10-K 1 kbssor201810k.htm FORM 10-K Document

 
 
 
 
 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
__________________________________________________________________________________________
FORM 10-K
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(Mark One)
x
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018
OR
¨
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from              to             
Commission file number 000-54382
__________________________________________________________________________________________
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Maryland
 
26-3842535
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
800 Newport Center Drive, Suite 700
Newport Beach, California
 
92660
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
 
(Zip Code)
(949) 417-6500
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class
 
Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
None
 
None
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ¨  No  x
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes  ¨  No  x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  x No  ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of the Form 10-K or any amendment of this Form 10-K.  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large Accelerated Filer
 
¨
 
Accelerated Filer
 
¨
Non-Accelerated Filer
 
x  
 
Smaller reporting company
 
¨
 
 
 
 
Emerging growth company
 
¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.    ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨  No  x
There is no established market for the Registrant’s shares of common stock. On November 12, 2018, the board of directors of the Registrant approved an estimated value per share of the Registrant’s common stock of $9.91 based on the estimated value of the Registrant’s assets less the estimated value of the Registrant’s liabilities divided by the number of shares outstanding, as of September 30, 2018, with the exception of an adjustment to the Registrant’s net asset value to give effect to the November 12, 2018 authorization of a special dividend of $2.95 per share on the outstanding shares of common stock of the Registrant to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on November 12, 2018. For a full description of the methodologies used to value the Registrant’s assets and liabilities in connection with the calculation the estimated value per share as of November 12, 2018, see Part II, Item 5, “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities - Market Information.” There were approximately 54,244,779 shares of common stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2018, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter.
As of March 4, 2019, there were 66,809,639 outstanding shares of common stock of the Registrant.
 
 
 
 
 


TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
 
ITEM 1.
 
ITEM 1A.
 
ITEM 1B.
 
ITEM 2.
 
ITEM 3.
 
ITEM 4.
 
 
 
ITEM 5.
 
ITEM 6.
 
ITEM 7.
 
ITEM 7A.
 
ITEM 8.
 
ITEM 9.
 
ITEM 9A.
 
ITEM 9B.
 
 
 
ITEM 10.
 
ITEM 11.
 
ITEM 12.
 
ITEM 13.
 
ITEM 14.
 
 
 
ITEM 15.
 
ITEM 16.
 
 
 
 


1

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are forward-looking statements. Those statements include statements regarding the intent, belief or current expectations of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. and members of our management team, as well as the assumptions on which such statements are based, and generally are identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “seeks,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “should” or similar expressions. Actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by such forward-looking statements. Further, forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements to reflect changed assumptions, the occurrence of unanticipated events or changes to future operating results over time, unless required by law.
The following are some of the risks and uncertainties, although not all of the risks and uncertainties, that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those presented in our forward-looking statements:
•
We depend on tenants for our revenue and, accordingly, our revenue is dependent upon the success and economic viability of our tenants. Revenues from our property investments could decrease due to a reduction in tenants     (caused by factors including, but not limited to, tenant defaults, tenant insolvency, early termination of tenant leases and non-renewal of existing tenant leases) and/or lower rental rates, limiting our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.
•
Our opportunistic investment strategy involves a higher risk of loss than would a strategy of investing in some other types of real estate and real estate-related investments.
•
We have paid distributions from financings and in the future we may not pay distributions solely from our cash flow from operations or gains from asset sales. To the extent that we pay distributions from sources other than our cash flow from operations or gains from asset sales, we will have less funds available for investment in loans, properties and other assets, the overall return to our stockholders may be reduced and subsequent investors may experience dilution.
•
All of our executive officers and some of our directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals are also officers, directors, managers, key professionals and/or holders of a direct or indirect controlling interest in our advisor, our dealer manager and other KBS-affiliated entities. As a result, they face conflicts of interest, including significant conflicts created by our advisor’s compensation arrangements with us and other KBS-advised programs and investors and conflicts in allocating time among us and these other programs and investors. These conflicts could result in unanticipated actions. Fees paid to our advisor in connection with transactions involving the origination, acquisition and management of our investments are based on the cost of the investment, not on the quality of the investment or services rendered to us. This arrangement could influence our advisor to recommend riskier transactions to us.
•
We pay substantial fees to and expenses of our advisor and its affiliates. These payments increase the risk that our stockholders will not earn a profit on their investment in us and increase our stockholders’ risk of loss.
•
We cannot predict with any certainty how much, if any, of our dividend reinvestment plan proceeds will be available for general corporate purposes, including, but not limited to, the redemption of shares under our share redemption program, future funding obligations under any real estate loans receivable we acquire, the funding of capital expenditures on our real estate investments or the repayment of debt. If such funds are not available from the dividend reinvestment plan offering, then we may have to use a greater proportion of our cash flow from operations to meet these cash requirements, which would reduce cash available for distributions and could limit our ability to redeem shares under our share redemption program.
•
We have focused, and may continue to focus, our investments in non-performing real estate and real estate-related loans, real estate-related loans secured by non-stabilized assets and real estate-related securities, which involve more risk than investments in performing real estate and real estate-related assets.
All forward-looking statements should be read in light of the risks identified in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

2

PART I
ITEM 1.
BUSINESS
Overview
KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. was formed on October 8, 2008 as a Maryland corporation, elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) beginning with the taxable year ended December 31, 2010 and intends to operate in such manner. As used herein, the terms “we,” “our” and “us” refer to KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. and as required by context, KBS Strategic Opportunity Limited Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership formed on December 10, 2008 (the “Operating Partnership”), and its subsidiaries. KBS Capital Advisors LLC (“KBS Capital Advisors”) is our advisor. As our advisor, KBS Capital Advisors manages our day-to-day operations and our portfolio of investments. KBS Capital Advisors also has the authority to make all of the decisions regarding our investments, subject to the limitations in our charter and the direction and oversight of our board of directors. KBS Capital Advisors also provides asset-management, marketing, investor-relations and other administrative services on our behalf. We have sought to invest in and manage a diverse portfolio of real estate related loans, opportunistic real estate, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments. We conduct our business primarily through our Operating Partnership, of which we are the sole general partner.
On January 8, 2009, we filed a registration statement on Form S-11 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to offer a minimum of 250,000 shares and a maximum of 140,000,000 shares of common stock for sale to the public, of which 100,000,000 shares were registered in our primary offering and 40,000,000 shares were registered under our dividend reinvestment plan. We ceased offering shares of common stock in our primary offering on November 14, 2012. We sold 56,584,976 shares of common stock in the primary offering for gross offering proceeds of $561.7 million. We continue to offer shares of common stock under the dividend reinvestment plan. As of December 31, 2018, we had sold 6,743,625 shares of common stock under the dividend reinvestment plan for gross offering proceeds of $75.5 million. Also as of December 31, 2018, we had redeemed 22,778,730 of the shares sold in our offering for $275.4 million. As of December 31, 2018, we had issued 25,976,746 shares of common stock in connection with special dividends. Additionally, on December 29, 2011 and October 23, 2012, we issued 220,994 shares and 55,249 shares of common stock, respectively, for $2.0 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in private transactions exempt from the registration requirements pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
On March 2, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity (BVI) Holdings, Ltd. (“KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI”), our wholly owned subsidiary, filed a final prospectus with the Israel Securities Authority for a proposed offering of up to 1,000,000,000 Israeli new Shekels of Series A debentures (the “Debentures”) at an annual interest rate not to exceed 4.25%. On March 1, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI commenced the institutional tender of the Debentures and accepted application for 842.5 million Israeli new Shekels. On March 7, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI commenced the public tender of the Debentures and accepted 127.7 million Israeli new Shekels. In the aggregate, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI accepted 970.2 million Israeli new Shekels (approximately $249.2 million as of March 8, 2016) in both the institutional and public tenders at an annual interest rate of 4.25%. KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI issued the Debentures on March 8, 2016. The terms of the Debentures require five equal principal installment payments annually on March 1st of each year from 2019 to 2023.
As of December 31, 2018, we consolidated six office properties, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 14 acres of undeveloped land, one retail property, two apartment properties (of which one apartment property was held for sale) and three investments in undeveloped land with approximately 1,000 developable acres and owned three investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, an investment in real estate debt securities and three investments in real estate equity securities.
Objectives and Strategies
Our primary investment objectives are:
•
to provide our stockholders with attractive and stable returns; and
•
to preserve and return our stockholders’ capital contributions.
We have sought to achieve these objectives by investing in and managing a portfolio of real estate-related loans, opportunistic real estate, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments. We acquired our investments through a combination of equity raised in our initial public offering, debt financing and proceeds from the Debentures offering. We plan to lease-up and stabilize existing assets. We plan to explore value-add opportunities for existing assets and seek to realize growth in the value of our investments by timing asset sales to maximize their value. We also intend to actively pursue additional lending and investment opportunities that we believe will provide an attractive risk-adjusted return to our stockholders.

3

Real Estate Investments
As of December 31, 2018, we consolidated six office properties, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 14 acres of undeveloped land and one retail property encompassing, in the aggregate, approximately 3.0 million rentable square feet. As of December 31, 2018, these properties were 74% occupied. In addition, we owned two apartment properties (of which one apartment property was held for sale), containing 383 units and encompassing approximately 0.3 million rentable square feet, which were 94% occupied. We also consolidated three investments in undeveloped land with approximately 1,000 developable acres. In addition, we owned three investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
We have attempted to diversify our tenant base in order to limit exposure to any one tenant or industry. As of December 31, 2018, we had no tenants that represented more than 10% of our total annualized base rent and our top ten tenants represented approximately 8% of our total annualized base rent. The total cost of our real estate held for investment portfolio as of December 31, 2018 was $696.2 million. The total cost of our real estate property held for sale as of December 31, 2018 was $34.8 million. For more information about our real estate investments, see Part I, Item 2 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Real Estate-Related Investments
As of December 31, 2018, we owned an investment in real estate debt securities with a total book value of $10.9 million. These real estate debt securities had an annual effective interest rate of 11.4% as of December 31, 2018. Also as of December 31, 2018, we owned three investments in real estate equity securities with a total book value of $73.9 million.
Financing Objectives
We have financed the majority of our real estate and real estate-related investments with a combination of the proceeds we received from our initial public offering and debt. We used debt financing to increase the amount available for investment and to potentially increase overall investment yields to us and our stockholders. As of December 31, 2018, the weighted-average interest rate on our debt was 4.3%.
We borrow funds at both fixed and variable rates; as of December 31, 2018, we had $289.5 million and $373.8 million of fixed and variable rate debt outstanding, respectively. The weighted-average interest rates of our fixed rate debt and variable rate debt as of December 31, 2018 were each 4.3%. The weighted-average interest rate represents the actual interest rate in effect as of December 31, 2018, using interest rate indices as of December 31, 2018, where applicable. As of December 31, 2018, we had entered into one interest rate cap with a notional amount of $46.9 million that effectively limits one-month LIBOR at 3.0% effective February 21, 2017 through February 13, 2020 and one interest rate cap with a notional amount of $77.5 million that effectively limits one-month LIBOR at 3.5% effective April 2, 2018 through March 5, 2021.
In March 2016, we, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, issued 970.2 million Israeli new Shekels (approximately $249.2 million as of March 8, 2016) in 4.25% bonds to investors in Israel pursuant to a public offering registered in Israel. The bonds have a seven year term, with 20% of the principal payable each year from 2019 to 2023. We used the proceeds from the issuance of these bonds to make additional investments. As of December 31, 2018, we had entered into one foreign currency collar to hedge against a change in the exchange rate of the Israeli new Shekel versus the U.S. Dollar. The foreign currency collar expired in February 2019 and had an aggregate Israeli new Shekels notional amount of 776.2 million. The foreign currency collar consisted of a purchased call option to buy Israeli new Shekels at 3.5445 and a sold put option to sell the Israeli new Shekels at 3.6592. The foreign currency collar is intended to permit us to exchange, on the settlement date of the collar, 776.2 million Israeli new Shekels for an amount ranging from $212.1 million to $219.0 million. On February 27, 2019, we entered into a foreign currency collar with an aggregate Israeli new Shekels notional amount of 776.2 million which expires on August 23, 2019. The foreign currency collar consists of a purchased call option to buy Israeli new Shekels at 3.4860 and a sold put option to sell the Israeli new Shekels at 3.6185. The foreign currency collar is intended to permit us to exchange, on the settlement date of the collar, 776.2 million Israeli new Shekels for an amount ranging from $214.5 million to $222.7 million.

4

We have tried to spread the maturity dates of our debt to minimize maturity and refinance risk in our portfolio. In addition, a majority of our debt allows us to extend the maturity dates, subject to certain conditions. Although we believe we will satisfy the conditions to extend the maturity of our debt obligations, we can give no assurance in this regard. The following table shows the current and fully extended maturities, including principal amortization payments, of our debt as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):
 
 
Current Maturity
 
Extended Maturity
2019
 
$
102,469

 
$
102,469

2020
 
104,070

 
52,898

2021
 
272,311

 
55,278

2022
 
127,155

 
129,320

2023
 
52,158

 
264,994

Thereafter
 
5,155

 
58,359

 
 
$
663,318

 
$
663,318

There is no limitation on the amount we may borrow for any single investment. Our charter limits our total liabilities to 75% of the cost of our tangible assets; however, we may exceed that limit if a majority of the conflicts committee approves each borrowing in excess of our charter limitation and we disclose such borrowing to our common stockholders in our next quarterly report with an explanation from the conflicts committee of the justification for the excess borrowing. As of December 31, 2018, our borrowings and other liabilities were approximately 68% and 67% of the cost (before depreciation and other noncash reserves) and book value (before depreciation) of our tangible assets, respectively.
We do not intend to exceed the leverage limit in our charter. High levels of debt could cause us to incur higher interest charges and higher debt service payments, which would decrease the amount of cash available for distribution to our investors, and could also be accompanied by restrictive covenants. High levels of debt could also increase the risk of being unable to refinance when loans become due, or of being unable to refinance on favorable terms, and the risk of loss with respect to assets pledged as collateral for loans.
Except with respect to the borrowing limits contained in our charter, we may reevaluate and change our debt policy in the future without a stockholder vote. Factors that we would consider when reevaluating or changing our debt policy include: then-current economic conditions, the relative cost and availability of debt and equity capital, any investment opportunities, the ability of our investments to generate sufficient cash flow to cover debt service requirements and other similar factors. Further, we may increase or decrease our ratio of debt to book value in connection with any change of our borrowing policies.
Disposition Policies
The period that we will hold our investments will vary depending on the type of asset, interest rates and other factors. Our advisor has developed a well-defined exit strategy for each investment we have made. KBS Capital Advisors will continually perform a hold-sell analysis on each asset in order to determine the optimal time to hold the asset and generate a strong return for our stockholders. Economic and market conditions may influence us to hold our investments for different periods of time. We may sell an asset before the end of the expected holding period if we believe that market conditions have maximized its value to us or the sale of the asset would otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold one office building, one office/flex/industrial portfolio consisting of 21 buildings and 124 developable acres of undeveloped land and classified one property as held for sale as of December 31, 2018. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold 1,986,295 shares of common stock of Whitestone REIT. The disposition strategy is consistent with our objectives of acquiring opportunistic investments, improving the investments and timing asset sales to realize the growth in the value that was created during our hold period.
Economic Dependency
We are dependent on our advisor for certain services that are essential to us, including the identification, evaluation, negotiation, origination, acquisition and disposition of investments; management of the daily operations and leasing of our investment portfolio; and other general and administrative responsibilities. In the event that our advisor is unable to provide the respective services, we will be required to obtain such services from other sources.

5

Competitive Market Factors
The U.S. commercial real estate leasing markets remain competitive. We face competition from various entities for prospective tenants and to retain our current tenants, including other REITs, pension funds, insurance companies, investment funds and companies, partnerships and developers. Many of these entities have substantially greater financial resources than we do and may be able to accept more risk than we can prudently manage, including risks with respect to the creditworthiness of a tenant. As a result of their greater resources, those entities may have more flexibility than we do in their ability to offer rental concessions to attract and retain tenants. This could put pressure on our ability to maintain or raise rents and could adversely affect our ability to attract or retain tenants. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and ability to pay distributions to our stockholders may be adversely affected. We may also face competition from other entities that are selling assets. Competition from these entities may increase the supply of real estate investment opportunities or increase the bargaining power of real estate investors seeking to buy.
Although we believe that we are well-positioned to compete effectively in each facet of our business, there is enormous competition in our market sector and there can be no assurance that we will compete effectively or that we will not encounter increased competition in the future that could limit our ability to conduct our business effectively.
Compliance with Federal, State and Local Environmental Law
Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous real property owner or operator may be liable for the cost of removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances on, under or in such property. These costs could be substantial. Such laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. Environmental laws also may impose restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures or prevent us from entering into leases with prospective tenants that may be impacted by such laws. Environmental laws provide for sanctions for noncompliance and may be enforced by governmental agencies or, in certain circumstances, by private parties. Certain environmental laws and common law principles could be used to impose liability for the release of and exposure to hazardous substances, including asbestos-containing materials. Third parties may seek recovery from real property owners or operators for personal injury or property damage associated with exposure to released hazardous substances. The cost of defending against claims of liability, of complying with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property, or of paying personal injury claims could reduce the amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.
All of our real estate properties, other than properties acquired through foreclosure, were subject to Phase I environmental assessments at the time they were acquired. Some of the properties we have acquired are subject to potential environmental liabilities arising primarily from historic activities at or in the vicinity of the properties. Based on our environmental diligence and assessments of our properties and our purchase of pollution and remediation legal liability insurance with respect to some of our properties, we do not believe that environmental conditions at our properties are likely to have a material adverse effect on our operations.
Segments
We have invested in non-performing loans, opportunistic real estate and other real estate-related assets. In general, we intend to hold our investments in non-performing loans, opportunistic real estate and other real estate-related assets for capital appreciation. Traditional performance metrics of non-performing loans, opportunistic real estate and other real estate-related assets may not be meaningful as these investments are generally non-stabilized and do not provide a consistent stream of interest income or rental revenue. These investments exhibit similar long-term financial performance and have similar economic characteristics. These investments typically involve a higher degree of risk and do not provide a constant stream of ongoing cash flows. As a result, our management views non-performing loans, opportunistic real estate and other real estate-related assets as similar investments. Substantially all of our revenue and net income (loss) is from non-performing loans, opportunistic real estate and other real estate-related assets, and therefore, we currently aggregate our operating segments into one reportable business segment.
Employees
We have no paid employees. The employees of our advisor or its affiliates provide management, acquisition, disposition, advisory and certain administrative services for us.
Principal Executive Office
Our principal executive offices are located at 800 Newport Center Drive, Suite 700, Newport Beach, California 92660. Our telephone number, general facsimile number and web address are (949) 417-6500, (949) 417-6501 and www.kbsstrategicopportunityreit.com, respectively.

6

Available Information
Access to copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and other filings with the SEC, including amendments to such filings, may be obtained free of charge from the following website, http://www.kbsstrategicopportunityreit.com, through a link to the SEC’s website, http://www.sec.gov. These filings are available promptly after we file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC.
ITEM 1A.
RISK FACTORS
The following are some of the risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those presented in our forward-looking statements. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face but do represent those risks and uncertainties that we believe are material to us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also harm our business.
Risks Related to an Investment in Us
Because no public trading market for our shares currently exists, it will be difficult for our stockholders to sell their shares and, if they are able to sell their shares, it will likely be at a substantial discount to the public offering price.
Our charter does not require our directors to seek stockholder approval to liquidate our assets by a specified date, nor does our charter require our directors to list our shares for trading on a national securities exchange by a specified date. There is no public market for our shares and we currently have no plans to list our shares on a national securities exchange. Until our shares are listed, if ever, our stockholders may not sell their shares unless the buyer meets the applicable suitability and minimum purchase standards. In addition, our charter prohibits the ownership of more than 9.8% of our stock, unless exempted by our board of directors, which may inhibit large investors from purchasing our shares. In its sole discretion, our board of directors could amend, suspend or terminate our share redemption program upon ten business days’ notice. Further, the share redemption program includes numerous restrictions that would limit a stockholder’s ability to sell his or her shares. Therefore, it will be difficult for our stockholders to sell their shares promptly or at all. It is also likely that our shares would not be accepted as the primary collateral for a loan. Because of the illiquid nature of our shares, our stockholders should purchase shares in our dividend reinvestment plan only as a long-term investment and be prepared to hold them for an indefinite period of time.
If we are unable to find suitable investments, we may not be able to achieve our investment objectives or pay distributions.
Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to pay distributions depends upon the performance of KBS Capital Advisors, our advisor, in the acquisition of our investments, including the determination of any financing arrangements, and the ability of our advisor to source loan origination opportunities for us. Competition from competing entities may reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us or increase the bargaining power of counterparties in transactions. We will also depend upon the performance of third-party loan servicers and property managers in connection with managing our investments. Stockholders must rely entirely on the management abilities of KBS Capital Advisors, the loan servicers and property managers KBS Capital Advisors selects and the oversight of our board of directors. We can give our stockholders’ no assurance that KBS Capital Advisors will be successful in obtaining suitable investments on financially attractive terms or that, if KBS Capital Advisors makes investments on our behalf, our objectives will be achieved. In the event we are unable to timely locate suitable investments, we may be unable or limited in our ability to pay distributions and we may not be able to meet our investment objectives.
A concentration of our real estate investments in any one property class may leave our profitability vulnerable to a downturn in such sector.
At any one time, a significant portion of our investments could be in one property class. As a result, we will be subject to risks inherent in investments in a single type of property. If our investments are substantially in one property class, then the potential effects on our revenues, and as a result, on cash available for distribution to our stockholders, resulting from a downturn in the businesses conducted in those types of properties could be more pronounced than if we had more fully diversified our investments. As of December 31, 2018, our investments in office properties, including our office unconsolidated joint ventures, represented 57.3% of our total assets.
Because of the concentration of a significant portion of our assets in two geographic areas, any adverse economic, real estate or business conditions in these areas could affect our operating results and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
As of December 31, 2018, our real estate investments in California and Texas represented 16.1% and 14.4% of our total assets, respectively. As a result, the geographic concentration of our portfolio makes it particularly susceptible to adverse economic developments in the California and Texas real estate markets. Any adverse economic or real estate developments in these markets, such as business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, relocations of businesses, changing demographics and other factors, or any decrease in demand for office space resulting from the local business climate, could adversely affect our operating results and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.

