As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 3, 2021

Registration No. 333-_______

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM S-3

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

California	95-2086631
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
Trio-Tech International Block 1008 Toa Payoh North Unit 03-09 Singapore 318996 (65) 6265 3300	Victor H.M. Ting Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Trio-Tech International Block 1008 Toa Payoh North Unit 03-09 Singapore 318996 (65) 6265 3300
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code of Registrant’s principal executive offices),	(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

From time to time after the effective date of this Registration Statement

(Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to public)

Copies of all communications, including all communications sent to the agent for service, should be sent to:

Victor H.M. Ting

Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Trio-Tech International

Block 1008 Toa Payoh North

Unit 03-09 Singapore 318996

(65) 6265 3300

Daniel W. Rumsey, Esq.

Jessica R. Sudweeks, Esq.

Disclosure Law Group,

a Professional Corporation

655 West Broadway, Suite 870

San Diego, California 92101

Tel: (619) 272-7050

Fax: (619) 330-2101

If the only securities being registered on this form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. ☐

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 of the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box. ☒

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, please check the following box. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

Title of each class of securities to be registered	Amount to be Registered (1)			Proposed Maximum Offering Price Per Unit			Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price			Amount of Registration Fee
Common Stock, no par value		(1	)		(1	)(2)		(1	)(2)	$	—
Warrants		(1	)		(1	)(2)		(1	)(2)		—
Debt Securities		(1	)		(1	)(2)		(1	)(2)		—
Units		(1	)		(1	)(2)		(1	)(2)		—
Total		(1	)				$	10,000,000		$	927	(3)

(1)	There are being registered hereunder such indeterminate number of shares of common stock, such indeterminate principal amount of debt securities and such indeterminate number of warrants and units as shall have an aggregate offering price not to exceed $10 million. If any debt securities are issued at an original issue discount, then the principal amount of such debt securities shall be in such greater amount as shall result in an aggregate offering price not to exceed $10 million, less the aggregate dollar amount of all securities previously issued hereunder. Any securities registered hereunder may be sold separately or as units with other securities registered hereunder. The securities registered also include such indeterminate number of shares of common stock and amount of debt securities as may be issued upon exchange for debt securities, upon exercise of warrants or pursuant to the anti-dilution provisions of any such securities. In addition, pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), the securities being registered hereunder include such indeterminate number of shares of common stock as may be issuable with respect to the securities being registered hereunder as a result of stock splits, stock dividends or similar transactions.
(2)	The proposed maximum aggregate offering price per class of security will be determined from time to time by the Registrant in connection with the issuance by the Registrant of the securities registered hereunder and is not specified as to each class of security.
(3)	Calculated pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act.

The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS SUBJECT TO COMPLETION DATED DECEMBER 3, 2021

$10,000,000

COMMON STOCK

DEBT SECURITIES

WARRANTS

UNITS

From time to time, we may offer and sell, in one or more offerings, up to $10,000,000 of any combination of the securities described in this prospectus. We may also offer securities as may be issuable upon conversion, repurchase, exchange or exercise of any securities registered hereunder, including any applicable anti-dilution provisions.

This prospectus provides a general description of the securities we may offer from time to time. Each time we offer securities, we will provide specific terms of the securities offered in a supplement to this prospectus. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you in connection with an offering. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should carefully read this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, as well as any documents incorporated by reference, before you invest in any of the securities being offered.

Our common stock is quoted on the NYSE American Exchange (“NYSE American”) under the symbol “TRT.” The last reported sale price of our common stock on December 2, 2021 was $8.53 per share.

We may offer and sell our securities to or through one or more agents, underwriters, dealers or other third parties or directly to one or more purchasers on a continuous or delayed basis. If agents, underwriters or dealers are used to sell our securities, we will name them and describe their compensation in a prospectus supplement. The price to the public of our securities and the net proceeds we expect to receive from the sale of such securities will also be set forth in a prospectus supplement. For additional information on the methods of sale, you should refer to the section entitled “Plan of Distribution” in this prospectus.

As of December 2, 2021, the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $22,800,750, which was calculated in accordance with General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3, based on 2,121,000 shares of outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates, at a price per share of $10.75 on November 24, 2021, which was the highest closing price of our common stock reported on the NYSE American within the last 60 days prior to the date of this filing.

Pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3, in no event will we sell the securities described in this prospectus in a public primary offering with a value exceeding more than one-third (1/3) of the aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates in any twelve (12)-month period, so long as the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates remains below $75.0 million.

Our business and investing in our securities involve significant risks. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties referenced under the heading “Risk Factors” on page 4 of this prospectus, as well as those contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus or the applicable prospectus supplement.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is December 3, 2021

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	PAGE
About This Prospectus	1
Company Overview	2
Risk Factors	4
Cautionary Notes Regarding Forward-Looking Statements	11
Use of Proceeds	12
Description of our Capital Stock	13
Description of our Debt Securities	14
Description of our Warrants	21
Description of our Units	23
Plan of Distribution	25
Legal Matters	26
Experts	26
Where You Can Find More Information	26
Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference	27

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is part of a registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), using a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may sell the securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings. This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities that may be offered. Each time we offer securities for sale, we will provide a prospectus supplement that contains information about the specific terms of that offering. Any prospectus supplement may also add or update information contained in this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and any prospectus supplement, together with additional information described below under “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference.”

You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and in any prospectus supplement. We have not authorized any other person to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are not making offers to sell or solicitations to buy the securities described in this prospectus in any jurisdiction in which an offer or solicitation is not authorized, or in which the person making that offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so or to anyone to whom it is unlawful to make an offer or solicitation. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement, as well as the information we file or previously filed with the SEC that we incorporate by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement, is accurate as of any date other than its respective date. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.

Unless otherwise stated or the context requires otherwise, references to “Trio-Tech,” “TTI,” “Company,” “Registrant,” “we,” “us” or “our” includes Trio-Tech International and its subsidiaries.

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COMPANY OVERVIEW

This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary does not contain all of the information you should consider before buying our securities. You should read the following summary together with the more detailed information appearing in this prospectus, including the section titled “Risk Factors” on page 4, before deciding whether to purchase our securities.

Overview

Trio-Tech International’s core business is and historically has been in the semiconductor industry (testing services, manufacturing-assembly) manufacturing and distribution. Revenue from the semiconductor industry accounted for 99.9% and 99.8% of our total revenue for fiscal years 2021 and 2020 respectively. The semiconductor industry has experienced periods of rapid growth, but has also experienced downturns, often in connection with, or in anticipation of, maturing product cycles of both semiconductor companies’ and their customers’ products and declines in general economic conditions. To reduce our risks associated with sole industry focus and customer concentration, the Company continues to put effort into expanding its line of businesses. The real estate segment contributed only 0.1% and 0.2% to the total revenue for fiscal 2021 and 2020 respectively and has been an insignificant business operation since the property market in China has slowed down due to control measures in China to cool surging property prices.

To achieve our strategic plan for our semiconductor business, we believe that we must pursue and win new business in the following areas:

● Primary markets – Capturing additional market share within our primary markets by offering superior products and services to address the needs of our major customers.

● Growing markets – Expanding our geographic reach in areas of the world with significant growth potential.

● New markets – Developing new products and technologies that serve wholly new markets.

● Complementary strategic relationships – Through complementary acquisitions or similar arrangements, we believe we can expand our markets and strengthen our competitive position. As part of our growth strategy, the Company continues to selectively assess opportunities to develop strategic relationships, including acquisitions, investments and joint development projects with key partners and other businesses.

Business Segments

Testing Services

Our testing services are rendered to manufacturers and purchasers of semiconductors and other entities who either lack testing capabilities or whose in-house screening facilities are insufficient for testing devices in order for them to make sure that these products meet certain commercial specifications. Customers outsource their test services either to accommodate fluctuations in output or to benefit from economies that can be offered by third party service providers.

Our laboratories perform a variety of tests, including stabilization bake, thermal shock, temperature cycling, mechanical shock, constant acceleration, gross and fine leak tests, electrical testing, microprocessor equipment contract cleaning services, static and dynamic burn-in tests, reliability lab services and vibration testing. We also perform qualification testing, consisting of intense tests conducted on small samples of output from manufacturers who require qualification of their processes and devices.

We use our own proprietary equipment for certain burn-in, centrifugal and leak tests, and commercially available equipment for various other environmental tests. We conduct the majority of our testing operations in Asia with facilities in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and China, which have been certified to the relevant ISO quality management standards.

