EX-96.1 3 ea193412ex96-1_american.htm TECHNICAL REPORT

Exhibit 96.1

TECHNICAL REPORT SUMMARY

ABM LISBON VALLEY LITHIUM PROJECT

SAN JUAN COUNTY, UTAH, USA

Effective Date: October 31, 2023

Prepared for:
American Battery Materials, Inc.

By:
Bradley C. Peek, MSc., CPG
Peek Consulting, Inc.

V.10.31.2023.00

American Battery Materials	Lisbon Valley Lithium
Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

Table of Contents

1.	Summary	1

1.1	Introduction	1

1.2	Property Description and Location	1

1.3	Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure and Physiography	2

1.4	History	2

1.5	Geologic Setting and Mineralization	3

1.6	Deposit Types	4

1.7	Exploration	5

1.8	Drilling	5

1.9	Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing	5

1.10	Adjacent Properties	5

1.11	Interpretation and Conclusions	6

1.12	Recommendations	6

2.	Introduction	6

3.	Reliance on Other Specialists	7

4.	Property Description and Location	8

5.	Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure and Physiography	12

6.	History	15

7.	Geologic Setting and Mineralization	18

7.1	Stratigraphy	19

7.2	Structure	22

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Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

7.3	Geophysics	23

8.	Deposit Types	25

8.1	Brines	26

8.2	Wells Located on the Subject Property	36

9.	Exploration	38

10.	Drilling	39

11.	Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security	39

12.	Data Verification	39

13.	Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing	40

14.	Adjacent Properties	42

15.	Other Relevant Data and Information	44

16.	Interpretation and Conclusions	44

17.	Recommendations	45

18.	References	46

19.	Certificate of the Author	49

20.	Consent of Competent Person	50

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Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

List of Figures

Figure 4.1 – Road map of Utah with project location	8
Figure 4.2 - Overview of ABM’s Lisbon Lithium claims in San Juan County, Utah	10
Figure 4.3 – An example of one of the claim stakes found on the property May 7, 2023	11
Figure 5.1 – Oil and gas or potash wells and infrastructureon and around the ABM property	12
Figure 5.2 – Topographic map underlying a plot of the ABM claim blocks. CI=40'	13
Figure 5.3 - Climate data for Moab, Utah	14
Figure 6.1 - Lisbon Valley Lithium claims in relation to the Superior Federal 88-21P well	17
Figure 7.1 - Structural elements of the Paradox Basin and adjacent areas (from Nuccio and Condon, 1996)	18
Figure 7.2 - Generalized stratigraphic nomenclature within the greater Paradox Basin area	20
Figure 7.3 - Geologic map of the LVL claim area outlined in red. Modified after Doelling (2002)	21
Figure 7.4 – W-E Cross section through the Lisbon Oil field on the north flank of the Lisbon Valley Anticline	22
Figure 7.5a - Three-dimensional analysis of the Lisbon Valley gravity anomaly (Byerly and Joesting, 1959)	23
Figure 7.5b – Two-dimensional analysis of the Lisbon Valley gravity anomaly (Byerly and Joesting, 1959)	24
Figure 8.1 – Wells and infrastructure occurring on and near the ABM claims	37
Figure 9.1 – Stratigraphic column and type log for the units showing (Pennsylvanian) clastic and salt section (Mayhew and Heylmann 1965)	38
Figure 13.1 - Process flow diagram of a typical lithium extraction process	41
Figure 14.1 – The location of ABM’s Lisbon Lithium Project relative to Anson’s project and the Cane Creek Potash Mine	43

List of Tables

Table 1.1 - Chemical analysis of brine from the Superior Federal 88-21P well from Hite (1978)	3
Table 2.1 - Abbreviations and Acronyms used in report	7
Table 4.1 - Claims with BLM UT numbers	9
Table 6.1 - Chemical analysis of brine from the Superior Fed 88-21P well from Hite (1978)	16
Table 8.1 - Amerada Petroleum No. 2 Green River	26
Table 8.2 - British-American No. 1 Gov’t.-Norwood	27
Table 8.3 - California Oil No. 1, Navajo 177	27
Table 8.4 - Delhi-Taylor No. 2, Seven Mile	28
Table 8.5 - Humble No. 1 Rustler Dome	29
Table 8.6 - King Oil No. 2 Big Flat	29
Table 8.7 - Pure Oil No. 1 Hobson-USA	29
Table 8.8 - Pure Oil No. 1 Hobson-USA	30

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Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

Table 8.9 - Pure Oil No. 2 Big Flat	30
Table 8.10 - Roberts Brine Well	31
Table 8.11 - Southern Natural No. 1 Long Canyon	31
Table 8.12 - Southern Natural No. 1 Long Canyon	32
Table 8.13 - Suburban Storage No. 1	32
Table 8.14 - Superior No. 22-34 Salt Wash	33
Table 8.15 - Superior No. 14-5 Bowknot	33
Table 8.16 - Texaco No. 2 Navajo AC	34
Table 8.17 - Texaco No. 1 Smoot (Salt Wash field)	34
Table 8.18 - Tidewater No. 74-11 Big Flat	35
Table 8.19 - Tidewater No. 74-11 Big Flat	35
Table 8.20 - White Cloud #2 (aka. Roberts Brine Well)	36
Table 8.21 - Oil & gas wells drilled within the LVL claim block.	36
Table 14.1 – Anson Resources announced resources from their DFS.	42
Table 14.2 – Financial highlights from the Anson Resources DFS.	42

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Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

1. Summary

1.1 Introduction

American Battery Materials, Inc. (ABM)(formerly BoxScore Brands Inc.) acquired the rights to the Lisbon Lithium Project from Plateau Ventures LLC. Peek Consulting was engaged by ABM to write this report to document progress on the property and for funding purposes.

The report has been written to conform to the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC’s) Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K for a Technical Report Summary. The subject property is an exploration stage property that currently has no mineral resources or mineral reserves yet defined. No exploration has been conducted on the property to date. This report is a summary of the data reviewed and the conclusions drawn from that data.

This report is an update of a previous report entitled “ABM Lisbon Valley Lithium Project, San Juan County, Utah, USA” with an effective date of May 15, 2023. The current report includes a substantial increase in the land position of the project.

1.2 Property Description and Location

The property is located in San Juan County, Utah. The center of the claims lies approximately 35 miles (58 kilometers) southeast of the city of Moab. The property position consists of 743 placer mining claims staked on U. S. Government land administered by the U. S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM).

The claims are a semi-contiguous group named the LVL group covering roughly 23 square miles. The original 102 claims were staked in portions of Sections 17-18, 20-22, and 27-29, T30S, R25E, Salt Lake Baseline and Principal Meridian in 2017, with additional claims staked in Q2, 2023 in Sections 22, 25-28, 33-35 in T30S, R25E; Section 31, T30S, R26E; Sections 1, 3-4, 8-15, 17, T 31S, R25E; and Sections 5-8, 17-18, T31S, R26E (Figure 4.2). The original 102 claims were located on September 8, 9 and 10, 2021. All original claim corners and location monuments were located using handheld Garmin GPS units (Gavin Harrison, personal communication). Additional claims were located and staked by a (confidential) mining consulting company between May 3, 2023 and June, 12 2023.

It will be necessary for ABM to re-enter an oil and gas well or to drill a new well to obtain brine samples for analysis and metallurgical testing. Permits for such operations will be required from the BLM and the Utah Division of Oil, Gas and Mining. These permits are currently in process.

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American Battery Materials	Lisbon Valley Lithium
Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

1.3 Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure and Physiography

Moab, Utah, the nearest population center to the property, is a city of 5,336 persons (2020 Census). It is located in a relatively remote portion of Utah but is easily accessed by U. S. Highway 191. Highway 191 intersects with Interstate 70 about 30 miles (48 kilometers) north of Moab, at Crescent Junction. Moab is a tourist destination and has numerous motels and restaurants. Moab would also be the nearest source of labor in the region.

The region has a history of mining, primarily uranium and vanadium that dates back as far as 1881. The Lisbon Valley Copper Mine is in the heart of the Lisbon Valley and is currently producing copper cathode. An all-weather road and electric power supply the mine.

All the ABM claims fall between elevations of 6200 and 6900 feet (1890 and 2100 meters) above sea level.

It is anticipated that ABM will use a Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) method rather than using evaporation ponds to recover the lithium and other potential mineral from brines, should the project advance to the production stage. The project should therefore have sufficient space on the ABM claims to construct processing facilities.

The climate is arid, also termed “high desert”. Moab has average annual precipitation of 9.02 inches (229 mm). The climatic conditions allow for fieldwork to continue throughout the year.

1.4 History

The Paradox Basin initially attracted attention because of high lithium values reported in the literature in brines recovered from oil and gas exploration wells. The Paradox Basin has been explored for oil and gas for many years (Durgin, 2011). The earliest discoveries of potash in the area were made in 1924 in oil and gas wells, but the correlation of the beds and the extent and richness of the deposits were not recognized until the 1950s. The Seven Mile, Salt Wash and White Cloud potash target areas, all west of Moab, were quickly identified. Further exploration led to the development of the Cane Creek potash mine adjacent to the Colorado River.

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Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

Brines were commonly encountered in these wells, but none of the wells was of economic significance for brine until in 1962 when the Southern Natural Gas Company drilled a well, Long Canyon Unit #1, which encountered a substantial flow of high-density brine at a depth of 6,013 feet (Durgin, 2011).

