Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2) Registration No. 333-261476

PRODUCT SUPPLEMENT NO. WF-1

(To Prospectus dated December 29, 2021 and Prospectus Supplement dated December 29, 2021)

The Bank of Nova Scotia

Senior Note Program, Series A

Principal at Risk Securities

Linked To One Or More Indices, Exchange-Traded Funds or Equity Securities

The Bank of Nova Scotia may, from time to time, offer and sell securities linked to one or more equity indices (each, an “Index” and collectively, the “Indices”), exchange-traded funds (each, a “Fund” and collectively, the “Funds”) or common equity securities or American depositary shares (“ADSs”) of a company not affiliated with us (each, an “Underlying Stock” and collectively, the “Underlying Stocks”), or any combination thereof. The Indices, Funds and Underlying Stocks are sometimes referred to herein collectively as the “Market Measures” and individually as a “Market Measure.” Market-linked securities, such as the securities described in this product supplement, are principal-at-risk securities, which means that you may receive less than the original public offering price of the securities (the “original offering price”) at maturity, depending on the performance of one or more Market Measures. We refer to all securities offered under this product supplement as the “securities.”

The securities will be senior unsecured debt securities of The Bank of Nova Scotia (the “Bank”).  Any payments due on the securities, including any repayment of principal, will be subject to credit risk of the Bank. If the Bank were to default on its obligations, you could lose some or all of your investment.

This prospectus supplement, which we refer to as a “product supplement,” describes some of the general terms that apply to the securities. This product supplement supplements the disclosure in any pricing supplement that may reference it, the accompanying prospectus, prospectus supplement and other accompanying supplement. A separate pricing supplement will describe terms that apply to specific issuances of the securities and may include changes to the terms specified in this product supplement. If the disclosure in the relevant pricing supplement is inconsistent with the disclosure in this product supplement or the accompanying prospectus or prospectus supplement or any other accompanying supplement, the disclosure in the relevant pricing supplement will control.

You should carefully review the specific terms of the securities described in the applicable pricing supplement together with the information contained in this product supplement, the accompanying prospectus and prospectus supplement and any other accompanying supplement before investing in the securities.

The securities will not be listed on any securities exchange or automated quotation system.

Scotia Capital (USA) Inc. (“SCUSA”) and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC (“WFS”) will be the agents for the distribution of the securities (the “Agents”). See “Supplemental Plan of Distribution (Conflicts of Interest)” herein. The calculation agent will be Scotia Capital Inc., an affiliate of the Bank.

The securities have complex features and investing in the securities involves risks not associated with an investment in conventional debt securities.  See “Risk Factors” beginning on page PS-3 of this product supplement. In addition, see the applicable pricing supplement, which will describe more specifically the risks relating to the particular issuance of securities as well as the risks associated with the particular Market Measure(s) to which your securities are linked.

The securities are not insured by the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation pursuant to the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation Act (the “CDIC Act”) or the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other governmental agency of Canada, the United States or any other jurisdiction.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission or other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this product supplement or the accompanying prospectus supplement and prospectus.  Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

Scotia Capital (USA) Inc. Wells Fargo Securities

The date of this product supplement is August 29, 2022.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
About This Product Supplement	ii
Summary	1
Risk Factors	3
General Terms of the Securities	12
Benefit Plan Investor Considerations	31
Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences	33
Supplemental Discussion of Canadian Tax Considerations	40
Supplemental Plan of Distribution (Conflicts of Interest)	41
Use of Proceeds and Hedging	43

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ABOUT THIS PRODUCT SUPPLEMENT

You should read this product supplement, together with the accompanying prospectus and prospectus supplement and any other accompanying supplement, the applicable pricing supplement and/or other supplement, which together contain a description of the terms of the securities to be offered, and which supersede all prior or contemporaneous oral statements as well as any other written materials.

You should carefully consider, among other things, the matters set forth under “Risk Factors” in this product supplement and the applicable pricing supplement, as the securities have complex features and involve risks not associated with conventional debt securities. We urge you to consult your investment, legal, tax, accounting and other advisers before you invest in the securities.

Defined terms used in this product supplement and not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the accompanying prospectus supplement.

When we refer to “we,” “us” or “our” in this product supplement, we refer only to the Bank.

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SUMMARY

Below is a summary of some of the key terms used throughout this product supplement. The applicable pricing supplement may use another term to describe the same feature, some of which are identified below.

General:	The securities are senior unsecured debt securities of the Bank. Any payments due on the securities, including any repayment of principal, are subject to the credit risk of the Bank. If the Bank were to default on its obligations, you could lose some or all of your investment.
Maturity Payment Amount:	Unlike ordinary debt securities, the securities do not repay a fixed amount of principal at maturity. Instead, the securities provide for a maturity payment amount that may be greater than, equal to or less than the face amount of the securities, depending on the performance of one or more: •equity indices (each, an “Index” and collectively, the “Indices”); •exchange-traded funds (each, a “Fund” and collectively, the “Funds”); •common equity securities or American depositary shares of a company not affiliated with us (each, an “Underlying Stock” and collectively, the “Underlying Stocks”); or •any combination of the foregoing, as specified in the applicable pricing supplement. Accordingly, you could lose some or all of your investment. In this product supplement, we sometimes refer to the Indices, Funds and Underlying Stocks to which your securities may be linked collectively as the “Market Measures” and individually as a “Market Measure.” The index underlying a Fund is sometimes referred to as a “fund underlying index.” We refer to the issuer of an Underlying Stock as an “Underlying Stock Issuer.” The applicable pricing supplement may also refer to a Market Measure as an “Underlier” or an “Underlying.” In addition, if the securities are linked to a weighted basket composed of two or more Market Measures, the applicable pricing supplement may refer to each Market Measure as a “basket component.” The securities may also be linked to the worst performing or best performing of two or more Market Measures, as described in the accompanying pricing supplement. You should carefully read the applicable pricing supplement to understand the circumstances in which the performance of the relevant Market Measure(s) will cause you to receive less than the face amount at stated maturity.
Coupon:	The securities will not pay a coupon unless the applicable pricing supplement specifically provides otherwise.  If the applicable pricing supplement provides for the payment of a coupon, the coupon rate and the coupon payment date(s) will be specified in the applicable pricing supplement.
Face Amount and Original Offering Price:	The face amount of each security and the original offering price of each security will be specified in the applicable pricing supplement.
Pricing Date:	We refer to the date on which a particular issuance of securities is priced for initial sale to the public as the “pricing date.” The applicable pricing supplement may also refer to the pricing date as the “trade date.”

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Calculation Day(s):	We refer to each date on which the value of any Market Measure is to be referenced in the determination of any payment on the securities as a “calculation day.” If there is a single calculation day for the securities, references to the “final calculation day” herein mean such calculation day. The applicable pricing supplement may also refer to a calculation day as a “valuation date,” an “observation date,” a “determination date” or such other term as specified in the applicable pricing supplement. The calculation day(s) will be specified in the applicable pricing supplement and will be subject to postponement due to non-trading days and market disruption events. See “General Terms of the Securities—Consequences of a Market Disruption Event; Postponement of a Calculation Day.”
Payment Date(s):	The relevant pricing supplement will specify the stated maturity date and any other date on which amounts will or may be payable on the securities (each referred to as a “payment date”). Each payment date is subject to postponement as described under “General Terms of the Securities—Payment Dates.”
Closing Value:	When we refer to the “closing value” of a Market Measure herein we mean, on any date of determination, (i) with respect to an Index, its closing level (as defined herein) on that day; (ii) with respect to a Fund, its fund closing price (as defined herein) on that day; and (iii) with respect to an Underlying Stock, its stock closing price (as defined herein) on that day.
Calculation Agent:	Unless otherwise specified in the applicable pricing supplement, Scotia Capital Inc., an affiliate of the Bank, will be the calculation agent for the securities.
No Listing:	The securities will not be listed on any securities exchange or automated quotation system.
Material Tax Consequences:	For a discussion of the material U.S. and Canadian federal income and certain estate tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of the securities, see “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” and “Supplemental Discussion of Canadian Tax Considerations.”

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RISK FACTORS

The securities have complex features and investing in the securities will involve risks not associated with an investment in conventional debt securities. You should carefully consider the risk factors set forth below as well as the other information contained in the applicable pricing supplement, and the accompanying prospectus and prospectus supplement and any other accompanying supplement, including the documents they incorporate by reference. The risk factors set forth below describe certain significant risks associated with an investment in the securities. You should read these risk factors together with the risk factors included in the applicable pricing supplement, which will describe more specifically the risks relating to the particular issuance of securities as well as the risks associated with the particular Market Measure(s) to which your securities are linked. As described in more detail below, the value of the securities may vary considerably before the stated maturity date due to events that are difficult to predict and are beyond our control.  You should reach an investment decision only after you have carefully considered with your advisors the appropriateness of an investment in the securities in light of your particular circumstances.

General Risk Factors Relating To Return Characteristics And All Market Measures

The Securities Are Not Ordinary Debt Securities.

Unlike ordinary debt securities, the securities do not repay a fixed amount of principal at maturity. Instead, the securities provide for a maturity payment amount that may be greater than, equal to or less than the face amount of the securities, depending on the performance of the relevant Market Measure(s) and other terms of the securities, as described in the applicable pricing supplement. You should carefully read the applicable pricing supplement to understand the circumstances in which the performance of the Market Measure(s) will cause you to receive less than the face amount of your securities at maturity.  Depending on the particular terms of the securities, you may lose up to all of the face amount of your securities. You should not invest in the securities if you are unable or unwilling to the bear the risk of losing a significant portion or all of the face amount of your securities at maturity.

In addition, and unless otherwise noted in the applicable pricing supplement, the securities will not provide for interest or coupon payments prior to maturity. Even if the securities do provide for periodic interest or coupon payments, such payment(s) may be contingent upon the performance of the relevant Market Measure(s) as determined on one or more specified dates during the term of the securities. If the securities do not provide for fixed interest or coupon payments prior to maturity, as will be described in the applicable pricing supplement, you should not invest in the securities unless you are willing to forego such payments.

Investing In The Securities Is Not The Same As Investing In Any Market Measure.

Investing in the securities is not equivalent to investing in any Market Measure. As an investor in the securities, your return will not reflect the return you would realize if you actually owned and held any Underlying Stock, the shares of any Fund or the securities included in any Index for a period similar to the term of the securities because you will not receive any dividend payments, distributions or any other payments paid on those shares or securities. As a holder of the securities, you will not have any voting rights or any other rights as would holders of an Underlying Stock, a Fund or the securities included in an Index.

Historical Values Of A Market Measure Should Not Be Taken As An Indication Of The Future Performance Of Such Market Measure During The Term Of The Securities.

It is impossible to predict whether the value of a Market Measure will fall or rise. The value of a Market Measure will be influenced by complex and interrelated political, economic, financial and other factors that can affect such Market Measure. Accordingly, any historical values of a Market Measure do not provide an indication of the future performance of such Market Measure.

A Payment Date And The Stated Maturity Date May Be Postponed If A Calculation Day Is Postponed.

A calculation day is subject to postponement for non-trading days and market disruption events as described under “General Terms of the Securities” below. If such a postponement occurs with respect to a calculation day other than the final calculation day (if any), then the related payment date will be postponed. If such a postponement occurs with respect to the final calculation day, the stated maturity date will be the later of (i) the initial stated maturity date and (ii) three business days after the last final calculation day as postponed.

The Securities Are Subject To Market Risk.

The return on the securities will be directly linked to the performance of the Market Measure and, in the case of a Market Measure that is an Index or a Fund, to the components of such Market Measure. The return on the securities will depend on level or price of the Market Measure(s) on specified dates of determination, as will be specified in the applicable pricing supplement. The level of a Market Measure or its components can rise or fall sharply due to factors specific to the Market Measure or its components, as well as general market factors, such as general market volatility and levels, interest rates and economic and political conditions. In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused volatility in the global financial markets and a slowdown in the global economy. COVID-19 or any other communicable disease or infection may adversely affect the Market Measure and/or its components.

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Risks Relating To Estimated Value And Liquidity

The Inclusion Of Dealer Spread And Projected Profit From Hedging In The Original Offering Price Is Likely To Adversely Affect Secondary Market Prices.

Assuming no change in market conditions or any other relevant factors, the price, if any, at which SCUSA or any other party is willing to purchase the securities at any time in secondary market transactions will likely be significantly lower than the original offering price, since secondary market prices are likely to exclude discounts and underwriting commissions paid with respect to the securities and the cost of hedging our obligations under the securities that are included in the original offering price. The cost of hedging includes the projected profit that we or our hedge provider may realize in consideration for assuming the risks inherent in managing the hedging transactions. These secondary market prices are also likely to be reduced by the costs of unwinding the related hedging transactions. The profits also include an estimate of the difference between the amounts we or our hedge provider pay and receive in a hedging transaction with our affiliate and/or an affiliate of WFS in connection with your securities. In addition, any secondary market prices may differ from values determined by pricing models used by SCUSA or WFS as a result of dealer discounts, mark-ups or other transaction costs.

WFS has advised us that if it or any of its affiliates makes a secondary market in the securities at any time up to the issue date or during the period following the issue date specified in the applicable pricing supplement (the “amortization period”), the secondary market price offered by WFS or any of its affiliates will be increased by an amount reflecting a portion of the costs associated with selling, structuring and hedging the securities that are included in the original offering price. Because this portion of the costs will not be fully deducted upon issuance, WFS has advised us that any secondary market price it or any of its affiliates offers during this period will be higher than it otherwise would be outside of this period, as any secondary market price offered outside of this period will reflect the full deduction of the costs as described above. WFS has advised us that the amount of this increase in the secondary market price will decline steadily to zero over the amortization period. If you hold the securities through an account at WFS or any of its affiliates, WFS has advised us that it expects that this increase will also be reflected in the value indicated for the securities on your brokerage account statement.

The Bank's Estimated Value Of The Securities Is Expected To Be Lower Than The Original Offering Price Of The Securities.

The Bank's estimated value that will be provided in the applicable pricing supplement will only be an estimate using several factors. It is expected that the original offering price of the securities will exceed the Bank's estimated value because costs associated with selling and structuring the securities, as well as hedging the securities, will be included in the original offering price. These costs are expected to include the selling commissions and the estimated cost hedging our obligations under the securities.

The Bank's Estimated Value Is Not Expected To Represent Future Values Of The Securities And May Differ From Others' Estimates.

The Bank's estimated value of the securities, as will be set forth in the relevant pricing supplement, will be determined by reference to the Bank's internal pricing models when the terms of the securities are set. This estimated value is expected to be based on market conditions and other relevant factors existing at that time and the Bank's assumptions about market parameters, which can include volatility, dividend rates, interest rates and other factors as well as an estimate of the difference between the amounts we or our hedge provider expect to pay and receive in a hedging transaction with our affiliate and/or an affiliate of WFS in connection with your securities. Different pricing models and assumptions could provide valuations for securities that are greater than or less than the Bank's estimated value. In addition, market conditions and other relevant factors following the relevant time may change, and any assumptions may prove to be incorrect. The market value of the securities could change significantly over time based on, among other things, changes in market conditions, our creditworthiness, interest rate movements and other relevant factors, which may impact the price, if any, at which the Bank would be willing to buy securities from you in secondary market transactions.

The Bank's Estimated Value Is Not Determined By Reference To Credit Spreads For Our Conventional Fixed-Rate Debt.

The internal funding rate that will be used in the determination of the Bank's estimated value is expected to generally represent a discount from the credit spreads for our conventional fixed-rate debt. If the Bank were to use the interest rate implied by our conventional fixed-rate credit spreads, we would expect the economic terms of the securities to be more favorable to you. Consequently, our use of an internal funding rate will have an adverse effect on the terms of the securities and any secondary market prices of the securities.

The Price At Which The Securities May Be Sold Prior To Maturity Will Depend On A Number Of Factors And May Be Substantially Less Than The Amount For Which They Were Originally Purchased.

The price at which the securities may be sold prior to maturity will depend on a number of factors. Some of these factors will include, but are not limited to: (i) actual or anticipated changes in the level of the Market Measure(s) over the full term of the securities, (ii) volatility of the level(s) of the Market Measure(s) and the market's perception of future volatility of the level(s) of the Market Measure(s), (iii) changes in interest rates generally, (iv) any actual or anticipated changes in our credit ratings or credit spreads, (v) dividend yields on the Underlying Stock, the securities held by a Fund or included in an Index, as applicable, (vi) the correlation between Market Measures, if the securities are linked to more than one Market Measure and (vii) time remaining to maturity. In

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particular, because the provisions of the securities behave like options, the market value of the securities will vary in ways which are non-linear and may not be intuitive.

Depending on the actual or anticipated level of the Market Measure(s) and other relevant factors, the market value of the securities may decrease and you may receive substantially less than 100.00% of the original offering price if you sell your securities prior to maturity. We anticipate that the market value of the securities will always be at a discount to the principal amount thereof.

The Securities Lack Liquidity.

The securities will not be listed on any securities exchange or automated quotation system. Therefore, there may be little or no secondary market for the securities. SCUSA may, but is not obligated to, make a market in the securities. Even if there is a secondary market, it may not provide enough liquidity to allow you to trade or sell the securities easily. Because we do not expect that other broker-dealers will participate significantly in the secondary market for the securities, the price at which you may be able to trade your securities is likely to depend on the price, if any, at which SCUSA is willing to purchase the securities from you. If at any time SCUSA was not to make a market in the securities, it is likely that there would be no secondary market for the securities. Accordingly, you should be willing to hold your securities to maturity.

Risks Relating To Hedging Activities And Conflicts Of Interest

Hedging Activities By The Bank And/Or The Agents May Negatively Impact Investors In The Securities And Cause Our Respective Interests And Those Of Our Clients And Counterparties To Be Contrary To Those Of Investors In The Securities.

The Bank or one or more of our respective affiliates and/or the Agents is expected to hedge the obligations under the securities by purchasing futures and/or other instruments linked to, as applicable, (i) an Underlying Stock, (ii) an Index, (iii) a Fund and/or (iv) securities included in an Index or held by a Fund. The Bank or one or more of our respective affiliates and/or the Agents also expects to adjust the hedge by, among other things, purchasing or selling any of the foregoing, and perhaps other instruments linked to the Market Measure and/or one or more of its components (as applicable), at any time and from time to time, and to unwind the hedge by selling any of the foregoing during the term of the securities.

The Bank or one or more of our respective affiliates and/or the Agents may also enter into, adjust and unwind hedging transactions relating to other basket- or index-linked securities whose returns are linked to changes in the level or price of an Underlying Stock, an Index, a Fund or one or more securities included in an Index or held by a Fund, as the context requires. Any of these hedging activities may adversely affect the level of the Market Measure(s)—directly or indirectly by affecting an Underlying Stock, an Index, a Fund or one or more securities included in an Index or held by a Fund (as applicable) — and therefore the market value of the securities and the amount you will receive, if any, on the securities. In addition, you should expect that these transactions will cause the Bank, our respective affiliates and/or the Agents, or our respective clients or counterparties, to have economic interests and incentives that do not align with, and that may be directly contrary to, those of an investor in the securities. The Bank, our respective affiliates and/or the Agents will have no obligation to take, refrain from taking or cease taking any action with respect to these transactions based on the potential effect on an investor in the securities, and may receive substantial returns with respect to these hedging activities while the market value of the securities may decline.

Market Activities By The Bank Or The Agents For Their Own Respective Accounts Or For Their Respective Clients Could Negatively Impact Investors In The Securities.

The Bank, the Agents and their respective affiliates provide a wide range of financial services to a substantial and diversified client base. As such, each of the Bank, the Agents and their respective affiliates may act as an investor, investment banker, research provider, investment manager, investment advisor, market maker, trader, prime broker or lender. In those and other capacities, we and/or our affiliates and the Agents and/or their respective affiliates purchase, sell or hold a broad array of investments, actively trade securities (including the Securities or other securities that we have issued), securities that may be an Underlying Stock or included in an Index or held by a Fund, derivatives, loans, credit default swaps, indices, baskets and other financial instruments and products for our own accounts or for the accounts of our customers, and we and the Agents will have other direct or indirect interests in those securities and in other markets that may not be consistent with your interests and may adversely affect the level of the Market Measure(s) and/or the market value of the Securities. Any of these financial market activities may, individually or in the aggregate, have an adverse effect on the level of the Market Measure(s) and the market for your securities, and you should expect that our interests and those of our affiliates and those of the Agents and/or of their respective affiliates, or our or their clients or counterparties, will at times be adverse to those of investors in the securities.

