% of Total
U.S. and local government securities	$	4,033	3	%	$	4,070	3	%
Corporate and asset-backed securities	45,126		36	%	43,207		36	%
Mortgage-backed securities	28,497		22	%	27,248		22	%
Non-U.S.	44,904		35	%	42,103		35	%
Short-term investments	4,508		4	%	5,142		4	%
Total (1)	$	127,068	100	%	$	121,770	100	%
AAA	$	13,450	11	%	$	13,933	11	%
AA	38,363		30	%	37,640		30	%
A	31,633		25	%	28,882		24	%
BBB	22,452		18	%	21,610		18	%
BB	11,644		9	%	10,789		9	%
B	9,114		7	%	8,279		7	%
Other	412		—	%	637		1	%
Total (1)	$	127,068	100	%	$	121,770	100	%

(1) Includes fixed maturities recorded in Other investments in the Consolidated balance sheets of $6.4 billion and $6.3 billion at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.

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Corporate and asset-backed securities

The following table presents our 10 largest global exposures to corporate bonds by fair value at June 30, 2025: 

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Fair Value
Bank of America Corp	$	809
Morgan Stanley	763
JPMorgan Chase & Co	713
Goldman Sachs Group Inc	562
Wells Fargo & Co	555
Citigroup Inc	512
AT&T Inc	411
Verizon Communications Inc	406
UBS Group AG	404
HSBC Holdings Plc	360

Mortgage-backed securities

The following table shows the fair value and amortized cost, net of valuation allowance, of our mortgage-backed securities:

	S&P Credit Rating										Fair  Value		Amortized Cost, Net
June 30, 2025 (in millions of U.S. dollars)	AAA		AA		A		BBB		BB and below		Total		Total
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS)	$	4	$	24,702	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	24,706	$	25,981
Non-agency RMBS	2,103		188		184		76		2		2,553		2,591
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	998		123		101		14		2		1,238		1,282
Total mortgage-backed securities	$	3,105	$	25,013	$	285	$	90	$	4	$	28,497	$	29,854

Non-U.S.

Chubb’s local currency investment portfolios have strict contractual investment guidelines requiring managers to maintain a high quality and diversified portfolio to both sector and individual issuers. Investment portfolios are monitored daily to ensure investment manager compliance with portfolio guidelines.

Our non-U.S. investment grade fixed income portfolios are currency-matched with the insurance liabilities of our non-U.S. operations. The average credit quality of our non-U.S. fixed income securities is A/A and 42 percent of our holdings are rated AAA or guaranteed by governments or quasi-government agencies. Within the context of these investment portfolios, our government and corporate bond holdings are highly diversified across industries and geographies. Issuer limits are based on credit rating (AA—two percent, A—one percent, BBB—0.5 percent of the total portfolio) and are monitored daily via an internal compliance system. We manage our indirect exposure using the same credit rating-based investment approach. Accordingly, we do not believe our indirect exposure is material.

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The following table summarizes the fair value and amortized cost, net of valuation allowance, of our non-U.S. fixed income portfolio by country/sovereign for non-U.S. government securities at June 30, 2025:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost, Net
People's Republic of China	$	2,111	$	2,050
Republic of Korea	2,010		1,869
Kingdom of Thailand	1,005		875
Canada	936		954
United Mexican States	765		772
Taiwan	760		749
Federative Republic of Brazil	603		619
Province of Ontario	564		569
Commonwealth of Australia	552		615
Province of Hunan China	481		454
Other Non-U.S. Government Securities	8,065		8,133
Total	$	17,852	$	17,659

The following table summarizes the fair value and amortized cost, net of valuation allowance, of our non-U.S. fixed income portfolio by country/sovereign for non-U.S. corporate securities at June 30, 2025:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost, Net
China	$	6,791	$	6,766
United Kingdom	2,562		2,621
Canada	2,545		2,543
United States (1)	1,668		1,686
France	1,643		1,643
South Korea	1,594		1,507
Australia	1,196		1,216
Japan	785		798
Germany	677		693
Chile	541		561
Other Non-U.S. Corporate Securities	7,050		7,139
Total	$	27,052	$	27,173

(1)     The countries that are listed in the non-U.S. corporate fixed income portfolio above represent the ultimate parent company's country of risk. Non-U.S. corporate securities could be issued by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. corporations.