Several companies have reported high lithium values occurring in brines from oil & gas and potash wells drilled into the Paradox Formation. Hite (1978) investigated the potash potential of the Lisbon Valley area in a USGS Open File Report. The analytical report has been the main impetus for the acquisition of the Lisbon Valley Lithium property. In Hite’s report, he published the analytical results of a brine sample from the Superior Oil Company Federal 88-21P. Table 1.1 lists the analytical results from Hite’s report.

Table 1.1 - Chemical analysis of brine from the Superior Federal 88-21P well from Hite (1978).

Compound/Element	%		ppm
Na₂O		9.24		92,400
K₂O		2.91		29,100
Li₂O		0.073		730
CaO		1.30		13,000
MgO		7.44		74,400
CO₂		0.056		560
SO₃		0.021		210
B₂O₃		0.84		8,400
P₂O₅		0.0009		9
Cl		19.44		194,400
Br		0.32		3,200
I		0.003		30

1.5 Geologic Setting and Mineralization

The Paradox Basin is an oval-shaped area located in southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado that may be defined by the maximum extent of salt deposits in the Paradox Formation (formerly) referred to as the Hermosa Formation of Middle Pennsylvanian age (Hite and others, 1984; Nuccio and Condon, 1996). The basin was primarily a Pennsylvanian and Permian feature that accumulated thick deposits of carbonate, halite, and clastic rocks in response to downwarping and uplift along its northeastern basin. The basin was later modified, largely due to the Laramide Orogeny 50 to 70 million years (Ma) ago. Today the basin has been eroded in places by uplift of the Colorado Plateau and downcutting by the Colorado River and its tributaries (Nuccio and Condon, 1996).

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Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

The Paradox Basin is composed of sedimentary rocks that overlie an Early Proterozoic basement of metamorphic gneiss and schist that is locally intruded by granite (Nuccio and Condon, 1996; Tweto,1987). Cambrian through Jurassic sedimentary rocks unconformably overlie the basement rock in much of the basin. Cretaceous rocks are also noted in the southeastern part of the basin.

The Paradox Formation, which is of primary interest to this study, contains dolomite, black shale, anhydrite, halite, and other salts. The lithium-rich brines of the Paradox Basin have all been derived from the Paradox Formation. Halite is the most abundant rock type, occurring in beds tens of feet thick. The black, dolomitic shale is the source rock of some of the oil and gas recovered in the basin. The Paradox was deposited in a series of cycles that represent repeated desiccation and marine flooding of the basin (Hite and Buchner, 1981). The black shales of the Paradox have been used as marker beds to correlate depositional cycles throughout the basin. The cycles have been grouped into larger zones, or “substages” (Barnes and others, 1967), or “production intervals” (Hite and others, 1984).

The primary structure in the area of the ABM claims is the Lisbon Valley anticline. It is bordered on its northeast side by the Lisbon Valley fault. The fault zone can be traced on surface northwest and southeast for a distance of 41 miles (66 km). The fault and anticline are the result of salt tectonics prevalent in the Paradox Basin (Hite, 1978).

1.6 Deposit Types

There is currently no known production of lithium from the Paradox Basin. The deposit model and exploration target for the Lisbon Lithium Project is very similar to the model defined by Anson Resources in the Paradox Basin to the northwest of ABM’s claim block (See Section 13 – Adjacent Properties). Anson, an Australian company, operating in the U. S. as A1 Lithium Incorporated, has defined a major lithium and bromine resource and has completed a Definitive Feasibility Study. ABM’s target deposit model is similar in all respects to that of Anson’s deposit.

The method of extraction of the lithium from the brines is foreseen to be by Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) and reinjection of the processed brine back into the subsurface. This method has been gaining favor in the lithium industry over the last several years because it does not involve the use of evaporation ponds. DLE uses a much smaller footprint than evaporation ponds and is therefore more acceptable from an environmental standpoint. As yet, ABM has not done any testing for the possibility of using DLE and will not be able to do any testing until samples of brine are acquired from the target formations.

The brines were not considered important until 1962, when Southern Natural Gas intersected the brine zone and a very substantial flow of brines under tremendous pressure. A second well was drilled 500 feet (152 meters) northeast of the first well and encountered flows estimated to be in excess of 50,000 barrels of brine per day. Many of the wells had analyses showing lithium assays. These are partially enumerated in Section 8.1 – Brines.

Eight oil and gas wells have been drilled on the property now held by ABM according to records of the Utah Division of Oil, Gas and Mining. Unfortunately, no analyses of the brines from any of the oil and gas wells have been found in the literature. Seven of the wells have been plugged and abandoned. One well is being used as a water disposal well.

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American Battery Materials	Lisbon Valley Lithium
Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

1.7 Exploration

There has been no exploration conducted on the property by ABM or its predecessors other than the gathering and assimilation of data from all available sources.

Structure contour maps of the zones have been generated but are currently proprietary. The primary targets include Clastic Zones 17 and 31, as well as the Leadville Limestone. These zones have been shown by historical records and recent production to have free flowing brines with high lithium concentrations – in some cases above 200 ppm Li.

Secondary targets are Clastic Zones 19, 29, 33, and 39. These zones have been recently identified by Anson Resources’ drilling and testing (see Section 13 on Adjacent Properties) to contain supersaturated brines with elevated lithium concentrations.

Though potential targets have been identified, ABM intends to test all clastic zones encountered in future appraisal wells.

1.8 Drilling

1.9 Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing

No metallurgical testing has been conducted by ABM and none can be conducted until brine samples can be collected from wells drilled or re-entered on the subject property. The anticipated type of processing envisioned by ABM for extraction of lithium and possibly other commodities from the brines is summarized here.

The use of open ponds for evaporation and concentration of lithium brines is nominally inexpensive, however, the evaporation process is time consuming, land intensive and wasteful of water. The development of new brine resources from undeveloped lithium brine deposits is likely to meet significant environmental and social barriers to implementation, particularly in the US, and evaporation ponds are not considered environmentally sustainable.

1.10 Adjacent Properties

There is no known lithium production in the Paradox Basin. The Cane Creek potash mine is located 32 miles (51 kilometers) northwest of the LVL claim group. The mine has been operating since 1965, initially as an underground room and pillar style mine. It was converted to a solution mining operation in 1970.

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Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

1.11 Interpretation and Conclusions

The only way to determine if the lithium enriched brines exist and can be economically produced from the target zones is to drill exploration wells or re-enter abandoned oil and gas wells to produce and test brine from the targeted zones. American Battery Materials intends to drill two exploratory/appraisal wells within its claims position and is currently waiting on permit approval. The estimated spud dates for the two wells are expected to be 10-12 months for this report’s effective date.

1.12 Recommendations

It is recommended that ABM drill and complete two appraisal wells and perform comprehensive testing on key horizons within the Paradox clastic members and Leadville (Mississippian) Limestone. Individual formations should be evaluated for overall reservoir quality, bottom hole pressures and flow rates from conventional completions. Any extracted brines should be tested to determine lithium concentrations and to prove economic viability of a pilot and permanent production program. The company has identified an appraisal and development program that is proprietary. This information will be disclosed in an advanced technical report after the appraisal wells are drilled and individual zones are identified and fully evaluated.

2. Introduction

Peek Consulting, Inc. and Bradley C. Peek, CPG were retained by ABM to prepare this technical report summary. The author is an independent consultant and is not an employee of ABM. The author is a Qualified Person as defined by Canada’s NI 43-101 and the SEC’s Regulation S-K 1300.

The majority of information contained in this report was gleaned from various sources and, when possible, verified by the author. These other sources being:

●

Published literature.

●

Utah Geological Survey website.

●

Oil, gas and potash well logs from various sources.

●

Plateau Ventures LLC concerning the claim staking and ownership.

●

A confidential claim staking company also concerning claim staking and ownership.

●

The U. S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) MLRS website for verification that the mining claims are active.

●

Sources are also referenced in the text of this document, where pertinent.

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Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

The author lived in Moab from 2006 until 2010, so is familiar with the general area of the claims and the geology of the Paradox Basin. The author consulted for the Lisbon Valley Mining Company at the Lisbon Valley Copper Mine in 2007. The mine is adjacent to the placer claims that are the subject of this report, so the author is familiar with the area’s geology and surface expression.

Table 2.1 - Abbreviations and Acronyms used in report.

BLM	U. S. Bureau of Land Management
BSWPD	Barrels Salt Water Per Day
LCE	Lithium Carbonate Equivalent
Li	Chemical symbol for lithium
Ma	Million years before present
mD	Millidarcy
Psi	Pounds per square inch
PPM	Parts per million
TDS	Total Dissolved Solids
USGS	U. S. Geological Survey

All dollar figures in this report are in U. S. dollars unless otherwise noted.

3. Reliance on Other Specialists

Gavin Harrison of Plateau Ventures LLC, who is not a Qualified Person, supplied most of the information regarding the staking and locations of the placer mining claims. Mr. Harrison has more than 20 years of experience staking and recording claims on BLM land in several states in the western U. S.

Kenneth C. “Scott” Avanzino, Jr., ABM’s current COO is an exploration and wellsite geologist with 19 years of industry experience. Mr. Avanzino holds a B. S. in Geology from Colgate University and M. S. in Geology from Tulane University. Mr. Avanzino assisted the author with well log interpretation, subsurface mapping, and reviewed the technical report summary. Subsurface mapping is currently proprietary and confidential and will be included in later advanced technical reports.

The author takes full responsibility for the content of this report summary.