Manufacturing

We manufacture both front-end and back-end semiconductor test equipment and related peripherals at our facilities in Singapore and the U.S.

Front-End Products

Artic Temperature Controlled Wafer Chucks

Artic Temperature Controlled Wafer Chucks are used for test, characterization and failure analysis of semiconductor wafers and such other components at accurately controlled cold and hot temperatures. These systems provide excellent performance to meet the most demanding customer applications. Several unique mechanical design features provide excellent mechanical stability under high probing forces and across temperature ranges.

Wet Process Stations

Wet Process Stations are used for cleaning, rinsing and drying semiconductor wafers, flat panel display magnetic disks, and other microelectronic substrates. After the etching or deposition of integrated circuits, wafers are typically sent through a series of 100 to 300 additional processing steps. At many of these processing steps, the wafer is washed and dried using Wet Process Stations.

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Back-End Products

Autoclaves and HAST (Highly Accelerated Stress Test) Equipment

We manufacture autoclaves, HAST systems and specialized test fixtures. Autoclaves provide pressurized, saturated vapor (100% relative humidity) test environments for fast and easy monitoring of integrated circuit manufacturing processes. HAST systems provide a fast and cost-effective alternative to conventional non-pressurized temperature and humidity testing.

Burn-in Equipment and Boards

We manufacture burn-in systems, burn-in boards and burn-in board test systems. Burn-in equipment is used to subject semiconductor devices to elevate temperatures while testing them electrically to identify early product failures and to assure long-term reliability. Burn-in boards are used to mount devices during high temperature environmental stressing tests.

We provide integrated burn-in automation solutions to improve products’ yield, reduce processing downtime and improve efficiency. In addition, we develop a cooling solution, which is used to cool or maintain the temperature of high power heat dissipation semiconductor devices.

Component Centrifuges and Leak Detection Equipment

We manufacture centrifuges that perform high speed constant acceleration to test the mechanical integrity of ceramic and other hermetically sealed semiconductor devices and electronic parts for high reliability and aerospace applications. Leak detection equipment is designed to detect leaks in hermetic packaging. The bubble tester is used for gross leak detection. A visual bubble trail will indicate when a device is defective.

Distribution

In addition to marketing our proprietary products, we distribute complementary products made by manufacturers mainly from the U.S., Europe, Taiwan, and Japan. The products include environmental chambers, handlers, interface systems, vibration systems, shaker systems, solderability testers and other semiconductor equipment. Besides equipment, we also distribute a wide range of components such as connectors, sockets, LCD display panels and touch-screen panels. Furthermore, our range of products are mainly targeted for industrial products, the life cycle of which can last from three years to seven years, rather than consumer products which have a shorter life cycle.

Real Estate

Beginning in 2007, TTI invested in real estate property in Chongqing, China, which has generated investment income from the rental revenue and investment returns from deemed loan receivables, which are classified as other income in the second quarter of fiscal 2015. The rental income is generated from the rental properties in MaoYe and FuLi in Chongqing, China.

Risk Factors

Our business is subject to substantial risk. Please carefully consider the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 4 of this prospectus for a discussion of the factors you should carefully consider before deciding to purchase securities that may be offered in this prospectus.

Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. You should be able to bear a complete loss of your investment.

Corporate Information

Trio-Tech International was incorporated in 1958 under the laws of the State of California. Our mailing address and executive offices are located at Block 1008 Toa Payoh North, Unit 03-09, Singapore 318996, and our telephone number is (65) 6265-3300. Our corporate website address is www.triotech.com. The information contained on our website is not, and should not be interpreted to be, part of this prospectus.

Our Common Stock is currently listed for quotation on the NYSE American under the symbol TRT.

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RISK FACTORS

ITEM 1A ─ RISK FACTORS

The following are certain risk factors that could impact our business, financial results and results of operations.  Investing in our Common Stock involves risks, including those described below.  The risk factors below, among others, should be considered by prospective and current investors in our Common Stock before making or evaluating an investment in our securities.  These risk factors could cause actual results and conditions to differ materially from those projected herein.  If the risks we face, including those listed below, actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could have a negative impact, and the trading price of our Common Stock could decline, which could cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

Our operating results are affected by a variety of factors.

There are a wide variety of factors that could materially affect our operating results, revenue and profitability or lead to significant variances in quarterly or annual operating results.  These factors include, among others, components relating to:

● change in economic and market conditions in the semiconductor industry;

● loss of key personnel or the shortage of available skilled employees;

● changes in technology in the semiconductor industry, which could affect demand for our products and services;

● changes in operating , manufacturing, testing and other processes;

● other technological, economic, financial and regulatory factors beyond our control;

● the impact of competition;

● currency fluctuations;

● the devaluation of local currencies;

● market acceptance of our products and services;

● the lack of long-term purchase or supply agreements with customers and vendors;

● changes in military or commercial testing specifications, which could affect the market for our products and services;

● difficulties in profitably integrating acquired businesses, if any, into the Company;

● labor issues;

● political instability, international political or economic events;

● changes in tax laws, tariffs and freight rates;

● import and export controls; and

● the impact of natural disasters on local infrastructures.

Unfavorable changes in these or other factors could materially and adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.  We may not be able to generate revenue growth, and any revenue growth that is achieved may not be sustained.  Our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially adversely affected if operating expenses increased and were not subsequently followed by increased revenues.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted, and may continue to adversely impact our business.

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”), was reported to have surfaced in China, resulting in shutdowns of manufacturing and commerce in the months that followed. Since then, the COVID-19 pandemic has spread to multiple countries worldwide and has resulted in authorities implementing numerous measures to try to contain the disease and slow its spread, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders and shutdowns. These measures have created significant uncertainty and economic disruption, both short-term and potentially long-term.

The health and safety of our employees and our customers are a top priority for us. In an effort to protect our employees, we took and continue to take proactive and aggressive actions, starting with the earliest signs of the outbreak, to adopt social distancing policies at our locations, including working from home and suspending employee travel. Our operations have been classified as part of the global supply chain and essential businesses in many jurisdictions, and employees who are working on-site are required to adhere to strict safety measures, including the use of masks and sanitizer, wellness screenings prior to accessing work sites, staggered break times to prevent congregation, prohibitions on physical contact with coworkers or customers, restrictions on access through only a single point of entry and exit and utilizing video conferencing. We have also incorporated other rules such as restricting visitors to any of our facilities that remain open and proactively providing employees with hand sanitizer.

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The most significant near-term impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our financial performance are declines in customers’ revenue in our distribution segment in this fiscal year, as compared to the prior fiscal year. However, we are seeing a recovery in customers’ forecast, which were previously impacted by the supply chain disruption and resulted in the delay in deliveries. In addition, we are seeing an improvement in the manufacturing and testing segments’ financial performance beginning with the second and fourth quarter of fiscal year 2021, respectively.

The Company received government assistance amounting to $401,000 in the Singapore and Malaysia operations to mitigate the adverse impact on the business from the pandemic in fiscal year 2021. In fiscal year 2020, the Company also received a PPP loan of $121,000 in the U.S. operation to support the business amid the pandemic, for which the Company received the full loan forgiveness in fiscal year 2021.

As of June 30, 2021, the Company had cash and cash equivalents and short-term deposits totaling $12,487,000 and an unused line of credit of $5,641,000. We finance operations primarily through our existing cash balances, cash collected from operations, bank borrowings and capital lease financing. We believe these sources are sufficient to fund our operations for the foreseeable future.

While we have implemented safeguards and procedures to counter the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the full extent to which the pandemic has and will directly or indirectly impact us, including our business, financial condition, and result of operations, will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted. The new variant of COVID-19 has resulted in a surge of the number of Covid-19 cases worldwide. This may require further mitigation efforts taken to contain the virus or treat its impact and the economic impact on local, regional, national and international markets despite a few countries that had loosened their restriction policies. We will continue to actively monitor the situation and may take further actions that alter our business operations as may be required by the governments or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, suppliers and stockholders.

Concentration of Customers

In fiscal 2021 and 2020, sales of equipment and services to our top two customers accounted for approximately 47.4% and 56.0%, respectively, of our total net revenue.  These customers depend on the current and anticipated market demand for integrated circuits and products utilizing semiconductor devices.  Our ability to maintain close, satisfactory relationships with our customers is essential to our stability and growth.  However, due to a high concentration of customers, the loss, reduction, or delay of orders placed by our significant customers, or delays in collecting accounts receivable from our significant customers, could adversely affect our results of operations and financial positions.

The Company’s dependence on international sales involves significant risk.