Below-investment grade corporate fixed income portfolio

Below-investment grade securities have different characteristics than investment grade corporate debt securities. Risk of loss from default by the borrower is greater with below-investment grade securities. Below-investment grade securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to other creditors of the issuer. Also, issuers of below-investment grade securities usually have higher levels of debt and are more sensitive to adverse economic conditions, such as recession or increasing interest rates, than investment grade issuers. At June 30, 2025, our corporate fixed income investment portfolio included below-investment grade and non-rated securities which, in total, comprised approximately 15 percent of our fixed income portfolio. Our below-investment grade and non-rated portfolio includes over 1,600 issuers, with the greatest single exposure being $196 million.

We manage high-yield bonds as a distinct and separate asset class from investment grade bonds. The allocation to high-yield bonds is explicitly set by internal management and is targeted to securities in the upper tier of credit quality (BB/B). Our minimum rating for initial purchase is BB/B. Fifteen external investment managers are responsible for high-yield security selection and portfolio construction. Our high-yield managers have a conservative approach to credit selection and very low historical default experience. Holdings are highly diversified across industries and generally subject to a 1.5 percent issuer limit

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as a percentage of high-yield allocation. We monitor position limits daily through an internal compliance system. Derivative and structured securities (e.g., credit default swaps and collateralized debt obligations) are not permitted in the high-yield portfolio.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Refer to Item 7 in our 2024 Form 10-K for a description of our critical accounting estimates. Except as shown in the table below, there have been no material changes to our critical accounting estimates since December 31, 2024.

Unpaid losses and loss expenses

As an insurance and reinsurance company, we are required by applicable laws and regulations and U.S. GAAP to establish loss and loss expense reserves for the estimated unpaid portion of the ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses under the terms of our policies and agreements with our insured and reinsured customers. With the exception of certain structured settlements, for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable, and certain reserves for unsettled claims, our loss reserves are not discounted for the time value of money.

The following table presents a roll-forward of our unpaid losses and loss expenses:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Gross Losses		Reinsurance Recoverable (1)		Net Losses
Balance at December 31, 2024	$	84,004	$	17,734	$	66,270
Losses and loss expenses incurred	16,315		2,847		13,468
Losses and loss expenses paid	(15,086)		(3,144)		(11,942)
Other (including foreign exchange translation)	1,143		254		889
Balance at June 30, 2025	$	86,376	$	17,691	$	68,685

(1)Net of valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance.

The estimate of the liabilities includes provisions for claims that have been reported but are unpaid at the balance sheet date (case reserves) and for obligations on claims that have been incurred but not reported (IBNR) at the balance sheet date. IBNR may also include provisions to account for the possibility that reported claims may settle for amounts that differ from the established case reserves. Loss reserves also include an estimate of expenses associated with processing and settling unpaid claims (loss expenses).

Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion on the changes in the loss reserves.

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Catastrophe Management

We actively monitor and manage our catastrophe risk accumulation around the world from natural perils, which includes setting risk limits based on probable maximum loss (PML) and purchasing catastrophe reinsurance to ensure sufficient liquidity and capital to meet the expectations of regulators, rating agencies, and policyholders, and to provide shareholders with an appropriate risk-adjusted return. Chubb uses internal and external data together with sophisticated, analytical catastrophe loss and risk modeling techniques to ensure an appropriate understanding of risk, including diversification and correlation effects, across different product lines and territories. The table below presents our modeled pre-tax estimates of natural catastrophe PML, net of reinsurance, at June 30, 2025, and does not represent our expected catastrophe losses for any one year.