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American Battery Materials	Lisbon Valley Lithium
Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

4. Property Description and Location

The property is located in San Juan County, Utah. The center of the claims lies approximately 35 miles (58 kilometers) southeast of the city of Moab (Figure 4.1). The property position consists of 743 placer mining claims staked on U. S. Government land administered by the U. S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Each claim covers an area of 20 acres (8.1 hectares).

The claims are a semi-contiguous group named the LVL group covering roughly 23 square miles. The original 102 claims were staked in portions of Sections 17-18, 20-22, and 27-29, T30S, R25E, Salt Lake Baseline and Principal Meridian in 2017, with additional claims staked in Q2, 2023 in Sections 22, 25-28, 33-35 in T30S, R25E; Section 31, T30S, R26E; Sections 1, 3-4, 8-15, 17, T 31S, R25E; and Sections 5-8, 17-18, T31S, R26E (Figure 4.2). The original 102 claims were located on September 8, 9 and 10, 2021. All original claim corners and location monuments were located using handheld Garmin GPS units (Gavin Harrison, personal communication). An additional 641 claims were located and staked by a (confidential) mining consulting and survey company between May 3, 2023, and June 12, 2023.

Figure 4.1 – Road map of Utah with project location.

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American Battery Materials	Lisbon Valley Lithium
Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

The original 102 placer claims were staked by Plateau Ventures LLC. and sold to Boxscore Brands who changed its corporate name to American Battery Materials, Inc. All 102 claims were originally owned 100% by Boxscore Brands and were transferred to American Battery Material’s operating company Mountain Sage Minerals, LLC in June of 2023. An additional 641 placer claims have been staked since the last technical report dated May 15, 2023. All claims are registered or filed in the name of Mountain Sage Mineral’s, a wholly owned operating company registered in the state of Utah. The previous (102) placer claims and those (641) have been registered and are currently in good standing according to BLM records.

Table 4.1 is a listing of the claim names with BLM UT numbers for the claims as posted in the BLM’s MLRS online database. The author has witnessed several of the original claim group corners and location monuments on the ground and has been furnished with copies of the claim location certificates time- and date-stamped by the San Juan County Recorder.

Table 4.1 - Claims with BLM UT numbers.

Claim No. From	Claim No. To	BLM No. From	BLM No. To
LVL-001	LVL-102	UT105270470	UT105270571
LVL-103	LVL-274	UT105835855	UT105836026
LVL - 275	LVL - 743	UT106309853	UT106310321

All 743 Claims have been staked, recorded and are in good standing until next year’s maintenance fee renewal on September 1, 2024.

Annual holding costs for the claims are $165 per claim per year to the BLM, due September 1^st. There is also a $2 per claim annual document fee to be paid to San Juan County, Utah each year, due November 1^st. There is no set expiration date for the claims if the payments are made annually. There are currently no required royalties to be paid on production from U. S. Government mining claims.

Currently there are no known significant factors or risks that may affect access, title, or right/ability to perform work on the Company’s property. The current land under claims contains no buildings or structures. All lithium mineralization is interpreted to be in the form of brines in the subsurface. There are no known mineralized zones on or below the surface of ABM’s staked land other than those defined by the information presented in this report. There are no known environmental liabilities associated with the property position. To the author’s knowledge the only development on the property are some oil and gas wells with associated roads and pipelines.

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Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

Figure 4.2 - Overview of ABM’s Lisbon Lithium claims in San Juan County, Utah.

ABM’s placer claims are plotted on Figure 4.2, which is a Public Land Survey System (PLSS) map using Salt Lake City Prime Meridian.

The claims are located in Southeast Utah in sections 17-18, 20-22, 25-29, 33-35 of Township 30 South and Range 25 East; sections 1, 3, 4, 8-15 of Township 31 South and Range 25 East; sections 31 of Township 30 South and Range 26 East and sections 5-9, 17 and 18 of Township 31 South and Range 26 East. The latitude and longitude of the southeast corner of Section 36, Township 30 South, 25 East referenced on the figure is accurate to +/- 50 feet.

As described herein, 743 placer mining claims covering approximately 14,860 acres (36,720 hectares) have been secured on the subject property. Minerals or materials included under placer claims are defined in the CFR 43, Subtitle B, Chapter 2, Subchapter C Subpart II Section 3832.21b and are limited to exploration and development of river sands or gravels bearing gold or valuable detrital minerals, bedded gypsum, limestone, cinders, pumice, and similar mineral deposits, mineral-bearing brine (water saturated or strongly impregnated) with salts and containing ancillary locatable minerals to be extracted as the primary valuable minerals.

No other mineral or surface rights have been applied for, permitted, leased or granted on the subject property.

Figure 4.3 below is an example of one of the claim stakes found on the property during the author’s site visit on May 7, 2023. The stake is the location monument for claim number LVL#5.

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Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

Figure 4.3 – An example of one of the claim stakes found on the property May 7, 2023.

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Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

5. Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure and Physiography

To access the property from Moab, travel south on Highway 191 for 25 miles (40 kilometers) to La Sal Junction. Turn east on State Highway 49. Travel 7 miles (11 kilometers) and turn south onto Highway 113. Go another 13 miles (21 kilometers) to the northeast corner of the property. A few gravel roads cross the property. Oil and gas drilling and production, along with ranching have made the area relatively accessible.

There is a network of dirt and paved roads within the claims area, which service the oil and gas wells and the Lisbon Valley Copper Mine. Two existing natural gas pipelines traverse the claims. Power is supplied to the copper mine, also within the claim area, for use in their electrowinning copper recovery process. Nine wellbores (8 oil and gas and 1 potash) are available for re-entry and nearby water rights and private land are available for sale or lease. Figure 5.1 is a Google Earth image showing oil and gas or potash wells on the property and the infrastructure on and surrounding the ABM claims.

Figure 5.1 - Oil and gas or potash wells and infrastructure on and around the ABM property.

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Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

All the ABM claims fall between elevations of 6200 and 6900 feet (1890 and 2100 meters) above sea level.

The vegetation of the region is sparse, mostly consisting of widely spaced low brush. Juniper and pinion trees are sparsely dispersed on the uplands and are more prevalent in the canyons. Much of the surface is bare rock. Topography is low to moderate but is often steep, or even vertical, where the thick Jurassic sandstone units are cut by the ephemeral streams. Figure 5.1 is a topographic map of the Lisbon Valley area with the ABM claim block superimposed. The contour interval on the map is 40 feet.

At present, ABM does not own water rights in the Lisbon Valley area. The company will need to obtain water rights and a source of fresh water to process the brines and extract lithium, should the property reach production.

Figure 5.2 – Topographic map underlying a plot of the ABM claim blocks. CI=40’.

The climate is arid, also termed “high desert”. Moab has average annual precipitation of 9.02 inches (229 mm). In July, the hottest month, it has an average high temperature of 99°F (37°C) and an average low temperature of 65°F (18°C). In January, the coldest month, it has an average high temperature of 43°F (6°C) and an average low of 20°F (-7°C) (Source: Wikipedia.com). The chart below is a graphic representation of the Moab average temperatures (Source: www.usclimatedata.com). The climatic conditions allow for fieldwork to continue throughout the year.

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American Battery Materials	Lisbon Valley Lithium
Technical Report Summary	San Juan County, Utah

The Paradox Basin covers a large portion of the central part of the Colorado Plateau. The landscape is dominated by thick sections of mostly red Jurassic sandstones cut by streams and rivers into deep, steep-sided canyons. Mattox (1968) describes the Paradox Basin in the following way:

“The Paradox Basin, here defined as being that area in southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado that is underlain by saline strata of Pennsylvanian age, has an aerial extent of approximately 1,000 square miles. The climate is essentially arid over much of the basin, the only exceptions being in the Abajo and La Sal Mountains. The vegetation is sparse except in the mountains, where there are heavy stands of timber. The Colorado River traverses the basin, and it and some of its tributaries are permanent streams; in general, however, the streams of the area are ephemeral, and flash flooding is a characteristic phenomenon of their flow.”

Figure 5.3 - Climate data for Moab, Utah.

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6. History

In 1964 the White Cloud #2 well was drilled by J.E. Roberts, 500 feet northeast of the Long Canyon #1 well, specifically for testing the “Brine Zone.” Brine was encountered at 6,013 feet and it was recorded that artesian brine flow was so strong that drilling had to be suspended after penetrating only 6 feet of the 28 foot pay zone. The hole was eventually deepened. Brine from the well was tested by a U. S. Geological Survey laboratory and was reported to contain 1700 ppm lithium (Gwynn, 2008). See note in table 8.20 relating to this reported value.

In 1953 Delhi Oil Corporation explored the Seven Mile area, seven miles NW of Moab, drilling 10 holes on one-half mile centers and identifying a substantial potash resource. In 1956 Delhi identified an excellent potash target at Cane Creek, nine miles south of the Seven Mile area. They drilled 7 test holes there and decided that the Cane Creek target was thicker and higher grade. In 1957 a wildcat oil hole 10 miles west of the Seven Mile area intersected a 16-foot-thick high grade potash bed at the same stratigraphic horizon as Cane Creek and Seven Mile.

In 1960 Texas Gulf Sulfur acquired the Delhi potash properties and was in full production from an underground mine by early in 1965. They announced that the Cane Creek potash bed was 11 feet thick and averaged 25 to 30% potash (Jackson, 1973). The Cane Creek mine, now owned by Intrepid Potash switched to solution mining and solar evaporative precipitation in 1971 and as of Intrepid’s 2020 annual report is still producing at a rate between 75,000 and 120,000 tons of potash per year. Its expected mine life is +100 years with proven and probable reserves at grades of 44.4% and 46.2% KCl, respectively.