7

Disruptions in the financial markets and uncertain economic conditions could adversely affect market rental rates, commercial real estate values and our ability to secure debt financing, service debt obligations, or pay distributions to our stockholders.
Currently, both the investing and leasing environments are highly competitive. While there has been an increase in the amount of capital flowing into the U.S. real estate markets, which resulted in an increase in real estate values in certain markets, the uncertainty regarding the economic environment has made businesses reluctant to make long-term commitments or changes in their business plans. Possible future declines in rental rates, slower or potentially negative net absorption of leased space and expectations of future rental concessions, including free rent to renew tenants early, to retain tenants who are up for renewal or to attract new tenants, may result in decreases in cash flows.
We have relied on debt financing to finance our real estate properties and we may have difficulty refinancing some of our debt obligations prior to or at maturity or we may not be able to refinance these obligations at terms as favorable as the terms of our existing indebtedness and we also may be unable to obtain additional debt financing on attractive terms or at all. If we are not able to refinance our existing indebtedness on attractive terms at the various maturity dates, we may be forced to dispose of some of our assets. Recent financial market conditions have improved from the bottom of the economic cycle, but material risks are still present. Market conditions can change quickly, which could negatively impact the value of our assets.
Disruptions in the financial markets and continued uncertain economic conditions could adversely affect the values of our investments. Lending activity has increased; however, it remains uncertain whether the capital markets can sustain the current transaction levels. Any disruption to the debt and capital markets could result in fewer buyers seeking to acquire commercial properties and possible increases in capitalization rates and lower property values. Furthermore, declining economic conditions could negatively impact commercial real estate fundamentals and result in lower occupancy, lower rental rates and declining values in our real estate portfolio and in the collateral securing our loan investments, which could have the following negative effects on us:
•
the values of our investments in commercial properties could decrease below the amounts paid for such investments;
•
the value of collateral securing any loan investments we may make could decrease below the outstanding principal amount of such loans; and/or
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revenues from our properties could decrease due to fewer tenants and/or lower rental rates, making it more difficult for us to pay distributions or meet our debt service obligations on debt financing.
All of these factors could impair our ability to make distributions to our investors and decrease the value of an investment in us.
Because we depend upon our advisor and its affiliates to conduct our operations, adverse changes in the financial health of our advisor or its affiliates could cause our operations to suffer.
We depend on KBS Capital Advisors, its affiliates and the key real estate and debt finance professionals at KBS Capital Advisors to manage our operations and our portfolio of real estate-related loans, opportunistic real estate, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments. Our advisor depends upon the fees and other compensation that it receives from us and other public KBS-sponsored programs in connection with the origination, purchase, management and sale of assets to conduct its operations. Any adverse changes in the financial condition of KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates or our relationship with KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates could hinder their ability to successfully manage our operations and our portfolio of investments. Furthermore, if KBS Capital Advisors was unable or unwilling to continue to provide management services to us, we may need to find an advisor to replace the management services KBS Capital Advisors provides to us. In such event our operating performance and the return on our stockholders’ investment could suffer.
If we pay distributions from sources other than our cash flow from operations, we will have less funds available for investments and the overall return to our stockholders may be reduced.
We will declare distributions when our board of directors determines we have sufficient cash flow from operations, investment activities and/or strategic financings. We expect to fund distributions from interest and rental income on investments, the maturity, payoff or settlement of those investments and from strategic sales of loans, properties and other assets. We may also fund distributions from debt financings.
As a REIT, we will generally have to hold our assets for two years in order to meet the safe harbor to avoid a 100% prohibited transactions tax, unless such assets are held through a TRS or other taxable corporation. At such time as we have assets that we have held for at least two years, we anticipate that we may authorize and declare distributions based on gains on asset sales, to the extent we close on the sale of one or more assets and the board of directors does not determine to reinvest the proceeds of such sales. Additionally, our board of directors intends to declare distributions quarterly based on cash flow from our investments.

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To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must make aggregate annual distributions to our stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which is computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”)). If we meet the REIT qualification requirements, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the income that we distribute to our stockholders each year. In general, we anticipate making distributions to our stockholders of at least 100% of our REIT taxable income so that none of our income is subject to federal income tax. Our board of directors may authorize distributions in excess of those required for us to maintain REIT status depending on our financial condition and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.
Our distribution policy is not to pay distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations, investment activities and strategic financings. However, our organizational documents do not restrict us from paying distributions from any source and do not restrict the amount of distributions we may pay from any source, including proceeds from the issuance of securities, borrowings, advances from our advisor or sponsors or from our advisor’s deferral of its fees under the advisory agreement. Distributions paid from sources other than current or accumulated earnings and profits may constitute a return of capital. From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our taxable income for financial reporting purposes, or our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available for distribution to stockholders. In these situations we may make distributions in excess of our cash flow from operations, investment activities and strategic financings to satisfy the REIT distribution requirement described above. In such an event, we would look first to other third party borrowings to fund these distributions. If we fund distributions from financings, the proceeds from issuances of securities or sources other than our cash flow from operations, we will have less funds available for investment in real estate-related loans, opportunistic real estate, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments and the overall return to our stockholders may be reduced.
In addition, to the extent distributions exceed cash flow from operations and gains from asset sales, a stockholder’s basis in our stock will be reduced and, to the extent distributions exceed a stockholder’s basis, the stockholder may recognize capital gain. There is no limit on the amount of distributions we may fund from sources other than from cash flows from operations or gains from asset sales. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we paid aggregate distributions of $72.4 million (of which $1.4 million was reinvested through our dividend reinvestment plan). Our net income attributable to stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $33.5 million. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we funded 96% of total distributions paid, which includes cash distributions and dividends reinvested by stockholders, with gains realized from the dispositions of properties and 4% of total distributions paid with cash provided by operations and prior period cash provided by operations. From inception through December 31, 2018, we funded 10% of total distributions paid, which includes cash distributions and dividends reinvested by stockholders, with proceeds from debt financing, funded 43% of total distributions paid with the gains realized from the dispositions of properties and funded 47% of total distributions paid with cash provided by operations. Our cumulative distributions paid and net income attributable to common stockholders from inception through December 31, 2018 were $193.1 million and $186.7 million, respectively.
The loss of or the inability to retain key real estate and debt finance professionals at our advisor could delay or hinder implementation of our investment strategies, which could limit our ability to make distributions and decrease the value of an investment in our shares.
Our success depends to a significant degree upon the contributions of Peter M. Bren, Keith D. Hall, Peter McMillan III, and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr., each of whom would be difficult to replace. Neither we nor our affiliates have employment agreements with Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan or Schreiber. Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan, and Schreiber may not remain associated with us. If any of these persons were to cease their association with us, our operating results could suffer. We do not intend to maintain key person life insurance on any person. We believe that our future success depends, in large part, upon our advisor’s and its affiliates’ ability to attract and retain highly skilled managerial, operational and marketing professionals. Competition for such professionals is intense, and our advisor and its affiliates may be unsuccessful in attracting and retaining such skilled individuals. If we lose or are unable to obtain the services of highly skilled professionals our ability to implement our investment strategies could be delayed or hindered, and the value of our stockholders’ investment may decline.

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Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to recover claims against our independent directors are limited, which could reduce our stockholders’ and our recovery against our independent directors if they negligently cause us to incur losses.
Maryland law provides that a director has no liability in that capacity if he performs his duties in good faith, in a manner he reasonably believes to be in our best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. Our charter provides that no independent director shall be liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages and that we will generally indemnify them for losses unless they are grossly negligent or engage in willful misconduct. As a result, our stockholders and we may have more limited rights against our independent directors than might otherwise exist under common law, which could reduce our stockholders’ and our recovery from these persons if they act in a negligent manner. In addition, we may be obligated to fund the defense costs incurred by our independent directors (as well as by our other directors, officers, employees (if we ever have employees) and agents) in some cases, which would decrease the cash otherwise available for distribution to our stockholders.
We may change our targeted investments without stockholder consent.
We may change our targeted investments and investment guidelines at any time without the consent of our stockholders, which could result in us making investments that are different from, and possibly riskier than, our targeted investments as described in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For example, we modified our investment objectives and criteria in January 2012 and we may do so again in the future. A change in our targeted investments or investment guidelines may increase our exposure to interest rate risk, default risk and real estate market fluctuations, all of which could adversely affect the value of our common stock and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We face risks associated with security breaches through cyber-attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology (IT) networks and related systems.
We face risks associated with security breaches, whether through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusions over the Internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, persons inside our organization or persons with access to systems inside our organization, and other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems, and we have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. Even the most well protected information, networks, systems and facilities remain potentially vulnerable because the techniques used in such attempted security breaches evolve and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, and in some cases are designed not be detected and, in fact, may not be detected. Accordingly, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures, and thus it is impossible for us to entirely mitigate this risk.
A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and related systems could:
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disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems and therefore our operations;
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result in misstated financial reports, violations of loan covenants and/or missed reporting deadlines;
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result in our inability to properly monitor our compliance with the rules and regulations regarding our qualification as a REIT;
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result in the unauthorized access to, and destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of, proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours or others, which others could use to compete against us or which could expose us to damage claims by third-parties for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful purposes and outcomes;
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require significant management attention and resources to remedy any damages that result;
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subject us to claims for breach of contract, damages, credits, penalties or termination of leases or other agreements; or
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damage our reputation among our stockholders.
Any or all of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

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Our bylaws designate the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.
Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland shall be the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders with respect to our company, our directors, our officers or our employees (we note we currently have no employees). This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that the stockholder believes is favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage meritorious claims from being asserted against us and our directors, officers and employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of our bylaws inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. We adopted this provision because we believe it makes it less likely that we will be forced to incur the expense of defending duplicative actions in multiple forums and less likely that plaintiffs’ attorneys will be able to employ such litigation to coerce us into otherwise unjustified settlements, and we believe the risk of a court declining to enforce this provision is remote, as the General Assembly of Maryland has specifically amended the Maryland General Corporation Law to authorize the adoption of such provisions.
Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest
KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, including all of our executive officers and some of our directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals, face conflicts of interest caused by their compensation arrangements with us, which could result in actions that are not in the long-term best interests of our stockholders.
All of our executive officers and some of our directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals are also officers, directors, managers, key professionals and/or holders of a direct or indirect controlling interest in our advisor, KBS Capital Markets Group LLC (“KBS Capital Markets Group”), the entity that acted as the dealer manager for our primary offering, and other affiliated KBS entities. KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates receive substantial fees from us. These fees could influence our advisor’s advice to us as well as the judgment of affiliates of KBS Capital Advisors. Among other matters, these compensation arrangements could affect their judgment with respect to:
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the continuation, renewal or enforcement of our agreements with KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, including the advisory agreement;
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public offerings of equity by us, which may entitle KBS Capital Markets Group to dealer-manager fees and may entitle KBS Capital Advisors to asset management fees and certain other fees;
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sales of investments, which may entitle KBS Capital Advisors to disposition fees and possible subordinated incentive fees;
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acquisitions of investments and originations of loans, which may entitle KBS Capital Advisors to acquisition and origination fees and asset management fees and, in the case of acquisitions of investments from other KBS-sponsored programs, might entitle affiliates of KBS Capital Advisors to disposition fees and possible subordinated incentive fees in connection with its services for the seller;
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borrowings to acquire investments and to originate loans, which borrowings may increase the acquisition and origination fees and asset management fees payable to KBS Capital Advisors;
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whether to engage KBS Management Group, which may receive fees in connection with the management of our properties regardless of the quality of the services provided to us, to manage our properties; and
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whether we pursue a liquidity event such as a listing of our shares of common stock on a national securities exchange, a sale of the company or a liquidation of our assets, which (i) may make it more likely for us to become self-managed or internalize our management, (ii) could positively or negatively affect the sales efforts for other KBS-sponsored programs, depending on the price at which our shares trade or the consideration received by our stockholders, and/or (iii) affect the advisory fees received by our advisor.
The fees our advisor may receive in connection with the acquisition, origination or management of assets are based on the cost of the investment, and not based on the quality of the investment or the quality of the services rendered to us. This may influence our advisor to recommend riskier transactions to us.

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KBS Capital Advisors faces conflicts of interest relating to the leasing of properties and such conflicts may not be resolved in our favor, meaning that we may obtain less credit-worthy or desirable tenants, which could limit our ability to make distributions and reduce our stockholders’ overall investment return.
We and other KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors rely on our sponsors and other key real estate professionals at our advisor, including Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber, to supervise the property management and leasing of properties. If the KBS team of real estate professionals directs credit-worthy prospective tenants to properties owned by another KBS-sponsored program or KBS-advised investor when they could direct such tenants to our properties, our tenant base may have more inherent risk and our properties’ occupancy may be lower than might otherwise be the case.
Further, Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber and existing and future KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors are generally not prohibited from engaging, directly or indirectly, in any business or from possessing interests in any other business venture or ventures, including businesses and ventures involved in the acquisition, development, ownership, leasing or sale of real estate investments.
KBS Capital Advisors and the key real estate professionals associated with KBS Capital Advisors face conflicts of interest relating to the acquisition and origination of assets and leasing and disposition of properties due to their relationship with other real estate programs and such conflicts may not be resolved in our favor, which could limit our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders and reduce our stockholders’ overall investment return.
We rely on our sponsor, KBS Holdings LLC, and other key real estate professionals at our advisor, including Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber, to identify suitable investment opportunities for us and to supervise the property management and leasing and eventual disposition of properties. KBS Real Estate Investment Trust II, Inc. (“KBS REIT II”), KBS Real Estate Investment Trust III, Inc. (“KBS REIT III”), KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, Inc. (“KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II”) and KBS Growth & Income REIT, Inc. (“KBS Growth & Income REIT”) are also advised by KBS Capital Advisors. Keppel-KBS US REIT is externally managed by a joint venture between (i) an entity in which Messrs. Hall and McMillan have an indirect ownership interest and (ii) Keppel Capital Holding Pte. Ltd., which is not affiliated with us, and has also engaged KBS Capital Advisors to act as its asset manager in the United States. Through KBS Capital Advisors these programs rely on many of the same real estate and debt finance professionals as will future programs advised by our advisor or professionals associated with our advisor.  Messrs. Bren and Schreiber and several of the other key real estate and debt finance professionals at KBS Capital Advisors are also the key real estate and debt finance professionals at KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates, the advisors to the private KBS-sponsored programs and the investment advisors to KBS-advised investors.  In addition, Messrs. Hall and McMillan have founded Pacific Oaks Capital Group, a real estate management company, and its family of companies in 2018. As such, we and other programs that currently have funds available for investment rely on many of the same real estate and debt finance professionals employed by KBS Capital Advisors, as will future KBS-sponsored programs, KBS-advised investors and other programs sponsored by Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber. Many investment opportunities that are suitable for us may also be suitable for other programs and investors. When these real estate and debt finance professionals direct an investment opportunity to any program or investor they, in their sole discretion, will offer the opportunity to the program or investor for which the investment opportunity is most suitable based on the investment objectives, portfolio and criteria of each program or investor.
For so long as we are externally advised, our charter provides that it shall not be a proper purpose of the corporation for us to make any significant investment unless KBS Capital Advisors has recommended the investment to us. Thus, the real estate and debt finance professionals of KBS Capital Advisors could direct attractive investment opportunities to other programs or investors. Such events could result in us investing in properties that provide less attractive returns, which would reduce the level of distributions we may be able to pay our stockholders.
We and other programs and investors also rely on these real estate professionals to supervise the property management and leasing of properties. If the KBS team of real estate professionals directs creditworthy prospective tenants to properties owned by another program or investor when it could direct such tenants to our properties, our tenant base may have more inherent risk and our properties’ occupancy may be lower than might otherwise be the case.
In addition, we and other programs advised by KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates or key real estate professionals, rely on our sponsor and other key real estate professionals at our advisor to sell our properties. These programs and KBS-advised investors may possess properties in similar locations and/or of the same property types as ours and may be attempting to sell these properties at the same time we are attempting to sell some of our properties. If our advisor directs potential purchasers to properties owned by other programs they advise when it could direct such purchasers to our properties, we may be unable to sell some or all of our properties at the time or at the price we otherwise would, which could limit our ability to pay distributions and reduce our stockholders’ overall investment return.

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Further, existing and future programs associated with KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, as well as Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber generally, are not and will not be prohibited from engaging, directly or indirectly, in any business or from possessing interests in any other business venture or ventures, including businesses and ventures involved in the acquisition, origination, development, ownership, leasing or sale of real estate-related investments.
KBS Capital Advisors will face conflicts of interest relating to joint ventures that we may form with affiliates of KBS Capital Advisors, which conflicts could result in a disproportionate benefit to the other venture partners at our expense.
If approved by both a majority of our board of directors and a majority of our independent directors, we may enter into joint venture agreements with other KBS-sponsored programs or affiliated entities for the acquisition, development or improvement of properties or other investments. KBS Capital Advisors, our advisor, and KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates, the advisors to the other KBS-sponsored programs and the investment advisers to institutional investors in real estate and real estate-related assets, have some of the same executive officers, directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals; and these persons will face conflicts of interest in determining which KBS program or investor should enter into any particular joint venture agreement. These persons may also face a conflict in structuring the terms of the relationship between our interests and the interests of the KBS-affiliated co-venturer and in managing the joint venture. Any joint venture agreement or transaction between us and a KBS-affiliated co-venturer will not have the benefit of arm’s-length negotiation of the type normally conducted between unrelated co-venturers. The KBS-affiliated co-venturer may have economic or business interests or goals that are or may become inconsistent with our business interests or goals. These co-venturers may thus benefit to our and your detriment.
KBS Capital Advisors, the real estate and debt finance professionals assembled by our advisor, their affiliates and our officers face competing demands on their time and this may cause our operations and our stockholders’ investment to suffer.
We rely on KBS Capital Advisors and the real estate, management, accounting and debt finance professionals our advisor has assembled, including Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan, Schreiber and Jeffrey K. Waldvogel and Ms. Stacie K. Yamane, for the day-to-day operation of our business. Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan, Schreiber and Waldvogel and Ms. Yamane are also executive officers of KBS REIT II and KBS REIT III, and Messrs. Hall, McMillan, and Waldvogel and Ms. Yamane are executive officers of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II. In addition, Messrs. Bren and Schreiber and Ms. Yamane are executive officers of KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates, the advisors of the private KBS-sponsored programs and the investment advisors to institutional investors in real estate and real estate-related assets. As a result of their interests in other KBS programs, their obligations to other investors and the fact that they engage in and they will continue to engage in other business activities on behalf of themselves and others, Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan, Schreiber and Waldvogel and Ms. Yamane face conflicts of interest in allocating their time among us, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Growth & Income REIT, KBS Capital Advisors and other KBS-sponsored programs as well as other business activities in which they are involved. In addition, KBS Capital Advisors and KBS Realty Advisors and their affiliates share many of the same key real estate and debt finance professionals. During times of intense activity in other programs and ventures, these individuals may devote less time and fewer resources to our business than are necessary or appropriate to manage our business. Furthermore, some or all of these individuals may become employees of another KBS-sponsored program in an internalization transaction or, if we internalize our advisor, may not become our employees as a result of their relationship with other KBS-sponsored programs. If these events occur, the returns on our investments, and the value of our stockholders’ investments, may decline.