Sales and services to customers outside the United States accounted for approximately 95.2%% and 95.7% of our sales for fiscal 2021 and 2020, respectively.  We expect that our non-U.S. sales and services will continue to generate the majority of our future revenue.  Testing services in Southeast Asia were performed primarily for American companies, and to a lesser extent European companies, selling products and doing business in those regions.  International business operations may be adversely affected by many factors, including fluctuations in exchange rates, imposition of government controls, trade restrictions, political, economic and business events and social and cultural differences.

Unfavorable economic and market conditions, domestically and internationally, may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have significant customer sales both in the U.S. and internationally. We are also reliant upon suppliers and distributors in the U.S. and internationally. We are therefore susceptible to adverse U.S. and international economic and market conditions, including the challenging economic conditions that have prevailed and continue to prevail in the U.S. and worldwide. The past turmoil in the financial markets has resulted in dramatically higher borrowing costs that have made it more difficult (in some cases, prohibitively so) for many companies to obtain credit and fund their working capital obligations. If any of our customers, distributors or suppliers experience serious financial difficulties or cease operations, our business will be adversely affected. In addition, the adverse impact of the credit crisis on consumers is expected to cause consumers to reduce their spending, which will adversely impact demand for consumer products such as certain end products in which our chips are embedded.

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Our testing products and services may be adversely affected by our sales of testing equipment.

If our testing equipment is purchased by semiconductor manufacturers and assemblers, it may reduce the likelihood that they will make further purchases of such equipment or use our laboratories for testing services.  Although military or other specifications require certain testing to be done by independent laboratories, over time other current customers may have less need of our testing services.  We believe that there is a growing trend toward outsourcing of the integrated circuit testing process.  As a result, we anticipate continued growth in the test laboratory business.  However, there is no assurance that this trend will continue.  In an attempt to diversify our sales mix, we may seek to develop and introduce new or advanced products, and to acquire other companies in the semiconductor equipment manufacturing business.

We do not rely on patents to protect our products or technology.

Generally we do not rely on patent or trade secret protection for our products or technology.  Competitors may develop technologies similar to or more advanced than ours.  We cannot assure that our current or future products will not be copied or will not infringe on the patents of others.  Moreover, the cost of litigation of any claim or damages resulting from infringement of patents or other intellectual property could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In fiscal years 2021 and 2020, we did not register any patents within the U.S.

The semiconductor industry affects our business.

Our business depends primarily upon the capital expenditures of semiconductor manufacturers, assemblers and other testing companies worldwide.  These industries in turn depend on the current and anticipated market demand for integrated circuits and products utilizing semiconductor devices.  The global semiconductor industry generally, and the semiconductor testing equipment industry in particular, are volatile and cyclical, with periodic capacity shortages and excess capacity.  In periods of excess capacity, the industry sharply cuts its purchases of capital equipment, including our distributed products, and reduces testing volumes, including our testing services.  Excess capacity also causes downward pressure on the selling prices of our products and services.

Our operating results have been adversely affected by past downturns and slowdowns.  There is no assurance that there will not be downturns or slowdowns in the future that may adversely affect our financial condition or operating results.  In addition, if one or more of our primary customers reduces their purchases or use of our products or testing services, our financial results could be materially and adversely affected.  We anticipate that it will continue to be primarily dependent on the semiconductor industry for the foreseeable future.

Rapid technological changes may make our products obsolete or result in decreased prices or increased expenses.

Technology changes rapidly in the semiconductor industry and may make our services or products obsolete.  Advances in technology may lead to significant price erosion for products that we test with our older testing technologies.  Our success will depend in part on our ability to develop and offer more advanced testing technologies and processes in the future, to anticipate both future demand and the technology to supply that demand, to enhance our current products and services, to provide those products and services at competitive prices on a timely and cost-effective basis and to achieve market acceptance of those products and services.  To accomplish these goals, we may be required to incur significant engineering expenses.  As new products or services are introduced, we may experience warranty claims or product returns.  We may not be able to accomplish these goals correctly or timely enough.  If we fail in our efforts, our products and services may become less competitive or obsolete.

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Our business, financial condition and results may be seriously harmed if we fail to compete successfully in our highly competitive industry and markets.

The semiconductor equipment and testing industries are intensely competitive.  Significant competitive factors include price, technical capabilities, quality, automation, reliability, product availability and customer service.  We face competition from established and potential new competitors, many of whom have greater financial, engineering, manufacturing and marketing resources than us.  New products or testing facilities offered by our competitors could cause a decline in our revenue or a loss of market acceptance of our existing products and services.  Increased competitive pressure could also lead to intensified price-based competition.  Price-based competition may result in lower prices, adversely affecting our operating results.

There are numerous testing laboratories in the areas where we operate that perform a range of testing services similar to those offered by us.  However, recent severe competition in the Southeast Asia testing and burn-in services industry has reduced the total number of our competitors.  As we have sold and anticipate continuing to sell our products to competing laboratories, and other test products are available from many other manufacturers, our competitors are able to offer the same testing capabilities.  The relevant testing equipment is also available to semiconductor manufacturers and users who might otherwise use third party testing laboratories, including us, to perform testing.  The existence of competing laboratories and the purchase of testing equipment by semiconductor manufacturers and users are potential threats to our future testing services revenue and earnings.  Although these laboratories and new competitors may challenge us at any time, we believe that other factors, including reputation, long service history and strong customer relationships, are more important than pricing in determining our position in the market.

Our ability to compete successfully in the rapidly evolving semiconductor industry depends on many factors, including:

● Our success in developing and marketing new products, software platforms and manufacturing technologies and bringing them to market on a timely basis;

● The quality and price of our products;

● The diversity of our product lines;

● The cost effectiveness of design, development, manufacturing, support and marketing efforts, especially as compared to our competitors;

● Our customer service and customer satisfaction;

● Our ability to successfully execute our flexible manufacturing initiative;

● The pace at which customers incorporate our products into their systems;

● The number, strength and nature of our competitors, the markets they target and the rate of their technological advances;

● General economic conditions; and

● Our access to and the availability of working capital.

Although we believe we currently compete effectively in the above areas to the extent they are within our control, given the pace of change in the industry, our current abilities are not guarantees of future success. If we are unable to compete successfully in this environment, our business, financial conditions and result of operations will be seriously harmed.

Our results may be affected by interest rate fluctuations.

We do not use derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio.  Our investment portfolio is generally comprised of cash deposits.  Our policy is to place these investments in instruments that meet high credit quality standards.  These securities are subject to interest rate risk and could decline in value if interest rates fluctuate, and thus subject us to market risk due to those fluctuations.  Due to the short duration and conservative nature of our investment portfolio, we do not expect any material loss with respect to our investment portfolio, though no assurances can be given that material losses will not occur.

The interest rates on our loans and lines of credit range from 1.85% to 5.5% per annum.  As of June 30, 2021, the outstanding aggregate principal balance on these loans and lines of credit was approximately $2,132,000. These interest rates are subject to change and we cannot predict an increase or decrease in rates, if any. However, an increase in interest rates could have an adverse effect on our financial results.

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We may incur losses due to foreign currency fluctuations.

Significant portions of our revenue are denominated in Singapore dollars, Malaysian ringgit, Thai baht, Chinese yuan, and other currencies. Consequently, a portion of our costs, revenue and operating margins may be affected by fluctuations in exchange rates, primarily between the U.S. dollar and such foreign currencies.  We are also affected by fluctuations in exchange rates because our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar whereas the functional currencies in our Southeast Asia operations are non-U.S. dollars. Foreign currency translation adjustments resulted in an increase of $1,248,000 to shareholders’ equity for fiscal 2021 and a decrease of $742,000 to shareholders’ equity for fiscal 2020.

We try to reduce our risk of foreign currency fluctuations by purchasing certain equipment and supplies in U.S. dollars and seeking payment, when possible, in U.S. dollars. However, we may not be successful in our attempts to mitigate our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations due to rapid and unpredictable changes. Those fluctuations could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial results.

We do not have contracts with key suppliers.

We have no written contracts with any of our suppliers.  Our suppliers may terminate their relationships with us at any time without notice.  There can be no assurance that we will be able to find satisfactory replacement suppliers or that new suppliers will not be more expensive than the current suppliers if any of our suppliers were to terminate their relationship with us.

We are highly dependent on key personnel.