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Hite (1978) investigated the potash potential of the Lisbon Valley area in a USGS Open File Report. The analytical report has been the main impetus for the acquisition of the Lisbon Valley Lithium property. Hite examined the available data from oil and gas wells and the potash wells drilled into the Lisbon Valley oil field up until that time. He found significant potential for the development of a potash mine. In Hite’s report, he published the analytical results of a brine sample from the Superior Oil Company Federal 88-21P. Table 6.1 lists the analytical results from Hite’s report and Figure 6.1 shows the location of Federal 88-21 in relation to the ABM claim block.

Table 6.1 - Chemical analysis of brine from the Superior Federal 88-21P well from Hite (1978).

Compound/Element	%		ppm
Na₂O		9.24		92,400
K₂O		2.91		29,100
Li₂O		0.073		730
CaO		1.30		13,000
MgO		7.44		74,400
CO₂		0.056		560
SO₃		0.021		210
B₂O₃		0.84		8,400
P₂O₅		0.0009		9
Cl		19.44		194,400
Br		0.32		3,200
I		0.003		30

The analysis for lithium from the brine yielded a value of 0.073% Li₂O or 730 ppm. This converts to 340 ppm Li. The analysis also showed high values for other salts that could be recovered as byproducts of lithium production.

Unfortunately, at the time the brine sample was collected, it was uncertain which horizon was producing the brine flow. As Hite states:

“The stratigraphic position of the brine source could never be established even though the company cored continuously through the evaporites.”

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If the well were to be re-entered, the different zones would need to be isolated and tested to establish which stratigraphic horizons produce brines with the highest lithium values. Based on the casing point and Superior 88-21 well’s total depth, the producing horizon lies between 2400 to 3500 feet below the ground surface.

Figure 6.1 - Lisbon Valley Lithium claims in relation to the Superior Peterson Federal 88-21P well.

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7. Geologic Setting and Mineralization

The Paradox Basin is an oval-shaped area located in southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado that may be defined by the maximum extent of salt deposits in the Paradox Formation (formerly referred to as the Hermosa Formation of Middle Pennsylvanian age (Hite and others, 1984; Nuccio and Condon, 1996). The basin was primarily a Pennsylvanian and Permian feature that accumulated thick deposits of carbonate, halite, and clastic rocks in response to downwarping and uplift along its northeastern basin. The basin was later modified, largely due to the Laramide Orogeny 50 to 70 million years (Ma) ago. Today the basin has been eroded in places by uplift of the Colorado Plateau and downcutting by the Colorado River and its tributaries (Nuccio and Condon, 1996). Figure 7.1 shows the structural features in and surrounding the Paradox Basin.

Figure 7.1 - Structural elements of the Paradox Basin and adjacent areas (from Nuccio and Condon, 1996).

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7.1 Stratigraphy

The Paradox Basin is composed of sedimentary rocks that overlie an Early Proterozoic basement of metamorphic gneiss and schist that is locally intruded by granite (Nuccio and Condon, 1996; Tweto,1987). A stratigraphic column of the basin is presented in Figure 7.2. Cambrian through Jurassic sedimentary rocks unconformably overlie the basement rock in much of the basin. Cretaceous rocks are also noted in the southeastern part of the basin.

The collision of the Laurentia and Gondwana super-continents in the Pennsylvanian and Permian affected the basin, as the Uncompahgre Plateau to the northeast experienced rapid and large-scale uplift as the northeastern side of the basin subsided. All Cambrian through Mississippian rocks were eroded from the plateau as well as some of the Precambrian rocks. Isopach maps in Nuccio and Condon (1996) show that as much as 12,000 feet of sediment accumulated in a trough to the southwest of the Uncompahgre Plateau during Pennsylvanian and Permian time. Deposits of the Pennsylvanian Period, in ascending order, include the Molas Formation, Hermosa Group, Paradox Formation, and Honaker Trail Formation. The Molas Formation is transitional from nonmarine to marine, with marine limestone deposited by the transgressive Middle Pennsylvanian sea.

The Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian Hermosa Group makes up most of the Pennsylvanian strata in the basin. From oldest to youngest, the Hermosa includes the Pinkerton Trail, Paradox, and Honaker Trail Formations (Wengerd and Metheny, 1958). The Pinkerton Trail Formation is composed of interbedded marine limestone and dark shale, deposited in shallow marine conditions of normal salinity.

The Paradox Formation, which is of primary interest to this study, contains dolomite, black shale, anhydrite, halite, and other salts. The lithium-rich brines of the Paradox Basin have all been derived from the Paradox Formation. Halite is the most abundant rock type, occurring in beds tens of feet thick. The black, dolomitic shale is the source rock of some of the oil and gas recovered in the basin. The Paradox was deposited in a series of cycles that represent repeated desiccation and marine flooding of the basin (Hite and Buchner, 1981). In the southwestern part of the basin, the Paradox Formation grades into shelf carbonates, including algal-mound deposits that have served as oil and gas reservoir rocks. In the easternmost part of the basin, the Paradox Formation cannot be differentiated. The black shales of the Paradox have been used as marker beds to correlate depositional cycles throughout the basin. The cycles have been grouped into larger zones, or “substages” (Barnes and others, 1967), or “production intervals” (Hite and others, 1984). Figure 6 is a correlation chart showing the stratigraphy across the Paradox Basin.

For references regarding the sedimentary units lying above the Hermosa Group, additional information can be found in Campbell (1980), Wengerd and Metheny (1958), Nuccio and Condon (1996), Huntoon (1992), Huntoon, et al (1994), Dubiel (1989), Stewart, et al (1972), Pipiringos and O’Sullivan (1978), Peterson and Turner-Peterson (1987), Turner and Fishman (1991), Molenaar (1981), Robinson (1972), McDonald (1972), Spieker (1949), Fouch (1976), and Fouch et al (1983).

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Figure 7.2 below is the generalized stratigraphic nomenclature within the greater Paradox Basin area. North American series names have been added for the Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and Permian; however, there is not an intended exact respective match with the formations. Formations assigned to the Hermosa Group are after Rasmussen, D.L. and L. Rasmussen (2009) and Rasmussen (2014). The halite- and potash-bearing interval is marked by green shading. Regional unconformities are shown by the undulating line separating some formations and groups.

Figure 7.2 - Generalized stratigraphic nomenclature within the greater Paradox Basin area.

The ABM claims are underlain by Quaternary through Pennsylvanian sedimentary units. Figure 7.3 shows the surficial geology on and around the LVL claim block.

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Figure 7.3 - Geologic map of the LVL claim area outlined in red. Modified after Doelling (2002).

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7.2 Structure

The primary structure in the area of the ABM claims is the Lisbon Valley Anticline. The Lisbon Valley Anticline was originally identified by gravity anomaly in 1959 (Figure 7.5a) and later supported by 2D seismic surveys and subsurface mapping using available oil and gas well data. The structure is a 4-way anticlinal closure that is cut by a large listric normal fault on its northeast side by the NW/SE trending, down to the northeast, Lisbon Valley Fault (shown in Figure 7.3). The Lisbon Valley Fault zone can be traced on the surface (northwest and southeast trend) for a distance of 41 miles (66 km). The fault and anticline are the result of salt tectonics prevalent in the Paradox Basin (Hite, 1978). Bedding and dip of the Paradox and younger sedimentary rocks generally conform to the structure map presented in Figure 7.5a, showing the top of salt. On the crest of the anticline, salt dissolution has occurred in the upper salt members and salt/clastics zones are highly folded and, in some cases, faulted with increasing depth. Figure 7.4 is a cross section across the NW flank of the Lisbon Valley Anticline showing Robert Hite’s interpretation of the intense structural deformation caused by salt flowage (from Hite 1978). It is important to note that the ABM claims sit on the southeast flank of the Lisbon Valley Anticline where deformation is less prevalent, and individual beds are mappable. Salt is typically encountered between 2200 and 2500 feet below ground level and is generally 6500' thick in vicinity of the ABM claims area.

Figure 7.4 – W-E Cross section through the Lisbon Oil field on the north flank of the Lisbon Valley Anticline.

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7.3 Geophysics

No geophysical surveys have been conducted by ABM on the property. There are numerous 2D seismic lines and a single 3D seismic survey in the vicinity of the ABM claims that may be purchased, but these have not been pursued at this point in time.

A published study (Byerly and Joesting, 1959) included a gravity survey across Lisbon Valley. The three and two-dimensional survey results are shown in Figures 7.5a and 7.5b. The gravity anomalies are caused by density contrasts and changes in thickness of the evaporites in the Paradox Formation relative to the other intrabasement rocks. In general, these early geophysical results match up very well to standard subsurface mapping using formation tops identified in the later oil and gas well logs. (Section 9 – Exploration).

Figure 7.5a - Three-dimensional analysis of the Lisbon Valley gravity anomaly (Byerly and Joesting, 1959).

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Figure 7.5b – Two-dimensional analysis of the Lisbon Valley gravity anomaly (Byerly and Joesting, 1959).

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8. Deposit Types

There is currently no known production of lithium from the Paradox Basin and no revenue from the sales of lithium.