The Bank, the Agents and their respective affiliates regularly offer a wide array of securities, financial instruments and other products into the marketplace, including existing or new products that may be similar to the securities or other securities that we may issue, securities that are an Underlying Stock, a Fund or included in an Index or held by a Fund (as applicable) or other securities or instruments similar to or linked to the foregoing. Investors in the securities should expect that the Bank, the Agents and their respective affiliates will offer securities, financial instruments, and other products that may compete with the securities for liquidity or otherwise.

In addition, our and their affiliates or any dealer participating in the offering of the securities or its affiliates may, at present or in the future, publish research reports on an Underlying Stock, an Index, a Fund or one or more securities included in an Index or held by a

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Fund. This research is expected to be modified from time to time without notice and may, at the time the securities are issued or in the future, express opinions or provide recommendations that are inconsistent with purchasing or holding the securities. Any research reports on an Underlying Stock, an Index, a Fund or the components of an Index or a Fund (as applicable) could adversely affect the level of the Market Measure(s) and, therefore, adversely affect the market value of, and your return on, the securities. You are encouraged to derive information concerning the Market Measure(s) from multiple sources and should not rely on the views expressed by us, the Agents or our or their affiliates or any participating dealer or its affiliates.

The Bank, The Agents And Their Respective Affiliates Regularly Provide Services To, Or Otherwise Have Business Relationships With, A Broad Client Base, Which Has Included And May Include Issuers Of An Underlying Stock, The Sponsor Or Investment Advisor For A Fund And/Or The Issuers Of Securities Included In An Index Or Held By A Fund.

The Bank, the Agents and their respective affiliates regularly provide financial advisory, investment advisory and transactional services to a substantial and diversified client base. You should assume that the Bank or the Agents will, at present or in the future, provide such services or otherwise engage in transactions with, among others, issuers of an Underlying Stock, issuers of securities held by a Fund or included in an Index or the sponsor and/or investment advisor of a Fund (as the context requires) or transact in securities or instruments or with parties that are directly or indirectly related to these entities. These services could include making loans to or equity investments in those companies, providing financial advisory or other investment banking services, or issuing research reports. You should expect that the Bank, the Agents and their respective affiliates, in providing these services, engaging in such transactions, or acting for their own accounts, may take actions that have direct or indirect effects on the securities or other securities that the Bank may issue, the Market Measure(s) or other securities or instruments similar to or linked to the foregoing, and that such actions could be adverse to the interests of investors in the securities. In addition, in connection with these activities, certain personnel within the Bank or the Agents and their respective affiliates may have access to confidential material non-public information about these parties that would not be disclosed to investors in the securities.

Other Investors In The Securities May Not Have The Same Interests As You.

The interests of other investors may, in some circumstances, be adverse to your interests. Other investors may make requests or recommendations to us regarding the establishment of transactions on terms that are adverse to your interests, and investors in the securities are not required to take into account the interests of any other investor in exercising remedies, voting or other rights in their capacity as noteholders. Further, other investors may enter into market transactions with respect to the securities, assets that are the same or similar to the securities, assets referenced by the securities (such as stocks or stock indices) or other similar assets or securities which may adversely impact the market for or value of your securities. For example, an investor could take a short position (directly or indirectly through derivative transactions) in respect of securities similar to your securities or in respect of the Market Measure(s).

There Are Potential Conflicts Of Interest Between You And The Calculation Agent.

Scotia Capital Inc., the calculation agent, is one of our affiliates. In performing its duties, which may include making determinations regarding the postponement of a date of determination and/or adjustments or substitutions relating to the Market Measure(s), the economic interests of the calculation agent are potentially adverse to your interests as an investor in the securities. The calculation agent will be under no obligation to consider your interests as a holder of the securities in taking any actions that might affect the level(s) of the Market Measure(s) and the value of, and any amount payable on, the securities.

Additional Risk Factors Relating To Securities Linked To An Index

Changes That Affect An Index May Adversely Affect The Value Of The Securities And Any Payments On The Securities.

The policies of a sponsor or publisher of an Index (each, an “index sponsor”) concerning the calculation of the relevant Index and the addition, deletion or substitution of securities comprising such Index and the manner in which an index sponsor takes account of certain changes affecting such securities may affect the value of such Index and, therefore, may affect the value of the securities and any payments on the securities. An index sponsor may discontinue or suspend calculation or dissemination of the relevant Index or materially alter the methodology by which it calculates such Index. Any such actions could adversely affect the value of the securities.

We Cannot Control Actions By Any Of The Unaffiliated Companies Whose Securities Are Included In Any Index.

Actions by any company whose securities are included in any Index to which your securities are linked may have an adverse effect on the price of its security, the closing level of such Index on any calculation day and the value of the securities. Unless otherwise disclosed in any applicable market measure supplement or in the applicable pricing supplement, neither we nor the Agents nor any of our affiliates will be affiliated with any of the companies whose securities are included in any Index. These unaffiliated companies will not be involved in the offering of the securities and will have no obligations with respect to the securities, including any obligation to take our or your interests into consideration for any reason. These companies will not receive any of the proceeds of the offering of the securities and will not be responsible for, and will not have participated in, the determination of the timing of, prices for, or quantities of, the securities to be issued. These companies will not be involved with the administration, marketing or trading of the securities and will have no obligations with respect to any amounts to be paid to you on the securities.

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We And Our Affiliates And The Agents And Their Affiliates Have No Affiliation With Any Index Sponsor And Have Not Independently Verified Their Public Disclosure Of Information.

We, the Agents and our respective affiliates are not affiliated in any way with any index sponsor and have no ability to control or predict their actions, including any errors in or discontinuation of disclosure regarding the methods or policies relating to the calculation of the applicable Index. We will derive the information about any Index and its index sponsor contained in the applicable pricing supplement from publicly available information, without independent verification. You, as an investor in the securities, should make your own investigation into any applicable Index and its index sponsor. No index sponsor will be involved in the offering of the securities in any way nor will have any obligation to consider your interests as an owner of the securities in taking any actions that might affect the value of the securities.

Additional Risk Factors Relating To Securities Linked To A Fund

Changes That Affect A Fund Or Its Fund Underlying Index May Adversely Affect The Value Of The Securities And Any Payments On The Securities.

The policies of the sponsor of a Fund (a “fund sponsor”) concerning the calculation of such Fund’s net asset value, additions, deletions or substitutions of securities in such Fund and the manner in which changes in its fund underlying index are reflected in such Fund, and changes in those policies, could affect the closing price of the shares of such Fund and, therefore, may affect the value of the securities and any payments on the securities. Similarly, the policies of the sponsor of a fund underlying index (a “fund underlying index sponsor”) concerning the calculation of such fund underlying index and the addition, deletion or substitution of securities comprising such fund underlying index and the manner in which such fund underlying index sponsor takes account of certain changes affecting such securities may affect the level of such fund underlying index and the closing price of the shares of the related Fund and, therefore, may affect the value of the securities and any payments on the securities. A fund underlying index sponsor may also discontinue or suspend calculation or dissemination of such fund underlying index or materially alter the methodology by which it calculates such fund underlying index. Any such actions could adversely affect the value of the securities.

We, The Agents And Our Respective Affiliates Cannot Control Actions By Any Of The Unaffiliated Companies Whose Securities Are Included In A Fund Or Its Fund Underlying Index.

Actions by any company whose securities are included in a Fund or in its fund underlying index may have an adverse effect on the price of its security, the fund closing price of such Fund on any calculation day and the value of the securities. Unless otherwise disclosed in any applicable market measure supplement or in the applicable pricing supplement, neither we nor the Agents nor our respective affiliates will be affiliated with any of the companies whose security is represented in any Fund or its fund underlying index. These unaffiliated companies will not be involved in the offering of the securities and will have no obligations with respect to the securities, including any obligation to take our or your interests into consideration for any reason. These companies will not receive any of the proceeds of the offering of the securities and will not be responsible for, and will not have participated in, the determination of the timing of, prices for, or quantities of, the securities to be issued. These companies will not be involved with the administration, marketing or trading of the securities and will have no obligations with respect to any amounts to be paid to you on the securities.

We, The Agents And Our Respective Affiliates Have No Affiliation With Any Fund Sponsor Or Fund Underlying Index Sponsor And Have Not Independently Verified Their Public Disclosure Of Information.

We and our affiliates are not affiliated in any way with any fund sponsor or fund underlying index sponsor (collectively, the “sponsors”) and have no ability to control or predict their actions, including any errors in or discontinuation of disclosure regarding their methods or policies relating to the management or calculation of the applicable Fund or its fund underlying index. We have derived the information about any Fund, its fund underlying index and the related sponsors contained in any applicable pricing supplement from publicly available information, without independent verification. You, as an investor in the securities, should make your own investigation into any applicable Fund, its fund underlying index and the sponsors. The sponsors are not involved in the offering of the securities made hereby in any way and have no obligation to consider your interests as an owner of the securities in taking any actions that might affect the value of the securities.

An Investment Linked To The Shares Of A Fund Is Different From An Investment Linked To Its Fund Underlying Index.

The performance of the shares of a Fund may not exactly replicate the performance of the related fund underlying index because such Fund may not invest in all of the securities included in the related fund underlying index and because such Fund will reflect transaction costs and fees that are not included in the calculation of the related fund underlying index. A Fund may also hold securities or derivative financial instruments not included in the related fund underlying index. It is also possible that a Fund may not fully replicate the performance of its fund underlying index due to the temporary unavailability of certain securities in the secondary market or due to other extraordinary circumstances. In addition, because the shares of a Fund are traded on a securities exchange and are subject to market supply and investor demand, the value of a share of a Fund may differ from the net asset value per share of such Fund. As a result, the performance of a Fund may not correlate perfectly with the performance of the related fund underlying index, and the return on the securities based on the performance of a Fund will not be the same as the return on securities based on the performance of the

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related fund underlying index. The difference in performance between a Fund and its underlying index is often referred to as “tracking error”, which may be significant.

There Are Management And Liquidity Risks Associated With A Fund.

Although the shares of any Fund to which your securities are linked will be listed for trading on a United States securities exchange and a number of similar products have been traded on such securities exchanges for varying periods of time, there is no assurance that an active trading market will continue for the shares of any Fund or that there will be liquidity in the trading market.

In addition, a Fund will be subject to management risk, which is the risk that a fund sponsor’s investment strategy, the implementation of which is subject to a number of constraints, may not produce the intended results. For example, a fund sponsor may elect to invest certain of its assets in shares of equity securities that are not included in the related fund underlying index. A Fund, unless otherwise noted in the applicable pricing supplement, will also not be actively managed and may be affected by a general decline in market segments relating to its fund underlying index.  Further, a fund sponsor may invest in securities included in, or representative of, the applicable fund underlying index regardless of their investment merits, and a fund sponsor will not attempt to take defensive positions in declining markets.

Further, under continuous listing standards adopted by the relevant securities exchange, a Fund will be required to confirm on an ongoing basis that the securities included in its fund underlying index satisfy the applicable listing requirements.  In the event that a fund underlying index does not comply with the applicable listing requirements, the applicable Fund would be required to rectify such non-compliance by requesting that the relevant fund underlying index sponsor modify the relevant fund underlying index, transitioning to a new fund underlying index or obtaining relief from the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). There can be no assurance that a fund underlying index sponsor would modify the relevant fund underlying index or that relief would be obtained from the SEC and, therefore, non-compliance with the continuous listing standards may result in a Fund being delisted. If a Fund were delisted, the calculation agent would select a successor fund or, if no successor fund is available, would determine the fund closing price of such Fund on any date of determination.

These risks may adversely affect the price of the shares of any applicable Fund and, consequently, the value of the securities.

Anti-dilution Adjustments Relating To The Shares Of A Fund Do Not Address Every Event That Could Affect Such Shares.

An adjustment factor, as described herein, will be used to determine the fund closing prices of a Fund. The adjustment factor for a Fund will be adjusted by the calculation agent for certain events affecting the shares of such Fund. However, the calculation agent will not make an adjustment for every event that could affect such shares. If an event occurs that does not require the calculation agent to adjust the adjustment factor, the value of the securities may be adversely affected.

Additional Risk Factors Relating to Securities Linked to An Underlying Stock

The Securities May Become Linked To The Common Stock Of A Company Other Than An Original Underlying Stock Issuer.

Following certain corporate events relating to an Underlying Stock, such as a stock-for-stock merger where the applicable Underlying Stock Issuer is not the surviving entity, the shares of a successor corporation to such Underlying Stock Issuer will be substituted for such Underlying Stock for all purposes of the securities. Following certain other corporate events relating to an Underlying Stock in which holders of such Underlying Stock would receive all of their consideration in cash and the surviving entity has no marketable securities outstanding or there is no surviving entity (including, but not limited to, a leveraged buyout or other going private transaction involving such Underlying Stock Issuer, or a liquidation of such Underlying Stock Issuer), the common stock of another company in the same industry group as such Underlying Stock Issuer will be substituted for such Underlying Stock for all purposes of the securities. Such substitution may also occur if an Underlying Stock consists of ADSs and such ADSs are delisted or the applicable ADS facility is terminated. In any such event, the equity-linked nature of the securities would be significantly altered. We describe the specific events that can lead to these adjustments and the procedures for selecting a replacement stock in the section entitled “General Terms of the Securities—Certain Terms for Securities Linked to an Underlying Stock—Adjustment Events.” The occurrence of such events and the consequent adjustments may materially and adversely affect the value of the securities and any payments on the securities.

We, The Agents And Our Respective Affiliates Cannot Control Actions By An Underlying Stock Issuer.

Actions by an Underlying Stock Issuer may have an adverse effect on the price of such Underlying Stock, the stock closing price of such Underlying Stock on any calculation day and the value of the securities. Neither we nor the Agents nor our respective affiliates are affiliated with any Underlying Stock Issuer. No Underlying Stock Issuer will be involved in the offering of the securities nor will any Underlying Stock Issuer have any obligations with respect to the securities, including any obligation to take our interests or your interests into consideration for any reason. No Underlying Stock Issuer will receive any of the proceeds of the offering of the securities nor will be responsible for, or will have participated in, the determination of the timing of, prices for, or quantities of, the securities to be issued. No Underlying Stock Issuer will be involved with the administration, marketing or trading of the securities nor will have any obligations with respect to any amounts payable on the securities.

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We, The Agents And Our Respective Affiliates Have No Affiliation With Any Underlying Stock Issuer And Have Not Independently Verified Their Public Disclosure Of Information.

We, the Agents and our respective affiliates are not affiliated in any way with any Underlying Stock Issuer. This product supplement and any applicable pricing supplement relates only to the securities and do not relate to any Underlying Stock. The material provided in this product supplement and any applicable pricing supplement concerning an Underlying Stock Issuer is and will be derived from publicly available documents without independent verification. Neither we nor the Agents nor any of our affiliates have or will have participated in the preparation of any of those documents or made any “due diligence” investigation or any inquiry of the Underlying Stock Issuers. Furthermore, neither we nor the Agents nor our respective affiliates know whether any Underlying Stock Issuer has disclosed all events occurring before the date of this product supplement or the applicable pricing supplement—including events that could affect the accuracy or completeness of the publicly available documents referred to above. Subsequent disclosure of any event of this kind or the disclosure of or failure to disclose material future events concerning an Underlying Stock Issuer could affect the value of the securities and any payments on the securities. You, as an investor in the securities, should make your own investigation into any applicable Underlying Stock Issuer.

In addition, there can be no assurance that an Underlying Stock Issuer will continue to be subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and will distribute any reports, proxy statements, and other information required thereby to its shareholders.  In the event that an Underlying Stock Issuer ceases to be subject to such reporting requirements and the securitiess continue to be outstanding, pricing information for the securities may be more difficult to obtain and the value and liquidity of the securitiess may be adversely affected.  Neither we nor the Agents nor our respective affiliates are responsible for the public disclosure of information by any Underlying Stock Issuer, whether contained in filings with the SEC or otherwise.

You Have Limited Anti-dilution Protection.

The calculation agent will, in its sole discretion, adjust the adjustment factor of an Underlying Stock for certain events affecting such Underlying Stock, such as stock splits and stock dividends, and certain other corporate actions involving the applicable Underlying Stock Issuer, such as mergers. However, the calculation agent is not required to make an adjustment for every corporate event that can affect an Underlying Stock. For example, the calculation agent is not required to make any adjustments to the adjustment factor of an Underlying Stock if the applicable Underlying Stock Issuer or anyone else makes a partial tender or partial exchange offer for such Underlying Stock. Consequently, this could affect the value of the securities and any payments on the securities. See “General Terms of the Securities—Certain Terms for Securities Linked to an Underlying Stock—Adjustment Events” for a description of the general circumstances in which the calculation agent will make adjustments to the adjustment factor of an Underlying Stock.

Risks Relating to General Credit Characteristics

The Securities Are Subject To The Credit Risk Of The Bank.

The securities are senior unsecured debt obligations of the Bank, and are not, either directly or indirectly, an obligation of any third party. The securities will rank on a parity with all of the other unsecured and unsubordinated debt obligations of the Bank, except such obligations as may be preferred by operation of law. Any payment to be made on the securities, including the amount payable at maturity, depends on the ability of the Bank to satisfy its obligations as they come due. As a result, the actual and perceived creditworthiness of the Bank may affect the market value of the securities and, in the event the Bank were to default on its obligations, you may not receive the amounts owed to you under the terms of the securities. If you sell the securities prior to maturity, you may receive substantially less than the principal amount of your securities.

The COVID-19 Virus May Have An Adverse Impact On The Bank

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a strain of novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, a global pandemic. Governments in affected areas have imposed a number of measures designed to contain the outbreak, including business closures, travel restrictions, quarantines and cancellations of gatherings and events. The spread of COVID-19 has had disruptive effects in countries in which the Bank operates and the global economy more widely, as well as causing increased volatility and declines in financial markets. COVID-19 has materially impacted and continues to materially impact the markets in which the Bank operates. If the pandemic is prolonged, or further diseases emerge that give rise to similar effects, the adverse impact on the global economy could deepen and result in further declines in financial markets. A substantial amount of the Bank’s business involves making loans or otherwise committing resources to specific companies, industries or countries. The COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on such borrowers, industries and countries could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s financial results, businesses, financial condition or liquidity. The COVID-19 pandemic may also result in disruption to the Bank’s key suppliers of goods and services and result in increased unavailability of staff adversely impacting the quality and continuity of service to customers and the reputation of the Bank. As a result, the business, results of operations, corporate reputation and financial condition of the Bank could be adversely impacted for a substantial period of time.

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Risks Relating To Canadian And U.S. Federal Income Taxation

Significant Aspects Of The Tax Treatment Of The Securities Are Uncertain.

Significant aspects of the tax treatment of the securities are uncertain. There is no direct legal authority as to the proper U.S. federal income tax treatment of the securities, and we do not plan to request a ruling from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) or any Canadian authorities regarding the tax treatment of the securities, and the IRS, the Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) or a court may not agree with the tax treatment described in this product supplement or the applicable pricing supplement. If the IRS were successful in asserting an alternative treatment for the securities, the timing and/or character of income on the securities could be materially and adversely affected. Please read carefully the sections entitled “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” herein. You should consult your tax advisor about your own tax situation.

Further, there exists a risk (and in certain circumstances, a substantial risk) that an investment in securities that are linked to shares of an ETF, a real estate investment trust (“REIT”), a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”), or other “pass-thru entity” or a Basket that contains ETFs, PFICs, REITs or other “pass-thru entities” could be treated as a “constructive ownership” transaction under Section 1260 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), which could result in part or all of any long-term capital gain realized by you being recharacterized as ordinary income (or, in the case of a pass-thru entity containing gold and/or silver, subject to a special 28% maximum tax rate that is applicable to “collectibles”) and subject to an interest charge.