Our success has depended, and to a large extent will depend, on the continued services of S. W. Yong, our Chief Executive Officer and President, Victor H. M. Ting, our Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, our other key senior executives, and engineering, marketing, sales, production and other personnel, each of whom is party to an employment agreement with the Company.  We are the beneficiary of “key man” life insurance in the amount of $6 million on Mr. Yong and $1.5 million on Mr. Ting .  The loss of these key personnel, who would be difficult to replace, could harm our business and operating results.  Competition for management in our industry is intense and we may be unsuccessful in attracting and retaining the executive management and other key personnel that we require.

We may not pay cash dividends in the future.

We did not declare any cash dividends in either fiscal year 2021 or fiscal year 2020.  Based on the results from fiscal 2021, we do not anticipate paying a cash dividend with respect to fiscal 2022.  There is no assurance that we will, or that we will be able to, pay any cash dividends on our Common Stock in the future.  The Company anticipates that future earnings, if any, will be retained for use in the business or for other corporate purposes. Additionally, California law prohibits the payment of dividends if the Company does not have sufficient retained earnings or cannot meet certain asset to liability ratios.

Acquisition and integration of new businesses could disrupt our ongoing business, distract management and employees, increase our expenses or adversely affect our business.

A portion of any future growth may be accomplished through the acquisition of other entities.  The success of those acquisitions will depend, in part, on our ability to integrate the acquired personnel, operations, products, services and technologies into our organization, to retain and motivate key personnel of the acquired entities and to retain the customers of those entities.  The Company may not be able to identify suitable acquisition opportunities, obtain financing on acceptable terms to bring the acquisition to fruition or to integrate such personnel, operations, products or services.  The process of identifying and closing acquisition opportunities and integrating acquisitions into our operations may distract our management and employees, disrupt our ongoing business, increase our expenses and materially and adversely affect our operations.  The Company may also be subject to certain other risks if we acquire other entities, such as the assumption of additional liabilities.  The Company may issue additional equity securities or incur debt to pay for future acquisitions.

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The market price for our Common Stock is subject to fluctuation.

The trading price of our Common Stock has from time to time fluctuated widely and will likely continue to be volatile due to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to:

● quarterly variations in our results of operations or those of our competitors;

● announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, new products, significant contracts, commercial relationships or capital commitments;

● the perceptions of general market conditions in the semiconductor industry, real estate industry, and global market conditions;

● our ability to develop and market new and enhanced products on a timely basis;

● any major change in our board or management;

● changes in governmental regulations or in the status of our regulatory compliance;

● recommendations by securities analysts or changes in earnings of our competitors;

● announcements about our earnings or the earnings of our competitors that are not in line with analysts’ expectations;

● the volume of short sales, hedging and other derivative transactions on shares of our Common Stock;

● economic conditions and growth expectations in the markets we serve; and

● general economic and credit conditions.

Further, the stock market in general, and the market for technology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our Common Stock, regardless of actual operating performance.  Fluctuations in the trading price of our Common Stock may adversely affect our liquidity.

Our management has significant influence over corporate decisions.

As of September 30, 2021, officers and directors of the Company and their affiliates beneficially owned approximately 46.17% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, based upon 3,913,055 shares outstanding. As a result, they may be able to significantly influence matters requiring approval of the shareholders, including the election of directors, and may be able to delay or prevent a change in control of the Company.

Changes in U.S. tax legislation regarding our foreign earnings could materially impact our business.

A majority of our revenue is generated from customers located outside the U.S. and a substantial portion of our assets, including employees, are located outside the U.S.. U.S. income taxes and foreign withholding taxes have not been provided on undistributed earnings for certain non-U.S. subsidiaries, because such earnings are intended to be indefinitely reinvested in the operations of those subsidiaries. The administration has recently announced initiatives could substantially reduce our ability to defer U.S. taxes, including limitations on deferral of U.S. taxation of foreign earnings, eliminate utilization or substantially reduce our ability to claim foreign tax credits and eliminate various tax deductions until foreign earnings are repatriated to the U.S. If any of these proposals are constituted into law, they could have a negative impact on our financial position and results of operations.

We are subject to examination by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) and foreign tax authorities from time to time. We are subject to income tax audits or similar proceedings in other jurisdictions in which we do business, and as a result we may incur additional costs and expenses or owe additional taxes, interests and penalties which will negatively impact our operating results.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions, and our denomination of our tax liability is subject to review by applicable domestic and foreign tax authorities. This would result in a decrease of our current estimate unrecognized tax benefits or increase our tax liabilities, which could negatively impact our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

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We may utilize debt financing and such indebtedness could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, earnings per share and our ability to meet our payment obligations.

We routinely incur indebtedness to finance our operations and at times we have had significant amount outstanding indebtedness and substantial debt service requirements. Our ability to meet our payment and other obligations under our indebtedness depends on our ability to generate significant cash flow. This, to some extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative and regulatory factors as well as other factors that are beyond our control. There is no assurance that our business will generate cash flow from operations, or that future borrowings will be available to us and our existing or any amended credit facilities or otherwise, in an amount sufficient to enable us to meet payment obligations under indebtedness we may undertake from time to time. If we are not able to generate sufficient cash flow to serve our debt obligations, we may need to refinance or restructure our debt, sell assets, reduce or delay obligations under any indebtedness we owe. As of June 30, 2021, our bank loan payable was $2,061,000.

Our operations and financial results could be severely harmed by natural disasters.

Our headquarters in California, manufacturing facilities in Singapore and testing facilities in Southeast Asia, the real estate projects in China and some of our major vendors’, subcontractors’ and strategic partners’ facilities are subject to seasonal and other extreme weather conditions and natural disasters. We have not been able to maintain insurance coverage at reasonable costs to address the risks posed by potential natural disasters. Instead, we rely on self-insurance and preventive safety measures. If a major natural disaster occurs, we may need to spend significant amounts to repair or replace our facilities and equipment, or make alternative arrangements in the event a vendor, subcontractor or partner’s facility or equipment was damaged, and we could suffer damages that could seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The failure to integrate our business and technologies with those of companies that we acquire could adversely affect our financial results.

We have made acquisitions and pursued other strategic relationships in the past and may pursue additional acquisitions in the future. If we fail to integrate these businesses successfully, our financial results may be seriously harmed. Integrating these businesses, people, products and services with our existing business could be expensive, time-consuming and a strain on our resources. Specific issues that we face with regard to prior and future acquisitions include:

● integrating acquired technology or products;

● integrating acquired products into our manufacturing facilities;

● integrating different accounting policies and methodologies;

● assimilating and retaining the personnel of the acquired companies;

● overcoming cultural and operational differences that may arise between two companies;

● coordinating and integrating geographically dispersed operations;

● our ability to retain customers of the acquired company;

● the potential disruption of our and our suppliers’ ongoing business and distraction of management;

● the maintenance of brand recognition of acquired businesses;

● the failure to successfully develop acquired in-process technology, resulting in the impairment of amounts currently capitalized as intangible assets;

● unanticipated expenses related to technology integration;

● the development and maintenance of uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies;

● the impairment of relationships with employees and customers as a result of any integration of new management personnel; and

● the potential unknown liabilities associated with acquired businesses.

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CAUTIONARY NOTES REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements contained in this prospectus other than statements of historical facts, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue, projected costs, prospects, plans, objectives of management and expected market growth, are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements about:

● the availability of capital to satisfy our working capital requirements;

● the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue and capital requirements;

● our ability to anticipate market needs or develop new or enhanced products to meet those needs;

● our ability to manage expansion into international markets;

● our ability to maintain or broaden our business relationships and develop new relationships with strategic alliances, suppliers, customers, distributors or otherwise;

● anticipated trends, changing business conditions or technologies and volatility in the semiconductor industry, which could affect demand for the Company’s products and services;

● our ability to protect our confidential information and intellectual property rights;

● the success of competing products by others that are or become available in the market in which we sell our products;

● product development and delivery schedules;

● changes in military or commercial testing specifications which could affect the market for the Company’s products and services;

● difficulties in profitably integrating acquired businesses, if any, into the Company;

● risks associated with conducting business internationally and especially in Asia, including currency fluctuations and devaluation, currency restrictions, local laws and restrictions and possible social, political and economic instability;

● credit risks in the Chinese real estate industry;

● the on-going public health issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic;

● changes in macroeconomic conditions and credit market conditions and other economic, financial and regulatory factors beyond the Company’s control; and

● other risks and uncertainties, including those described under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus.

These forward-looking statements are only predictions and we may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, so you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and operating results. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this prospectus, that could cause actual future results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.

You should read this prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference herein and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

Unless otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, we intend to use the proceeds from this offering for certain capital expenditures, including those intended to expand our testing capacity and capabilites, and for general corporate purposes, including working capital. However, we have no current commitments or obligations to do so.