In the Paradox Basin the lithium-rich brines occur in the “saline facies” of the Paradox Member of the Hermosa Formation of Pennsylvanian age and are totally in the subsurface. The “saline facies” of the Paradox Formation is composed of at least 29 evaporite cycles. Many of the cycles are potash-bearing and there is an active potash mine in the basin. Each cycle, if complete, consists of, in ascending order, (1) limestone, (2) dolomite, (3) anhydrite, and (4) halite with or without potash salts. The sequence is then repeated in a reverse order of (3) anhydrite, (2) dolomite, and (1) limestone to complete the cycle. Units 1, 2 and 3 of each cycle include some clastic material that is commonly euxinic black shale, mudstone, and siltstone. A complete vertical succession in any one cycle is not everywhere present because of a lateral gradation from a hypersaline or saline facies in the basin deep to a limestone facies on the basin shelf. Thus, in the basin deep, only units 3 and 4 may be present, while at some point intermediate between the basin deep and basin shelf all units may be present, and the vertical succession is complete (Hite, 1961).

Halite (NaCl), anhydrite (CaSO4), carnallite (KMgCl3∙6H2O), and sylvite (KCl) are the most common evaporite minerals in the Paradox Formation. Halite is the most common salt, totaling over ten thousand feet of thickness in some wells (Mayhew and Heylman, 1966). Anhydrite is also common in dolomite and black shale in the clastic breaks that separate the salt beds.

Depths to the base of the Paradox Formation range from 3,500 feet to over 15,000 feet, depending on the structure and the topographic location (Mayhew and Heylman, 1965). The Paradox Formation is almost entirely in the subsurface, coming to surface only in some salt-cored anticlines in the eastern part of the area, but these are not known to contain lithium-rich brines. As previously noted in section 7.2 (Structure) of this report, the top of salt is generally encountered between 2200 and 2500 feet below ground level in the vicinity of the ABM claims.

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8.1 Brines

The brines were not considered important until 1962, when Southern Natural Gas intersected the brine zone and a very substantial flow of brines under tremendous pressure. A second well was drilled 500 feet (152 meters) northeast of the first well and encountered flows estimated to be in excess of 50,000 barrels of brine per day. The brine was at a temperature of 145°F (62.8°C).

Many of the early oil and gas wells drilled into the brine zones encountered over-pressured brines and some well blowouts resulted. There are several instances of wells with shut-in pressures between 3,000 and 4,000 psi. The brines tend to be super saturated with a large area of the basin reporting more than 400,000 ppm total dissolved solids (40% solids). In addition to lithium, there is potential to produce other minerals from the brines, including magnesium, boron, bromine and potassium salts. There is also potential for the production of oil and gas.

Partial analyses are available from over 200 brine samples taken from wells in southeastern Utah (Mayhew and Heylman, 1965). Analyses from 17 wells are recorded below (Tables 8.1-8.20). These wells do not occur on the property that is the subject of the technical report summary herein but serve to show the composition and variability of some of the Paradox Basin brines. The author has been unable to verify the information and the information is not necessarily indicative of the mineralization on the property that is the subject of this technical report summary.

As can be seen, the composition of the brines varies considerably in the different parts of the basin. Most of the wells are somewhat distant from the LVL claims but are important in that they show some of the levels of the different elements in the brines found in the Paradox Formation. Brine analyses shown in these tables are not necessarily indicative of brines to be tested from beneath the ABM claims.

Table 8.1 - Amerada Petroleum No. 2 Green River

Section 2, T22S, R16E, Grand County, Paradox Formation. Analysis by California Testing Laboratories.

Compound	Concentration, ppm
Bicarbonate		919
Borate		2,362
Calcium		76,176
Carbonate		0
Chloride		249,600
Magnesium		9,484
Sodium		58,301
Sulfate		49
Silica		10
Total solids		397,061
pH		6.3

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Table 8.2 - British-American No. 1 Gov’t.-Norwood

Section 15, T40S, R22E., San Juan County, Paradox Formation, Desert Creek zone, 5802-5812 feet. Analysis by Core Laboratories.

Compound	Concentration, ppm
Barium		0
Bicarbonate		220
Calcium		25,600
Carbonate ð		0
Chloride		171,820
Magnesium		2,916
Sodium		78,513
Sulfate		4,185
Total Solids		283,402
pH		5.0
Specific Gravity (70ºF)		1.17

Table 8.3 - California Oil No. 1, Navajo 177

Section 3, T40S, R24E, San Juan County, Paradox Formation, 5612-1622 feet. Analysis by Chemical and Geological Laboratories.

Compound	Concentration, ppm
Bicarbonate		255
Calcium		24,200
Carbonate		0
Chloride		182,000
Magnesium		5,073
Sodium		80,872
Sulfate		286
Total solids		304,500
pH		5.4
Specific Gravity (70ºF)		1.18

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Table 8.4 - Delhi-Taylor No. 2, Seven Mile

Section 18, T25S, R21E, Grand Cony. Paradox Formation (From Hite, 1963).

Compound	Concentration, ppm
Aluminum		66
Ammonia		849
Bicarbonate		1,010
Boron		660
Bromine		3,080
Calcium		52,700
Chloride		241,000
Copper		6
Fluorine		25
Iodine		42
Iron		750
Lead		6
Lithium		66
Magnesium		39,200
Manganese		260
Potassium		18,800
Sodium		5,990
Sulfate		4
Zinc		60
Total solids		366,000

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Table 8.5 - Humble No. 1 Rustler Dome

Section 4, R29, R20E, San Juan County. Mississippian 4905-5076 feet. Analysis by Core Laboratories.

Compound	Concentration, ppm
Calcium		12,000
Chloride		208,740
Magnesium		4,860
Sodium		115,335
Sulfate		6,770
Total solids		348,681
pH		5.0
Specific Gravity		1.2

Table 8.6 - King Oil No. 2 Big Flat

Section 11, T26S, R19E, Grand County. Paradox Formation, 6196-6220 feet. Analysis by Chemical and Geological Laboratories.

Compound	Concentration, ppm
Ammonia		1,330
Borate (B₄O₇)		2,922
Bromine		1,150
Calcium		40,742
Chloride		259,106
Lithium		173
Magnesium		47,789
Potassium		41,957
Sodium		25,966
Sulfate		754
Total solids		421,889

Table 8.7 - Pure Oil No. 1 Hobson-USA

Section 30, T26S, R20E, Grand County. Paradox Formation, 5425-5435 feet. Analysis by Ethyl Corporation.

Compound	Concentration, ppm
Boron		1,260
Bromine		1,612
Calcium		55,740
Chlorine		249,300
Lithium		134
Magnesium		31,350
Potassium		25,500
Sodium		22,000
Strontium		1,300
Sulfate		23

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Table 8.8 - Pure Oil No. 1 Hobson-USA

Section 30, T26S, R20E, Grand County. Paradox Formation. Analysis of solids collected from tubing. Analysis by Titanium Metals.

Compound	Concentration, (%)
Boron		0.19	%
Bromine		3.42
Calcium		1.23
Chloride		70.70
Copper		0.001
Iron		0.20
Lithium		0.002
Magnesium		1.20
Potassium		12.25
Sodium		10.60
Strontium		0.50
Sulfate		0.0

Table 8.9 - Pure Oil No. 2 Big Flat

Section 14, T26S, R19E, Grand County. Mississippian, approximately 7,200 feet. Analysis by Ethyl Corporation.

Compound	Concentration, (ppm)
Boron		780
Bromine		2,041
Calcium		41,800
Chlorine		210,500
Lithium		81
Magnesium		33,100
Potassium		21,000
Sodium		9,100
Sulfate		31

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Table 8.10 - Roberts Brine Well

Section 9, T26S, R20E, Grand County. Paradox Formation (sample collected from drippage at well head). Analysis by Ford Chemical Laboratories.

Compound	Concentration, (ppm)
Bicarbonate		0
Boron		20,000
Bromine		2,500
Calcium		3,000
Carbonate		200
Chlorine		53,000
Iodine		450
Magnesium		34,000
Phosphate		15
Potassium		33,000
Sodium		43,000
Sulfate		500
Total solids		250,000
pH		6.1

Table 8.11 - Southern Natural No. 1 Long Canyon

Section 9, T26S, R20E, Grand County. Paradox Formation, Cane Marker, 7050-7075 feet. Brine produced with oil, collected from separator. Analysis by Ford Chemical Laboratory.

Compound	Concentration, (ppm)
Bicarbonate		1,600
Boron		600
Bromine		3,000
Calcium		34,000
Carbonate		2,200
Chloride		45,000
Iodine		300
Magnesium		21,000
Phosphate		2,000
Potassium		20,000
Sodium		13,000
Sulfate		1,800
Total solids		388,000
pH		4.8

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Table 8.12 - Southern Natural No. 1 Long Canyon

Section 9, T26S, R20E, Grand County. Paradox Formation, clastic zone 31. Analysis by U.S. Geological Survey.

Compound	Concentration, (ppm)
Bicarbonate		1,400
Bromine		6,100
Calcium		65,800
Chloride		29,800
Lithium		500
Magnesium		45,500
Nitrate		6
Potassium		23,400
Rubidium		700
Sodium		9,800
Sulfate		80
Total solids		439,000
pH		6.0
Specific Gravity (24ºC)		1.37

Table 8.13 - Suburban Storage No. 1

Section 26, T25S, R21E, Grand County. Paradox Formation. Sample taken from zone in which storage cavity was washed. This zone includes one bed of sylvite and one bed of carnallite.

