SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin:
Codification of Staff Accounting Bulletins

Topic 1: Financial Statements

1. Target Companies

2. Allocation Of Expenses And Related Disclosure In Financial Statements Of Subsidiaries, Divisions Or Lesser Business Components Of Another Entity

   1. Costs reflected in historical financial statements

   2. Pro forma financial statements and earnings per share

   3. Other matters

3. Unaudited Financial Statements For A Full Fiscal Year

4. Foreign Companies

   1. Disclosures required of companies complying with Item 17 of Form 20-F

   2. "Free distributions" by Japanese companies

5. Requirements For Audited Or Certified Financial Statements

   1. Deleted by SAB 103

   2. Qualified auditors' opinions

6. Financial Statement Requirements In Filings Involving The Formation Of A One-Bank Holding Company

7. Deleted by FRR 55

8. Deleted by FRR 55

9. Financial Statements Of Properties Securing Mortgage Loans

10. Application Of Rule 3-05 In Initial Public Offerings

11. Financial Statements Of Acquired Troubled Financial Institutions

12. Deleted by SAB 103

13. Materiality

    1. Assessing materiality

    2. Immaterial misstatements that are intentional

14. Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements when Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements (added by SAB 108)

Topic 1: Financial Statements

A. Target Companies

Facts: Company X proposes to file a registration statement covering an exchange offer to stockholders of Company Y, a publicly held company. Company X asks Company Y to furnish information about its business, including current audited financial statements, for inclusion in the prospectus. Company Y declines to furnish such information.

Question 1: In filing the registration statement without the required information about Company Y, may Company X rely on Rule 409 in that the information is "unknown or not reasonably available?"

Interpretive Response: Yes, but to determine whether such reliance is justified, the staff requests the registrant to submit as supplemental information copies of correspondence between the registrant and the target company evidencing the request for and the refusal to furnish the financial statements. In addition, the prospectus must include any financial statements which are relevant and available from the Commission's public files and must contain a statement adequately describing the situation and the sources of information about the target company. Other reliable sources of financial information should also be utilized.

Question 2: Would the response change if Company Y was a closely held company?

Interpretive Response: Yes. The staff does not believe that Rule 409 is applicable to negotiated transactions of this type.

B. Allocation Of Expenses And Related Disclosure In Financial Statements Of Subsidiaries, Divisions Or Lesser Business Components Of Another Entity

Facts: A company (the registrant) operates as a subsidiary of another company (parent). Certain expenses incurred by the parent on behalf of the subsidiary have not been charged to the subsidiary in the past. The subsidiary files a registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933 in connection with an initial public offering.

1. Costs reflected in historical financial statements

Question 1: Should the subsidiary's historical income statements reflect all of the expenses that the parent incurred on its behalf?

Interpretive Response: In general, the staff believes that the historical income statements of a registrant should reflect all of its costs of doing business. Therefore, in specific situations, the staff has required the subsidiary to revise its financial statements to include certain expenses incurred by the parent on its behalf. Examples of such expenses may include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following (income taxes and interest are discussed separately below):

1. Officer and employee salaries,

2. Rent or depreciation,

3. Advertising,

4. Accounting and legal services, and

5. Other selling ,general and administrative expenses.

When the subsidiary's financial statements have been previously reported on by independent accountants and have been used other than for internal purposes, the staff has accepted a presentation that shows income before tax as previously reported, followed by adjustments for expenses not previously allocated, income taxes, and adjusted net income.

Question 2: How should the amount of expenses incurred on the subsidiary's behalf by its parent be determined, and what disclosure is required in the financial statements?

Interpretive Response: The staff expects any expenses clearly applicable to the subsidiary to be reflected in its income statements. However, the staff understands that in some situations a reasonable method of allocating common expenses to the subsidiary (e.g., incremental or proportional cost allocation) must be chosen because specific identification of expenses is not practicable. In these situations, the staff has required an explanation of the allocation method used in the notes to the financial statements along with management's assertion that the method used is reasonable.

In addition, since agreements with related parties are by definition not at arms length and may be changed at any time, the staff has required footnote disclosure, when practicable, of management's estimate of what the expenses (other than income taxes and interest discussed separately below) would have been on a stand alone basis, that is, the cost that would have been incurred if the subsidiary had operated as an unaffiliated entity. The disclosure has been presented for each year for which an income statement was required when such basis produced materially different results.

Question 3: What are the staff's views with respect to the accounting for and disclosure of the subsidiary's income tax expense?

Interpretive Response: Recently, a number of parent companies have sold interests in subsidiaries, but have retained sufficient ownership interests to permit continued inclusion of the subsidiaries in their consolidated tax returns. The staff believes that it is material to investors to know what the effect on income would have been if the registrant had not been eligible to be included in a consolidated income tax return with its parent. Some of these subsidiaries have calculated their tax provision on the separate return basis, which the staff believes is the preferable method. Others, however, have used different allocation methods. When the historical income statements in the filing do not reflect the tax provision on the separate return basis, the staff has required a pro forma income statement for the most recent year and interim period reflecting a tax provision calculated on the separate return basis.¹

Question 4: Should the historical income statements reflect a charge for interest on intercompany debt if no such charge had been previously provided?

Interpretive Response: The staff generally believes that financial statements are more useful to investors if they reflect all costs of doing business, including interest costs. Because of the inherent difficulty in distinguishing the elements of a subsidiary's capital structure, the staff has not insisted that the historical income statements include an interest charge on intercompany debt if such a charge was not provided in the past, except when debt specifically related to the operations of the subsidiary and previously carried on the parent's books will henceforth be recorded in the subsidiary's books. In any case, financing arrangements with the parent must be discussed in a note to the financial statements. In this connection, the staff has taken the position that, where an interest charge on intercompany debt has not been provided, appropriate disclosure would include an analysis of the intercompany accounts as well as the average balance due to or from related parties for each period for which an income statement is required. The analysis of the intercompany accounts has taken the form of a listing of transactions (e.g., the allocation of costs to the subsidiary, intercompany purchases, and cash transfers between entities) for each period for which an income statement was required, reconciled to the intercompany accounts reflected in the balance sheets.

2. Pro forma financial statements and earnings per share

Question: What disclosure should be made if the registrant's historical financial statements are not indicative of the ongoing entity (e.g., tax or other cost sharing agreements will be terminated or revised)?

Interpretive Response: The registration statement should include pro forma financial information that is in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X and reflects the impact of terminated or revised cost sharing agreements and other significant changes.

3. Other matters

Question: What is the staff's position with respect to dividends declared by the subsidiary subsequent to the balance sheet date?

Interpretive Response: The staff believes that such dividends either be given retroactive effect in the balance sheet with appropriate footnote disclosure, or reflected in a pro forma balance sheet. In addition, when the dividends are to be paid from the proceeds of the offering, the staff believes it is appropriate to include pro forma per share data (for the latest year and interim period only) giving effect to the number of shares whose proceeds were to be used to pay the dividend. A similar presentation is appropriate when dividends exceed earnings in the current year, even though the stated use of proceeds is other than for the payment of dividends. In these situations, pro forma per share data should give effect to the increase in the number of shares which, when multiplied by the offering price, would be sufficient to replace the capital in excess of earnings being withdrawn.

C. Unaudited Financial Statements For A Full Fiscal Year

Facts: Company A, which is a reporting company under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, proposes to file a registration statement within 90 days of its fiscal year end but does not have audited year-end financial statements available.  The company meets the criteria under Rule 3-01(c) of Regulation S-X and is therefore not required to include year-end audited financial statements in its registration statement.  However, the Company does propose to include in the prospectus the unaudited results of operations for its entire fiscal year.

Question: Would the staff find this objectionable?

Interpretive Response: The staff recognizes that many registrants publish the results of their most recent year's operations prior to the availability of year-end audited financial statements. The staff will not object to the inclusion of unaudited results for a full fiscal year and indeed would expect such data in the registration statement if the registrant has published such information. When such data is included in a prospectus, it must be covered by a management's representation that all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results have been made.

D. Foreign Companies

1. Disclosures required of companies complying with Item 17 of Form 20-F

Facts: A foreign private issuer may use Form 20-F as a registration statement under section 12 or as an annual report under section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. The registrant must furnish the financial statements specified in Item 17 of that form. However, in certain circumstances, Forms F-3 and F-2 require that the annual report include financial statements complying with Item 18 of the form. Also, financial statements complying with Item 18 are required for registration of securities under the Securities Act in most circumstances. Item 17 permits the registrant to use its financial statements that are prepared on a comprehensive basis other than U.S. GAAP, but requires quantification of the material differences in the principles, practices and methods of accounting. An issuer complying with Item 18 must satisfy the requirements of Item 17 and also must provide all other information required by U.S. GAAP and Regulation S-X.

Question: Assuming that the registrant's financial statements include a discussion of material variances from U.S. GAAP along with quantitative reconciliations of net income and material balance sheet items, does Item 17 of Form 20-F require other disclosures in addition to those prescribed by the standards and practices which comprise the comprehensive basis on which the registrant's primary financial statements are prepared?

Interpretive Response: No. The distinction between Items 17 and 18 is premised on a classification of the requirements of U.S. GAAP and Regulation S-X into those that specify the methods of measuring the amounts shown on the face of the financial statements and those prescribing disclosures that explain, modify or supplement the accounting measurements. Disclosures required by U.S. GAAP but not required under the foreign GAAP on which the financial statements are prepared need not be furnished pursuant to Item 17.