Pending other uses, we intend to invest our proceeds from this offering in short-term investments or hold them as cash. We cannot predict whether the proceeds invested will yield a favorable return. Our management will have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering, and investors will be relying on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds.

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DESCRIPTION OF OUR CAPITAL STOCK

General

Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (“Charter”) authorize us to issue up to 15,000,000 shares of our common stock, no par value.

Transfer Agent

Our Transfer Agent and Registrar for our common stock is American Stock Transfer & Trust, located at 6201 15^th Ave, 1^st Floor Brooklyn, NY 11219.

Common Stock

This section describes the general terms of our common stock that we may offer from time to time. For more detailed information, a holder of our common stock should refer to our Charter and Bylaws, copies of which are filed with the SEC as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and applicable California law.

As of December 2, 2021, there were 3,950,180 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding, which were held by approximately 59 stockholders of record, 637,375 shares of common stock subject to outstanding warrants, 229,875 shares of common stock subject to outstanding stock options under our 2017 Employee Stock Option Plan (the “2017 Employee Plan”), 320,000 shares of common stock subject to outstanding stock options and restricted stock units under our 2007 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Directors Plan”), 37,500 shares of common stock subject to outstanding stock options under our 2007 Employee Stock Option Plan (the “2007 Employee Plan”), 50,000 shares of common stock subject to outstanding stock options and restricted stock units under our 2007 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (the “2007 Directors Plan”).

Except as otherwise expressly provided in our Charter, or as required by applicable law, all shares of our common stock have the same rights and privileges and rank equally, share ratably and are identical in all respects as to all matters, including, without limitation, those described below. All outstanding shares of our common stock are fully paid and nonassessable.

Voting Rights. The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters. Par common stock does not have cumulative voting rights, which means that holders of the shares of our common stock with a majority of the votes to be cast for the election of directors can elect all directors then being elected.

Dividends. Each share of our common stock has an equal and ratable right to receive dividends to be paid from our assets legally available therefore when, as and if declared by our Board of Directors. We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

Liquidation. In the event we dissolve, liquidate or wind up, the holders of our common stock are entitled to share equally and ratably in the assets available for distribution after payments are made to our creditors.

Other. The holders of shares of our common stock have no preemptive, subscription or redemption rights and are not liable for further call or assessment. All of the outstanding shares of our common stock are, and the shares of common stock offered hereby will be, fully paid and nonassessable.

Listing

Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “TRT.”

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DESCRIPTION OF OUR DEBT SECURITIES

This section describes the general terms and provisions of debt securities that we may issue from time to time. We may issue debt securities, in one or more series, as either senior or subordinated debt or as senior or subordinated convertible debt. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any future debt securities we may offer under this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus will describe the specific terms of any debt securities offered through that prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. The terms of any debt securities we offer under a prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus may differ from the terms we describe below. Unless the context requires otherwise, whenever we refer to the “indentures,” we also are referring to any supplemental indentures that specify the terms of a particular series of debt securities.

In the event that we issue any debt securities, we will issue such senior debt securities under a senior indenture that we will enter into with the trustee named in such senior indenture. We will file forms of these documents as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, and supplemental indentures and forms of debt securities containing the terms of the debt securities being offered will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or will be incorporated by reference from reports that we file with the SEC.

The indentures will be qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, (the “Trust Indenture Act”). We use the term “trustee” to refer to either the trustee under the senior indenture or the trustee under the subordinated indenture, as applicable.

The following summaries of material provisions of potential senior debt securities, subordinated debt securities and the indentures are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the indenture applicable to a particular series of debt securities. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus and any related free writing prospectuses related to the debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as the complete applicable indenture that contains the terms of the debt securities. Except as we may otherwise indicate, the terms of the senior indenture and the subordinated indenture are identical.

General

We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus the terms of the series of debt securities being offered, including:

● the title;

● the principal amount being offered, and if a series, the total amount authorized and the total amount outstanding;

● any limit on the amount that may be issued;

● whether or not we will issue the series of debt securities in global form, and, if so, the terms and who the depository will be;

● the maturity date;

● whether and under what circumstances, if any, we will pay additional amounts on any debt securities held by a person who is not a United States person for tax purposes, and whether we can redeem the debt securities if we have to pay such additional amounts;

● the annual interest rate, which may be fixed or variable, or the method for determining the rate and the date interest will begin to accrue, the dates interest will be payable and the regular record dates for interest payment dates or the method for determining such dates;

● whether or not the debt securities will be secured or unsecured, and the terms of any secured debt;

● the terms of the subordination of any series of subordinated debt;

● the place where payments will be payable;  

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● restrictions on transfer, sale or other assignment, if any;

● our right, if any, to defer payment of interest and the maximum length of any such deferral period; 

● the date, if any, after which, the conditions upon which, and the price at which, we may, at our option, redeem the series of debt securities pursuant to any optional or provisional redemption provisions and the terms of those redemption provisions;

● the date, if any, on which, and the price at which we are obligated, pursuant to any mandatory sinking fund or analogous fund provisions or otherwise, to redeem, or at the holder’s option, to purchase, the series of debt securities and the currency or currency unit in which the debt securities are payable;

● whether the indenture will restrict our ability or the ability of our subsidiaries to:

● incur additional indebtedness;

● issue additional securities;

● create liens;

● pay dividends or make distributions in respect of our capital stock or the capital stock of our subsidiaries;

● redeem capital stock;

● place restrictions on our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends, make distributions or transfer assets;

● make investments or other restricted payments;

● sell or otherwise dispose of assets;

● enter into sale-leaseback transactions;

● engage in transactions with stockholders or affiliates;

● issue or sell stock of our subsidiaries; or

● effect a consolidation or merger;

● whether the indenture will require us to maintain any interest coverage, fixed charge, cash flow-based, asset-based or other financial ratios;

● a discussion of certain material or special United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the debt securities;

● information describing any book-entry features;

● provisions for a sinking fund purchase or other analogous fund, if any;

● the applicability of the provisions in the indenture on discharge;  

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● whether the debt securities are to be offered at a price such that they will be deemed to be offered at an “original issue discount” as defined in paragraph (a) of Section 1273 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended;

● the denominations in which we will issue the series of debt securities, if other than denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof;

● the currency of payment of debt securities if other than U.S. dollars and the manner of determining the equivalent amount in U.S. dollars; and

● any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the debt securities, including any additional events of default or covenants provided with respect to the debt securities, and any terms that may be required by us or advisable under applicable laws or regulations or advisable in connection with the marketing of the debt securities.

Conversion or Exchange Rights

We will set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus the terms on which a series of debt securities may be convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock or other securities (including securities of a third-party). We will include provisions as to whether conversion or exchange is mandatory, at the option of the holder or at our option. We may include provisions pursuant to which the number of shares of our common stock or other securities (including securities of a third-party) that the holders of the series of debt securities receive would be subject to adjustment. 

Consolidation, Merger or Sale

Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the indentures will not contain any covenant that restricts our ability to merge or consolidate, or sell, convey, transfer or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. However, any successor to or acquirer of such assets must assume all of our obligations under the indentures or the debt securities, as appropriate. If the debt securities are convertible into or exchangeable for other securities of ours or securities of other entities, the person with whom we consolidate or merge or to whom we sell all of our property must make provisions for the conversion of the debt securities into securities that the holders of the debt securities would have received if they had converted the debt securities before the consolidation, merger or sale.

Events of Default Under the Indenture

Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the following are events of default under the indentures with respect to any series of debt securities that we may issue:

● if we fail to pay interest when due and payable and our failure continues for 90 days and the time for payment has not been extended;

● if we fail to pay the principal, premium or sinking fund payment, if any, when due and payable at maturity, upon redemption or repurchase or otherwise, and the time for payment has not been extended;

● if we fail to observe or perform any other covenant contained in the debt securities or the indentures, other than a covenant specifically relating to another series of debt securities, and our failure continues for 90 days after we receive notice from the trustee or holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of the applicable series; and

● if specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occur.

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We will describe in each applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus any additional events of default relating to the relevant series of debt securities.

If an event of default with respect to debt securities of any series occurs and is continuing, other than an event of default specified in the last bullet point above, the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series, by notice to us in writing, and to the trustee if notice is given by such holders, may declare the unpaid principal, premium, if any, and accrued interest, if any, due and payable immediately. If an event of default specified in the last bullet point above occurs with respect to us, the unpaid principal, premium, if any, and accrued interest, if any, of each issue of debt securities then outstanding shall be due and payable without any notice or other action on the part of the trustee or any holder.

