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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
 (Mark one)
☑       QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934. 
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025.
☐       TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934. 
For the transition period from _____________________ to _____________________.
Commission file number 0-4604
CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Ohio 31-0746871
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
6200 S. Gilmore Road, Fairfield,Ohio 45014-5141
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (513) 870-2000
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stockCINFNasdaq Global Select Market
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. 
☑Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
☑Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a nonaccelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
☑ Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Nonaccelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company
☐ Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):
☐Yes ☑ No
As of July 23, 2025, there were 156,376,422 shares of common stock outstanding.

Table of Contents
CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED June 30, 2025
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
          Safe Harbor Statement
          Corporate Financial Highlights
          Financial Results
          Other Matters

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Part I – Financial Information
Item 1.    Financial Statements (unaudited)
 
Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)June 30,December 31,
20252024
Assets  
Investments  
Fixed maturities, at fair value (amortized cost: 2025—$17,535; 2024—$16,735)
$17,077 $16,182 
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2025—$4,012; 2024—$3,953)
11,649 11,185 
Short-term investments, at fair value (amortized cost: 2025—$100; 2024—$298)
100 298 
Other invested assets743 713 
Total investments29,569 28,378 
Cash and cash equivalents995 983 
Investment income receivable223 222 
Finance receivable121 120 
Premiums receivable3,420 2,969 
Reinsurance recoverable749 523 
Prepaid reinsurance premiums130 70 
Deferred policy acquisition costs1,367 1,242 
Land, building and equipment, net, for company use (accumulated depreciation:
   2025—$355; 2024—$347)
214 214 
Other assets1,063 828 
Separate accounts991 952 
Total assets$38,842 $36,501 
Liabilities  
Insurance reserves  
Loss and loss expense reserves$11,072 $10,003 
Life policy and investment contract reserves2,959 2,960 
Unearned premiums5,444 4,813 
Other liabilities1,607 1,487 
Deferred income tax1,584 1,476 
Note payable25 25 
Long-term debt and lease obligations859 850 
Separate accounts991 952 
Total liabilities24,541 22,566 
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 12)
Shareholders' Equity  
    Common stock, par value—$2 per share; (authorized: 2025 and 2024—500 million
   shares; issued: 2025 and 2024—198.3 million shares)
397 397 
Paid-in capital1,528 1,502 
Retained earnings15,193 14,869 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(249)(309)
    Treasury stock at cost (2025—42.0 million shares and 2024—41.9 million shares)
(2,568)(2,524)
Total shareholders' equity14,301 13,935 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity$38,842 $36,501 
 Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Revenues    
Earned premiums$2,480 $2,156 $4,824 $4,227 
Investment income, net of expenses285 242 565 487 
Investment gains and losses, net473 137 406 749 
Fee revenues5 5 10 9 
Other revenues5 4 9 7 
Total revenues3,248 2,544 5,814 5,479 
Benefits and Expenses    
Insurance losses and contract holders' benefits1,660 1,480 3,628 2,829 
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses709 655 1,411 1,271 
Interest expense14 14 27 27 
Other operating expenses10 9 21 13 
 Total benefits and expenses2,393 2,158 5,087 4,140 
Income Before Income Taxes855 386 727 1,339 
Provision for Income Taxes    
Current81 61 39 122 
Deferred89 13 93 150 
Total provision for income taxes170 74 132 272 
Net Income$685 $312 $595 $1,067 
Per Common Share    
Net income — basic$4.38 $1.99 $3.81 $6.82 
Net income — diluted4.34 1.98 3.77 6.77 
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Net Income$685 $312 $595 $1,067 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)    
Change in unrealized gains and losses on investments, net of tax (benefit) of $6, $(17) $20 and $(28), respectively
22 (58)75 (102)
Amortization of pension actuarial loss (gain) and prior service cost, net of tax (benefit) of $0, $0, $0 and $0, respectively
(1)1 (2)1 
Change in life policy reserves, reinsurance recoverable and other, net of tax (benefit) of $0, $8, $(3) and $18, respectively
1 29 (13)66 
Other comprehensive income (loss)22 (28)60 (35)
Comprehensive Income$707 $284 $655 $1,032 
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Common Stock
   Beginning of period$397 $397 $397 $397 
   Share-based awards— — — — 
   End of period397 397 397 397 
Paid-In Capital
   Beginning of period1,511 1,446 1,502 1,437 
   Share-based awards4 6 (3)— 
   Share-based compensation10 12 25 26 
   Other3 2 4 3 
   End of period1,528 1,466 1,528 1,466 
Retained Earnings
   Beginning of period14,644 13,712 14,869 13,084 
   Net income 685 312 595 1,067 
Dividends declared (136)(127)(271)(254)
   End of period15,193 13,897 15,193 13,897 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
   Beginning of period(271)(442)(309)(435)
   Other comprehensive income (loss)22 (28)60 (35)
   End of period(249)(470)(249)(470)
Treasury Stock
   Beginning of period(2,563)(2,459)(2,524)(2,385)
   Share-based awards4 4 10 12 
   Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization— (46)(42)(121)
   Shares acquired - share-based compensation plans(10)(12)(13)(19)
   Other1 — 1 — 
   End of period(2,568)(2,513)(2,568)(2,513)
      Total Shareholders' Equity$14,301 $12,777 $14,301 $12,777 
(In millions, except per common share)
Common Stock - Shares Outstanding
   Beginning of period156.3 156.5 156.4 157.0 
   Share-based awards0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 
   Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization— (0.4)(0.3)(1.1)
   Shares acquired - share-based compensation plans(0.1)— (0.1)(0.1)
   End of period156.3 156.2 156.3 156.2 
Dividends declared per common share$0.87 $0.81 $1.74 $1.62 
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
 (Dollars in millions)Six months ended June 30,
20252024
Cash Flows From Operating Activities  
Net income $595 $1,067 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:  
Depreciation, amortization and other93 76 
Investment gains and losses, net(392)(744)
Interest credited to contract holders22 22 
Deferred income tax expense93 150 
Changes in:  
Premiums and reinsurance receivable(737)(464)
Deferred policy acquisition costs(125)(136)
Other assets(65)(16)
Loss and loss expense reserves1,069 505 
Life policy and investment contract reserves8 34 
Unearned premiums631 707 
Other liabilities(54)(34)
Current income tax receivable/payable(87)(72)
Net cash provided by operating activities1,051 1,095 
Cash Flows From Investing Activities  
Sale, call or maturity of fixed maturities1,348 852 
Sale of equity securities34 347 
Purchase of fixed maturities(2,060)(1,623)
Purchase of equity securities(95)(256)
Change in short-term investments, net201 — 
Changes in finance receivables(3)(4)
Investment in building and equipment(7)(12)
Change in other invested assets, net(32)(44)
Net cash used in investing activities(614)(740)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities  
Payment of cash dividends to shareholders(258)(241)
Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization(42)(121)
Proceeds from stock options exercised6 4 
Contract holders' funds deposited31 39 
Contract holders' funds withdrawn(80)(105)
Other(82)(67)
Net cash used in financing activities(425)(491)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents12 (136)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year983 907 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$995 $771 
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information:  
Interest paid$27 $27 
Income taxes paid97 174 
Noncash Activities  
Equipment acquired under finance lease obligations$12 $9 
Share-based compensation26 33 
Other assets and other liabilities254 217 
 Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
 
NOTE 1 — Accounting Policies
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cincinnati Financial Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, each of which is wholly owned. These statements are presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Our actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain financial information that is normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but that is not required for interim reporting purposes, has been condensed or omitted.
 
Our June 30, 2025, condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited. We believe that we have made all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring accruals, that are necessary for fair presentation. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for interim periods do not necessarily indicate results to be expected for the full year.

Pending Accounting Updates

ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 enhances the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures by requiring entities to disclose specific categories within their rate reconciliation as well as additional items within those categories above a prescribed threshold. This ASU also requires disclosure of the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes as well as additional items within those categories above a prescribed threshold. The effective date of ASU 2023-09 is for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and should be applied prospectively with retrospective application permitted. The ASU has not yet been adopted and will not have a material impact on our company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows, but the ASU will require additional disclosures in our annual financial statements.

ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. ASU 2024-03 requires increased quantitative and qualitative disclosure of certain categories of expenses. The effective date of ASU 2024-03 is for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The ASU has not yet been adopted and will not have a material impact on our company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows, but the ASU will require additional disclosures in our annual and interim financial statements.

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NOTE 2 – Investments
The following table provides amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses and fair value for our fixed-maturity and short-term investments:
(Dollars in millions)Amortized
cost		Gross unrealizedFair value
At June 30, 2025gainslosses
Fixed-maturity:    
Corporate $9,136 $107 $256 $8,987 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions5,004 8 304 4,708 
Government-sponsored enterprises 2,455 1 9 2,447 
Asset-backed736 8 12 732 
United States government184 — 1 183 
Foreign government20 — — 20 
Total fixed-maturity17,535 124 582 17,077 
Short-term100 — — 100 
Total fixed-maturity and short-term investments$17,635 $124 $582 $17,177 
At December 31, 2024    
Fixed-maturity:    
Corporate $8,652 $61 $333 $8,380 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions4,976 15 270 4,721 
Government-sponsored enterprises2,282 1 9 2,274 
Asset-backed 567 1 17 551 
United States government228 — 2 226 
Foreign government30 — — 30 
Total fixed-maturity16,735 78 631 16,182 
Short-term298 — — 298 
Total fixed-maturity and short-term investments$17,033 $78 $631 $16,480 
 
The decrease in net unrealized investment losses in our fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2025, is primarily due to a decrease in U.S. Treasury yields partially offset by a slight widening of corporate credit spreads. Our asset-backed securities had an average rating of Aa2/AA and Aa1/AA at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

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The table below provides fair values and gross unrealized losses by investment category and by the duration of the continuous unrealized loss positions:
(Dollars in millions)Less than 12 months12 months or moreTotal
At June 30, 2025Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses
Fixed-maturity:      
Corporate $1,738 $51 $3,037 $205 $4,775 $256 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions1,505 49 2,062 255 3,567 304 
Government-sponsored enterprises1,427 9 124 — 1,551 9 
Asset-backed237 7 78 5 315 12 
United States government— — 62 1 62 1 
Foreign government— — — — — — 
Total fixed-maturity4,907 116 5,363 466 10,270 582 
Short-term100 — — — 100 — 
Total fixed-maturity and short-term investments$5,007 $116 $5,363 $466 $10,370 $582 
At December 31, 2024      
Fixed-maturity:      
Corporate $2,815 $78 $3,634 $255 $6,449 $333 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions1,513 25 1,898 245 3,411 270 
Government-sponsored enterprises1,876 8 92 1 1,968 9 
Asset-backed331 10 96 7 427 17 
United States government48 — 100 2 148 2 
Foreign government— — 3 — 3 — 
Total fixed-maturity6,583 121 5,823 510 12,406 631 
Short-term100 — — — 100 — 
Total fixed-maturity and short-term investments$6,683 $121 $5,823 $510 $12,506 $631 

Contractual maturity dates for our fixed-maturity and short-term investments were:
(Dollars in millions)Amortized
cost		Fair
value		% of fair
value
At June 30, 2025
Maturity dates:   
Due in one year or less$1,087 $1,082 6.3 %
Due after one year through five years3,766 3,760 21.9 
Due after five years through ten years3,955 3,916 22.8 
Due after ten years8,827 8,419 49.0 
Total$17,635 $17,177 100.0 %

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities when there is a right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

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The following table provides investment income and investment gains and losses, net:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Investment income:
Interest$214 $173 $424 $342 
Dividends70 69 137 141 
Other 5 4 12 11 
Total289 246 573 494 
Less investment expenses4 4 8 7 
Total$285 $242 $565 $487 
Investment gains and losses, net:    
Equity securities:    
Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net$(1)$7 $(3)$4 
Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net481 142 411 747 
Subtotal480 149 408 751 
Fixed-maturity securities:    
Gross realized gains1 4 1 4 
Gross realized losses— (6)— (7)
Change in allowance for credit losses, net(13)(16)(15)(25)
Subtotal(12)(18)(14)(28)
Other5 6 12 26 
Total$473 $137 $406 $749 
 
The fair value of our equity portfolio was $11.649 billion and $11.185 billion at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Microsoft Corporation (Nasdaq:MSFT) and Apple Inc. (Nasdaq:AAPL), equity holdings, were our largest single investment holdings with fair values of $903 million and $891 million, which were 8.0% and 8.2% of our publicly traded common equities portfolio and 3.1% and 3.2% of the total investment portfolio at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The allowance for credit losses on fixed-maturity securities was $47 million and $33 million at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Reductions in the allowance for credit losses for securities sold were $1 million for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.

There were 3,537 and 3,723 fixed-maturity and short-term investments in a total unrealized loss position of $582 million and $631 million at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Of those totals, 48 and 19 fixed-maturity securities had fair values below 70% of amortized cost at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
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NOTE 3 – Fair Value Measurements
In accordance with accounting guidance for fair value measurements and disclosures, we categorized our financial instruments, based on the priority of the observable and market-based data for the valuation technique used, into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices with readily available independent data in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable market inputs (Level 3). When various inputs for measurement fall within different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the lowest observable input that has a significant impact on fair value measurement is used. Our valuation techniques have not changed from those used at December 31, 2024, and ultimately management determines fair value. See our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, Page 138, for information on characteristics and valuation techniques used in determining fair value.

Fair Value Disclosures for Assets
The following tables illustrate the fair value hierarchy for those assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. We do not have any liabilities carried at fair value.
(Dollars in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
At June 30, 2025
Fixed maturities, available for sale:    
Corporate $— $8,987 $— $8,987 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions— 4,708 — 4,708 
Government-sponsored enterprises— 2,447 — 2,447 
Asset-backed — 732 — 732 
United States government183 — — 183 
Foreign government— 20 — 20 
Subtotal183 16,894 — 17,077 
Common equities11,309 — — 11,309 
Nonredeemable preferred equities— 340 — 340 
Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities19 902 — 921 
Short-term investments100 — — 100 
Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common
   equity (included in Other assets)		94 — — 94 
Total$11,705 $18,136 $— $29,841 
At December 31, 2024
Fixed maturities, available for sale:    
Corporate $— $8,380 $— $8,380 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions— 4,721 — 4,721 
Government-sponsored enterprises— 2,274 — 2,274 
Asset-backed — 551 — 551 
United States government226 — — 226 
Foreign government— 30 — 30 
Subtotal226 15,956 — 16,182 
Common equities10,836 — — 10,836 
Nonredeemable preferred equities— 349 — 349 
Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities — 876 — 876 
Short-term investments298 — — 298 
Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common
  equity (included in Other assets)		87 — — 87 
Total$11,447 $17,181 $— $28,628 
 
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We also held Level 1 cash and cash equivalents of $995 million and $983 million at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Fair Value Disclosures for Assets and Liabilities Not Carried at Fair Value 
The disclosures below are presented to provide information about the effects of current market conditions on financial instruments that are not reported at fair value in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
This table summarizes the book value and principal amounts of our long-term debt:
(Dollars in millions) Book valuePrincipal amount
Interest
rate		Year of 
issue		 June 30,December 31,June 30,December 31,
 2025202420252024
6.900%1998Senior debentures, due 2028$27 $27 $28 $28 
6.920%2005Senior debentures, due 2028391 391 391 391 
6.125%2004Senior notes, due 2034372 372 374 374 
Total $790 $790 $793 $793 
 
The following table shows fair values of our note payable and long-term debt:
(Dollars in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
At June 30, 2025
Note payable$— $25 $— $25 
6.900% senior debentures, due 2028
— 29 — 29 
6.920% senior debentures, due 2028
— 421 — 421 
6.125% senior notes, due 2034
— 399 — 399 
Total$— $874 $— $874 
At December 31, 2024
Note payable$— $25 $— $25 
6.900% senior debentures, due 2028
— 29 — 29 
6.920% senior debentures, due 2028
— 416 — 416 
6.125% senior notes, due 2034
— 390 — 390 
Total$— $860 $— $860 
 
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The following table shows the fair value of our life policy loans included in other invested assets and the fair values of our deferred annuities and structured settlements included in life policy and investment contract reserves:
(Dollars in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
At June 30, 2025
Life policy loans$— $— $42 $42 
Deferred annuities$— $— $549 $549 
Structured settlements— 125 — 125 
Total$— $125 $549 $674 
At December 31, 2024
Life policy loans$— $— $41 $41 
Deferred annuities$— $— $561 $561 
Structured settlements— 127 — 127 
Total$— $127 $561 $688 
 
Outstanding principal and interest for these life policy loans totaled $36 million at both June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.
 
Recorded reserves for the deferred annuities were $575 million and $595 million at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Recorded reserves for the structured settlements were $114 million and $116 million at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.