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All of our executive officers and some of our directors and the key real estate and debt finance professionals assembled by our advisor face conflicts of interest related to their positions and/or interests in KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, which could hinder our ability to implement our business strategy and to generate returns to our stockholders.
All of our executive officers, some of our directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals assembled by our advisor are also executive officers, directors, managers, key professionals and/or holders of a direct or indirect controlling interest in our advisor, and other affiliated KBS entities. Through KBS-affiliated entities, some of these persons also serve as the investment advisors to institutional investors in real estate and real estate-related assets and through KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates these persons serve as the advisor to KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Growth & Income REIT and other KBS-sponsored programs. As a result, they owe fiduciary duties to each of these entities, their members and limited partners and these investors, which fiduciary duties may from time to time conflict with the fiduciary duties that they owe to us and our stockholders. Their loyalties to these other entities and investors could result in action or inaction that is detrimental to our business, which could harm the implementation of our business strategy and our investment and leasing opportunities. Further, Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber and existing and future KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors generally are not and will not be prohibited from engaging, directly or indirectly, in any business or from possessing interests in any other business venture or ventures, including businesses and ventures involved in the acquisition, development, ownership, leasing or sale of real estate investments. If we do not successfully implement our business strategy, we may be unable to generate the cash needed to make distributions to our stockholders and to maintain or increase the value of our assets.
Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure
Our charter limits the number of shares a person may own, which may discourage a takeover that could otherwise result in a premium price to our stockholders.
Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as a REIT. To help us comply with the REIT ownership requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”), our charter prohibits a person from directly or constructively owning more than 9.8% of our outstanding shares, unless exempted by our board of directors. This restriction may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might provide a premium price for holders of our common stock.
Our charter permits our board of directors to issue stock with terms that may subordinate the rights of our common stockholders or discourage a third party from acquiring us in a manner that could result in a premium price to our stockholders.
Our board of directors may classify or reclassify any unissued common stock or preferred stock and establish the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption of any such stock. Thus, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of preferred stock with priority as to distributions and amounts payable upon liquidation over the rights of the holders of our common stock. Such preferred stock could also have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might provide a premium price to holders of our common stock.
Our stockholders’ investment return may be reduced if we are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act; if we or our subsidiaries become an unregistered investment company, we could not continue our business.
Neither we nor any of our subsidiaries intend to register as investment companies under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”). If we or our subsidiaries were obligated to register as investment companies, we would have to comply with a variety of substantive requirements under the Investment Company Act that impose, among other things:
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limitations on capital structure;
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restrictions on specified investments;
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prohibitions on transactions with affiliates; and
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compliance with reporting, record keeping, voting, proxy disclosure and other rules and regulations that would significantly increase our operating expenses.

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Under the relevant provisions of Section 3(a)(1) of the Investment Company Act, an investment company is any issuer that:
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pursuant to section 3(a)(1)(A), is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities (the “primarily engaged test”); or
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pursuant to section 3(a)(1)(C), is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire “investment securities” having a value exceeding 40% of the value of such issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis (the “40% test”). “Investment securities” excludes U.S. government securities and securities of majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) (relating to private investment companies).
With respect to the primarily engaged test, we and our Operating Partnership are holding companies and do not intend to invest or trade in securities ourselves. Rather, through the majority-owned subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership, we and our Operating Partnership will be primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries, namely the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring real estate and real estate-related assets.
If any of the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership fail to meet the 40% test, we believe they will usually, if not always, be able to rely on Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act for an exception from the definition of an investment company. (Otherwise, they should be able to rely on the exceptions for private investment companies pursuant to Section 3(c)(1) and Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act.) As reflected in no-action letters, the SEC staff’s position on Section 3(c)(5)(C) generally requires that an issuer maintain at least 55% of its assets in “mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate,” or qualifying assets; at least 80% of its assets in qualifying assets plus real estate-related assets; and no more than 20% of the value of its assets in other than qualifying assets and real estate-related assets, which we refer to as miscellaneous assets. To constitute a qualifying asset under this 55% requirement, a real estate interest must meet various criteria based on no-action letters. We expect that any of the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership relying on Section 3(c)(5)(C) will invest at least 55% of its assets in qualifying assets, and approximately an additional 25% of its assets in other types of real estate-related assets. If any subsidiary relies on Section 3(c)(5)(C), we expect to rely on guidance published by the SEC staff or on our analyses of guidance published with respect to types of assets to determine which assets are qualifying real estate assets and real estate-related assets.
Rapid changes in the values of our assets may make it more difficult for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT or our exception from the definition of an investment company under the Investment Company Act.
If the market value or income potential of our qualifying real estate assets changes as compared to the market value or income potential of our non-qualifying assets, or if the market value or income potential of our assets that are considered “real estate-related assets” under the Investment Company Act or REIT qualification tests changes as compared to the market value or income potential of our assets that are not considered “real estate-related assets” under the Investment Company Act or REIT qualification tests, whether as a result of increased interest rates, prepayment rates or other factors, we may need to modify our investment portfolio in order to maintain our REIT qualification or exception from the definition of an investment company. If the decline in asset values or income occurs quickly, this may be especially difficult, if not impossible, to accomplish. This difficulty may be exacerbated by the illiquid nature of many of the assets that we may own. We may have to make investment decisions that we otherwise would not make absent REIT and Investment Company Act considerations.
Our stockholders will have limited control over changes in our policies and operations, which increases the uncertainty and risks our stockholders face.
Our board of directors determines our major policies, including our policies regarding financing, growth, debt capitalization, REIT qualification and distributions. Our board of directors may amend or revise these and other policies without a vote of the stockholders. Under Maryland General Corporation Law and our charter, our stockholders have a right to vote only on limited matters. Our board’s broad discretion in setting policies and our stockholders’ inability to exert control over those policies increases the uncertainty and risks our stockholders face.

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Our stockholders may not be able to sell their shares under our share redemption program and, if our stockholders are able to sell their shares under the program, they may not be able to recover full the amount of their investment in our shares.
Our share redemption program includes numerous restrictions that limit our stockholders’ ability to sell their shares. Our stockholders must hold their shares for at least one year in order to participate in the share redemption program, except for redemptions sought upon a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.” We limit the number of shares redeemed pursuant to the share redemption program as follows: (i) during any calendar year, we may redeem no more than 5% of the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the prior calendar year, (ii) during 2019, we may redeem no more than $2.0 million of shares in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence” and (iii) during 2019, we may redeem no more than $2.0 million of shares per fiscal quarter, excluding shares redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.” To the extent any of such capacity is unused in a fiscal quarter, it will be carried over to the next fiscal quarter for redemption of shares excluding shares redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.”  In addition, to the extent extra capacity from the bullet above is available with respect to redemptions in the last month of 2019, such capacity will be made available for redemption of shares other than in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.”  We may increase or decrease this limit upon ten business days’ notice to stockholders. Further, we have no obligation to redeem shares if the redemption would violate the restrictions on distributions under Maryland law, which prohibits distributions that would cause a corporation to fail to meet statutory tests of solvency. These limits may prevent us from accommodating all redemption requests made in any year. Our board is free to amend, suspend or terminate the share redemption program upon 10 business days’ notice.
The price at which we will redeem shares under the program is 95% of our most recent estimated value per share.
The most recent estimated value per share of our common stock is $9.91. For a full description of the methodologies and assumptions used to value our assets and liabilities in connection with the calculation of the estimated value per share, see Part II, Item 5, “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities - Market Information.” The value of our shares will fluctuate over time in response to developments related to individual assets in our portfolio and the management of those assets and in response to the real estate and finance markets. As such, the estimated value per share does not take into account developments in our portfolio since November 12, 2018. We currently expect to utilize our advisor and/or an independent valuation firm to update our estimated value per share no later than December 2019. Upon updating our estimated value per share, the redemption price per share will also change. Because of the restrictions of our share redemption program, our stockholders may not be able to sell their shares under the program, and if stockholders are able to sell their shares, depending upon the then current redemption price, they may not recover the amount of their investment in us.
The estimated value per share of our common stock may not reflect the value that stockholders will receive for their investment.
On November 12, 2018, our board of directors approved an estimated value per share of our common stock of $9.91 based on the estimated value of our assets less the estimated value of our liabilities, or net asset value, divided by the number of shares outstanding as of September 30, 2018, with the exception of an adjustment to our net asset value to give effect to the November 12, 2018 authorization of a special dividend of $2.95 per share on the outstanding shares of our common stock to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on November 12, 2018. All of our assets and liabilities were valued as of September 30, 2018. We provided this estimated value per share to assist broker-dealers that participated in our initial public offering in meeting their customer account statement reporting obligations under National Association of Securities Dealers Conduct Rule 2340, as required by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”). The valuation was performed in accordance with the provisions of and also to comply with Practice Guideline 2013-01, Valuations of Publicly Registered, Non-Listed REITs issued by the Investment Program Association (“IPA”) in April 2013. The estimated value per share was based upon the recommendation and valuation prepared by our advisor.

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As with any valuation methodology, the methodologies used are based upon a number of estimates and assumptions that may not be accurate or complete. Different parties with different assumptions and estimates could derive a different estimated value per share, and these differences could be significant. The estimated value per share is not audited and does not represent the fair value of our assets less our liabilities according to GAAP, nor does it represent a liquidation value of our assets and liabilities or the amount at which our shares of common stock would trade at on a national securities exchange. The estimated value per share does not reflect a discount for the fact that we are externally managed, nor does it reflect a real estate portfolio premium/discount versus the sum of the individual property values. The estimated value per share also does not take into account estimated disposition costs and fees for real estate properties that are not held for sale, debt prepayment penalties that could apply upon the prepayment of certain of our debt obligations or the impact of restrictions on the assumption of debt. The estimated value per share does consider any participation or incentive fees that would be due to our advisor based on our aggregate net asset value and that would be payable in our hypothetical liquidation as of the valuation date in accordance with the terms of our advisory agreement. 
Accordingly, with respect to the estimated value per share, we can give no assurance that:
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a stockholder would be able to resell his or her shares at this estimated value per share;
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a stockholder would ultimately realize distributions per share equal to our estimated value per share upon liquidation of our assets and settlement of our liabilities or a sale of the company;
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our shares of common stock would trade at the estimated value per share on a national securities exchange;
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an independent third-party appraiser or other third-party valuation firm would agree with our estimated value per share; or
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the methodology used to estimate our value per share would be acceptable to FINRA or for compliance with ERISA reporting requirements.
For a full description of the methodologies and assumptions used to value our assets and liabilities in connection with the calculation of the estimated value per share, see Part II, Item 5, “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities — Market Information.” We currently expect to utilize our advisor and/or an independent valuation firm to update the estimated value per share in December 2019.
Our investors’ interest in us will be diluted if we issue additional shares, which could reduce the overall value of their investment.
Our common stockholders do not have preemptive rights to any shares we issue in the future. Our charter authorizes us to issue 1,010,000,000 shares of capital stock, of which 1,000,000,000 shares are designated as common stock and 10,000,000 shares are designated as preferred stock. Our board of directors may increase the number of authorized shares of capital stock without stockholder approval. Our board may elect to (i) sell additional shares in our current or future public offerings, including through our dividend reinvestment plan, (ii) issue equity interests in private offerings, (iii) issue shares to our advisor, or its successors or assigns, in payment of an outstanding fee obligation or (iv) issue shares of our common stock to sellers of assets we acquire in connection with an exchange of limited partnership interests of the Operating Partnership. To the extent we issue additional equity interests, our stockholders’ percentage ownership interest in us will be diluted. In addition, depending upon the terms and pricing of any additional offerings, the use of the proceeds and the value of our investments, our stockholders may also experience dilution in the book value and fair value of their shares and in the earnings and distributions per share.
Payment of fees to KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates reduces cash available for investment and distribution and increases the risk that our stockholders will not be able to recover the amount of their investment in our shares.
KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates perform services for us in connection with the selection, acquisition, origination, management, and administration of our investments. We pay them substantial fees for these services, which results in immediate dilution to the value of our stockholders’ investment and reduces the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to stockholders. Compensation to be paid to our advisor may be increased subject to approval by our conflicts committee and the other limitations in our charter, which would further dilute our stockholders’ investment and reduce the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to stockholders.
We may also pay significant fees during our listing/liquidation stage. Although most of the fees payable during our listing/liquidation stage are contingent on our investors first enjoying agreed-upon investment returns, the investment-return thresholds may be reduced subject to approval by our conflicts committee and the other limitations in our charter.
Therefore, these fees increase the risk that the amount available for distribution to common stockholders upon a liquidation of our portfolio would be less than the price paid by our stockholders to purchase shares in our initial public offering. These substantial fees and other payments also increase the risk that our stockholders will not be able to resell their shares at a profit, even if our shares are listed on a national securities exchange.

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Failure to procure adequate capital and funding would negatively impact our results and may, in turn, negatively affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We will depend upon the availability of adequate funding and capital for our operations. The failure to secure acceptable financing could reduce our taxable income, as our investments would no longer generate the same level of net interest income due to the lack of funding or increase in funding costs. A reduction in our net income could reduce our liquidity and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. We cannot assure our stockholders that any, or sufficient, funding or capital will be available to us in the future on terms that are acceptable to us. Therefore, in the event that we cannot obtain sufficient funding on acceptable terms, there may be a negative impact on our ability to make distributions.
Although we are not currently afforded the protection of the Maryland General Corporation Law relating to deterring or defending hostile takeovers, our board of directors could opt into these provisions of Maryland law in the future, which may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and may prevent our stockholders from receiving a premium price for their stock in connection with a business combination.
Under Maryland law, “business combinations” between a Maryland corporation and certain interested stockholders or affiliates of interested stockholders are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. Also under Maryland law, control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Shares owned by the acquirer, an officer of the corporation or an employee of the corporation who is also a director of the corporation are excluded from the vote on whether to accord voting rights to the control shares. Should our board of directors opt into these provisions of Maryland law, it may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer. Similarly, provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the Maryland General Corporation Law could provide similar anti-takeover protection.
Our charter includes an anti-takeover provision that may discourage a stockholder from launching a tender offer for our shares.
Our charter provides that any tender offer made by a stockholder, including any “mini-tender” offer, must comply with most provisions of Regulation 14D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The offering stockholder must provide us with notice of such tender offer at least 10 business days before initiating the tender offer. If the offering stockholder does not comply with these requirements, we will have the right to redeem that stockholder’s shares and any shares acquired in such tender offer. In addition, the noncomplying stockholder shall be responsible for all of our expenses in connection with that stockholder’s noncompliance. This provision of our charter may discourage a stockholder from initiating a tender offer for our shares and prevent our stockholders from receiving a premium price for their shares in such a transaction.
General Risks Related to Investments
Our investments will be subject to the risks typically associated with real estate.
We have invested in and will continue to invest in a diverse portfolio of opportunistic real estate, real estate-related loans, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments. Each of these investments will be subject to the risks typically associated with real estate. Our potential investments in residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations and other real estate-related investments may be similarly affected by real estate property values. The value of real estate may be adversely affected by a number of risks, including:
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natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes and floods;
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acts of war or terrorism, including the consequences of terrorist attacks, such as those that occurred on September 11, 2001;
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adverse changes in national and local economic and real estate conditions;
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an oversupply of (or a reduction in demand for) space in the areas where particular properties are located and the attractiveness of particular properties to prospective tenants;
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changes in governmental laws and regulations, fiscal policies and zoning ordinances and the related costs of compliance therewith and the potential for liability under applicable laws;
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costs of remediation and liabilities associated with environmental conditions affecting properties; and
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the potential for uninsured or underinsured property losses.

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The value of each property is affected significantly by its ability to generate cash flow and net income, which in turn depends on the amount of rental or other income that can be generated net of expenses required to be incurred with respect to the property. Many expenditures associated with properties (such as operating expenses and capital expenditures) cannot be reduced when there is a reduction in income from the properties. These factors may have a material adverse effect on the ability of our borrowers to pay their loans and our tenants to pay their rent, as well as on the value that we can realize from other real estate-related assets we originate, own or acquire.
We depend on tenants for revenue, and lease defaults or terminations could reduce our net income and limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
The success of our real estate investments materially depends on the financial stability of our tenants. A default or termination by a significant tenant on its lease payments to us would cause us to lose the revenue associated with such lease and could require us to find an alternative source of revenue to meet mortgage payments and prevent a foreclosure, if the property is subject to a mortgage. In the event of a tenant default or bankruptcy, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment and re-leasing our property. If a tenant defaults on or terminates a significant lease, we may be unable to lease the property for the rent previously received or sell the property without incurring a loss. These events could cause us to reduce the amount of distributions to our stockholders.
Properties that have significant vacancies could be difficult to sell, which could diminish the return on these properties.
A property may incur vacancies either by the expiration of tenant leases or the continued default of tenants under their leases. If vacancies continue for a long period of time, we may suffer reduced revenues resulting in less cash available to distribute to our stockholders. In addition, because a property’s market value depends principally upon the value of the leases associated with that property, the resale value of a property with high or prolonged vacancies could suffer, which could further reduce our returns.
Our opportunistic property-acquisition strategy involves a higher risk of loss than would a strategy of investing in other properties.
A substantial portion of our portfolio consists of direct investments in opportunistic real estate. We consider opportunistic or enhanced-return properties to be properties with significant possibilities for short-term capital appreciation, such as non-stabilized properties, properties with moderate vacancies or near-term lease rollovers, poorly managed and positioned properties, properties owned by distressed sellers and built-to-suit properties. These properties may include, but are not limited to, office, industrial and retail properties, hospitality properties and undeveloped residential lots.
Traditional performance metrics of real estate assets may not be meaningful for opportunistic real estate. Non-stabilized properties, for example, do not have stabilized occupancy rates to provide a useful measure of revenue. Appraisals may provide a sense of the value of the investment, but any appraisal of the property will be based on numerous estimates, judgments and assumptions that significantly affect the appraised value of the underlying property. Further, an appraisal of a non-stabilized property, in particular, involves a high degree of subjectivity due to high vacancy levels and uncertainties with respect to future market rental rates and timing of lease-up and stabilization. Accordingly, different assumptions may materially change the appraised value of the property. In addition, the value of the property will change over time.
In addition, we may pursue more than one strategy to create value in an opportunistic real estate investment. These strategies may include development, redevelopment, or lease-up of such property. Our ability to generate a return on these investments will depend on numerous factors, some or all of which may be out of our control, such as (i) our ability to correctly price an asset that is not generating an optimal level of revenue or otherwise performing under its potential, (ii) our ability to choose and execute on a successful value-creating strategy, (iii) our ability to avoid delays, regulatory hurdles, and other potential impediments, (iv) local market conditions, and (v) competition for similar properties in the same market. The factors described above make it challenging to evaluate opportunistic real estate investments and make investments in such properties riskier than investments in other properties.
Investment in non-conforming and non-investment grade loans may involve increased risk of loss.
Loans we acquire or originate may not conform to conventional loan criteria applied by traditional lenders and may not be rated or may be rated as non-investment grade. Non-investment grade ratings for these loans typically result from the overall leverage of the loans, the lack of a strong operating history for the properties underlying the loans, the borrowers’ credit history, the properties’ underlying cash flow or other factors. As a result, non-conforming and non-investment grade loans we acquire or originate may have a higher risk of default and loss than conventional loans. Any loss we incur may reduce distributions to stockholders and adversely affect the value of our common stock.

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Risks of cost overruns and non-completion of the construction or renovation of the properties underlying loans we make or acquire may materially and adversely affect our investment.
The renovation, refurbishment or expansion by a borrower under a mortgaged or leveraged property involves risks of cost overruns and non-completion. Costs of construction or improvements to bring a property up to standards established for the market position intended for that property may exceed original estimates, possibly making a project uneconomical. Other risks may include environmental risks and the possibility of construction, rehabilitation and subsequent leasing of the property not being completed on schedule. If such construction or renovation is not completed in a timely manner, or if it costs more than expected, the borrower may experience a prolonged impairment of net operating income and may not be able to make payments on our investment.
Investments that are not United States government insured involve risk of loss.
We may originate and acquire uninsured loans and assets as part of our investment strategy. Such loans and assets may include mortgage loans, mezzanine loans and bridge loans. While holding such interests, we are subject to risks of borrower defaults, bankruptcies, fraud, losses and special hazard losses that are not covered by standard hazard insurance. In the event of any default under loans, we bear the risk of loss of principal and nonpayment of interest and fees to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the principal amount of the loan. To the extent we suffer such losses with respect to our investments in such loans, the value of our company and the price of our common stock may be adversely affected.
Prepayments can adversely affect the yields on our investments.
The yields of our assets may be affected by the rate of prepayments differing from our projections. Prepayments on debt instruments, where permitted under the debt documents, are influenced by changes in current interest rates and a variety of economic, geographic and other factors beyond our control, and consequently, such prepayment rates cannot be predicted with certainty. If we are unable to invest the proceeds of any prepayments we receive in assets with at least an equivalent yield, the yield on our portfolio will decline. In addition, we may acquire assets at a discount or premium and if the asset does not repay when expected, our anticipated yield may be impacted. Under certain interest rate and prepayment scenarios we may fail to recoup fully our cost of acquisition of certain investments.
If credit spreads widen before we obtain long-term financing for our assets, the value of our assets may suffer.
We will price our assets based on our assumptions about future credit spreads for financing of those assets. We expect to obtain longer-term financing for our assets using structured financing techniques in the future. In such financings, interest rates are typically set at a spread over a certain benchmark, such as the yield on United States Treasury obligations, swaps, or LIBOR. If the spread that borrowers will pay over the benchmark widens and the rates we charge on our assets to be securitized are not increased accordingly, our income may be reduced or we may suffer losses.
Hedging against interest rate and foreign currency exposure may adversely affect our earnings, limit our gains or result in losses, which could adversely affect cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
We have entered into, and may continue to enter into, interest rate swap agreements and other interest rate and foreign currency hedging strategies. Our hedging activity will vary in scope based on the level of interest rates, the type of portfolio investments held, the foreign currency held and other changing market conditions. Interest rate and foreign currency hedging may fail to protect or could adversely affect us because, among other things:
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interest rate and foreign currency hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of rising and volatile interest rates or exchange rates, as applicable;
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available interest rate and foreign currency hedging products may not correspond directly with the risk for which protection is sought;
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the duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability or asset;
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the amount of income that a REIT may earn from hedging transactions to offset losses due to fluctuations in interest rates is limited by federal tax provisions governing REITs;
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the credit quality of the party owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction;
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the party owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay; and
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we may purchase a hedge that turns out not to be necessary, i.e., a hedge that is out of the money.