Notwithstanding the absence of a requirement for certain disclosures within the body of the financial statements, some matters routinely disclosed pursuant to U.S. GAAP may rise to a level of materiality such that their disclosure is required by Item 5 (Management's Discussion and Analysis) of Form 20-F. Among other things, this item calls for a discussion of any known trends, demands, commitments, events or uncertainties that are reasonably likely to affect liquidity, capital resources or the results of operations in a material way. Also, instruction 2 of this item requires "a discussion of any aspects of the differences between foreign and U.S. GAAP, not discussed in the reconciliation, that the registrant believes is necessary for an understanding of the financial statements as a whole." Matters that may warrant discussion in response to Item 5 include the following:

• material undisclosed uncertainties (such as reasonably possible loss contingencies), commitments (such as those arising from leases), and credit risk exposures and concentrations;

• material unrecognized obligations (such as pension obligations);

• material changes in estimates and accounting methods, and other factors or events affecting comparability;

• defaults on debt and material restrictions on dividends or other legal constraints on the registrant's use of its assets;

• material changes in the relative amounts of constituent elements comprising line items presented on the face of the financial statements;

• significant terms of financings which would reveal material cash requirements or constraints;

• material subsequent events, such as events that affect the recoverability of recorded assets;

• material related party transactions (as addressed by Statement 57) that may affect the terms under which material revenues or expenses are recorded; and

• significant accounting policies and measurement assumptions not disclosed in the financial statements, including methods of costing inventory, recognizing revenues, and recording and amortizing assets, which may bear upon an understanding of operating trends or financial condition.

2. "Free distributions" by Japanese companies

Facts: It is the general practice in Japan for corporations to issue "free distributions" of common stock to existing shareholders in conjunction with offerings of common stock so that such offerings may be made at less than market. These free distributions usually are from 5 to 10 percent of outstanding stock and are accounted for in accordance with provisions of the Commercial Code of Japan by a transfer of the par value of the stock distributed from paid-in capital to the common stock account.  Similar distributions are sometimes made at times other than when offering new stock and are also designated "free distributions." U.S. accounting practice would require that the fair value of such shares, if issued by U.S. companies, be transferred from retained earnings to the appropriate capital accounts.

Question: Should the financial statements of Japanese corporations included in Commission filings which are stated to be prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP be adjusted to account for stock distributions of less than 25 percent of outstanding stock by transferring the fair value of such stock from retained earnings to appropriate capital accounts?

Interpretive Response: If registrants and their independent accountants believe that the institutional and economic environment in Japan with respect to the registrant is sufficiently different that U.S. accounting principles for stock dividends should not apply to free distributions, the staff will not object to such distributions being accounted for at par value in accordance with Japanese practice. If such financial statements are identified as being prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, then there should be footnote disclosure of the method being used which indicates that U.S. companies issuing shares in comparable amounts would be required to account for them as stock dividends, and including in such disclosure the fair value of any such shares issued during the year and the cumulative amount (either in an aggregate figure or a listing of the amounts by year) of the fair value of shares issued over time.

E. Requirements For Audited Or Certified Financial Statements

1. Deleted by SAB 103

2. Qualified auditors' opinions

Facts: The accountants' report is qualified as to scope of audit, or the accounting principles used.

Question: Does the staff consider the requirements for audited or certified financial statements met when the auditors' opinion is so qualified?

Interpretive Response: No. The staff does not accept as consistent with the requirements of Rule 2-02(b) of Regulation S-X financial statements on which the auditors' opinions are qualified because of a limitation on the scope of the audit, since in these situations the auditor was unable to perform all the procedures required by professional standards to support the expression of an opinion. This position was discussed in ASR 90 in connection with representations concerning the verification of prior years' inventories in first audits.

Financial statements for which the auditors' opinions contain qualifications relating to the acceptability of accounting principles used or the completeness of disclosures made are also unacceptable. (See ASR 4, and with respect to a "going concern" qualification, ASR 115.)

F. Financial Statement Requirements In Filings Involving The Formation Of A One-Bank Holding Company

Facts: Holding Company A is organized for the purpose of issuing common stock to acquire all of the common stock of Bank A. Under the plan of reorganization, each share of common stock of Bank A will be exchanged for one share of common stock of the holding company. The shares of the holding company to be issued in the transaction will be registered on Form S-4. The holding company will not engage in any operations prior to consummation of the reorganization, and its only significant asset after the transaction will be its investment in the bank. The bank has been furnishing its shareholders with an annual report that includes financial statements that comply with GAAP.

Item 14 of Schedule 14A of the proxy rules provides that financial statements generally are not necessary in proxy material relating only to changes in legal organization (such as reorganizations involving the issuer and one or more of its totally held subsidiaries).

Question 1: Must the financial statements and the information required by Securities Act Industry Guide ("Guide 3")² for Bank A be included in the initial registration statement on Form S-4?

Interpretive Response: No, provided that certain conditions are met. The staff will not take exception to the omission of financial statements and Guide 3 information in the initial registration statement on Form S-4 if all of the following conditions are met:

• There are no anticipated changes in the shareholders' relative equity ownership interest in the underlying bank assets, except for redemption of no more than a nominal number of shares of unaffiliated persons who dissent;

• In the aggregate, only nominal borrowings are to be incurred for such purposes as organizing the holding company, to pay nonaffiliated persons who dissent, or to meet minimum capital requirements;

• There are no new classes of stock authorized other than those corresponding to the stock of Bank A immediately prior to the reorganization;

• There are no plans or arrangements to issue any additional shares to acquire any business other than Bank A; and,

• There has been no material adverse change in the financial condition of the bank since the latest fiscal year-end included in the annual report to shareholders.

If at the time of filing the S-4, a letter is furnished to the staff stating that all of these conditions are met, it will not be necessary to request the Division of Corporation Finance to waive the financial statement or Guide 3 requirements of Form S-4.

Although the financial statements may be omitted, the filing should include a section captioned, "Financial Statements," which states either that an annual report containing financial statements for at least the latest fiscal year prepared in conformity with GAAP was previously furnished to shareholders or is being delivered with the prospectus. If financial statements have been previously furnished, it should be indicated that an additional copy of such report for the latest fiscal year will be furnished promptly upon request without charge to shareholders. The name and address of the person to whom the request should be made should be provided. One copy of such annual report should be furnished supplementally with the initial filing for purposes of staff review.

If any nominal amounts are to be borrowed in connection with the formation of the holding company, a statement of capitalization should be included in the filing which shows Bank A on an historical basis, the pro forma adjustments, and the holding company on a pro forma basis. A note should also explain the pro forma effect, in total and per share, which the borrowings would have had on net income for the latest fiscal year if the transaction had occurred at the beginning of the period.

Question 2: Are the financial statements of Bank A required to be audited for purposes of the initial Form S-4 or the subsequent Form 10-K report?

Interpretive Response: The staff will not insist that the financial statements in the annual report to shareholders used to satisfy the requirement of the initial Form S-4 be audited.

The consolidated financial statements of the holding company to be included in the registrant's initial report on Form 10-K should comply with the applicable financial statement requirements in Regulation S-X at the time such annual report is filed. However, the regulations also provide that the staff may allow one or more of the required statements to be unaudited where it is consistent with the protection of investors.³ Accordingly, the policy of the Division of Corporation Finance is as follows:

• The registrant should file audited balance sheets as of the two most recent fiscal years and audited statements of income and cash flows for each of the three latest fiscal years, with appropriate footnotes and schedules as required by Regulation S-X unless the financial statements have not previously been audited for the periods required to be filed. In such cases, the Division will not object if the financial statements in the first annual report on Form 10-K (or the special report filed pursuant to Rule 15d-2)⁴ are audited only for the two latest fiscal years.⁵ This policy only applies to filings on Form 10-K, and not to any Securities Act filings made after the initial S-4 filing.

The above procedure may be followed without making a specific request of the Division of Corporation Finance for a waiver of the financial statement requirements of Form 10-K.

The information required by Guide 3 should also be provided in the Form 10-K for at least the periods for which audited financial statements are furnished. If some of the statistical information for the two most recent fiscal years for which audited financial statements are included (other than information on nonperforming loans and the summary of loan loss experience) is unavailable and cannot be obtained without unwarranted or undue burden or expense, such data may be omitted provided a brief explanation in support of such representation is included in the report on Form 10-K. In all cases, however, information with respect to nonperforming loans and loan loss experience, or reasonably comparable data, must be furnished for at least the two latest fiscal years in the initial 10-K. Thereafter, for subsequent years in reports on Form 10-K, all of the Guide 3 information is required; Guide 3 information which had been omitted in the initial 10-K in accordance with the above procedure can be excluded in any subsequent 10-Ks.

G. Deleted by FRR 55

H. Deleted by FRR 55

I. Financial Statements Of Properties Securing Mortgage Loans

Facts: A registrant files a Securities Act registration statement covering a maximum of $100 million of securities. Proceeds of the offering will be used to make mortgage loans on operating residential or commercial property. Proceeds of the offering will be placed in escrow until $1 million of securities are sold at which point escrow may be broken, making the proceeds immediately available for lending, while the selling of securities would continue.

Question 1: Under what circumstances are the financial statements of a property on which the registrant makes or expects to make a loan required to be included in a filing?

Interpretive Response: Rule 3-14 of Regulation S-X specifies the requirements for financial statements when the registrant has acquired one or more properties which in the aggregate are significant, or since the date of the latest balance sheet required has acquired or proposes to acquire one or more properties which in the aggregate are significant.

Included in the category of properties acquired or to be acquired under Rule 3-14 are operating properties underlying certain mortgage loans, which in economic substance represent an investment in real estate or a joint venture rather than a loan. Certain characteristics of a lending arrangement indicate that the "lender" has the same risks and potential rewards as an owner or joint venturer. Those characteristics are set forth in Exhibit I to the Appendix of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants' Practice Bulletin 1⁶ "ADC⁷ Arrangements" ("Exhibit I to PB1"). In September 1986 the EITF⁸ reached a consensus on this issue⁹ to the effect that, although Exhibit I to PB1 was issued to address the real estate ADC arrangements of financial institutions, preparers and auditors should consider the guidance contained in Exhibit I to PB1 in accounting for shared appreciation mortgages, loans on operating real estate and real estate ADC arrangements entered into by enterprises other than financial institutions.