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NOTE 4 – Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expenses
This table summarizes activity for our consolidated property casualty loss and loss expense reserves:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Gross loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of period$10,707 $9,178 $9,937 $8,975 
Less reinsurance recoverable551 332 269 362 
Net loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of period10,156 8,846 9,668 8,613 
Net incurred loss and loss expenses related to:    
Current accident year1,650 1,452 3,628 2,822 
Prior accident years(63)(40)(154)(140)
Total incurred1,587 1,412 3,474 2,682 
Net paid loss and loss expenses related to:    
Current accident year591 483 1,184 688 
Prior accident years655 584 1,461 1,416 
Total paid1,246 1,067 2,645 2,104 
Net loss and loss expense reserves, end of period10,497 9,191 10,497 9,191 
Plus reinsurance recoverable504 303 504 303 
Gross loss and loss expense reserves, end of period$11,001 $9,494 $11,001 $9,494 
 
We use actuarial methods, models and judgment to estimate, as of a financial statement date, the property casualty loss and loss expense reserves required to pay for and settle all outstanding insured claims, including incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims, as of that date. The actuarial estimate is subject to review and adjustment by an inter-departmental committee that includes actuarial, claims, underwriting, loss prevention and accounting management. This committee is familiar with relevant company and industry business, claims and underwriting trends, as well as general economic and legal trends that could affect future loss and loss expense payments. The amount we will actually have to pay for claims can be highly uncertain. This uncertainty, together with the size of our reserves, makes the loss and loss expense reserves our most significant estimate. The reserve for loss and loss expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheets also included $71 million and $61 million at June 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively, for certain life and health loss and loss expense reserves.

We experienced $63 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $42 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $19 million of favorable development in personal lines and $5 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines for the three months ended June 30, 2025. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $40 million for the commercial property line and $17 million for the workers' compensation line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. This was partially offset by unfavorable reserve development of $18 million for the commercial auto line. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $25 million for the homeowner line.

We experienced $154 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $85 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $38 million of favorable development in personal lines and $14 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines for the six months ended June 30, 2025. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $75 million for the commercial property line and $28 million for the workers' compensation line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. This was partially offset by unfavorable reserve development of $24 million for the commercial auto line. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $44 million for the homeowner line.

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We experienced $40 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $29 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $6 million of unfavorable development in personal lines and $3 million of unfavorable development in excess and surplus lines for the three months ended June 30, 2024. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $28 million for the workers' compensation line and $21 million for the commercial property line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. This was partially offset by unfavorable reserve development of $28 million for the commercial casualty line. Within personal lines, we recognized unfavorable reserve development of $12 million for the personal auto line.

We experienced $140 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $67 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $27 million of favorable development in personal lines and no net development in excess and surplus lines for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $44 million for the commercial property line, $40 million for the workers' compensation line and $11 million for the commercial auto line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. This was partially offset by unfavorable reserve development of $29 million for the commercial casualty line. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $27 million for the homeowner line.
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NOTE 5 – Life Policy and Investment Contract Reserves
We establish the reserves for traditional life policies including term, whole life and other products based on the present value of future benefits and claim expenses less the present value of future net premiums. Net premium is the portion of gross premium required to provide for all benefits and claim expenses. We estimate future benefits and claim expenses and net premium using certain cash flow assumptions including mortality, morbidity and lapse rates as well as a discount rate assumption. The cash flow assumptions are established based on our current expectations and are reviewed annually, typically in the second quarter, to determine any necessary updates. These assumptions are also updated on an interim basis if evidence suggests that they should be revised. We use both our own experience and industry experience, adjusted for historical trends, in arriving at our cash flow assumptions. The discount rate assumption is based on upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields (market value discount rates) and is updated quarterly. Changes in the inputs, judgments and assumptions during the period and the related measurement impact on the liability are reflected in the below tables.
 
We establish reserves for our universal life, deferred annuity and other investment contracts equal to the cumulative account balances, which include premium deposits plus credited interest less charges and withdrawals. Some of our universal life policies contain no-lapse guarantee provisions. For these policies, we establish a reserve in addition to the account balance, based on expected no-lapse guarantee benefits and expected policy assessments.

The following table summarizes our life policy and investment contract reserves and provides a reconciliation of the balances described in the below tables to those in the condensed consolidated balance sheets:
(Dollars in millions)June 30, 2025December 31, 2024
Life policy reserves:
Term$1,061 $1,051 
Whole life414 405 
Other100 98 
Subtotal1,575 1,554 
Investment contract reserves:
Deferred annuities575 595 
Universal life586 586 
Structured settlements114 116 
Other109 109 
Subtotal1,384 1,406 
Total life policy and investment contract reserves$2,959 $2,960 

The balances and changes in the term and whole life policy reserves included in life policy and investment contract reserves are as follows:

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(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,
20252024
TermWhole lifeTermWhole life
Present value of expected net premiums:
Balance, beginning of period$1,659 $220 $1,660 $219 
Beginning balance at original discount rate1,719 227 1,710 225 
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions(4)— (12)1 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience5 (1)(10)(3)
Adjusted beginning of period balance1,720 226 1,688 223 
Issuances41 4 41 6 
Interest accrual19 2 18 3 
Net premiums collected(49)(6)(46)(7)
Ending balance at original discount rate1,731 226 1,701 225 
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions(53)(6)(81)(10)
Balance, end of period1,678 220 1,620 215 
Present value of expected future policy benefits:
Balance, beginning of period2,703 631 2,698 637 
Beginning balance at original discount rate2,812 648 2,780 633 
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions(12)— (29)2 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience8 (1)(14)(4)
Adjusted beginning of period balance2,808 647 2,737 631 
Issuances40 4 41 7 
Interest accrual32 8 31 8 
Benefits paid(59)(8)(37)(10)
Ending balance at original discount rate2,821 651 2,772 636 
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions(101)(17)(138)(17)
Balance, end of period2,720 634 2,634 619 
Net liability for future policy benefits:
Present value of expected future policy benefits less expected net premiums1,042 414 1,014 404 
Impact of flooring at cohort level19 — 21 — 
Net life policy reserves1,061 414 1,035 404 
Less reinsurance recoverable at original discount rate(68)(25)(95)(24)
Less effect of discount rate assumption changes on reinsurance recoverable(7)(3)(7)(4)
Net life policy reserves, after reinsurance recoverable$986 $386 $933 $376 
Weighted-average duration of the net life policy reserves in years11151115
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(Dollars in millions)Six months ended June 30,
20252024
TermWhole lifeTermWhole life
Present value of expected net premiums:
Balance, beginning of period$1,638 $218 $1,700 $223 
Beginning balance at original discount rate1,719 228 1,712 225 
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions(4)— (12)1 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(3)(1)(19)(3)
Adjusted beginning of period balance1,712 227 1,681 223 
Issuances76 7 76 11 
Interest accrual38 5 36 5 
Net premiums collected(95)(13)(92)(14)
Ending balance at original discount rate1,731 226 1,701 225 
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions(53)(6)(81)(10)
Balance, end of period1,678 220 1,620 215 
Present value of expected future policy benefits:
Balance, beginning of period2,668 623 2,751 657 
Beginning balance at original discount rate2,812 646 2,765 628 
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions(12)— (29)2 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience(6)(1)(28)(4)
Adjusted beginning of period balance2,794 645 2,708 626 
Issuances76 7 76 12 
Interest accrual64 17 62 16 
Benefits paid(113)(18)(74)(18)
Ending balance at original discount rate2,821 651 2,772 636 
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions(101)(17)(138)(17)
Balance, end of period2,720 634 2,634 619 
Net liability for future policy benefits:
Present value of expected future policy benefits less expected net premiums1,042 414 1,014 404 
Impact of flooring at cohort level 19 — 21 — 
Net life policy reserves1,061 414 1,035 404 
Less reinsurance recoverable at original discount rate(68)(25)(95)(24)
Less effect of discount rate assumption changes on reinsurance recoverable(7)(3)(7)(4)
Net life policy reserves, after reinsurance recoverable$986 $386 $933 $376 
Weighted-average duration of the net life policy reserves in years11151115

The total impact of flooring at cohort level in the above tables includes the effect of discount rate assumption changes of $2 million and $3 million at June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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The following table shows the amount of undiscounted and discounted expected future benefit payments and expected gross premiums for our term and whole life policies:
(Dollars in millions)At June 30,
20252024
UndiscountedDiscountedUndiscountedDiscounted
Term
Expected future benefit payments$4,947 $2,720 $4,819 $2,634 
Expected future gross premiums4,632 2,697 4,513 2,597 
Whole life
Expected future benefit payments$1,709 $634 $1,680 $619 
Expected future gross premiums688 415 675 401 

The following table shows the amount of revenue and interest recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of income related to our term and whole life policies:

(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Gross premiums
Term$77 $75 $151 $149 
Whole life14 13 27 26 
Total$91 $88 $178 $175 
Interest accretion
Term$13 $13 $26 $26 
Whole life6 5 12 11 
Total$19 $18 $38 $37 

Adverse development that resulted in an immediate charge to income due to net premiums exceeding gross premiums was immaterial for the six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024.

The following table shows the weighted-average interest rate for our term and whole life products:
At June 30,
20252024
Term
Interest accretion rate5.22 %5.22 %
Current discount rate4.93 5.24 
Whole life
Interest accretion rate5.86 %5.90 %
Current discount rate5.68 5.67 

The discount rate assumption was developed by calculating forward rates from market yield curves of upper-medium grade fixed-income instruments.

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The following table shows the balances and changes in policyholders' account balances included in investment contract reserves:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Deferred annuityUniversal lifeDeferred annuityUniversal lifeDeferred annuityUniversal lifeDeferred annuityUniversal life
Balance, beginning of period$582 $457 $631 $456 $595 $456 $656 $457 
Premiums received8 9 10 9 12 19 19 19 
Policy charges— (10)— (10)— (20)— (20)
Surrenders and withdrawals(18)(3)(26)(3)(35)(6)(63)(7)
Benefit payments(3)(4)(2)(1)(8)(5)(5)(3)
Interest credited6 5 5 5 11 10 11 10 
Balance, end of period$575 $454 $618 $456 $575 $454 $618 $456 
Weighted average crediting rate3.71 %4.43 %3.59 %4.33 %3.71 %4.43 %3.59 %4.33 %
Net amount at risk$— $3,746 $— $3,892 $— $3,746 $— $3,892 
Cash surrender value568 426 612 425 568 426 612 425 

The net amount at risk above represents the guaranteed benefit amount in excess of the current account balances.

The following table shows the balance of account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates, in basis points, and the related range of the difference between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums for our deferred annuity and universal life contracts:
(Dollars in millions)At guaranteed minimum1 to 50 basis points above51-150 basis points aboveGreater than 150 basis pointsTotal
At June 30, 2025
Deferred annuity
1.00-3.00%$9 $269 $14 $237 $529 
3.01-4.00%46 — — — 46 
Total$55 $269 $14 $237 $575 
Universal life
1.00-3.00%$— $55 $56 $15 $126 
3.01-4.00%51 — 4 — 55 
Greater than 4.00%273 — — — 273 
Total$324 $55 $60 $15 $454 
At June 30, 2024
Deferred annuity
1.00-3.00%$4 $324 $14 $228 $570 
3.01-4.00%48 — — — 48 
Total$52 $324 $14 $228 $618 
Universal life
1.00-3.00%$— $60 $59 $4 $123 
3.01-4.00%49 5 — — 54 
Greater than 4.00%279 — — — 279 
Total$328 $65 $59 $4 $456 

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The following table shows the balances and changes in the other additional liability related to the no-lapse guarantees contained within our universal life contracts:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Balance, beginning of period$130 $129 $130 $128 
Balance, beginning of period before shadow reserve adjustments131 130 131 129 
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions— (2)— (2)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience— — 2 — 
Adjusted beginning of period balance131 128 133 127 
Interest accrual1 1 2 2 
Excess death benefits(2)(1)(9)(3)
Attributed assessments3 3 6 6 
Effect of changes in interest rate assumptions— (1)1 (2)
Balance, end of period before shadow reserve adjustments133 130 133 130 
Shadow reserve adjustments(1)(2)(1)(2)
Balance, end of period132 128 132 128 
Less reinsurance recoverable, end of period6 6 6 6 
Net other additional liability, after reinsurance recoverable$138 $134 $138 $134 
Weighted-average duration of the other additional liability in years26292629

The following table shows balances and changes in separate accounts balances during the period:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Balance, beginning of period$959 $927 $952 $925 
Interest credited before policy charges11 11 22 21 
Benefit payments— (3)(8)(3)
Other21 13 25 5 
Balance, end of period$991 $948 $991 $948 
Cash surrender value$959 $932 $959 $932 
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NOTE 6 – Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
Expenses directly related to successfully acquired insurance policies – primarily commissions, premium taxes and underwriting costs – are deferred and amortized over the terms of the policies. We update our acquisition cost assumptions periodically to reflect actual experience. For property casualty, we evaluate the costs for recoverability. No premium deficiencies were recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of income, as the sum of the anticipated loss and loss expenses, policyholder dividends and unamortized deferred acquisition expenses did not exceed the related unearned premiums and anticipated investment income.

The table below shows the deferred policy acquisition costs and asset reconciliation.
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Property casualty:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period$937 $796 $886 $749 
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs513 475 998 882 
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs(445)(393)(879)(753)
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period$1,005 $878 $1,005 $878 
Life:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period$360 $347 $356 $344 
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs10 12 22 22 
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs(8)(8)(16)(15)
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period$362 $351 $362 $351 
Consolidated:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period$1,297 $1,143 $1,242 $1,093 
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs523 487 1,020 904 
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs(453)(401)(895)(768)
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period$1,367 $1,229 $1,367 $1,229 

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The table below shows the life deferred policy acquisition costs asset by product:
(Dollars in millions)
Three months ended June 30, 2025TermWhole lifeDeferred annuityUniversal lifeTotal
Balance, beginning of period$248 $53 $8 $51 $360 
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs9 1 — — 10 
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs(6)(1)(1)— (8)
Balance, end of period$251 $53 $7 $51 $362 
Three months ended June 30, 2024
Balance, beginning of period$238 $49 $8 $52 $347 
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs8 2 1 1 12 
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs(5)(1)(1)(1)(8)
Balance, end of period$241 $50 $8 $52 $351 
(Dollars in millions)
Six months ended June 30, 2025TermWhole lifeDeferred annuityUniversal lifeTotal
Balance, beginning of period$245 $52 $8 $51 $356 
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs18 3 — 1 22 
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs(12)(2)(1)(1)(16)
Balance, end of period$251 $53 $7 $51 $362 
Six months ended June 30, 2024
Balance, beginning of period$236 $48 $8 $52 $344 
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs16 4 1 1 22 
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs(11)(2)(1)(1)(15)
Balance, end of period$241 $50 $8 $52 $351 

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NOTE 7 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) includes changes in unrealized gains and losses on investments, changes in pension obligations and changes in life policy reserves, reinsurance recoverable and other as follows:

(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,
20252024
Before taxIncome taxNetBefore taxIncome taxNet
Investments:
AOCI, beginning of period$(486)$(105)$(381)$(625)$(134)$(491)
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income16 3 13 (93)(21)(72)
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income12 3 9 18 4 14 
OCI28 6 22 (75)(17)(58)
AOCI, end of period$(458)$(99)$(359)$(700)$(151)$(549)
Pension obligations:
AOCI, beginning of period$74 $17 $57 $30 $8 $22 
OCI excluding amortization recognized in net income— — — — — — 
Amortization recognized in net income(1)— (1)1 — 1 
OCI(1)— (1)1 — 1 
AOCI, end of period$73 $17 $56 $31 $8 $23 
Life policy reserves, reinsurance recoverable and other:
AOCI, beginning of period$68 $15 $53 $34 $7 $27 
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income1 — 1 37 8 29 
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income— — — — — — 
OCI1 — 1 37 8 29 
AOCI, end of period$69 $15 $54 $71 $15 $56 
Summary of AOCI:
AOCI, beginning of period$(344)$(73)$(271)$(561)$(119)$(442)
Investments OCI28 6 22 (75)(17)(58)
Pension obligations OCI(1)— (1)1 — 1 
Life policy reserves, reinsurance recoverable and other OCI1 — 1 37 8 29 
Total OCI28 6 22 (37)(9)(28)
AOCI, end of period$(316)$(67)$(249)$(598)$(128)$(470)
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(Dollars in millions)Six months ended June 30,
20252024
Before taxIncome taxNetBefore taxIncome taxNet
Investments:
AOCI, beginning of period$(553)$(119)$(434)$(570)$(123)$(447)
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income81 17 64 (158)(34)(124)
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income14 3 11 28 6 22 
OCI95 20 75 (130)(28)(102)
AOCI, end of period$(458)$(99)$(359)$(700)$(151)$(549)
Pension obligations:
AOCI, beginning of period$75 $17 $58 $30 $8 $22 
OCI excluding amortization recognized in net income— — — — — — 
Amortization recognized in net income(2)— (2)1 — 1 
OCI(2)— (2)1 — 1 
AOCI, end of period$73 $17 $56 $31 $8 $23 
Life policy reserves, reinsurance recoverable and other:
AOCI, beginning of period$85 $18 $67 $(13)$(3)$(10)
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income(16)(3)(13)84 18 66 
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income— — — — — — 
OCI(16)(3)(13)84 18 66 
AOCI, end of period$69 $15 $54 $71 $15 $56 
Summary of AOCI:
AOCI, beginning of period$(393)$(84)$(309)$(553)$(118)$(435)
Investments OCI95 20 75 (130)(28)(102)
Pension obligations OCI(2)— (2)1 — 1 
Life policy reserves, reinsurance recoverable and other OCI(16)(3)(13)84 18 66 
Total OCI77 17 60 (45)(10)(35)
AOCI, end of period$(316)$(67)$(249)$(598)$(128)$(470)

Investment gains and losses, net, and other investment gains and losses, net, are recorded in the investment gains and losses, net, line item in the condensed consolidated statements of income. Amortization of pension obligations is recorded in the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses line items in the condensed consolidated statements of income.
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NOTE 8 – Reinsurance
Primary components of our property casualty reinsurance assumed operations include involuntary and voluntary assumed as well as contracts from our reinsurance assumed operations, known as Cincinnati Re. Primary components of our ceded reinsurance include a property per risk treaty, property excess treaty, casualty per occurrence treaty, casualty excess treaty, property catastrophe treaty and retrocessions on our reinsurance assumed operations. Management’s decisions about the appropriate level of risk retention are affected by various factors, including changes in our underwriting practices, capacity to retain risks and reinsurance market conditions.