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Any hedging activity we engage in may adversely affect our earnings, which could adversely affect cash available for distribution to our stockholders. Therefore, while we may enter into such transactions to seek to reduce interest rate and foreign currency risks, unanticipated changes in interest rates or exchange rates, as applicable, may result in poorer overall investment performance than if we had not engaged in any such hedging transactions. In addition, the degree of correlation between price movements of the instruments used in a hedging strategy and price movements in the portfolio positions being hedged or liabilities being hedged may vary materially. Moreover, for a variety of reasons, we may not seek to establish a perfect correlation between such hedging instruments and the interest rate risk or exchange rate risk sought to be hedged. Any such imperfect correlation may prevent us from achieving the intended accounting treatment and may expose us to risk of loss.
Hedging instruments often are not traded on regulated exchanges, guaranteed by an exchange or its clearing house, or regulated by any U.S. or foreign governmental authorities and involve risks and costs.
The cost of using hedging instruments increases as the period covered by the instrument increases and during periods of rising and volatile interest rates. We may increase our hedging activity and thus increase our hedging costs during periods when interest rates are volatile or rising and hedging costs have increased. In addition, hedging instruments involve risk since they often are not traded on regulated exchanges, guaranteed by an exchange or its clearing house, or regulated by any U.S. or foreign governmental authorities. Consequently, there are no requirements with respect to record keeping, financial responsibility or segregation of customer funds and positions. Furthermore, the enforceability of agreements underlying derivative transactions may depend on compliance with applicable statutory, commodity and other regulatory requirements and, depending on the identity of the counterparty, applicable international requirements. The business failure of a hedging counterparty with whom we enter into a hedging transaction will most likely result in a default. Default by a party with whom we enter into a hedging transaction may result in the loss of unrealized profits and force us to cover our resale commitments, if any, at the then current market price. Although generally we will seek to reserve the right to terminate our hedging positions, it may not always be possible to dispose of or close out a hedging position without the consent of the hedging counterparty, and we may not be able to enter into an offsetting contract in order to cover our risk. We cannot be certain that a liquid secondary market will exist for hedging instruments purchased or sold, and we may be required to maintain a position until exercise or expiration, which could result in losses.
We will assume the credit risk of our counterparties with respect to derivative transactions.
We may enter into derivative contracts for risk management purposes to hedge our exposure to cash flow variability caused by changing interest rates on our future variable rate real estate loans receivable and variable rate notes payable. These derivative contracts generally are entered into with bank counterparties and are not traded on an organized exchange or guaranteed by a central clearing organization. We would therefore assume the credit risk that our counterparties will fail to make periodic payments when due under these contracts or become insolvent. If a counterparty fails to make a required payment, becomes the subject of a bankruptcy case, or otherwise defaults under the applicable contract, we would have the right to terminate all outstanding derivative transactions with that counterparty and settle them based on their net market value or replacement cost. In such an event, we may be required to make a termination payment to the counterparty, or we may have the right to collect a termination payment from such counterparty. We assume the credit risk that the counterparty will not be able to make any termination payment owing to us. We may not receive any collateral from a counterparty, or we may receive collateral that is insufficient to satisfy the counterparty’s obligation to make a termination payment. If a counterparty is the subject of a bankruptcy case, we will be an unsecured creditor in such case unless the counterparty has pledged sufficient collateral to us to satisfy the counterparty’s obligations to us.
We will assume the risk that our derivative counterparty may terminate transactions early.
If we fail to make a required payment or otherwise default under the terms of a derivative contract, the counterparty would have the right to terminate all outstanding derivative transactions between us and that counterparty and settle them based on their net market value or replacement cost. In certain circumstances, the counterparty may have the right to terminate derivative transactions early even if we are not defaulting. If our derivative transactions are terminated early, it may not be possible for us to replace those transactions with another counterparty, on as favorable terms or at all.
We may be required to collateralize our derivative transactions.
We may be required to secure our obligations to our counterparties under our derivative contracts by pledging collateral to our counterparties. That collateral may be in the form of cash, securities or other assets. If we default under a derivative contract with a counterparty, or if a counterparty otherwise terminates one or more derivative contracts early, that counterparty may apply such collateral toward our obligation to make a termination payment to the counterparty. If we have pledged securities or other assets, the counterparty may liquidate those assets in order to satisfy our obligations. If we are required to post cash or securities as collateral, such cash or securities will not be available for use in our business. Cash or securities pledged to counterparties may be repledged by counterparties and may not be held in segregated accounts. Therefore, in the event of a counterparty insolvency, we may not be entitled to recover some or all collateral pledged to that counterparty, which could result in losses and have an adverse effect on our operations.

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There can be no assurance that the direct or indirect effects of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, enacted in July 2010 for the purpose of stabilizing or reforming the financial markets, and other applicable non-U.S. regulation will not have an adverse effect on our interest rate hedging activities.
Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act imposed additional regulations on derivatives markets and transactions. Such regulations and, to the extent we trade with counterparties organized in non-US jurisdictions, any applicable regulations in those jurisdictions, are still being implemented, and will affect our interest rate hedging activities. While the full impact of regulation on our interest rate hedging activities cannot be fully assessed until all final rules and regulations are implemented, such regulation may affect our ability to enter into hedging or other risk management transactions, may increase our costs in entering into such transactions, and may result in us entering into such transactions on less favorable terms than prior to effectiveness of such regulation. For example, subject to an exception under the Dodd-Frank Act for “end-users” of swaps upon which we may seek to rely, we may be required to clear certain interest rate hedging transactions by submitting them to a derivatives clearing organization. In addition, to the extent we are required to clear any such transactions, we will be required to, among other things, post margin in connection with such transactions. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events may have an adverse effect on our business and our stockholders’ returns.
Our investments in debt securities and preferred and common equity securities will be subject to the specific risks relating to the particular issuer of the securities and may involve greater risk of loss than secured debt financings.
We may make equity investments in funds or corporate entities with a primary focus on the commercial real estate and real estate finance industries or with significant exposure to real estate, such as REITs, hotels and gaming companies. We may purchase the common or preferred stock of these entities or purchase or write options with respect to their stock. We may eventually seek to acquire or gain a controlling interest in the companies that we target. We do not expect our non-controlling equity investments in other public companies to represent a substantial portion of our assets at any one time.  We may also invest in debt securities and preferred equity securities issued by funds or corporate entities with a primary focus on the commercial real estate and real estate finance industries or with significant exposure to real estate. Our investments in debt securities and preferred and common equity securities will involve special risks relating to the particular issuer of the securities, including the financial condition and business outlook of the issuer. Issuers that are REITs and other real estate companies are subject to the inherent risks associated with real estate investments. Furthermore, debt securities and preferred and common equity securities may involve greater risk of loss than secured debt financings due to a variety of factors, including that such investments are generally unsecured and may also be subordinated to other obligations of the issuer. As a result, investments in debt securities and preferred and common equity securities are subject to risks of (i) limited liquidity in the secondary trading market, (ii) substantial market price volatility resulting from changes in prevailing interest rates, (iii) subordination to the claims of banks and senior lenders to the issuer, (iv) the operation of mandatory sinking fund or call/redemption provisions during periods of declining interest rates that could cause the issuer to reinvest redemption proceeds in lower yielding assets, (v) the possibility that earnings of the issuer may be insufficient to meet its debt service and distribution obligations, and (vi) the declining creditworthiness and potential for insolvency of the issuer during periods of rising interest rates and economic downturn. These risks may adversely affect the value of outstanding debt securities and preferred and common equity securities and the ability of the issuers thereof to make principal, interest and/or distribution payments to us.
Declines in the market values of our investments may adversely affect periodic reported results of operations and credit availability, which may reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Our investments in equity securities are carried at estimated fair value and temporary changes in the market values of those assets will be directly charged or credited to the income statement.
A decline in the market value of our assets may adversely affect us, particularly in instances where we have borrowed money based on the market value of those assets. If the market value of those assets declines, the lender may require us to post additional collateral to support the loan. If we were unable to post the additional collateral, we may have to sell assets at a time when we might not otherwise choose to do so. A reduction in credit available may reduce our earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to stockholders.
Further, credit facility providers may require us to maintain a certain amount of cash reserves or to set aside unlevered assets sufficient to maintain a specified liquidity position, which would allow us to satisfy our collateral obligations. As a result, we may not be able to leverage our assets as fully as we would choose, which could reduce our return on equity. In the event that we are unable to meet these contractual obligations, our financial condition could deteriorate rapidly.
Market values of our investments may decline for a number of reasons, such as changes in prevailing interest rates, increases in defaults, increases in voluntary prepayments for our investments that are subject to prepayment risk, widening of credit spreads and downgrades of ratings of the securities by ratings agencies.

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Our joint venture partners could take actions that decrease the value of an investment to us and lower our stockholders’ overall return.
We have entered into, and may continue to enter into, joint ventures with third parties to make investments. We may also make investments in partnerships or other co-ownership arrangements or participations. Such investments may involve risks not otherwise present with other methods of investment, including, for example, the following risks:
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that our co-venturer or partner in an investment could become insolvent or bankrupt;
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that such co-venturer or partner may at any time have economic or business interests or goals that are or that become inconsistent with our business interests or goals; or
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that such co-venturer or partner may be in a position to take action contrary to our instructions or requests or contrary to our policies or objectives.
Any of the above might subject us to liabilities and thus reduce our returns on our investment with that co-venturer or partner.
Our due diligence may not reveal all of a borrower’s liabilities and may not reveal other weaknesses in its business.
Before making a loan to a borrower or acquiring debt or equity securities of a company, we assess the strength and skills of such entity’s management and other factors that we believe are material to the performance of the investment. In making the assessment and otherwise conducting customary due diligence, we rely on the resources available to us and, in some cases, an investigation by third parties. This process is particularly important and subjective with respect to newly organized or private entities because there may be little or no information publicly available about the entities. There can be no assurance that our due diligence processes will uncover all relevant facts or that any investment will be successful.
We depend on debtors for our revenue, and, accordingly, our revenue and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders will be dependent upon the success and economic viability of such debtors.
The success of our investments in real estate-related loans, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments materially depend on the financial stability of the debtors underlying such investments. The inability of a single major debtor or a number of smaller debtors to meet their payment obligations could result in reduced revenue or losses for us.
Our inability to sell a property at the time and on the terms we want could limit our ability to pay cash distributions to our stockholders.
Many factors that are beyond our control affect the real estate market and could affect our ability to sell properties for the price, on the terms or within the time frame that we desire. These factors include general economic conditions, the availability of financing, interest rates and other factors, including supply and demand. Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, we have a limited ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic or other conditions. Further, before we can sell a property on the terms we want, it may be necessary to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements. However, we can give no assurance that we will have the funds available to correct such defects or to make such improvements. We may be unable to sell our properties at a profit. Our inability to sell properties at the time and on the terms we want could reduce our cash flow and limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and could reduce the value of our shares.
Potential development and construction delays and resultant increased costs and risks may hinder our operating results and decrease our net income.
From time to time, we may acquire unimproved real property or properties that are under development or construction. Investments in such properties will be subject to the uncertainties associated with the development and construction of real property, including those related to re-zoning land for development, environmental concerns of governmental entities and/or community groups and our builders’ ability to build in conformity with plans, specifications, budgeted costs and timetables. If a builder fails to perform, we may resort to legal action to rescind the purchase or the construction contract or to compel performance. A builder’s performance may also be affected or delayed by conditions beyond the builder’s control. Delays in completing construction could also give tenants the right to terminate preconstruction leases. We may incur additional risks when we make periodic progress payments or other advances to builders before they complete construction. These and other factors can result in increased costs of a project or loss of our investment. In addition, we will be subject to normal lease-up risks relating to newly constructed projects. We also must rely on rental income and expense projections and estimates of the fair market value of property upon completion of construction when agreeing upon a purchase price at the time we acquire the property. If our projections are inaccurate, we may pay too much for a property, and the return on our investment could suffer.

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Costs imposed pursuant to governmental laws and regulations may reduce our net income and the cash available for distributions to our stockholders.
Real property and the operations conducted on real property are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to protection of the environment and human health. We could be subject to liability in the form of fines, penalties or damages for noncompliance with these laws and regulations. These laws and regulations generally govern wastewater discharges, air emissions, the operation and removal of underground and above-ground storage tanks, the use, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous materials, the remediation of contamination associated with the release or disposal of solid and hazardous materials, the presence of toxic building materials, and other health and safety-related concerns.
Some of these laws and regulations may impose joint and several liability on the tenants, owners or operators of real property for the costs to investigate or remediate contaminated properties, regardless of fault, whether the contamination occurred prior to purchase, or whether the acts causing the contamination were legal. Activities of our tenants, the condition of properties at the time we buy them, operations in the vicinity of our properties, such as the presence of underground storage tanks, or activities of unrelated third parties may affect our properties.
The presence of hazardous substances, or the failure to properly manage or remediate these substances, may hinder our ability to sell, rent or pledge such property as collateral for future borrowings. Any material expenditures, fines, penalties, or damages we must pay will reduce our ability to make distributions and may reduce the value of our shares.
The costs of defending against claims of environmental liability, of complying with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property, or of paying personal injury claims could reduce the amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.
Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous real property owner or operator may be liable for the cost of removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances on, under or in such property. These costs could be substantial. Such laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. Environmental laws also may impose liens on property or restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures or prevent us from entering into leases with prospective tenants that may be impacted by such laws. Environmental laws provide for sanctions for noncompliance and may be enforced by governmental agencies or, in certain circumstances, by private parties. Certain environmental laws and common law principles could be used to impose liability for the release of and exposure to hazardous substances, including asbestos-containing materials and lead-based paint. Third parties may seek recovery from real property owners or operators for personal injury or property damage associated with exposure to released hazardous substances. The costs of defending against claims of environmental liability, of complying with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property, or of paying personal injury claims could reduce the amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.
Costs associated with complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act may decrease cash available for distributions.
Our properties may be subject to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended, or the Disabilities Act. Under the Disabilities Act, all places of public accommodation are required to comply with federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. The Disabilities Act has separate compliance requirements for “public accommodations” and “commercial facilities” that generally require that buildings and services be made accessible and available to people with disabilities. The Disabilities Act’s requirements could require removal of access barriers and could result in the imposition of injunctive relief, monetary penalties or, in some cases, an award of damages. Any funds used for Disabilities Act compliance will reduce our net income and the amount of cash available for distributions to our stockholders.

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Uninsured losses relating to real property or excessively expensive premiums for insurance coverage could reduce our cash flows and the return on our stockholders’ investment.
There are types of losses, generally catastrophic in nature, such as losses due to wars, acts of terrorism, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, pollution or environmental matters, that are uninsurable or not economically insurable, or may be insured subject to limitations, such as large deductibles or co-payments. Insurance risks associated with potential acts of terrorism could sharply increase the premiums we pay for coverage against property and casualty claims. Additionally, mortgage lenders in some cases have begun to insist that commercial property owners purchase coverage against terrorism as a condition for providing mortgage loans. Such insurance policies may not be available at reasonable costs, if at all, which could inhibit our ability to finance or refinance our properties. In such instances, we may be required to provide other financial support, either through financial assurances or self-insurance, to cover potential losses. We may not have adequate coverage for such losses. If any of our properties incurs a casualty loss that is not fully insured, the value of our assets will be reduced by any such uninsured loss, which may reduce the value of our shares. In addition, other than any working capital reserve or other reserves we may establish, we have no source of funding to repair or reconstruct any uninsured property. Also, to the extent we must pay unexpectedly large amounts for insurance, we could suffer reduced earnings that would result in lower distributions to our stockholders.
Terrorist attacks and other acts of violence or war may affect the markets in which we plan to operate, which could delay or hinder our ability to meet our investment objectives and reduce our stockholders’ overall return.
Terrorist attacks or armed conflicts may directly impact the value of our properties through damage, destruction, loss or increased security costs. Certain of our investments are located in major metropolitan areas. Insurance risks associated with potential acts of terrorism against office and other properties in major metropolitan areas could sharply increase the premiums we pay for coverage against property and casualty claims. Additionally, mortgage lenders in some cases have begun to insist that specific coverage against terrorism be purchased by commercial owners as a condition for providing loans. We may not be able to obtain insurance against the risk of terrorism because it may not be available or may not be available on terms that are economically feasible. The terrorism insurance that we obtain may not be sufficient to cover loss for damages to our properties as a result of terrorist attacks. In addition, certain losses resulting from these types of events are uninsurable and others may not be covered by our terrorism insurance. The costs of obtaining terrorism insurance and any uninsured losses we may suffer as a result of terrorist attacks could reduce the returns on our investments and limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Risks Related to Our Financing Strategy
We use leverage in connection with our investments, which increases the risk of loss associated with our investments.
We have financed the acquisition and origination of a portion of our investments with mortgages and other borrowings. Although the use of leverage may enhance returns and increase the number of investments that we can make, it may also substantially increase the risk of loss. Our ability to execute this strategy depends on various conditions in the financing markets that are beyond our control, including liquidity and credit spreads. There can be no assurance that leveraged financing will be available to us on favorable terms or that, among other factors, the terms of such financing will parallel the maturities of the underlying assets acquired. If our strategy is not viable, we will have to find alternative forms of long-term financing for our assets, as secured revolving credit facilities and repurchase facilities may not accommodate long-term financing. This could subject us to more restrictive recourse indebtedness and the risk that debt service on less efficient forms of financing would require a larger portion of our cash flows, thereby reducing cash available for distribution to our stockholders, for our operations and for future business opportunities. If alternative financing is not available, we may have to liquidate assets at unfavorable prices to pay off such financing. The return on our investments and cash available for distribution to our stockholders may be reduced to the extent that changes in market conditions cause the cost of our financing to increase relative to the income that we can derive from the assets we acquire.
We may use leverage in connection with any real estate investments we make, which increases the risk of loss associated with this type of investment.
We may finance the acquisition and origination of certain real estate-related investments with warehouse lines of credit and repurchase agreements. In addition, we may engage in various types of securitizations in order to finance our loan originations. Although the use of leverage may enhance returns and increase the number of investments that we can make, it may also substantially increase the risk of loss. There can be no assurance that leveraged financing will be available to us on favorable terms or that, among other factors, the terms of such financing will parallel the maturities of the underlying assets acquired. If alternative financing is not available, we may have to liquidate assets at unfavorable prices to pay off such financing. The return on our investments and cash available for distribution to our stockholders may be reduced to the extent that changes in market conditions cause the cost of our financing to increase relative to the income that we can derive from the assets we acquire.

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Our debt service payments will reduce our cash available for distribution. We may not be able to meet our debt service obligations and, to the extent that we cannot, we risk the loss of some or all of our assets to foreclosure or sale to satisfy our debt obligations. If we utilize repurchase agreement financing and if the market value of the assets subject to a repurchase agreement declines, we may be required to provide additional collateral or make cash payments to maintain the loan to collateral value ratio. If we are unable to provide such collateral or cash repayments, we may lose our economic interest in the underlying assets. Further, credit facility providers and warehouse facility providers may require us to maintain a certain amount of cash reserves or to set aside unleveraged assets sufficient to maintain a specified liquidity position that would allow us to satisfy our collateral obligations. As a result, we may not be able to leverage our assets as fully as we would choose, which could reduce our return on investment. In the event that we are unable to meet these collateral obligations, our financial condition could deteriorate rapidly.
We may not be able to access financing sources on attractive terms, which could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan.
We may finance our assets over the long-term through a variety of means, including repurchase agreements, credit facilities, issuances of commercial mortgage-backed securities and other structured financings. Our ability to execute this strategy will depend on various conditions in the markets for financing in this manner that are beyond our control, including lack of liquidity and greater credit spreads. We cannot be certain that these markets will remain an efficient source of long-term financing for our assets. If our strategy is not viable, we will have to find alternative forms of long-term financing for our assets, as secured revolving credit facilities and repurchase agreements may not accommodate long-term financing. This could subject us to more recourse indebtedness and the risk that debt service on less efficient forms of financing would require a larger portion of our cash flow, thereby reducing cash available for distribution to our stockholders and funds available for operations as well as for future business opportunities.
High mortgage rates or changes in underwriting standards may make it difficult for us to finance or refinance properties, which could reduce our cash flows from operations and the amount of cash distributions we can make.
If mortgage debt is unavailable at reasonable rates, we may not be able to finance our properties. If we place mortgage debt on a property, we run the risk of being unable to refinance part or all of the property subject to the mortgage debt when it becomes due or of being unable to refinance on favorable terms. If interest rates are higher when we refinance properties subject to mortgage debt, our income could be reduced. We may be unable to refinance or may only be able to partly refinance properties if underwriting standards, including loan to value ratios and yield requirements, among other requirements, are more strict than when we originally financed the properties. If any of these events occur, our cash flow could be reduced and/or we might have to pay down existing mortgages. This, in turn, would reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders, could cause us to require additional capital and may hinder our ability to raise capital by issuing more stock or by borrowing more money.
Lenders may require us to enter into restrictive covenants relating to our operations, which could limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
When providing financing, a lender may impose restrictions on us that affect our distribution and operating policies and our ability to incur additional debt. Loan agreements into which we enter may contain covenants that limit our ability to further mortgage a property or that prohibit us from discontinuing insurance coverage or replacing KBS Capital Advisors as our advisor. These or other limitations would decrease our operating flexibility and our ability to achieve our operating objectives.
Increases in interest rates would increase the amount of our debt payments and limit our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.
We have incurred significant amounts of variable rate debt. Increases in interest rates will increase the cost of that debt, which could reduce our cash flows from operations and the cash we have available to pay distributions to our stockholders. In addition, if we need to repay existing debt during periods of rising interest rates, we could be required to liquidate one or more of our investments at times that may not permit realization of the maximum return on such investments.