The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of an affected series may waive any default or event of default with respect to the series and its consequences, except defaults or events of default regarding payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest, unless we have cured the default or event of default in accordance with the indenture. Any waiver shall cure the default or event of default.

Subject to the terms of the indentures, if an event of default under an indenture shall occur and be continuing, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under such indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders of the applicable series of debt securities, unless such holders have offered the trustee reasonable indemnity or security satisfactory to it against any loss, liability or expense. The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee, with respect to the debt securities of that series, provided that:

● the direction so given by the holder is not in conflict with any law or the applicable indenture; and

● subject to its duties under the Trust Indenture Act, the trustee need not take any action that might involve it in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the holders not involved in the proceeding.

A holder of the debt securities of any series will have the right to institute a proceeding under the indentures or to appoint a receiver or trustee, or to seek other remedies if:

● the holder has given written notice to the trustee of a continuing event of default with respect to that series;

● the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series have made written request, and such holders have offered reasonable indemnity to the trustee or security satisfactory to it against any loss, liability or expense or to be incurred in compliance with instituting the proceeding as trustee; and

● the trustee does not institute the proceeding, and does not receive from the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series other conflicting directions within 90 days after the notice, request and offer.

These limitations do not apply to a suit instituted by a holder of debt securities if we default in the payment of the principal, premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities, or other defaults that may be specified in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus.

We will periodically file statements with the trustee regarding our compliance with specified covenants in the indentures.

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Modification of Indenture; Waiver

Subject to the terms of the indenture for any series of debt securities that we may issue, we and the trustee may change an indenture without the consent of any holders with respect to the following specific matters:

● to fix any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency in the indenture;

● to comply with the provisions described above under “Description of Our Debt Securities—Consolidation, Merger or Sale;”

● to comply with any requirements of the SEC in connection with the qualification of any indenture under the Trust Indenture Act;

● to add to, delete from or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication and delivery of debt securities, as set forth in the indenture;

● to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the debt securities of any series as provided under “Description of Our Debt Securities—General,” to establish the form of any certifications required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of the indenture or any series of debt securities, or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of debt securities;

● to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment hereunder by a successor trustee;

● to provide for uncertificated debt securities and to make all appropriate changes for such purpose;

● to add to our covenants such new covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions for the benefit of the holders, to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an event of default or to surrender any right or power conferred to us in the indenture; or

● to change anything that does not materially adversely affect the interests of any holder of debt securities of any series.

In addition, under the indentures, the rights of holders of a series of debt securities may be changed by us and the trustee with the written consent of the holders of at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series that is affected. However, subject to the terms of the indenture for any series of debt securities that we may issue or as otherwise provided in the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus applicable to a particular series of debt securities, we and the trustee may make the following changes only with the consent of each holder of any outstanding debt securities affected:

● extending the stated maturity of the series of debt securities;

● reducing the principal amount, reducing the rate of or extending the time of payment of interest, or reducing any premium payable upon the redemption or repurchase of any debt securities; or

● reducing the percentage of debt securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any amendment, supplement, modification or waiver.

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Discharge

Each indenture provides that, subject to the terms of the indenture and any limitation otherwise provided in the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus applicable to a particular series of debt securities, we can elect to be discharged from our obligations with respect to one or more series of debt securities, except for specified obligations, including obligations to:

● register the transfer or exchange of debt securities of the series;

● replace stolen, lost or mutilated debt securities of the series;

● maintain paying agencies;

● hold monies for payment in trust;

● recover excess money held by the trustee;

● compensate and indemnify the trustee; and

● appoint any successor trustee.

In order to exercise our rights to be discharged, we must deposit with the trustee money or government obligations sufficient to pay all the principal of, and any premium and interest on, the debt securities of the series on the dates payments are due.

Form, Exchange and Transfer

In the event that we issue debt securities, we will issue such debt securities of each series only in fully registered form without coupons and, unless we otherwise specify in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, in denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof. The indentures provide that we may issue debt securities of a series in temporary or permanent global form and as book-entry securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, The Depository Trust Company or another depository named by us and identified in a prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus with respect to that series.

At the option of the holder, subject to the terms of the indentures and the limitations applicable to global securities described in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, the holder of the debt securities of any series can exchange the debt securities for other debt securities of the same series, in any authorized denomination and of like tenor and aggregate principal amount.

Subject to the terms of the indentures and the limitations applicable to global securities set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, holders of the debt securities may present the debt securities for exchange or for registration of transfer, duly endorsed or with the form of transfer endorsed thereon duly executed if so required by us or the security registrar, at the office of the security registrar or at the office of any transfer agent designated by us for this purpose. Unless otherwise provided in the debt securities that the holder presents for transfer or exchange, we will make no service charge for any registration of transfer or exchange, but we may require payment of any taxes or other governmental charges.

We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus the security registrar, and any transfer agent in addition to the security registrar, that we initially designate for any debt securities. We may at any time designate additional transfer agents or rescind the designation of any transfer agent or approve a change in the office through which any transfer agent acts, except that we will be required to maintain a transfer agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of each series. If we elect to redeem the debt securities of any series, we will not be required to:

● issue, register the transfer of, or exchange any debt securities of that series during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of mailing of a notice of redemption of any debt securities that may be selected for redemption and ending at the close of business on the day of the mailing; or

● register the transfer of or exchange any debt securities so selected for redemption, in whole or in part, except the unredeemed portion of any debt securities we are redeeming in part.

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Information Concerning the Trustee

The trustee, other than during the occurrence and continuance of an event of default under an indenture, undertakes to perform only those duties as are specifically set forth in the applicable indenture. Upon an event of default under an indenture, the trustee must use the same degree of care as a prudent person would exercise or use in the conduct of his or her own affairs.

Subject to this provision, the trustee is under no obligation to exercise any of the powers given it by the indentures at the request of any holder of debt securities unless it is offered reasonable security and indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities that it might incur. 

Payment and Paying Agents

Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, we will make payment of the interest on any debt securities on any interest payment date to the person in whose name the debt securities, or one or more predecessor securities, are registered at the close of business on the regular record date for the interest.

We will pay principal of and any premium and interest on the debt securities of a particular series at the office of the paying agents designated by us, except that unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, we will make interest payments by check that we will mail to the holder or by wire transfer to certain holders. Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, we will designate the corporate trust office of the trustee as our sole paying agent for payments with respect to debt securities of each series. We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus any other paying agents that we initially designate for the debt securities of a particular series. We will maintain a paying agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of a particular series.

All money we pay to a paying agent or the trustee for the payment of the principal of or any premium or interest on any debt securities that remains unclaimed at the end of two years after such principal, premium or interest has become due and payable will be repaid to us, and the holder of the debt security thereafter may look only to us for payment thereof.

Governing Law

The indentures and the debt securities will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable.

Ranking of Debt Securities

The subordinated debt securities will be subordinate and junior in priority of payment to certain of our other indebtedness to the extent described in a prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. The subordinated indenture does not limit the amount of subordinated debt securities that we may issue. It also does not limit us from issuing any other secured or unsecured debt.

The senior debt securities will rank equally in right of payment to all our other senior unsecured debt. The senior indenture does not limit the amount of senior debt securities that we may issue. It also does not limit us from issuing any other secured or unsecured debt.

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DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS

The following description, together with the additional information we include in any applicable prospectus supplements or free writing prospectus, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the warrants that we may offer under this prospectus. Warrants may be offered independently or together with common stock and/or debt securities offered by any prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, and may be attached to or separate from those securities. While the terms we have summarized below will generally apply to any future warrants we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any warrants that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. The terms of any warrants we offer under a prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus may differ from the terms we describe below.

In the event that we issue warrants, we will issue the warrants under a warrant agreement, which we will enter into with a warrant agent to be selected by us. Forms of these warrant agreements and forms of the warrant certificates representing the warrants, and the complete warrant agreements and forms of warrant certificates containing the terms of the warrants being offered, will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or will be incorporated by reference from reports that we file with the SEC. We use the term “warrant agreement” to refer to any of these warrant agreements. We use the term “warrant agent” to refer to the warrant agent under any of these warrant agreements. The warrant agent will act solely as an agent of ours in connection with the warrants and will not act as an agent for the holders or beneficial owners of the warrants.