In 2007, the IRS released Notice 2008-2, which may affect the taxation of holders of the securities. According to the notice, the IRS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury (the “Treasury”) are actively considering whether a holder of an instrument such as the securities should be required to accrue ordinary income on a current basis. It is not possible to determine what guidance they will ultimately issue, if any. It is possible, however, that under such guidance, holders of the securities will ultimately be required to accrue income currently and this could be applied on a retroactive basis. The IRS and the Treasury are also considering other relevant issues, including whether additional gain or loss from such instruments should be treated as ordinary or capital, whether non-U.S. holders of such instruments should be subject to withholding tax on any deemed income accruals, and whether the special “constructive ownership rules” of Section 1260 of the Code should be applied to such instruments. Both U.S. and non-U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors concerning the significance, and the potential impact, of the above considerations on their investments in the securities.

Furthermore, in 2007, legislation was introduced in Congress that, if it had been enacted, would have required holders of an instrument similar to the securities that is purchased after the bill was enacted to accrue interest income over the term of such instruments even if such instruments provide that there may be no interest payments over their term. It is not possible to predict whether a similar or identical bill will be enacted in the future, or whether any such bill would affect the tax treatment of such securities.

Additionally, in 2013, the House Ways and Means Committee released in draft form certain proposed legislation relating to financial instruments. If it had been enacted, the effect of this legislation generally would have been to require instruments such as the securities to be marked to market on an annual basis with all gains and losses to be treated as ordinary, subject to certain exceptions. Please read carefully the sections entitled “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” herein and the discussion in the applicable pricing supplement for a discussion of the U.S. federal income tax treatment and possible alternative treatments of the securities. You should consult your tax advisor about your tax situation. It is not possible to predict whether a similar or identical bill will be enacted in the future, or whether any such bill would affect the tax treatment of such securities.

Any conclusion that no portion of the interest paid or credited or deemed to be paid or credited on a security will be “Participating Debt Interest” (as defined below) subject to Canadian withholding tax is based in part on the current published administrative position of the CRA. There cannot be any assurance that CRA’s current published administrative practice will not be subject to change, including potential expansion in the current administrative interpretation of Participating Debt Interest subject to Canadian withholding tax. If, at any time, the interest paid or credited or deemed to be paid or credited on a security is subject to Canadian withholding tax, you will receive an amount that is less than that to which you would otherwise be entitled. You should consult your own adviser as to the potential for such withholding and the potential for reduction or refund of part or all of such withholding, including under any bilateral Canadian tax treaty the benefits of which you may be entitled.

For a more complete discussion of the Canadian federal income tax consequences of investing in the securities, please see “Supplemental Discussion of Canadian Tax Considerations” in this product supplement, “Canadian Taxation” in the Prospectus and any further Canadian tax discussions in the applicable pricing supplement. You should consult your tax advisors as to the consequences of acquiring, holding and disposing of the securities and receiving the payments that might be due under the securities.

U.S. Taxpayers Will Be Required To Pay Taxes Each Year On Securities That Are Treated As Contingent Payment Debt Instruments And Securities That Are Issued With Original Issue Discount.

If the securities are subject to special rules governing contingent payment debt instruments for U.S. federal income tax purposes and the holder is a U.S. individual or taxable entity, that holder generally will be required to pay taxes on ordinary income over the term of such securities based on the comparable yield for the securities, even though that holder may not receive any payments from us until maturity. This comparable yield is determined solely to calculate the amounts a holder will be taxed on prior to maturity and is neither a prediction nor a guarantee of what the actual yield will be. Any gain that may be recognized on the taxable disposition of such securities will generally be ordinary income. Any loss that may be recognized upon the taxable disposition of such securities will generally be ordinary loss to the extent of the interest that the holder included as income in the current or previous taxable years in respect of the securities and thereafter will be capital loss. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

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Similarly, if the securities are treated as issued with original issue discount, U.S. holders will be required to accrue interest on the securities and pay tax accordingly, even though such holders may not receive any payments from us until maturity. For further discussion, see “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences.”

Non-U.S. Investors May Be Subject to Certain Additional Risks.

This product supplement contains a general description of certain U.S. tax considerations relating to the securities. If you are a non-U.S. investor, you should consult your tax advisors as to the consequences, under the tax laws of the country where you are resident for tax purposes, of acquiring, holding and disposing of the securities and receiving the payments that may be due under the securities.

This product supplement also contains a discussion of certain Canadian tax consequences under “Supplemental Discussion of Canadian Tax Considerations”. You should consult your tax advisor as to the consequences of acquiring, holding and disposing of the securities and receiving the payments that might be due under the securities.

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GENERAL TERMS OF THE SECURITIES

The Bank will issue the securities as part of its Series A senior unsecured debt securities, as more fully described in the accompanying prospectus and prospectus supplement. Information included in this product supplement supersedes information in the accompanying prospectus supplement and prospectus to the extent that it is different from that information.

The specific terms of the securities will be described in the applicable pricing supplement. If the terms described in the applicable pricing supplement are inconsistent with those described herein or in the accompanying prospectus supplement, the terms described in the applicable pricing supplement shall control.

Specified Currency

Unless otherwise specified in the applicable pricing supplement, all payments, if any, on the securities will be made in U.S. dollars (“$”).

Form and Denomination

The securities will be issued only in global form through The Depository Trust Company. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable pricing supplement, the securities will be issued in minimum denominations of $1,000 and integral multiples of $1,000.

No Listing

Your securities will not be listed or displayed on any securities exchange or quotation system or included in any interdealer market quotation system, unless otherwise specified in the applicable pricing supplement.

Business Day

When we refer to a business day with respect to your securities, we mean a day other than a Saturday or Sunday or a day on which banking institutions in New York City are authorized or required by law to close, unless otherwise specified in the applicable pricing supplement. If the applicable pricing supplement specifies a different meaning for the term business day, we will use that modified definition in determining each applicable payment date as well as the maturity date for your securities, all as described in this product prospectus supplement.

Certain Terms for Securities Linked to an Index

Certain Definitions

A “multiple exchange index” means the EURO STOXX 50^® Index, the MSCI ACWI Index^®, the MSCI EAFE Index^®, the MSCI Emerging Markets Index^SM, and any other equity index designated as a multiple exchange index in the applicable pricing supplement.

A “trading day” with respect to an Index (other than a multiple exchange index) means a day, as determined by the calculation agent, on which (i) the relevant stock exchanges with respect to each security underlying such Index are scheduled to be open for trading for their respective regular trading sessions and (ii) each related futures or options exchange with respect to such Index is scheduled to be open for trading for its regular trading session.

A “trading day” with respect to a multiple exchange index means a day, as determined by the calculation agent, on which (i) the relevant index sponsor is scheduled to publish the level of such Index and (ii) each related futures or options exchange with respect to such Index is scheduled to be open for trading for its regular trading session.

The “relevant stock exchange” for any security underlying an Index means the primary exchange or quotation system on which such security is traded, as determined by the calculation agent.

The “related futures or options exchange” for an Index means an exchange or quotation system where trading has a material effect (as determined by the calculation agent) on the overall market for futures or options contracts relating to such Index.

The “closing level” with respect to an Index on any trading day means the official closing level of that Index reported by the relevant index sponsor on such trading day, as obtained by the calculation agent on such trading day from the licensed third-party market data vendor contracted by the calculation agent at such time; in particular, taking into account the decimal precision and/or rounding convention employed by such licensed third-party market data vendor on such date. Currently, the calculation agent obtains market data from Thomson Reuters Ltd., but the calculation agent may change its market data vendor at any time without notice. The foregoing provisions of this definition of “closing level” are subject to the provisions set forth below under “—Market Disruption Events,” “—Adjustments to an Index,” “—Discontinuance of an Index” and “General Terms of the Securities—Consequences of a Market Disruption Event; Postponement of a Calculation Day.”

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Market Disruption Events

A “market disruption event” with respect to an Index (other than a multiple exchange index) means any of the following events as determined by the calculation agent in its sole discretion:

(A) The occurrence or existence of a material suspension of or limitation imposed on trading by the relevant stock exchanges or otherwise relating to securities which then comprise 20% or more of the level of such Index or any successor equity index at any time during the one-hour period that ends at the close of trading on that day, whether by reason of movements in price exceeding limits permitted by those relevant stock exchanges or otherwise.

(B) The occurrence or existence of a material suspension of or limitation imposed on trading by any related futures or options exchange or otherwise in futures or options contracts relating to such Index or any successor equity index on any related futures or options exchange at any time during the one-hour period that ends at the close of trading on that day, whether by reason of movements in price exceeding limits permitted by the related futures or options exchange or otherwise.

(C) The occurrence or existence of any event, other than an early closure, that materially disrupts or impairs the ability of market participants in general to effect transactions in, or obtain market values for, securities that then comprise 20% or more of the level of such Index or any successor equity index on their relevant stock exchanges at any time during the one-hour period that ends at the close of trading on that day.

(D) The occurrence or existence of any event, other than an early closure, that materially disrupts or impairs the ability of market participants in general to effect transactions in, or obtain market values for, futures or options contracts relating to such Index or any successor equity index on any related futures or options exchange at any time during the one-hour period that ends at the close of trading on that day.

(E) The closure on any exchange business day of the relevant stock exchanges on which securities that then comprise 20% or more of the level of such Index or any successor equity index are traded or any related futures or options exchange with respect to such Index or any successor equity index prior to its scheduled closing time unless the earlier closing time is announced by the relevant stock exchange or related futures or options exchange, as applicable, at least one hour prior to the earlier of (1) the actual closing time for the regular trading session on such relevant stock exchange or related futures or options exchange, as applicable, and (2) the submission deadline for orders to be entered into the relevant stock exchange or related futures or options exchange, as applicable, system for execution at such actual closing time on that day.

(F) The relevant stock exchange for any security underlying such Index or successor equity index or any related futures or options exchange with respect to such Index or successor equity index fails to open for trading during its regular trading session.

For purposes of determining whether a market disruption event has occurred with respect to an Index (other than a multiple exchange index):

(1) the relevant percentage contribution of a security to the level of such Index or any successor equity index will be based on a comparison of (x) the portion of the level of such index attributable to that security and (y) the overall level of such Index or successor equity index, in each case immediately before the occurrence of the market disruption event;

(2) the “close of trading” on any trading day for such Index or any successor equity index means the scheduled closing time of the relevant stock exchanges with respect to the securities underlying such Index or successor equity index on such trading day; provided that, if the actual closing time of the regular trading session of any such relevant stock exchange is earlier than its scheduled closing time on such trading day, then (x) for purposes of clauses (A) and (C) of the definition of “market disruption event” above, with respect to any security underlying such Index or successor equity index for which such relevant stock exchange is its relevant stock exchange, the “close of trading” means such actual closing time and (y) for purposes of clauses (B) and (D) of the definition of “market disruption event” above, with respect to any futures or options contract relating to such Index or successor equity index, the “close of trading” means the latest actual closing time of the regular trading session of any of the relevant stock exchanges, but in no event later than the scheduled closing time of the relevant stock exchanges;

(3) the “scheduled closing time” of any relevant stock exchange or related futures or options exchange on any trading day for such Index or any successor equity index means the scheduled weekday closing time of such relevant stock exchange or related futures or options exchange on such trading day, without regard to after hours or any other trading outside the regular trading session hours; and

(4) an “exchange business day” means any trading day for such Index or any successor equity index on which each relevant stock exchange for the securities underlying such Index or any successor equity index and each related futures or options exchange with respect to such Index or any successor equity index are open for trading during their respective regular

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trading sessions, notwithstanding any such relevant stock exchange or related futures or options exchange closing prior to its scheduled closing time.

A “market disruption event” with respect to a multiple exchange index means, any of (A), (B), (C) or (D) below, as determined by the calculation agent in its sole discretion:

(A) Any of the following events occurs or exists with respect to any security included in such Index or any successor equity index, and the aggregate of all securities included in such Index or successor equity index with respect to which any such event occurs comprise 20% or more of the level of such Index or successor equity index:

• a material suspension of or limitation imposed on trading by the relevant stock exchange for such security or otherwise at any time during the one-hour period that ends at the scheduled closing time for the relevant stock exchange for such security on that day, whether by reason of movements in price exceeding limits permitted by the relevant stock exchange or otherwise;

• any event, other than an early closure, that materially disrupts or impairs the ability of market participants in general to effect transactions in, or obtain market values for, such security on its relevant stock exchange at any time during the one-hour period that ends at the scheduled closing time for the relevant stock exchange for such security on that day; or

• the closure on any exchange business day of the relevant stock exchange for such security prior to its scheduled closing time unless the earlier closing is announced by such relevant stock exchange at least one hour prior to the earlier of (i) the actual closing time for the regular trading session on such relevant stock exchange and (ii) the submission deadline for orders to be entered into the relevant stock exchange system for execution at the scheduled closing time for such relevant stock exchange on that day.

(B) Any of the following events occurs or exists with respect to futures or options contracts relating to such Index or any successor equity index:

• a material suspension of or limitation imposed on trading by any related futures or options exchange or otherwise at any time during the one-hour period that ends at the close of trading on such related futures or options exchange on that day, whether by reason of movements in price exceeding limits permitted by the related futures or options exchange or otherwise;

• any event, other than an early closure, that materially disrupts or impairs the ability of market participants in general to effect transactions in, or obtain market values for, futures or options contracts relating to such Index or successor equity index on any related futures or options exchange at any time during the one-hour period that ends at the close of trading on such related futures or options exchange on that day; or

• the closure on any exchange business day of any related futures or options exchange prior to its scheduled closing time unless the earlier closing time is announced by such related futures or options exchange at least one hour prior to the earlier of (i) the actual closing time for the regular trading session on such related futures or options exchange and (ii) the submission deadline for orders to be entered into the related futures or options exchange system for execution at the close of trading for such related futures or options exchange on that day.

(C) The relevant index sponsor fails to publish the level of such Index or any successor equity index (other than as a result of the relevant index sponsor having discontinued publication of such Index or successor equity index and no successor equity index being available).

(D) Any related futures or options exchange fails to open for trading during its regular trading session.

For purposes of determining whether a market disruption event has occurred with respect to a multiple exchange index:

(1) the relevant percentage contribution of a security included in such Index or any successor equity index to the level of such Index will be based on a comparison of (x) the portion of the level of such Index or any successor equity index attributable to that security to (y) the overall level of such index, in each case using the official opening weightings as published by the relevant index sponsor as part of the market opening data;

(2) the “scheduled closing time” of any relevant stock exchange or related futures or options exchange on any trading day means the scheduled weekday closing time of such relevant stock exchange or related futures or options exchange on such trading day, without regard to after hours or any other trading outside the regular trading session hours; and

(3) an “exchange business day” means any trading day on which (i) the relevant index sponsor publishes the level of such index or any successor equity index and (ii) each related futures or options exchange is open for trading during its

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regular trading session, notwithstanding any related futures or options exchange closing prior to its scheduled closing time.

Adjustments to an Index

If at any time the method of calculating an Index or a successor equity index, or the closing level thereof, is changed in a material respect, or if an Index or a successor equity index is in any other way modified so that such index does not, in the opinion of the calculation agent, fairly represent the level of such index had those changes or modifications not been made, then the calculation agent will, at the close of business in New York, New York, on each date that the closing level of such index is to be calculated, make such calculations and adjustments as, in the good faith judgment of the calculation agent, may be necessary in order to arrive at a level of an index comparable to such Index or successor equity index as if those changes or modifications had not been made, and the calculation agent will calculate the closing level of such Index or successor equity index with reference to such index, as so adjusted. Accordingly, if the method of calculating an Index or successor equity index is modified so that the level of such index is a fraction or a multiple of what it would have been if it had not been modified (e.g., due to a split or reverse split in such equity index), then the calculation agent will adjust such Index or successor equity index in order to arrive at a level of such index as if it had not been modified (e.g., as if the split or reverse split had not occurred).

Discontinuance of an Index

If an index sponsor discontinues publication of an Index, and such index sponsor or another entity publishes a successor or substitute equity index that the calculation agent determines, in its sole discretion, to be comparable to such Index (a “successor equity index”), then, upon the calculation agent’s notification of that determination to the trustee and the Bank, the calculation agent will substitute the successor equity index as calculated by the relevant index sponsor or any other entity for purposes of calculating the closing level of such Index on any date of determination.  Upon any selection by the calculation agent of a successor equity index, the Bank will cause notice to be given to holders of the securities.

In the event that an index sponsor discontinues publication of an Index prior to, and the discontinuance is continuing on, a calculation day and the calculation agent determines that no successor equity index is available at such time, the calculation agent will calculate a substitute closing level for such Index in accordance with the formula for and method of calculating such Index last in effect prior to the discontinuance, but using only those securities that comprised such Index immediately prior to that discontinuance. If a successor equity index is selected or the calculation agent calculates a level as a substitute for such Index, the successor equity index or level will be used as a substitute for such Index for all purposes, including the purpose of determining whether a market disruption event exists.

If on a calculation day an index sponsor fails to calculate and announce the level of an Index, the calculation agent will calculate a substitute closing level of such Index in accordance with the formula for and method of calculating such Index last in effect prior to the failure, but using only those securities that comprised such Index immediately prior to that failure; provided that, if a market disruption event occurs or is continuing on such day with respect to such Index, then the provisions set forth below under “General Terms of the Securities—Consequences of a Market Disruption Event; Postponement of a Calculation Day” shall apply in lieu of the foregoing.

Notwithstanding these alternative arrangements, discontinuance of the publication of, or the failure by the relevant index sponsor to calculate and announce the level of, an Index may adversely affect the value of the securities.

Certain Terms for Securities Linked to a Fund

Certain Definitions

A “trading day” with respect to a Fund means a day, as determined by the calculation agent, on which the relevant stock exchange and each related futures or options exchange with respect to such Fund or any successor thereto, if applicable, are scheduled to be open for trading for their respective regular trading sessions.

The “relevant stock exchange” for a Fund means the primary exchange or quotation system on which shares (or other applicable securities) of such Fund are traded, as determined by the calculation agent.

The “related futures or options exchange” for a Fund means each exchange or quotation system where trading has a material effect (as determined by the calculation agent) on the overall market for futures or options contracts relating to such Fund.

The “closing price” for one share of a Fund (or one unit of any other security for which a closing price must be determined) on any trading day means the official closing price on such day published by the principal United States securities exchange registered under the Exchange Act, on which such Fund (or any such other security) is listed or admitted to trading.

The “fund closing price” with respect to a Fund on any trading day means the product of (i) the closing price of one share of such Fund (or one unit of any other security for which a fund closing price must be determined) on such trading day and (ii) the adjustment factor applicable to such Fund on such trading day.

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The “adjustment factor” means, with respect to a share of a Fund (or one unit of any other security for which a fund closing price must be determined), 1.0, subject to adjustment in the event of certain events affecting the shares of such Fund. See “—Anti-dilution Adjustments Relating to a Fund; Alternate Calculation” below.

Market Disruption Events

A “market disruption event” with respect to a Fund means any of the following events as determined by the calculation agent in its sole discretion:

(A) The occurrence or existence of a material suspension of or limitation imposed on trading by the relevant stock exchange or otherwise relating to the shares (or other applicable securities) of such Fund or any successor fund on the relevant stock exchange at any time during the one-hour period that ends at the close of trading on such day, whether by reason of movements in price exceeding limits permitted by such relevant stock exchange or otherwise.

(B) The occurrence or existence of a material suspension of or limitation imposed on trading by any related futures or options exchange or otherwise in futures or options contracts relating to the shares (or other applicable securities) of such Fund or any successor fund on any related futures or options exchange at any time during the one-hour period that ends at the close of trading on that day, whether by reason of movements in price exceeding limits permitted by the related futures or options exchange or otherwise.

(C) The occurrence or existence of any event, other than an early closure, that materially disrupts or impairs the ability of market participants in general to effect transactions in, or obtain market values for, shares (or other applicable securities) of such Fund or any successor fund on the relevant stock exchange at any time during the one-hour period that ends at the close of trading on that day.

(D) The occurrence or existence of any event, other than an early closure, that materially disrupts or impairs the ability of market participants in general to effect transactions in, or obtain market values for, futures or options contracts relating to shares (or other applicable securities) of such Fund or any successor fund on any related futures or options exchange at any time during the one-hour period that ends at the close of trading on that day.