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In a period of rising interest rates, our interest expense could increase while the interest we earn on our fixed-rate assets would not change, which would adversely affect our profitability.
Our operating results will depend in large part on differences between the income from our assets, net of credit losses and financing costs. Income from our assets may respond more slowly to interest rate fluctuations than the cost of our borrowings. Consequently, changes in interest rates, particularly short-term interest rates, may significantly influence our net income. Increases in these rates will tend to decrease our net income and market value of our assets. Interest rate fluctuations resulting in our interest expense exceeding our interest income would result in operating losses for us and may limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. We have incurred debt and increases in interest rates will increase the cost of that debt, which could reduce our cash flow from operations and the cash we have available for distribution to our stockholders. In addition, if we need to repay existing debt during periods of rising interest rates, we could be required to liquidate one or more of our investments at times that may not permit realization of the maximum return on such investments.
Changes to the LIBOR settling process could adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
As of December 31, 2018, we have $373.8 million variable rate debt outstanding for which we pay interest based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority announced that by the end of 2021, LIBOR would be replaced with a more reliable alternative, due to LIBOR rate manipulation and the resulting fines assessed on several major financial institutions over the past several years. It is unclear whether new methods of calculating LIBOR will be established, such that LIBOR may continue to exist after 2021. At this time, we do not know what changes will be made by the Financial Conduct Authority, or how the changes to or replacement of LIBOR will affect the interest we pay on our unsecured credit facility and other debt instruments. Additionally, there is no guarantee that a transition from LIBOR to an alternative rate will not result in financial market disruptions, significant increases in benchmark interest rates or borrowing costs, any of which may have an adverse effect on us.
We have broad authority to incur debt and high debt levels could hinder our ability to make distributions and decrease the value of our stockholders’ investment.
Our charter limits our total liabilities to 75% of the cost (before deducting depreciation or other noncash reserves) of our tangible assets; however, we may exceed that limit if the majority of the conflicts committee of our board of directors approves each borrowing in excess of our charter limitation and we disclose such borrowings to our stockholders in our next quarterly report with an explanation from the conflicts committee of the justification for the excess borrowing. As of December 31, 2018, our borrowings and other liabilities were approximately 68% and 67% of the cost (before depreciation and other noncash reserves) and book value (before depreciation) of our tangible assets, respectively. High debt levels would cause us to incur higher interest charges and higher debt service payments and may also be accompanied by restrictive covenants. These factors could limit the amount of cash we have available to distribute and could result in a decline in the value of our stockholders’ investment.
The change in the value of Israeli currency may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
In March 2016, we issued 970.2 million Israeli new Shekels (approximately $249.2 million as of March 8, 2016) in 4.25% bonds to Israeli investors through a public offering, which bonds are denominated in Israeli new Shekels. As a result, we are subject to foreign currency risk due to potential fluctuations in exchange rates between Israeli new Shekels and U.S. Dollars. More specifically, a significant change in the value of the Israeli new Shekels may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We have attempted to mitigate this foreign currency risk by using derivative contracts. However, there can be no assurance that those attempts to mitigate foreign currency risk will ultimately be successful.

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The deed of trust that governs the bonds issued to Israeli investors includes restrictive covenants that may adversely affect our operations, which could limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
The deed of trust that governs the terms of the bonds issued to Israeli investors contains various restrictive covenants. Such restrictive covenants may prohibit us from making certain investments, selling properties or taking certain other actions that our board of directors otherwise believes to be in our best interests. Such restrictions may adversely affect our operations and limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. For example, we may not make investments through the BVI outside the U.S. and are restricted in our land and development investments made through the BVI. In addition, the BVI must maintain at least $475 million in consolidated equity and, except as necessary for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT, may not make distributions to us that would cause the consolidated equity capital of the BVI to drop below $600 million. In addition, certain significant transactions involving the BVI and our company, another KBS-sponsored company, or a KBS affiliate, or a sale of 60% of BVI assets, may require the consent of the bondholders. Finally, for as long as the debentures are outstanding, we may not conduct our investment strategy through an entity other than the BVI without the consent of the noteholders (unless those investments would be prohibited by the deed of trust, in which case we must conduct them outside of the BVI). A violation of any of the foregoing could constitute an event of default, result in an increase of the interest rate of the bonds in up to 1% (as of December 31, 2018 the interest rate was 4.25%) and cause the bonds to become immediately due and payable.
Federal Income Tax Risks
Our failure to continue to qualify as a REIT would subject us to federal income tax and reduce cash available for distribution to you.
We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2010. We intend to continue to operate in a manner so as to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions for which only a limited number of judicial and administrative interpretations exist. Even an inadvertent or technical mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Moreover, new tax legislation, administrative guidance or court decisions, in each instance potentially with retroactive effect, could make it more difficult or impossible for us to continue to qualify as a REIT. If we fail to continue to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal and applicable state and local income tax on our taxable income at corporate rates, in which case we might be required to borrow or liquidate some investments in order to pay the applicable tax. Losing our REIT status would reduce our net income available for investment or distribution to you because of the additional tax liability. In addition, distributions to you would no longer qualify for the dividends-paid deduction and we would no longer be required to make distributions. Furthermore, if we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year for which we have elected to be taxed as a REIT, we would generally be unable to elect REIT status for the four taxable years following the year in which our REIT status is lost.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to borrow funds to make distributions to you or otherwise depend on external sources of capital to fund such distributions.
To continue to qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute annually at least 90% of our taxable income, subject to certain adjustments, to our stockholders. To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net long-term capital gain. In that case, if we so elect, a stockholder would be taxed on its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term gain and would receive a credit or refund for its proportionate share of the tax we paid. A stockholder, including a tax-exempt or foreign stockholder, would have to file a federal income tax return to claim that credit or refund. Furthermore, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we distribute to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under federal tax laws.
From time-to-time, we may generate taxable income greater than our net income (loss) for U.S. GAAP. In addition, our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available for distribution to you as a result of, among other things, investments in assets that generate taxable income in advance of the corresponding cash flow from the assets (for instance, if a borrower defers the payment of interest in cash pursuant to a contractual right or otherwise).
If we do not have other funds available in the situations described in the preceding paragraphs, we could be required to borrow funds on unfavorable terms, sell investments at disadvantageous prices or find another alternative source of funds to make distributions sufficient to enable us to distribute enough of our taxable income to satisfy the REIT distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax in a particular year. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity.

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Because of the distribution requirement, it is unlikely that we will be able to fund all future capital needs, including capital needs in connection with investments, from cash retained from operations. As a result, to fund future capital needs, we likely will have to rely on third-party sources of capital, including both debt and equity financing, which may or may not be available on favorable terms or at all. Our access to third-party sources of capital will depend upon a number of factors, including our current and potential future earnings and cash distributions.
Despite our qualification for taxation as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow and our ability to make distributions to you.
Despite our qualification for taxation as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income or property. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distribution to you. For instance:
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In order to continue to qualify as a REIT, we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which is determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain for this purpose) to you.
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To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on the undistributed income.
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We will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions we pay in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of our ordinary income, 95% of our capital gain net income and 100% of our undistributed income from prior years.
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If we have net income from the sale of foreclosure property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business or other non-qualifying income from foreclosure property, we must pay a tax on that income at the highest corporate income tax rate.
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If we sell an asset, other than foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business and do not qualify for a safe harbor in the Internal Revenue Code, our gain would be subject to the     100% “prohibited transaction” tax.
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Any domestic taxable REIT subsidiary, or TRS, of ours will be subject to federal corporate income tax on its income, and on any non-arm’s-length transactions between us and any TRS, for instance, excessive rents charged to a TRS could be subject to a 100% tax. We may be subject to tax on income from certain activities conducted as a result of taking title to collateral.
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We may be subject to state or local income, property and transfer taxes, such as mortgage recording taxes.
Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
To continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to stockholders and the ownership of our stock. As discussed above, we may be required to make distributions to you at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Additionally, we may be unable to pursue investments that would be otherwise attractive to us in order to satisfy the requirements for qualifying as a REIT.
We must also ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified real estate assets, including certain mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets can consist of the securities of any one issuer (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) and no more than 20% of the value of our gross assets (25% for tax years prior to 2018) may be represented by securities of one or more TRSs. Finally, no more than 25% of our assets may consist of debt investments that are issued by “publicly offered REITs” and would not otherwise be treated as qualifying real estate assets. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct such failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter to avoid losing our REIT status and suffering adverse tax consequences, unless certain relief provisions apply. As a result, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of profit maximization and may require us to liquidate investments from our portfolio, or refrain from making, otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to stockholders.

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Our acquisition of debt or securities investments may cause us to recognize income for federal income tax purposes even though no cash payments have been received on the debt investments.
We may acquire debt or securities investments in the secondary market for less than their face amount. The amount of such discount will generally be treated as a “market discount” for federal income tax purposes. If these debt or securities investments provide for “payment-in-kind” interest, we may recognize “original issue discount,” or OID, for federal income tax purposes. Moreover, we may acquire distressed debt investments that are subsequently modified by agreement with the borrower. If the amendments to the outstanding debt constitute “significant modifications” under the applicable Treasury Regulations, the modified debt may be considered to have been reissued to us in a debt-for-debt exchange with the borrower. In that event, if the debt is considered to be “publicly traded” for federal income tax purposes, the modified debt in our hands may be considered to have been issued with OID to the extent the fair market value of the modified debt is less than the principal amount of the outstanding debt. In the event the debt is not considered to be “publicly traded” for federal income tax purposes, we may be required to recognize taxable income to the extent that the principal amount of the modified debt exceeds our cost of purchasing it. Also, certain loans that we originate and later modify and certain previously modified debt we acquire in the secondary market may be considered to have been issued with the OID at the time it was modified.
In general, we will be required to accrue OID on a debt instrument as taxable income in accordance with applicable federal income tax rules even though no cash payments may be received on such debt instrument on a current basis.
In the event a borrower with respect to a particular debt instrument encounters financial difficulty rendering it unable to pay stated interest as due, we may nonetheless be required to continue to recognize the unpaid interest as taxable income. Similarly, we may be required to accrue interest income with respect to subordinate mortgage-backed securities at the stated rate regardless of when their corresponding cash payments are received.
In order to meet the REIT distribution requirements, it might be necessary for us to arrange for short-term, or possibly longterm borrowings, or to pay distributions in the form of our shares or other taxable in-kind distributions of property. We may need to borrow funds at times when the market conditions are unfavorable. Such borrowings could increase our costs and reduce the value of your investment. In the event in-kind distributions are made, your tax liabilities associated with an investment in our common stock for a given year may exceed the amount of cash we distribute to you during such year.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.
The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code may limit our ability to hedge our operations effectively. Our aggregate gross income from non-qualifying hedges, fees and certain other non-qualifying sources cannot exceed 5% of our annual gross income. As a result, we might have to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through a TRS. Any hedging income earned by a TRS would be subject to federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities or expose us to greater risks associated with interest rate or other changes than we would otherwise incur.
If the IRS were to successfully recast our Israeli bond offering as an equity issuance rather than a borrowing, our REIT qualification could be threatened.
We have structured our Israeli bond offering to be viewed for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a borrowing by us via disregarded entities. If the IRS were to successfully recast our Israeli bond offering as an equity issuance rather than a borrowing, our REIT qualification could be threatened.
Liquidation of assets may jeopardize our REIT qualification.
To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must comply with requirements regarding our assets and our sources of income. If we are compelled to liquidate our investments to satisfy our obligations to our lenders, we may be unable to comply with these requirements, ultimately jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT, or we may be subject to a 100% prohibited transaction tax on any resulting gain if we sell assets that are treated as dealer property or inventory.

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The prohibited transactions tax may limit our ability to engage in transactions, including disposition of assets and certain methods of securitizing loans, which would be treated as sales for federal income tax purposes.
A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of dealer property, other than foreclosure property, but including loans held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We might be subject to the prohibited transaction tax if we were to dispose of or securitize loans in a manner that is treated as a sale of the loans, for federal income tax purposes. In order to avoid the prohibited transactions tax, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of loans and may limit the structures we use for any securitization financing transactions, even though such sales or structures might otherwise be beneficial to us. Additionally, we may be subject to the prohibited transaction tax upon a disposition of real property. Although a safe-harbor exception to prohibited transaction treatment is available, we cannot assure you that we can comply with such safe harbor or that we will avoid owning property that may be characterized as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our trade or business. Consequently, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of real property or may conduct such sales through a TRS.
It may be possible to reduce the impact of the prohibited transaction tax by conducting certain activities through a TRS. However, to the extent that we engage in such activities through a TRS, the income associated with such activities will be subject to a corporate income tax. In addition, the IRS may attempt to ignore or otherwise recast such activities in order to impose a prohibited transaction tax on us, and there can be no assurance that such recast will not be successful.
Specifically, in 2016 and 2018, we contributed certain undeveloped land in Las Vegas to a TRS, which was structured as a taxable sale. We have taken the position that such sale is not a dealer sale and, thus, not a prohibited transaction. There can be no assurances that the IRS will agree with our characterization of the transactions and such sale may be subject to recast and a 100% tax on the gain may be imposed.
We also may not be able to use secured financing structures that would create taxable mortgage pools, other than in a TRS or through a subsidiary REIT.
We may recognize substantial amounts of REIT taxable income, which we would be required to distribute to you, in a year in which we are not profitable under U.S. GAAP principles or other economic measures.
We may recognize substantial amounts of REIT taxable income in years in which we are not profitable under U.S. GAAP or other economic measures as a result of the differences between U.S. GAAP and tax accounting methods. For instance, certain of our assets will be marked-to-market for U.S. GAAP purposes but not for tax purposes, which could result in losses for U.S. GAAP purposes that are not recognized in computing our REIT taxable income. Additionally, we may deduct our capital losses only to the extent of our capital gains in computing our REIT taxable income for a given taxable year. Consequently, we could recognize substantial amounts of REIT taxable income and would be required to distribute such income to you, in a year in which we are not profitable under U.S. GAAP or other economic measures.
We may distribute our common stock in a taxable distribution, in which case you may sell shares of our common stock to pay tax on such distributions, and you may receive less in cash than the amount of the dividend that is taxable.
We may make taxable distributions that are payable in cash and common stock. The IRS has issued private letter rulings to other REITs treating certain distributions that are paid partly in cash and partly in stock as taxable distributions that would satisfy the REIT annual distribution requirement and qualify for the dividends paid deduction for federal income tax purposes. Those rulings may be relied upon only by taxpayers to whom they were issued, but we could request a similar ruling from the IRS. Accordingly, it is unclear whether and to what extent we will be able to make taxable distributions payable in cash and common stock. If we made a taxable dividend payable in cash and common stock, taxable stockholders receiving such distributions will be required to include the dividend as taxable income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for federal income tax purposes. As a result, you may be required to pay income tax with respect to such distributions in excess of the cash distributions received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the common stock that it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount recorded in earnings with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our common stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to certain non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in common stock.
REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan.
We generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which is determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain for this purpose) in order to continue to qualify as a REIT. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the REIT requirements of the Internal Revenue Code and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax. We may be required to make distributions to stockholders at times when it would be more advantageous to reinvest cash in our business or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits.

31

Our qualification as a REIT could be jeopardized as a result of an interest in joint ventures or investment funds.
We may hold certain limited partner or non-managing member interests in partnerships or limited liability companies that are joint ventures or investment funds. If a partnership or limited liability company in which we own an interest takes or expects to take actions that could jeopardize our qualification as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may be forced to dispose of our interest in such entity. In addition, it is possible that a partnership or limited liability company could take an action which could cause us to fail a REIT gross income or asset test, and that we would not become aware of such action in time to dispose of our interest in the partnership or limited liability company or take other corrective action on a timely basis. In that case, we could fail to continue to qualify as a REIT unless we are able to qualify for a statutory REIT “savings” provision, which may require us to pay a significant penalty tax to maintain our REIT qualification.
Distributions paid by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates that apply to other corporate distributions.
The maximum tax rate for “qualified dividends” paid by corporations to non-corporate stockholders is currently 20%. Distributions paid by REITs, however, generally are taxed at ordinary income rates (currently subject to a maximum rate of 37% for non-corporate stockholders), rather than the preferential rate applicable to qualified dividends. Non-corporate stockholders, however, may be able to deduct 20% of income received as ordinary REIT dividends subject to certain holding period requirements, thus reducing the maximum effective federal income tax rate on such dividends.
Our qualification as a REIT may depend upon the accuracy of legal opinions or advice rendered or given or statements by the issuers of assets we acquire.
When purchasing securities, we may rely on opinions or advice of counsel for the issuer of such securities, or statements made in related offering documents, for purposes of determining, among other things, whether such securities represent debt or equity securities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the value of such securities, and also to what extent those securities constitute qualified real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests and produce qualified income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. The inaccuracy of any such opinions, advice or statements may adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT and result in significant corporate-level tax.
Our charter limits the number of shares a person may own, which may discourage a takeover that could otherwise result in a premium price paid to you.
Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our board of directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as a REIT. To help us comply with the REIT ownership requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, among other purposes, our charter prohibits a person from directly or constructively owning more than 9.8% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of our stock of any class or series or more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of our common stock, unless exempted (prospectively or retroactively) by our board of directors. This restriction may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might otherwise provide a premium price for holders of our shares of common stock.
Stockholders may have current tax liability on distributions they elect to reinvest in our common stock.
If a stockholder participates in our dividend reinvestment plan, he or she will be deemed to have received, and for income tax purposes will be taxed on, the amount reinvested in shares of our common stock to the extent the amount reinvested was not a tax-free return of capital. In addition, our stockholders will be treated for tax purposes as having received an additional distribution to the extent the shares are purchased at a discount to fair market value, if any. As a result, unless a stockholder is a tax-exempt entity, a stockholder may have to use funds from other sources to pay their tax liability on the value of the shares of common stock received.
If our operating partnership fails to maintain its status as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, its income would be subject to taxation and our REIT status would be terminated.
We intend to maintain the status of our operating partnership as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. However, if the IRS were to successfully challenge the status of our operating partnership as a partnership, it would be taxable as a corporation. In such event, this would reduce the amount of distributions that our operating partnership could make to us. This would also result in our losing REIT status and becoming subject to a corporate level tax on our own income. This would substantially reduce our cash available to pay distributions and the return on our stockholders’ investment. In addition, if any of the entities through which our operating partnership owns its properties, in whole or in part, loses its characterization as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, the underlying entity would become subject to taxation as a corporation, thereby reducing distributions to our operating partnership and jeopardizing our ability to maintain REIT status.