	Modeled Net Probable Maximum Loss (PML) Pre-tax
	Worldwide (1)				U.S. Hurricane (2)				California Earthquake (3)
	Annual Aggregate				Annual Aggregate				Single Occurrence
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	Chubb		% of Total Chubb Shareholders’ Equity		Chubb		% of Total Chubb Shareholders’ Equity		Chubb		% of Total Chubb Shareholders’ Equity
1-in-10	$	2,934	4.2	%	$	1,676	2.4	%	$	164	0.2	%
1-in-100	$	5,678	8.2	%	$	3,946	5.7	%	$	1,879	2.7	%
1-in-250	$	8,925	12.9	%	$	6,432	9.3	%	$	2,196	3.2	%

(1)    Worldwide aggregate includes modeled losses arising from tropical cyclones, convective storms, earthquakes, wildfires, and inland floods, and excludes "non-modeled" perils such as man-made and other catastrophe risks including pandemic.

(2)    U.S. hurricane modeled losses include losses from wind, storm-surge, and related precipitation-induced flooding.

(3)    California earthquake modeled losses include the fire-following sub-peril.

The PML for worldwide and key U.S. peril regions are based on our in-force portfolio at April 1, 2025, and reflect the April 1, 2025, reinsurance program, as well as inuring reinsurance protection coverage. Refer to the Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance section for more information. These estimates assume that reinsurance recoverable is fully collectible.

According to the model, for the 1-in-100 return period scenario, there is a one percent chance that our pre-tax annual aggregate losses incurred in any year from U.S. hurricane events could be in excess of $3,946 million (or 5.7 percent of total Chubb shareholders’ equity at June 30, 2025).

The above estimates of Chubb’s loss profile are inherently uncertain for many reasons, including the following:

•While the use of third-party modeling packages to simulate potential catastrophe losses is prevalent within the insurance industry, the models are reliant upon significant meteorology, seismology, and engineering assumptions to estimate catastrophe losses. In particular, modeled catastrophe events are not always a representation of actual events and ensuing additional loss potential;

•There is no universal standard in the preparation of insured data for use in the models, the running of the modeling software, and interpretation of loss output. These loss estimates do not represent our potential maximum exposures and it is highly likely that our actual incurred losses would vary materially from the modeled estimates;

•The potential effects of climate change add to modeling complexity; and

•Changing climate conditions could impact our exposure to natural catastrophe risks. Published studies by leading government, academic, and professional organizations combined with extensive research by Chubb climate scientists reveal the potential for increases in the frequency and severity of key natural perils such as tropical cyclones, inland flood, and wildfire. To understand the potential impacts on the Chubb portfolio, we have conducted stress tests on our peak exposure zone, namely in the U.S., using parameters outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Climate Change 2021 report. These parameters consider the impacts of climate change and the resulting climate peril impacts over a timescale relevant to our business. The tests are conducted by adjusting our baseline view of risk for the perils of hurricane, inland flood, and wildfire in the U.S. to reflect increases in frequency and severity across the modeled domains for each of these perils. Based on these tests against the Chubb portfolio we do not expect material impacts to our baseline PMLs from climate change through December 31, 2025. These tests reflect current exposures only and exclude potentially mitigating factors such as changes to building codes, public or private risk mitigation, regulation, and public policy.

Refer to Item 7 in our 2024 Form 10-K for more information on man-made and other catastrophes.

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Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program

Chubb’s core property catastrophe reinsurance program provides protection against natural catastrophes impacting its primary property operations (i.e., excluding our Global Reinsurance and Life Insurance segments).

We regularly review our reinsurance protection and corresponding property catastrophe exposures. This may or may not lead to the purchase of additional reinsurance prior to a program’s renewal date. In addition, prior to each renewal date, we consider how much, if any, coverage we intend to buy and we may make material changes to the current structure in light of various factors, including modeled PML assessment at various return periods, reinsurance pricing, our risk tolerance and exposures, and various other structuring considerations.