The following summaries of material provisions of the warrants and the warrant agreements are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all the provisions of the warrant agreement applicable to a particular series of warrants. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplements or free writing prospectus related to the warrants that we sell under this prospectus, as well as the complete warrant agreements that contain the terms of the warrants.

General

We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus the terms relating to a series of warrants. If warrants for the purchase of common stock is offered, the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus will describe the following terms, to the extent applicable:

● the offering price and the aggregate number of warrants offered;

● the total number of shares that can be purchased if a holder of the warrants exercises them;

● the designation, aggregate principal amount, currencies, denominations and terms of the series of debt securities that can be purchased if a holder exercises a warrant;

● the designation and terms of any series of debt securities with which the warrants are being offered and the number of warrants offered with each such debt security;

● the date on and after which the holder of the warrants can transfer them separately from the related common stock;

● the number of shares of common stock that can be purchased if a holder exercises the warrant and the price at which such common stock may be purchased upon exercise, including, if applicable, any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the exercise price and in the securities or other property receivable upon exercise;

● the terms of any rights to redeem or call, or accelerate the expiration of, the warrants;

● the date on which the right to exercise the warrants begins and the date on which that right expires;

● federal income tax consequences of holding or exercising the warrants; and

● any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the warrants.

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Exercise of Warrants

Each holder of a warrant is entitled to purchase the number of shares of common stock, or the principal amount of debt securities, as the case may be, at the exercise price described in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. After the close of business on the day when the right to exercise terminates (or a later date if we extend the time for exercise), unexercised warrants will become void.

A holder of warrants may exercise them by following the general procedure outlined below:

● delivering to the warrant agent the payment required by the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus to purchase the underlying security;

● properly completing and signing the reverse side of the warrant certificate representing the warrants; and

● delivering the warrant certificate representing the warrants to the warrant agent within five business days of the warrant agent receiving payment of the exercise price.

If you comply with the procedures described above, your warrants will be considered to have been exercised when the warrant agent receives payment of the exercise price, subject to the transfer books for the securities issuable upon exercise of the warrant not being closed on such date. After you have completed those procedures and subject to the foregoing, we will, as soon as practicable, issue and deliver to you the shares of common stock or debt securities that you purchased upon exercise. If you exercise fewer than all of the warrants represented by a warrant certificate, a new warrant certificate will be issued to you for the unexercised amount of warrants. Holders of warrants will be required to pay any tax or governmental charge that may be imposed in connection with transferring the underlying securities in connection with the exercise of the warrants.

Amendments and Supplements to the Warrant Agreements

We may amend or supplement a warrant agreement without the consent of the holders of the applicable warrants to cure ambiguities in the warrant agreement, to cure or correct a defective provision in the warrant agreement, or to provide for other matters under the warrant agreement that we and the warrant agent deem necessary or desirable, so long as, in each case, such amendments or supplements do not materially adversely affect the interests of the holders of the warrants.

Warrant Adjustments

Unless the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus states otherwise, the exercise price of, and the number of securities covered by, a common stock warrant will be adjusted proportionately if we subdivide or combine our common stock. In addition, unless the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus states otherwise, if we, without receiving payment:

● issue capital stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for common stock, or any rights to subscribe for, purchase or otherwise acquire any of the foregoing, as a dividend or distribution to holders of our common stock;

● pay any cash to holders of our common stock other than a cash dividend paid out of our current or retained earnings;

● issue any evidence of our indebtedness or rights to subscribe for or purchase our indebtedness to holders of our common stock; or

● issue common stock or additional stock or other securities or property to holders of our common stock by way of spinoff, split-up, reclassification, combination of shares or similar corporate rearrangement,

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then the holders of common stock warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the warrants, in addition to the securities otherwise receivable upon exercise of the warrants and without paying any additional consideration, the amount of stock and other securities and property such holders would have been entitled to receive had they held the common stock issuable under the warrants on the dates on which holders of those securities received or became entitled to receive such additional stock and other securities and property.

Except as stated above or as otherwise set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, the exercise price and number of securities covered by a common stock warrant, and the amounts of other securities or property to be received, if any, upon exercise of such warrant, will not be adjusted or provided for if we issue those securities or any securities convertible into or exchangeable for those securities, or securities carrying the right to purchase those securities or securities convertible into or exchangeable for those securities.

Holders of common stock warrants may have additional rights under the following circumstances:

● certain reclassifications, capital reorganizations or changes of the common stock;

● certain share exchanges, mergers, or similar transactions involving us and which result in changes of the common stock; or

● certain sales or dispositions to another entity of all or substantially all of our property and assets.

If one of the above transactions occurs and holders of our common stock are entitled to receive stock, securities or other property with respect to or in exchange for their securities, the holders of the common stock warrants then outstanding, as applicable, will be entitled to receive, upon exercise of their warrants, the kind and amount of shares of stock and other securities or property that they would have received upon the applicable transaction if they had exercised their warrants immediately before the transaction.

DESCRIPTION OF OUR UNITS

This section outlines some of the provisions of the units and the unit agreements. This information may not be complete in all respects and is qualified entirely by reference to the unit agreement with respect to the units of any particular series. The specific terms of any series of units will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. If so described in a particular prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, the specific terms of any series of units may differ from the general description of terms presented below.

As specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, we may issue units consisting of one or more shares of common stock, debt securities, warrants or any combination of such securities.

The applicable prospectus supplement will specify the following terms of any units in respect of which this prospectus is being delivered:

● the terms of the units and of any of the shares of common stock, debt securities, or warrants comprising the units, including whether and under what circumstances the securities comprising the units may be traded separately;

● a description of the terms of any unit agreement governing the units;

● if appropriate, a discussion of material U.S. federal income tax considerations; and

● a description of the provisions for the payment, settlement, transfer or exchange of the units.

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DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF CALIFORNIA LAW AND

OUR ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION AND BYLAWS

Provisions of our Charter and Bylaws may delay or discourage transactions involving an actual or potential change in control of our company or change in its management, including transactions in which shareholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares, or transactions that its shareholders might otherwise deem to be in their best interests. Among other things, the Articles and Bylaws:

● provide that, except for a vacancy caused by the removal of a director by the shareholders or by court order, a vacancy on the board of directors may be filled by approval of a majority of the remaining directors, though less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director;

● provide that shareholders seeking to present proposals before a meeting of shareholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at a meeting of shareholders must provide notice in writing in a timely manner, and also specify requirements as to the form and content of such notice;

● authorize the board of directors to issue preferred shares in series and to fix rights and preferences of the series (including, among other things, whether, and to what extent, the shares of any series will have voting rights and the extent of the preferences of the shares of any series with respect to dividends and other matters); and

● provide that, at a meeting of shareholders at which directors are to be elected, no shareholder shall be entitled to cumulate votes unless the candidates’ names have been placed in nomination prior to commencement of the voting and the shareholder has given notice prior to commencement of the voting of the shareholder’s intention to cumulate vote.

In addition, as a California corporation, we are subject to the provisions of Section 1203 of the California General Corporation Law, which requires us to provide a fairness opinion to our shareholders in connection with their consideration of any proposed “interested party” reorganization transaction.

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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We may sell the securities described in this prospectus to or through underwriters or dealers, through agents, or directly to one or more purchasers. A prospectus supplement or supplements (and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) will describe the terms of the offering of the securities, including, to the extent applicable:

● the name or names of any underwriters or agents, if applicable;

● the purchase price of the securities and the proceeds we will receive from the sale;

● any over-allotment options under which underwriters may purchase additional securities from us;

● any agency fees or underwriting discounts and other items constituting agents’ or underwriters’ compensation;

● any public offering price;

● any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers; and

● any securities exchange or market on which the securities may be listed.

We may also sell equity securities covered by this registration statement in an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act. Such offering may be made into an existing trading market for such securities in transactions at other than a fixed price, either:

● on or through the facilities of the NYSE American or any other securities exchange or quotation or trading service on which such securities may be listed, quoted or traded at the time of sale; and/or

● to or through a market maker otherwise than on the NYSE American or such other securities exchanges or quotation or trading services.

Such at-the-market offerings, if any, may be conducted by underwriters acting as principal or agent.

Only underwriters named in a prospectus supplement are underwriters of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement.

If underwriters are used in the sale, they will acquire the securities for their own account and may resell the securities from time to time in one or more transactions at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. The obligations of the underwriters to purchase the securities will be subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable underwriting agreement. We may offer the securities to the public through underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or by underwriters without a syndicate. Subject to certain conditions, the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement. Any public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers may change from time to time. We may use underwriters with whom we have a material relationship. We will describe in the prospectus supplement that names the underwriter, the nature of any such relationship.