(E) The closure of the relevant stock exchange or any related futures or options exchange with respect to such Fund or any successor fund prior to its scheduled closing time unless the earlier closing time is announced by the relevant stock exchange or related futures or options exchange, as applicable, at least one hour prior to the earlier of (1) the actual closing time for the regular trading session on such relevant stock exchange or related futures or options exchange, as applicable, and (2) the submission deadline for orders to be entered into the relevant stock exchange or related futures or options exchange, as applicable, system for execution at the close of trading on that day.

(F) The relevant stock exchange or any related futures or options exchange with respect to such Fund or any successor fund fails to open for trading during its regular trading session.

For purposes of determining whether a market disruption event has occurred with respect to a Fund:

(1) “close of trading” means the scheduled closing time of the relevant stock exchange with respect to such Fund or any successor fund; and

(2) the “scheduled closing time” of the relevant stock exchange or any related futures or options exchange on any trading day for such Fund or any successor fund means the scheduled weekday closing time of such relevant stock exchange or related futures or options exchange on such trading day, without regard to after hours or any other trading outside the regular trading session hours.

Anti-dilution Adjustments Relating to a Fund; Alternate Calculation

Anti-dilution Adjustments

The calculation agent will adjust the adjustment factor with respect to a Fund as specified below if any of the events specified below occurs with respect to such Fund and the effective date or ex-dividend date, as applicable, for such event is after the pricing date and on or prior to the final calculation day for such Fund.

The adjustments specified below do not cover all events that could affect a Fund, and there may be other events that could affect a Fund for which the calculation agent will not make any such adjustments, including, without limitation, an ordinary cash dividend.  Nevertheless, the calculation agent may, in its sole discretion, make additional adjustments to any terms of the securities upon the occurrence of other events that affect or could potentially affect the market price of, or shareholder rights in, a Fund, with a view to offsetting, to the extent practical, any such change, and preserving the relative investment risks of the securities.  In addition, the calculation agent may, in its sole discretion, make adjustments or a series of adjustments that differ from those described herein if the calculation agent determines that such adjustments do not properly reflect the economic consequences of the events specified in this

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product supplement or would not preserve the relative investment risks of the securities.  All determinations made by the calculation agent in making any adjustments to the terms of the securities, including adjustments that are in addition to, or that differ from, those described in this product supplement, will be made in good faith and a commercially reasonable manner, with the aim of ensuring an equitable result.  In determining whether to make any adjustment to the terms of the securities, the calculation agent may consider any adjustment made by the Options Clearing Corporation or any other equity derivatives clearing organization on options contracts on the affected Fund.

For any event described below, the calculation agent will not be required to adjust the adjustment factor for a Fund unless the adjustment would result in a change to such adjustment factor then in effect of at least 0.10%.  The adjustment factor resulting from any adjustment will be rounded up or down, as appropriate, to the nearest one-hundred thousandth.

(A) Stock Splits and Reverse Stock Splits

If a stock split or reverse stock split has occurred with respect to a Fund, then once such split has become effective, the adjustment factor for such Fund will be adjusted to equal the product of the prior adjustment factor for such Fund and the number of securities which a holder of one share (or other applicable security) of such Fund before the effective date of such stock split or reverse stock split would have owned or been entitled to receive immediately following the applicable effective date.

(B) Stock Dividends

If a dividend or distribution of shares (or other applicable securities) of a Fund has been made by such Fund ratably to all holders of record of such shares (or other applicable security), then the adjustment factor for such Fund will be adjusted on the ex-dividend date to equal the prior adjustment factor for such Fund plus the product of the prior adjustment factor for such Fund and the additional number of shares (or other applicable security) of such Fund which a holder of one share (or other applicable security) of such Fund before the ex-dividend date would have been entitled to receive immediately following that date; provided, however, that no adjustment will be made for a distribution for which the number of securities of such Fund paid or distributed is based on a fixed cash equivalent value.

(C) Extraordinary Dividends

If an extraordinary dividend (as defined below) has occurred with respect to a Fund, then the adjustment factor for such Fund will be adjusted on the ex-dividend date to equal the product of the prior adjustment factor for such Fund and a fraction, the numerator of which is the closing price per share (or other applicable security) of such Fund on the trading day preceding the ex-dividend date, and the denominator of which is the amount by which the closing price per share (or other applicable security) of such Fund on the trading day preceding the ex-dividend date exceeds the extraordinary dividend amount (as defined below).

For purposes of determining whether an extraordinary dividend has occurred:

(1) “extraordinary dividend” means any cash dividend or distribution (or portion thereof) that the calculation agent determines, in its sole discretion, is extraordinary or special; and

(2) “extraordinary dividend amount” with respect to an extraordinary dividend for the securities of a Fund will equal the amount per share (or other applicable security) of such Fund of the applicable cash dividend or distribution that is attributable to the extraordinary dividend, as determined by the calculation agent in its sole discretion.

A distribution on the securities of a Fund described below under the section entitled “—Reorganization Events” below that also constitutes an extraordinary dividend will only cause an adjustment pursuant to that “—Reorganization Events” section.

(D) Other Distributions

If a Fund declares or makes a distribution to all holders of the shares (or other applicable security) of such Fund of any non-cash assets, excluding dividends or distributions described under the section entitled “—Stock Dividends” above, then the calculation agent may, in its sole discretion, make such adjustment (if any) to the adjustment factor as it deems appropriate in the circumstances.  If the calculation agent determines to make an adjustment pursuant to this paragraph, it will do so with a view to offsetting, to the extent practical, any change in the economic position of a holder of the securities that results solely from the applicable event.

(E) Reorganization Events

If a Fund, or any successor fund, is subject to a merger, combination, consolidation or statutory exchange of securities with another exchange traded fund, and such Fund is not the surviving entity (a “reorganization event”), then, on or after the date of such event, the calculation agent shall, in its sole discretion, make an adjustment to the adjustment factor for such Fund or the method of determining the maturity payment amount or any other terms of the securities as the calculation agent determines appropriate to account for the economic effect on the securities of such event, and determine the effective date of that

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adjustment. If the calculation agent determines that no adjustment that it could make will produce a commercially reasonable result, then the calculation agent may deem such event a liquidation event (as defined below).

Liquidation Events

If a Fund is de-listed, liquidated or otherwise terminated (a “liquidation event”), and a successor or substitute exchange traded fund exists that the calculation agent determines, in its sole discretion, to be comparable to such Fund, then, upon the calculation agent’s notification of that determination to the trustee and the Bank, any subsequent fund closing price for such Fund will be determined by reference to the fund closing price of such successor or substitute exchange traded fund (such exchange traded fund being referred to herein as a “successor fund”), with such adjustments as the calculation agent determines are appropriate to account for the economic effect of such substitution on holders of the securities.

If a Fund undergoes a liquidation event prior to, and such liquidation event is continuing on, the date that any fund closing price of such Fund is to be determined and the calculation agent determines that no successor fund is available at such time, then the calculation agent will, in its sole discretion, calculate the fund closing price for such Fund on such date by a computation methodology that the calculation agent determines will as closely as reasonably possible replicate such Fund, provided that if the calculation agent determines in its sole discretion that it is not practicable to replicate such Fund (including but not limited to the instance in which a fund underlying index sponsor discontinues publication of the relevant fund underlying index), then the calculation agent will calculate the fund closing price for such Fund in accordance with the formula last used to calculate such fund closing price before such liquidation event, but using only those securities that were held by such Fund immediately prior to such liquidation event without any rebalancing or substitution of such securities following such liquidation event.

If a successor fund is selected or the calculation agent calculates the fund closing price as a substitute for a Fund, such successor fund or fund closing price will be used as a substitute for such Fund for all purposes, including for purposes of determining whether a market disruption event exists with respect to such Fund.  Notwithstanding these alternative arrangements, a liquidation event with respect to a Fund may adversely affect the value of the securities.

If any event is both a reorganization event and a liquidation event, such event will be treated as a reorganization event for purposes of the securities unless the calculation agent makes the determination referenced in the last sentence of the section entitled “—Anti-dilution Adjustments—Reorganization Events” above.

Alternate Calculation

If at any time the method of calculating a Fund or a successor fund, or the related fund underlying index, is changed in a material respect, or if a Fund or a successor fund is in any other way modified so that such fund does not, in the opinion of the calculation agent, fairly represent the price of the securities of such Fund or such successor fund had such changes or modifications not been made, then the calculation agent may, at the close of business in New York City on the date that any fund closing price is to be determined, make such calculations and adjustments as, in the good faith judgment of the calculation agent, may be necessary in order to arrive at a closing price of an exchange traded fund comparable to such Fund or such successor fund, as the case may be, as if such changes or modifications had not been made, and calculate the fund closing price of such Fund and determine the maturity payment amount and any other terms of the securities with reference to such adjusted closing price of such Fund or such successor fund, as applicable.

Certain Terms for Securities Linked to an Underlying Stock

Certain Definitions

A “trading day” with respect to an Underlying Stock means a day, as determined by the calculation agent, on which trading is generally conducted on the principal trading market for such Underlying Stock (as determined by the calculation agent, in its sole discretion), the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board Options Exchange and in the over-the-counter market for equity securities in the United States.

The “closing price” for one share of an Underlying Stock (or one unit of any other security for which a closing price must be determined) on any trading day means:

• if such Underlying Stock (or any such other security) is listed or admitted to trading on a national securities exchange, the official closing price on such day published by the principal United States securities exchange registered under the Exchange Act on which such Underlying Stock (or any such other security) is listed or admitted to trading; or

• if such Underlying Stock (or any such other security) is not listed or admitted to trading on any national securities exchange but is included in the OTC Bulletin Board Service operated by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”), the last reported sale price of the principal trading session on the OTC Bulletin Board Service on such day.

If such Underlying Stock (or any such other security) is listed or admitted to trading on any national securities exchange but the official closing price is not available pursuant to the preceding sentence, then the closing price for one share of such Underlying Stock (or one

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unit of any such other security) on any trading day will mean the last reported sale price of the principal trading session on the over-the-counter market as reported on the OTC Bulletin Board Service on such day.

If the official closing price or the last reported sale price, as applicable, for such Underlying Stock (or any such other security) is not available pursuant to either of the two preceding sentences, then the closing price per share for any trading day will be the mean, as determined by the calculation agent, of the bid price for such Underlying Stock (or any such other security) obtained from as many recognized dealers in such security, but not exceeding three, as will make such bid prices available to the calculation agent. Bids of WFS, the calculation agent or any of their respective affiliates may be included in the calculation of such mean, but only to the extent that any such bid is the highest of the bids obtained. The term “OTC Bulletin Board Service” will include any successor service thereto or, if the OTC Bulletin Board Service is discontinued and there is no successor service thereto, the OTC Reporting Facility operated by FINRA.

The “stock closing price” with respect to an Underlying Stock on a trading day, means the product of the closing price of such Underlying Stock and the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock, each on such trading day.

The “adjustment factor” for an Underlying Stock is initially 1.0.  The adjustment factor for an Underlying Stock will remain constant for the term of the securities, subject to adjustment for certain corporate events relating to the applicable Underlying Stock Issuer as described in the section entitled “—Adjustment Events” below.

Market Disruption Events

A “market disruption event” means, with respect to an Underlying Stock, the occurrence or existence of any of the following events:

• a suspension, absence or material limitation of trading in such Underlying Stock on its primary market for more than two hours of trading or during the one-half hour before the close of trading in that market, as determined by the calculation agent in its sole discretion;

• a suspension, absence or material limitation of trading in option or futures contracts relating to such Underlying Stock, if available, in the primary market for those contracts for more than two hours of trading or during the one-half hour before the close of trading in that market, as determined by the calculation agent in its sole discretion;

• such Underlying Stock does not trade on the New York Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the Nasdaq Global Market or what was the primary market for such Underlying Stock, as determined by the calculation agent in its sole discretion; or

• any other event, if the calculation agent determines in its sole discretion that the event materially interferes with our ability or the ability of any of our affiliates to unwind all or a material portion of a hedge with respect to the securities that we or our affiliates have effected or may effect.

The following events will not be a market disruption event with respect to an Underlying Stock:

• a limitation on the hours or number of days of trading in such Underlying Stock in its primary market, but only if the limitation results from an announced change in the regular business hours of the relevant market; and

• a decision to permanently discontinue trading in the option or futures contracts relating to such Underlying Stock.

For this purpose, a “suspension, absence or material limitation of trading” in the applicable market will not include any time when that market is itself closed for trading under ordinary circumstances. In contrast, a “suspension, absence or material limitation of trading” in the applicable market for such Underlying Stock or option or futures contracts relating to such Underlying Stock, as applicable, by reason of any of:

• a price change exceeding limits set by that market;

• an imbalance of orders relating to such Underlying Stock or those contracts; or

• a disparity in bid and asked quotes relating to such Underlying Stock or those contracts

will constitute a “suspension, absence or material limitation of trading” in such Underlying Stock or those contracts, as the case may be, in the applicable market.

Adjustment Events

The adjustment factor for an Underlying Stock is initially 1.0. However, the adjustment factor for an Underlying Stock is subject to adjustment by the calculation agent as a result of the dilution and reorganization events described in this section. The adjustments described below do not cover all events that could affect the Underlying Stocks and, consequently, the value of your securities, such as a

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tender or exchange offer by the applicable Underlying Stock Issuer for such Underlying Stock at a premium to its market price or a tender or exchange offer made by a third party for less than all outstanding shares of such Underlying Stock. We describe the risks relating to dilution above under “Risk Factors—Additional Risk Factors Relating to Securities Linked to An Underlying Stock—You Have Limited Anti-dilution Protection.”

How adjustments will be made

If one of the events described below occurs with respect to an Underlying Stock and the calculation agent determines that the event has a dilutive or concentrative effect on the market price of such Underlying Stock, the calculation agent will calculate a corresponding adjustment to the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock as the calculation agent deems appropriate to account for that dilutive or concentrative effect. For example, if an adjustment is required because of a two-for-one stock split, then the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock will be adjusted by the calculation agent by multiplying the existing adjustment factor by a fraction whose numerator is the number of shares of such Underlying Stock outstanding immediately after the stock split and whose denominator is the number of shares of such Underlying Stock outstanding immediately prior to the stock split. Consequently, the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock will be adjusted to double the prior adjustment factor, due to the corresponding decrease in the market price of such Underlying Stock.  Adjustments to the adjustment factor for an Underlying Stock will be made for events with an effective date or ex-dividend date, as applicable, from but excluding the pricing date to and including the applicable calculation day for such Underlying Stock (the “adjustment period”).

The calculation agent will also determine the effective date of that adjustment, and the replacement of an Underlying Stock, if applicable, in the event of a consolidation or merger or certain other events in respect of the applicable Underlying Stock Issuer. Upon making any such adjustment, the calculation agent will give notice as soon as practicable to the trustee and the paying agent, stating the adjustment to the adjustment factor of such Underlying Stock. The calculation agent will not be required to make any adjustments to the adjustment factor for purposes of calculating the stock closing price for a calculation day after the close of business on such calculation day; provided that any such adjustments to the adjustment factor will be taken into account for purposes of determining the stock closing price for any subsequent calculation day. In no event, however, will an anti-dilution adjustment to the adjustment factor of an Underlying Stock during the term of the securities be deemed to change the face amount per security.

If more than one event requiring adjustment occurs with respect to an Underlying Stock, the calculation agent will make an adjustment for each event in the order in which the events occur, and on a cumulative basis. Thus, having made an adjustment for the first event, the calculation agent will adjust the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock for the second event, applying the required adjustment to the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock as already adjusted for the first event, and so on for any subsequent events.

For any dilution event described below, other than a consolidation or merger, the calculation agent will not have to adjust the adjustment factor for an Underlying Stock unless the adjustment would result in a change to the adjustment factor of such Underlying Stock then in effect of at least 0.10%. The adjustment factor of such Underlying Stock resulting from any adjustment will be rounded up or down, as appropriate, to the nearest one-hundred thousandth.

If an event requiring an anti-dilution adjustment occurs with respect to an Underlying Stock, the calculation agent will make the adjustment with a view to offsetting, to the extent practical, any change in your economic position relative to your securities that results solely from that event. The calculation agent may, in its sole discretion, modify the anti-dilution adjustments as necessary to ensure an equitable result.

The calculation agent will make all determinations with respect to anti-dilution adjustments, including any determination as to whether an event requiring adjustment has occurred with respect to an Underlying Stock, as to the nature of the adjustment required for such Underlying Stock and how it will be made or as to the value of any property distributed in a reorganization event, and will do so in its sole discretion. In the absence of manifest error, those determinations will be conclusive for all purposes and will be binding on you and us, without any liability on the part of the calculation agent. You will not be entitled to any compensation from us for any loss suffered as a result of any of these determinations by the calculation agent. The calculation agent will provide information about the adjustments that it makes upon your written request.

If any of the adjustments specified below is required to be made with respect to an amount or value of any cash or other property that is distributed by an Underlying Stock Issuer organized outside the United States, such amount or value will be converted to U.S. dollars, as applicable, and will be reduced by any applicable foreign withholding taxes that would apply to such distribution if such distribution were paid to a U.S. person that is eligible for the benefits of an applicable income tax treaty, if any, between the United States and the jurisdiction of organization of such Underlying Stock Issuer, as determined by the calculation agent, in its sole discretion.

No adjustments will be made for certain other events, such as offerings of common stock by an Underlying Stock Issuer for cash or in connection with the occurrence of a partial tender or exchange offer for an Underlying Stock by the Underlying Stock Issuer of such Underlying Stock or any other person.

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Stock Splits and Reverse Stock Splits

A stock split is an increase in the number of a corporation’s outstanding shares of stock without any change in its stockholders’ equity. Each outstanding share will be worth less as a result of a stock split.

A reverse stock split is a decrease in the number of a corporation’s outstanding shares of stock without any change in its stockholders’ equity. Each outstanding share will be worth more as a result of a reverse stock split.

If an Underlying Stock is subject to a stock split or a reverse stock split, then once the split has become effective the calculation agent will adjust the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock to equal the product of the prior adjustment factor of such Underlying Stock and the number of shares issued in such stock split or reverse stock split with respect to one share of such Underlying Stock.

Stock Dividends

In a stock dividend, a corporation issues additional shares of its stock to all holders of its outstanding stock in proportion to the shares they own. Each outstanding share will be worth less as a result of a stock dividend.

If an Underlying Stock is subject to a stock dividend payable in shares of such Underlying Stock that is given ratably to all holders of shares of such Underlying Stock, then once the dividend has become effective the calculation agent will adjust the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock on the ex-dividend date to equal the sum of the prior adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock and the product of:

• the number of shares issued with respect to one share of such Underlying Stock, and

• the prior adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock.

The “ex-dividend date” for any dividend or other distribution is the first day on and after which such Underlying Stock trades without the right to receive that dividend or distribution.

No Adjustments for Other Dividends and Distributions

Unless otherwise specified in the applicable pricing supplement, the adjustment factor for an Underlying Stock will not be adjusted to reflect dividends, including cash dividends, or other distributions paid with respect to such Underlying Stock, other than:

• stock dividends described above,

• issuances of transferable rights and warrants as described in “ —Transferable Rights and Warrants” below,

• distributions that are spin-off events described in “ —Reorganization Events” below, and

• extraordinary dividends described below.

An “extraordinary dividend” means each of (a) the full amount per share of an Underlying Stock of any cash dividend or special dividend or distribution that is identified by the applicable Underlying Stock Issuer as an extraordinary or special dividend or distribution, (b) the excess of any cash dividend or other cash distribution (that is not otherwise identified by the applicable Underlying Stock Issuer as an extraordinary or special dividend or distribution) distributed per share of such Underlying Stock over the immediately preceding cash dividend or other cash distribution, if any, per share of such Underlying Stock that did not include an extraordinary or special dividend (as adjusted for any subsequent corporate event requiring an adjustment as described in this section, such as a stock split or reverse stock split) if such excess portion of the dividend or distribution is more than 5.00% of the closing price of such Underlying Stock on the trading day preceding the ex-dividend date for the payment of such cash dividend or other cash distribution (such closing price, the “extraordinary dividend base closing price”) and (c) the full cash value of any non-cash dividend or distribution per share of such Underlying Stock (excluding marketable securities, as defined below).