Chubb renewed its Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program for our North American and International operations effective April 1, 2025, through March 31, 2026. The program consists of three layers in excess of losses retained by Chubb on a per occurrence basis. Chubb renewed its terrorism coverage (excluding nuclear, biological, chemical and radiation coverage, with an inclusion of coverage for biological and chemical coverage for personal lines) for the United States from April 1, 2025, through March 31, 2026, with the same limits, retention, and percentage placed except that the terrorism coverage is on an aggregate basis above our retentions without a reinstatement.

Loss Location	Layer of Loss	Comments	Notes
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii)	$0 million – $1.75 billion	Losses retained by Chubb	(a)
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii)	$1.75 billion – $2.85 billion	All natural perils and terrorism	(b)
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii)	$2.85 billion – $4.0 billion	All natural perils and terrorism	(c)
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii)	$4.0 billion – $5.7 billion	Named windstorm and earthquake
International (including Alaska and Hawaii)	$0 million – $225 million	Losses retained by Chubb	(a)
International (including Alaska and Hawaii)	$225 million – $1.325 billion	All natural perils and terrorism	(b)
Alaska, Hawaii, and Canada	$1.325 billion – $2.475 billion	All natural perils and terrorism	(c)

(a)    Ultimate retention will depend upon the nature of the loss and the interplay between the underlying per risk programs and certain other catastrophe programs purchased by individual business units. These other catastrophe programs have the potential to reduce our effective retention below the stated levels.

(b)    These coverages are both part of the same First layer within the Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program and are fully placed with Reinsurers.

(c)    These coverages are both part of the same Second layer within the Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program and are fully placed with Reinsurers.

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Capital Resources

Capital resources consist of funds deployed or available to be deployed to support our business operations.

	June 30			December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for ratios)	2025			2024
Short-term debt	$	1,499		$	800
Long-term debt	13,477			14,379
Total financial debt	14,976			15,179
Trust preferred securities	309			309
Subordinated debt (1)	111			110
Total hybrid debt	420			419
Total Chubb shareholders’ equity	69,395			64,021
Total capitalization	$	84,791		$	79,619
Ratio of financial debt to total capitalization (2)	17.7		%	19.1		%
Ratio of financial debt and hybrid debt to total capitalization (2)	18.2		%	19.6		%

(1) Capital Supplementary Bonds issued by Huatai Life.
(2) For purposes of calculating leverage ratios, Huatai debt is based on Chubb's share (excluding noncontrolling interest).

Repurchase agreements are excluded from the table above and are disclosed separately from short-term debt in the Consolidated balance sheets. The repurchase agreements are collateralized borrowings where we maintain the right and ability to redeem the collateral on short notice, unlike short-term debt which comprises the current maturities of our long-term debt instruments.

Chubb INA Holdings LLC (Chubb INA)'s $800 million of 3.15 percent senior notes due March 2025 were paid upon maturity. In April 2025, Chubb INA entered into a 1.8 billion Chinese yuan renminbi term loan (approximately $249 million based on the foreign exchange rate at the date of issuance) at 2.85 percent, due April 10, 2028. Refer to Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, we repurchased $1.1 billion of Common Shares in a series of open market transactions under the Board of Directors (Board) share repurchase authorization. At June 30, 2025, there were 13,446,633 Common Shares in treasury with a weighted-average cost of $183.08 per share. In May 2025, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $5.0 billion of Chubb's Common Shares effective July 1, 2025 with no expiration date. The company's existing share repurchase program remained effective through June 30, 2025.

We generally maintain the ability to issue certain classes of debt and equity securities via a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) shelf registration statement which is renewed every three years. This allows us capital market access for refinancing as well as for unforeseen or opportunistic capital needs.

Dividends

We have paid dividends each quarter since we became a public company in 1993. Under Swiss law, dividends must be stated in Swiss francs though dividend payments are made by Chubb in U.S. dollars. Refer to Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our dividend methodology.

At our May 2025 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $3.88 per share, or CHF 3.24 per share, calculated using the USD/CHF exchange rate as published in the Wall Street Journal on May 15, 2025, expected to be paid in four quarterly installments of $0.97 per share after the general meeting by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. The Board determines the record and payment dates at which the annual dividend may be paid until the date of the 2026 annual general meeting and is authorized to abstain from distributing a dividend at its discretion. The annual dividend approved in May 2025 represented a $0.24 per share increase ($0.06 per quarter) over the prior year dividend.