Statement 133 as amended by Statements 137 and 138, generally requires that embedded instruments meeting the definition of a derivative and not clearly and closely related to the host contract be accounted for separately from the host instrument. If the embedded the expected residual profit component of an ADC arrangement need not be separately accounted for as a derivative under Statement 133, then the disclosure requirements discussed below for ADC loans and similar arrangements should be followed.¹⁰

In certain cases the "lender" has virtually the same potential rewards as those of an owner or a joint venturer by virtue of participating in expected residual profit.¹¹ In addition, Exhibit I to PB1 includes a number of other characteristics which, when considered individually or in combination, would suggest that the risks of an ADC arrangement are similar to those associated with an investment in real estate or a joint venture or, conversely, that they are similar to those associated with a loan. Among those other characteristics is whether the lender agrees to provide all or substantially all necessary funds to acquire the property, resulting in the borrower having title to, but little or no equity in, the underlying property. The staff believes that the borrower's equity in the property is adequate to support accounting for the transaction as a mortgage loan when the borrower's initial investment meets the criteria in paragraph 11 of Statement 66¹² and the borrower's payments of principal and interest on the loan are adequate to maintain a continuing investment in the property which meets the criteria in paragraph 12 of Statement 66.¹³

The financial statements of properties which will secure mortgage loans made or to be made from the proceeds of the offering which have the characteristics of real estate investments or joint ventures should be included as required by Rule 3-14 in the registration statement when such properties secure loans previously made, or have been identified as security for probable loans prior to effectiveness, and in filings made pursuant to the undertaking in Item 20D of Securities Act Industry Guide 5.

Rule 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X includes the conditions used in determining whether an acquisition is significant. The separate financial statements of an individual property should be provided when a property would meet the requirements for a significant subsidiary under this rule using the amount of the "loan" as a substitute for the "investment in the subsidiary" in computing the specified conditions. The combined financial statements of properties which are not individually significant should also be provided. However, the staff will not object if the combined financial statements of such properties are not included if none of the conditions specified in Rule 1-02(w), with respect to all such properties combined, exceeds 20% in the aggregate.

Under certain circumstances, information may also be required regarding operating properties underlying mortgage loans where the terms do not result in the lender having virtually the same risks and potential rewards as those of owners or joint venturers. Generally, the staff believes that, where investment risks exist due to substantial asset concentration, financial and other information should be included regarding operating properties underlying a mortgage loan that represents a significant amount of the registrant's assets. Such presentation is consistent with Rule 3-13 of Regulation S-X and Rule 408 under the Securities Act of 1933.

Where the amount of a loan exceeds 20% of the amount in good faith expected to be raised in the offering, disclosures would be expected to consist of financial statements for the underlying operating properties for the periods contemplated by Rule 3-14. Further, where loans on related properties are made to a single person or group of affiliated persons which in the aggregate amount to more than 20% of the amount expected to be raised, the staff believes that such lending arrangements result in a sufficient concentration of assets so as to warrant the inclusion of financial and other information regarding the underlying properties.

Question 2: Will the financial statements of the mortgaged properties be required in filings made under the 1934 Act?

Interpretive Response: Rule 3-09 of Regulation S-X specifies the requirement for significant, as defined, investments in operating entities, the operations of which are not included in the registrant's consolidated financial statements.¹⁴ Accordingly, the staff believes that the financial statements of properties securing significant loans which have the characteristics of real estate investments or joint ventures should be included in subsequent filings as required by Rule 3-09. The materiality threshold for determining whether such an investment is significant is the same as set forth in paragraph (a) of that Rule.¹⁵

Likewise, the staff believes that filings made under the 1934 Act should include the same financial and other information relating to properties underlying any loans which are significant as discussed in the last paragraph of Question 1, except that in the determination of significance the 20% disclosure threshold should be measured using total assets. The staff believes that this presentation would be consistent with Rule 12b-20 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Question 3: The interpretive response to question 1 indicates that the staff believes that the borrower's equity in an operating property is adequate to support accounting for the transaction as a mortgage loan when the borrower's initial investment meets the criteria in paragraph 11 of Statement 66 and the borrower's payments of principal and interest on the loan are adequate to maintain a continuing investment in the property which meets the criteria in paragraph 12 of Statement 66. Is it the staff's view that meeting these criteria is the only way the borrower's equity in the property is considered adequate to support accounting for the transaction as a mortgage loan?

Interpretive Response: No. It is the staff's position that the determination of whether loan accounting is appropriate for these arrangements should be made by the registrant and its independent accountants based on the facts and circumstances of the individual arrangements, using the guidance provided in the Exhibit I to the Appendix of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Bulletin 1 (November, 1987) ("Exhibit I to PB1"). As stated in Exhibit I to PB1, loan accounting may not be appropriate when the lender participates in expected residual profit and has virtually the same risks as those of an owner, or joint venturer. In assessing the question of whether the lender has virtually the same risks as an owner, or joint venturer, the essential test that needs to be addressed is whether the borrower has and is expected to continue to have a substantial amount at risk in the project.¹⁶ The criteria described in Statement 66 provide a "safe harbor" for determining whether the borrower has a substantial amount at risk in the form of a substantial equity investment. The borrower may have a substantial amount at risk without meeting the criteria described in Statement 66.

Question 4: What financial statements should be included in filings made under the Securities Act regarding investment-type arrangements that individually amount to 10% or more of total assets?

Interpretive Response: In the staff's view, separate audited financial statements should be provided for any investment-type arrangement that constitutes 10% or more of the greater of (i) the amount of minimum proceeds or (ii) the total assets of the registrant, including the amount of proceeds raised, as of the date the filing is required to be made. Of course, the narrative information required by items 14 and 15 of Form S-11 should also be included with respect to these investment-type arrangements.

Question 5: What information must be provided under the Securities Act for investment-type arrangements that individually amount to less than 10%?

Interpretive Response: No specific financial information need be presented for investment-type arrangements that amount to less than 10%. However, where such arrangements aggregate more than 20%, a narrative description of the general character of the properties and arrangements should be included that gives an investor an understanding of the risks and rewards associated with these arrangements. Such information may, for example, include a description of the terms of the arrangements, participation by the registrant in expected residual profits, and property types and locations.

Question 6: What financial statements should be included in annual reports filed under the Exchange Act with respect to investment-type arrangements that constitute 10% or more of the registrant's total assets?

Interpretive Response: In annual reports filed with the Commission, the staff has advised registrants that separate audited financial statements should be provided for each nonconsolidated investment-type arrangement that is 20% or more of the registrant's total assets. While the distribution is on-going, however, the percentage may be calculated using the greater of (i) the amount of the minimum proceeds or (ii) the total assets of the registrant, including the amount of proceeds raised, as of the date the filing is required to be made. In annual reports to shareholders registrants may either include the separate audited financial statements for 20% or more nonconsolidated investment-type arrangements or, if those financial statements are not included, present summarized financial information for those arrangements in the notes to the registrant's financial statements.

The staff has also indicated that separate summarized financial information (as defined in Rule 1-02(bb) of Regulation S-X) should be provided in the footnotes to the registrant's financial statements for each nonconsolidated investment-type arrangement that is 10% or more but less than 20%. Of course, registrants should also make appropriate textural disclosure with respect to material investment-type arrangements in the "business" and "property" sections of their annual reports to the Commission.¹⁷

Question 7: What information should be provided in annual reports filed under the Exchange Act with respect to investment-type arrangements that do not meet the 10% threshold?

Interpretive Response: The staff believes it will not be necessary to provide any financial information (full or summarized) for investment-type arrangements that do not meet the 10% threshold. However, in the staff's view, where such arrangements aggregate more than 20%, a narrative description of the general character of the properties and arrangements would be necessary. The staff believes that information should be included that would give an investor an understanding of the risks and rewards associated with these arrangements. Such information may, for example, include a description of the terms of the arrangements, participation by the registrant in expected residual profits, and property types and locations. Of course, disclosure regarding the operations of such components should be included as part of the Management's Discussion and Analysis where there is a known trend or uncertainty in the operations of such properties, either individually or in the aggregate, which would be reasonably likely to result in a material impact on the registrant's future operations, liquidity or capital resources.

J. Application Of Rule 3-05 In Initial Public Offerings

Facts: Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X establishes the financial statement requirements for businesses acquired or to be acquired. If required, financial statements must be provided for one, two or three years depending upon the relative significance of the acquired entity as determined by the application of Rule 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X. The calculations required for these tests are applied by comparison of the financial data of the registrant and acquiree(s) for the fiscal years most recently completed prior to the acquisition. The staff has recognized that these tests literally applied in some initial public offerings may require financial statements for an acquired entity which may not be significant to investors because the registrant has had substantial growth in assets and earnings in recent years.¹⁸

Question: How should Rules 3-05 and 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X be applied in determining the periods for which financial statements of acquirees are required to be included in registration statements for initial public offerings?

Interpretive Response: It is the staff's view that initial public offerings involving businesses that have been built by the aggregation of discrete businesses that remain substantially intact after acquisition¹⁹ were not contemplated during the drafting of Rule 3-05 and that the significance of an acquired entity in such situations may be better measured in relation to the size of the registrant at the time the registration statement is filed, rather than its size at the time the acquisition was made. Therefore, for a first time registrant, the staff has indicated that in applying the significance tests in Rule 3-05, the three tests in Rule 1-02(w) generally can be measured against the combined entities, including those to be acquired, which comprise the registrant at the time the registration statement is filed. The staff's policy is intended to ensure that the registration statement will include not less than three, two and one year(s) of audited financial statements for not less than 60%, 80% and 90%, respectively, of the constituent businesses that will comprise the registrant on an ongoing basis. In all circumstances, the audited financial statements of the registrant are required for three years, or since its inception if less than three years. The requirement to provide the audited financial statements of a constituent business in the registration statement is satisfied for the post-acquisition period by including the entity's results in the audited consolidated financial statements of the registrant. If additional periods are required, the entity's separate audited financial statements for the immediate pre-acquisition period(s) should be presented.²⁰

In order for the pre-acquisition audited financial statements of an acquiree to be omitted from the registration statement, the following conditions must be met:

1. the combined significance of businesses acquired or to be acquired for which audited financial statements cover a period of less than 9 months²¹ may not exceed 10%;

2. the combined significance of businesses acquired or to be acquired for which audited financial statements cover a period of less than 21 months may not exceed 20%; and

3. the combined significance of businesses acquired or to be acquired for which audited financial statements cover a period of less than 33 months may not exceed 40%.