Compound	Concentration, (ppm)
Bicarbonate		110
Calcium		648
Carbonate		0
Chloride		182,730
Magnesium		1,388
Potassium		7,460
Sodium		116,923
Total solids		322,059
Specific Gravity (60ºF)		1.21

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Table 8.14 - Superior No. 22-34 Salt Wash

Section 34, T22S, R17E, Grand County. Mississippian, 10,053-10,173 feet. Analysis by Superior Oil Company.

Compound	Concentration, (ppm)
Bicarbonate		169
Calcium		5,563
Carbonate		0
Chloride		152,698
Magnesium		1,383
Sodium & Potassium		90,949
Sulfate		1,768
Total solids		251,719
pH		6.7
Specific Gravity (60ºF)		1.18

Table 8.15 - Superior No. 14-5 Bowknot

Section 5, T26S, R17E, Emery County. Mississippian, 6,270-6,350 feet. Analysis by Core Laboratories.

Compound	Concentration, (ppm)
Barium		0
Bicarbonate		146
Calcium		240
Carbonate		0
Chloride		171,820
Magnesium		266
Sodium		110,004
Sulfate		240
Total solids		283,720
pH		5.0

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Table 8.16 - Texaco No. 2 Navajo AC

Section 34, T40 S, R26 E, San Juan County. Paradox Formation (Ismay zone). Analysis by Core Laboratories.

Compound	Concentration, (ppm)
Barium		0
Bicarbonate		488
Calcium		3,600
Carbonate		0
Chloride		205,900
Iron		0
Magnesium		7,533
Sodium		115,455
Sulfate		200
Total Solids		333,176
pH		4.5
Specific Gravity (66ºF)		1.13

Table 8.17 - Texaco No. 1 Smoot (Salt Wash field)

Section 17, T23S, R17E, Grand County. Mississippian, 8785-8876 feet. Analysis by Rocky Mountain Engineering Company.

Compound	Concentration, (ppm)
Bicarbonate		951
Calcium		2,865
Carbonate		0
Chloride		190,640
Magnesium		1,801
Sodium		119,418
Sulfate		4,320
Total Solids		324,656
pH		6.0
Specific Gravity (70ºF)		1.14

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Table 8.18 - Tidewater No. 74-11 Big Flat

Section 11, T26S, R19E, Grand County. Paradox Formation, interval 5920-5950. Analysis by Chemical and Geological Laboratories.

Compound	Concentration, (ppm)
Bicarbonate		890
Calcium		32,900
Chloride		132,810
Magnesium		23,800
Sodium & Potassium		36,283
Sulfate		323
Total Solids		338,952
pH		5.7

Table 8.19 - Tidewater No. 74-11 Big Flat

Section 11, T26S, R19E, Grand County. Paradox Formation, clastic zone 31. Analysis by U.S. Geological Survey.

Compound	Concentration, (%)
Calcium Chloride		11.36
Magnesium Chloride		15.31
Potassium Chloride		4.32
Total Chloride		22.40
Total Sulfate		0.04

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Table 8.20 - White Cloud #2 (aka. Roberts Brine Well)

Section 9, T26S, R20E Grand County. Analysis by the U. S. Geological Survey (Gwynn, 2008).

Compound	Concentration, (ppm)
Sodium		28,500
Potassium		47,000
Lithium		1,700	*
Calcium		46,700
Magnesium		43,600
Total Halides as Chorine		184,200
Specific Gravity (23ºC)		1,282

* According to a website release by the TRU Group (trugroup.com), the 1,700 ppm Li value quoted above for the White Cloud #2 well brine is incorrect. They present evidence from unpublished sources that the value is off by a factor of 10 and the actual value should be 170 ppm Li.

8.2 Wells Located on the Subject Property

Nine wells (8 oil and gas and 1 potash well) have been drilled on the property now held by ABM according to records of the Utah Division of Oil, Gas and Mining. Unfortunately, no analyses of the brines from these wells have been found in the literature with exception of the Superior Oil Company Federal 88-21P Potash well described in this report. Eight of the wells have been plugged and abandoned. One well is being used as a water disposal well. The details of the nine wells are shown in Table 8.21 below:

Table 8.21 - Oil & gas or Potash wells drilled within the LVL claim block.

Location

API

Drilled By

Well Name

Sec

1/4
Sec

Elev
(ft)

Year
Drilled

TD
(ft)

Current
Status

43-037-60011

Superior Oil Company

Federal 88-21-P (Potash)

SESE

6750

1959

3539

P&A

43-037-30029

Union Oil

Little Valley Federal #1

SWSE

6318

1969

9100

P&A

43-037-30464

Cordillera Corp

Federal 1-20

NENE

6750

1980

9555

Disposal

43-037-15768

Pubco Petroleum

Lisbon Federal 2-21F

SENW

6864

1961

9560

P&A

43-037-30436

Mesa Petroleum

Lisbon Federal 21-3

NWNE

6710

1978

9953

P&A

43-037-10944

Pubco Petroleum

Lisbon Federal 3-27C

NENW

6679

1962

9580

P&A

43-037-10807

Pacific Natural Gas

Little Valley #1

SWNW

6521

1963

9712

P&A

43-037-10808

Pacific Natural Gas

Little Valley #2

SESE

6528

1964

8964

P&A

43-037-10667

Lone Star Producing

Federal Utah A-1

NENE

6676

1966

10328

P&A

All the wells are in Township 30S, Range 25E of the Salt Lake Principal Meridian except the Lone Star well located in Township 31S, Range 26E of the Salt Lake Principal Meridian. The locations of the oil and gas or potash wells occurring on the ABM claims are shown in Figure 8.1.

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Figure 8.1 – Wells and infrastructure occurring on and near the ABM claims.

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9. Exploration

There has been no exploration conducted on the property by ABM or its predecessors other than the gathering and assimilation of data from all available sources.

A thorough review of 40 historic well files and corresponding well log data was conducted in the fall and winter of 2022-2023. Formation tops were picked in 23 of the available 40 wells that penetrated some or all of the Paradox salts/clastics and/or the Leadville Limestone. Nearly one third of the wells did not penetrate the salts/clastics. Figure 9.1 is a stratigraphic column and type log using the Southern Natural Gas Long Canyon #1 well as an example. This well does not occur within the ABM claims area. It only serves as an example of the stratigraphic section present throughout most of the Paradox Basin. Structure contour maps of the zones have been generated but are currently proprietary. The primary targets include Clastic Zones 17 and 31, as well as the Leadville Limestone. These zones have been shown by historical records and recent production to have free flowing brines with high lithium concentrations – above 200 ppm Li.

The current development plan, timeline and cost/book value is being developed by a third-party consulting firm.

Figure 9.1 – Stratigraphic column and type log for the units showing (Pennsylvanian) clastic and salt section (Mayhew and Heylmann 1965).

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10. Drilling

No drilling has been conducted by ABM or its predecessors. Drilling has been conducted by oil and gas and by potash interests on and in the area surrounding the LVL claims, which has provided much of the information for this report. ABM is in the process of permitting 2 appraisal wells in Lisbon Valley. Assuming no significant delays are encountered during the review process, the wells will be scheduled for drilling as early as 2023Q4 and 2024Q1. It is important to note that two historical wells within or in close proximity to the claims block took kicks and presumably encountered high pressure brines or gases during drilling or coring operations within the clastic/salt sections. The Superior 88-21 Federal in Section 21 T 30S and R25E (discussed in section 6) encountered a high-pressure brine between 2500 and 3400 feet measured depth and the Pure Oil Spiller Canyon #1 in Section 16, T30S and R 25E (less than 1500 feet from northern claim boundary) encountered high pressure while drilling the Cane Creek Marker (Clastic 43) at 4700 feet measured depth. The chemistry of the brine from the Superior 88-21 well is discussed further in this report. There is no sample data reported from the Pure Oil Spiller Canyon #1 well. Wells, well locations, road and pipeline access on Federal Lands are regulated by the Utah Oil and Gas and Mining Division (UDOGM) and require a application to permit and drill with UDOGM and an NOI, Cultural and archeological study reviewed by the Bureau of Land Management. Typically, the review period lasts 300-360 days. A mining development plan and assessment of water use is required for surface development and is typically reviewed and approved by BLM within 360-720 days. Water rights can be applied for or traded on the open market provided they don’t put a burden on local municipalities.

11. Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security

No sampling has been conducted by ABM or its predecessors. No information is available concerning the procedures used by the oil and gas or potash companies for sample preparation, analytical techniques or security for the lithium analyses stated in this report.

12. Data Verification

Data used in this report is mostly from published information and, in a few cases, from unpublished sources. Where possible, the author and the other experts have made efforts to verify the sources of the data.

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13. Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing

No metallurgical testing has been conducted by ABM and none can be conducted until brine samples can be collected from wells drilled or re-entered on the subject property. The summary below shows some aspects of the anticipated type of processing envisioned by ABM for extraction of lithium and possibly other commodities from the brines. ABM’s technical team and third-party consultants are reviewing and pursuing available technologies based on the water chemistry from the Superior Oil Company Peterson 88-21 Federal well referenced in Table 6.1

Over the past decade many direct lithium extraction (DLE) technologies have arisen due to intense research and economic drive to separate lithium from other ions in a feed solution. These processes can involve organic and inorganic sorption reagents based on polymers, membranes, manganese, titanium, or aluminum oxides and form the backbone of DLE extraction technologies. These materials are utilized in DLE projects in China and Argentina to extract lithium from geological brines. Many of these projects have come online over the past 10 years and have been operating successfully producing battery grade lithium materials. It is estimated that approximately 12% of the world’s lithium supply in 2019 was produced using direct lithium extraction technology.