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The following table represents dividends paid per Common Share to shareholders of record on each of the following dates: 

Shareholders of record as of:	Dividends paid as of:
December 13, 2024	January 3, 2025	$0.91 (CHF 0.80)
March 14, 2025	April 4, 2025	$0.91 (CHF 0.81)
June 13, 2025	July 3, 2025	$0.97 (CHF 0.81)

Liquidity

We anticipate that positive cash flows from operations (underwriting activities and investment income) should be sufficient to cover cash outflows under most loss scenarios for the near term. In addition to cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements, we have agreements with a third-party bank provider which implemented two international multi-currency notional cash pooling programs to enhance cash management efficiency during periods of short-term timing mismatches between expected inflows and outflows of cash by currency. The programs allow us to optimize investment income by avoiding portfolio disruption. Should the need arise, we generally have access to the long-term capital markets, credit facilities, and commercial paper.

Our group syndicated credit facility has capacity of $3.0 billion and expires in October 2027. Our total letter of credit capacity is $4.1 billion, $3.0 billion of which can be used for revolving credit. At June 30, 2025, our usage under these facilities was $931 million in letters of credit. Our access to credit under these facilities is dependent on the ability of the bank counterparties to meet their funding commitments. The facilities require that we maintain certain financial covenants, all of which we met at June 30, 2025. Should the existing credit providers on these facilities experience financial difficulty, we may be required to replace credit sources, possibly in a difficult market. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or sources of credit on favorable terms, on a timely basis, or at all, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected. To date, we have not experienced difficulty accessing our credit facility or establishing additional facilities when needed.

We have the ability to borrow a total of $2.0 billion in commercial paper, supported by the $3.0 billion group syndicated credit facility. At June 30, 2025, there were no commercial paper borrowings outstanding.

The payment of dividends or other statutorily permissible distributions from our operating companies are subject to the laws and regulations applicable to each jurisdiction, as well as the need to maintain capital levels adequate to support the insurance and reinsurance operations, including financial strength ratings issued by independent rating agencies. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, we were able to meet all our obligations, including the payments of dividends on our Common Shares, with our net cash flows.

We assess which subsidiaries to draw dividends from based on a number of factors. Considerations such as regulatory and legal restrictions as well as the subsidiary’s financial condition are paramount to the dividend decision. Chubb Limited received dividends of $510 million and $700 million from its Bermuda subsidiaries during the six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively. Chubb Limited received dividends of $207 million and $91 million from its other international subsidiaries during the six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, Chubb Limited received $625 million from Chubb INA for the redemption of a portion of its ownership interest in Chubb INA, in accordance with the plan of liquidation and conversion of Chubb INA to a limited liability company. Chubb INA is expected to fully redeem, by the end of 2027, Chubb Limited's 20 percent ownership interest in Chubb INA. Additionally, during July 2025, Chubb Limited received $625 million from Chubb INA for the redemption of a portion of its ownership interest.

The U.S. insurance subsidiaries of Chubb INA may pay dividends, without prior regulatory approval, subject to restrictions set out in state law of the subsidiary’s domicile (or, if applicable, commercial domicile). Chubb INA’s international subsidiaries are also subject to insurance laws and regulations particular to the countries in which the subsidiaries operate. These laws and regulations sometimes include restrictions that limit the amount of dividends payable without prior approval of regulatory insurance authorities. Chubb Limited received no dividends from Chubb INA during the six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024. Debt issued by Chubb INA is serviced by statutorily permissible distributions by Chubb INA’s insurance subsidiaries to Chubb INA as well as other group resources. Chubb INA received dividends of $1.3 billion and $1.7 billion from its subsidiaries during the six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

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Cash Flows

Our sources of liquidity include cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements. The following is a discussion of our cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

Operating cash flows were $5.1 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $7.3 billion in the prior year period, primarily due to higher net losses paid and income taxes paid, partially offset by higher net investment income.