The table below summarizes our consolidated property casualty insurance net written premiums, earned premiums and incurred loss and loss expenses:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Direct written premiums$2,672 $2,362 $5,060 $4,487 
Assumed written premiums196 236 499 475 
Ceded written premiums(135)(139)(331)(255)
Net written premiums$2,733 $2,459 $5,228 $4,707 
Direct earned premiums$2,333 $2,015 $4,580 $3,949 
Assumed earned premiums162 155 352 307 
Ceded earned premiums(98)(95)(271)(189)
Earned premiums$2,397 $2,075 $4,661 $4,067 
Direct incurred loss and loss expenses$1,508 $1,352 $3,657 $2,545 
Assumed incurred loss and loss expenses91 63 327 139 
Ceded incurred loss and loss expenses(12)(3)(510)(2)
Incurred loss and loss expenses$1,587 $1,412 $3,474 $2,682 

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Our life insurance company purchases reinsurance for protection of a portion of the risks that are written. Primary components of our life reinsurance program include individual mortality coverage, aggregate catastrophe and accidental death coverage in excess of certain deductibles.

The table below summarizes our consolidated life insurance earned premiums and contract holders' benefits incurred:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Direct earned premiums$104 $101 $203 $200 
Ceded earned premiums(21)(20)(40)(40)
Earned premiums$83 $81 $163 $160 
Direct contract holders' benefits incurred$104 $76 $198 $170 
Ceded contract holders' benefits incurred(31)(8)(44)(23)
Contract holders' benefits incurred$73 $68 $154 $147 
 
The ceded benefits incurred can vary depending on the type of life insurance policy held and the year the policy was issued.

The allowance for uncollectible property casualty premiums was $17 million and $18 million at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. The allowances for credit losses on other premiums receivable and reinsurance recoverable assets were immaterial at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.
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NOTE 9 – Income Taxes
The differences between the 21% statutory federal income tax rate and our effective income tax rate were as follows:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Tax at statutory rate:$180 21.0 %$81 21.0 %$153 21.0 %$281 21.0 %
Increase (decrease) resulting from:        
Tax-exempt income from municipal bonds(6)(0.7)(6)(1.6)(11)(1.5)(11)(0.8)
Dividend received exclusion(6)(0.7)(5)(1.3)(11)(1.5)(10)(0.7)
Other2 0.3 4 1.1 1 0.2 12 0.8 
Provision for income taxes$170 19.9 %$74 19.2 %$132 18.2 %$272 20.3 %
 
The provision for federal income taxes is based upon filing a consolidated income tax return for the company and its domestic subsidiaries.

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the "Tax Act") was enacted on July 4, 2025, and makes permanent several provisions from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. We do not expect the enactment of the Tax Act to have a material impact on our financial statements.

We continue to believe that after considering all positive and negative evidence of taxable income in the carryback and carryforward periods as permitted by law, it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets on our U.S. domestic operations and those related to Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd.SM (Cincinnati Global) will be realized. As a result, we have no valuation allowance for our U.S. domestic operations or Cincinnati Global at both June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.

Cincinnati Global
Cincinnati Global had no operating loss carryforwards in the United States and $59 million and $78 million in the United Kingdom at June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. These Cincinnati Global losses can only be utilized within the Cincinnati Global group.

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NOTE 10 – Net Income Per Common Share
Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common and dilutive potential common shares outstanding using the treasury stock method. The table shows calculations for basic and diluted earnings per share:
(In millions, except per share data)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Numerator:    
Net income—basic and diluted
$685 $312 $595 $1,067 
Denominator:    
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding156.3 156.3 156.4 156.6 
Effect of share-based awards:    
Stock options0.9 0.7 1.0 0.7 
Nonvested shares0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 
Diluted weighted-average shares 157.8 157.5 157.8 157.7 
Earnings per share:    
Basic$4.38 $1.99 $3.81 $6.82 
Diluted$4.34 $1.98 $3.77 $6.77 
Number of anti-dilutive share-based awards0.3 1.2 0.4 1.3 

The source of dilution of our common shares are certain equity-based awards. See our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 17, Share-Based Associate Compensation Plans, Page 173, for information about share-based awards. The above table shows the number of anti-dilutive share-based awards for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

NOTE 11 – Employee Retirement Benefits
The following summarizes the components of net periodic benefit for our qualified and supplemental pension plans:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Service cost$1 $2 $2 $3 
Non-service (benefit) costs:
Interest cost3 3 7 6 
Expected return on plan assets(5)(6)(11)(11)
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss and prior service cost(1)1 (2)1 
 Total non-service benefit (3)(2)(6)(4)
Net periodic benefit$(2)$— $(4)$(1)

See our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 13, Employee Retirement Benefits, Page 167, for information on our retirement benefits. The net periodic benefit is allocated in the same proportion primarily to the underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses line item with the remainder allocated to the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits line item on the condensed consolidated statements of income for both 2025 and 2024.

We made matching contributions totaling $8 million and $7 million to our 401(k) and Top Hat savings plans during the second quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively, and contributions of $19 million and $16 million for the first half of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

We made no contributions to our qualified pension plan during the first six months of 2025.

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NOTE 12 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
The company, through its insurance subsidiaries, is involved in claims litigation arising in the ordinary course of conducting its business, both as a liability insurer defending third-party claims brought against insureds and as an insurer defending against coverage claims. The company accounts for such activity through the establishment of unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. Subject to the uncertainties discussed in Note 4, Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expenses, and in the discussion in the balance of this Note, we believe that the ultimate liability, if any, with respect to such ordinary-course claims litigation, after consideration of provisions made for potential losses, costs of defense, and reinsurance recoveries, is immaterial to our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

The company and its subsidiaries also are occasionally involved in other legal and regulatory proceedings, some of which assert claims for substantial amounts. These actions include, among others, putative class actions seeking certification of state or national classes. The company’s insurance subsidiaries also are occasionally parties to individual actions in which extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties are sought, such as claims alleging bad faith handling of insurance claims or writing unauthorized coverage or claims alleging discrimination by former or current associates.

On a quarterly basis, we review these outstanding matters. Under current accounting guidance, we establish accruals when it is probable that a covered loss has been incurred and we can reasonably estimate its potential exposure. The company accounts for such probable and estimable losses, if any, through the establishment of legal expense reserves. Based on our quarterly review, we believe that our accruals for probable and estimable losses are reasonable and that the amounts accrued do not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. However, if any one or more of these matters results in a judgment against us or settlement for an amount that is significantly greater than the amount accrued, the resulting liability could have a material effect on the company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Based on our most recent review, our estimate for any other matters for which the risk of loss is not probable, but more than remote, is immaterial.

NOTE 13 – Segment Information
We operate primarily in two industries, property casualty insurance and life insurance. Our chief operating decision maker (CODM) is the chief executive officer who regularly reviews our reporting segments to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance. Our reporting segments are:
•Commercial lines insurance
•Personal lines insurance
•Excess and surplus lines insurance
•Life insurance
•Investments

We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and its noninsurer subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. See our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 18, Segment Information, Page 176, for a description of revenue, income or loss before income taxes, including its components, and identifiable assets for each of the five segments.

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Segment information is summarized in the following table: 
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Commercial lines insurance    
Commercial lines insurance premiums$1,212 $1,107 $2,391 $2,189 
Fee revenues— 1 2 2 
Total commercial lines insurance revenues1,212 1,108 2,393 2,191 
Loss and loss expenses767 746 1,502 1,465 
Underwriting expenses358 352 707 677 
Total commercial lines income before income taxes87 10 184 49 
Personal lines insurance   
Personal lines insurance premiums804 631 1,502 1,219 
Fee revenues2 1 3 2 
Total personal lines insurance revenues806 632 1,505 1,221 
Loss and loss expenses598 489 1,444 868 
Underwriting expenses222 185 432 358 
Total personal lines loss before income taxes(14)(42)(371)(5)
Excess and surplus lines insurance
Excess and surplus lines insurance premiums174 151 336 290 
Fee revenues1 1 2 2 
Total excess and surplus lines insurance revenues175 152 338 292 
Loss and loss expenses110 102 209 192 
Underwriting expenses49 42 93 80 
Total excess and surplus lines income before income taxes16 8 36 20 
Life insurance
Life insurance premiums83 81 163 160 
Fee revenues2 2 3 3 
Total life insurance revenues85 83 166 163 
Contract holders' benefits incurred7368 154 147 
Investment interest credited to contract holders(31)(31)(63)(62)
Underwriting expenses incurred2424 47 46 
Total life insurance income before income taxes19 22 28 32 
Investments
    Investment income, net of expenses285 242 565 487 
    Investment gains and losses, net473 137 406 749 
Total investment revenue758 379 971 1,236 
Investment interest credited to contract holders31 31 63 62 
Total investment income before income taxes727 348 908 1,174 
Reconciliation to condensed consolidated income before income taxes
Total segment revenues3,036 2,354 5,373 5,103 
Other earned premiums207 186 432 369 
Other revenues5 4 9 7 
Total revenues3,248 2,544 5,814 5,479 
Total segment benefits and expenses2,201 2,008 4,588 3,833 
Other loss and loss expenses112 75 319 157 
Other underwriting expenses56 52 132 110 
Other benefits and expenses24 23 48 40 
Total benefits and expenses2,393 2,158 5,087 4,140 
Total income before income taxes$855 $386 $727 $1,339 

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Identifiable assets by segment are summarized in the following table:
(Dollars in millions)June 30,December 31,
20252024
Identifiable assets:
Property casualty insurance$6,999 $5,927 
Life insurance1,716 1,658 
Investments29,057 27,887 
Other1,070 1,029 
Total$38,842 $36,501 

Item 2.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
        Results of Operations
The following discussion highlights significant factors influencing the condensed consolidated results of operations and financial position of Cincinnati Financial Corporation. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless otherwise noted, the industry data is prepared by A.M. Best Co., a leading insurance industry statistical, analytical and financial strength rating organization. Information from A.M. Best is presented on a statutory basis for insurance company regulation in the United States of America. When we provide our results on a comparable statutory basis, we label it as such; all other company data is presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).
 
We present per share data on a diluted basis unless otherwise noted, adjusting those amounts for all stock splits and dividends. Dollar amounts are rounded to millions; calculations of percent changes are based on dollar amounts rounded to the nearest million. Certain percentage changes are identified as not meaningful (nm).
 
SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT    
Our business is subject to certain risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements contained herein, are based upon our current estimates, assumptions and plans that are subject to uncertainty. These statements are made subject to the safe-harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words like “seek,” “expect,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “might,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “intend,” “likely,” “future,” or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they were made; we assume no obligation to update such statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

Insurance-Related Risks
•Risks and uncertainties associated with our loss reserves or actual claim costs exceeding reserves
•Increased frequency and/or severity of claims or development of claims that are unforeseen at the time of policy issuance
•Unusually high levels of catastrophe losses due to risk concentrations or changes in weather patterns, environmental events, war or political unrest, terrorism incidents, cyberattacks, civil unrest or other causes; and our ability to manage catastrophe risk
•Risks associated with analytical models in key areas such as underwriting, pricing, capital management, reserving, investments, reinsurance, and catastrophe risk management
•Inadequate estimates or assumptions, or reliance on third-party data used for critical accounting estimates
•Events or conditions that could weaken or harm our relationships with our independent agencies and hamper opportunities to add new agencies, resulting in limitations on our opportunities for growth
•Mergers, acquisitions, and other consolidations of agencies that result in a concentration of a significant amount of premium in one agency or agency group and/or alter our competitive advantages
•Our inability to manage business opportunities, growth prospects, and expenses for our ongoing operations
•Changing consumer insurance-buying habits
•The inability to obtain adequate ceded reinsurance on acceptable terms, for acceptable amounts, and from financially strong reinsurers; and the potential for nonpayment or delay in payment by reinsurers
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•Domestic and global events, such as the wars in Ukraine and in the Middle East, future pandemics, inflationary trends, changes in U.S. trade and tariff policy, and disruptions in the banking and financial services industry, resulting in insurance losses, capital market or credit market uncertainty, followed by prolonged periods of economic instability or recession, that lead to:
◦Securities market disruption or volatility and related effects such as decreased economic activity and continued supply chain disruptions that affect our investment portfolio and book value
◦Significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of securities and impairment of the assets
◦Significant decline in investment income due to reduced or eliminated dividend payouts from securities
◦Significant rise in losses from surety or director and officer policies written for financial institutions or other insured entities or in losses from policies written by Cincinnati Re or Cincinnati Global
◦An unusually high level of claims in our insurance or reinsurance operations that increase litigation-related expenses
◦Decreased premium revenue and cash flow from disruption to our distribution channel of independent agents, consumer self-isolation, travel limitations, business restrictions and decreased economic activity
◦The inability of our workforce, agencies, or vendors to perform necessary business functions

Financial, Economic, and Investment Risks
•Declines in overall stock market values negatively affecting our equity portfolio and book value
•Downgrades in our financial strength ratings
•Interest rate fluctuations or other factors that could significantly affect:
◦Our ability to generate growth in investment income
◦Values of our fixed-maturity investments and accounts in which we hold bank-owned life insurance contract assets
◦Our traditional life policy reserves
•Economic volatility and illiquidity associated with our alternative investments in private equity, private credit, real property, and limited partnerships
•Failure to comply with covenants and other requirements under our credit facilities, senior debt, and other debt obligations
•Recession, prolonged elevated inflation, or other economic conditions resulting in lower demand for insurance products or increased payment delinquencies
•The inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends consistent with current or past levels impacting our ability to pay shareholder dividends or repurchase shares

General Business, Technology, and Operational Risks
•Ineffective information technology systems or failing to develop and implement improvements in technology
•Difficulties with technology or data security breaches, including cyberattacks, could negatively affect our, or our agents’, ability to conduct business; disrupt our relationships with agents, policyholders, and others; cause reputational damage, mitigation expenses, data loss, and expose us to liability
•Difficulties with our operations and technology that may negatively impact our ability to conduct business, including cloud-based data information storage, data security, remote working capabilities, and/or outsourcing relationships and third-party operations and data security
•Disruption of the insurance market caused by technology innovations - such as driverless cars - that could decrease consumer demand for insurance products
•Delays, inadequate data developed internally or from third parties, or performance inadequacies from ongoing development and implementation of underwriting and pricing models and methods, including usage-based insurance methods, automation, artificial intelligence, or technology projects and enhancements expected to increase our efficiency, pricing accuracy, underwriting profit, and competitiveness
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•Intense competition, and the impact of innovation, emerging technologies, artificial intelligence and changing customer preferences on the insurance industry and the markets in which we operate, could harm our ability to maintain or increase our business volumes and profitability
•Inability to defer policy acquisition costs for any business segment if pricing and loss trends would lead management to conclude that the segment could not achieve sustainable profitability
•Unforeseen departure of certain executive officers or other key employees that could interrupt progress toward important strategic goals or diminish the effectiveness of certain longstanding relationships with insurance agents and others
•Our inability, or the inability of our independent agents, to attract and retain personnel
•Events, such as a pandemic, an epidemic, natural catastrophe, or terrorism, which could hamper our ability to assemble our workforce, work effectively in a remote environment, or other failures of business continuity or disaster recovery programs

Regulatory, Compliance, and Legal Risks
•Actions of insurance departments, state attorneys general or other regulatory agencies, including a change to a federal system of regulation from a state-based system, that:
◦Impose new obligations on us that increase our expenses or change the assumptions underlying our critical accounting estimates
◦Place the insurance industry under greater regulatory scrutiny or result in new statutes, rules, and regulations
◦Restrict our ability to exit or reduce writings of unprofitable coverages or lines of business
◦Increase assessments for guaranty funds, other insurance‑related assessments, or mandatory reinsurance arrangements; or that impair our ability to recover such assessments through future surcharges or other rate changes
◦Increase our provision for federal income taxes due to changes in tax laws, regulations, or interpretations
◦Increase other expenses
◦Limit our ability to set fair, adequate, and reasonable rates
◦Restrict our ability to cancel policies
◦Impose new underwriting standards
◦Place us at a disadvantage in the marketplace
◦Restrict our ability to execute our business model, including the way we compensate agents
•Adverse outcomes from litigation, environmental claims, mass torts or administrative proceedings, including effects of social inflation and third-party litigation funding on the size and frequency of litigation awards
•Events or actions, including unauthorized intentional circumvention of controls, which reduce our future ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
•Effects of changing social, global, economic, and regulatory environments
•Additional measures affecting corporate financial reporting and governance that can affect the market value of our common stock

Risks and uncertainties are further discussed in other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1A, Risk Factors, Page 30.
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CORPORATE FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
Net Income and Comprehensive Income Data
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Earned premiums$2,480 $2,156 15 $4,824 $4,227 14 
Investment income, net of expenses (pretax)285 242 18 565 487 16 
Investment gains and losses, net (pretax)473 137 245 406 749 (46)
Total revenues3,248 2,544 28 5,814 5,479 6 
Net income 685 312 120 595 1,067 (44)
Comprehensive income 707 284 149 655 1,032 (37)
Net income per share—diluted4.34 1.98 119 3.77 6.77 (44)
Cash dividends declared per share0.87 0.81 7 1.74 1.62 7 
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding157.8 157.5 0 157.8 157.7 0 

Total revenues increased $704 million for the second quarter of 2025, compared with the second quarter of 2024, including higher net investment gains, earned premiums and investment income. For the first six months of 2025, compared with the same period of 2024, total revenues increased $335 million, primarily due to higher earned premiums and investment income offset by a decrease in net investment gains. Premium and investment revenue trends are discussed further in the respective sections of Financial Results.

Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sales of investments, on certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. We have substantial discretion in the timing of investment sales, and that timing generally is independent of the insurance underwriting process. The change in fair value of securities is also generally independent of the insurance underwriting process.

Net income for the second quarter of 2025, compared with the second quarter of 2024, increased $373 million, including increases of $266 million in after-tax net investment gains and losses, $73 million in after-tax property casualty underwriting profit and $34 million in after-tax investment income. Catastrophe losses for the second quarter of 2025, mostly weather related, were $45 million higher after taxes and unfavorably affected both net income and property casualty underwriting profit. Life insurance segment results decreased by $3 million on a pretax basis.

For the first six months of 2025, net income decreased $472 million, compared with the first six months of 2024,
including decreases of $270 million in after-tax investment gains and losses and $265 million in after-tax property casualty underwriting income, partially offset by an increase of $62 million in after-tax investment income. The property casualty underwriting income decrease included an unfavorable $401 million after-tax effect from higher catastrophe losses. Life insurance segment results decreased by $4 million on a pretax basis.

Performance by segment is discussed below in Financial Results. As discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Executive Summary, Page 46, there are several reasons why our performance during 2025 may ultimately be below our long-term targets.
 
The board of directors is committed to rewarding shareholders directly through cash dividends and through share repurchase authorizations. Through 2024, the company had increased the annual cash dividend rate for 64 consecutive years, a record we believe is matched by only seven other U.S. publicly traded companies. In January 2025, the board of directors increased the regular quarterly dividend to 87 cents per share, setting the stage for our 65th consecutive year of increasing cash dividends. During the first six months of 2025, cash dividends declared by the company increased 7% compared with the same period of 2024. Our board regularly evaluates relevant factors in decisions related to dividends and share repurchases. The 2025 dividend increase reflected our strong operating performance and signaled management's and the board's positive outlook and confidence in our outstanding capital, liquidity and financial flexibility.

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Balance Sheet Data and Performance Measures
(Dollars in millions, except share data)At June 30,At December 31,
20252024
Total investments$29,569 $28,378 
Total assets38,842 36,501 
Short-term debt25 25 
Long-term debt790 790 
Shareholders' equity14,301 13,935 
Book value per share91.46 89.11 
Debt-to-total-capital ratio5.4 %5.5 %
Total assets at June 30, 2025, increased 6% compared with year-end 2024, and included an increase of 4% in total investments that reflected net purchases and higher fair values for many securities in our equity portfolio. Shareholders' equity increased 3% and book value per share also increased 3% during the first six months of 2025. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio (capital is the sum of debt plus shareholders' equity) decreased slightly compared with year-end 2024.

Our value creation ratio is our primary performance metric. As shown in the tables below, that ratio was 4.6% for the first six months of 2025, compared with 8.2% for the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in overall net gains from our investment portfolio and an underwriting loss from our insurance operations. Book value per share increased $2.35 during the first six months of 2025 and contributed 2.6 percentage points to the value creation ratio, while dividends declared at $1.74 per share contributed 2.0 points. Value creation ratio major contributors and in total, along with calculations from per-share amounts, are shown in the tables below.
 Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Value creation ratio major contributors:    
Net income before investment gains2.3 %1.6 %2.0 %4.0 %
Change in fixed-maturity securities, realized and unrealized gains0.1 (0.6)0.5 (1.0)
Change in equity securities, investment gains2.7 0.9 2.3 4.9 
Other0.1 0.3 (0.2)0.3 
     Value creation ratio5.2 %2.2 %4.6 %8.2 %
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(Dollars are per share)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Value creation ratio:    
End of period book value*$91.46 $81.79 $91.46 $81.79 
Less beginning of period book value 87.78 80.83 89.11 77.06 
Change in book value 3.68 0.96 2.35 4.73 
Dividend declared to shareholders0.87 0.81 1.74 1.62 
Total value creation $4.55 $1.77 $4.09 $6.35 
Value creation ratio from change in book value**4.2 %1.2 %2.6 %6.1 %
Value creation ratio from dividends declared to shareholders***1.0 1.0 2.0 2.1 
Value creation ratio5.2 %2.2 %4.6 %8.2 %
    * Book value per share is calculated by dividing end of period total shareholders' equity by end of period shares outstanding
  ** Change in book value divided by the beginning of period book value
*** Dividend declared to shareholders divided by beginning of period book value

DRIVERS OF LONG-TERM VALUE CREATION
Operating through The Cincinnati Insurance Company, Cincinnati Financial Corporation is one of the 25 largest property casualty insurers in the nation, based on 2024 net written premiums for approximately 2,000 U.S. stock and mutual insurer groups. We market our insurance products through a select group of independent insurance agencies as discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Page 6. At June 30, 2025, we actively marketed through 2,258 agencies located in 46 states. We maintain a long-term perspective that guides us in addressing immediate challenges or opportunities while focusing on the major decisions that best position our company for success through all market cycles.

To measure our long-term progress in creating shareholder value, our value creation ratio is our primary financial performance target. As discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Executive Summary, Page 46, management believes this measure is a meaningful indicator of our long-term progress in creating shareholder value and has three primary performance drivers:

•Premium growth – We believe our agency relationships and initiatives can lead to a property casualty written premium growth rate over any five-year period that exceeds the industry average. For the first six months of 2025, our consolidated property casualty net written premium year-over-year growth was 11%. As of February 2025, A.M. Best projected the industry's full-year 2025 written premium growth at approximately 7%. For the five-year period 2020 through 2024, our growth rate exceeded that of the industry. The industry's growth rate excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business.
•Combined ratio – We believe our underwriting philosophy and initiatives can generate an average GAAP combined ratio over any five-year period that is consistently within the range of 92% to 98%. For the first six months of 2025, our GAAP combined ratio was 103.8%, including 19.4 percentage points of current accident year catastrophe losses partially offset by 3.3 percentage points of favorable loss reserve development on prior accident years. Our statutory combined ratio was 102.6% for the first six months of 2025. As of February 2025, A.M. Best projected the industry's full-year 2025 statutory combined ratio at approximately 99%, including approximately 9 percentage points of catastrophe losses and a favorable effect of less than 1 percentage point of loss reserve development on prior accident years. The industry's ratio again excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business.
•Investment contribution – We believe our investment philosophy and initiatives can drive investment income growth and lead to a total return on our equity investment portfolio over a five-year period that exceeds the five-year return of the Standard & Poor's 500 Index. For the first six months of 2025, pretax investment income was $565 million, up 16% compared with the same period in 2024. We believe our investment portfolio mix provides an appropriate balance of income stability and growth with capital appreciation potential.

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Financial Strength
An important part of our long-term strategy is financial strength, which is described in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Financial Strength, Page 8. One aspect of our financial strength is prudent use of reinsurance ceded to help manage financial performance variability due to catastrophe loss experience. A description of how we use reinsurance ceded is included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, 2025 Reinsurance Ceded Programs, Page 105. Another aspect of our financial strength is our investment portfolio, which remains well-diversified as discussed in this quarterly report in Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Our strong parent-company liquidity and financial strength increase our flexibility to maintain a cash dividend through all periods and to continue to invest in and expand our insurance operations.

At June 30, 2025, we held $5.094 billion of our cash and cash equivalents and invested assets at the parent-company level, of which $4.719 billion, or 92.6%, was invested in common stocks, and $70 million, or 1.4%, was cash or cash equivalents. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio was 5.4% at June 30, 2025. Another important indicator of financial strength is our ratio of property casualty net written premiums to statutory surplus, which was 1.1-to-1 for the 12 months ended June 30, 2025, compared with 1.0-to-1 at year-end 2024.

Financial strength ratings assigned to us by independent rating firms also are important. In addition to rating our parent company's senior debt, four firms award insurer financial strength ratings to one or more of our insurance subsidiary companies based on their quantitative and qualitative analyses. These ratings primarily assess an insurer's ability to meet financial obligations to policyholders and do not necessarily address all of the matters that may be important to investors. Ratings are under continuous review and subject to change or withdrawal at any time by the rating agency. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating; please see each rating agency's website for its most recent report on our ratings.

At July 25, 2025, our insurance subsidiaries continued to be highly rated.
Insurer Financial Strength Ratings
Rating
agency		Standard market property casualty insurance subsidiariesLife insurance
 subsidiary		Excess and surplus lines insurance subsidiaryOutlook
  Rating
tier		 Rating
tier		 Rating
tier		 
A.M. Best Co.
 ambest.com
A+Superior2 of 16A+Superior2 of 16A+Superior2 of 16Stable
Fitch Ratings
 fitchratings.com
A+Strong5 of 21A+Strong5 of 21---Positive
Moody's Investors  Service
 moodys.com
A1Good5 of 21------Stable
S&P Global  Ratings
 spratings.com
A+Strong5 of 21A+Strong5 of 21---Stable
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CONSOLIDATED PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE HIGHLIGHTS
Consolidated property casualty insurance results include premiums and expenses for our standard market insurance segments (commercial lines and personal lines), our excess and surplus lines segment, Cincinnati Re® and our London-based global specialty underwriter Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd.SM (Cincinnati Global).
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Earned premiums$2,397$2,07516 $4,661$4,06715 
Fee revenues330 7617 
Total revenues2,4002,07815 4,6684,07315 
Loss and loss expenses from:      
Current accident year before catastrophe losses1,3541,19813 2,7242,41913 
Current accident year catastrophe losses29625417 904403124 
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(57)(19)(200)(107)(87)(23)
Prior accident years catastrophe losses(6)(21)71 (47)(53)11 
Loss and loss expenses1,5871,41212 3,4742,68230 
Underwriting expenses6856319 1,3641,22511 
Underwriting profit (loss)$128$35266 $(170)$166nm
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change  Pt. Change
    Current accident year before catastrophe losses56.5 %57.8 %(1.3)58.4 %59.5 %(1.1)
    Current accident year catastrophe losses12.4 12.2 0.2 19.4 9.9 9.5 
    Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(2.4)(0.9)(1.5)(2.3)(2.1)(0.2)
    Prior accident years catastrophe losses(0.2)(1.0)0.8 (1.0)(1.3)0.3 
Loss and loss expenses66.3 68.1 (1.8)74.5 66.0 8.5 
Underwriting expenses28.6 30.4 (1.8)29.3 30.1 (0.8)
Combined ratio94.9 %98.5 %(3.6)103.8 %96.1 %7.7 
Combined ratio94.9 %98.5 %(3.6)103.8 %96.1 %7.7 
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development9.8 10.3 (0.5)16.1 6.5 9.6 
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development85.1 %88.2 %(3.1)87.7 %89.6 %(1.9)
 
Our consolidated property casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of $128 million for the second quarter of 2025 and an underwriting loss of $170 million for the first six months of 2025. The second-quarter 2025 underwriting profit increase of $93 million, compared with second-quarter 2024, included an unfavorable increase of $57 million in losses from catastrophes, mostly caused by severe weather, and a higher amount of total favorable reserve development on prior accident years. The change in underwriting profitability for the second quarter of 2025 also included a favorable effect from higher current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses that grew slower than earned premiums. The six-month underwriting loss of $170 million, compared with an underwriting profit of $166 million for the first six months of 2024, included an unfavorable increase of $501 million in current accident year catastrophe losses, mostly caused by the January 2025 wildfires in southern California, partially offset by a higher amount of total favorable reserve development on prior accident years. For the first six months of 2025, the combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development improved by 1.9 percentage points compared with the same period of 2024.

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Underwriting results for the second quarter and first six months of 2025 included improved current accident year loss experience before catastrophe losses, as price increases have helped to offset recent-year elevated paid losses reflecting economic or other forms of inflation. Elevated inflation was a driver of higher losses and loss expenses in recent years as costs have increased significantly to repair damaged autos or other property that we insure. We also experienced higher losses for liability coverages for some of our lines of business. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear. The higher loss experience is discussed in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment. We believe future property casualty underwriting results will continue to benefit from price increases and our ongoing initiatives to improve pricing precision and loss experience related to claims and loss control practices.
For all property casualty lines of business in aggregate, net loss and loss expense reserves at June 30, 2025, were $829 million, or 9%, higher than at year-end 2024, including an increase of $711 million for the incurred but not reported (IBNR) portion.

We measure and analyze property casualty underwriting results primarily by the combined ratio and its component ratios. The GAAP-basis combined ratio is the percentage of incurred losses plus all expenses per each earned premium dollar – the lower the ratio, the better the performance. An underwriting profit results when the combined ratio is below 100%. A combined ratio above 100% indicates that an insurance company's losses and expenses exceeded premiums.

Our consolidated property casualty combined ratio for the second quarter of 2025 decreased by 3.6 percentage points, compared with the same period of 2024, including an increase of 1.0 points from catastrophe losses and loss expenses. For the first six months of 2025, compared with the 2024 six-month period, our combined ratio increased by 7.7 percentage points, including an increase of 9.8 points from catastrophe losses and loss expenses. Other combined ratio components that changed are discussed below and in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment.
The combined ratio can be affected significantly by natural catastrophe losses and other large losses as discussed in detail below. The combined ratio can also be affected by updated estimates of loss and loss expense reserves established for claims that occurred in prior periods, referred to as prior accident years. Net favorable development on prior accident year reserves, including reserves for catastrophe losses, benefited the combined ratio by 3.3 percentage points in the first six months of 2025, compared with 3.4 percentage points in the same period of 2024. Net favorable development is discussed in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment.
 
The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses improved in the first six months of 2025. That 58.4% ratio was 1.1 percentage points lower, compared with the 59.5% accident year 2024 ratio measured as of June 30, 2024, including an increase of 0.2 points in the ratio for large losses of $2 million or more per claim, discussed below. The ratio improvement of 1.1 percentage points included an increase of 1.9 points for the IBNR portion and a decrease of 3.0 points for the case incurred portion. It also included an unfavorable 0.6 points for the net effect of $52 million for reinsurance treaty reinstatement premiums related to the January 2025 wildfires in southern California.
 
The underwriting expense ratio decreased for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, compared with the same periods a year ago. The decreases were primarily due to premium growth outpacing growth in various expenses. The six-month 2025 ratio also included an unfavorable 0.3 points for the effect of reinstatement premiums. The ratio for both periods also included ongoing expense management efforts.
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Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Agency renewal written premiums$2,135 $1,843 16 $4,047 $3,526 15 
Agency new business written premiums404 407 (1)787 753 5 
Other written premiums194 209 (7)394 428 (8)
Net written premiums2,733 2,459 11 5,228 4,707 11 
Unearned premium change(336)(384)13 (567)(640)11 
Earned premiums$2,397 $2,075 16 $4,661 $4,067 15 
 
The trends in net written premiums and earned premiums summarized in the table above include the effects of price increases. Price change trends that heavily influence renewal written premium increases or decreases, along with other premium growth drivers for 2025, are discussed in more detail by segment below in Financial Results.
 