Combined significance is the total, for all included companies, of each individual company's highest level of significance computed under the three tests of significance. The significance tests should be applied to pro forma financial statements of the registrant, prepared in a manner consistent with Article 11 of Regulation S-X. The pro forma balance sheet should be as of the date of the registrant's latest balance sheet included in the registration statement, and should give effect to businesses acquired subsequent to the end of the latest year or to be acquired as if they had been acquired on that date. The pro forma statement of operations should be for the registrant's most recent fiscal year included in the registration statement and should give effect to all acquisitions consummated during and subsequent to the end of the year and probable acquisitions as if they had been consummated at the beginning of that fiscal year.

The three tests specified in Rule 1-02(w) should be made in comparison to the registrant's pro forma consolidated assets and pretax income from continuing operations. The assets and pretax income of the acquired businesses which are being evaluated for significance should reflect any new cost basis arising from purchase accounting.

Example: On February 20, 20X9 Registrant files Form S-1 containing its audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the three years ended December 31, 20X8. Acquisitions since inception have been:

Acquiree	Fiscal Year End	Date of Acquisition	Highest Significance at Acquisition
A	3/31	1/1/x7	60%
B	7/31	4/1/x7	45%
C	9/30	9/1/x7	40%
D	12/31	2/1/x8	21%
E	3/31	11/1/x8	11%
F	12/31	To be acquired	11%

The following table reflects the application of the significance tests to the combined financial information at the time the registration statement is filed.

	-----------	Significance of	--------------
Component Entity	Assets	Earnings	Investment	Highest Level of Significance
A	12%	23%	12%	23%
B	10%	21%	10%	21%
C	21%	3%	4%	21%
D	10%	5%	13%	13%
E	4%	9% loss	3%	9%
F	2%	11%	6%	11%

Year 1 (most recent fiscal year) - Entity E is the only acquiree for which pre-acquisition financial statements may be omitted for the latest year since significance for each other entity exceeds 10% under one or more test.

Year 2 (preceding fiscal year) - Financial statements for E and F may be omitted since their combined significance is 20% and no other combination can be formed with E which would not exceed 20%.

Year 3 (second preceding fiscal year) - Financial statements for D, E and F may be omitted since the combined significance of these entities is 33%²² and no other combination can be formed with E and F which would not exceed 40%.

The financial statement requirements must be satisfied by filing separate pre-acquisition audited financial statements for each entity that was not included in the consolidated financial statements for the periods set forth above. The following table illustrates the requirements for this example.

Component Entity	Date of Acquisition	Minimum Financial Statement Requirement	Period in Consolidated Financial Statements	Separate Pre-acquisition Audited Financial Statement
		-----------	(months)-----	----------
Registrant	N/A	33	36	---
A	1/1/x7	33	24	9
B	4/1/x7	33	21	1223
C	9/1/x7	33	16	17
D	2/1/x8	21	11	10
E	11/1/x8	---	2	---
F	To be acquired	9	---	9

K. Financial Statements Of Acquired Troubled Financial Institutions

Facts: Federally insured depository institutions are subject to regulatory oversight by various federal agencies including the Federal Reserve, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Office of Thrift Supervision. During the 1980s, certain of these institutions experienced significant financial difficulties resulting in their inability to meet necessary capital and other regulatory requirements. The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 was adopted to address various issues affecting this industry.

Many troubled institutions have merged into stronger institutions or reduced the scale of their operations through the sale of branches and other assets pursuant to recommendation or directives of the regulatory agencies. In other situations, institutions that were taken over by or operated under the management of a federal regulator have been reorganized, sold or transferred by that federal agency to financial and nonfinancial companies.

A number of registrants have acquired, or are contemplating acquisition of, these troubled financial institutions. Complete audited financial statements of the institutions for the periods necessary to comply fully with Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X may not be reasonably available in some cases. Some troubled institutions have never obtained an audit while others have been operated under receivership by regulators for a significant period without audit. Auditors' reports on the financial statements of some of these acquirees may not satisfy the requirements of Rule 2-02 of Regulation S-X because they contain qualifications due to audit scope limitations or disclaim an opinion.

A registrant that acquires a troubled financial institution for which complete audited financial statements are not reasonably available may be precluded from raising capital through a public offering of securities for up to three years following the acquisition because of the inability to comply with Rule 3-05.

Question 1: Are there circumstances under which the staff would conclude that financial statements of an acquired troubled financial institution are not required by Rule 3-05?

Interpretive Response: Yes. In some case, financial statements will not be required because there is not sufficient continuity of the acquired entity's operations prior to and after the acquisition, so that disclosure of prior financial information is material to an understanding of future operations, as discussed in Rule 11-01 of Regulation S-X. For example, such a circumstance may exist in the case of an acquisition solely of the physical facilities of a banking branch with assumption of the related deposits if neither income-producing assets (other than treasury bills and similar low-risk investment) nor the management responsible for its historical investment and lending activities transfer with the branch to the registrant. In this and other circumstances, where the registrant can persuasively demonstrate that continuity of operations is substantially lacking and a representation to this effect is included in the filing, the staff will not object to the omission of financial statements. However, applicable disclosures specified by Industry Guide 3, Article 11 of Regulation S-X (pro forma information), and other information which is descriptive of the transaction and of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed should be furnished to the extent reasonably available.

Question 2: If the acquired financial institution is found to constitute a business having material continuity of operations after the transaction, are there circumstances in which the staff will waive the requirements of Rule 3-05?

Interpretive Response: Yes. The staff believes the circumstances surrounding the present restructuring of U.S. depository institutions are unique. Accordingly, the staff has identified situations in which it will grant a waiver of the requirements of Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X to the extent that audited financial statements are not reasonably available.

For purposes of this waiver a "troubled financial institution" is one which either:

1. Is in receivership, conservatorship or is otherwise operating under a similar supervisory agreement with a federal financial regulatory agency; or

2. Is controlled by a federal regulatory agency; or

3. Is acquired in a federally assisted transaction.

A registrant that acquires a troubled financial institution that is deemed significant pursuant to Rule 3-05 may omit audited financial statements of the acquired entity, if such statements are not reasonably available and the total acquired assets of the troubled institution do not exceed 20% of the registrant's assets before giving effect to the acquisition. The staff will consider requests for waivers in situations involving more significant acquisitions, where federal financial assistance or guarantees are an essential part of the transaction, or where the nature and magnitude of federal assistance is so pervasive as to substantially reduce the relevance of such information to an assessment of future operations. Where financial statements are waived, disclosure concerning the acquired business as outlined in response to Question 3 must be furnished.

Question 3: Where historical financial statements meeting the requirements of Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X are waived, what financial statements and other disclosures would the staff expect to be provided in filings with the Commission?

Interpretive Response: Where complete audited historical financial statements of a significant acquiree that is a troubled financial institution are not provided, the staff would expect filings to include an audited statement of assets acquired and liabilities assumed if the acquisition is not already reflected in the registrant's most recent audited balance sheet at the time the filing is made. Where reasonably available, unaudited statement of operations and cash flows that are prepared in accordance with GAAP and otherwise comply with Regulation S-X should be filed in lieu of any audited financial statements which are not provided if historical information may be relevant.

In all cases where a registrant succeeds to assets and/or liabilities of a troubled financial institution which are significant to the registrant pursuant to the tests in Rule 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X, narrative description should be required, quantified to the extent practicable, of the anticipated effects of the acquisition on the registrant's financial condition, liquidity, capital resources and operating results. If federal financial assistance (including any commitments, agreements or understandings made with respect to capital, accounting or other forbearances) may be material, the limits, conditions and other variables affecting its availability should be disclosed, along with an analysis of its likely short term and long term effects on cash flows and reported results.

If the transaction will result in the recognition of any significant intangibles that cannot be separately sold, such as goodwill or a core deposit intangible, the discussion of the transaction should describe the amount of such intangibles, the necessarily subjective nature of the estimation of the life and value of such intangibles, and the effects upon future results of operations, liquidity and capital resources, including any consequences if a recognized intangible will be excluded from the calculation of capital for regulatory purposes. The discussion of the impact on future operations should specifically address the period over which intangibles will be amortized and the period over which any discounts on acquired assets will be taken into income. If amortization of intangibles will be over a period which differs from the period over which income from discounts on acquired assets will be recognized (whether from amortization of discounts or sale of discounted assets), disclosure should be provided concerning the disparate effects of the amortization and income recognition on operating results for all affected periods.

Information specified by Industry Guide 3 should be furnished to the extent applicable and reasonably available. For the categories identified in the Industry Guide, the registrant should disclose the carrying value of loans and investments acquired, as well as their principal amount and average contractual yield and term. Amounts of acquired investments, loans, or other assets that are nonaccrual, past due or restructured, or for which other collectibility problems are indicated should be disclosed. Where historical financial statements of the acquired entity are furnished, pro forma information presented pursuant to Rule 11-02 should be supplemented as necessary with a discussion of the likely effects of any federal assistance and changes in operations subsequent to the acquisition. To the extent historical financial statements meeting all the requirements of Rule 3-05 are not furnished, the filing should include an explanation of the basis for their omission.

Question 4: If an audited statement of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is required, but certain of the assets conveyed in the transaction are subject to rights allowing the registrant to put the assets back to the seller upon completion of a due diligence review, will the staff grant an extension of time for filing the required financial statement until the put period lapses?

Interpretive Response: If it is impracticable to provide an audited statement at the time the Form 8-K reporting the transaction is filed, an extension of time is available under certain circumstances. Specifically, if more than 25% of the acquired assets may be put and the put period does not exceed 120 days, the registrant should timely file a statement of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on an unaudited basis with full disclosure of the terms and amounts of the put arrangement. Within 21 days after the put period lapses, the registrant should furnish an audited statement of assets acquired and liabilities assumed unless the effects of the transaction are already reflected in an audited balance sheet which has been filed with the Commission. However, until the audited financial statement has been filed, certain offerings under the Securities Act of 1933 would be prevented, as described in Instruction 1 to Item 7 of Form 8-K.