If an Underlying Stock is subject to an extraordinary dividend, then once the extraordinary dividend has become effective the calculation agent will adjust the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock on the ex-dividend date to equal the product of:

• the prior adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock, and

• a fraction, the numerator of which is the extraordinary dividend base closing price of such Underlying Stock on the trading day preceding the ex-dividend date and the denominator of which is the amount by which the extraordinary dividend base closing price of such Underlying Stock on the trading day preceding the ex-dividend date exceeds the extraordinary dividend.

Notwithstanding anything herein, the initiation by an Underlying Stock Issuer of an ordinary dividend on such Underlying Stock or any announced increase in the ordinary dividend on such Underlying Stock will not constitute an extraordinary dividend requiring an adjustment.

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To the extent an extraordinary dividend is not paid in cash or is paid in a currency other than U.S. dollars, the value of the non-cash component or non-U.S. currency will be determined by the calculation agent, in its sole discretion. A distribution on an Underlying Stock that is a dividend payable in shares of such Underlying Stock, an issuance of rights or warrants or a spin-off event and also an extraordinary dividend will result in an adjustment to the number of shares of such Underlying Stock only as described in “—Stock Dividends” above, “—Transferable Rights and Warrants” below or “—Reorganization Events” below, as the case may be, and not as described here.

Transferable Rights and Warrants

If an Underlying Stock Issuer issues transferable rights or warrants to all holders of such Underlying Stock to subscribe for or purchase such Underlying Stock at an exercise price per share that is less than the closing price of such Underlying Stock on the trading day before the ex-dividend date for the issuance, then the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock will be adjusted to equal the product of:

• the prior adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock, and

• a fraction, (1) the numerator of which will be the number of shares of such Underlying Stock outstanding at the close of trading on the trading day before the ex-dividend date (as adjusted for any subsequent event requiring an adjustment hereunder) plus the total number of shares of such Underlying Stock offered for subscription or purchase pursuant to the rights or warrants and (2) the denominator of which will be the number of shares of such Underlying Stock outstanding at the close of trading on the trading day before the ex-dividend date (as adjusted for any subsequent event requiring an adjustment hereunder) plus the number of additional shares of such Underlying Stock (referred to herein as the “additional shares”) that the aggregate offering price of the total number of shares of such Underlying Stock so offered for subscription or purchase pursuant to the rights or warrants would purchase at the closing price on the trading day before the ex-dividend date for the issuance.

The number of additional shares will be equal to:

• the product of (1) the total number of shares of such Underlying Stock offered for subscription or purchase pursuant to the rights or warrants and (2) the exercise price of the rights or warrants, divided by

• the closing price of such Underlying Stock on the trading day before the ex-dividend date for the issuance.

If the number of shares of such Underlying Stock actually delivered in respect of the rights or warrants differs from the number of shares of such Underlying Stock offered in respect of the rights or warrants, then the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock will promptly be readjusted to the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock that would have been in effect had the adjustment been made on the basis of the number of shares of such Underlying Stock actually delivered in respect of the rights or warrants.

Reorganization Events

Each of the following is a reorganization event with respect to an Underlying Stock:

• such Underlying Stock is reclassified or changed (other than in a stock split or reverse stock split),

• the applicable Underlying Stock Issuer has been subject to a merger, consolidation or other combination and either is not the surviving entity or is the surviving entity but all outstanding shares of such Underlying Stock are exchanged for or converted into other property,

• a statutory share exchange involving outstanding shares of such Underlying Stock and the securities of another entity occurs, other than as part of an event described above,

• the applicable Underlying Stock Issuer sells or otherwise transfers its property and assets as an entirety or substantially as an entirety to another entity,

• the applicable Underlying Stock Issuer effects a spin-off, other than as part of an event described above (in a spin-off, a corporation issues to all holders of its common stock equity securities of another issuer), or

• the applicable Underlying Stock Issuer is liquidated, dissolved or wound up or is subject to a proceeding under any applicable bankruptcy, insolvency or other similar law, or another entity completes a tender or exchange offer for all the outstanding shares of such Underlying Stock.

Adjustments for Reorganization Events

If a reorganization event occurs with respect to an Underlying Stock, then the calculation agent will adjust the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock to reflect the amount and type of property or properties—whether cash, securities, other property or a

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combination thereof—that a holder of one share of such Underlying Stock would have been entitled to receive in relation to the reorganization event. We refer to this new property as the “reorganization property.”

Reorganization property can be classified into two categories:

• an equity security listed on a national securities exchange, which we refer to generally as a “marketable security” and, in connection with a particular reorganization event, “new stock,” which may include any tracking stock, any stock received in a spin-off (“spin-off stock”) or any marketable security received in exchange for the applicable Underlying Stock; and

• cash and any other property, assets or securities other than marketable securities (including equity securities that are not listed, that are traded over the counter or that are listed on a non-U.S. securities exchange), which we refer to as “non-stock reorganization property.”

For the purpose of making an adjustment required by a reorganization event, the calculation agent, in its sole discretion, will determine the value of each type of the reorganization property. For purposes of valuing any new stock, the calculation agent will use the closing price of the security on the relevant trading day. The calculation agent will value non-stock reorganization property in any manner it determines, in its sole discretion, to be appropriate.  In connection with a reorganization event in which reorganization property includes new stock, for the purpose of determining the adjustment factor for any new stock as described below, the term “new stock reorganization ratio” means the product of (i) the number of shares of the new stock received with respect to one share of such Underlying Stock and (ii) the adjustment factor for the applicable Underlying Stock on the trading day immediately prior to the effective date of the reorganization event.

If a holder of shares of the applicable Underlying Stock may elect to receive different types or combinations of types of reorganization property in the reorganization event, the reorganization property will consist of the types and amounts of each type distributed to a holder of shares of such Underlying Stock that makes no election, as determined by the calculation agent in its sole discretion.

If any reorganization event occurs with respect to an Underlying Stock, then on and after the effective date for such reorganization event (or, if applicable, in the case of spinoff stock, the ex-dividend date for the distribution of such spinoff stock) the term “Underlying Stock” in this product supplement will be deemed to mean the following with respect to such Underlying Stock, and for each share of such Underlying Stock, new stock and/or replacement stock so deemed to constitute such Underlying Stock, the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock will be equal to the applicable number indicated:

(a) if such Underlying Stock continues to be outstanding:

(1) that Underlying Stock (if applicable, as reclassified upon the issuance of any tracking stock) at the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock in effect on the trading day immediately prior to the effective date of the reorganization event; and

(2) if the reorganization property includes new stock, a number of shares of new stock equal to the new stock reorganization ratio;

provided that, if any non-stock reorganization property is received in the reorganization event, the results of (a)(1) and (a)(2) above will each be multiplied by the “gross-up multiplier,” which will be equal to a fraction, the numerator of which is the closing price of the original Underlying Stock on the trading day immediately prior to the effective date of the reorganization event and the denominator of which is the amount by which such closing price of the original Underlying Stock exceeds the value of the non-stock reorganization property received per share of such Underlying Stock as determined by the calculation agent as of the close of trading on such trading day; or

(b) if such Underlying Stock is surrendered for reorganization property:

(1) that includes new stock, a number of shares of new stock equal to the new stock reorganization ratio; provided that, if any non-stock reorganization property is received in the reorganization event, such number will be multiplied by the gross-up multiplier; or

(2) that consists exclusively of non-stock reorganization property:

(i) if the surviving entity has marketable securities outstanding following the reorganization event and either (A) such marketable securities were in existence prior to such reorganization event or (B) such marketable securities were exchanged for previously outstanding marketable securities of the surviving entity or its predecessor (“predecessor stock”) in connection with such reorganization event (in either case of (A) or (B), the “successor stock”), a number of shares of the successor stock determined by the calculation agent on the trading day immediately prior to the effective date of such reorganization event equal to the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock in effect on the trading day immediately prior to the effective date of such reorganization event multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the value of the non-stock

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reorganization property per share of such Underlying Stock on such trading day and the denominator of which is the closing price of the successor stock on such trading day (or, in the case of predecessor stock, the closing price of the predecessor stock multiplied by the number of shares of the successor stock received with respect to one share of the predecessor stock); or

(ii) if the surviving entity does not have marketable securities outstanding, or if there is no surviving entity (in each case, a “replacement stock event”), a number of shares of replacement stock (selected as defined below) with an aggregate value on the effective date of such reorganization event equal to the value of the non-stock reorganization property multiplied by the adjustment factor for such Underlying Stock in effect on the trading day immediately prior to the effective date of such reorganization event.

If a reorganization event occurs with respect to the shares of an Underlying Stock and the calculation agent adjusts the adjustment factor of such Underlying Stock to reflect the reorganization property in the event as described above, the calculation agent will make further anti-dilution adjustments for any later events that affect the reorganization property, or any component of the reorganization property, comprising the new adjustment factor of such Underlying Stock. The calculation agent will do so to the same extent that it would make adjustments if the shares of such Underlying Stock were outstanding and were affected by the same kinds of events. If a subsequent reorganization event affects only a particular component of the number of shares of such Underlying Stock, the required adjustment will be made with respect to that component as if it alone were the number of shares of such Underlying Stock.

For purposes of adjustments for reorganization events, in the case of a consummated tender or exchange offer or going-private transaction involving reorganization property of a particular type, reorganization property will be deemed to include the amount of cash or other property paid by the offeror in the tender or exchange offer with respect to such reorganization property (in an amount determined on the basis of the rate of exchange in such tender or exchange offer or going-private transaction). In the event of a tender or exchange offer or a going-private transaction with respect to reorganization property in which an offeree may elect to receive cash or other property, reorganization property will be deemed to include the kind and amount of cash and other property received by offerees who elect to receive cash.

Replacement Stock Events

Following the occurrence of a replacement stock event described in paragraph (b)(2)(ii) above or in “—Delisting of American Depositary Shares or Termination of American Depositary Receipt Facility” below with respect to an Underlying Stock, thestock closing price of the applicable underlying stock on any calculation day on or after the effective date of the replacement stock event will be determined by reference to a replacement stock and an adjustment factor (subject to any further anti-dilution adjustments) for such replacement stock as determined in accordance with the following paragraphs.

The “replacement stock” will be the stock having the closest “option period volatility” to the applicable original Underlying Stock among the stocks that then comprise the replacement stock selection index (or, if publication of such index is discontinued, any successor or substitute index selected by the calculation agent in its sole discretion) with the same GICS Code (as defined below) as the applicable original Underlying Stock Issuer; provided, however, that a replacement stock will not include (i) any stock that is subject to a trading restriction under the trading restriction policies of the Bank, the hedging counterparties of the Bank or any of their affiliates that would materially limit the ability of the Bank, the hedging counterparties of the Bank or any of their affiliates to hedge the securities with respect to such stock or (ii) any stock for which the aggregate number of shares to be referenced by the securities (equal to the product of (a) (i) $100 divided by (ii) the starting value of the applicable Underlying Stock, (b) the adjustment factor that would be in effect immediately after selection of such stock as the replacement stock and (c) (i) the aggregate face amount outstanding divided by (ii) $1,000) exceeds 25% of the ADTV (as defined in Rule 100(b) of Regulation M under the Exchange Act) for such stock as of the effective date of the replacement stock event (an “excess ADTV stock”).

If a replacement stock is selected in connection with a reorganization event for an original Underlying Stock, the adjustment factor with respect to such replacement stock will be equal to the number of shares of such replacement stock with an aggregate value, based on the closing price on the effective date of such reorganization event, equal to the product of (a) the value of the non-stock reorganization property received per share of such original Underlying Stock and (b) the adjustment factor of such Underlying Stock in effect on the trading day immediately prior to the effective date of such reorganization event.  If a replacement stock is selected in connection with an ADS termination event (as defined below), the adjustment factor with respect to such replacement stock will be equal to the number of shares of such replacement stock with an aggregate value, based on the closing price on the change date (as defined below), equal to the product of (x) the closing price of the original Underlying Stock on the change date and (y) the adjustment factor in effect on the trading day immediately prior to the change date.

The “option period volatility” means, in respect of any trading day, the volatility (calculated by referring to the closing price of the applicable Underlying Stock on its primary exchange) for a period equal to the 125 trading days immediately preceding the announcement date of the reorganization event, as determined by the calculation agent.

“GICS Code” means the Global Industry Classification Standard (“GICS”) sub-industry code assigned to the applicable Underlying Stock Issuer; provided, however, if (i) there is no other stock in the replacement stock selection index in the same GICS sub-industry or (ii) a replacement stock (a) for which there is no trading restriction and (b) that is not an excess ADTV stock cannot be identified from the

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replacement stock selection index in the same GICS sub-industry, the GICS Code will mean the GICS industry code assigned to such original Underlying Stock Issuer.  If no GICS Code has been assigned to such original Underlying Stock Issuer, the applicable GICS Code will be determined by the calculation agent to be the GICS sub-industry code assigned to companies in the same sub-industry (or, subject to the proviso in the preceding sentence, industry, as applicable) as such original Underlying Stock Issuer at the time of the relevant replacement stock event.

The “replacement stock selection index” means the S&P 500^® Index.

Delisting of American Depositary Shares or Termination of American Depositary Receipt Facility.  If an Underlying Stock is an American Depositary Share and such Underlying Stock is no longer listed or admitted to trading on a U.S. securities exchange registered under the Exchange Act or included in the OTC Bulletin Board Service operated by FINRA, or if the American depositary receipt facility between the applicable Underlying Stock Issuer and the depositary is terminated for any reason (each, an “ADS termination event”), then, on the last trading day on which the applicable Underlying Stock is listed or admitted to trading or the last trading day immediately prior to the date of such termination, as applicable (the “change date”), a replacement stock event shall be deemed to occur.

Consequences of a Market Disruption Event; Postponement of a Calculation Day

As used in this section, the “final disrupted calculation day” means, with respect to a calculation day, (i) for an Index or a Fund, the eighth trading day for that Index or Fund after such originally scheduled calculation day or (ii) for an Underlying Stock, the eighth scheduled trading day for that Underlying Stock after such originally scheduled calculation day.

Securities Linked to a Single Market Measure

If any calculation day is not a trading day with respect to the Market Measure, such calculation day will be postponed to the next succeeding day that is a trading day with respect to the Market Measure.

If a market disruption event occurs or is continuing with respect to the Market Measure on any calculation day, then such calculation day will be postponed to the first succeeding trading day for the Market Measure on which a market disruption event for the Market Measure has not occurred and is not continuing; however, if such first succeeding trading day has not occurred as of the final disrupted calculation day for the Market Measure, that final disrupted calculation day shall be deemed to be the calculation day. If a calculation day has been postponed to the final disrupted calculation day and a market disruption event occurs or is continuing with respect to the Market Measure on such final disrupted calculation day, the calculation agent will determine the closing value of the Market Measure on such final disrupted calculation day:

(i) in the case of an Index, in accordance with the formula for and method of calculating the closing level of such Index last in effect prior to commencement of the market disruption event, using the closing price (or, with respect to any relevant security, if trading in such security has been materially suspended or materially limited, its good faith estimate of the value of such security at (a) with respect to an Index that is not a multiple exchange index, the scheduled closing time of the relevant stock exchange for such security or, if earlier, the actual closing time of the regular trading session of such relevant stock exchange or (b) with respect to a multiple exchange index, the time at which the official closing level of such Index is calculated and published by the relevant index sponsor) on such date of each security included in such Index;

(ii) in the case of a Fund, based on its good faith estimate of the value of the shares (or other applicable securities) of such Fund as of the close of trading on such date; and

(iii) in the case of an Underlying Stock, by using its good faith estimate of the closing price that would have prevailed for such Underlying Stock on such day.

As used in (i) above, “closing price” means, with respect to any security on any date, the relevant stock exchange traded or quoted price of such security as of (a) with respect to an Index that is not a multiple exchange index, the scheduled closing time of the relevant stock exchange for such security or, if earlier, the actual closing time of the regular trading session of such relevant stock exchange or (b) with respect to a multiple exchange index, the time at which the official closing level of such Index is calculated and published by the relevant index sponsor.

Securities Linked to Multiple Market Measures

If any calculation day is not a trading day with respect to any Market Measure, such calculation day for each Market Measure will be postponed to the next succeeding day that is a trading day with respect to each Market Measure.

If a market disruption event occurs or is continuing with respect to any Market Measure on any calculation day, then such calculation day for such Market Measure will be postponed to the first succeeding trading day for such Market Measure on which a market disruption event for such Market Measure has not occurred and is not continuing; however, if such first succeeding trading day has not occurred as of the final disrupted calculation day for such Market Measure, that final disrupted calculation day shall be deemed to be the calculation day for such Market Measure. If a calculation day for a Market Measure has been postponed to the final disrupted calculation day for that Market Measure and a market disruption event occurs or is continuing with respect to such Market Measure on

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such final disrupted calculation day, the calculation agent will determine the closing value of such Market Measure on such final disrupted calculation day:

(i) in the case of an Index, in accordance with the formula for and method of calculating the closing level of such Index last in effect prior to commencement of the market disruption event, using the closing price (or, with respect to any relevant security, if trading in such security has been materially suspended or materially limited, its good faith estimate of the value of such security at (a) with respect to an Index that is not a multiple exchange index, the scheduled closing time of the relevant stock exchange for such security or, if earlier, the actual closing time of the regular trading session of such relevant stock exchange or (b) with respect to a multiple exchange index, the time at which the official closing level of such Index is calculated and published by the relevant index sponsor) on such date of each security included in such Index;

(ii) in the case of a Fund, based on its good faith estimate of the value of the shares (or other applicable securities) of such Fund as of the close of trading on such date; and

(iii) in the case of an Underlying Stock, by using its good faith estimate of the closing price that would have prevailed for such Underlying Stock on such day.

As used in (i) above, “closing price” means, with respect to any security on any date, the relevant stock exchange traded or quoted price of such security as of (a) with respect to an Index that is not a multiple exchange index, the scheduled closing time of the relevant stock exchange for such security or, if earlier, the actual closing time of the regular trading session of such relevant stock exchange or (b) with respect to a multiple exchange index, the time at which the official closing level of such Index is calculated and published by the relevant index sponsor.

Notwithstanding the postponement of a calculation day for a Market Measure due to a market disruption event with respect to such Market Measure on such calculation day, the originally scheduled calculation day will remain the calculation day for any Market Measure not affected by a market disruption event on such day.

Payment Dates

The applicable pricing supplement will specify the stated maturity date as well as any other date on which amounts will or may be payable on the securities (each referred to in this section as a “payment date”).

If any scheduled payment date is not a business day, the payment (if any) required to be made on the securities on such payment date will be made on the next succeeding business day. If a calculation day with respect to any payment date preceding the stated maturity date is postponed, the relevant payment date will be the business day that follows such postponed calculation day by a number of business days equal to the number of business days between the originally scheduled calculation day and the originally scheduled payment date. If the final calculation day is postponed, the stated maturity date will be the later of (i) the originally scheduled stated maturity date and (ii) three business days after the final calculation day as postponed. If the securities are linked to more than one Market Measure and a calculation day is postponed, the related payment date will be postponed as described in this paragraph after the last such calculation day as postponed.

If any payment date is postponed due to a non-business day, a market disruption event on the related calculation day or otherwise, the payment, if any, due on that payment date will be made on that payment date as so postponed with the same force and effect as if it had been made on the originally scheduled payment date, that is, with no additional amount accruing or payable as a result of the postponement.

Calculations and Calculation Agent

Scotia Capital Inc., an affiliate of the Bank, will act as calculation agent for the securities. The calculation agent will determine any amounts payable on the securities. In addition, the calculation agent will, among other things:

• determine whether a market disruption event has occurred;

• determine the closing value of a Market Measure under certain circumstances;

• determine if adjustments are required to the closing value of a Market Measure under various circumstances;

• if publication of an Index is discontinued, select a successor equity index or, if no successor equity index is available, determine the closing level of such Index;

• if a Fund undergoes a liquidation event, select a successor fund or, if no successor fund is available, determine the fund closing price of such Fund; and

• select a replacement stock for an Underlying Stock under certain circumstances.