Consolidated property casualty net written premiums for the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2025, grew $274 million and $521 million compared with the same periods of 2024. Our premium growth initiatives from prior years have provided an ongoing favorable effect on growth during the current year, particularly as newer agency relationships mature over time.

Consolidated property casualty agency new business written premiums decreased by $3 million for the second quarter and increased by $34 million for the first six months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024. The second quarter decrease was driven by the personal lines segment. Personal lines new business written premiums for second-quarter 2025 decreased 13% compared with a 54% increase in the second quarter of 2024. New agency appointments during 2025 and 2024 produced a $55 million increase in standard lines new business for the first six months of 2025 compared with the same period of 2024. As we appoint new agencies that choose to move accounts to us, we report these accounts as new business. While this business is new to us, in many cases it is not new to the agent. We believe these seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to our agent upon obtaining it from a competing agent.

Net written premiums for Cincinnati Re, included in other written premiums, decreased by $43 million in the second quarter and increased $10 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024, to $164 million and $418 million, respectively. Cincinnati Re assumes risks through reinsurance treaties and in some cases cedes part of the risk and related premiums to one or more unaffiliated reinsurance companies through transactions known as retrocessions.
 
Cincinnati Global is also included in other written premiums. Net written premiums for Cincinnati Global increased by $30 million in the second quarter and $24 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, to $97 million and $173 million, respectively, compared with the same periods of 2024.

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Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. A decrease in ceded premiums increased net written premiums by $4 million for the second quarter and an increase in ceded premiums decreased net written premiums by $76 million for the first six months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024. Other written premiums for the first six months of 2025 included a net unfavorable amount of $52 million for reinsurance treaty reinstatement premiums related to the California wildfires, including a favorable $12 million for Cincinnati Re and an unfavorable $64 million for our personal lines insurance segment.

Catastrophe losses and loss expenses typically have a material effect on property casualty results and can vary significantly from period to period. Losses from catastrophes contributed 12.2 and 18.4 percentage points to the combined ratio in the second quarter and first six months of 2025, compared with 11.2 and 8.6 percentage points in the same periods of 2024. During the second quarter of 2025, there were no material changes to our estimates of ultimate losses related to the California wildfires.

Net losses from catastrophes for the first six months of 2025 included recoveries from reinsurers that participate in our primary property catastrophe reinsurance treaty. There were no material changes during the second quarter to the estimated recovery of $429 million as of March 31, 2025, related to the California wildfires.

Effective July 1, 2025, we purchased an additional layer on our property catastrophe reinsurance treaty with a limit of $300 million, increasing the total limit from $1.500 billion to $1.800 billion. We retain 57.2% of losses between $1.500 billion and $1.800 billion. The provisions of this additional layer are similar to those included in the other layers. The annual ceded premiums for this additional coverage are estimated to be less than $5 million.

Effective June 1, 2025, we renewed the reinsurance program for Cincinnati Re only, which provides retrocession coverages with various triggers, exclusions and unique features. The program includes property catastrophe excess of loss coverage in excess of $90 million per occurrence with a total available limit of $73 million per occurrence. Ceded premiums for the one-year renewal period of coverage from the program are estimated to be approximately $16 million. There were no material changes during the second quarter to the estimated recovery of $38 million as of March 31, 2025, related to the California wildfires for the Cincinnati Re only program effective June 1, 2024, which expired during the second quarter.

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The following table shows consolidated property casualty insurance catastrophe losses and loss expenses incurred, net of reinsurance, as well as the effect of loss development on prior period catastrophe events. We individually list declared catastrophe events for which our incurred losses reached or exceeded $25 million.

Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Catastrophe Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
  Comm.Pers.E&S Comm.Pers.E&S 
DatesRegionlineslineslinesOtherTotallineslineslinesOtherTotal
2025     
Jan. 7-28West$— $(1)$— $— $(1)$— $324 $— $124 $448 
Mar. 14-17Midwest, Northeast, South5 13 — 2 20 47 88 1 2 138 
Apr. 1-7Midwest, South20 40 — — 60 20 40 — — 60 
May 15-16Midwest, Northeast23 65 — — 88 23 65 — — 88 
All other 2025 catastrophes40 87 2 — 129 54 110 3 3 170 
Development on 2024 and prior
 catastrophes		(3)(13)— 10 (6)(17)(26)(1)(3)(47)
Calendar year incurred total$85 $191 $2 $12 $290 $127 $601 $3 $126 $857 
2024     
Jan. 8-10Midwest, Northeast, South$(2)$1 $— $— $(1)$16 $9 $— $— $25 
Mar. 12-17Midwest, South2 5 — — 7 35 27 — — 62 
Mar. 31 - Apr. 4Midwest, Northeast, South13 23 — — 36 13 23 — — 36 
May 6-10Midwest, South19 28 — — 47 19 28 — — 47 
May 25-26Midwest, South37 28 1 — 66 37 28 1 — 66 
All other 2024 catastrophes42 52 2 3 99 66 95 3 3 167 
Development on 2023 and prior
catastrophes		(7)(6)1 (9)(21)(15)(27)— (11)(53)
Calendar year incurred total$104 $131 $4 $(6)$233 $171 $183 $4 $(8)$350 
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The following table includes data for losses incurred of $2 million or more per claim, net of reinsurance.
 
Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million$15 $31 (52)$41 $31 32 
Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million40 28 43 60 50 20 
Large loss prior accident year reserve development27 15 80 83 37 124 
Total large losses incurred82 74 11 184 118 56 
Losses incurred but not reported213 165 29 492 416 18 
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses741 741 0 1,429 1,418 1 
Catastrophe losses280 228 23 838 339 147 
Total losses incurred$1,316 $1,208 9 $2,943 $2,291 28 
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change  Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million0.6 %1.5 %(0.9)0.9 %0.8 %0.1 
Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million1.7 1.4 0.3 1.3 1.2 0.1 
Large loss prior accident year reserve development1.1 0.7 0.4 1.8 0.9 0.9 
Total large loss ratio3.4 3.6 (0.2)4.0 2.9 1.1 
Losses incurred but not reported8.9 8.0 0.9 10.5 10.2 0.3 
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses30.9 35.6 (4.7)30.6 34.9 (4.3)
Catastrophe losses11.7 11.0 0.7 18.0 8.3 9.7 
Total loss ratio54.9 %58.2 %(3.3)63.1 %56.3 %6.8 
 
We believe the inherent variability of aggregate loss experience for our portfolio of larger policies is greater than that of our portfolio of smaller policies, and we continue to monitor the variability in addition to general inflationary trends in loss costs. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The second-quarter 2025 property casualty total large losses incurred of $82 million, net of reinsurance, was higher than the $70 million quarterly average during full-year 2024 and the $74 million experienced for the second quarter of 2024. The ratio for these large losses was 0.2 percentage points lower compared with last year's second quarter. The second-quarter 2025 amount of total large losses incurred unfavorably contributed to the increase in the six-month 2025 total large loss ratio, compared with 2024, in addition to a first-quarter 2025 ratio that was 2.3 points higher than the first quarter of 2024. We believe results for the three- and six-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $2 million. Losses by size are discussed in further detail in results of operations by property casualty insurance segment.
FINANCIAL RESULTS
Consolidated results reflect the operating results of each of our five segments along with the parent company, Cincinnati Re, Cincinnati Global and other activities reported as "Other." The five segments are:
•Commercial lines insurance
•Personal lines insurance
•Excess and surplus lines insurance
•Life insurance
•Investments

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COMMERCIAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Earned premiums$1,212 $1,107 9 $2,391 $2,189 9 
Fee revenues— 1 (100)2 2 0 
Total revenues1,212 1,108 9 2,393 2,191 9 
Loss and loss expenses from:      
Current accident year before catastrophe losses721 664 9 1,443 1,346 7 
Current accident year catastrophe losses88 111 (21)144 186 (23)
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(39)(22)(77)(68)(52)(31)
Prior accident years catastrophe losses(3)(7)57 (17)(15)(13)
Loss and loss expenses767 746 3 1,502 1,465 3 
Underwriting expenses358 352 2 707 677 4 
Underwriting profit$87 $10 770 $184 $49 276 
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change  Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses59.6 %60.0 %(0.4)60.3 %61.5 %(1.2)
Current accident year catastrophe losses7.2 10.0 (2.8)6.1 8.5 (2.4)
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(3.3)(1.9)(1.4)(2.9)(2.3)(0.6)
Prior accident years catastrophe losses(0.2)(0.7)0.5 (0.7)(0.7)0.0 
Loss and loss expenses63.3 67.4 (4.1)62.8 67.0 (4.2)
Underwriting expenses29.6 31.7 (2.1)29.6 30.9 (1.3)
Combined ratio92.9 %99.1 %(6.2)92.4 %97.9 %(5.5)
Combined ratio92.9 %99.1 %(6.2)92.4 %97.9 %(5.5)
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development3.7 7.4 (3.7)2.5 5.5 (3.0)
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development89.2 %91.7 %(2.5)89.9 %92.4 %(2.5)
 
Overview
Performance highlights for the commercial lines segment include:
•Premiums – Earned premiums and net written premiums for the commercial lines segment grew during the second quarter and first six months of 2025, compared with the same periods a year ago, primarily due to agency renewal written premium growth that continued to include higher average pricing as well as growth in agency new business written premiums. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums. We continue to use predictive analytics tools to improve pricing precision and segmentation while leveraging our local relationships with agents through the efforts of our teams that work closely with them. We seek to maintain appropriate pricing discipline for both new and renewal business as our agents and underwriters assess account quality to make careful decisions on a policy-by-policy basis whether to write or renew a policy.
Agency renewal written premiums increased 9% for the second quarter and 8% for the first six months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024, including price increases. During the second quarter of 2025, our overall standard commercial lines policies averaged estimated renewal price increases at percentages near the high end of the mid-single-digit range. We continue to segment commercial lines policies, emphasizing identification and retention of those we believe have relatively stronger pricing. Conversely, we have been seeking stricter renewal terms and conditions on policies we believe have relatively weaker pricing, thus retaining fewer of those policies. We measure average changes in commercial lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for the respective policies.
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Our average overall commercial lines renewal pricing change includes the impact of flat pricing for certain coverages within package policies written for a three-year term that were in force but did not expire during the period being measured. Therefore, our reported change in average commercial lines renewal pricing reflects a blend of three-year policies that did not expire and other policies that did expire during the measurement period. For commercial lines policies that did expire and were then renewed during the second quarter of 2025, we estimate that our average percentage price increases were in the high-single-digit range for our commercial casualty and commercial property lines of business and in the mid-single-digit range for our commercial auto line of business. The estimated average percentage price change for workers' compensation was a decrease in the mid-single-digit range.
Our commercial lines segment's increase in agency renewal written premiums for the first six months of 2025 also included changes in the level of insured exposures. Part of the insured exposure increase reflects our response to inflation effects that increase the cost of building materials to repair damaged commercial structures. We use building valuation software to automate much of that underwriting process and may also manually adjust premiums to reflect property costs.
Renewal premiums for certain policies, primarily our commercial casualty and workers' compensation lines of business, include the results of policy audits that adjust initial premium amounts based on differences between estimated and actual sales or payroll related to a specific policy. Audits completed during the first six months of 2025 contributed $48 million to net written premiums, compared with $54 million for the same period of 2024.
New business written premiums for commercial lines increased $7 million and $28 million during the second quarter and first six months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024, as we continued to carefully underwrite each policy in a highly competitive market. Trend analysis for year-over-year comparisons of individual quarters is more difficult to assess for commercial lines new business written premiums, due to inherent variability. That variability is often driven by larger policies with annual premiums greater than $100,000.
Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our commercial lines insurance segment, a decrease in ceded premiums increased net written premiums by approximately $3 million and $6 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024.

Commercial Lines Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Agency renewal written premiums$1,116 $1,023 9 $2,268 $2,099 8 
Agency new business written premiums200 193 4 403 375 7 
Other written premiums(26)(30)13 (56)(65)14 
Net written premiums1,290 1,186 9 2,615 2,409 9 
Unearned premium change(78)(79)1 (224)(220)(2)
Earned premiums$1,212 $1,107 9 $2,391 $2,189 9 
 
•Combined ratio – The second-quarter 2025 commercial lines combined ratio improved by 6.2 percentage points, compared with the second quarter of 2024, including a decrease of 2.3 points in losses from catastrophes. The second-quarter combined ratio decreased by 0.4 points from current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses, including an increase of 4.9 points for the IBNR portion and a decrease of 5.3 points for the case incurred portion. For the first six months of 2025, the combined ratio improved by 5.5 percentage points, compared with the same period a year ago, including a decrease of 2.4 points in losses from catastrophes. The six-month 2025 combined ratio also included a decrease of 1.2 points from current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses, including an increase of 2.8 points for the IBNR portion and a decrease of 4.0 points for the case incurred portion. Underwriting results also included favorable reserve development on prior accident years, as discussed below. The current accident year ratios were measured as of June 30 of the respective years and included a decrease of 0.4 percentage points for the first six months of 2025 in the ratio for large losses of $2 million or more per claim, discussed below.
When estimating the ultimate cost of total loss and loss expenses, we consider many factors, including trends for inflation, historical paid and reported losses, large loss activity and other data or information for the industry
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or our company. Elevated inflation in recent years has been a driver of higher losses and loss expenses as costs have increased significantly to repair damaged business properties or autos that we insure, in addition to higher losses for liability coverages for some of our lines of business. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear.
Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for 7.0 and 5.4 percentage points of the combined ratio for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, compared with 9.3 and 7.8 percentage points for the same periods a year ago. Through 2024, the 10-year annual average for that catastrophe measure for the commercial lines segment was 6.0 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 6.6 percentage points.
The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the second quarter and first six months of 2025 was favorable for commercial lines overall by $42 million and $85 million, compared with $29 million and $67 million for the same periods in 2024. For the first six months of 2025, our commercial property and workers' compensation lines of business were the main contributors to the commercial lines net favorable reserve development, while our commercial auto line of business included net unfavorable development. The net favorable reserve development recognized during the first six months of 2025 for our commercial lines insurance segment was mainly for accident years 2024 and 2023 and was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Our commercial casualty line of business included $3 million of favorable reserve development on prior accident years for the first six months of 2025. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 51.
The commercial lines underwriting expense ratio decreased for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, compared with the same periods a year ago. The decreases were primarily due to premium growth outpacing growth in various expenses. The ratio for both periods also included ongoing expense management efforts.

Commercial Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million$5 $31 (84)$12 $31 (61)
Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million22 11 100 37 22 68 
Large loss prior accident year reserve development14 22 (36)58 34 71 
Total large losses incurred41 64 (36)107 87 23 
Losses incurred but not reported106 92 15 269 248 8 
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses383 384 0 701 752 (7)
Catastrophe losses83 101 (18)123 165 (25)
Total losses incurred$613 $641 (4)$1,200 $1,252 (4)
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change  Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million0.5 %2.8 %(2.3)0.5 %1.4 %(0.9)
Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million1.8 1.0 0.8 1.5 1.0 0.5 
Large loss prior accident year reserve development1.2 2.0 (0.8)2.5 1.6 0.9 
Total large loss ratio3.5 5.8 (2.3)4.5 4.0 0.5 
Losses incurred but not reported8.7 8.3 0.4 11.3 11.3 0.0 
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses31.6 34.6 (3.0)29.3 34.3 (5.0)
Catastrophe losses6.8 9.1 (2.3)5.1 7.6 (2.5)
Total loss ratio50.6 %57.8 %(7.2)50.2 %57.2 %(7.0)

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We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $2 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The second-quarter 2025 commercial lines total large losses incurred of $41 million, net of reinsurance, was lower than the quarterly average of $49 million during full-year 2024 and the $64 million of total large losses incurred for the second quarter of 2024. The increase in commercial lines large losses for the first six months of 2025 was primarily due to our commercial property line of business. The second-quarter 2025 ratio for commercial lines total large losses was 2.3 percentage points lower than last year's second-quarter ratio. The second-quarter 2025 amount of total large losses incurred contributed to the increase in the six-month 2025 total large loss ratio, compared with 2024, partially offsetting a first-quarter 2025 ratio that was 3.5 points higher than the first quarter of 2024. We believe results for the three-month period largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $2 million.

PERSONAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Earned premiums$804 $631 27 $1,502 $1,219 23 
Fee revenues2 1 100 3 2 50 
Total revenues806 632 28 1,505 1,221 23 
Loss and loss expenses from:      
Current accident year before catastrophe losses413 346 19 855 685 25 
Current accident year catastrophe losses204 137 49 627 210 199 
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(6)12 nm(12)— nm
Prior accident years catastrophe losses(13)(6)(117)(26)(27)4 
Loss and loss expenses598 489 22 1,444 868 66 
Underwriting expenses222 185 20 432 358 21 
Underwriting loss$(14)$(42)67 $(371)$(5)nm
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change  Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses51.3 %54.9 %(3.6)56.9 %56.2 %0.7 
Current accident year catastrophe losses25.4 21.8 3.6 41.7 17.2 24.5 
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(0.7)1.8 (2.5)(0.8)0.0 (0.8)
Prior accident years catastrophe losses(1.6)(0.9)(0.7)(1.7)(2.2)0.5 
Loss and loss expenses74.4 77.6 (3.2)96.1 71.2 24.9 
Underwriting expenses27.6 29.3 (1.7)28.8 29.4 (0.6)
Combined ratio102.0 %106.9 %(4.9)124.9 %100.6 %24.3 
Combined ratio102.0 %106.9 %(4.9)124.9 %100.6 %24.3 
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development23.1 22.7 0.4 39.2 15.0 24.2 
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development78.9 %84.2 %(5.3)85.7 %85.6 %0.1 

Overview
Performance highlights for the personal lines segment include:
•Premiums – Personal lines earned premiums and net written premiums continued to grow during the second quarter and first six months of 2025, primarily due to agency renewal written premium growth that included higher average pricing. Cincinnati Private ClientSM net written premiums included in the personal lines insurance segment results totaled approximately $592 million and $954 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, compared with $472 million and $802 million for the same periods of 2024. Direct written premiums for Cincinnati Private Client policies grew 26% for the first six months of 2025 compared with the same period of
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2024. Cincinnati Private Client net written premiums for the respective periods included excess and surplus lines homeowner policies with premiums totaling $48 million in the second quarter and $47 million in the first six months of 2025, compared with $51 million in the second quarter and $85 million in the first six months of 2024. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums.
Agency renewal written premiums increased 27% and 28% for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, reflecting rate increases in selected states, a higher level of insured exposures and other factors such as changes in policy deductibles or mix of business. Part of the insured exposure increase reflects our response to inflation effects that increase the cost of building materials used to repair damaged homes.
We estimate that premium rates for our personal auto line of business increased at average percentages in the high-single-digit range during the first six months of 2025. For our homeowner line of business, we estimate that premium rates for the first six months of 2025 also increased at average percentages in the low-double-digit range. For both our personal auto and homeowner lines of business, some individual policies experienced lower or higher rate changes based on each risk's specific characteristics and enhanced pricing precision enabled by predictive models.
Personal lines new business written premiums decreased $22 million or 13% for the second quarter of 2025, compared with the same period of 2024, including approximately $11 million from Cincinnati Private Client policies and $11 million from middle-market policies. Cincinnati Private Client new business premiums from California decreased approximately $13 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with the prior year. For the first six months of 2025, compared with the same period of 2024, personal lines new business written premiums decreased $17 million, or 6%, including approximately $3 million from Cincinnati Private Client policies and $14 million from middle-market policies. We believe we maintained underwriting and pricing discipline across all personal lines markets as we expanded use of enhanced pricing precision tools.
Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our personal lines insurance segment, an increase in 2025 ceded premiums reduced net written premiums by approximately $2 million and $70 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024. Ceded premiums for the first six months of 2025 included a net amount of $64 million for reinsurance reinstatement premiums related to the January 2025 wildfires in southern California. The $64 million of reinstatement premiums included $61 million for our homeowner line of business.
Personal Lines Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Agency renewal written premiums$866 $681 27 $1,500 $1,175 28 
Agency new business written premiums141 163 (13)268 285 (6)
Other written premiums(27)(25)(8)(116)(46)(152)
Net written premiums980 819 20 1,652 1,414 17 
Unearned premium change(176)(188)6 (150)(195)23 
Earned premiums$804 $631 27 $1,502 $1,219 23 
 
•Combined ratio – Our personal lines combined ratio for the second quarter of 2025 improved by 4.9 percentage points, compared with second-quarter 2024, despite an increase of 2.9 points in losses from catastrophes. The second-quarter 2025 combined ratio improvement also included a decrease of 3.6 percentage points from current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses, including an increase of 4.2 points for the IBNR portion and a decrease of 7.8 points for the case incurred portion. For the first six months of 2025, the combined ratio increased by 24.3 percentage points, compared with the same period a year ago, including an increase of 25.0 points in losses from catastrophes. The six-month 2025 combined ratio also included an increase of 0.7 points from current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses, including an increase of 4.2 points in the IBNR portion and a decrease of 3.5 points for the case incurred portion. The six-month 2025 current accident year ratio before catastrophe losses included an unfavorable 2.3 points for the effect of reinstatement premiums. The total current accident year ratios before catastrophe losses were measured as of June 30 of the respective years and included an increase of 1.4 percentage points for the first six months of 2025 in the ratio for large losses of $2 million or more per claim, discussed below.
When estimating the ultimate cost of total loss and loss expenses, we consider many factors, including trends for inflation, historical paid and reported losses, large loss activity and other data or information for the industry
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or our company. Elevated inflation in recent years has been a driver of higher losses and loss expenses as costs have increased significantly to repair damaged autos or homes that we insure. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear.
Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for 23.8 and 40.0 percentage points of the combined ratio for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, compared with 20.9 and 15.0 points for the same periods a year ago. The 10-year annual average catastrophe loss ratio for the personal lines segment through 2024 was 12.1 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 13.9 percentage points.
In addition to the average rate increases discussed above, we continue to refine our pricing to better match premiums to the risk of loss on individual policies. Improved pricing precision and broad-based rate increases are expected to help position the combined ratio at a profitable level over the long term. In addition, greater geographic diversification is expected to reduce the volatility of homeowner loss ratios attributable to weather-related catastrophe losses over time.
The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the second quarter and first six months of 2025 was favorable for personal lines overall by $19 million and $38 million, compared with $6 million unfavorable and $27 million favorable for the same periods of 2024. Our homeowner line of business was the main contributor to the personal lines net favorable reserve development for the first six months of 2025. The net favorable reserve development was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 51.
The personal lines underwriting expense ratio decreased for the second quarter and first six months of 2025, compared with the same periods a year ago. The second-quarter and six-month decreases were primarily due to growth in premiums outpacing growth in various expenses. The six-month 2025 ratio also included an unfavorable 1.2 points for the effect of reinstatement premiums. The ratios for both periods also included ongoing expense management efforts.
Personal Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million$10 $— nm$29 $— nm
Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million18 15 20 23 26 (12)
Large loss prior accident year reserve development13 (7)nm25 3 733 
Total large losses incurred41 8 413 77 29 166 
Losses incurred but not reported37 31 19 111 53 109 
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses257 256 0 511 487 5 
Catastrophe losses186 129 44 591 179 230 
Total losses incurred$521 $424 23 $1,290 $748 72 
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change  Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million1.3 %— %1.3 2.0 %— %2.0 
Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million2.2 2.4 (0.2)1.5 2.1 (0.6)
Large loss prior accident year reserve development1.5 (1.1)2.6 1.6 0.3 1.3 
Total large loss ratio5.0 1.3 3.7 5.1 2.4 2.7 
Losses incurred but not reported4.7 4.8 (0.1)7.4 4.3 3.1 
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses32.0 40.5 (8.5)34.1 39.9 (5.8)
Catastrophe losses23.1 20.5 2.6 39.3 14.7 24.6 
Total loss ratio64.8 %67.1 %(2.3)85.9 %61.3 %24.6 

We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $2 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the second quarter of 2025, the personal lines total
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large loss ratio, net of reinsurance, was 3.7 percentage points higher than last year's second quarter. The increase in personal lines total large losses incurred for the first six months of 2025 occurred primarily for our homeowner line of business and inland marine coverages in our other personal line of business. The second-quarter 2025 amount of total large losses incurred unfavorably contributed to the increase in the six-month 2025 total large loss ratio, compared with 2024, in addition to a first-quarter 2025 ratio that was 1.7 points higher than the first quarter of 2024. We believe results for the three- and six-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $2 million.

EXCESS AND SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Earned premiums$174 $151 15 $336 $290 16 
Fee revenues1 1 0 2 2 0 
Total revenues175 152 15 338 292 16 
Loss and loss expenses from:      
Current accident year before catastrophe losses113 96 18 219 188 16 
Current accident year catastrophe losses2 3 (33)4 4 0 
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(5)2 nm(13)— nm
Prior accident years catastrophe losses— 1 (100)(1)— nm
Loss and loss expenses110 102 8 209 192 9 
Underwriting expenses49 42 17 93 80 16 
Underwriting profit$16 $8 100 $36 $20 80 
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change  Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses64.9 %64.0 %0.9 65.2 %64.8 %0.4 
Current accident year catastrophe losses1.6 1.4 0.2 1.2 1.2 0.0 
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(2.7)1.6 (4.3)(3.8)0.0 (3.8)
Prior accident years catastrophe losses(0.3)0.5 (0.8)(0.3)0.0 (0.3)
Loss and loss expenses63.5 67.5 (4.0)62.3 66.0 (3.7)
Underwriting expenses27.6 27.9 (0.3)27.5 27.7 (0.2)
Combined ratio91.1 %95.4 %(4.3)89.8 %93.7 %(3.9)
Combined ratio91.1 %95.4 %(4.3)89.8 %93.7 %(3.9)
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development
(1.4)3.5 (4.9)(2.9)1.2 (4.1)
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development92.5 %91.9 %0.6 92.7 %92.5 %0.2 
 
Overview
Performance highlights for the excess and surplus lines segment include:
•Premiums – Excess and surplus lines earned premiums and net written premiums continued to grow during the second quarter and first six months of 2025, compared with the same period a year ago, including increases in both agency renewal and new business written premiums. Renewal written premiums rose 10% for the second quarter and 11% for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024, largely due to higher renewal pricing. For both 2025 periods, excess and surplus lines policy renewals experienced estimated average price increases at percentages in the high-single-digit range. We measure average changes in excess and surplus lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for respective policies.
New business written premiums produced by agencies increased by 24% for the second quarter and 25% for the first six months of 2025 compared with the same periods of 2024, as we continued to carefully underwrite
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each policy in a highly competitive market. Some of what we report as new business came from accounts that were not new to our agents. We believe our agents' seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to them.
Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Agency renewal written premiums$153 $139 10 $279 $252 11 
Agency new business written premiums63 51 24 116 93 25 
Other written premiums(14)(10)(40)(25)(19)(32)
Net written premiums202 180 12 370 326 13 
Unearned premium change(28)(29)3 (34)(36)6 
Earned premiums$174 $151 15 $336 $290 16 
 
•Combined ratio – The excess and surplus lines combined ratio improved by 4.3 percentage points for the second quarter and 3.9 points for the first six months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024. The improvements were primarily due to favorable reserve development on prior accident year loss and loss expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, compared with unfavorable development for the same periods of 2024.
The 64.9% second-quarter 2025 ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses was 0.9 percentage points higher, compared with the 64.0% accident year 2024 ratio measured as of June 30, 2024, including an increase of 7.8 points for the IBNR portion and a decrease of 6.9 points for the case incurred portion. The six-month 2025 ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses was 0.4 percentage points higher, compared with the 64.8% accident year 2024 ratio measured as of June 30, 2024, including an increase of 5.4 points for the IBNR portion and a decrease of 5.0 points for the case incurred portion.
Excess and surplus lines net reserve development on prior accident years, as a ratio to earned premiums, was favorable by 3.0% for the second quarter and 4.1% for the first six months of 2025, compared with unfavorable 2.1% and less than 0.1% for the same periods of 2024. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 51.
The excess and surplus lines underwriting expense ratio decreased for the second quarter and first six months of 2025 compared with the same periods a year ago. The ratio for both periods largely benefited from ongoing expense management efforts and premium growth.
 
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Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million$— $— nm$— $— nm
Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million— 2 (100)— 2 (100)
Large loss prior accident year reserve development— — nm— — nm
Total large losses incurred— 2 (100)— 2 (100)
Losses incurred but not reported31 17 82 77 47 64 
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses42 51 (18)66 88 (25)
Catastrophe losses3 3 0 3 4 (25)
Total losses incurred$76 $73 4 $146 $141 4 
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change  Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million— %— %0.0 — %— %0.0 
Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million— 1.3 (1.3)— 0.7 (0.7)
Large loss prior accident year reserve development— — 0.0 — — 0.0 
Total large loss ratio— 1.3 (1.3)— 0.7 (0.7)
Losses incurred but not reported18.1 11.6 6.5 23.0 16.4 6.6 
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses24.4 33.8 (9.4)19.7 30.4 (10.7)
Catastrophe losses1.3 1.9 (0.6)0.8 1.2 (0.4)
Total loss ratio43.8 %48.6 %(4.8)43.5 %48.7 %(5.2)
 
We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $2 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the second quarter of 2025, the excess and surplus lines total ratio for large losses, net of reinsurance, was 1.3 percentage points lower than last year's second quarter. The second-quarter 2025 amount of total large losses incurred contributed favorably to the decrease in the six-month 2025 total large loss ratio, compared with 2024, in addition to a first-quarter 2025 ratio that matched the first quarter of 2024. We believe results for the three- and six month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $2 million.
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LIFE INSURANCE RESULTS
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Earned premiums$83 $81 2 $163 $160 2 
Fee revenues2 2 0 3 3 0 
Total revenues85 83 2 166 163 2 
Contract holders' benefits incurred73 68 7 154 147 5 
Investment interest credited to contract holders(31)(31)0 (63)(62)(2)
Underwriting expenses incurred24 24 0 47 46 2 
Total benefits and expenses66 61 8 138 131 5 
Life insurance segment profit$19 $22 (14)$28 $32 (13)
 
Overview
Performance highlights for the life insurance segment include:
•Revenues – Revenues increased for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared with the same period a year ago, driven by higher earned premiums from term life insurance, our largest life insurance product line.
Net in-force life insurance policy face amounts increased 1% to $85.472 billion at June 30, 2025, from $84.245 billion at year-end 2024.
Fixed annuity deposits received for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, were $8 million and $12 million, compared with $10 million and $19 million for the same periods of 2024. Fixed annuity deposits have a minimal impact on earned premiums because deposits received are initially recorded as liabilities. Profit is earned over time by way of interest rate spreads. We do not write variable or equity-indexed annuities.
Life Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Term life insurance$61 $59 3 $118 $116 2 
Whole life insurance13 13 0 26 26 0 
Universal life and other 9 9 0 19 18 6 
Net earned premiums$83 $81 2 $163 $160 2 
 
•Profitability – Our life insurance segment typically reports a smaller profit compared with the life insurance subsidiary because profits from investment income spreads are included in our investments segment results. We include only investment income credited to contract holders (including interest assumed in life insurance policy reserve calculations) in our life insurance segment results. A profit of $28 million for our life insurance segment in the first six months of 2025, compared with a profit of $32 million for the same period of 2024, was primarily due to less favorable impacts from the unlocking of interest rate and other actuarial assumptions.

Life insurance segment benefits and expenses consist principally of contract holders' (policyholders') benefits incurred related to traditional life and interest-sensitive products and operating expenses incurred, net of deferred acquisition costs. Total benefits increased in the first six months of 2025 primarily due to less favorable impacts from the unlocking of interest rate and other actuarial assumptions.

Underwriting expenses for the first six months of 2025 increased compared with the same period a year ago, largely due to higher general insurance expense levels compared to the same period of 2024.

We recognize that assets under management, capital appreciation and investment income are integral to evaluating the success of the life insurance segment because of the long duration of life products. On a basis that includes investment income and investment gains or losses from life-insurance-related
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invested assets, the life insurance subsidiary reported net income of $26 million and $47 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, compared with $24 million and $43 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. The life insurance subsidiary portfolio had net after-tax investment losses of $3 million and $4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, compared with $5 million and $7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

INVESTMENTS RESULTS
Overview
The investments segment contributes investment income and investment gains and losses to results of operations. Investments traditionally are our primary source of pretax and after-tax profits.
Investment Income
Pretax investment income grew 18% for the second quarter and 16% for the first six months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024. Interest income increased by $41 million and $82 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 204, as net purchases of fixed-maturity securities in recent quarters and higher bond yields are working to generally offset effects of the low interest rate environment for several years prior to 2022. Dividend income increased by $1 million for the second quarter and decreased by $4 million for the first six months of 2025. The decrease for the first six months of 2025 was primarily due to the unfavorable effect on dividend income from net sales of equity securities during the second half of 2024. That effect was partially offset by net purchases of equity securities during the first six months of 2025 and dividend rates that have generally been increasing, although more slowly in recent quarters.

