Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement (Form S-8) pertaining to the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan and 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of our report dated March 12, 2018 with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc. included in its Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Boston, Massachusetts

March 12, 2018