32

Early investors may receive tax benefits from our election to accelerate depreciation expense deductions of certain components of our investments, including land improvements and fixtures, from which later investors may not benefit.
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, distributions received, including distributions that are reinvested pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan, by our investors generally will be considered ordinary dividends to the extent that the distributions are paid out of our current and accumulated earnings and profits (excluding distributions of amounts either attributable to income subject to corporate-level taxation or designated as a capital gain dividend). However, depreciation expenses, among other deductible items, reduce taxable income and earnings and profits but do not reduce cash available for distribution. To the extent that a portion of any distributions to our investors exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, that portion will be considered a return of capital (a non-taxable distribution) for U.S. federal income tax purposes up to the amount of their tax basis in their shares (and any excess over their tax basis in their shares will result in capital gain from the deemed disposition of the investors’ shares). The amount of distributions considered a return of capital for U.S. federal income tax purposes will not be subject to tax immediately but will instead reduce the tax basis of our investors’ investments, generally deferring any tax on that portion of the distribution until they sell their shares or we liquidate. Because we may choose to increase depreciation expense deductions in the earlier years after acquisition of an asset, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, of certain components of our investments, including land improvements and fixtures through the use of cost segregation studies, our early investors may benefit to the extent that increased depreciation causes all or a portion of the distributions they receive to be considered a return of capital for U.S. federal income tax purposes thereby deferring tax on those distributions, while later investors may not benefit to the extent that the depreciation of these components has already been deducted.
We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes.
At any time, the federal income tax laws or regulations governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be amended. We cannot predict when or if any new federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective and any such law, regulation or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our stockholders could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation.
Retirement Plan Risks
If the fiduciary of an employee benefit plan subject to ERISA (such as a profit sharing, Section 401(k) or pension plan) or an owner of a retirement arrangement subject to Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code (such as an IRA) fails to meet the fiduciary and other standards under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code as a result of an investment in our stock, the fiduciary could be subject to penalties and other sanctions.
There are special considerations that apply to employee benefit plans subject to ERISA (such as profit sharing, Section 401(k) or pension plans) and other retirement plans or accounts subject to Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code (such as an IRA) that are investing in our shares  (each a Benefit Plan).  Fiduciaries and IRA owners investing the assets of such a plan or account in our common stock should satisfy themselves that:
•
the investment is consistent with their fiduciary and other obligations under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code;
•
the investment is made in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the plan or IRA, including the plan’s or account’s investment policy;
•
the investment satisfies the prudence and diversification requirements of Sections 404(a)(1)(B) and 404(a)(1)(C) of ERISA and other applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code;
•
the investment in our shares, for which no public market currently exists, is consistent with the liquidity needs of the plan or IRA;
•
the investment will not produce an unacceptable amount of “unrelated business taxable income” for the plan or IRA;
•
our stockholders will be able to comply with the requirements under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code to value the assets of the plan or IRA annually; and
•
the investment will not constitute a prohibited transaction under Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code.
With respect to the annual valuation requirements described above, we will provide an estimated value for our stock annually.  Although this estimate will be based upon determinations of the NAV of our shares in accordance with our valuation procedures, no assurance can be given that such estimated value will satisfy the applicable annual valuation requirements under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code.  The Department of Labor or the Internal Revenue Service may determine that a plan fiduciary or an IRA custodian is required to take further steps to determine the value of our common stock.  In the absence of an appropriate determination of value, a plan fiduciary or an IRA custodian may be subject to damages, penalties or other sanctions. 

33

Failure to satisfy the fiduciary standards of conduct and other applicable requirements of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code may result in the imposition of civil and criminal penalties and could subject the fiduciary to claims for damages or for equitable remedies, including liability for investment losses.  In addition, if an investment in our shares constitutes a prohibited transaction under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code, the fiduciary or IRA owner who authorized or directed the investment may be subject to the imposition of excise taxes with respect to the amount invested.  In addition, the investment transaction must be undone.  In the case of a prohibited transaction involving an IRA owner, the IRA may be disqualified as a tax-exempt account and all of the assets of the IRA may be deemed distributed and subjected to tax.  ERISA plan fiduciaries and IRA owners should consult with counsel before making an investment in our common stock.
If our assets are deemed to be plan assets, KBS Capital Advisors and we may be exposed to liabilities under Title I of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code.
In some circumstances where an ERISA plan holds an interest in an entity, the assets of the entity are deemed to be ERISA plan assets unless an exception applies. This is known as the “look-through rule.” Under those circumstances, the obligations and other responsibilities of plan sponsors, plan fiduciaries and plan administrators, and of parties in interest and disqualified persons, under Title I of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code, may be applicable, and there may be liability under these and other provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code. We believe that our assets should not be treated as plan assets because the shares should qualify as “publicly-offered securities” that are exempt from the look-through rules under applicable Treasury Regulations. We note, however, that because certain limitations are imposed upon the transferability of shares so that we may qualify as a REIT, and perhaps for other reasons, it is possible that this exemption may not apply. If that is the case, and if KBS Capital Advisors or we are exposed to liability under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code, our performance and results of operations could be adversely affected. Prior to making an investment in us, you should consult with your legal and other advisors concerning the impact of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code on your investment and our performance.
ITEM 1B.
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
We have no unresolved staff comments.

34

ITEM 2.
PROPERTIES
As of December 31, 2018, we owned six office properties, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 14 acres of undeveloped land and one retail property encompassing, in the aggregate, approximately 3.0 million rentable square feet. As of December 31, 2018, these properties were 74% occupied. In addition, we owned two apartment properties (of which one apartment property was held for sale), containing 383 units and encompassing approximately 0.3 million rentable square feet, which were 94% occupied. We also owned three investments in undeveloped land with approximately 1,000 developable acres. The following table provides summary information regarding our properties as of December 31, 2018:
Property
Location of Property
 
Date Acquired or
Foreclosed on
 
Property Type
 
Rentable Square Feet
 
Total Real Estate at Cost (1)
(in thousands)
 
Occupancy
 
Ownership %
Richardson Portfolio
Richardson, TX
 
11/23/2011
 
Office/
Undeveloped Land
 
569,980

 
$
41,448

 
76.7%
 
90.0%
Park Highlands (2)   
North Las Vegas, NV
 
12/30/2011
 
Undeveloped Land
 
—

 
30,603

 
N/A
 
100.0% (2)
Burbank Collection
Burbank, CA
 
12/12/2012
 
Retail
 
39,035

 
16,860

 
89.5%
 
90.0%
Park Centre
Austin, TX
 
03/28/2013
 
Office
 
205,095

 
31,289

 
49.1%
 
100.0%
1180 Raymond
Newark, NJ
 
08/20/2013
 
Apartment
 
268,688

 
46,898

 
95.0%
 
100.0%
Park Highlands II (2)
    North Las Vegas, NV
 
12/10/2013
 
Undeveloped Land
 
—

 
25,834

 
N/A
 
100.0% (2)
Richardson Land II
Richardson, TX
 
09/04/2014
 
Undeveloped Land
 
—

 
3,418

 
N/A
 
90.0%
Crown Pointe
Dunwoody, GA
 
02/14/2017
 
Office
 
509,792

 
93,042

 
72.6%
 
100.0%
125 John Carpenter
Irving, TX
 
09/15/2017
 
Office
 
445,317

 
88,283

 
85.3%
 
100.0%
Marquette Plaza
Minneapolis, MN
 
03/01/2018
 
Office
 
522,656

 
89,334

 
68.3%
 
100.0%
City Tower
Orange, CA
 
03/06/2018
 
Office
 
435,177

 
152,784

 
78.6%
 
100.0%
Eight & Nine Corporate Centre
Franklin, TN
 
06/08/2018
 
Office
 
316,334

 
76,376

 
71.4%
 
100.0%
 
 
 
 
 
 
3,312,074

 
$
696,169

 
 
 
 
_____________________
(1) Total real estate at cost represents the total cost of real estate net of write-offs of fully depreciated/amortized assets.
(2) We own 100% of the common members’ equity of Park Highlands and Park Highlands II. On September 7, 2016, our subsidiary that owns a portion of Park Highlands and Park Highlands II, sold 820 units of 10% Class A non-voting preferred membership units for $0.8 million to accredited investors. The amount of the Class A non-voting preferred membership units raised, net of offering costs, is included in other liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
As of December 31, 2018, there were no tenants occupying 10% or more of our total rentable square footage. As of December 31, 2018, our real estate portfolio’s highest tenant industry concentrations (greater than 10% of annualized base rent) were as follows:
Industry
 
Number of Tenants
 
Annualized Base Rent (1) 
(in thousands)
 
Percentage of
Annualized Base Rent
Health Care and Social Services
 
16
 
$
6,716

 
12.1
%
Insurance
 
21
 
5,997

 
10.8
%
 
 
 
 
$
12,713

 
22.9
%
_____________________
(1) Annualized base rent represents annualized contractual base rental income as of December 31, 2018, adjusted to straight-line any contractual tenant concessions (including free rent), rent increases and rent decreases from the lease’s inception through the balance of the lease term.
No other tenant industries accounted for more than 10% of annualized base rent. No material tenant credit issues have been identified at this time.

35

Portfolio Lease Expiration
The following table reflects lease expirations of our owned properties, excluding apartment leases, as of     December 31, 2018:
Year of Expiration
 
Number of Leases
Expiring
 
Annualized Base Rent
(in thousands) (1)
 
% of Portfolio Annualized Base Rent
Expiring
 
Leased Rentable Square Feet
Expiring
 
% of Portfolio Rentable Square Feet
Expiring
Month-to-Month
 
9

 
$
467

 
0.8
%
 
49,164

 
2.2
%
2019
 
43

 
5,396

 
9.7
%
 
228,902

 
10.2
%
2020
 
43

 
7,007

 
12.6
%
 
299,956

 
13.3
%
2021
 
33

 
5,195

 
9.4
%
 
209,927

 
9.3
%
2022
 
29

 
7,434

 
13.4
%
 
298,861

 
13.3
%
2023
 
30

 
4,437

 
8.0
%
 
205,470

 
9.1
%
2024
 
14

 
2,555

 
4.6
%
 
97,343

 
4.3
%
2025
 
9

 
5,111

 
9.2
%
 
190,379

 
8.5
%
2026
 
10

 
5,749

 
10.4
%
 
204,856

 
9.1
%
2027
 
11

 
6,328

 
11.4
%
 
242,537

 
10.8
%
2028
 
6

 
2,827

 
5.1
%
 
112,421

 
5.0
%
Thereafter
 
5

 
2,987

 
5.4
%
 
108,008

 
4.9
%
Total
 
242

 
$
55,493

 
100
%
 
2,247,824

 
100
%
_____________________
(1) Annualized base rent represents annualized contractual base rental income as of December 31, 2018, adjusted to straight-line any contractual tenant concessions (including free rent), rent increases and rent decreases from the lease’s inception through the balance of the lease term.
In addition, as of December 31, 2018, we had one apartment property held for sale. The following table provides summary information regarding the property held for sale as of December 31, 2018:
Property
Location of Property
 
Date Acquired
 
Property Type
 
Rentable Square Feet
 
Total Real Estate at Cost (1)
(in thousands)
 
Occupancy
 
Ownership %
424 Bedford (2)
    Brooklyn, NY
 
01/31/2014
 
Apartment
 
49,220

 
$
34,793

 
89.4
%
 
90.0
%
_____________________
(1) Total real estate at cost represents the total cost of real estate net of write-offs of fully depreciated/amortized assets.
(2) On January 11, 2019, we sold this property. See Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Subsequent Events.”
ITEM 3.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, we are party to legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. Management is not aware of any legal proceedings of which the outcome is reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition, nor are we aware of any such legal proceedings contemplated by government agencies.
ITEM 4.
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.


36

PART II
ITEM 5.
MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Stockholder Information
As of March 4, 2019, we had 66.8 million shares of common stock outstanding held by a total of approximately 13,000 stockholders. The number of stockholders is based on the records of DST Systems, Inc., who serves as our transfer agent.
Market Information
No public market currently exists for our shares of common stock, and we currently have no plans to list our shares on a national securities exchange. Until our shares are listed, if ever, our stockholders may not sell their shares unless the buyer meets applicable suitability and minimum purchase requirements. In addition, our charter prohibits the ownership of more than 9.8% of our stock, unless exempted by our board of directors. Consequently, there is the risk that our stockholders may not be able to sell their shares at a time or price acceptable to them.
We provide an estimated value per share to assist broker-dealers that participated in our initial public offering in meeting their customer account statement reporting obligations under National Association of Securities Dealers Conduct Rule 2340 as required by FINRA. This valuation was performed in accordance with the provisions of and also to comply with Practice Guideline 2013-01, Valuations of Publicly Registered, Non-Listed REITs issued by the IPA in April 2013. For this purpose, we estimated the value of the shares of our common stock as $9.91 per share as of December 31, 2018. This estimated value per share is based on our board of directors’ approval on November 12, 2018 of an estimated value per share of our common stock of $9.91 based on the estimated value of our assets less the estimated value of our liabilities, or net asset value, divided by the number of shares outstanding as of September 30, 2018, with the exception of an adjustment to our net asset value to give effect to the November 12, 2018 authorization of a special dividend of $2.95 per share on our outstanding shares of common stock to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on November 12, 2018 (the “Special Dividend”). Excluding the Special Dividend, our estimated value per share of common stock would be $12.86. Other than the authorization of the Special Dividend, there were no material changes between September 30, 2018 and November 12, 2018 to the net values of our assets and liabilities that impacted the overall estimated value per share.
Our conflicts committee, composed of all of our independent directors, is responsible for the oversight of the valuation process, including the review and approval of the valuation process and methodologies used to determine our estimated value per share, the consistency of the valuation and appraisal methodologies with real estate industry standards and practices and the reasonableness of the assumptions used in the valuations and appraisals. The estimated value per share was based upon the recommendation and valuation prepared by KBS Capital Advisors, our external advisor. KBS Capital Advisors’ valuation of our consolidated investments in real estate properties and two of our unconsolidated joint venture investments in real estate properties was based on (i) appraisals of such investments performed by third-party valuation firms and (ii) the contractual sale price less estimated selling credits, disposition costs and disposition fees of a portfolio of 21 office/flex/industrial buildings located in Redmond, Washington (the “Westpark Portfolio”), which was under contract as of September 30, 2018. Appraisals on (i) all of our consolidated investments in real properties, excluding investments in undeveloped land and the Westpark Portfolio, and (ii) two of our unconsolidated investments in real estate properties were performed by Duff & Phelps, LLC (“Duff & Phelps”). Appraisals of our investments in undeveloped land were performed by Colliers International Valuation & Advisory Services, LLC (“Colliers”). Duff & Phelps and Colliers, each an independent third-party valuation firm, also prepared appraisal reports, summarizing key inputs and assumptions, for each of the real estate properties they respectively appraised. KBS Capital Advisors also performed valuations with respect to our real estate-related investments, one of our unconsolidated joint ventures, cash, other assets, mortgage debt and other liabilities. The methodologies and assumptions used to determine the estimated value of our assets and the estimated value of our liabilities are described further below.

37

KBS Capital Advisors used the appraised values of our real estate properties and, in the case of the Westpark Portfolio, the contractual sale price less estimated selling credits, disposition costs and disposition fees, together with KBS Capital Advisors’ estimated value of each of our other assets and liabilities and adjusted for the impact of the Special Dividend, to calculate and recommend an estimated value per share of our common stock. Upon (i) the conflicts committee’s receipt and review of KBS Capital Advisors’ valuation report, including KBS Capital Advisors’ summary of the appraisal reports prepared by Duff & Phelps and Colliers and KBS Capital Advisors’ estimated value of each of our other assets and our liabilities, (ii) the conflicts committee’s review of the reasonableness of our estimated value per share resulting from KBS Capital Advisors’ valuation process, (iii) consideration of the Special Dividend, and (iv) in light of other factors considered by the conflicts committee and the conflicts committee’s own extensive knowledge of our assets and liabilities, the conflicts committee concluded that the estimated value per share proposed by KBS Capital Advisors was reasonable and recommended to the board of directors that it adopt $9.91 as the estimated value per share of our common stock. At the special meeting of the board of directors, the board of directors unanimously agreed to accept the recommendation of the conflicts committee and approved $9.91 as the estimated value of our common stock, which determination is ultimately and solely the responsibility of the board of directors.
The table below sets forth the calculation of our estimated value per share as of November 12, 2018, as well as the calculation of our prior estimated value per share as of December 7, 2017:
 
 
November 12, 2018
Estimated Value per Share
 
December 7, 2017
Estimated Value per Share(1)
 
Change in
Estimated Value per Share
Real estate properties (2)
 
$
20.57

 
$
30.83

 
$
(10.26
)
Real estate equity securities (3)
 
1.82

 
0.90

 
0.92

Real estate debt securities
 
0.32

 
0.33

 
(0.01
)
Cash
 
1.72

 
0.60

 
1.12

Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures (4)
 
3.61

 
3.26

 
0.35

Other assets
 
0.36

 
0.53

 
(0.17
)
Mortgage debt (5)
 
(8.98
)
 
(13.96
)
 
4.98

Series A Debentures (6)
 
(5.00
)
 
(5.54
)
 
0.54

Advisor participation fee potential liability
 
(0.62
)
 
(0.54
)
 
(0.08
)
Other liabilities
 
(0.57
)
 
(0.71
)
 
0.14

Non-controlling interest
 
(0.37
)
 
(0.59
)
 
0.22

Special Dividend authorized on December 7, 2017
 
—

 
(3.61
)
 
3.61

Estimated value per share prior to November 12, 2018 Special Dividend authorization
 
$
12.86

 
$
11.50

 
$
1.36

Estimated enterprise value premium
 
None assumed

 
None assumed

 
None assumed

Special Dividend authorized on November 12, 2018 (7)
 
(2.95
)
 
—

 
(2.95
)
Total estimated value per share
 
$
9.91

 
$
11.50

 
$
(1.59
)
_____________________
(1) The December 7, 2017 estimated value per share was based upon the recommendation and valuation of KBS Capital Advisors. We engaged Duff & Phelps and Newmark Knight Frank Valuation & Advisory, LLC (“Newmark”), a division of Newmark Knight Frank to provide appraisals of our real estate properties, investments in undeveloped land and two of our unconsolidated investments in real estate properties and the Advisor performed valuations of our real estate-related investments, one of our unconsolidated joint ventures, cash, other assets, mortgage debt and other liabilities. For more information relating to the December 7, 2017 estimated value per share and the assumptions and methodologies used by Duff & Phelps, Newmark and the Advisor, see our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 13, 2017.
(2) The decrease in the estimated value of real estate properties was due to dispositions of real estate properties, partially offset by acquisitions of real estate and increases in fair values of our real estate properties. The estimated value per share of our real estate properties as of November 12, 2018 includes the Westpark Portfolio, which was under contract to sell as of September 30, 2018.
(3) The increase in the estimated value of real estate equity securities was due to acquisitions of real estate equity securities subsequent to September 30, 2017.
(4) The increase in the estimated value of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures was primarily due to an increase in fair values of the real estate held by the unconsolidated joint ventures, partially offset by a return of capital distribution from one joint venture.
(5) The decrease in mortgage debt was primarily due to repayments upon asset sales, partially offset by borrowings to fund acquisitions of real estate and capital expenditures on real estate. The estimated value per share of our mortgage debt as of November 12, 2018 includes the mortgage debt expected to be repaid in connection with the sale of the Westpark Portfolio.
(6) Amount relates to Series A Debentures issued in Israel on March 8, 2016. The decrease is due to a decrease in fair value of the Series A Debentures, which are publicly traded on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange, and the change in foreign exchange rate of the Israeli new Shekel.
(7) On November 12, 2018, our board of directors authorized the Special Dividend, which we paid in December 2018. The Special Dividend was paid in a combination of cash and stock with cash funded from the sale of real estate properties.

38

The increase in our estimated value per share before the impact of the Special Dividend from the previous estimate was primarily due to the items noted below, which reflect the significant contributors to the increase in the estimated value per share from $11.50 to $12.86. The changes are not equal to the change in values of each real estate asset and liability group presented in the table above due to real estate property acquisitions, dispositions, debt financings and other factors, which caused the value of certain asset or liability groups to change with no impact to our fair value of equity or the overall estimated value per share.
 
 
Change in
Estimated Value per Share
December 7, 2017 estimated value per share
 
$
11.50

Changes to estimated value per share
 
 
Investments
 
 
Real estate
 
1.31

Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
 
0.64

Investments in debt and equity securities
 
(0.04
)
Capital expenditures on real estate
 
(0.66
)
Total change related to investments
 
1.25

Operating cash flows in excess of quarterly distributions declared (1)
 
0.16

Foreign currency gain
 
0.10

Selling, acquisition and financing costs (2)
 
(0.19
)
Advisor disposition and acquisition fees (3)
 
(0.11
)
Mortgage debt and Series A debentures
 
0.14

Self-Tender offer price discount (4)
 
0.10

Advisor Participation fee potential liability
 
(0.10
)
Other
 
0.01

Total change in estimated value per share prior to November 12, 2018 Special Dividend declaration
 
$
1.36

Estimated value per share prior to November 12, 2018 Special Dividend declaration
 
$
12.86

Special Dividend (5)
 
(2.95
)
November 12, 2018 estimated value per share
 
$
9.91

_____________________
(1) Operating cash flow reflects modified funds from operations (“MFFO”) adjusted to deduct capitalized interest expense, real estate taxes and insurance and add back the amortization of deferred financing costs. We compute MFFO in accordance with the definition included in the practice guideline issued by the IPA in November 2010.
(2) Selling, acquisition and financing costs include approximately $3.0 million, or $0.06 per share, for the anticipated Westpark Portfolio sale subsequent to September 30, 2018.
(3) Advisor disposition fees include approximately $1.7 million, or $0.03 per share, for the anticipated Westpark Portfolio sale subsequent to September 30, 2018.
(4) On June 1, 2018, we accepted 9,527,724 shares for a price of $10.93 per share or an aggregate of $104.1 million in connection with a self-tender, the result of which increases the estimated value per share, as the purchase price for shares under the self-tender was less than the estimated value per share.
(5) See footnote (7) to the table above.