Investments Results
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Total investment income, net of expenses$285 $242 18 $565 $487 16 
Investment interest credited to contract holders(31)(31)0 (63)(62)(2)
Investment gains and losses, net473 137 245 406 749 (46)
Investments profit, pretax$727 $348 109 $908 $1,174 (23)
We continue to consider the low interest rate environment that prevailed for several years prior to 2022 as well as the potential for a continuation of both elevated inflation and higher bond yields as we position our portfolio. As bonds in our generally laddered portfolio mature or are called over the near term, we will reinvest with a balanced approach, keeping in mind our long-term strategy and pursuing attractive risk-adjusted after-tax yields. The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost associated with expected principal redemptions for our fixed-maturity portfolio. The expected principal redemptions are based on par amounts and include dated maturities, calls and prefunded municipal bonds that we expect will be called during each respective time period.
(Dollars in millions) % YieldPrincipal redemptions
At June 30, 2025
Fixed-maturity pretax yield profile:
Expected to mature during the remainder of 20254.95 %$556 
Expected to mature during 20264.87 1,108 
Expected to mature during 20275.12 980 
Average yield and total expected maturities from the remainder of 2025 through 20274.98 $2,644 

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The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost for fixed-maturity securities acquired during the periods indicated. The average yield for total fixed-maturity securities acquired during the first six months of 2025 was higher than the 5.06% average yield-to-amortized cost of the fixed-maturity securities portfolio at the end of 2024. Our fixed-maturity portfolio's average yield of 4.89% for the first six months of 2025, from the investment income table below, was lower than the 5.06% yield for the year-end 2024 fixed-maturities portfolio.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Average pretax yield-to-amortized cost on new fixed-maturities:
Acquired taxable fixed-maturities5.94 %6.25 %5.93 %6.09 %
Acquired tax-exempt fixed-maturities4.77 4.22 4.66 4.16 
Average total fixed-maturities acquired5.82 6.06 5.82 5.92 

While our bond portfolio more than covers our insurance reserve liabilities, we believe our diversified common stock portfolio of mainly blue chip, dividend-paying companies represents one of our best investment opportunities for the long term. We discussed our portfolio strategies in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 21, and Item 7, Investments Outlook, Page 89. We discuss risks related to our investment income and our fixed-maturity and equity investment portfolios in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The table below provides details about investment income. Average yields in this table are based on the average invested asset and cash amounts indicated in the table, using fixed-maturity securities valued at amortized cost and all other securities at fair value.
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Investment income:      
Interest$214 $173 24 $424 $342 24 
Dividends70 69 1 137 141 (3)
Other5 4 25 12 11 9 
Less investment expenses4 4 0 8 7 14 
Investment income, pretax285 242 18 565 487 16 
Less income taxes
49 40 23 97 81 20 
Total investment income, after-tax$236 $202 17 $468 $406 15 
Investment returns:
Average invested assets plus cash and cash
  equivalents		$30,500 $27,824 $30,468 $27,495 
Average yield pretax3.74 %3.48 %3.71 %3.54 %
Average yield after-tax3.10 2.90 3.07 2.95 
Effective tax rate17.2 16.7 17.2 16.7 
Fixed-maturity returns:
Average amortized cost$17,372 $14,909 $17,334 $14,735 
Average yield pretax4.93 %4.64 %4.89 %4.64 %
Average yield after-tax4.02 3.81 4.00 3.81 
Effective tax rate18.4 17.9 18.3 17.9 
 
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Total Investment Gains and Losses
Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sale of investments, for certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. The change in fair value for equity securities still held is included in investment gains and losses and also in net income. The change in unrealized gains or losses for fixed-maturity securities is included as a component of other comprehensive income (OCI). Accounting requirements for the allowance for credit losses for the fixed-maturity portfolio are disclosed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 128.
 
The table below summarizes total investment gains and losses, before taxes.
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2025202420252024
Investment gains and losses:
Equity securities:
Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net$(1)$7 $(3)$4 
Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net481 142 411 747 
Subtotal480 149 408 751 
Fixed maturities:
Gross realized gains1 4 1 4 
Gross realized losses— (6)— (7)
Change in allowance for credit losses, net(13)(16)(15)(25)
Subtotal(12)(18)(14)(28)
Other 5 6 12 26 
Total investment gains and losses reported in net income473 137 406 749 
Change in unrealized investment gains and losses:
Fixed maturities28 (75)95 (130)
Total$501 $62 $501 $619 

Of the 5,278 fixed-maturity and short-term securities in the portfolio, 48 securities were trading below 70% of amortized cost at June 30, 2025. Our asset impairment committee regularly monitors the portfolio, including a quarterly review of the entire portfolio for potential credit losses. We believe that if liquidity in the markets were to significantly deteriorate or economic conditions were to significantly weaken, we could experience declines in portfolio values and possibly increases in the allowance for credit losses or write-downs to fair value.

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OTHER
We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and a noninsurance subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, including earned premiums, loss and loss expenses and underwriting expenses in the table below.

Total revenues for the first six months of 2025 for our Other operations increased, compared with the same period of 2024, primarily due to earned premiums from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, with increases of $30 million and $33 million, respectively. Cincinnati Re had $303 million of earned premiums for the first six months of 2025 and generated an underwriting loss of $36 million due to $104 million of net catastrophe losses from the January 2025 wildfires in southern California. Cincinnati Global had $129 million of earned premiums for the first six months of 2025 and generated an underwriting profit of $17 million. Total expenses for Other increased for the first six months of 2025, primarily due to higher loss and loss expenses from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global.

Other income (loss) in the table below represents profit before income taxes. For the first six months of 2025, total other loss resulted from an underwriting loss from Cincinnati Re and interest expense from debt of the parent company. For the first six months of 2024, total other income was driven by underwriting profit from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global.
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Interest and fees on loans and leases$2 $2 0 $5 $4 25 
Earned premiums207 186 11 432 369 17 
Other revenues3 2 50 4 3 33 
Total revenues212 190 12 441 376 17 
Interest expense14 14 0 27 27 0 
Loss and loss expenses112 75 49 319 157 103 
Underwriting expenses56 52 8 132 110 20 
Operating expenses10 9 11 21 13 62 
Total expenses192 150 28 499 307 63 
 Total other income (loss)$20 $40 (50)$(58)$69 nm
 
TAXES
We had $170 million and $132 million of income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, compared with $74 million and $272 million of income tax expense for the same periods of 2024. The effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, was 19.9% and 18.2% compared with 19.2% and 20.3% for the same periods last year. The change in our effective tax rate between periods was primarily due to large changes in our net investment gains and losses included in income for the periods and changes in underwriting income and investment income.

Historically, we have pursued a strategy of investing some portion of cash flow in tax-advantaged, fixed-maturity and equity securities to minimize our overall tax liability and maximize after-tax earnings. See Tax-Exempt Fixed Maturities in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for further discussion on municipal bond purchases in our fixed-maturity investment portfolio. For tax years after 2017, for our property casualty insurance subsidiaries, approximately 75% of interest from tax-advantaged, fixed-maturity investments and approximately 40% of dividends from qualified equities are exempt from federal tax after applying proration. For our noninsurance companies, the dividend received deduction exempts 50% of dividends from qualified equities. Our life insurance company does not own tax-advantaged, fixed-maturity investments or equities subject to the dividend received deduction. Details about our effective tax rate are in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 9, Income Taxes.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
At June 30, 2025, shareholders' equity was $14.301 billion, compared with $13.935 billion at December 31, 2024. Total debt was $815 million at June 30, 2025, unchanged from December 31, 2024. At June 30, 2025, cash and cash equivalents totaled $995 million, compared with $983 million at December 31, 2024.

In addition to our historically positive operating cash flow to meet the needs of operations, we have the ability to slow investing activities or sell a portion of our high-quality, liquid investment portfolio if such need arises. We also have additional capacity to borrow on our revolving short-term line of credit, as described further below.

SOURCES OF LIQUIDITY
 
Subsidiary Dividends
Our lead insurance subsidiary declared dividends of $175 million to the parent company in the first half of 2025, compared with $290 million for the same period of 2024. For full-year 2024, our lead insurance subsidiary paid dividends totaling $290 million to the parent company. State of Ohio regulatory requirements restrict the dividends our insurance subsidiary can pay. For full-year 2025, total dividends that our insurance subsidiary can pay to our parent company without regulatory approval are approximately $1.245 billion.
 
Investing Activities
Investment income is a source of liquidity for both the parent company and its insurance subsidiaries. We continue to focus on portfolio strategies to balance near-term income generation and long-term book value growth.
 
Parent company obligations can be funded with income on investments held at the parent-company level or through sales of securities in that portfolio, although our investment philosophy seeks to compound cash flows over the long term. These sources of capital can help minimize subsidiary dividends to the parent company, protecting insurance subsidiary capital.

For a discussion of our historic investment strategy, portfolio allocation and quality, see our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 21.
 
Insurance Underwriting
Our property casualty and life insurance underwriting operations provide liquidity because we generally receive premiums before paying losses under the policies purchased with those premiums. After satisfying our cash requirements, we use excess cash flows for investment, increasing future investment income.
 
Historically, cash receipts from property casualty and life insurance premiums, along with investment income, have been more than sufficient to pay claims, operating expenses and dividends to the parent company.
 
The table below shows a summary of the operating cash flow for property casualty insurance (direct method):
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20252024% Change20252024% Change
Premiums collected$2,466 $2,206 12 $4,743 $4,250 12 
Loss and loss expenses paid(1,246)(1,067)(17)(2,645)(2,104)(26)
Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid(668)(615)(9)(1,592)(1,423)(12)
Cash flow from underwriting552 524 5 506 723 (30)
Investment income received207 176 18 413 341 21 
Cash flow from operations$759 $700 8 $919 $1,064 (14)
 
Collected premiums for property casualty insurance rose $493 million during the first six months of 2025, compared with the same period in 2024. Loss and loss expenses paid for the 2025 period increased $541 million. Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid increased $169 million.
 
We discuss our future obligations for claims payments and for underwriting expenses in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Obligations, Page 95.
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Capital Resources
At June 30, 2025, our debt-to-total-capital ratio was 5.4%, considerably below our 35% covenant threshold, with $790 million in long-term debt and $25 million in borrowing on our revolving short-term line of credit. At June 30, 2025, $275 million was available for future cash management needs as part of the general provisions of the line of credit agreement, with another $300 million available as part of an accordion feature. Based on our capital requirements at June 30, 2025, we do not anticipate a material increase in debt levels exceeding the available line of credit amount during the year. As a result, we expect changes in our debt-to-total-capital ratio to continue to be largely a function of the contribution of unrealized investment gains or losses to shareholders' equity. During 2024, we terminated our unsecured letter of credit agreement, which provided a portion of the capital needed to support Cincinnati Global's obligations at Lloyd's. We replaced the letter of credit agreement with common equities, bringing total common equities held in Lloyd's trust accounts to $223 million.

We provide details of our three long-term notes in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements. None of the notes are encumbered by rating triggers.
 
Four independent ratings firms award insurer financial strength ratings to our property casualty insurance companies and three firms rate our life insurance company. Those firms made no changes to our parent company debt ratings during the first half of 2025. Our debt ratings are discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, Long-Term Debt, Page 94.
 
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not use any special-purpose financing vehicles or have any undisclosed off-balance sheet arrangements (as that term is defined in applicable SEC rules) that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on the company's financial condition, results of operation, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Similarly, the company holds no fair-value contracts for which a lack of marketplace quotations would necessitate the use of fair-value techniques.
 
USES OF LIQUIDITY
Our parent company and insurance subsidiary have contractual obligations and other commitments. In addition, one of our primary uses of cash is to enhance shareholder return.
 
Contractual Obligations
We estimated our future contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024, in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Contractual Obligations, Page 95. There have been no material changes to our estimates of future contractual obligations since our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Other Commitments
In addition to our contractual obligations, we have other property casualty operational commitments:
•Commissions – Commissions paid were $1.063 billion in the first half of 2025. Commission payments generally track with written premiums, except for annual profit-sharing commissions typically paid during the first quarter of the year.
•Other underwriting expenses – Many of our underwriting expenses are not contractual obligations, but reflect the ongoing expenses of our business. Noncommission underwriting expenses paid were $529 million in the first half of 2025.
There were no contributions to our qualified pension plan during the first half of 2025.
 
Investing Activities
After fulfilling operating requirements, we invest cash flows from underwriting, investment and other corporate activities in fixed-maturity and equity securities on an ongoing basis to help achieve our portfolio objectives. We discuss our investment strategy and certain portfolio attributes in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
 
Uses of Capital
Uses of cash to enhance shareholder return include dividends to shareholders and shares acquired under our repurchase program. In January and May 2025, the board of directors declared regular quarterly cash dividends of
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87 cents per share for an indicated annual rate of $3.48 per share. During the first six months of 2025, we used $258 million to pay cash dividends to shareholders.

PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE LOSS AND LOSS EXPENSE RESERVES
For the business lines in the commercial and personal lines insurance segments, and in total for the excess and surplus lines insurance segment and other property casualty insurance operations, the following table details gross reserves among case, IBNR (incurred but not reported) and loss expense reserves, net of salvage and subrogation reserves. Reserving practices are discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves, Page 96.
 
Total gross reserves at June 30, 2025, increased $1.064 billion compared with December 31, 2024. Case loss reserves increased by $191 million, IBNR loss reserves increased by $734 million and loss expense reserves increased by $139 million. The total gross increase was primarily due to our homeowner and commercial casualty lines of business and Cincinnati Re.

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Property Casualty Gross Reserves
(Dollars in millions)Loss reservesLoss expense reservesTotal gross reserves 
Case reservesIBNR reservesPercent of total
At June 30, 2025
Commercial lines insurance:     
Commercial casualty$1,157 $1,628 $856 $3,641 33.1 %
Commercial property224 268 97 589 5.3 
Commercial auto424 419 170 1,013 9.2 
Workers' compensation374 581 100 1,055 9.6 
Other commercial 160 61 160 381 3.5 
Subtotal2,339 2,957 1,383 6,679 60.7 
Personal lines insurance:     
Personal auto269 147 112 528 4.8 
Homeowner384 321 102 807 7.3 
Other personal116 205 10 331 3.0 
Subtotal769 673 224 1,666 15.1 
Excess and surplus lines383 504 318 1,205 11.0 
Cincinnati Re236 978 7 1,221 11.1 
Cincinnati Global118 109 3 230 2.1 
Total$3,845 $5,221 $1,935 $11,001 100.0 %
At December 31, 2024     
Commercial lines insurance:     
Commercial casualty$1,121 $1,498 $824 $3,443 34.7 %
Commercial property251 199 90 540 5.4 
Commercial auto423 355 159 937 9.4 
Workers' compensation389 564 89 1,042 10.5 
Other commercial 159 45 137 341 3.4 
Subtotal2,343 2,661 1,299 6,303 63.4 
Personal lines insurance:     
Personal auto260 106 100 466 4.7 
Homeowner244 134 88 466 4.7 
Other personal102 166 9 277 2.8 
Subtotal606 406 197 1,209 12.2 
Excess and surplus lines395 425 289 1,109 11.2 
Cincinnati Re191 880 8 1,079 10.8 
Cincinnati Global119 115 3 237 2.4 
Total$3,654 $4,487 $1,796 $9,937 100.0 %
 
LIFE POLICY AND INVESTMENT CONTRACT RESERVES
Gross life policy and investment contract reserves were $2.959 billion at June 30, 2025, compared with $2.960 billion at year-end 2024. Details about these reserves are in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 5, Life Policy and Investment Contract Reserves. We discussed our life insurance reserving practices in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Life Insurance Policyholder Obligations and Reserves, Page 102.
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OTHER MATTERS
 
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Our significant accounting policies are discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 128, and updated in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 1, Accounting Policies.
 
In conjunction with those discussions, in the Management's Discussion and Analysis in the 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, management reviewed the estimates and assumptions used to develop reported amounts related to the most significant policies. Management discussed the development and selection of those accounting estimates with the audit committee of the board of directors.
 
Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Our greatest exposure to market risk is through our investment portfolio. Market risk is the potential for a decrease in securities' fair value resulting from broad yet uncontrollable forces such as: inflation, economic growth or recession, interest rates, world political conditions or other widespread unpredictable events. It is comprised of many individual risks that, when combined, create a macroeconomic impact.
 
Our view of potential risks and our sensitivity to such risks is discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, Page 112.
 
The fair value of our investment portfolio was $28.826 billion at June 30, 2025, up $1.161 billion from year-end 2024, including a $895 million increase in the fixed-maturity portfolio, a $464 million increase in the equity portfolio and a $198 million decrease in short-term investments.
(Dollars in millions)At June 30, 2025At December 31, 2024
Cost or 
amortized cost 		Percent 
of total		Fair valuePercent 
of total		Cost or 
amortized cost 		Percent of totalFair valuePercent
of total
Taxable fixed maturities$13,437 62.0 %$13,166 45.7 %$12,668 60.4 %$12,243 44.2 %
Tax-exempt fixed maturities4,098 18.9 3,911 13.6 4,067 19.4 3,939 14.2 
Common equities3,626 16.8 11,309 39.2 3,568 17.0 10,836 39.2 
Nonredeemable preferred
  equities		386 1.8 340 1.2 385 1.8 349 1.3 
Short-term investments100 0.5 100 0.3 298 1.4 298 1.1 
Total$21,647 100.0 %$28,826 100.0 %$20,986 100.0 %$27,665 100.0 %

At June 30, 2025, substantially all of our consolidated investment portfolio, measured at fair value, is classified as Level 1 or Level 2. See Item 1, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, for additional discussion of our valuation techniques.
 