Cash used for investing was $3.6 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $6.1 billion in the prior year period, a decrease of $2.5 billion, which primarily included lower net purchases of fixed maturities and equity securities of $1.5 billion. Additionally, the current year period included net sales of short-term investments of $764 million compared to net purchase of short-term investments of $190 million in the prior year period. This activity was partially offset by higher private equity contributions.

Cash used for financing was $1.9 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $1.2 billion in the prior year period, an additional use of cash of $703 million. This was primarily due to repayments of long-term debt, net of issuance of $551 million compared with the issuance of long-term debt, net of repayments of $296 million in the prior year, and additional common shares repurchased of $381 million. This activity was partially offset by higher third-party capital invested into consolidated investment products of $606 million.

We use repurchase agreements as a low-cost alternative source of liquidity within our operating subsidiaries. At June 30, 2025, there were $3.1 billion in repurchase agreements outstanding with various maturities over the next eleven months.

Both internal and external forces influence our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Claim settlements, premium levels, and investment returns may be impacted by changing rates of inflation and other economic conditions. In many cases, significant periods of time, ranging up to several years or more, may lapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to us, and the settlement of the liability for that loss.

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Information provided in connection with outstanding debt of subsidiaries

Chubb INA Holdings LLC (Subsidiary Issuer) is an indirect 100 percent-owned and consolidated subsidiary of Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor). The Parent Guarantor fully and unconditionally guarantees certain of the debt of the Subsidiary Issuer.

The following table presents the condensed balance sheets of Chubb Limited and Chubb INA Holdings LLC, after elimination of investment in any non-guarantor subsidiary:

	Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor)				Chubb INA Holdings LLC (Subsidiary Issuer)
	June 30		December 31		June 30		December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Assets
Investments	$	—	$	—	$	101	$	436
Cash	147		383		1,136		1,002
Due from parent guarantor/subsidiary issuer	204		396		—		—
Due from subsidiaries that are not issuers or guarantors	472		464		567		592
Other assets	17		13		3,258		3,062
Total assets	$	840	$	1,256	$	5,062	$	5,092
Liabilities
Due to parent guarantor/subsidiary issuer	$	—	$	—	$	204	$	396
Due to subsidiaries that are not issuers or guarantors	275		231		154		105
Affiliated notional cash pooling programs	661		277		—		—
Short-term debt	—		—		1,499		800
Long-term debt	—		—		13,477		14,379
Hybrid debt	—		—		309		309
Other liabilities	490		868		1,667		1,577
Total liabilities	1,426		1,376		17,310		17,566
Total equity	(586)		(120)		(12,248)		(12,474)
Total liabilities and equity	$	840	$	1,256	$	5,062	$	5,092

The following table presents the condensed statements of operations and comprehensive loss of Chubb Limited and Chubb INA Holdings LLC, excluding equity in earnings from non-guarantor subsidiaries:

Six Months Ended June 30, 2025	Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor)		Chubb INA Holdings LLC (Subsidiary Issuer)
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net investment income (expense)	$	(6)	$	20
Net realized gains (losses)	7		(104)
Administrative expenses	55		(25)
Interest (income) expense	(13)		256
Other (income) expense	(18)		8
Income tax expense (benefit)	11		(61)
Net loss	$	(34)	$	(262)
Comprehensive loss	$	(34)	$	(503)

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ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Foreign currency management

As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives. We occasionally engage in hedging activity for planned cross border transactions. For an estimated impact of foreign currency movement on our net assets denominated in non-U.S. currencies, refer to Item 7A in our 2024 Form 10-K. This information will be updated and disclosed in interim filings if our net assets in non-U.S. currencies change materially from the December 31, 2024, balances disclosed in the 2024 Form 10-K.