39

As with any valuation methodology, the methodologies used are based upon a number of estimates and assumptions that may not be accurate or complete. Different parties using different assumptions and estimates could derive a different estimated value per share, and these differences could be significant. The estimated value per share is not audited and does not represent the fair value of our assets less the fair value of our liabilities according to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), nor does it represent a liquidation value of our assets and liabilities or the price at which our shares of common stock would trade at on a national securities exchange. The estimated value per share does not reflect a discount for the fact that we are externally managed, nor does it reflect a real estate portfolio premium/discount versus the sum of the individual property values. The estimated value per share also does not take into account estimated disposition costs and fees for real estate properties that are not under contract to sell, debt prepayment penalties that could apply upon the prepayment of certain of our debt obligations or the impact of restrictions on the assumption of debt. The estimated value per share does consider any participation or incentive fees that would be due to KBS Capital Advisors based on the aggregate net asset value of us and that would be payable in a hypothetical liquidation of us as of the valuation date in accordance with the terms of our advisory agreement. As of November 12, 2018, we had no potentially dilutive securities outstanding that would impact the estimated value per share of our common stock.
Methodology
Our goal for the valuation was to arrive at a reasonable and supportable estimated value per share, using a process that was designed to be in compliance with the IPA Valuation Guidelines and using what we and KBS Capital Advisors deemed to be appropriate valuation methodologies and assumptions. The following is a summary of the valuation and appraisal methodologies, assumptions and estimates used to value our assets and liabilities:
Real Estate
Independent Valuation Firm
Duff & Phelps(1) was selected by KBS Capital Advisors and approved by our conflicts committee to appraise all of our consolidated investments in real estate properties, 110 William Street (defined below) and 353 Sacramento (defined below) but excluding our investments in undeveloped land and the Westpark Portfolio. Colliers (2) was selected by KBS Capital Advisors and approved by our conflicts committee to appraise our three investments in undeveloped land. Duff & Phelps and Colliers are engaged in the business of appraising commercial real estate properties and are not affiliated with us or KBS Capital Advisors. The compensation we paid to Duff & Phelps and Colliers is based on the scope of work and not on the appraised values of our real estate properties.  The appraisals were performed in accordance with the Code of Ethics and the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice, or USPAP, the real estate appraisal industry standards created by The Appraisal Foundation, as well as the requirements of the state where each real property is located.  Each appraisal was reviewed, approved and signed by an individual with the professional designation of MAI (Member of the Appraisal Institute). The use of the reports is subject to the requirements of the Appraisal Institute relating to review by its duly authorized representatives. In preparing their appraisal reports, Duff & Phelps and Colliers did not, and were not requested to, solicit third-party indications of interest for our common stock in connection with possible purchases thereof or the acquisition of all or any part of us.
Duff & Phelps and Colliers collected all reasonably available material information that each deemed relevant in appraising our real estate properties. Duff & Phelps relied in part on property-level information provided by KBS Capital Advisors, including (i) property historical and projected operating revenues and expenses; (ii) property lease agreements; and (iii) information regarding recent or planned capital expenditures. Colliers was provided with land surveys and development plans and relied in part on such information.

_____________________
(1) Duff & Phelps is actively engaged in the business of appraising commercial real estate properties similar to those owned by us in connection with public securities offerings, private placements, business combinations and similar transactions. We engaged Duff & Phelps to deliver an appraisal report relating to all of our consolidated investments in real estate properties, with the exception of our investments in undeveloped land, and Duff & Phelps received fees upon the delivery of such report. In addition, we have agreed to indemnify Duff & Phelps against certain liabilities arising out of this engagement. In the five years prior to the date of this filing, Duff & Phelps and its affiliates have provided a number of commercial real estate, appraisal and valuation services for us and/or our affiliates and have received fees in connection with such services. Duff & Phelps and its affiliates may from time to time in the future perform other commercial real estate, appraisal and valuation services for us and our affiliates in transactions related to the properties that are the subjects of the appraisals, so long as such other services do not adversely affect the independence of the applicable Duff & Phelps appraiser as certified in the applicable appraisal reports.
(2) Colliers is actively engaged in the business of appraising commercial real estate properties similar to those owned by us in connection with public securities offerings, private placements, business combinations and similar transactions. We engaged Colliers to deliver appraisal reports relating to our investments in undeveloped land and Colliers received fees upon the delivery of such reports. In addition, we have agreed to indemnify Colliers against certain liabilities arising out of this engagement. Colliers and its affiliates are engaged in the ordinary course of business in many areas related to commercial real estate and related services. Colliers and its affiliates may from time to time in the future perform other commercial real estate, appraisal, valuation and financial advisory services for us and our affiliates in transactions related to the properties that are the subjects of the appraisals, so long as such other services do not adversely affect the independence of the applicable Colliers appraiser as certified in the applicable appraisal reports.

40

In conducting their investigation and analyses, Duff & Phelps and Colliers took into account customary and accepted financial and commercial procedures and considerations as they deemed relevant. Although Duff & Phelps and Colliers reviewed information supplied or otherwise made available by us or KBS Capital Advisors for reasonableness, they assumed and relied upon the accuracy and completeness of all such information and of all information supplied or otherwise made available to them by any other party and did not independently verify any such information. With respect to operating or financial forecasts and other information and data provided to or otherwise reviewed by or discussed with Duff & Phelps and Colliers, Duff & Phelps and Colliers assumed that such forecasts and other information and data were reasonably prepared in good faith on bases reflecting the best currently available estimates and judgments of our management, board of directors and/or KBS Capital Advisors. Duff & Phelps and Colliers relied on us to advise them promptly if any information previously provided became inaccurate or was required to be updated during the period of their review.
In performing their analyses, Duff & Phelps and Colliers made numerous other assumptions as of various points in time with respect to industry performance, general business, economic and regulatory conditions and other matters, many of which are beyond their control and our control, as well as certain factual matters. For example, unless specifically informed to the contrary, Duff & Phelps and Colliers assumed that we have clear and marketable title to each real estate property appraised, that no title defects exist, that any improvements were made in accordance with law, that no hazardous materials are present or were present previously, that no deed restrictions exist, and that no changes to zoning ordinances or regulations governing use, density or shape are pending or being considered. Furthermore, Duff & Phelps’ and Colliers’ analyses, opinions and conclusions were necessarily based upon market, economic, financial and other circumstances and conditions existing as of or prior to the date of the appraisal, and any material change in such circumstances and conditions may affect Duff & Phelps’ and Colliers’ analyses and conclusions.  Duff & Phelps’ and Colliers’ appraisal reports contain other assumptions, qualifications and limitations that qualify the analyses, opinions and conclusions set forth therein.  Furthermore, the prices at which our real estate properties may actually be sold could differ from Duff & Phelps’ and Colliers’ analyses.
Although Duff & Phelps and Colliers considered any comments received from us or KBS Capital Advisors to their appraisal reports, the final appraised values of our real estate properties, with the exception of the Westpark Portfolio, were determined by Duff & Phelps and Colliers.  The appraisal reports for our real estate properties are addressed solely to us to assist KBS Capital Advisors in calculating and recommending an updated estimated value per share of our common stock. The appraisal reports are not addressed to the public and may not be relied upon by any other person to establish an estimated value per share of our common stock and do not constitute a recommendation to any person to purchase or sell any shares of our common stock. In preparing their appraisal reports, Duff & Phelps and Colliers did not solicit third-party indications of interest for our real estate properties. While Duff & Phelps and Colliers are responsible for providing appraisals for us, Duff & Phelps and Colliers are not responsible for, did not calculate, and did not participate in the determination of the estimated value per share of our common stock.
The foregoing is a summary of the standard assumptions, qualifications and limitations that generally apply to Duff & Phelps’ and Colliers’ appraisal reports. All of the Duff & Phelps and Colliers appraisal reports, including the analysis, opinions and conclusions set forth in such reports, are qualified by the assumptions, qualifications and limitations set forth in the respective appraisal reports.
Real Estate Valuation
Duff & Phelps and Colliers (in the case of our ownership of undeveloped land) appraised each of our real estate properties, with the exception of the Westpark Portfolio. Duff & Phelps and Colliers used various methodologies, as appropriate, such as the direct capitalization approach, discounted cash flow analyses and sales comparison approach. Duff & Phelps relied primarily on 10-year discounted cash flow analyses for the final valuations of each of the real estate properties (which exclude undeveloped land) and Colliers relied primarily on the sales comparison approach for the final valuations of the undeveloped land that it appraised. Duff & Phelps calculated the discounted cash flow value of our real estate properties (which exclude undeveloped land) using property-level cash flow estimates, terminal capitalization rates and discount rates that fall within ranges they believe would be used by similar investors to value the properties we own based on recent comparable market transactions adjusted for unique property and market-specific factors. Colliers relied primarily on the sales comparison approach and estimated the value of the undeveloped land based on the most applicable recent comparable market transactions.
As of September 30, 2018, we owned 14 real estate assets (consisting of six office properties, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 14 acres of undeveloped land, one office/flex/industrial portfolio consisting of 21 buildings, one retail property, two apartment properties and three investments in undeveloped land with approximately 1,000 developable acres).

41

We obtained appraisals for 13 real estate assets (consisting of six office properties, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 14 acres of undeveloped land, one retail property, two apartment properties and three investments in undeveloped land with approximately 1,000 developable acres). As of September 30, 2018, the total appraised value of our consolidated real estate properties, excluding the Westpark Portfolio, as provided by Duff & Phelps and Colliers using the appraisal methods described above, was $950.2 million. The estimated value of the Westpark Portfolio, based on the contractual sales price less estimated selling credits, was $165.5 million. Based on the appraisal and valuation methodologies described above, the total estimated value of our consolidated real estate properties was $1,115.7 million. The total cost basis of these properties as of September 30, 2018 was $916.4 million. This amount includes the acquisition cost of $799.8 million, $28.0 million for the acquisition of minority interests in joint ventures, $77.0 million in capital expenditures, leasing commissions and tenant improvements since inception and $11.6 million of acquisition fees and expenses as well as foreclosure costs. The total estimated real estate value as of September 30, 2018 compared to the total acquisition cost of our real estate properties plus subsequent capital improvements through September 30, 2018 results in an overall increase in the real estate value of approximately 21.7%.
The following table summarizes the key assumptions that were used in the discounted cash flow models in order to arrive at the appraised real estate property values as well as the sales comparison range of values used to arrive at the appraised values for undeveloped land:
 
 
Range in Values
 
Weighted-Average Basis
Consolidated Investments in Real Estate Properties (Excluding Undeveloped Land)
 
 
 
 
Terminal capitalization rate
 
4.00% to 7.50%
 
6.66%
Discount rate
 
4.75% to 9.50%
 
7.83%
Net operating income compounded annual growth rate (1)
 
(2.69%) to 22.68%
 
5.60%
 
 
 
 
 
Undeveloped Land
 
 
 
 
Price per acre (2)
 
$128,000 to $866,000
 
$139,000
_____________________
(1) The net operating income compounded annual growth rates (“CAGRs”) reflect both the contractual and market rents and reimbursements (in cases where the contractual lease period is less than the valuation period) net of expenses over the valuation period. The range of CAGRs shown is the constant annual rate at which the net operating income is projected to grow to reach the net operating income in the final year of the hold period for each of the properties.
(2) The weighted-average price per acre was primarily driven by our two investments in undeveloped land with approximately 1,424 acres (approximately 1,000 developable acres) located in North Las Vegas, Nevada.  The weighted-average price per acre for these two investments in undeveloped land was approximately $128,000.
While we believe that Duff & Phelps’ and Colliers’ assumptions and inputs are reasonable, a change in these assumptions and inputs would significantly impact the calculation of the appraised value of our real estate properties and, thus, our estimated value per share. As of September 30, 2018, certain of our real estate assets have non-stabilized occupancies.  Appraisals may provide a sense of the value of the investment, but any appraisal of the property will be based on numerous estimates, judgments and assumptions that significantly affect the appraised value of the underlying property. An appraisal of a non-stabilized property, in particular, involves a high degree of subjectivity due to high vacancy levels and uncertainties with respect to future market rental rates and timing of lease-up and stabilization. Accordingly, different assumptions may materially change the appraised value of the property. The table below illustrates the impact on the estimated value per share if the terminal capitalization rates or discount rates were adjusted by 25 basis points, and assuming all other factors remain unchanged, with respect to the real estate properties referenced in the table above (excluding undeveloped land). Additionally, the table below illustrates the impact on the estimated value per share if the terminal capitalization rates or discount rates were adjusted by 5% in accordance with the IPA guidance:
 
 
Increase (Decrease) on the Estimated Value per Share due to
 
 
Decrease of 25 basis points
 
Increase of 25 basis points
 
Decrease of 5%
 
Increase of 5%
Terminal capitalization rates
 
$
0.29

 
$
(0.27
)
 
$
0.37

 
$
(0.33
)
Discount rates
 
0.22

 
(0.22
)
 
0.33

 
(0.32
)
The table below illustrates the impact on the estimated value per share if the price per acre of the investments in undeveloped land was adjusted by 5%:
 
 
Increase (Decrease) on the Estimated Value per Share due to
 
 
Decrease of 5%
 
Increase of 5%
Price per acre
 
$
(0.15
)
 
$
0.15


42

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
As of September 30, 2018, we held three investments in unconsolidated joint ventures including 110 William Street, 353 Sacramento and the NIP Joint Venture (as defined below).
110 William Street is an office property containing 928,157 rentable square feet located in New York, New York and we hold a 60% interest in a joint venture that owns 110 William Street. The appraised value of 110 William Street as provided by Duff & Phelps was $519.0 million. KBS Capital Advisors relied on the appraised value provided by Duff & Phelps along with the fair value of other assets and liabilities as determined by KBS Capital Advisors, and then calculated the amount that we would receive in a hypothetical liquidation of the real estate at the appraised value and the other assets and liabilities at their fair values based on the profit participation thresholds contained in the joint venture agreement.  The resulting amount was the fair value assigned to our 60% interest in this unconsolidated joint venture. As of September 30, 2018, the carrying value and estimated fair value of our investment in this unconsolidated joint venture were $2.4 million and $134.8 million, respectively.
Duff & Phelps relied on a 10-year discounted cash flow analyses for the final valuation of 110 William Street. The terminal capitalization rate, discount rate and CAGR used in the discounted cash flow model to arrive at the appraised value were 5.50%, 6.75% and 14.55%, respectively.
353 Sacramento is an office building containing 284,751 rentable square feet located in San Francisco, California and we hold a 55% interest in a joint venture that owns 353 Sacramento. The appraised value of 353 Sacramento as provided by Duff & Phelps was $201.8 million. KBS Capital Advisors relied on the appraised value provided by Duff & Phelps along with the fair value of other assets and liabilities as determined by KBS Capital Advisors, and then calculated the amount that we would receive in a hypothetical liquidation of the real estate at the appraised value and the other assets and liabilities at their fair values based on the profit participation thresholds contained in the joint venture agreement. The resulting amount was the fair value assigned to our 55% interest in this unconsolidated joint venture. As of September 30, 2018, the carrying value and estimated fair value of our investment in this unconsolidated joint venture were $43.4 million and $59.4 million, respectively.
Duff & Phelps relied on a 10-year discounted cash flow analyses for the final valuation of 353 Sacramento. The terminal capitalization rate, discount rate and CAGR used in the discounted cash flow model to arrive at the appraised value were 5.50%,7.50% and 14.82%, respectively.
The table below illustrates the impact on the estimated value per share if the terminal capitalization rates or discount rates were adjusted by 25 basis points, and assuming all other factors remain unchanged, with respect to 110 William Street and 353 Sacramento. Additionally, the table below illustrates the impact on the estimated value per share if the terminal capitalization rates or discount rates for 110 William Street and 353 Sacramento were adjusted by 5% in accordance with the IPA guidance:
 
 
Increase (Decrease) on the Estimated Value per Share due to
 
 
Decrease of 25 basis points
 
Increase of 25 basis points
 
Decrease of 5%
 
Increase of 5%
Terminal capitalization rates
 
$
0.18

 
$
(0.16
)
 
$
0.19

 
$
(0.18
)
Discount rates
 
0.11

 
(0.11
)
 
0.16

 
(0.15
)
We also hold an interest of less than 5% in a joint venture which has invested in a portfolio of industrial properties (the “NIP Joint Venture”), and was valued by KBS Capital Advisors using a discounted cash flow analysis of the expected distributions to us. The cash flow estimates used in the analysis were based on our participation interest in the estimated cash flows available after paying debt service through ultimate liquidation of the NIP Joint Venture as described in the joint venture agreement. The cash flow estimates of the NIP Joint Venture were reviewed by KBS Capital Advisors. As of September 30, 2018, the carrying value and estimated fair value of our investment in this unconsolidated joint venture were $1.5 million and $1.7 million, respectively. The estimated value of our investment in this unconsolidated joint venture for purposes of our estimated value per share was calculated by applying an 8.50% discount rate to the estimated cash flows for a total value of $0.03 per share. Assuming all other factors remain unchanged, a decrease or increase in the discount rates of 25 basis points would have no impact on the estimated value per share. Additionally, a 5% decrease or increase in the discount rates would have no impact on the estimated value per share.

43

Real Estate Equity Securities
As of September 30, 2018, we owned three investments in real estate equity securities. The estimated value of our real estate equity securities is equal to the GAAP fair value disclosed in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2018, which also equals the book value of the real estate equity securities in accordance with GAAP. As of September 30, 2018, we owned 3,722,019 shares of Whitestone REIT and 1,576,809 shares of Franklin Street Properties Corp. The fair values of these real estate equity securities were based on quoted prices in an active market on a major stock exchange. As of September 30, 2018, we owned 43,999,500 shares of common units of Keppel-KBS US REIT. The fair value measurement on 21,999,750 shares was based on a quoted price in an active market on a major stock exchange. The fair value measurement on the remaining 21,999,750 shares, which we agreed not to sell, transfer or assign until November 8, 2018 (the “Unit Lockout Period”), was based on a quoted price in an active market on a major stock exchange, adjusted for the lack of marketability during the Unit Lockout Period. The estimated value of the shares was determined using inputs, including the quoted stock price, risk-free rate and expected volatility. As of September 30, 2018, the fair value and carrying value of our real estate equity securities was $98.7 million.
Real Estate Debt Securities
As of September 30, 2018, we owned an investment in real estate debt securities. The estimated value of our real estate debt securities is equal to the GAAP fair value disclosed in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2018, but does not equal the book value of the real estate debt securities in accordance with GAAP. The estimated value of our real estate debt securities was determined using an internal valuation model that considers the expected cash flows for the loans, underlying collateral values (for collateral dependent loans) and estimated yield requirements of institutional investors for real estate debt securities with similar characteristics, including remaining loan term, loan-to-value, type of collateral and other credit enhancements. As of September 30, 2018, the fair value and carrying value of our real estate debt securities was $17.5 million and $17.9 million, respectively. The discount rate applied to the cash flow from the real estate debt securities, which have a remaining term of 1.1 years, was approximately 13.25%. Similar to the appraisals of our real estate properties, a change in the assumptions and inputs would change the fair value of our real estate debt securities and thus, could change our estimated NAV per share. Assuming all other factors remain unchanged, a decrease or increase in the discount rates of 25 basis points would have no impact on our estimated net asset value per share. Additionally, assuming all other factors remain unchanged, a 5% decrease or increase in the discount rates would have no impact on our estimated net asset value per share.
Notes Payable
The estimated values of our notes payable are equal to the GAAP fair values disclosed in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2018, but do not equal the book value of the loans in accordance with GAAP. The estimated values of our notes payable were determined using a discounted cash flow analysis. The cash flows were based on the remaining loan terms, including extensions we expect to exercise, and on management’s estimates of current market interest rates for instruments with similar characteristics, including remaining loan term, loan-to-value ratio and type of collateral.
As of September 30, 2018, the GAAP fair value and carrying value of our notes payable were $487.2 million and $479.3 million, respectively. The weighted-average discount rate applied to the future estimated debt payments, which have a weighted-average remaining term of 2.3 years, was approximately 4.34%. The table below illustrates the impact on our estimated value per share if the discount rates were adjusted by 25 basis points, and assuming all other factors remain unchanged, with respect to our notes payable. Additionally, the table below illustrates the impact on the estimated value per share if the discount rates were adjusted by 5% in accordance with the IPA guidance:
 
 
Increase (Decrease) on the Estimated Value per Share due to
 
 
Decrease of 25 basis points
 
Increase of 25 basis points
 
Decrease of 5%
 
Increase of 5%
Discount rates
 
$
(0.04
)
 
$
0.04

 
$
(0.04
)
 
$
0.04

Series A Debentures
Our Series A Debentures are publicly traded on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange. The estimated value of our Series A Debentures is based on the quoted bond price as of September 30, 2018 on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange of 101.7% of face value (excluding accrued interest expense) and foreign currency exchange rates as of September 30, 2018. The increase in estimated value per share attributable to our Series A Debentures is due to a decrease in fair value of the Series A Debentures and the change in foreign exchange rate of the Israeli new Shekel. As of September 30, 2018, the fair value and GAAP carrying value of our Series A debentures were $271.4 million and $261.8 million, respectively.