In addition to our investment portfolio, the total investments amount reported in our condensed consolidated balance sheets includes Other invested assets. Other invested assets included $594 million of private equity investments, $99 million of real estate through direct property ownership and development projects in the United States, $36 million of life policy loans and $14 million in Lloyd's deposit at June 30, 2025.
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FIXED-MATURITY SECURITIES INVESTMENTS
By maintaining a well-diversified fixed-maturity portfolio, we attempt to reduce overall risk. We invest new money in the bond market on a regular basis, targeting what we believe to be optimal risk-adjusted, after-tax yields. Risk, in this context, includes interest rate, call, reinvestment rate, credit and liquidity risk. We do not make a concerted effort to alter duration on a portfolio basis in response to anticipated movements in interest rates. By regularly investing in the bond market, we build a broad, diversified portfolio that we believe mitigates the impact of adverse economic factors.

In the first six months of 2025, the increase in fair value of our fixed-maturity portfolio was due to net purchases of securities, plus a decrease in our net unrealized loss position that reflected a decrease in U.S. Treasury yields partially offset by a slight widening of corporate credit spreads. At June 30, 2025, our fixed-maturity portfolio with an average rating of A2/A+ was valued at 97.4% of its amortized cost, compared with 96.7% at December 31, 2024.
 
At June 30, 2025, our investment-grade fixed-maturity securities represented 97.9% of the portfolio based on ratings provided by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations or the Securities Valuation Office of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners.

Attributes of the fixed-maturity portfolio include:
At June 30, 2025At December 31, 2024
Weighted average yield-to-amortized cost5.16 %5.06 %
Weighted average maturity10.7yrs10.2yrs
Effective duration5.3yrs5.0yrs
 
We discuss maturities of our fixed-maturity portfolio in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 2, Investments, Page 135, and in this quarterly report Item 2, Investments Results.
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TAXABLE FIXED MATURITIES
Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio, with a fair value of $13.166 billion at June 30, 2025, included:
(Dollars in millions) At June 30, 2025At December 31, 2024
Investment-grade corporate$8,716 $8,070 
Government-sponsored enterprises2,447 2,274 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions797 782 
Asset-backed732 551 
Noninvestment-grade corporate271 310 
United States government183 226 
Foreign government20 30 
Total$13,166 $12,243 
 
Our strategy is to buy, and typically hold, fixed-maturity investments to maturity, but we monitor credit profiles and fair value movements when determining holding periods for individual securities. With the exception of United States agency issues that include government-sponsored enterprises, no individual issuer's securities accounted for more than 0.8% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2025. Our investment-grade corporate bonds had an average rating of Baa1 by Moody's or BBB+ by S&P Global Ratings and represented 66.2% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio's fair value at June 30, 2025, compared with 65.9% at year-end 2024.
 
The heaviest concentration in our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio, based on fair value at
June 30, 2025, was the financial sector. It represented 31.4% of our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio, compared with 33.8% at year-end 2024. The utility and energy sectors represented 13.0% and 11.0%, compared with 13.0% and 10.6%, respectively, at year-end 2024. No other sector exceeded 10% of our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio.

As discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1A, Risk Factors, Page 30, investments in the financial sector include various risks. See risk factors entitled “Financial disruption or a prolonged economic downturn could affect our investment performance” and “Our ability to achieve our performance objectives could be affected by changes in the financial, credit and capital markets or the general economy.”

Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2025, included $732 million of asset-backed securities at fair value with an average rating of Aa2/AA.
TAX-EXEMPT FIXED MATURITIES
At June 30, 2025, we had $3.911 billion of tax-exempt fixed-maturity securities at fair value with an average rating of Aa2/AA by Moody's and S&P Global Ratings. We traditionally have purchased municipal bonds focusing on general obligation and essential services issues, such as water, waste disposal or others. The portfolio is well diversified among approximately 1,900 municipal bond issuers. No single municipal issuer accounted for more than 0.6% of the tax-exempt fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2025.

INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Because of our strong surplus, long-term investment horizon and ability to hold most fixed-maturity investments until maturity, we believe the company is adequately positioned if interest rates were to rise. Although the fair values of our existing holdings may suffer, a higher rate environment would provide the opportunity to invest cash flow in higher-yielding securities, while reducing the likelihood of untimely redemptions of currently callable securities. While higher interest rates would be expected to continue to increase the number of fixed-maturity holdings trading below 100% of amortized cost, we believe lower fixed-maturity security values due solely to interest rate changes would not signal a decline in credit quality. We continue to manage the portfolio with an eye toward both meeting current income needs and managing interest rate risk.
 
Our dynamic financial planning model uses analytical tools to assess market risks. As part of this model, the effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio is continually monitored by our investment department to evaluate the theoretical impact of interest rate movements.
 
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The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in interest rates on the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio:
(Dollars in millions)Effect from interest rate change in basis points
-200  -100 —100 200
At June 30, 2025$18,906 $17,985 $17,077 $16,093 $15,100 
At December 31, 2024$17,750 $16,967 $16,182 $15,317 $14,433 
 
The effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio as of June 30, 2025, was 5.3 years, up from 5.0 years at year-end 2024. The above table is a theoretical presentation showing that an instantaneous, parallel shift in the yield curve of 100 basis points could produce an approximately 5.5% change in the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio. Generally speaking, the higher a bond is rated, the more directly correlated movements in its fair value are to changes in the general level of interest rates, exclusive of call features. The fair values of average- to lower-rated corporate bonds are additionally influenced by the expansion or contraction of credit spreads.
 
In our dynamic financial planning model, the selected interest rate change of 100 to 200 basis points represents our view of a shift in rates that is quite possible over a one-year period. The rates modeled should not be considered a prediction of future events as interest rates may be much more volatile in the future. The analysis is not intended to provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in rates on our results or financial condition, nor does it take into account any actions that we might take to reduce exposure to such risks.

SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS
Our short-term investments consist of commercial paper purchased within one year of maturity. We make short-term investments primarily with funds to be used to make upcoming cash payments, such as dividends, taxes or other corporate purposes. At June 30, 2025, we had $100 million of short-term investments.

EQUITY INVESTMENTS
Our equity investments, with a fair value totaling $11.649 billion at June 30, 2025, included $11.309 billion of common stock securities of companies generally with strong indications of paying and growing their dividends. Other criteria we evaluate include increasing sales and earnings, proven management and a favorable outlook. We believe our equity investment style is an appropriate long-term strategy. While our long-term financial position would be affected by prolonged changes in the market valuation of our investments, we believe our strong surplus position and cash flow provide a cushion against short-term fluctuations in valuation. Continued payment of cash dividends by the issuers of our common equity holdings can provide a floor to their valuation.

The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in market prices on fair value of our equity portfolio.
(Dollars in millions)Effect from market price change in percent
 -30%-20%-10%—10%20%30%
At June 30, 2025$8,154 $9,319 $10,484 $11,649 $12,814 $13,979 $15,144 
At December 31, 2024$7,830 $8,948 $10,067 $11,185 $12,304 $13,422 $14,541 

At June 30, 2025, Microsoft (Nasdaq:MSFT) was our largest single common stock holding with a fair value of $903 million, or 8.0% of our publicly traded common stock portfolio and 3.1% of the total investment portfolio. Forty-two holdings (among nine different sectors) each had a fair value greater than $100 million. 
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Common Stock Portfolio Industry Sector Distribution
 Percent of common stock portfolio
 At June 30, 2025At December 31, 2024
Cincinnati
 Financial		S&P 500 Industry
Weightings		Cincinnati
Financial		S&P 500 Industry
Weightings
Sector:    
Information technology33.0 %33.1 %32.6 %32.5 %
Industrials14.4 8.6 14.3 8.2 
Financial13.3 14.0 12.4 13.6 
Healthcare9.6 9.3 10.8 10.1 
Consumer staples7.5 5.5 6.9 5.5 
Consumer discretionary7.4 10.4 7.6 11.2 
Materials4.1 1.9 4.7 1.9 
Energy4.1 3.0 4.2 3.2 
Utilities3.2 2.4 3.1 2.3 
Real estate2.1 2.0 2.1 2.1 
Communication services1.3 9.8 1.3 9.4 
Total100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %
 
UNREALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS AND LOSSES
At June 30, 2025, unrealized investment gains before taxes for the fixed-maturity portfolio totaled $124 million and unrealized investment losses amounted to $582 million before taxes.
 
The $458 million net unrealized loss position in our fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2025, decreased in the first six months of 2025, primarily due to a decrease in U.S. Treasury yields partially offset by a slight widening of corporate credit spreads. The net loss position for our current fixed-maturity holdings will naturally decline over time as individual securities approach maturity. In addition, changes in interest rates can cause rapid, significant changes in fair values of fixed-maturity securities and the net loss position, as discussed in Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

For federal income tax purposes, taxes on gains from appreciated investments generally are not due until securities are sold. We believe that the appreciated value of equity securities, compared with the cost of securities that is generally used as a tax basis, is a useful measure to help evaluate how fair value can change over time. On this basis, the net unrealized investment gains at June 30, 2025, consisted of a net gain position in our equity portfolio of $7.637 billion. Events or factors such as economic growth or recession can affect the fair value and unrealized investment gains of our equity securities. The five largest holdings in our common stock portfolio at June 30, 2025, were Microsoft, Apple (Nasdaq:AAPL), Broadcom Inc. (Nasdaq:AVGO), JPMorgan Chase & Co (NYSE:JPM), and Abbvie Inc. (NYSE:ABBV), which had a combined fair value of $3.171 billion.

Unrealized Investment Losses
We expect the number of fixed-maturity securities trading below amortized cost to fluctuate as interest rates rise or fall and credit spreads expand or contract due to prevailing economic conditions. Further, amortized costs for some securities are revised through write-downs recognized in prior periods. At June 30, 2025, 3,537 of the 5,278 fixed-maturity and short-term securities we owned had fair values below amortized cost, compared with 3,723 of the 5,090 securities we owned at year-end 2024. The 3,537 holdings with fair values below amortized cost at June 30, 2025, represented 60.4% of the fair value of our fixed-maturity and short-term investments portfolio and $582 million in unrealized losses.
•2,658 of the 3,537 holdings had fair value between 90% and 100% of amortized cost at June 30, 2025. These primarily consist of securities whose current valuation is largely the result of interest rate factors. The fair value of these 2,658 securities was $8.867 billion, and they accounted for $236 million in unrealized losses.
•831 of the 3,537 holdings had fair value between 70% and 90% of amortized cost at
June 30, 2025. We believe the 831 securities will continue to pay interest and ultimately pay principal upon
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maturity. The issuers of these 831 securities have strong cash flow to service their debt and meet their contractual obligation to make principal payments. The fair value of these securities was $1.452 billion, and they accounted for $320 million in unrealized losses.
•48 of the 3,537 holdings had fair value below 70% of amortized cost at June 30, 2025. We believe these securities will continue to pay interest and ultimately pay principal upon maturity. The fair value of these securities was $51 million, and they accounted for $26 million in unrealized losses.

The table below reviews fair values and unrealized losses by investment category and by the overall duration of the securities' continuous unrealized loss position.
(Dollars in millions)Less than 12 months12 months or moreTotal
At June 30, 2025Fair valueUnrealized
 losses		Fair valueUnrealized
 losses		Fair
 value		Unrealized
 losses
Fixed-maturity:      
Corporate $1,738 $51 $3,037 $205 $4,775 $256 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions1,505 49 2,062 255 3,567 304 
Government-sponsored enterprises1,427 9 124 — 1,551 9 
Asset-backed237 7 78 5 315 12 
United States government— — 62 1 62 1 
Foreign government— — — — — — 
Total fixed-maturity4,907 116 5,363 466 10,270 582 
Short-term100 — — — 100 — 
Total fixed-maturity and short-term investments$5,007 $116 $5,363 $466 $10,370 $582 
At December 31, 2024      
Fixed-maturity:     
Corporate $2,815 $78 $3,634 $255 $6,449 $333 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions1,513 25 1,898 245 3,411 270 
Government-sponsored enterprises1,876 8 92 1 1,968 9 
Asset-backed331 10 96 7 427 17 
United States government48 — 100 2 148 2 
Foreign government— — 3 — 3 — 
Total fixed-maturity6,583 121 5,823 510 12,406 631 
Short-term100 — — — 100 — 
Total fixed-maturity and short-term investments$6,683 $121 $5,823 $510 $12,506 $631 
 
At June 30, 2025, applying our invested asset impairment policy, we determined that the total of $582 million, for securities in an unrealized loss position in the table above, was not the result of a credit loss.

During the first six months of 2025, no fixed maturity securities were written down to fair value, due to an intention to be sold. The allowance for credit losses increased $14 million during the first six months of 2025. During the first six months of 2024, no fixed maturity securities were written down to fair value, due to an intention to be sold. The increase in the allowance for credit losses was $25 million during the first six months of 2024.

During the full year of 2024, no securities were written down to fair value. At December 31, 2024, 3,723 fixed-maturity and short-term securities with a total unrealized loss of $631 million were in an unrealized loss position. Of that total, 19 securities had fair values below 70% of amortized cost.

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The following table summarizes the investment portfolio by severity of decline:
(Dollars in millions)Number
of issues		Amortized
cost		Fair valueGross unrealized 
gain (loss)		Gross investment income
At June 30, 2025
Taxable fixed maturities:
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost8 $18 $11 $(7)$— 
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost1,647 7,771 7,389 (382)193 
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost1,082 5,648 5,766 118 140 
Investment income on securities sold in current year— — — — 18 
Total2,737 13,437 13,166 (271)351 
Tax-exempt fixed maturities:     
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost40 59 40 (19)1 
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost1,841 3,004 2,830 (174)50 
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost659 1,035 1,041 6 18 
Investment income on securities sold in current year— — — — 2 
Total2,540 4,098 3,911 (187)71 
Fixed-maturities summary:     
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost48 77 51 (26)1 
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost3,488 10,775 10,219 (556)243 
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost1,741 6,683 6,807 124 158 
Investment income on securities sold in current year— — — — 20 
Total5,277 17,535 17,077 (458)422 
Short-term investments:     
Fair valued below 70% of cost— — — — — 
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of cost1 100 100 — 1 
Fair valued at 100% and above of cost— — — — — 
Investment income on securities sold in current year— — — — 2 
Total1 100 100 — 3 
Fixed maturities and short-term investments summary:     
Fair valued below 70% of cost48 77 51 (26)1 
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of cost3,489 10,875 10,319 (556)244 
Fair valued at 100% and above of cost1,741 6,683 6,807 124 158 
Investment income on securities sold in current year— — — — 22 
Total5,278 $17,635 $17,177 $(458)$425 
At December 31, 2024     
Fixed maturities and short-term investments summary:     
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost19 $43 $28 $(15)$2 
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost3,704 13,094 12,478 (616)461 
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost1,367 3,896 3,974 78 184 
Investment income on securities sold in current year— — — — 86 
Total5,090 $17,033 $16,480 $(553)$733 
 
See our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Asset Impairment, Page 56.

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Item 4.        Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures – The company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act)).
 
Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. The company's management, with the participation of the company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company's disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2025. Based upon that evaluation, the company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the design and operation of the company's disclosure controls and procedures provided reasonable assurance that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure:
•that information required to be disclosed in the company's reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, and
•that such information is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting – During the three months ended June 30, 2025, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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Part II – Other Information
Item 1.    Legal Proceedings
Neither the company nor any of our subsidiaries are involved in any litigation believed to be material other than ordinary, routine litigation incidental to the nature of our business.
Item 1A.    Risk Factors
Our risk factors have not changed materially since they were described in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 24, 2025. Investors should not interpret the disclosure of a risk to imply that the risk has not already materialized.

More recently, changes in international trade regulation or foreign trade policy, including tariffs, could lead to higher than anticipated inflation and supply chain disruption, which impacts personal and commercial insurance loss costs and premiums.
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Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
We did not sell any of our shares that were not registered under the Securities Act during the first six months of 2025. Our repurchase program does not have an expiration date. On January 26, 2018, an additional 15 million shares were authorized, which expanded our current repurchase program. We have 5,314,506 shares available for purchase under our programs at June 30, 2025.
PeriodTotal number
 of shares
 purchased		Average
 price paid
 per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of
publicly announced
plans or programs		Maximum number of
shares that may yet be
purchased under the
plans or programs
April 1-30, 2025— $— — 5,314,506 
May 1-31, 2025— — — 5,314,506 
June 1-30, 2025— — — 5,314,506 
Totals— — —  
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Item 5.    Other Information
Neither the company nor any of our officers or directors adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement as defined by Item 408(a) and Item 408(d) of Regulation S-K during the last fiscal quarter.

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Item 6.    Exhibits
Exhibit No.Exhibit Description
3.1
3.2
31A
31B
32
101.INS
The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
 
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION
Date: July 28, 2025
/S/ Michael J. Sewell
Michael J. Sewell, CPA
Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President and Treasurer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
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