Reinsurance of market risk benefits

Chubb views its MRB reinsurance business as having a similar risk profile to that of catastrophe reinsurance, with the probability of long-term economic loss relatively small at the time of pricing. Adverse changes in market factors and policyholder behavior will have an impact on both MRB gains (losses) and net income. When evaluating these risks, we expect to be compensated for taking both the risk of a cumulative long-term economic net loss, as well as the short-term accounting variations caused by these market movements. Therefore, we evaluate this business in terms of its long-term economic risk and reward.

The tables below are estimates of the sensitivities to instantaneous changes in economic inputs (e.g., equity shock, interest rate shock etc.) at June 30, 2025, for both the fair value of the MRB liability (FVL) and the fair value of specific derivative instruments held (hedge value) to partially offset the risk in the MRB reinsurance portfolio. The following assumptions should be considered when using the below tables:

•Equity shocks impact all global equity markets equally

•Our liabilities are sensitive to global equity markets in the following proportions: 80 percent—90 percent U.S. equity, and 10 percent—20 percent international equity.

•Our current hedge portfolio is sensitive only to U.S. equity markets.

•We would suggest using the S&P 500 index as a proxy for U.S. equity, and the MSCI EAFE index as a proxy for international equity.

•Interest rate shocks assume a parallel shift in the U.S. yield curve

•Our liabilities are also sensitive to global interest rates at various points on the yield curve, mainly the U.S. Treasury curve in the following proportions: up to 15 percent short-term rates (maturing in less than 5 years), 10 percent—30 percent medium-term rates (maturing between 5 years and 10 years, inclusive), and 65 percent—85 percent long-term rates (maturing beyond 10 years).

•A change in AA-rated credit spreads impacts the rate used to discount cash flows in the fair value model. AA-rated credit spreads are a proxy for both our own credit spreads and the credit spreads of the ceding insurers.

•The hedge sensitivity is from June 30, 2025, market levels and only applicable to the equity and interest rate sensitivities table below.

•The sensitivities do not scale linearly and may be proportionally greater for larger movements in the market factors. Actual sensitivity of our net income may differ from those disclosed in the tables below due to fluctuations in short-term market movements.

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Sensitivities to equity and interest rate movements
(in millions of U.S. dollars)		Worldwide Equity Shock
Interest Rate Shock		+10%		Flat		-10%		-20%		-30%		-40%
+100 bps	(Increase)/decrease in FVL	$	233	$	156	$	60	$	(58)	$	(208)	$	(406)
	Increase/(decrease) in hedge value	(102)		—		102		203		305		406
	Increase/(decrease) in net income	$	131	$	156	$	162	$	145	$	97	$	—
Flat	(Increase)/decrease in FVL	$	95	$	—	$	(112)	$	(249)	$	(425)	$	(648)
	Increase/(decrease) in hedge value	(102)		—		102		203		305		406
	Increase/(decrease) in net income	$	(7)	$	—	$	(10)	$	(46)	$	(120)	$	(242)
-100 bps	(Increase)/decrease in FVL	$	(77)	$	(188)	$	(317)	$	(475)	$	(677)	$	(923)
	Increase/(decrease) in hedge value	(102)		—		102		203		305		406
	Increase/(decrease) in net income	$	(179)	$	(188)	$	(215)	$	(272)	$	(372)	$	(517)
Sensitivities to Other Economic Variables		AA-rated Credit Spreads				Interest Rate Volatility				Equity Volatility
(in millions of U.S. dollars)		+100 bps		-100 bps		+2%		-2%		+2%		-2%
(Increase)/decrease in FVL		$	40	$	(45)	$	(1)	$	—	$	(15)	$	14
Increase/(decrease) in net income		$	40	$	(45)	$	(1)	$	—	$	(15)	$	14

Market Risk Benefits Net Amount at Risk

All our MRB reinsurance treaties include annual or aggregate claim limits and many include an aggregate deductible which limit the net amount at risk under these programs. The tables below present the net amount at risk at June 30, 2025, following an immediate change in equity market levels, assuming all global equity markets are impacted equally.