Direct lithium extraction from a brine relies on the ability of a material to “pluck” lithium ions out of a complex geochemical soup, while leaving all other salts and metals in solution. Shown in Figure 13.1 is a typical process flow diagram for a DLE process. DLE technologies are broadly grouped into three main categories: adsorption, ion exchange, and solvent extraction.

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Figure 13.1 - Process flow diagram of a typical lithium extraction process.

●

Adsorption physically absorbs LiCl molecules onto the surface of a sorbent from a lithium loaded solution. The lithium is then stripped from the surface of the sorbent with water.

●

Ion exchange takes lithium ions from the solution and replaces them with a different positively charged cation that is contained in the sorbent material. An acidic (or basic) solution is required to strip the lithium from the material and regenerate the sorbent material.

●

Solvent extraction removes lithium ions from solution by contacting the solution with an immiscible fluid (i.e., oil or kerosene) that contains a extractant that attaches to lithium ions and brings them into the immiscible fluid. The lithium is then stripped from the fluid with water or chemical treatment.

Regardless of the method, the product is a solution of LiCl which is concentrated and processed into the final battery grade lithium compounds (LiOH∙H₂O or Li₂CO₃) upon the addition of electricity or chemical inputs.

It is recognized that direct lithium extraction will have higher upfront capital costs than evaporation ponds. A technoeconomic analysis (Warren, 2021) of several brine projects was published in 2021 evaluating several DLE projects. These projects had submitted a Preliminary Economic Assessments (PEA) to Canadian stock exchanges or a Pre-Feasibility Studies (PFS) to Australian stock exchanges (public availability determined by company boards of directors). The range of brine types and lithium extraction processes reviewed herein the report suggest an OPEX near $4,000/mt lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) is achievable with modeled prices assumed to be >$11,000/mt Li₂CO₃and >$12,267/mt LiOH∙H₂O.

Evaporative technology is 22.5 m³ and 50 m³ per tonne Li₂CO₃ for Salar de Atacama and Salar de Olaroz, respectively (Orocobre, 2021) (SQM, 2022). With this as a reference, Livent, which has an active DLE production in the Salar del Hombre Muerto since 1996 does not report its freshwater usage. The overall water use of the entire facility is reported as 71 m³ per tonne Li₂CO₃. (Livent, 2021) The freshwater requirements will be assessed and could change depending on the different methods/materials and if water is recovered during the DLE process.

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14. Adjacent Properties

There is no known commercial lithium production in the Paradox Basin. The Cane Creek potash mine is located 32 miles (51 kilometers) northwest of the LVL claim group and is not the subject of this technical report summary. The mine has been operating since 1965, initially as an underground room and pillar style mine. It was converted to a solution mining operation in 1970. It currently produces 700 to 1000 tons per day of potash from the same sedimentary units that underly ABM’s project. The author has not verified the information about the Cane Creek potash mine and the mineralization reported at the mine is not necessarily indicative of mineralization found on the property that is the subject of this report.

Anson Resources, an Australian company whose properties are primarily west of Moab, Utah, has been active over the past few years in the Paradox Basin. The Anson property is also not the subject of this technical report summary but may have some similarities to ABM’s property, which is the subject of this report. The author of the report herein has been unable to verify the information in the Anson Resources announcement and the mineralization is not necessarily indicative of the mineralization on the property that is the subject of this technical report summary.

Anson has re-entered four abandoned oil and gas wells and performed extensive testing of the wells’ brine recovery performance and methods for recovering the lithium and bromine from the brines. According to their website, www.ansonresources.com , they have completed a Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS) on September 8, 2022, and have identified substantial indicated and inferred resources of Lithium Carbonate Equivalent (LCE) and Bromine (Br₂₎ as shown in Table 13.1.

Table 14.1 – Anson Resources announced resources from their DFS.

Category

Brine (Mt)

Li (ppm)

Br (ppm)

Contained LCE
(‘000t)

Contained Br₂

(‘000t)

Indicated

530

123

3,474

346

1,840

Inferred

1,038

125

3,308

692

3,434

The financial highlights of the DFS were announced as:

Table 14.2 – Financial highlights from the Anson Resources DFS.

	Pre-Tax (USD)						Post-Tax (USD)
Scenario	NPV (7%)			IRR			NPV (7%)			IRR
Base Case	$	1,306	m		47	%	$	922	m		37	%

These calculations do not take into account the potential replenishment of the brine zones.

In 2022, Anson Resources reported flow rates from Clastic Zone 31 on the order of 4000 BSWPD with lithium concentrations of 183 and 216 ppm (respectively); from one-hour tests of Skyline Unit 2 and Long Canyon #2 wells; Anson also reported formation porosities of 20% and tests indicating greater than 1500 mD permeabilities. Given the tight nature of the zones, fracture porosity is strongly indicated. Both wells offset the Southern Natural Gas Long Canyon #1. The Clastic 31 zone is present and mappable in the ABM claims area and is located at shallower depths compared to Cane Creek and Big Flat fields in Grand County to the north of Lisbon Valley where the highest known Li Concentration of 500 ppm occurred from the Southern Natural Gas Long Canyon #1 well.

The location of ABM’s property relative to Anson’s and the Cane Creek Potash Mine is shown in Figure 14.1. The green lines on the map are township lines. The regular ones are approximately 6 miles on a side.

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Figure 14.1 – The location of ABM’s Lisbon Lithium Project relative to Anson’s project and the Cane Creek Potash Mine.

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15. Other Relevant Data and Information

The registrant has not calculated mineral and resource estimation and has no revenue being generated from the subject property. Resource estimations cannot be calculated until appraisal data from exploration wells are evaluated. After completing the evaluation, resource estimates will be calculated by a third-party consulting firm.

There is no other relevant data and information that must be presented at this time.

16. Interpretation and Conclusions

There is abundant evidence from oil, gas and potash wells drilled in the Paradox Basin that indicates that there is a high probability of identifying and producing super saturated brines from beneath the ABM property position. The geology of the area of the ABM claims and of the Paradox Basin as a whole is quite complex although zones that have been targeted and proven by Anson Resources exist and they are mappable within and beyond the claims area. It is not likely that the same zones vary significantly in terms of reservoir quality and thickness as evidenced by log analysis, however these parameters have not been confirmed by actual testing by ABM. Given the extensive folding in vicinity of the Lisbon Valley Dome formation, it is believed but not yet confirmed that fracture porosity and permeability may be enhanced within the clastic zones that underly the current claims position.

The only way to determine if the lithium enriched brines exist and can be economically produced from the target zones is to drill exploration wells to produce and test brine from the targeted zones. American Battery Materials intends to drill two exploratory/appraisal wells within its claims position and is currently waiting permit approval. The estimated spud dates for the two wells are expected to be 10-12 months for this report’s effective date.

From the author’s review of the data, it is believed that there is a substantial indication that lithium mineralization in brines occurs beneath the subject property. The existing evidence is based on ABM’s well log analysis and the Hite (1978) study, as well as a substantial number of other studies with lithium analyses from the Paradox Basin. Hite’s report presents a geologically sound picture of the potential brine target. The occurrence of the Superior Federal 88-21P well within the ABM claim block and the recorded lithium value in the Hite study are strong incentives to pursue the exploration effort. There is also substantial evidence that other valuable minerals besides lithium, such as potassium, magnesium, calcium chloride, iodine, bromine and boron, may be recoverable from the brines, as well.

The abandoned/existing oil well re-entry and brine testing program by Anson Resources has resulted in that company’s Definitive Feasibility Study. The same stratigraphic units have been shown to exist beneath the ABM land position and there is clear evidence from Hite (1978) that the brines in the Paradox Formation contain high lithium concentrations. These are considered to be evidence that the Lisbon Lithium project has potential to become an economically viable undertaking. It is anticipated that the target grades and tonnages for the Lisbon Lithium Project will be similar to those reported by Anson Resources, i.e., approximately 1 billion tonnes of brine at +100 ppm Li for a potential 1 million tonnes of LCE. As in the case with Anson Resources and their anticipated recovery of bromine, other elements and salts may well be economically recoverable.

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17. Recommendations

It is recommended that ABM drill and complete two appraisal wells and perform comprehensive testing on key horizons within the Paradox clastic members and Leadville (Mississippian) Limestone. Individual formations should be evaluated for overall reservoir quality, bottom hole pressures and flow rates from conventional completions. Any extracted brines should be tested to determine lithium and other important mineral concentrations and to prove the economic viability of a pilot and permanent production program. The company has identified an appraisal and development program that is in process by a third party. This information will be disclosed in an advanced technical report after the appraisal wells are drilled and individual zones are identified and fully evaluated. ABM has retained a third-party consulting firm to assist with drilling, completion, and review of test results for the two appraisal wells.

ABM through its wholly owned operating company Mountain Sage Minerals, LLC intends to drill two appraisal wells on the subject property to evaluate reservoir properties(porosity, permeability and pressure), flow rates and in situ mineral concentrations. Information from the two wells will be used to assess the resource potential and devise a detailed development plan. The subsurface data collected from the two wells will be used to refine ABM’s proprietary subsurface model. The development model will include a proprietary 3D seismic survey to refine the subsurface model and delineate reservoir(s) continuity below the subject property and allow the team to select optimal spacing of future well locations and the network of production and injection wells required to fully develop potential mineral (brine) resources.

Cost estimates and Authority for Expenditures (AFE’s) for both well tests and the 3D Survey are currently in process.