L. Deleted by SAB 103

M. Materiality

1. Assessing materiality

Facts: During the course of preparing or auditing year-end financial statements, financial management or the registrant's independent auditor becomes aware of misstatements in a registrant's financial statements. When combined, the misstatements result in a 4% overstatement of net income and a $.02 (4%) overstatement of earnings per share. Because no item in the registrant's consolidated financial statements is misstated by more than 5%, management and the independent auditor conclude that the deviation from GAAP is immaterial and that the accounting is permissible.²⁴

Question: Each Statement of Financial Accounting Standards adopted by the FASB states, "The provisions of this Statement need not be applied to immaterial items." In the staff's view, may a registrant or the auditor of its financial statements assume the immateriality of items that fall below a percentage threshold set by management or the auditor to determine whether amounts and items are material to the financial statements?

Interpretive Response: No. The staff is aware that certain registrants, over time, have developed quantitative thresholds as "rules of thumb" to assist in the preparation of their financial statements, and that auditors also have used these thresholds in their evaluation of whether items might be considered material to users of a registrant's financial statements. One rule of thumb in particular suggests that the misstatement or omission²⁵ of an item that falls under a 5% threshold is not material in the absence of particularly egregious circumstances, such as self-dealing or misappropriation by senior management. The staff reminds registrants and the auditors of their financial statements that exclusive reliance on this or any percentage or numerical threshold has no basis in the accounting literature or the law.

The use of a percentage as a numerical threshold, such as 5%, may provide the basis for a preliminary assumption that - without considering all relevant circumstances - a deviation of less than the specified percentage with respect to a particular item on the registrant's financial statements is unlikely to be material. The staff has no objection to such a "rule of thumb" as an initial step in assessing materiality. But quantifying, in percentage terms, the magnitude of a misstatement is only the beginning of an analysis of materiality; it cannot appropriately be used as a substitute for a full analysis of all relevant considerations. Materiality concerns the significance of an item to users of a registrant's financial statements. A matter is "material" if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable person would consider it important. In its Concepts Statement 2, the FASB stated the essence of the concept of materiality as follows:

The omission or misstatement of an item in a financial report is material if, in the light of surrounding circumstances, the magnitude of the item is such that it is probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying upon the report would have been changed or influenced by the inclusion or correction of the item.²⁶

This formulation in the accounting literature is in substance identical to the formulation used by the courts in interpreting the federal securities laws. The Supreme Court has held that a fact is material if there is -

a substantial likelihood that the...fact would have been viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the "total mix" of information made available.²⁷

Under the governing principles, an assessment of materiality requires that one views the facts in the context of the "surrounding circumstances," as the accounting literature puts it, or the "total mix" of information, in the words of the Supreme Court. In the context of a misstatement of a financial statement item, while the "total mix" includes the size in numerical or percentage terms of the misstatement, it also includes the factual context in which the user of financial statements would view the financial statement item. The shorthand in the accounting and auditing literature for this analysis is that financial management and the auditor must consider both "quantitative" and "qualitative" factors in assessing an item's materiality.²⁸ Court decisions, Commission rules and enforcement actions, and accounting and auditing literature²⁹ have all considered "qualitative" factors in various contexts.

The FASB has long emphasized that materiality cannot be reduced to a numerical formula. In its Concepts Statement 2, the FASB noted that some had urged it to promulgate quantitative materiality guides for use in a variety of situations. The FASB rejected such an approach as representing only a "minority view, stating -

The predominant view is that materiality judgments can properly be made only by those who have all the facts. The Board's present position is that no general standards of materiality could be formulated to take into account all the considerations that enter into an experienced human judgment.³⁰

The FASB noted that, in certain limited circumstances, the Commission and other authoritative bodies had issued quantitative materiality guidance, citing as examples guidelines ranging from one to ten percent with respect to a variety of disclosures.³¹ And it took account of contradictory studies, one showing a lack of uniformity among auditors on materiality judgments, and another suggesting widespread use of a "rule of thumb" of five to ten percent of net income.³² The FASB also considered whether an evaluation of materiality could be based solely on anticipating the market's reaction to accounting information.³³

The FASB rejected a formulaic approach to discharging "the onerous duty of making materiality decisions"³⁴ in favor of an approach that takes into account all the relevant considerations. In so doing, it made clear that -

[M]agnitude by itself, without regard to the nature of the item and the circumstances in which the judgment has to be made, will not generally be a sufficient basis for a materiality judgment.³⁵

Evaluation of materiality requires a registrant and its auditor to consider all the relevant circumstances, and the staff believes that there are numerous circumstances in which misstatements below 5% could well be material. Qualitative factors may cause misstatements of quantitatively small amounts to be material; as stated in the auditing literature:

As a result of the interaction of quantitative and qualitative considerations in materiality judgments, misstatements of relatively small amounts that come to the auditor's attention could have a material effect on the financial statements.³⁶

Among the considerations that may well render material a quantitatively small misstatement of a financial statement item are -

• whether the misstatement arises from an item capable of precise measurement or whether it arises from an estimate and, if so, the degree of imprecision inherent in the estimate³⁷

• whether the misstatement masks a change in earnings or other trends

• whether the misstatement hides a failure to meet analysts' consensus expectations for the enterprise

• whether the misstatement changes a loss into income or vice versa

• whether the misstatement concerns a segment or other portion of the registrant's business that has been identified as playing a significant role in the registrant's operations or profitability

• whether the misstatement affects the registrant's compliance with regulatory requirements

• whether the misstatement affects the registrant's compliance with loan covenants or other contractual requirements

• whether the misstatement has the effect of increasing management's compensation - for example, by satisfying requirements for the award of bonuses or other forms of incentive compensation

• whether the misstatement involves concealment of an unlawful transaction.

This is not an exhaustive list of the circumstances that may affect the materiality of a quantitatively small misstatement.³⁸ Among other factors, the demonstrated volatility of the price of a registrant's securities in response to certain types of disclosures may provide guidance as to whether investors regard quantitatively small misstatements as material. Consideration of potential market reaction to disclosure of a misstatement is by itself "too blunt an instrument to be depended on" in considering whether a fact is material.³⁹ When, however, management or the independent auditor expects (based, for example, on a pattern of market performance) that a known misstatement may result in a significant positive or negative market reaction, that expected reaction should be taken into account when considering whether a misstatement is material.⁴⁰

For the reasons noted above, the staff believes that a registrant and the auditors of its financial statements should not assume that even small intentional misstatements in financial statements, for example those pursuant to actions to "manage" earnings, are immaterial.⁴¹ While the intent of management does not render a misstatement material, it may provide significant evidence of materiality. The evidence may be particularly compelling where management has intentionally misstated items in the financial statements to "manage" reported earnings. In that instance, it presumably has done so believing that the resulting amounts and trends would be significant to users of the registrant's financial statements.⁴² The staff believes that investors generally would regard as significant a management practice to over- or under-state earnings up to an amount just short of a percentage threshold in order to "manage" earnings. Investors presumably also would regard as significant an accounting practice that, in essence, rendered all earnings figures subject to a management-directed margin of misstatement.

The materiality of a misstatement may turn on where it appears in the financial statements. For example, a misstatement may involve a segment of the registrant's operations. In that instance, in assessing materiality of a misstatement to the financial statements taken as a whole, registrants and their auditors should consider not only the size of the misstatement but also the significance of the segment information to the financial statements taken as a whole.⁴³ "A misstatement of the revenue and operating profit of a relatively small segment that is represented by management to be important to the future profitability of the entity"⁴⁴ is more likely to be material to investors than a misstatement in a segment that management has not identified as especially important. In assessing the materiality of misstatements in segment information - as with materiality generally -

situations may arise in practice where the auditor will conclude that a matter relating to segment information is qualitatively material even though, in his or her judgment, it is quantitatively immaterial to the financial statements taken as a whole.⁴⁵

Aggregating and Netting Misstatements

In determining whether multiple misstatements cause the financial statements to be materially misstated, registrants and the auditors of their financial statements should consider each misstatement separately and the aggregate effect of all misstatements.⁴⁶ A registrant and its auditor should evaluate misstatements in light of quantitative and qualitative factors and "consider whether, in relation to individual amounts, subtotals, or totals in the financial statements, they materially misstate the financial statements taken as a whole."⁴⁷ This requires consideration of -

the significance of an item to a particular entity (for example, inventories to a manufacturing company), the pervasiveness of the misstatement (such as whether it affects the presentation of numerous financial statement items), and the effect of the misstatement on the financial statements taken as a whole....⁴⁸

Registrants and their auditors first should consider whether each misstatement is material, irrespective of its effect when combined with other misstatements. The literature notes that the analysis should consider whether the misstatement of "individual amounts" causes a material misstatement of the financial statements taken as a whole. As with materiality generally, this analysis requires consideration of both quantitative and qualitative factors.

If the misstatement of an individual amount causes the financial statements as a whole to be materially misstated, that effect cannot be eliminated by other misstatements whose effect may be to diminish the impact of the misstatement on other financial statement items. To take an obvious example, if a registrant's revenues are a material financial statement item and if they are materially overstated, the financial statements taken as a whole will be materially misleading even if the effect on earnings is completely offset by an equivalent overstatement of expenses.

Even though a misstatement of an individual amount may not cause the financial statements taken as a whole to be materially misstated, it may nonetheless, when aggregated with other misstatements, render the financial statements taken as a whole to be materially misleading. Registrants and the auditors of their financial statements accordingly should consider the effect of the misstatement on subtotals or totals. The auditor should aggregate all misstatements that affect each subtotal or total and consider whether the misstatements in the aggregate affect the subtotal or total in a way that causes the registrant's financial statements taken as a whole to be materially misleading.⁴⁹

The staff believes that, in considering the aggregate effect of multiple misstatements on a subtotal or total, registrants and the auditors of their financial statements should exercise particular care when considering whether to offset (or the appropriateness of offsetting) a misstatement of an estimated amount with a misstatement of an item capable of precise measurement. As noted above, assessments of materiality should never be purely mechanical; given the imprecision inherent in estimates, there is by definition a corresponding imprecision in the aggregation of misstatements involving estimates with those that do not involve an estimate.

Registrants and auditors also should consider the effect of misstatements from prior periods on the current financial statements. For example, the auditing literature states,

Matters underlying adjustments proposed by the auditor but not recorded by the entity could potentially cause future financial statements to be materially misstated, even though the auditor has concluded that the adjustments are not material to the current financial statements.⁵⁰

This may be particularly the case where immaterial misstatements recur in several years and the cumulative effect becomes material in the current year.