We may sell securities directly or through agents we designate from time to time. We will name any agent involved in the offering and sale of securities, and we will describe any commissions we will pay the agent in the prospectus supplement. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, our agent will act on a best-efforts basis for the period of its appointment.

We may authorize agents or underwriters to solicit offers by certain types of institutional investors to purchase securities from us at the public offering price set forth in the prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a specified date in the future. We will describe the conditions to these contracts and the commissions we must pay for solicitation of these contracts in the prospectus supplement.

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We may provide agents and underwriters with indemnification against civil liabilities related to this offering, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or contribution with respect to payments that the agents or underwriters may make with respect to these liabilities. Agents and underwriters may engage in transactions with, or perform services for, us in the ordinary course of business. 

Any underwriter may engage in overallotment, stabilizing transactions, short covering transactions and penalty bids in accordance with Regulation M under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Overallotment involves sales in excess of the offering size, which create a short position. Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum. Short covering transactions involve purchases of the securities in the open market after the distribution is completed to cover short positions. Penalty bids permit the underwriters to reclaim a selling concession from a dealer when the securities originally sold by the dealer are purchased in a covering transaction to cover short positions. Those activities may cause the price of the securities to be higher than it would otherwise be. If commenced, the underwriters may discontinue any of the activities at any time.

Any underwriters who are qualified market makers on the NYSE American may engage in passive market making transactions in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M during the business day prior to the pricing of the offering, before the commencement of offers or sales of the securities. Passive market makers must comply with applicable volume and price limitations and must be identified as passive market makers. In general, a passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid for such security; if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker’s bid, however, the passive market maker’s bid must then be lowered when certain purchase limits are exceeded.

LEGAL MATTERS

Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be passed upon for us by Disclosure Law Group, a Professional Corporation, of San Diego, California.

EXPERTS

Mazars LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2021, as set forth in their report, which is incorporated by reference in this prospectus. Our financial statements are incorporated by reference in reliance on Mazars LLP’s report, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We are a public company and subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and in accordance therewith we file annual, quarterly, and other reports, proxy statements and other information with the Commission under the Exchange Act. Such reports, proxy statements and other information, including the Registration Statement, and exhibits and schedules thereto, are available to the public through the Commission’s website at www.sec.gov.

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INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

The following documents filed by us with the SEC are incorporated by reference in this prospectus:

● our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2021, filed on October 1, 2021;

● our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2021, filed on November 15, 2021; and

● the description of our common stock which is registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act, in our registration statement on Form 8-A, filed on September 28, 1998, including any amendment or reports filed for the purposes of updating this description.

We also incorporate by reference all documents we file pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15 of the Exchange Act (other than any portions of filings that are furnished rather than filed pursuant to Items 2.02 and 7.01 of a Current Report on Form 8-K) after the date of the initial registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and prior to effectiveness of such registration statement. All documents we file in the future pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act after the date of this prospectus and prior to the termination of the offering are also incorporated by reference and are an important part of this prospectus.

Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for the purposes of this registration statement to the extent that a statement contained herein or in any other subsequently filed document which also is or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein modifies or supersedes such statement. Any statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this registration statement.

We will provide to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, a copy of any or all of the information that has been incorporated by reference in the prospectus but not delivered with the prospectus. You may request a copy of these filings, excluding the exhibits to such filings which we have not specifically incorporated by reference in such filings, at no cost, by writing to or calling us at:

Trio-Tech International

Block 1008 Toa Payoh North

Unit 03-09 Singapore 318996

(65) 6265 3300

This prospectus is part of a registration statement we filed with the SEC. You should only rely on the information or representations contained in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement. We have not authorized anyone to provide information other than that provided in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement. We are not making an offer of the securities in any state where the offer is not permitted. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus or any accompanying prospectus supplement is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front of the document.

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$ 10,000,000

COMMON STOCK

DEBT SECURITIES

WARRANTS

UNITS

_______________________

PROSPECTUS

_______________________

December 3, 2021

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PART II

INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

ITEM 14.  OTHER EXPENSES OF ISSUANCE AND DISTRIBUTION

The following table sets forth an estimate of the fees and expenses, other than the underwriting discounts and commissions, payable by us in connection with the issuance and distribution of the securities being registered. All the amounts shown are estimates, except for the SEC and FINRA registration fees.

	Amount
SEC registration fee	$	927
FINRA registration fee	$	*
Legal fees and expenses	$	*
Accounting fees and expenses	$	*
Printing and miscellaneous fees and expenses	$	*
Total	$	*

* To be included by amendment.

ITEM 15.  INDEMNIFICATION OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS

Section 317 of the Corporations Code of the State of California permits a corporation to provide indemnification to its directors and officers under certain circumstances. Our Bylaws provide for mandatory indemnification of directors and officers, subject to the limitations set forth therein. Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation eliminate the liability of directors for monetary damages to the fullest extent permissible under California law and provide the Company with the power to provide for indemnification for liability for monetary damages incurred by directors and officers of the Company, subject to certain limitations, in excess of the indemnification otherwise permitted by Section 317 of the Corporations Code. The Company maintains liability insurance and is also insured against loss for which it may be required or permitted by law to indemnify its directors and officers for their related acts.

The directors and officers of the Company are covered by insurance policies indemnifying them against certain liabilities, including certain liabilities arising under the Securities Act, which might be incurred by them in such capacities and against which they cannot be indemnified by the Company.

Any underwriting agreement or distribution agreement that we enter into with any underwriters or agents involved in the offering or sale of any securities registered hereby may require such underwriters or dealers to indemnify us, some or all of our directors and officers and our controlling persons, if any, for specified liabilities, which may include liabilities under the Securities Act.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, the registrant has been informed that in the opinion of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

ITEM 16.  EXHIBITS

1.1*	Form of Underwriting Agreement
1.2*	Form of Placement Agent Agreement
4.1*	Form of indenture for senior debt securities
4.2*	Form of indenture for subordinated debt securities
4.3*	Form of senior note
4.4*	Form of subordinated note
4.5*	Form of any warrant agreement with respect to each particular series of warrants issued hereunder
4.6*	Form of any warrant agency agreement with respect to each particular series of warrants issued hereunder
4.7*	Form of any unit agreement with respect to any unit issued hereunder
5.1*	Opinion of Disclosure Law Group, a Professional Corporation
23.1*	Consent of Disclosure Law Group, a Professional Corporation
23.2	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – Mazars LLP, filed herewith
24	Power of Attorney (located on signature page)

* To be filed, if necessary, by an amendment to this registration statement or incorporation by reference pursuant to a Current Report on Form 8-K in connection with an offering of securities.

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ITEM 17.  UNDERTAKINGS

(a) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:

(1)  To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

(i)  To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;

(ii)  To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement.

(iii)  To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement; provided, however, that paragraphs (i), (ii) and (iii) do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the Registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.

(2)  That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(3)  To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(4)  That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser:

(i)  If the Registrant is relying on Rule 430B:

(A) Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and

(B) Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by section 10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date; or

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(ii)  If the registrant is subject to Rule 430C, each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.

(5)  That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities: The undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

(i)  Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;

(ii)  Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;

(iii)  The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and

(iv)  Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.

(6)   That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the Registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of each Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, each Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and is, therefore, unenforceable.  In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by a Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of a Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, that Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the Country of Singapore on December 3, 2021.

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL
By:	/s/ S. W. Yong
	S. W. Yong
	President and Chief Executive Officer

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints S. W. Yong as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his or her name, place, and stead, in any and all capacities, to (i) act on, sign and file with the Securities and Exchange Commission any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this registration statement together with all schedules and exhibits thereto and any subsequent registration statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, together with all schedules and exhibits thereto, (ii) act on, sign and file such certificates, instruments, agreements and other documents as may be necessary or appropriate in connection therewith, (iii) act on and file any supplement to any prospectus included in this registration statement or any such amendment or any subsequent registration statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and (iv) take any and all actions which may be necessary or appropriate to be done, as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agent, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name	Position	Date
/s/ S.W.Yong	President and Chief Executive Officer	December 3, 2021
S.W.Yong	(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Victor H. M. Ting	Vice President and Chief Financial Officer	December 3, 2021
Victor H. M. Ting	(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ A. Charles Wilson	Chairman of the Board	December 3, 2021
A. Charles Wilson
/s/ Jason T. Adelman	Director	December 3, 2021
Jason T. Adelman
/s/ Richard M. Horowitz	Director	December 3, 2021
Richard M. Horowitz

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