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All calculations with respect to the maturity payment amount will be rounded to the nearest one hundred-thousandth, with five one-millionths rounded upward (e.g., 0.000005 would be rounded to 0.00001); and the maturity payment amount will be rounded to the nearest cent, with one-half cent rounded upward.

All determinations made by the calculation agent will be at the sole discretion of the calculation agent and, in the absence of manifest error, will be conclusive for all purposes and binding on us and you. The calculation agent will have no liability for its determinations.

Canadian Bail-in

The securities are not bail-inable debt securities under the CDIC Act, as described in the accompanying prospectus.

Payment of Additional Amounts

Unless otherwise specified in the applicable pricing supplement, we will pay any amounts to be paid by us on the securities without deduction or withholding for, or on account of, any and all present or future tax, levies, imposts, duties, assessment or other governmental charges (including penalties, interest and other liabilities related thereto) imposed, levied, collected, withheld or assessed by or on behalf of Canada or any Canadian political subdivision or authority that has the power to tax (hereinafter “Canadian taxes”), unless the deduction or withholding is required by law or by the interpretation or administration thereof by the relevant governmental authority. At any time a Canadian taxing jurisdiction requires us to deduct or withhold for or on account of Canadian taxes from any payment made under or in respect of the securities, we will pay to each holder of such securities as additional interest, such additional amounts (“Additional Amounts”) as may be necessary so that the net amounts received by each holder (including Additional Amounts), after such deduction or withholding, shall not be less than the amount the holder would have received had no such deduction or withholding been required, except as described below.

However, no Additional Amounts will be payable with respect to a payment made to a holder of a security, which we refer to as an “Excluded Holder”, in respect of the beneficial owner thereof:

(i) with which we do not deal at arm’s length (within the meaning of the Income Tax Act (Canada)) at the time of making such payment, or which is entitled to the payment in respect of a debt or other obligation to pay an amount to a person with which we do not deal at arm’s length (within the meaning of the Income Tax Act (Canada)) at the time of making such payment;

(ii) which is a “specified shareholder” of the Bank, or which does not deal at arm’s length (within the meaning of the Income Tax Act (Canada)) with a “specified shareholder” of the Bank as defined in subsection 18(5) of the Income Tax Act (Canada);

(iii) which is subject to such Canadian taxes by reason of the holder of beneficial owner being a resident domiciliary or national of, engaged in business or maintaining a permanent establishment or other physical presence in or otherwise having some connection presently or formerly with Canada or any province or territory thereof otherwise than the mere holding of securities or the receipt of payments thereunder;

(iv) which is subject to such Canadian taxes by reason of the holder’s or beneficial owner’s failure to comply with any certification, identification, documentation or other reporting requirements if compliance is required by law, regulation, administrative practice or an applicable treaty as a precondition to exemption from, or a reduction in the rate of deduction or withholding of, such Canadian taxes (provided that the Bank advises the trustees and the holders of such securities then outstanding of any change in such requirements);

(v) with respect to any estate, inheritance, gift, sale, transfer, personal property or similar tax or other governmental charge;

(vi) which is subject to such Canadian taxes by reason of the legal nature of the holder or beneficial owner disentitling such holder or beneficial owner to the benefit of an applicable treaty if and to the extent that the application of such treaty would have resulted in the reduction or elimination of any Canadian taxes as to which additional amounts would have otherwise been payable to the holder;

(vii) which failed to duly and timely comply with a timely request by us to provide information, documents, certification or other evidence concerning the holder’s or beneficial owner’s nationality, residence, entitlement to treaty benefits, identity or connection with Canada or any political subdivision or authority thereof, if and to the extent that due and timely compliance with such request would have resulted in the reduction or elimination of any Canadian taxes as to which additional amounts would have otherwise been payable to a recipient or beneficial owner but for this clause;

(viii) which is a fiduciary or partnership or person other than the sole beneficial owner of such payment to the extent that the Canadian taxes would not have been imposed on such payment had such holder been the sole beneficial owner of such securities;

(ix) which presents such security for payment (where presentation is required) more than 30 days after the relevant date (except to the extent that the holder thereof would have been entitled to such Additional Amounts on presenting a security for payment on the last day of such 30 day period); for this purpose, the “relevant date” in relation to any payments on any security means:

a. the due date for payment thereof, or

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b. if the full amount of the monies payable on such date has not been received by the Trustee on or prior to such due date, the date on which the full amount of such monies has been received and notice to that effect is given to holders of the securities in accordance with the Indenture; or

(x) who could lawfully avoid (but has not so avoided) such withholding or deduction by complying, or procuring that any third party comply with, any statutory requirements or by making, or procuring that any third party make, a declaration of non-residence or other similar claim for exemption to any relevant tax authority.

In addition, no Additional Amounts will be payable on account of:

(i) any tax, assessment or other governmental charge that is imposed otherwise than by withholding by the Bank or the Paying Agent from the payment;

(ii) any tax, assessment or other governmental charge that would not have been imposed but for a change in law, regulation, or administrative or judicial interpretation that becomes effective more than 15 days after the payment becomes due or is duly provided for, whichever occurs later;

(iii) any tax, assessment or other governmental charge imposed under any fiscal or regulatory legislation, rules or practices adopted pursuant to any intergovernmental agreement entered into in connection with the implementation of Sections 1471 through 1474 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986; or

(iv) any combination of any of the foregoing exceptions.

For the avoidance of doubt, we will not have any obligation to pay any holders Additional Amounts on any Canadian tax which is payable otherwise than by deduction or withholding from payments made under or in respect of the securities.

We will also make such withholding or deduction in respect of taxes and remit the full amount deducted or withheld to the relevant Canadian authority in accordance with applicable law. We will furnish to the Trustee, within 60 days after the date the payment of any taxes is due pursuant to applicable law, certified copies of tax receipts evidencing that such payment has been made or other evidence of such payment satisfactory to the Trustee. We will indemnify and hold harmless each holder of securities (other than an Excluded Holder) and upon written request reimburse each such holder for the amount (excluding any additional amounts that have previously been paid by the Bank with respect thereto) of (x) any taxes so levied or imposed and paid by such holder as a result of payments made under or with respect to the securities, and (y) any taxes levied or imposed and paid by such holder with respect to any reimbursement under (x) above, but excluding any taxes on such holder’s net income or capital.

In any event, no Additional Amounts or indemnity amounts will be payable under the provisions described above in respect of any security in excess of the Additional Amounts and the indemnity amounts which would be required if, at all relevant times, the holder of such security were a resident of the United States for purposes of and was entitled to the benefits of the Canada-U.S. Income Tax Convention (1980), as amended, including any protocols thereto. As a result of the limitation on the payment of Additional Amounts and indemnity amounts discussed in the preceding sentence, the Additional Amounts or indemnity amounts received by certain holders of securities may be less than the amount of Canadian taxes withheld or deducted or the amount of Canadian taxes (and related amounts) levied or imposed giving rise to the obligation to pay the indemnity amounts, as the case may be, and, accordingly, the net amount received by such holders of the securities will be less than the amount such holders would have received had there been no such withholding or deduction in respect of Canadian taxes or had such Canadian taxes (and related amounts) not been levied or imposed.

For additional information, see the section entitled “Supplemental Discussion of Canadian Tax Considerations”.

Tax Redemption

Unless otherwise specified in the applicable pricing supplement, the Bank (or its successor) may redeem the securities, in whole but not in part, at a redemption price determined by the calculation agent in a manner reasonably calculated to preserve your and our relative economic position, upon the giving of a notice as described below, if

• as a result of, (i) any amendment to, clarification of, or change (including any announced prospective change) in, the laws, or any regulations thereunder, or any application or interpretation thereof, of Canada, or any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein, affecting taxation; (ii) any judicial decision, administrative pronouncement, published or private ruling, regulatory procedure, rule, notice, announcement, assessment or reassessment (including any notice or announcement of intent to adopt or issue such decision, pronouncement, ruling, procedure, rule, notice, announcement, assessment or reassessment) (collectively, an “administrative action”); or (iii) any amendment to, clarification of, or change (including any announced prospective change) in, the official position with respect to or the interpretation of any administrative action or any interpretation or pronouncement that provides for a position with respect to such administrative action that differs from the theretofore generally accepted position, in each case (i), (ii) or (iii), by any legislative body, court, governmental authority or agency, regulatory body or taxing authority, irrespective of the manner in which such amendment, clarification, change, administrative action, interpretation or pronouncement is made known, which amendment, clarification, change or administrative action is effective or which interpretation, pronouncement or administrative action is announced on or after the date of issuance of the securities, there is more than an insubstantial risk (assuming any proposed or announced amendment, clarification, change, interpretation, pronouncement or administrative action is effective and applicable) that the Bank is, or

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may be, subject to more than a de minimis amount of additional taxes, duties or other governmental charges or civil liabilities because the treatment of any of its items of income, taxable income, expense, taxable capital or taxable paid up capital with respect to the securities (including the treatment by the Bank of interest on the securities) or the treatment of the securities, as or as would be reflected in any tax return or form filed, to be filed, or otherwise could have been filed, will not be respected by a taxing authority;

• as a result of any change (including any announced prospective change) in or amendment to the laws (or any regulations or rulings promulgated thereunder) of Canada (or the jurisdiction of organization of the successor to the Bank) or of any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein affecting taxation, or any change in official position regarding the application or interpretation of such laws, regulations or rulings (including a holding by a court of competent jurisdiction), which change or amendment is announced or becomes effective on or after the pricing date specified in the applicable pricing supplement (or, in the case of a successor to the Bank, after the date of succession), and which in the written opinion to the Bank (or its successor) of legal counsel of recognized standing has resulted or will result (assuming, in the case of any announced prospective change, that such announced change will become effective as of the date specified in such announcement and in the form announced) in the Bank (or its successor) becoming obligated to pay, on the next succeeding date on which interest is due, Additional Amounts with respect to the securities; or

• on or after the pricing date specified in the applicable pricing supplement (or, in the case of a successor to the Bank, after the date of succession), any action has been taken by any taxing authority of, or any decision has been rendered  by a court of competent jurisdiction in, Canada (or the jurisdiction of organization of the successor to the Bank) or any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein, including any of those actions specified in the paragraph immediately above, whether or not such action was taken or decision was rendered with respect to the Bank (or its successor), or any change, amendment, application or interpretation shall be officially proposed, which, in any such case, in the written opinion to the Bank (or its successor) of legal counsel of recognized standing, will result (assuming, in the case of any announced prospective change, that such change, amendment, application, interpretation or action is applied to the securities by the taxing authority and that such announced change will become effective as of the date specified in such announcement and in the form announced) in the Bank (or its successor) becoming obligated to pay, on the next succeeding date on which interest is due, Additional Amounts with respect to the securities;

and, in any such case, the Bank (or its successor), in its business judgment, determines that such obligation cannot be avoided by the use of reasonable measures available to it (or its successor).

In the event the Bank elects to redeem the securities pursuant to the provisions set forth in the preceding paragraph, it shall deliver to the Trustees a certificate, signed by an authorized officer, stating (i) that the Bank is entitled to redeem such securities pursuant to their terms and (ii) the principal amount of the securities to be redeemed.

Notice of intention to redeem such securities will be given to holders of the securities not more than 45 nor less than 30 days prior to the date fixed for redemption and such notice will specify, among other things, the date fixed for redemption, and on or promptly after the redemption date, it will give notice of the redemption price.

Default Amount on Acceleration

Unless otherwise specified in the applicable pricing supplement, in case an Event of Default with respect to the securities shall have occurred and be continuing, the amount declared due and payable on the securities upon any acceleration of the securities will be determined by the calculation agent and the default amount for your securities on any day (except as provided in the last sentence under “— Default Quotation Period” below) will be an amount, in the specified currency for the principal of your securities, equal to the cost of having a qualified financial institution, of the kind and selected as described below, expressly assume all our payment and other obligations with respect to your securities as of that day and as if no default or acceleration had occurred, or to undertake other obligations providing substantially equivalent economic value to you with respect to your securities. That cost will equal:

• the lowest amount that a qualified financial institution would charge to effect this assumption or undertaking, plus

• the reasonable expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, incurred by the trustee of your securities in preparing any documentation necessary for this assumption or undertaking.

During the default quotation period for your securities, described below, the trustee and/or the Bank may request a qualified financial institution to provide a quotation of the amount it would charge to effect this assumption or undertaking. If either party obtains a quotation, it must notify the other party in writing of the quotation. The amount referred to in the first bullet point above will equal the lowest or, if there is only one, the only quotation obtained, and as to which notice is so given, during the default quotation period. With respect to any quotation, however, the party not obtaining the quotation may object, on reasonable and significant grounds, to the assumption or undertaking by the qualified financial institution providing the quotation and notify the other party in writing of those grounds within two business days after the last day of the default quotation period, in which case that quotation will be disregarded in determining the default amount.

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Default Quotation Period

The default quotation period is the period beginning on the day the default amount first becomes due (the “due day”) and ending on the third business day after that day, unless:

• no quotation of the kind referred to above is obtained, or

• every quotation of that kind obtained is objected to within five business days after the due day as described above.

If either of these two events occurs, the default quotation period will continue until the third business day after the first business day on which prompt notice of an objection is given as described above. If that quotation is objected to as described above within five business days after that first business day, however, the default quotation period will continue as described in the prior sentence and this sentence.

Qualified Financial Institutions

For the purpose of determining the default amount at any time, a qualified financial institution must be a financial institution organized under the laws of any jurisdiction in the United States of America, Europe or Japan, which at that time has outstanding debt obligations with a stated maturity of one year or less from the date of issue and that is, or whose securities are, rated either:

• A-1 or higher by Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services, or any successor, or any other comparable rating then used by that rating agency, or

• P-1 or higher by Moody’s Investors Service or any successor, or any other comparable rating then used by that rating agency.

If the securities have become immediately due and payable following an Event of Default, you will not be entitled to any additional payments with respect to the securities. For more information, see “Description of the Debt Securities We May Offer — Events of Default” in the accompanying prospectus.

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BENEFIT PLAN INVESTOR CONSIDERATIONS

Each fiduciary of a pension, profit-sharing, or other employee benefit plan subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”) (a “plan”), should consider the fiduciary standards of ERISA in the context of the plan’s particular circumstances before authorizing an investment in the securities. Accordingly, among other factors, the fiduciary should consider whether the investment would satisfy the prudence and diversification requirements of ERISA and would be consistent with the documents and instruments governing the plan.

In addition, we, the Agents, and certain of our or their respective subsidiaries and affiliates may be each considered a party in interest within the meaning of ERISA, or a disqualified person within the meaning of Section 4975 of the Code, with respect to many plans, as well as many individual retirement accounts and Keogh plans (also “plans”). Prohibited transactions within the meaning of ERISA or the Code would likely arise, for example, if the securities are acquired by or with the assets of a plan with respect to which we or any of our affiliates is a party in interest or a disqualified person, unless the securities are acquired under an exemption from the prohibited transaction rules. A violation of these prohibited transaction rules could result in an excise tax or other liabilities under ERISA and/or Section 4975 of the Code for such persons, unless exemptive relief is available under an applicable statutory or administrative exemption.

Under ERISA and various prohibited transaction class exemptions (“PTCEs”) issued by the U.S. Department of Labor, exemptive relief may be available for direct or indirect prohibited transactions resulting from the purchase, holding, or disposition of the securities. Those exemptions include PTCE 96-23 (for certain transactions determined by in-house asset managers), PTCE 95-60 (for certain transactions involving insurance company general accounts), PTCE 91-38 (for certain transactions involving bank collective investment funds), PTCE 90-1 (for certain transactions involving insurance company separate accounts), PTCE 84-14 (for certain transactions determined by independent qualified asset managers), and the exemption under Section 408(b)(17) of ERISA and Section 4975(d)(20) of the Code for certain transactions with a person that is a party in interest or disqualified person solely by reason of providing services to plans or being an affiliate of such a service provider (the “service provider exemption”).

Because we and the Bank each may be considered a party in interest or disqualified person with respect to many plans, the securities may not be purchased, held, or disposed of by any plan, any entity whose underlying assets include plan assets by reason of any plan’s investment in the entity (a “plan asset entity”) or any person investing plan assets of any plan, unless such purchase, holding, or disposition is eligible for exemptive relief, including relief available under PTCE 96-23, 95-60, 91-38, 90-1, or 84-14 or the service provider exemption, or such purchase, holding, or disposition is otherwise not prohibited. Any purchaser, including any fiduciary purchasing on behalf of or with the assets of any plan, transferee or holder of the securities will be deemed to have represented, in its corporate and its fiduciary capacity, by its purchase and holding of the securities that either (a) it is not and will not be a plan or a plan asset entity and is not purchasing such securities on behalf of or with plan assets of any plan or any plan subject to similar laws or (b) its purchase, holding, and disposition will not constitute or result in a non-exempt prohibited transaction due to the application of a statutory or administrative exemption or such purchase, holding, and disposition will not otherwise be prohibited under ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code or a violation of any similar laws.

Further, any person acquiring or holding the securities on behalf of any plan or with any plan assets shall be deemed to represent on behalf of itself and such plan that (x) the plan is paying no more than, and is receiving no less than, adequate consideration within the meaning of Section 408(b)(17) of ERISA and/or Section 4975(f)(10) of the Code in connection with the transaction or any redemption of the securities, (y) none of us or any Agent directly or indirectly exercises any discretionary authority or control or renders investment advice or otherwise acts in a fiduciary capacity with respect to the assets of the plan within the meaning of ERISA and/or Section 4975 of the Code and (z) in making the foregoing representations and warranties, such person has applied sound business principles in determining whether fair market value will be paid, and has made such determination acting in good faith.

The fiduciary investment considerations summarized above generally apply to employee benefit plans maintained by private-sector employers and to individual retirement accounts and other arrangements subject to Section 4975 of the Code, but generally do not apply to governmental plans (as defined in Section 3(32) of ERISA), certain church plans (as defined in Section 3(33) of ERISA), and foreign plans (as described in Section 4(b)(4) of ERISA). However, these other plans may be subject to similar provisions under applicable federal, state, local, foreign, or other regulations, rules, or laws (“similar laws”). The fiduciaries of plans subject to similar laws should also consider the foregoing issues in general terms as well as any further issues arising under the applicable similar laws.

In addition, any purchaser, that is a plan or a plan asset entity or that is acquiring the securities on behalf of a plan or a plan asset entity, including any fiduciary purchasing on behalf of a plan or plan asset entity, will be deemed to have represented, in its corporate and its fiduciary capacity, by its purchase and holding of the securities that (a) none of us, the Agents or any of our or their respective affiliates is a “fiduciary” (under Section 3(21) of ERISA, or under any final or proposed regulations thereunder, or with respect to a governmental, church, or foreign plan under any similar laws) with respect to the acquisition, holding or disposition of the securities, or as a result of any exercise by us or our affiliates of any rights in connection with the securities, (b) no advice provided by us or any of our affiliates has formed a primary basis for any investment decision by or on behalf of such purchaser in connection with the securities and the transactions contemplated with respect to the securities, and (c) such purchaser recognizes and agrees that any communication from us or any of our affiliates to the purchaser with respect to the securities is not intended by us or any of our affiliates to be impartial

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investment advice and is rendered in its capacity as a seller of such securities and not a fiduciary to such purchaser. Purchasers of the securities have exclusive responsibility for ensuring that their purchase, holding, and disposition of the securities do not violate the prohibited transaction rules of ERISA or the Code or any similar laws applicable to governmental or church plans, as described above.