2. Immaterial misstatements that are intentional

Facts: A registrant's management intentionally has made adjustments to various financial statement items in a manner inconsistent with GAAP. In each accounting period in which such actions were taken, none of the individual adjustments is by itself material, nor is the aggregate effect on the financial statements taken as a whole material for the period. The registrant's earnings "management" has been effected at the direction or acquiescence of management in the belief that any deviations from GAAP have been immaterial and that accordingly the accounting is permissible.

Question: In the staff's view, may a registrant make intentional immaterial misstatements in its financial statements?

Interpretive Response: No. In certain circumstances, intentional immaterial misstatements are unlawful.

Considerations of the books and records provisions under the Exchange Act

Even if misstatements are immaterial,⁵¹ registrants must comply with Sections 13(b)(2) - (7) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act").⁵² Under these provisions, each registrant with securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act,⁵³ or required to file reports pursuant to Section 15(d),⁵⁴ must make and keep books, records, and accounts, which, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets of the registrant and must maintain internal accounting controls that are sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that, among other things, transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP.⁵⁵ In this context, determinations of what constitutes "reasonable assurance" and "reasonable detail" are based not on a "materiality" analysis but on the level of detail and degree of assurance that would satisfy prudent officials in the conduct of their own affairs.⁵⁶ Accordingly, failure to record accurately immaterial items, in some instances, may result in violations of the securities laws.

The staff recognizes that there is limited authoritative guidance⁵⁷ regarding the "reasonableness" standard in Section 13(b)(2) of the Exchange Act. A principal statement of the Commission's policy in this area is set forth in an address given in 1981 by then Chairman Harold M. Williams.⁵⁸ In his address, Chairman Williams noted that, like materiality, "reasonableness" is not an "absolute standard of exactitude for corporate records."⁵⁹ Unlike materiality, however, "reasonableness" is not solely a measure of the significance of a financial statement item to investors. "Reasonableness," in this context, reflects a judgment as to whether an issuer's failure to correct a known misstatement implicates the purposes underlying the accounting provisions of Sections 13(b)(2) - (7) of the Exchange Act.⁶⁰

In assessing whether a misstatement results in a violation of a registrant's obligation to keep books and records that are accurate "in reasonable detail," registrants and their auditors should consider, in addition to the factors discussed above concerning an evaluation of a misstatement's potential materiality, the factors set forth below.

• The significance of the misstatement. Though the staff does not believe that registrants need to make finely calibrated determinations of significance with respect to immaterial items, plainly it is "reasonable" to treat misstatements whose effects are clearly inconsequential differently than more significant ones.

• How the misstatement arose. It is unlikely that it is ever "reasonable" for registrants to record misstatements or not to correct known misstatements - even immaterial ones - as part of an ongoing effort directed by or known to senior management for the purposes of "managing" earnings. On the other hand, insignificant misstatements that arise from the operation of systems or recurring processes in the normal course of business generally will not cause a registrant's books to be inaccurate "in reasonable detail."⁶¹

• The cost of correcting the misstatement. The books and records provisions of the Exchange Act do not require registrants to make major expenditures to correct small misstatements.⁶² Conversely, where there is little cost or delay involved in correcting a misstatement, failing to do so is unlikely to be "reasonable."

• The clarity of authoritative accounting guidance with respect to the misstatement. Where reasonable minds may differ about the appropriate accounting treatment of a financial statement item, a failure to correct it may not render the registrant's financial statements inaccurate "in reasonable detail." Where, however, there is little ground for reasonable disagreement, the case for leaving a misstatement uncorrected is correspondingly weaker.

There may be other indicators of "reasonableness" that registrants and their auditors may ordinarily consider. Because the judgment is not mechanical, the staff will be inclined to continue to defer to judgments that "allow a business, acting in good faith, to comply with the Act's accounting provisions in an innovative and cost-effective way."⁶³

The Auditor's Response to Intentional Misstatements

Section 10A(b) of the Exchange Act requires auditors to take certain actions upon discovery of an "illegal act."⁶⁴ The statute specifies that these obligations are triggered "whether or not [the illegal acts are] perceived to have a material effect on the financial statements of the issuer...." Among other things, Section 10A(b)(1) requires the auditor to inform the appropriate level of management of an illegal act (unless clearly inconsequential) and assure that the registrant's audit committee is "adequately informed" with respect to the illegal act.

As noted, an intentional misstatement of immaterial items in a registrant's financial statements may violate Section 13(b)(2) of the Exchange Act and thus be an illegal act. When such a violation occurs, an auditor must take steps to see that the registrant's audit committee is "adequately informed" about the illegal act. Because Section 10A(b)(1) is triggered regardless of whether an illegal act has a material effect on the registrant's financial statements, where the illegal act consists of a misstatement in the registrant's financial statements, the auditor will be required to report that illegal act to the audit committee irrespective of any "netting" of the misstatements with other financial statement items.

The requirements of Section 10A echo the auditing literature. See, for example, SAS Nos. 54 and 99. Pursuant to paragraph 77 of SAS 99, if the auditor determines there is evidence that fraud may exist, the auditor must discuss the matter with the appropriate level of management that is at least one level above those involved, and with senior management and the audit committee. The auditor must report directly to the audit committee fraud involving senior management and fraud that causes a material misstatement of the financial statements. Paragraph 6 of SAS 99 states that "misstatements arising from fraudulent financial reporting are intentional misstatements or omissions of amounts or disclosures in financial statements designed to deceive financial statement users . . ."⁶⁵ SAS 99 further states that fraudulent financial reporting may involve falsification or alteration of accounting records; misrepresenting or omitting events, transactions or other information in the financial statements; and the intentional misapplication of accounting principles relating to amounts, classifications, the manner of presentation, or disclosures in the financial statements.⁶⁶ The clear implication of SAS 99 is that immaterial misstatements may be fraudulent financial reporting.⁶⁷

Auditors that learn of intentional misstatements may also be required to (1) re-evaluate the degree of audit risk involved in the audit engagement, (2) determine whether to revise the nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures accordingly, and (3) consider whether to resign.⁶⁸

Intentional misstatements also may signal the existence of reportable conditions or material weaknesses in the registrant's system of internal accounting control designed to detect and deter improper accounting and financial reporting.⁶⁹ As stated by the National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting, also known as the Treadway Commission, in its 1987 report,

The tone set by top management -- the corporate environment or culture within which financial reporting occurs - is the most important factor contributing to the integrity of the financial reporting process. Notwithstanding an impressive set of written rules and procedures, if the tone set by management is lax, fraudulent financial reporting is more likely to occur.⁷⁰

An auditor is required to report to a registrant's audit committee any reportable conditions or material weaknesses in a registrant's system of internal accounting control that the auditor discovers in the course of the examination of the registrant's financial statements.⁷¹

GAAP precedence over industry practice

Some have argued to the staff that registrants should be permitted to follow an industry accounting practice even though that practice is inconsistent with authoritative accounting literature. This situation might occur if a practice is developed when there are few transactions and the accounting results are clearly inconsequential, and that practice never changes despite a subsequent growth in the number or materiality of such transactions. The staff disagrees with this argument. Authoritative literature takes precedence over industry practice that is contrary to GAAP.⁷²

General comments

This SAB is not intended to change current law or guidance in the accounting or auditing literature.⁷³ This SAB and the authoritative accounting literature cannot specifically address all of the novel and complex business transactions and events that may occur. Accordingly, registrants may account for, and make disclosures about, these transactions and events based on analogies to similar situations or other factors. The staff may not, however, always be persuaded that a registrant's determination is the most appropriate under the circumstances. When disagreements occur after a transaction or an event has been reported, the consequences may be severe for registrants, auditors, and, most importantly, the users of financial statements who have a right to expect consistent accounting and reporting for, and disclosure of, similar transactions and events. The staff, therefore, encourages registrants and auditors to discuss on a timely basis with the staff proposed accounting treatments for, or disclosures about, transactions or events that are not specifically covered by the existing accounting literature.

N. Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements when Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements

(Added by SAB 108)

Facts: During the course of preparing annual financial statements, a registrant is evaluating the materiality of an improper expense accrual (e.g., overstated liability) in the amount of $100, which has built up over 5 years, at $20 per year.⁷⁴ The registrant previously evaluated the misstatement as being immaterial to each of the prior year financial statements (i.e., years 1-4). For the purpose of evaluating materiality in the current year (i.e., year 5), the registrant quantifies the error as a $20 overstatement of expenses.

Question 1: Has the registrant appropriately quantified the amount of this error for the purpose of evaluating materiality for the current year?

Interpretive Response: No. In this example, the registrant has only quantified the effects of the identified unadjusted error that arose in the current year income statement. The staff believes a registrant’s materiality evaluation of an identified unadjusted error should quantify the effects of the identified unadjusted error on each financial statement and related financial statement disclosure.

Topic 1M notes that a materiality evaluation must be based on all relevant quantitative and qualitative factors.⁷⁵ This analysis generally begins with quantifying potential misstatements to be evaluated. There has been diversity in practice with respect to this initial step of a materiality analysis.

The diversity in approaches for quantifying the amount of misstatements primarily stems from the effects of misstatements that were not corrected at the end of the prior year (“prior year misstatements”). These prior year misstatements should be considered in quantifying misstatements in current year financial statements.

The techniques most commonly used in practice to accumulate and quantify misstatements are generally referred to as the “rollover” and “iron curtain” approaches.

The rollover approach, which is the approach used by the registrant in this example, quantifies a misstatement based on the amount of the error originating in the current year income statement. Thus, this approach ignores the effects of correcting the portion of the current year balance sheet misstatement that originated in prior years (i.e., it ignores the “carryover effects” of prior year misstatements).

The iron curtain approach quantifies a misstatement based on the effects of correcting the misstatement existing in the balance sheet at the end of the current year, irrespective of the misstatement’s year(s) of origination. Had the registrant in this fact pattern applied the iron curtain approach, the misstatement would have been quantified as a $100 misstatement based on the end of year balance sheet misstatement. Thus, the adjustment needed to correct the financial statements for the end of year error would be to reduce the liability by $100 with a corresponding decrease in current year expense.