a) Reinsurance covering the GMDB risk only

	Equity Shock
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	+20		%	Flat		-20		%	-40		%	-60		%	-80		%
GMDB net amount at risk	$	201		$	196	$	337		$	596		$	604		$	489
Claims at 100% immediate mortality	127			127		144			135			124			111

The treaty limits function as a ceiling as equity markets fall. As the shocks in the table above become incrementally more negative, the impacts begin to drop due to the specific nature of these claim limits, many of which are annual claim limits calculated as a percentage of the reinsured account value. There is also an impact due to a portion of the book under which claims are positively correlated to equity markets (claims decrease as equity markets fall).

b) Reinsurance covering the GLB risk only

	Equity Shock
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	+20		%	Flat		-20		%	-40		%	-60		%	-80		%
GLB net amount at risk	$	701		$	909	$	1,229		$	1,668		$	1,921		$	2,161

Beyond a certain point, the treaty limits cause the net amount at risk to increase at a declining rate as equity markets fall.

c) Reinsurance covering both the GMDB and GLB risks on the same underlying policyholders

	Equity Shock
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	+20		%	Flat		-20		%	-40		%	-60		%	-80		%
GMDB net amount at risk	$	32		$	38	$	46		$	56		$	64		$	70
GLB net amount at risk	274			336		420			526			631			669
Claims at 100% immediate mortality	24			24		24			24			24			24

Beyond a certain point, the treaty limits cause the net amount at risk to increase at a declining rate as equity markets fall.

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ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

Chubb’s management, with the participation of Chubb’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of Chubb’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as of June 30, 2025. Based upon that evaluation, Chubb’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that Chubb’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in allowing information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to be recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Chubb’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

There have been no changes in Chubb's internal controls over financial reporting during the three months ended June 30, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Chubb's internal controls over financial reporting.

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PART II OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings

The information required with respect to this item is included in Note 13 h) to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors described under "Risk Factors" under Item 1A of Part I of our 2024 Form 10-K.

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer’s Repurchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information with respect to purchases by Chubb of its Common Shares during the three months ended June 30, 2025:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan (2)	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plan (3)
April 1 through April 30	518,333	$	280.32	511,000	$	1.16	billion
May 1 through May 31	731,293	$	289.73	598,000	$	985	million
June 1 through June 30	1,232,506	$	292.82	1,230,727	$	—
Total	2,482,132	$	289.30	2,339,727

(1)This column represents open market share repurchases and the surrender to Chubb of Common Shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock issued to employees and to cover the cost of the exercise of options by employees through stock swaps.

(2)The aggregate value of shares purchased in the three months ended June 30, 2025, as part of the publicly announced plan was $676 million. Refer to Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the Chubb Limited securities repurchase authorizations.

(3)In May 2025, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $5.0 billion of Chubb Common Shares effective July 1, 2025, with no expiration date. As of June 30, 2025, $628 million expired under the July 2023 $5.0 billion share repurchase authorization.

ITEM 5. Other Information

During the three months ended June 30, 2025, no director or officer of Chubb (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) informed us of the adoption or termination of a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as those terms are defined in Item 408 of SEC Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 6. Exhibits

		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Exhibit Description	Form	Original Number	Date Filed	Filed Herewith
3.1	Articles of Association of the Company, as amended and restated	8-K	3.1	May 16, 2025
3.2	Organizational Regulations of the Company, as amended	10-K	3.2	February 27, 2025
4.1	Articles of Association of the Company, as amended and restated	8-K	4.1	May 16, 2025
4.2	Organizational Regulations of the Company, as amended	10-K	4.2	February 27, 2025
22.1	Guaranteed Securities				X
31.1	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002				X
31.2	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002				X
32.1	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002				X
32.2	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002				X
101.1	The following financial information from Chubb Limited’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements				X
104.1	The Cover Page Interactive Data File formatted in Inline XBRL (The cover page XBRL tags are embedded in the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101.1)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	CHUBB LIMITED
	(Registrant)
July 28, 2025	/s/ Evan G. Greenberg
	Evan G. Greenberg
	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
July 28, 2025	/s/ Peter C. Enns
	Peter C. Enns
	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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