Further, in addition to the prohibited transaction considerations noted above, ERISA and the regulations promulgated thereunder by the U.S. Department of Labor, as modified by Section 3(42) of ERISA (the “plan asset regulations”), provide that if a covered plan invests in an “equity interest” of an entity that is neither a “publicly-offered security” (as defined in the plan asset regulations) nor a security issued by an investment company registered under the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), the covered plan’s assets will include both the equity interest and an undivided interest in each of the entity’s underlying assets, unless it is established that the entity is an “operating company” or that “benefit plan investors” (within the meaning of the plan asset regulations) own less than 25% of the total value of each class of equity interests in the entity. An “operating company” is defined under the plan asset regulations as an entity that is primarily engaged, directly or through a majority owned subsidiary or subsidiaries, in the production or sale of a product or service other than the investment of capital. It is not anticipated that the securities will constitute “publicly-offered securities” or that the Bank will register under the Investment Company Act, and the Bank will not monitor whether “benefit plan investors” will own 25% or more of the total value of any class of equity interests in the Bank.  That said, while no assurance can be given, we believe that the Bank should qualify as an “operating company” within the meaning of the plan asset regulations. If the underlying assets of the Bank were deemed to be “plan assets” of a covered plan, this would result, among other things, in the application of the prudence and other fiduciary responsibility standards of ERISA to activities engaged in by the Bank and the possibility that certain transactions in which the Bank might seek to engage could constitute “prohibited transactions” under ERISA and the Code.

This discussion is a general summary of some of the rules which apply to benefit plans and their related investment vehicles. This summary does not include all of the investment considerations relevant to Plans and other benefit plan investors such as governmental, church, and foreign plans and should not be construed as legal advice or a legal opinion. Due to the complexity of these rules and the penalties that may be imposed upon persons involved in non- exempt prohibited transactions, it is particularly important that fiduciaries or other persons considering purchasing the securities on behalf of or with “plan assets” of any Plan or other benefit plan investor consult with their legal counsel prior to directing any such purchase.

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MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES

General

The U.S. federal income tax consequences of your investment in the securities are uncertain. There are no statutory provisions, regulations, published rulings or judicial decisions addressing the characterization for U.S. federal income tax purposes of how the securities should be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes and we do not plan to request a ruling from the IRS. The following is a general description of certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of the securities and does not purport to be a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to the securities. This summary is based upon the Code, final, temporary and proposed Treasury regulations, rulings and decisions, in each case, as available and in effect as of the date of this document, all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. Tax consequences under state, local and non-U.S. laws are not addressed herein. The applicable pricing supplement may contain a further discussion of the U.S. federal income tax consequences applicable to certain securities. Any summary of the U.S. federal income tax considerations contained in the applicable pricing supplement supersedes the following summary to the extent it is inconsistent therewith. Prospective purchasers of the securities are urged to read the discussion below in addition to any discussion in the applicable pricing supplement relating to the securities and to consult their tax advisors as to the consequences under the tax laws of the country of which they are resident for tax purposes and the tax laws of Canada and the U.S. of acquiring, holding and disposing of the securities and receiving payments under the securities.

This discussion applies to you only if you acquire your securities upon initial issuance and hold your securities as capital assets for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to a holder in light of its particular circumstances, including alternative minimum tax consequences and does not address the different tax consequences that apply to holders that are members of a class of holders subject to special rules, such as:

• a dealer in securities or currencies,

• a trader in securities that elects to use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting for its securities holdings,

• a financial institution or a bank,

• a regulated investment company (a “RIC”) or a real estate investment trust (a “REIT”) or a common trust fund,

• a life insurance company,

• a tax-exempt organization or an investor holding the securities in a tax-advantaged account (such as an “Individual Retirement Account” or “Roth IRA”), as defined in Section 408 or 408A of the Code, respectively,

• a person that owns the securities as part of a hedging transaction, straddle, synthetic security, conversion transaction, or other integrated transaction, or enters into a “constructive sale” with respect to the securities or a “wash sale” with respect to the securities or any Market Measure,

• a U.S. holder (as defined below) whose functional currency for tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar, or

• taxpayers subject to special tax accounting rules under Section 451(b) of the Code.

If you are considering the purchase of a security, you should consult your tax advisor concerning the application of the U.S. federal income tax laws to your particular situation, as well as any tax consequences arising under the laws of any state, local or non-U.S. jurisdictions.

Except as otherwise noted under “non-U.S. holders” below, this discussion is only applicable to you if you are a U.S. holder. You are a U.S. holder if you are a beneficial owner of a security and you are: (i) an individual who is a citizen or a resident of the U.S. for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (ii) a domestic corporation or other entity that is treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and is created or organized in or under the laws of the U.S. or any political subdivision thereof, or (iii) an estate or trust that, in either case, is subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis on income or gain from the securities.

An individual may, subject to certain exceptions, be deemed to be a resident of the U.S. for U.S. federal income tax purposes by reason of being present in the U.S. for at least 31 days in the calendar year and for an aggregate of at least 183 days during a three-year period ending in the current calendar year (counting for such purposes all of the days present in the current year, one-third of the days present in the immediately preceding year, and one-sixth of the days present in the second preceding year).

If a partnership, or any entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, holds the securities, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A partner in a partnership holding the securities should consult its tax advisor with regard to the U.S. federal income tax treatment of an investment in the securities.

Section 1297. In addition, we will not attempt to ascertain whether any Underlying Stock Issuer or any issuer of any securities included in an Index or held by a Fund would be treated as a passive foreign investment company (a “PFIC”) within the meaning of Section 1297 of the Code. If any such entity were so treated, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences might apply upon the taxable

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disposition of a security. You should refer to information filed with the SEC or the equivalent governmental authority by such entities and consult your tax advisor regarding the possible consequences to you if any such entity is or becomes a PFIC.

U.S. Tax Treatment

Securities Treated as Contingent Payment Debt Instruments.

If an offering of securities does not subject investors to a significant risk that they will lose a significant amount of their investment in the securities, such securities may be treated as contingent payment debt instruments (“CPDI”). For any offering securities treated as CPDI, the Bank and you agree, in the absence of a statutory or regulatory change or an administrative determination or judicial ruling to the contrary, to characterize your securities as CPDI subject to taxation under the “noncontingent bond method”. If your securities are so treated, you should generally, for each accrual period, accrue original issue discount (“OID”) equal to the product of (i) the “comparable yield” (adjusted for the length of the accrual period) and (ii) the “adjusted issue price” of the securities at the beginning of the accrual period. This amount is ratably allocated to each day in the accrual period and is includible as ordinary interest income by a U.S. holder for each day in the accrual period on which the U.S. holder holds the CPDI, whether or not the amount of any payment is fixed or determinable in the taxable year. Thus, the noncontingent bond method will result in recognition of income prior to the receipt of cash.

In general, the comparable yield of a CPDI is equal to the yield at which we would issue a fixed rate debt instrument with terms and conditions similar to those of the CPDI, including the level of subordination, term, timing of payments, and general market conditions. In general, because similar fixed rate debt instruments issued by us are traded at a price that reflects a spread above a benchmark rate, the comparable yield is the sum of the benchmark rate on the issue date and the spread.

The adjusted issue price at the beginning of each accrual period is generally equal to the issue price of the security plus the amount of OID previously includible in the gross income of the U.S. holder.

In addition to the determination of a comparable yield, the noncontingent bond method requires the construction of a projected payment schedule. The projected payment schedule includes the projected amounts for each contingent payment to be made under the CPDI that are adjusted to produce the comparable yield. For any securities treated as CPDI, we will determine the comparable yield for the securities and the projected payment at maturity per security and provide those values in the applicable pricing supplement.

A U.S. holder of the securities is required to use our projected payment schedule to determine its interest accruals and adjustments, unless such holder determines that our projected payment schedule is unreasonable, in which case such holder must disclose its own projected payment schedule in connection with its U.S. federal income tax return and the reason(s) why it is not using our projected payment schedule. Neither the comparable yield nor the projected payment schedule constitutes a representation by us regarding the actual contingent amount(s) that we will pay on a security.

If the actual amounts of contingent payments are different from the amounts reflected in the projected payment schedule, a U.S. holder is required to make adjustments in its OID accruals under the noncontingent bond method described above when those amounts are paid. Accordingly, an adjustment arising from the contingent payment made at maturity that is greater than the assumed amount of such payment is referred to as a “positive adjustment”; such adjustment arising from the contingent payment at maturity that is less than the assumed amount of such payment is referred to as a “negative adjustment”. Any positive adjustment for a taxable year is treated as additional OID income of the U.S. holder. Any net negative adjustment reduces any OID on the security for the taxable year that would otherwise accrue. Any excess is then treated as a current-year ordinary loss to the U.S. holder to the extent of OID accrued in prior years.

In general, a U.S. holder’s basis in a CPDI is increased by the projected contingent payments accrued by such holder under the projected payment schedule (as determined without regard to adjustments made to reflect differences between actual and projected payments) and reduced by the projected amount of any contingent payments previously made. Gain on the taxable disposition of a CPDI generally is treated as ordinary income. Loss, on the other hand, is treated as ordinary loss only to the extent of the U.S. holder’s prior net OID inclusions (i.e., reduced by the total net negative adjustments previously allowed to the U.S. holder as an ordinary loss) and capital loss to the extent in excess thereof. However, the deductibility of a capital loss realized on the taxable disposition of a security is subject to limitations. Under the rules governing CPDI, special rules would apply to a person who purchases securities at a price other than the adjusted issue price as determined for tax purposes.

U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors with respect to the application of the CPDI provisions to the securities.

Securities Treated as Prepaid Derivatives or Prepaid Forwards

If an offering of securities does not subject investors to a significant risk of that they will lose a significant amount of their investment in the securities, such securities may be treated as prepaid derivatives or prepaid forwards with respect to the Market Measure and the terms of such securities will require you and us (in the absence of a statutory or regulatory change or an administrative determination or judicial ruling to the contrary) to treat the securities for all tax purposes in accordance with such characterization. If the securities are so treated, subject to the discussions below under “— Securities Treated As Income-Bearing Prepaid Derivatives Or Prepaid Forwards” and “— Securities Treated As Prepaid Derivatives Or Prepaid Forwards With Associated Contingent Coupons”, and the “constructive ownership” rules (discussed below under “— Section 1260”), U.S. holders should generally not accrue any income with respect to the securities during the term of the securities until a taxable disposition of the securities and should generally recognize gain or loss upon such taxable disposition of their securities in an amount equal to the difference between the amount they receive at such time and their

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tax basis in the securities. In general, a U.S. holder’s tax basis in their securities will be equal to the amount paid for their securities. Subject to the discussion below of the “constructive ownership” rules, such recognized gain or loss should generally be long-term capital gain or loss if a U.S. holder has held their securities for more than one year and otherwise should be short-term capital gain or loss. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

It is possible that the IRS could assert that a U.S. holder’s holding period in respect of the securities should end on the date on which the amount it is entitled to receive upon maturity or Early Redemption of the securities is determined, even though no amounts will be received from the Bank in respect of such securities prior to their maturity or Early Redemption. In such case, a U.S. holder may be treated as having a holding period in respect of its securities ending prior to their Maturity Date or Early Redemption, and such U.S. holder’s holding period may be treated as less than one year even if such U.S. holder receives cash on the Maturity Date or Early Redemption of the securities at a time that is more than one year after the beginning of such U.S. holder’s holding period.

Except to the extent otherwise required by law or specified in the applicable pricing supplement, we intend to treat your securities for U.S. federal income tax purposes in accordance with the treatment described in this section unless and until such time as the IRS and the Treasury determine that some other treatment is more appropriate.

Securities Treated As Income-Bearing Prepaid Derivatives Or Prepaid Forwards

If the securities provide for a fixed coupon, consistent with the tax characterization set forth above under “— U.S. Tax Treatment—Securities Treated as Prepaid Derivatives or Prepaid Forwards”, a U.S. holder should generally realize gain or loss on the taxable disposition of the securities in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized (other than pursuant to a coupon or any amount attributable to any accrued but unpaid coupon) at such time and its tax basis in the securities. A U.S. holder’s tax basis in the securities should generally be the price paid for the securities. Subject to the discussion on the “constructive ownership” rules (discussed below under “— Section 1260”), such recognized gain or loss should generally be long-term capital gain or loss if the securities have been held for more than one year and otherwise should be short-term capital gain or loss. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Although uncertain, it is possible that proceeds received upon the taxable disposition of the securities that could be attributed to an accrued but unpaid coupon could be treated as ordinary income. U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding this risk.

We intend to treat coupons paid on the securities (including any coupons paid on or with respect to the scheduled expiration date) as ordinary income includable in income in accordance with each holder’s regular method of accounting for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Securities Treated As Prepaid Derivatives Or Prepaid Forwards With Associated Contingent Coupons

If the securities provide for Contingent Coupons, consistent with the tax characterization set forth above under “— U.S. Tax Treatment — Securities Treated as Prepaid Derivatives or Prepaid Forwards”, a U.S. holder should generally realize gain or loss on the taxable disposition of the securities in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized (other than pursuant to a Contingent Coupon or any amount attributable to any accrued but unpaid Contingent Coupon) at such time and its tax basis in the securities. A U.S. holder’s tax basis in the securities should generally be the price paid for the securities. Subject to the discussion on the constructive ownership rules (discussed below under “— Section 1260”), such recognized gain or loss should generally be long-term capital gain or loss if the securities have been held for more than one year and otherwise should be short-term capital gain or loss. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Although uncertain, it is possible that proceeds received upon the taxable disposition of the securities that could be attributed to an expected Contingent Coupon could be treated as ordinary income. U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding this risk.

Although the tax treatment of the Contingent Coupons is unclear, we intend to treat such Contingent Coupons (including any Contingent Coupon paid on or with respect to the scheduled expiration date of the securities) as ordinary income includable in income in accordance with each U.S. holder’s regular method of accounting for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Notice 2008-2

In 2007, the IRS released a notice that may affect the taxation of holders of the securities. According to Notice 2008-2, the IRS and the Treasury are actively considering whether a holder of an instrument such as the securities should be required to accrue ordinary income on a current basis. It is not possible to determine what guidance they will ultimately issue, if any. It is possible, however, that under such guidance, holders of the securities will ultimately be required to accrue income currently and this could be applied on a retroactive basis. The IRS and the Treasury are also considering other relevant issues, including whether additional gain or loss from such instruments should be treated as ordinary or capital, whether non-U.S. holders of such instruments should be subject to withholding tax on any deemed income accruals, and whether the special “constructive ownership rules” of Section 1260 of the Code (discussed below) should be applied to such instruments. Both U.S. and non-U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors concerning the significance, and the potential impact, of the above considerations on their investments in the securities.

Section 1260

If a security references an Underlying Stock, or Index with a component that is treated as equity in a RIC (or a “trust”) such as certain trusts, certain ETFs, a REIT, a PFIC, a partnership (including a master limited partnership), or other “pass-thru entity” for purposes of Section 1260 of the Code, it is possible that the “constructive ownership” rules of Section 1260 of the Code may apply, in which case the tax consequences of a taxable disposition of the securities could be materially and adversely affected. Under the “constructive

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ownership” rules, if an investment in the securities is treated as a “constructive ownership transaction”, any long-term capital gain recognized by a U.S. holder in respect of such securities will be recharacterized as ordinary income to the extent such gain exceeds the amount of “net underlying long-term capital gain” (as defined in Section 1260 of the Code) of the U.S. holder (the “Excess Gain”). In addition, an interest charge would also apply to any deemed underpayment of tax in respect of any “Excess Gain” to the extent such gain would have resulted in a gross income inclusion for the U.S. holder in taxable years prior to the taxable year of the taxable disposition of the securities (assuming such income accrued such that the amount in each successive year is equal to the income in the prior year increased at a constant rate equal to the applicable federal rate as of the date of the taxable disposition). In the case of securities referencing a pass-thru entity containing gold and/or silver, if Section 1260 of the Code were to apply to the securities, any long-term capital gain recognized with respect to the securities that is not recharacterized as ordinary income would be subject to tax at a special 28% maximum rate that is applicable to “collectibles”. There exists a risk that an investment in securities that are linked to shares of an ETF, PFIC, REIT, RIC or other “pass-thru” entity or to a Basket that contains shares of an ETF, PFIC, REIT, RIC or other “pass-thru entity” could be treated as a “constructive ownership transaction”. Furthermore, depending on the precise terms of a particular offering of securities that reference an ETF, PFIC, REIT or other “pass-thru entity”, the risk may be substantial that an investment in such securities would be treated as a “constructive ownership transaction”, and that all or a portion of any long-term capital gain recognized with respect to such securities could be recharacterized as ordinary income (or, in the case of a pass-thru entity containing gold and/or silver, subject to a special 28% maximum tax rate that is applicable to “collectibles”) and subject to an interest charge.

If such treatment applies, it is not clear to what extent any long-term capital gain recognized by a U.S. holder in respect of a security would be recharacterized as ordinary income and subject to the interest charge described above, in part because it is not clear how the “net underlying long-term capital gain” would be computed in respect of a security.

Because the application of the constructive ownership rules to the securities is unclear, U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the potential application of those rules to an investment in the securities.

Alternative Treatments

Because of the absence of authority regarding the appropriate tax characterization of your securities, it is possible that the IRS could seek to characterize your securities in a manner that results in tax consequences to you that are materially different from those described above and could materially and adversely affect the timing and/or character of income or loss with respect to the securities.

Contingent Payment Debt Instrument. If the securities have a term that is more than one year, it is possible that the securities could be treated as debt instruments subject to the special tax rules governing contingent payment debt instruments as described above in “-Securities Treated as Contingent Payment Debt Instruments”.

Contingent Short-Term Debt Instrument. Similarly, if the securities have a term of one year or less, it is possible that the securities could be treated as single contingent short-term debt instruments. However, there are no specific rules that govern this type of instrument, and therefore, if the securities were characterized as single contingent short-term debt instruments, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of the securities would not be entirely clear.

Other Alternative Treatments. The IRS could also possibly assert that (i) you should be treated as owning the Underlying Stock, the Fund or any component of an Index, (ii) any gain or loss that you recognize upon the taxable disposition of the securities should be treated as ordinary gain or loss or short-term capital gain or loss, (iii) you should be required to accrue interest income over the term of your securities, (iv) you should be required to include in ordinary income an amount equal to any increase in the Underlying Stock, Fund or any component of an Index that is attributable to ordinary income that is realized in respect of any of the foregoing, such as interest, dividends or net-rental income or (v) you should be required to recognize taxable gain upon a rollover, rebalancing or change, if any, of any component of an Index or Fund. You should consult your tax advisor as to the tax consequences of such characterization and any possible alternative characterizations of your securities for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

In the case of bearish securities, the IRS could also possibly assert that you should be treated as entering into a short sale of the Underlying Stock, the Fund or any component of an Index, in which case any gain or loss on such short sale could be short-term gain or loss, regardless of the holding period of the securities. It is also possible that the IRS might assert that any gain or loss that you recognize on the taxable disposition of the securities should be ordinary income or you should recognize gain or loss upon any change or rebalancing of the components of the Index or Fund.

Medicare Tax on Net Investment Income

U.S. holders that are individuals, estates or certain trusts are subject to an additional 3.8% tax on all or a portion of their “net investment income,” or “undistributed net investment income” in the case of an estate or trust, which may include any income or gain realized with respect to the securities, to the extent of their net investment income or undistributed net investment income (as the case may be) that, when added to their other modified adjusted gross income, exceeds $200,000 for an unmarried individual, $250,000 for a married taxpayer filing a joint return (or a surviving spouse), $125,000 for a married individual filing a separate return or the dollar amount at which the highest tax bracket begins for an estate or trust. The 3.8% Medicare tax is determined in a different manner than the regular income tax. U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors as to the consequences of the 3.8% Medicare tax.

Information Reporting with respect to Foreign Financial Assets

U.S. holders may be subject to reporting obligations with respect to their securities if they do not hold their securities in an account maintained by a financial institution and the aggregate value of their securities and certain other “specified foreign financial assets”

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(applying certain attribution rules) exceeds an applicable threshold. Significant penalties can apply if a U.S. holder is required to disclose its securities and fails to do so.

Treasury Regulations Requiring Disclosure of Reportable Transactions

Treasury regulations require U.S. taxpayers to report certain transactions (“Reportable Transactions”) on IRS Form 8886. An investment in the securities or a sale of the securities generally should not be treated as a Reportable Transaction under current law, but it is possible that future legislation, regulations or administrative rulings could cause your investment in the securities or a sale of the securities to be treated as a Reportable Transaction. You should consult with your tax advisor regarding any tax filing and reporting obligations that may apply in connection with acquiring, owning or disposing of securities.