As demonstrated in this example, the primary weakness of the rollover approach is that it can result in the accumulation of significant misstatements on the balance sheet that are deemed immaterial in part because the amount that originates in each year is quantitatively small. The staff is aware of situations in which a registrant, relying on the rollover approach, has allowed an erroneous item to accumulate on the balance sheet to the point where eliminating the improper asset or liability would itself result in a material error in the income statement if adjusted in the current year. Such registrants have sometimes concluded that the improper asset or liability should remain on the balance sheet into perpetuity.

In contrast, the primary weakness of the iron curtain approach is that it does not consider the correction of prior year misstatements in the current year (i.e., the reversal of the carryover effects) to be errors. Therefore, in this example, if the misstatement was corrected during the current year such that no error existed in the balance sheet at the end of the current year, the reversal of the $80 prior year misstatement would not be considered an error in the current year financial statements under the iron curtain approach. Implicitly, the iron curtain approach assumes that because the prior year financial statements were not materially misstated, correcting any immaterial errors that existed in those statements in the current year is the “correct” accounting, and is therefore not considered an error in the current year. Thus, utilization of the iron curtain approach can result in a misstatement in the current year income statement not being evaluated as an error at all.

The staff does not believe the exclusive reliance on either the rollover or iron curtain approach appropriately quantifies all misstatements that could be material to users of financial statements.

In describing the concept of materiality, FASB Concepts Statement No. 2, Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information, indicates that materiality determinations are based on whether “it is probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying upon the report would have been changed or influenced by the inclusion or correction of the item” (emphasis added).⁷⁶ The staff believes registrants must quantify the impact of correcting all misstatements, including both the carryover and reversing effects of prior year misstatements, on the current year financial statements. The staff believes that this can be accomplished by quantifying an error under both the rollover and iron curtain approaches as described above and by evaluating the error measured under each approach. Thus, a registrant’s financial statements would require adjustment when either approach results in quantifying a misstatement that is material, after considering all relevant quantitative and qualitative factors.

As a reminder, a change from an accounting principle that is not generally accepted to one that is generally accepted is a correction of an error.⁷⁷

The staff believes that the registrant should quantify the current year misstatement in this example using both the iron curtain approach (i.e., $100) and the rollover approach (i.e., $20). Therefore, if the $100 misstatement is considered material to the financial statements, after all of the relevant quantitative and qualitative factors are considered, the registrant’s financial statements would need to be adjusted.

It is possible that correcting an error in the current year could materially misstate the current year’s income statement. For example, correcting the $100 misstatement in the current year will:

• Correct the $20 error originating in the current year;
   
• Correct the $80 balance sheet carryover error that originated in Years 1 through 4; but also
   
• Misstate the current year income statement by $80.

If the $80 understatement of current year expense is material to the current year, after all of the relevant quantitative and qualitative factors are considered, the prior year financial statements should be corrected, even though such revision previously was and continues to be immaterial to the prior year financial statements. Correcting prior year financial statements for immaterial errors would not require previously filed reports to be amended.  Such correction may be made the next time the registrant files the prior year financial statements.

The following example further illustrates the staff’s views on quantifying misstatements, including the consideration of the effects of prior year misstatements:

Facts: During the course of preparing annual financial statements, a registrant is evaluating the materiality of a sales cut-off error in which $50 of revenue from the following year was recorded in the current year, thereby overstating accounts receivable by $50 at the end of the current year. In addition, a similar sales cut-off error existed at the end of the prior year in which $110 of revenue from the current year was recorded in the prior year. As a result of the combination of the current year and prior year cut-off errors, revenues in the current year are understated by $60 ($110 understatement of revenues at the beginning of the current year partially offset by a $50 overstatement of revenues at the end of the current year). The prior year error was evaluated in the prior year as being immaterial to those financial statements.

Question 2: How should the registrant quantify the misstatement in the current year financial statements?

Interpretive Response: The staff believes the registrant should quantify the current year misstatement in this example using both the iron curtain approach (i.e., $50) and the rollover approach (i.e., $60). Therefore, assuming a $60 misstatement is considered material to the financial statements, after all relevant quantitative and qualitative factors are considered, the registrant’s financial statements would need to be adjusted.

Further, in this example, recording an adjustment in the current year could alter the amount of the error affecting the current year financial statements. For instance:

• If only the $60 understatement of revenues were to be corrected in the current year, then the overstatement of current year end accounts receivable would increase to $110; or,
   
• If only the $50 overstatement of accounts receivable were to be corrected in the current year, then the understatement of current year revenues would increase to $110.

If the misstatement that exists after recording the adjustment in the current year financial statements is material (considering all relevant quantitative and qualitative factors), the prior year financial statements should be corrected, even though such revision previously was and continues to be immaterial to the prior year financial statements. Correcting prior year financial statements for immaterial errors would not require previously filed reports to be amended.  Such correction may be made the next time the registrant files the prior year financial statements.

If the cut-off error that existed in the prior year was not discovered until the current year, a separate analysis of the financial statements of the prior year (and any other prior year in which previously undiscovered errors existed) would need to be performed to determine whether such prior year financial statements were materially misstated. If that analysis indicates that the prior year financial statements are materially misstated, they would need to be restated in accordance with Statement 154.⁷⁸

Facts: When preparing its financial statements for years ending on or before November 15, 2006, a registrant quantified errors by using either the iron curtain approach or the rollover approach, but not both. Based on consideration of the guidance in this Staff Accounting Bulletin, the registrant concludes that errors existing in previously issued financial statements are material.

Question 3: Will the staff expect the registrant to restate prior period financial statements when first applying this guidance?

Interpretive Response: The staff will not object if a registrant⁷⁹ does not restate financial statements for fiscal years ending on or before November 15, 2006, if management properly applied its previous approach, either iron curtain or rollover, so long as all relevant qualitative factors were considered.

To provide full disclosure, registrants electing not to restate prior periods should reflect the effects of initially applying the guidance in Topic 1N in their annual financial statements covering the first fiscal year ending after November 15, 2006. The cumulative effect of the initial application should be reported in the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities as of the beginning of that fiscal year, and the offsetting adjustment should be made to the opening balance of retained earnings for that year. Registrants should disclose the nature and amount of each individual error being corrected in the cumulative adjustment. The disclosure should also include when and how each error being corrected arose and the fact that the errors had previously been considered immaterial.

Early application of the guidance in Topic 1N is encouraged in any report for an interim period of the first fiscal year ending after November 15, 2006, filed after the publication of this Staff Accounting Bulletin. In the event that the cumulative effect of application of the guidance in Topic 1N is first reported in an interim period other than the first interim period of the first fiscal year ending after November 15, 2006, previously filed interim reports need not be amended. However, comparative information presented in reports for interim periods of the first year subsequent to initial application should be adjusted to reflect the cumulative effect adjustment as of the beginning of the year of initial application. In addition, the disclosures of selected quarterly information required by Item 302 of Regulation S-K should reflect the adjusted results.