The Mountain Sage Minerals, LLC notice to conduct exploration for minerals (NOI) for the Peterson Federal 88-21 well re-entry in T30S, R25E, Sec 21 of San Juan County, Utah was received by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Moab Field Office (MFO) office on July 21, 2023. The NOI has been assigned BLM serial number UTUT106308252. This submission included a plan of operations to conduct exploration for brine minerals, a water use/management plan, a cultural resource inventory, an archeological survey and copy of the Application for Permit (APD) to drill with the Utah Division of Oil and Gas and Mining (UDOGM). The APD, which included a well, well site, access road and pipeline ROW survey, general application, mineral lease, plug and abandonment estimates for bond calculation and operations plan was received on August 7, 2023, and was assigned UDGOM serial number of #15332 43-037-50109-00-00. These documents are currently under review and out for public comment. Typically, the review period requires 300-330 days for approval; provided there are no objections or required corrections requested from either regulatory agency. ABM intends to follow the UDOGM statutes as defined in R649 of the Utah State code to avoid any fines described within the statutes. The second appraisal well location is currently being evaluated and as of the date of this report, has not been permitted. Any special conditions relating to both well permits will be determined by UDOGM and BLM after the permits are approved.

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18. References

Byerly, P. Edward and Joesting, H. R., 1959, Investigations of the Lisbon Valley Area, Utah and Colorado, USGS Professional Paper 316-C, p. 39-50.

Doelling, Hellmut H., 2002, Geologic map of the Moab and eastern part of the San Rafael Desert 30’ X 60’ quadrangles, Grand and Emery Counties, Utah, and Mesa County, Colorado: Utah Geol. Surv. Geologic Map 180.

Durgin, Dana, 2011, Technical Report, Geology and Mineral Resources, Green Energy Project, Grand County, Utah, USA, 34 p.

Gwynn, Wally, 2008, Various Reports and Letters Regarding the White Cloud Property, Grand County, Utah, Utah Geologic Survey files, 67 pages.

Hintze, L.F., 1974, Geologic Map of Utah: Brigham Young University Geology Studies—Special Publication 2.

Hite, R.J., 1961, Potash-bearing Evaporite Cycles in the Salt Anticlines of the Paradox Basin, Colorado and Utah: U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424-D, p. D135-D138.

Hite, R.J., 1978, The Geology of the Lisbon Valley Potash Deposits, San Juan County, Utah: U. S. Geological Survey Open File Report 78-148.

Hite, R.J., and Buchner, D.H., 1981, Stratigraphic correlations, facies concepts, and cyclicity in Pennsylvanian rocks of the Paradox Basin, in Wiegand, D.L., ed., Geology of the Paradox Basin: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists Guidebook, p. 147-159.

Hite, R.J., Anders, D.E., and Ging, T.G., 1984, Organic–rich source rocks of Pennsylvanian age in the Paradox Basin of Utah and Colorado, in Woodward, Jane, Meissner, F.F., and Clayton, J.L., eds., Hydrocarbon source rocks of the Greater Rocky Mountain Region: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists Guidebook, p. 255-274.

Hite, R.J., 1961, Potash-bearing evaporite cycles in the salt anticlines of the Paradox Basin, Colorado, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D135-D138.

Kelley, V.C., 1958, Tectonics of the region of the Paradox Basin: Intermountain Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Guidebook, 9th Annual Field Conference, p. 31-38.

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Livent, 2021, Sustainability Report: Retrieved from https://livent.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Livent_2021SustainabilityReport-English.pdf

Mattox, R. B. 1968, Salt Anticline Field Area, Paradox Basin, Colorado and Utah: Geol. Soc. Of America Special Paper 88, pp. 5-16.

Mayhew, E.J., and Heylman, E.B., 1965, Concentrated Subsurface Bines in the Moab Region, Utah: in Special Studies 13, Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, 30 p.

_____, 1966, Complex Salts and Brines of the Paradox Basin: in Jon L. Rau, Editor, Second Symposium on Salt, Vol. One, The Northern Ohio Geological Society, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, p. 221-235.

Munk, LeeAnn and Chamberlain, C. Page, 2011, Final Technical Report: G10AP00056 – Lithium Brine Resources: A Predictive Exploration Model: USGS Mineral Resources External Research Program.

Munk, LeeAnn; Hynek, Scott A.; Bradley, Dwight C.; Boutt, David; Labay, Keith; and Jochens, Hillary, 2016: Soc. of Econ. Geol., Reviews in Econ. Geol, V. 18, pp. 339-365.

Nuccio, V.F., and Condon, S.M., 1996, Burial and Thermal History of the Paradox Basin, Utah and Colorado, and Petroleum Potential of the Middle Pennsylvanian Paradox Formation: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2000-O, p. O1-O41.

Orocobre, 2021, Sustainability Report: Retrieved from https://www.orocobre.com/wp/?mdocs-file=7259.

Pipiringos, G.N., and O’Sullivan, R.B., 1978, Principal unconformities in Triassic and Jurassic rocks, Western Interior United States; a preliminary survey: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1035-A, 29 p.

Rasmussen, L., and Rasmussen, D.L., 2009, Burial history analysis of the Pennsylvanian petroleum system in the deep Paradox Basin Fold and Fault Belt, Colorado and Utah, in Houston, W.S., Wray, L.L., and Moreland, P.G., editors, The Paradox Basin revisited—new developments in petroleum systems and basin analysis: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists Special Publication, p. 24-94.

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Rasmussen, D.L., 2014, Namakiers in Triassic and Permian formations in the Paradox Basin (USA) with comparisons to modern examples in the Zagros Fold Belt, Iran, in MacLean, J.S., Biek, R.F., and Huntoon, J.E., editors, Geology of Utah’s Far South: Utah Geological Association Publication 43, p. 689-756.

Severy, C.L., Kline, M.H., and Allsman, P.T, 1949, Investigations of the Thompson magnesium well: U.S. Bureau of Mines Rept. Inv. 4496.

Spanjurs, Raymond P., 2015, Inferred Resource Estimate of Lithium, Clayton Valley South Project, Clayton Valley, Esmeralda County, Nevada, USA: Technical Report for NI 43-101, Prepared on Behalf of Pure Energy Minerals Ltd.

SQM, 2022, Sustainability report: Retrieved from https://www.sqmlithium.com/en/nosotros/producion-sustentable/.

Stewart, J.H., Poole, F.G., and Wilson, R.F., 1972, Stratigraphy and origin of the Triassic Moenkopi Formation and related strata in the Colorado Plateau region: U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 691, 195 p.

Tweto, Ogden, 1987, Rock units of the Precambrian basement in Colorado: U.S.Geological Survey Prof. Paper 1321-A, 54 p.

Warren, I., 2021, Techno-economic analysis of lithium extraction from geothermal brines, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO: NREL/TP-5700-79178.Wengerd, S.A., and Metheny, M.L., 1958, Pennsylvanian System of Four Corners region: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 42, p. 2048-2106.

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19. Certificate of the Author

I, Bradley C. Peek, MSc., CPG do hereby certify that:

I am currently employed as a Consulting Geologist at 438 Stagecoach Lane, New Castle, Colorado 81647, USA

This certificate applies to the Technical Report titled “ABM Lisbon Lithium Project, San Juan County, Utah, USA” with the effective date July 6, 2023 (the “Technical Report”).

I graduated in 1970 from the University of Nebraska with a Bachelor of Science degree in Geology and in 1975 from the University of Alaska with a Master of Science degree in Geology.

I am a member in good standing with the Society of Economic Geologists and the American Institute of Professional Geologists (Certified Professional Geologist #11299).

I have continuously practiced my profession for 52 years in the areas of mineral exploration and geology. I have explored copper, lead, zinc, silver and gold in 10 states of the USA and 8 foreign countries. I managed a waterflood oilfield in Oklahoma in the 1980s. I have spent most of 2016 through 2023 exploring for lithium deposits in the USA, including in the Clayton Valley, Nevada and in the Paradox Basin of Utah.

I visited the American Battery Materials Lisbon Lithium Project area most recently on May 7, 2023, and on several occasion prior to that date, having lived in Moab, UT from 2006 to 2010 and consulted for the Lisbon Valley Copper Mine in 2007.

I wrote the report entitled “ABM Lisbon Lithium Project, San Juan County, Utah, USA” and take full responsibility for all sections of the report, including the conclusions reached and the recommendations made.

I am independent of American Battery Materials Inc. and hold no stock in the company.

I have had no prior involvement with the property that is the subject of the Technical Report Summary.

10.

I have read the definition of “Qualified Person” set out in 17 CFR 229.1300 and certify that by reason of my education, professional affiliation, and past relevant work experience, I fulfill the requirement to be an independent qualified person for the purposes of this Technical Report Summary.

11.

I have read the SME Guide for Reporting Exploration Information, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves and believe the report has been prepared in compliance with the Guide.

Bradley C. Peek, CPG		/s/ Bradley C. Peek
438 Stage Coach Lane		Dated: July 6, 2023
New Castle, Colorado 81647, USA

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20. Consent of Competent Person

I, Bradley C. Peek, consent to the disclosure of the information in the Technical Report Summary, ABM Lisbon Lithium Project, San Juan County, Utah, USA that is dated July 6, 2023 and confirm that the information for which I am responsible is based on, and fairly and accurately reflects, in the form and context in which it appears, the information in my supporting documentation relating to the exploration information.

Dated this 31st Day of October 2023

/s/ Bradley C. Peek
American Institute of Professional Geologists, CPG # 11299
Bradley C. Peek

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