Backup Withholding and Information Reporting

The proceeds received from a taxable disposition of the securities will be subject to information reporting unless you are an “exempt recipient” and may also be subject to backup withholding at the rate specified in the Code if you fail to provide certain identifying information (such as an accurate taxpayer number, if you are a U.S. holder) or meet certain other conditions. If you are a non-U.S. holder and you provide a properly executed and fully completed applicable IRS Form W-8, you will generally establish an exemption from backup withholding.

Amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules are not additional taxes and may be refunded or credited against U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is furnished to the IRS.

Non-U.S. Holders

For purposes of this discussion, you are a non-U.S. holder if you are the beneficial owner of the securities and are, for U.S. federal income tax purposes: (i) a non-resident alien individual; (ii) a non-U.S. corporation; or (iii) an estate or trust that, in either case, is not subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis on income or gain from the securities.

Subject to Section 871(m) of the Code and FATCA, discussed below, we generally expect to treat payments made to a non-U.S. holder upon the taxable disposition of the securities as exempt from U.S. withholding tax and from generally applicable information reporting and backup withholding requirements with respect to payments on the securities if (i) the non-U.S. holder complies with certain certification and identification requirements as to its non-U.S. status, including providing us (and/or the applicable withholding agent) a fully completed and validly executed applicable IRS Form W-8 and (ii) in the case of securities wholly or partially treated as indebtedness, such non-U.S. holder is unrelated to us, is not a bank and the interest is not contingent within the meaning of Section 871(h)(4) of the Code.

In general, gain realized on a taxable disposition of the securities by a non-U.S. holder will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, unless:

• the gain with respect to the securities is effectively connected with a trade or business conducted by the non-U.S. holder in the U.S.;

• the non-U.S. holder is a nonresident alien individual who holds the securities as a capital asset and is present in the U.S. 183 days or more during the taxable year of such taxable disposition (including but not limited to disposition by sale, exchange, redemption, or repayment of principal at maturity ) and certain other conditions are satisfied; or

• the non-U.S. holder has certain other present or former connections with the U.S.

If the gain realized on the taxable disposition of the securities by the non-U.S. holder is described in any of the preceding bullet points, the non-U.S. holder may be subject to U.S. federal income tax with respect to the gain except to the extent that an income tax treaty reduces or eliminates the tax and the appropriate documentation is provided.

Notwithstanding the above, no assurance can be given that the IRS will accept, or that a court will uphold, the treatment of the securities. The risk that payments on the securities could be subject to U.S. withholding tax is higher for “Securities Treated as Prepaid Derivatives or Prepaid Forwards with Associated Contingent Coupons” and other securities providing for the payment of interest during their term. Further, if we (and/or the applicable withholding agent) determine that there is a material risk that we will be required to withhold on any payments on the securities, we may withhold on any such payments to a non-U.S. holder at a 30% rate, unless such non-U.S. holder has provided us (and/or the applicable withholding agent) with (i) a valid IRS Form W-8ECI or (ii) a valid IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E claiming tax treaty benefits that reduce or eliminate withholding. If we (and/or the applicable withholding agent) elect to withhold and such non-U.S. holder has provided us with a valid applicable IRS Form W-8 claiming tax treaty benefits that reduce or eliminate withholding, we may nevertheless withhold up to 30% on any payments if there is any possible characterization of the payments that would not be exempt from withholding under the treaty.

In addition, as described above under “— Notice 2008-2”, the IRS released a notice that may affect the taxation of holders of securities treated as prepaid derivatives or prepaid forward contracts, and similar derivatives. According to Notice 2008-2 the IRS and the Treasury are actively considering whether non-U.S. holders of such instruments should be subject to withholding tax on any deemed income accruals. Non-U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors concerning the significance and potential impact of the above considerations.

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We will not pay any additional amounts on account of any withholding tax discussed herein.

Section 897. We will not attempt to ascertain whether any Underlying Stock Issuer or any issuer of a component of an Index would be treated as a “United States real property holding corporation” (“USRPHC”) or whether the securities should be treated as “United States real property interests” (“USRPIs”), each as defined in Section 897 of the Code. If any such issuer and/or the securities were so treated, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could possibly apply, including subjecting any gain to a non-U.S. holder in respect of a security upon a taxable disposition of the security to U.S. federal income tax on a net basis, and the proceeds from such a taxable disposition to a 15% withholding tax. Non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the potential treatment of any such entity as USRPHC and/or the securities as USRPIs.

Section 871(m). The Treasury has issued regulations under which a 30% withholding tax (which may be reduced by an applicable income tax treaty) is imposed on certain “dividend equivalents” paid or deemed paid to a non-U.S. holder with respect to a “specified equity-linked instrument” that references one or more U.S.-source dividend-paying equity securities or indices comprised of dividend paying equity securities (an “871(m) Specified ELI”). The withholding tax can apply even if the 871(m) Specified ELI does not provide for payments that reference dividends. Under these regulations, the withholding tax generally will apply to 871(m) Specified ELIs (or a combination of 871(m) Specified ELIs treated as having been entered into in connection with each other) issued (or reissued, as discussed below) on or after January 1, 2018, but will also apply to certain 871(m) Specified ELIs (or a combination of 871(m) Specified ELIs treated as having been entered into in connection with each other) that have a delta of one (“Delta-One Specified ELIs”) issued (or reissued, as discussed below) before January 1, 2018. However, the IRS has issued guidance that states that the Treasury and the IRS intend to amend the effective dates of the Treasury regulations to provide that withholding on dividend equivalents paid or deemed paid will not apply to specified equity-linked instruments that are not Delta-One Specified ELIs and are issued before January 1, 2025.

The 30% withholding tax may also apply if the securities are deemed to be reissued for tax purposes upon the occurrence of certain events affecting the Underlying Stock, Fund, any component of an Index or the securities, and following such occurrence the securities could be treated as Delta-One Specified ELIs that are subject to withholding on dividend equivalents. It is also possible that withholding tax or other Section 871(m) tax could apply to the securities under these rules if a non-U.S. holder enters, or has entered, into certain other transactions in respect of the Underlying Stock, the Fund, any component of an Index or the securities. Because of the uncertainty regarding the application of the 30% withholding tax on dividend equivalents to the securities, non-U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the potential application of Section 871(m) of the Code to the securities (including in the context of their other transactions in respect of the Underlying Stock, the Fund, any component of an Index or the securities, if any) and the 30% withholding tax to an investment in the securities.

U.S. Federal Estate Tax Treatment of Non-U.S. Holders. Securities may be subject to U.S. federal estate tax if an individual non-U.S. holder holds the securities at the time of his or her death. The gross estate of a non-U.S. holder domiciled outside the U.S. includes only property situated in the U.S. Individual non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal estate tax consequences of holding the securities at death.

Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act

The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”) generally imposes a 30% U.S. withholding tax on “withholdable payments” (i.e., certain U.S.-source payments, including interest (and original issue discount), dividends, other fixed or determinable annual or periodical gain, profits, and income, and on the gross proceeds from a disposition of property of a type which can produce U.S. -source interest or dividends) and “passthru payments” (i.e., certain payments attributable to withholdable payments) made to certain foreign financial institutions (and certain of their affiliates) unless the payee foreign financial institution agrees (or is required), among other things, to disclose the identity of any U.S. individual with an account at the institution (or the relevant affiliate) and to annually report certain information about such account. FATCA also requires withholding agents making withholdable payments to certain foreign entities that do not disclose the name, address, and taxpayer identification number of any substantial U.S. owners (or do not certify that they do not have any substantial U.S. owners) to withhold tax at a rate of 30%. Under certain circumstances, a holder may be eligible for refunds or credits of such taxes.

Pursuant to final and temporary Treasury regulations and other IRS guidance, the withholding and reporting requirements under FATCA will generally apply to certain “withholdable payments”, will not apply to gross proceeds on a sale or disposition, and will apply to certain foreign passthru payments only to the extent that such payments are made after the date that is two years after final regulations defining the term “foreign passthru payment” are published. If withholding is required, we (or the applicable withholding agent) will not be required to pay additional amounts with respect to the amounts so withheld. Foreign financial institutions and non-financial foreign entities located in jurisdictions that have an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. governing FATCA may be subject to different rules.

Investors should consult their tax advisors about the application of FATCA, in particular if they may be classified as financial institutions (or if they hold their securities through a foreign entity) under the FATCA rules.

Proposed Legislation

In 2007, legislation was introduced in Congress that, if it had been enacted, would have required holders instruments similar to the securities that were purchased after the bill was enacted to accrue interest income over the term of such instruments even if there may be no interest payments over their term.

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Additionally, in 2013, the House Ways and Means Committee released in draft form certain proposed legislation relating to financial instruments. If it had been enacted, the effect of this legislation generally would have been to require instruments such as the securities to be marked to market on an annual basis with all gains and losses to be treated as ordinary, subject to certain exceptions.

It is not possible to predict whether any similar or identical bills will be enacted in the future, or whether any such bill would affect the tax treatment of your securities. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the possible changes in law and their possible impact on an investment in the securities.

Both U.S. and non-U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the securities, as well as any tax consequences arising under the laws of any state, local or non-U.S. taxing jurisdiction (including that of the Underlying Stock Issuer and those of the issuers of the components of any Index).

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SUPPLEMENTAL DISCUSSION OF CANADIAN TAX CONSIDERATIONS

In the opinion of Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt LLP, Canadian counsel to the Bank, the following is a summary of the principal Canadian federal income tax considerations generally applicable to a purchaser who acquires, as a beneficial owner, securities, including entitlement to all payments thereunder, pursuant to the initial offering by the Bank made in connection with the original issuance of securities and who, at all relevant times, for purposes of the application of the Income Tax Act (Canada) and the Income Tax Regulations (collectively, the “Act”) is not, and is not deemed to be, resident in Canada, deals at arm’s length with the Bank and any transferee resident (or deemed to be resident) in Canada to whom the purchaser disposes of securities, does not use or hold securities in a business carried on in Canada, and is not a “specified non-resident shareholder” of the Bank for purposes of the Act or a non-resident person not dealing at arm’s length with a “specified shareholder” (as defined in subsection 18(5) of the Act) of the Bank (a “Non-Resident Holder”). Special rules, which are not discussed in this summary, may apply to a non-Canadian holder that is an insurer carrying on an insurance business in Canada and elsewhere.

This summary is based upon the current provisions of the Act and an understanding of the current administrative policies and assessing practices of the CRA published in writing prior to the date hereof. This summary takes into account all specific proposals to amend the Act publicly announced by or on behalf of the Minister of Finance (Canada) prior to the date hereof (the “Proposals”) and assumes that all Proposals will be enacted in the form proposed. However, no assurances can be given that the Proposals will be enacted as proposed, or at all. This summary does not otherwise take into account any changes in law or administrative practices or assessing policies, whether by legislative, administrative or judicial action, nor does it take into account tax legislation or considerations of any province, territory or foreign jurisdiction, which may differ from those discussed herein.

This summary assumes that a Non-Resident Holder is not an entity in respect of which the Bank is a “specified entity” as defined in Proposals to amend the Act released by the Minister of Finance (Canada) on April 29, 2022 with respect to “hybrid mismatch arrangements”, as defined (the “Hybrid Mismatch Proposals”).  In general terms, the Hybrid Mismatch Proposals provide that two entities will be treated as specified entities in respect of one another if one entity, directly or indirectly, holds a 25% equity interest in the other entity, or a third entity, directly or indirectly, holds a 25% equity interest in both entities.  This summary further assumes that no amount paid or payable to a Non-Resident Holder will be the deduction component of a “hybrid mismatch arrangement” under which the payment arises within the meaning of proposed paragraph 18.4(3)(b) of the Act contained in the Hybrid Mismatch Proposals.  Investors should note that the Hybrid Mismatch Proposals are in consultation form, are highly complex, and there remains significant uncertainty as to their interpretation and application. There can be no assurance that the Hybrid Mismatch Proposals will be enacted in their current form, or at all.

This summary assumes that no interest paid on the securities will be in respect of a debt or other obligation to pay an amount to a person with whom the Bank does not deal at arm’s length, within the meaning of the Act.

This summary is of a general nature only and is not, and is not intended to be, legal or tax advice to any particular holder. This summary is not exhaustive of all Canadian federal income tax considerations. Accordingly, prospective purchasers should consult their own tax advisors with regard to their own particular circumstances.

Interest paid or credited or deemed for purposes of the Act to be paid or credited on a security (including any amount paid at maturity in excess of the Principal Amount and interest deemed to be paid on the security in certain cases involving the assignment, deemed assignment or other transfer of a security to the Bank or any other resident or deemed resident of Canada) to a Non-Resident Holder will not be subject to Canadian non-resident withholding tax unless any portion of such interest is contingent or dependent on the use of or production from property in Canada or is computed by reference to revenue, profit, cash flow, commodity price or any other similar criterion or by reference to dividends paid or payable to shareholders of any class of shares of the capital stock of a corporation (“Participating Debt Interest”) subject to certain exceptions. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable pricing supplement, no portion of the interest paid or credited or deemed to be paid or credited on a security will be Participating Debt Interest. Any conclusion that interest paid or credited or deemed to be paid or credited on a security will not be Participating Debt Interest will be based in part on the published administrative position of the CRA.

No other Canadian federal taxes on income or gains will be payable by a Non-Resident Holder on interest or principal, or on proceeds received by a Non-Resident Holder on the disposition of a security, including on a redemption, payment on maturity, repurchase or purchase for cancellation.

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SUPPLEMENTAL PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION (CONFLICTS OF INTEREST)

Pursuant to the terms of a distribution agreement, SCUSA, an affiliate of the Bank, will purchase the securities from the Bank for distribution to other registered broker-dealers or will offer the securities directly to investors.

In addition, SCUSA or another of its affiliates or agents may use the applicable pricing supplement in market-making transactions after the initial sale of the securities. While the Agents may make markets in the securities, they are under no obligation to do so and may discontinue any market-making activities at any time without notice.

The price at which you purchase the securities includes costs that the Bank, the Agents or their affiliates expect to incur and profits that the Bank, the Agents or their affiliates expect to realize in connection with hedging activities related to the securities, as discussed herein. These costs and profits will likely reduce the secondary market price, if any secondary market develops, for the securities. As a result, you may experience an immediate and substantial decline in the market value of your securities on the issue date.

Delivery of the securities will be made against payment therefor on or about the issue date specified in the applicable pricing supplement. Under Rule 15c6-1 of the Exchange Act trades in the secondary market generally are required to settle in two business days after the date the securities are priced, unless the parties to any such trade expressly agree otherwise. Accordingly, if the applicable pricing supplement specifies that the issue date is more than two business days after the date on which the securities are priced, purchasers who wish to trade such securities at any time prior to the second business day preceding the issue date will be required, by virtue of the fact that the securities will not settle in T+2, to specify an alternative settlement cycle at the time of any such trade to prevent a failed settlement; such purchasers should also consult their own advisors in this regard.

Conflicts of Interest

SCUSA is an affiliate of the Bank and, as such, has a “conflict of interest” in the offering of the securities within the meaning of FINRA Rule 5121. In addition, the Bank will receive the gross proceeds from the initial public offering of the securities, thus creating an additional conflict of interest within the meaning of Rule 5121. Consequently, each such offering is being conducted in compliance with the provisions of Rule 5121. Neither SCUSA nor WFS. is permitted to sell securities to an account over which it exercises discretionary authority without the prior specific written approval of the account holder.

The Agents and their respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities. The Agents and their respective affiliates have, from time to time, performed, and may in the future perform, various financial advisory and investment banking services for the Bank, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses.

In the ordinary course of their various business activities, the Agents and their respective affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers, and such investment and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments of the Bank. The Agents and their respective affiliates may also make investment recommendations and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in such securities and instruments.

Prohibition of Sales to European Economic Area Retail Investors

The securities may not be offered, sold or otherwise made available to any retail investor in the European Economic Area. For the purposes of this provision:

(a) the expression “retail investor” means a person who is one (or more) of the following:

(i) a retail client as defined in point (11) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU (as amended, “MiFID II”); or

(ii) a customer within the meaning of Directive (EU) 2016/97 (the “Insurance Distribution Directive”), where that customer would not qualify as a professional client as defined in point (10) of Article 4(1) of MiFID II; or

(iii) not a qualified investor as defined in Regulation (3)(e) (EU) 2017/1129 (as amended, the “Prospectus Regulation”); and

(b) the expression an “offer” includes the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and the securities so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe for the securities.

Consequently no key information document required by Regulation (EU) No 1286/2014 (as amended, the “PRIIPs Regulation”) for offering or selling the securities or otherwise making them available to retail investors in the EEA has been prepared and therefore offering or selling the securities or otherwise making them available to any retail investor in the EEA may be unlawful under the PRIIPs Regulation.

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Prohibition of Sales to United Kingdom Retail Investors

The securities may not be offered, sold or otherwise made available to any retail investor in the United Kingdom. For the purposes of this provision:

(a) the expression “retail investor” means a person who is one (or more) of the following:

(i) a retail client, as defined in point (8) of Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 2017/565 as it forms part of United Kingdom domestic law by virtue of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (the "EUWA") and the regulations made under the EUWA, subject to amendments made by the Markets in Financial Instruments (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2018 (SI 2018/1403) (as may be amended or superseded from time to time); or

(ii) a customer within the meaning of the provisions of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (as amended) (the “FSMA”) and any rules or regulations made under the FSMA to implement Directive (EU) 2016/97, where that customer would not qualify as a professional client, as defined in point (8) of Article 2(1) of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 as it forms part of United Kingdom domestic law by virtue of the EUWA and the regulations made under the EUWA, subject to amendments made by the Markets in Financial Instruments (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2018 (SI 2018/1403) (as may be amended or superseded from time to time); or

(iii) not a qualified investor as defined in Article 2 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 as it forms part of domestic law by virtue of the EUWA, subject to amendments made by the Prospectus (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (SI 2019/1234) (as may be amended or superseded from time to time) ; and

(b) the expression an  “offer” includes the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and the securities so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe for the securities.

Consequently no key information document required by Regulation (EU) No 1286/2014 as it forms part of domestic law by virtue of the EUWA, subject to amendments made by the Packaged Retail and Insurance-based Investment Products (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (SI 2019/403) (as may be amended or superseded from time to time, the “UK PRIIPs Regulation”) for offering or selling any securities or otherwise making them available to retail investors in the United Kingdom has been prepared and therefore offering or selling any securities or otherwise making them available to any retail investor in the United Kingdom may be unlawful under the UK PRIIPs Regulation.

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USE OF PROCEEDS AND HEDGING

We will use the net proceeds we receive from the sale of the securities for the purposes we describe in the accompanying prospectus supplement under “Use of Proceeds”. We or our affiliates may also use those proceeds in transactions intended to hedge our obligations under the securities as described herein.

In anticipation of the sale of the securities, we or our affiliates expect, but are not required to, enter into hedging transactions involving purchases of securities, commodities, indices or other assets included in or linked to the Market Measure(s) and/or listed and/or over-the-counter derivative instruments linked to the Market Measure(s). From time to time, we or our affiliates may enter into additional hedging transactions or unwind those we have entered into. In this regard, we or our affiliates may:

• acquire or dispose of an Underlying Stock, a Fund or one or more components of an Index or a Fund;

• acquire or dispose of long or short positions in listed or over-the-counter derivative instruments based on the value of the Market Measure and/or its or their components, as applicable; or

• any combination of the above two.

We or our affiliates may acquire a long or short position in securities similar to the securities from time to time and may, in our or their sole discretion, hold or resell those similar securities.

We or our affiliates may close out our or their hedge on or before any calculation day. That step may involve sales or purchases of the instruments described above.

The hedging activity discussed above may adversely affect the market value of, and any amount payable on, the securities from time to time. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating To Hedging Activities And Conflicts Of Interest — Hedging Activities By The Bank And/Or The Agents May Negatively Impact Investors In The Securities And Cause Our Respective Interests And Those Of Our Clients And Counterparties To Be Contrary To Those Of Investors In The Securities” and “— Market Activities By The Bank Or The Agents For Their Own Respective Accounts Or For Their Respective Clients Could Negatively Impact Investors In The Securities” in this product supplement for a discussion of these adverse effects.

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