Endnotes:
1.	Paragraph 40 of Statement 109 states: "The consolidated amount of current and deferred tax expense for a group that files a consolidated tax return shall be allocated among the members of the group when those members issue separate financial statements. . . . The method adopted . . . shall be systematic, rational, and consistent with the broad principles established by [Statement 109]. A method that allocates current and deferred taxes to members of the group by applying [Statement 109] to each member as if it were a separate taxpayer meets those criteria.
2.	Item 801 of Regulation S-K.
3.	Rule 3-13 of Regulation S-X.
4.	Rule 15d-2 would be applicable if the annual report furnished with the Form S-4 was not for the registrant's most recent fiscal year. In such a situation, Rule 15d-2 would require the registrant to file a special report within 90 days after the effective date of the Form S-4 furnishing audited financial statements for the most recent fiscal year.
5.	Unaudited statements of income and cash flows should be furnished for the earliest period.
6.	"ADC Arrangements" was originally issued as a notice to practitioners (February 1986, as published in the April 1986 issue of the Journal of Accountancy). The notice to practitioners was reprinted without change as Exhibit I to the Appendix of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants' Practice Bulletin 1 (November, 1987).
7.	Acquisition, development and construction.
8.	The Emerging Issues Task Force ("EITF") was formed in 1984 to assist the Financial Accounting Standards Board in the early identification and resolution of emerging accounting issues. Topics to be discussed by the EITF are publicly announced prior to its meetings and minutes of all EITF meetings are available to the public.
9.	See Issue 86-21.
10.	The equity kicker (the expected residual profit) would typically not be separated from the host contract and accounted for as a derivative because paragraph 12(c) of Statement 133 exempts a hybrid contract from bifurcation if a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded equity kicker is not a derivative instrument subject to the requirements of Statement 133.
11.	Expected residual profit is defined in Exhibit I to PB1 as the amount of profit, whether called interest or another name, such as equity kicker, above a reasonable amount of interest and fees expected to be earned by the "lender."
12.	Statement 66 establishes standards for the recognition of profit on real estate sales transactions. Paragraph 11 states that the buyer's initial investment shall be adequate to demonstrate the buyer's commitment to pay for the property and shall indicate a reasonable likelihood that the seller will collect the receivable. Guidance on minimum initial investments in various types of real estate is provided in paragraphs 53 and 54 of Statement 66.
13.	Paragraph 12 of Statement 66 states that the buyer's continuing investment in a real estate transaction shall not qualify unless the buyer is contractually required to pay each year on its total debt for the purchase price of the property an amount at least equal to the level annual payment that would be needed to pay that debt and interest on the unpaid balance over not more than (a) 20 years for debt for land and (b) the customary amortization term of a first mortgage loan by an independent established lending institution for other real estate.
14.	Rule 3-14 states that the financial statements of an acquired property should be furnished if the acquisition took place during the period for which the registrant's income statements are required. Paragraph (b) of the Rule states that the information required by the Rule is not required to be included in a filing on Form 10-K. That exception is consistent with Item 8 of Form 10-K which excludes acquired company financial statements, which would otherwise be required by Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X, from inclusion in filings on that Form. Those exceptions are based, in part, on the fact that acquired properties and acquired companies will generally be included in the registrant's consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date.
15.	Rule 3-09(a) states, in part, that "[i]f any of the conditions set forth in [Rule] 1-02(w), substituting 20 percent for 10 percent in the tests used therein to determine significant subsidiary, are met . . . separate financial statements . . . shall be filed."
16.	Regarding the composition of the borrower's investment, paragraph 9b of Exhibit I to PB1 indicates that the borrower's investment may include the value of land or other assets contributed by the borrower, net of encumbrances. The staff emphasizes that such paragraph indicates, ". . .recently acquired property generally should be valued at no higher than cost . . " Thus, for such recently acquired property, appraisals will not be sufficient to justify the use of a value in excess of cost.
17.	Registrants are reminded that in filings on Form 8-K that are triggered in connection with an acquisition of an investment-type arrangement, separate audited financial statements are required for any such arrangement that individually constitutes 10% or more.
18.	An acquisition which was relatively significant in the earliest year for which a registrant is required to file financial statements may be insignificant to its latest fiscal year due to internal growth and/or subsequent acquisitions. Literally applied, Rules 3-05 and 1-02(w) might still require separate financial statements for the now insignificant acquisition.
19.	For example, nursing homes, hospitals or cable TV systems. This interpretation would not apply to businesses for which the relative significance of one portion of the business to the total business may be altered by post-acquisition decisions as to the allocation of incoming orders between plants or locations. This bulletin does not address all possible cases in which similar relief may be appropriate but, rather, attempts to describe a general framework within which administrative policy has been established.  In other distinguishable situations, registrants may request relief as appropriate to their individual facts and circumstances.
20.	If audited pre-acquisition financial statements of a business are necessary pursuant to the alternative tests described here, the interim period following that entity's latest pre-acquisition fiscal year end but prior to its acquisition by the registrant generally would be required to be audited.
21.	As a matter of policy the staff accepts financial statements for periods of not less than 9, 21 and 33 consecutive months (not more than 12 months may be included in any period reported on) as substantial compliance with requirements for financial statements for 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively.
22.	Combined significance is the sum of the significance of D's investment test (13%), E's earnings test (9%) and F's earnings test (11%).
23.	The audited pre-acquisition period need not correspond to the acquiree's pre-acquisition fiscal year. However, audited periods must not be for periods in excess of 12 months.
24.	AU 312 states that the auditor should consider audit risk and materiality both in (a) planning and setting the scope for the audit and (b) evaluating whether the financial statements taken as a whole are fairly presented in all material respects in conformity with GAAP. The purpose of this SAB is to provide guidance to financial management and independent auditors with respect to the evaluation of the materiality of misstatements that are identified in the audit process or preparation of the financial statements (i.e., (b) above). This SAB is not intended to provide definitive guidance for assessing "materiality" in other contexts, such as evaluations of auditor independence, as other factors may apply. There may be other rules that address financial presentation. See, e.g., Rule 2a-4, 17 CFR 270.2a-4, under the Investment Company Act of 1940.
25.	As used in this SAB, "misstatement" or "omission" refers to a financial statement assertion that would not be in conformity with GAAP.
26.	Concepts Statement 2, paragraph 132. See also Concepts Statement 2, Glossary of Terms - Materiality.
27.	TSC Industries v. Northway, Inc., 426 U.S. 438, 449 (1976). See also Basic, Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224 (1988). As the Supreme Court has noted, determinations of materiality require "delicate assessments of the inferences a `reasonable shareholder' would draw from a given set of facts and the significance of those inferences to him...." TSC Industries, 426 U.S. at 450.
28.	See, e.g., Concepts Statement 2, paragraphs 123-124; AU 312A.10 (materiality judgments are made in light of surrounding circumstances and necessarily involve both quantitative and qualitative considerations); AU 312A.34 ("Qualitative considerations also influence the auditor in reaching a conclusion as to whether misstatements are material."). As used in the accounting literature and in this SAB, "qualitative" materiality refers to the surrounding circumstances that inform an investor's evaluation of financial statement entries. Whether events may be material to investors for non-financial reasons is a matter not addressed by this SAB.
29.	See, e.g., Rule 1-02(o) of Regulation S-X, 17 CFR 210.1-02(o), Rule 405 of Regulation C, 17 CFR 230.405, and Rule 12b-2, 17 CFR 240.12b-2; AU 312A.10 - .11, 317.13, 411.04 n. 1, and 508.36; In re Kidder Peabody Securities Litigation, 10 F. Supp. 2d 398 (S.D.N.Y. 1998); Parnes v. Gateway 2000, Inc., 122 F.3d 539 (8th Cir. 1997); In re Westinghouse Securities Litigation, 90 F.3d 696 (3d Cir. 1996); In the Matter of W.R. Grace & Co., Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Release ("AAER") 1140 (June 30, 1999); In the Matter of Eugene Gaughan, AAER 1141 (June 30, 1999); In the Matter of Thomas Scanlon, AAER 1142 (June 30, 1999); and In re Sensormatic Electronics Corporation, Sec. Act Rel. No. 7518 (March 25, 1998).
30.	Concepts Statement 2, paragraph 131.
31.	Concepts Statement 2, paragraphs 131 and 166.
32.	Concepts Statement 2, paragraph 167.
33.	Concepts Statement 2, paragraphs 168-169.
34.	Concepts Statement 2, paragraph 170.
35.	Concepts Statement 2, paragraph 125.
36.	AU 312.11.
37.	As stated in Concepts Statement 2, paragraph 130: Another factor in materiality judgments is the degree of precision that is attainable in estimating the judgment item. The amount of deviation that is considered immaterial may increase as the attainable degree of precision decreases. For example, accounts payable usually can be estimated more accurately than can contingent liabilities arising from litigation or threats of it, and a deviation considered to be material in the first case may be quite trivial in the second. This SAB is not intended to change current law or guidance in the accounting literature regarding accounting estimates. See, e.g., Accounting Principles Board Opinion 20, Accounting Changes 10, 11, 31-33 (July 1971).
38.	The staff understands that the Big Five Audit Materiality Task Force ("Task Force") was convened in March of 1998 and has made recommendations to the Auditing Standards Board including suggestions regarding communications with audit committees about unadjusted misstatements. See generally Big Five Audit Materiality Task Force. "Materiality in a Financial Statement Audit - Considering Qualitative Factors When Evaluating Audit Findings" (August 1998).
39.	See Concepts Statement 2, paragraph 169.
40.	If management does not expect a significant market reaction, a misstatement still may be material and should be evaluated under the criteria discussed in this SAB.
41.	Intentional management of earnings and intentional misstatements, as used in this SAB, do not include insignificant errors and omissions that may occur in systems and recurring processes in the normal course of business. See notes 37 and 49 infra.
42.	Assessments of materiality should occur not only at year-end, but also during the preparation of each quarterly or interim financial statement. See, e.g., In the Matter of Venator Group, Inc., AAER 1049 (June 29, 1998).
43.	See, e.g., In the Matter of W.R. Grace & Co., AAER 1140 (June 30, 1999).
44.	AU 9326.33.
45.	Id.
46.	The auditing literature notes that the "concept of materiality recognizes that some matters, either individually or in the aggregate, are important for fair presentation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles." AU 312.03. See also AU 312.04.
47.	AU 312.34. Quantitative materiality assessments often are made by comparing adjustments to revenues, gross profit, pretax and net income, total assets, stockholders' equity, or individual line items in the financial statements. The particular items in the financial statements to be considered as a basis for the materiality determination depend on the proposed adjustment to be made and other factors, such as those identified in this SAB. For example, an adjustment to inventory that is immaterial to pretax income or net income may be material to the financial statements because it may affect a working capital ratio or cause the registrant to be in default of loan covenants.
48.	AU 508.36.
49.	AU 312.34.
50.	AU 380.09.
51.	FASB Statements generally provide that "[t]he provisions of this Statement need not be applied to immaterial items." This SAB is consistent with that provision of the Statements. In theory, this language is subject to the interpretation that the registrant is free intentionally to set forth immaterial items in financial statements in a manner that plainly would be contrary to GAAP if the misstatement were material. The staff believes that the FASB did not intend this result.
52.	15 U.S.C. 78m(b)(2) - (7).
53.	15 U.S.C. 78l.
54.	15 U.S.C. 78o(d).
55.	Criminal liability may be imposed if a person knowingly circumvents or knowingly fails to implement a system of internal accounting controls or knowingly falsifies books, records or accounts. 15 U.S.C. 78m(4) and (5). See also Rule 13b2-1 under the Exchange Act, 17 CFR 240.13b2-1, which states, "No person shall, directly or indirectly, falsify or cause to be falsified, any book, record or account subject to Section 13(b)(2)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act."
56.	15 U.S.C. 78m(b)(7). The books and records provisions of section 13(b) of the Exchange Act originally were passed as part of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"). In the conference committee report regarding the 1988 amendments to the FCPA, the committee stated: The conference committee adopted the prudent man qualification in order to clarify that the current standard does not connote an unrealistic degree of exactitude or precision. The concept of reasonableness of necessity contemplates the weighing of a number of relevant factors, including the costs of compliance. Cong. Rec. H2116 (daily ed. April 20, 1988).
57.	So far as the staff is aware, there is only one judicial decision that discusses Section 13(b)(2) of the Exchange Act in any detail, SEC v. World-Wide Coin Investments, Ltd., 567 F. Supp. 724 (N.D. Ga. 1983), and the courts generally have found that no private right of action exists under the accounting and books and records provisions of the Exchange Act. See e.g., Lamb v. Phillip Morris Inc., 915 F.2d 1024 (6th Cir. 1990) and JS Service Center Corporation v. General Electric Technical Services Company, 937 F. Supp. 216 (S.D.N.Y. 1996).
58.	The Commission adopted the address as a formal statement of policy in Securities Exchange Act Release No. 17500 (January 29, 1981), 46 FR 11544 (February 9, 1981), 21 SEC Docket 1466 (February 10, 1981).
59.	Id. at 46 FR 11546.
60.	Id.
61.	For example, the conference report regarding the 1988 amendments to the FCPA stated: The Conferees intend to codify current Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) enforcement policy that penalties not be imposed for insignificant or technical infractions or inadvertent conduct. The amendment adopt