44

Non-controlling Interest
We have an ownership interest in four consolidated joint ventures as of September 30, 2018. As we consolidate these joint ventures, the entire amount of the underlying assets and liabilities are reflected at their fair values in the corresponding line items of the estimated value per share calculation. As a result, we also must consider the fair value of any non-controlling interest liability as of September 30, 2018. In determining this fair value, we considered the various profit participation thresholds in each of the joint ventures that must be measured in determining the fair value of our non-controlling interest liability. We used the real estate appraisals provided by Duff & Phelps and Colliers and calculated the amount that the joint venture partners would receive in a hypothetical liquidation of the underlying real estate properties (including all current assets and liabilities) at their current appraised values and the payoff of any related debt at its fair value, based on the profit participation thresholds contained in the joint venture agreements. The estimated payment to the joint venture partners was then reflected as the non-controlling interest liability in our calculation of its estimated value per share.
Participation Fee Potential Liability Calculation
In accordance with the advisory agreement with KBS Capital Advisors, KBS Capital Advisors is entitled to receive a participation fee equal to 15.0% of our net cash flows, whether from continuing operations, net sale proceeds or otherwise, after our stockholders have received, together as a collective group, aggregate distributions (including distributions that may constitute a return of capital for federal income tax purposes) sufficient to provide (i) a return of their net invested capital, or the amount calculated by multiplying the total number of shares purchased by stockholders by the issue price, reduced by any amounts to repurchase shares pursuant to our share redemption program, and (ii) a 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return on such net invested capital. Net sales proceeds means the net cash proceeds realized by us after deduction of all expenses incurred in connection with a sale, including disposition fees paid to KBS Capital Advisors. The 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return on net invested capital is calculated on a daily basis. In making this calculation, the net invested capital is reduced to the extent distributions in excess of a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 7.0% are paid (from whatever source), except to the extent such distributions would be required to supplement prior distributions paid in order to achieve a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 7.0% (invested capital is only reduced as described in this sentence; it is not reduced simply because a distribution constitutes a return of capital for federal income tax purposes). The 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return is not based on the return provided to any individual stockholder. Accordingly, it is not necessary for each of our stockholders to have received any minimum return in order for KBS Capital Advisors to participate in our net cash flows. In fact, if KBS Capital Advisors is entitled to participate in our net cash flows, the returns of our stockholders will differ, and some may be less than a 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return. This fee is payable only if we are not listed on an exchange. For purposes of determining the estimated value per share, KBS Capital Advisors calculated the potential liability related to this incentive fee based on a hypothetical liquidation of the assets and liabilities at their estimated fair values, after considering the impact of any potential closing costs and fees related to the disposition of real estate properties. KBS Capital Advisors estimated the fair value of this liability to be $33.8 million or $0.62 per share as of the valuation date, and included the impact of this liability in its calculation of our estimated value per share.
Other Assets and Liabilities
The carrying values of a majority of our other assets and liabilities are considered to equal their fair value due to their short maturities or liquid nature. Certain balances, such as straight-line rent receivables, lease intangible assets and liabilities, accrued capital expenditures, deferred financing costs, unamortized lease commissions and unamortized lease incentives, have been eliminated for the purpose of the valuation due to the fact that the value of those balances were already considered in the valuation of the related asset or liability. KBS Capital Advisors has also excluded redeemable common stock as temporary equity does not represent a true liability to us and the shares that this amount represents are included in our total outstanding shares of common stock for purposes of calculating the estimated value per share of our common stock.
Different parties using different assumptions and estimates could derive a different estimated value per share, and these differences could be significant. The value of our shares will fluctuate over time in response to developments related to individual assets in our portfolio and the management of those assets and in response to the real estate and finance markets.

45

Limitations of Estimated Value Per Share
As mentioned above, we are providing this estimated value per share to assist broker dealers that participated in our initial public offering in meeting their customer account statement reporting obligations. This valuation was performed in accordance with the provisions of and also to comply with IPA valuation guidelines. The estimated value per share set forth above first appeared on the November 30, 2018 customer account statements that were mailed in December 2018. As with any valuation methodology, the methodologies used are based upon a number of estimates and assumptions that may not be accurate or complete. Different parties with different assumptions and estimates could derive a different estimated value per share. The estimated value per share is not audited and does not represent the fair value of our assets less the fair value of our liabilities according to GAAP.
Accordingly, with respect to the estimated value per share, we can give no assurance that:
•
a stockholder would be able to resell his or her shares at this estimated value per share;
•
a stockholder would ultimately realize distributions per share equal to our estimated value per share upon liquidation of our assets and settlement of our liabilities or a sale of the company;
•
our shares of common stock would trade at the estimated value per share on a national securities exchange;
•
an independent third-party appraiser or other third-party valuation firm would agree with our estimated value per share; or
•
the methodology used to calculate our estimated value per share would be acceptable to FINRA or for compliance with ERISA reporting requirements.
Further, the estimated value per share as of November 12, 2018 is based on the estimated value of our assets less the estimated value of our liabilities divided by the number of shares outstanding, all as of September 30, 2018, after giving effect to the Special Dividend. The value of our shares will fluctuate over time in response to developments related to individual assets in our portfolio and the management of those assets and in response to the real estate and finance markets. The estimated value per share does not reflect a discount for the fact that we are externally managed, nor does it reflect a real estate portfolio premium/discount versus the sum of the individual property values. The estimated value per share does not take into account estimated disposition costs and fees for real estate properties that are not held for sale or under contract for sale, debt prepayment penalties that could apply upon the prepayment of certain of our debt obligations or the impact of restrictions on the assumption of debt. The estimated value per share does consider any participation or incentive fees that would be due to KBS Capital Advisors based on the aggregate net asset value of us which would be payable in a hypothetical liquidation of us as of the valuation date in accordance with the terms of our advisory agreement. We currently expect to utilize KBS Capital Advisors and/or an independent valuation firm to update the estimated value per share no later than December 2019.
Historical Estimated Values per Share
The historical reported estimated values per share of our common stock approved by the board of directors are set forth below:
Estimated Value per Share
 
Effective Date of Valuation
 
Filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission
$11.50
 
December 7, 2017
 
Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 13, 2017
$14.81
 
December 8, 2016
 
Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2016
$13.44
 
December 8, 2015
 
Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 10, 2015
$12.24
 
December 9, 2014
 
Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 11, 2014
$11.27
 
March 25, 2014
 
Current Report on Form 8-K, filed March 27, 2014
Distribution Information
We declare distributions when our board of directors determines we have sufficient cash flow from operations, investment activities and/or strategic financings. We expect to fund distributions from interest and rental income on investments, the maturity, payoff or settlement of those investments and from strategic sales of loans, debt securities, properties and other assets.
As a REIT, we will generally have to hold our assets for two years in order to meet the safe harbor to avoid a 100% prohibited transactions tax, unless such assets are held through a TRS or other taxable corporation. In certain instances, we may sell properties outside of the safe harbor period and still be exempt from the 100% prohibited transaction tax because such properties were not held as “inventory.” Our board of directors intends to declare distributions quarterly based on cash flow from our investments. Our board of directors may also declare distributions to the extent we have asset sales or receipt of principal payments on our real estate-related investment.

46

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must make aggregate annual distributions to our stockholders of at least     90% of our REIT taxable income (which is computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP). If we meet the REIT qualification requirements, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the income that we distribute to our stockholders each year. In general, we anticipate making distributions to our stockholders of at least 100% of our REIT taxable income so that none of our income is subject to federal income tax. Our board of directors may authorize distributions in excess of those required for us to maintain REIT status depending on our financial condition and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.
Our distribution policy is not to pay distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations, investment activities and strategic financings. However, our organizational documents do not restrict us from paying distributions from any source and do not restrict the amount of distributions we may pay from any source, including proceeds from the issuance of securities, third-party borrowings, advances from our advisor or sponsors or from our advisor’s deferral of its fees under the advisory agreement. Distributions paid from sources other than current or accumulated earnings and profits may constitute a return of capital. From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our taxable income for financial reporting purposes, or our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available for distribution to stockholders. In these situations we may make distributions in excess of our cash flow from operations, investment activities and strategic financings to satisfy the REIT distribution requirement described above. In such an event, we would look first to other third party borrowings to fund these distributions.
We have not established a minimum distribution level, and our charter does not require that we make distributions to our stockholders. Distributions declared during 2018 and 2017, aggregated by quarter, are as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):
 
2018
 
1st Quarter
 
2nd Quarter
 
3rd Quarter
 
4th Quarter (1)
 
Total
Total Distributions Declared
$
1,034

 
$
882

 
$
870

 
$
159,908

 
$
162,694

Total Per Share Distribution
$
0.016

 
$
0.016

 
$
0.016

 
$
2.950

 
$
2.998

Rate Based on Initial Public Offering Purchase Price of $10.00 Per Share
0.16
%
 
0.16
%
 
0.16
%
 
(1) 
 
(1) 
 
2017
 
1st Quarter
 
2nd Quarter
 
3rd Quarter
 
4th Quarter (2)
 
Total
Total Distributions Declared
$
5,247

 
$
5,298

 
$
5,350

 
$
187,914

 
$
203,809

Total Per Share Distribution
$
0.092

 
$
0.093

 
$
0.095

 
$
3.610

 
$
3.890

Rate Based on Initial Public Offering Purchase Price of $10.00 Per Share
0.92
%
 
0.93
%
 
0.95
%
 
(2) 
 
(2) 
_____________________
(1) The only distribution declared during the fourth quarter of 2018 was the Special Dividend. See “Special Dividends” below.
(2) The only distribution declared during the fourth quarter of 2017 was a special dividend. See “Special Dividends” below.
The tax composition of our distributions paid during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:
 
 
2018
 
2017
Ordinary Income
 
—
%
 
—
%
Return of Capital
 
18
%
 
5
%
Capital Gain
 
82
%
 
95
%
Total
 
100
%
 
100
%
For more information with respect to our distributions paid, see Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Distributions.”

47

Special Dividends
2018 Special Dividend
As described above, on November 12, 2018, our board of directors authorized a special dividend of $2.95 per share of common stock payable in either shares of our common stock or cash to, and at the election of, the stockholders of record as of November 12, 2018. The special dividend was paid in December 2018 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on the record date. If stockholders elected all cash, their election was subject to adjustment such that the aggregate amount of cash to be distributed by us would be a maximum of 20% of the total special dividend, with the remainder to be paid in shares of common stock.  The aggregate amount of cash paid by us pursuant to the special dividend and the actual number of shares of common stock issued pursuant to the special dividend depended upon the number of stockholders who elected cash or stock and whether the maximum cash distribution was met.
In order to ensure that we maintain our status as a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our “real estate investment trust taxable income” each year, and distribute all of our “real estate investment trust taxable income” and “net capital gain” in order to avoid corporate level tax. The 2018 special dividend was made primarily in connection with a deemed sale of land to a taxable REIT subsidiary, which triggered a significant amount of capital gain in 2018. The special dividend payment, including both cash and stock portions, is expected to generally be taxed as a capital gain distribution to stockholders.  The tax due on such dividend may exceed the amount of cash, if any, distributed to stockholders as part of the special dividend. Stockholders are advised to consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of the special dividend in light of his or her particular investment or tax circumstances.
Stockholders had the right to elect, on or prior to December 7, 2018, to be paid their pro rata portion of the 2018 special dividend all in common stock (a share election) or all in cash (a cash election); provided, however, that the total amount of cash payable to all stockholders in the special dividend was subject to the maximum cash distribution, as described above, with the balance of the special dividend payable in the form of common stock. Stockholders failing to timely return a properly completed election form before the election deadline were deemed to have made a cash election. If the aggregate amount of stockholder cash elections exceeded the maximum cash distribution, then the payment of cash  was made on a pro rata basis to such stockholders such that the aggregate amount paid in cash to all stockholders equaled the maximum cash distribution. The 2018 special dividend was paid on December 19, 2018. We paid $32.0 million (20%) in cash and issued $127.9 million (80%) in stock pursuant to the special dividend.
2017 Special Dividend
On December 7, 2017, our board of directors authorized a special dividend of $3.61 per share of common stock payable in either shares of our common stock or cash to, and at the election of, the stockholders of record as of December 7, 2017, the record date. The special dividend was paid in January 2018 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on the record date. If stockholders elected all cash, their election was subject to adjustment such that the aggregate amount of cash to be distributed by us would be a maximum of 20% of the total special dividend, the maximum cash distribution, with the remainder to be paid in shares of common stock. The aggregate amount of cash paid by us pursuant to the special dividend and the actual number of shares of common stock issued pursuant to the special dividend depended upon the number of stockholders who elected cash or stock and whether the maximum cash distribution was met.
In order to ensure that we maintain our status as a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our “real estate investment trust taxable income” each year, and distribute all of our “real estate investment trust taxable income” and “net capital gain” in order to avoid corporate level tax. The proceeds from the sale of 11 properties that were sold to a newly formed Singapore real estate investment trust on November 8, 2017 (the “Singapore Portfolio”) were part of such taxable income and/or net capital gain. Our board of directors approved the 2017 special dividend as a consequence of our sale of the Singapore Portfolio in order to ensure compliance with the REIT distribution requirements. The special dividend payment, including both cash and stock portions, was primarily taxed as a capital gain distribution to stockholders due to the large amount of capital gain that was generated from the sale of the Singapore Portfolio. The tax due on such dividend may exceed the amount of cash, if any, distributed to stockholders as part of the special dividend. Stockholders are advised to consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of the special dividend in light of his or her particular investment or tax circumstances.

48

Stockholders had the right to elect, on or prior to December 29, 2017, the election deadline, to be paid their pro rata portion of the 2017 special dividend all in common stock (a share election) or all in cash (a cash election); provided, however, that the total amount of cash payable to all stockholders in the special dividend was subject to the maximum cash distribution, as described above, with the balance of the special dividend payable in the form of common stock. Stockholders failing to timely return a properly completed election form before the election deadline were deemed to have made a cash election. If the aggregate amount of stockholder cash elections exceeded the maximum cash distribution, then the payment of cash was made on a pro rata basis to such stockholders such that the aggregate amount paid in cash to all stockholders equaled the maximum cash distribution. The 2017 special dividend was paid on January 17, 2018. We paid $37.6 million (20%) in cash and issued $150.3 million (80%) in stock pursuant to the special dividend.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
During the year ended December 31, 2018, we did not sell any equity securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
Share Redemption Program
We have adopted a share redemption program that may enable stockholders to sell their shares to us in limited circumstances.
Pursuant to the share redemption program there are several limitations on our ability to redeem shares:
•
Unless the shares are being redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence” (each as defined under the share redemption program), we may not redeem shares until the stockholder has held the shares for one year.
•
During any calendar year, we may redeem no more than 5% of the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the prior calendar year.
•
We have no obligation to redeem shares if the redemption would violate the restrictions on distributions under Maryland law, which prohibits distributions that would cause a corporation to fail to meet statutory tests of solvency.
During 2019:
•
We may redeem no more than $2.0 million of shares in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.”
•
We may redeem no more than $2.0 million of shares per fiscal quarter, excluding shares redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.” To the extent any of such capacity is unused in a fiscal quarter, it will be carried over to the next fiscal quarter for redemption of shares excluding shares redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.”  In addition, to the extent extra capacity from the bullet above is available with respect to redemptions in the last month of 2019, such capacity will be made available for redemption of shares other than in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.”
After 2019:
•
During any calendar year, we may redeem only the number of shares that we can purchase with the amount of net proceeds from the sale of shares under the our dividend reinvestment plan during the prior calendar year; provided, however, that this limit may be increased or decreased by us upon ten business days’ notice to our stockholders. To the extent that we redeem less than the number of shares that we can purchase in any calendar year with the amount of net proceeds from the sale of shares under our dividend reinvestment plan during the prior calendar year plus any additional funds approved by us, such excess capacity to redeem shares during any calendar year shall be added to our capacity to otherwise redeem shares during the subsequent calendar year. Furthermore, during any calendar year, once we have received requests for redemptions, whether in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability or “determination of incompetence”, or otherwise, that if honored, and when combined with all prior redemptions made during the calendar year, would result in the amount of remaining funds available for the redemption of additional shares in such calendar year being $1.0 million or less, the last $1.0 million of available funds shall be reserved exclusively for shares being redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability or “determination of incompetence.” To the extent that, in the last month of any calendar year, the amount of redemption requests in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability or “determination of incompetence” is less than the amount of available funds reserved for such redemptions in accordance with the previous sentence, any excess funds may be used to redeem shares not in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability or “determination of incompetence” during such month.

49

•
We may not redeem more than $3.0 million of shares in a given quarter (excluding shares redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence”). To the extent that, in a given fiscal quarter, we redeem less than the sum of (a) $3.0 million of shares (excluding shares redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence”) and (b) any excess capacity carried over to such fiscal quarter from a prior fiscal quarter as described below, any remaining excess capacity to redeem shares in such fiscal quarter will be added to our capacity to otherwise redeem shares (excluding shares redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence”) during succeeding fiscal quarter. We may increase or decrease this limit upon ten business days’ notice to stockholders.
We may amend, suspend or terminate the program upon ten business days’ notice to our stockholders. We may provide notice to our stockholders by including such information in a Current Report on Form 8-K or in our annual or quarterly reports, all publicly filed with the SEC, or by a separate mailing to our stockholders.
In anticipation of a self-tender offer in order to make liquidity available to stockholders in excess of that permitted under the share redemption program, on March 14, 2018, our board of directors approved a temporary suspension of the share redemption program starting with the March 2018 redemption period, including any unsatisfied requests from prior redemption periods. In connection with its approval of the Self-Tender (defined below), our board of directors approved the reopening of the share redemption program for the June 2018 redemption period, meaning no redemptions were made in March, April or May 2018 (including those requested following a stockholder’s death, qualifying disability or determination of incompetence). We cancelled all outstanding redemption requests under the share redemption program and did not accept any redemption requests under the share redemption program during the term of the Self-Tender.
On April 23, 2018, we commenced a self-tender offer (the “Self-Tender”) for up to 8,234,217 shares of common stock at a price of $10.93 per share, or approximately $90.0 million of shares. We increased the number of shares accepted for payment in the Self-Tender by up to 1,294,910 shares at a price of $10.93 per share, or approximately $14.1 million of shares. On June 1, 2018, we accepted for purchase 9,527,724 shares at a purchase price of $10.93 per share, or approximately $104.1 million of shares, excluding fees and expenses related to the Self-Tender.
Generally, we redeem all shares in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence” on the last business day of each month and redeem all other shares on the last business day of the quarter. However, as a result of the issuance of shares as a result of the special dividend paid in December 2018, our board of directors delayed the processing of redemptions that would otherwise occur on the last business day of November 2018 under the share redemption program until the last business day of December 2018. Any submission or withdrawal deadlines associated with such delayed redemptions were similarly moved to their corresponding dates in December 2018.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, we fulfilled redemption requests eligible for redemption under our share redemption program and received in good order and funded redemptions under our share redemption program with the net proceeds from our dividend reinvestment plan and cash on hand. We redeemed shares pursuant to our share redemption program as follows:
Month
 
Total Number
of Shares Redeemed 
 
Average Price
Paid Per Share (1)
 
Approximate Dollar Value of Shares Available
That May Yet Be Redeemed Under the Program
January 2018
 
407,046

 
$
10.97

 
(2) 
February 2018
 
12,526

 
$
11.50

 
(2) 
March 2018
 
—

 
$
—

 
(2) 
April 2018
 
—

 
$
—

 
(2) 
May 2018
 
—

 
$
—

 
(2) 
June 2018
 
577,203

 
$
10.95

 
(2) 
July 2018
 
12,617

 
$
11.50

 
(2) 
August 2018
 
150,137

 
$
11.53

 
(2) 
September 2018
 
299,025

 
$
10.97

 
(2) 
October 2018
 
19,875

 
$
11.49

 
(2) 
November 2018
 
—

 
$
—

 
(2) 
December 2018
 
291,650

 
$
9.59

 
(2) 
Total
 
1,770,079

 
 
 
 

50

_____________________
(1) On December 8, 2016, our board of directors adopted a tenth amended and restated share redemption program (the “Tenth Amended Share Redemption Program”). Pursuant to the Tenth Amended Share Redemption Program, except for redemptions made upon a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence,” the price at which we would redeem shares was 95% of our most recent estimated value per share as of the applicable redemption date. The Tenth Amended Share Redemption Program was effective on December 30, 2016. The Tenth Amended Share Redemption Program was suspended from March 2018 through May 2018, meaning no redemptions were made in March, April or May 2018 (including those requested following a stockholder’s death, qualifying disability or determination of incompetence). We cancelled all outstanding redemption requests under the share redemption program as of the commencement of the Self-Tender and were not accepting any redemption requests under the share redemption program during the term of the Self-Tender.
On November 12, 2018, our board of directors approved an estimated value per share of our common stock of $9.91. The change in the redemption price became effective for the December 2018 redemption date and is effective until the estimated value per share is updated. We expect to update our estimated value per share no later than December 2019. As a result of the special dividend paid in December 2018, our board of directors delayed the processing of redemptions that would otherwise occur on the last business day of November 2018 under the share redemption program until the last business day of December 2018. Any submission or withdrawal deadlines associated with such delayed redemptions were moved to their corresponding dates in December 2018.
On December 4, 2018, our board of directors adopted an eleventh amended and restated share redemption program (the “Eleventh SRP”).  The Eleventh SRP changed the funding limits for the share redemption program in calendar year 2019, after which they will revert back to the prior limits.  Absent these changes, based on the amount of net proceeds raised from the sale of shares under the dividend reinvestment plan during 2018, we would have had $1.4 million available for redemptions during 2019, including shares that are redeemed in connection with a stockholders’ death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.”  As amended, the following will apply during the calendar year 2019:
•
We may redeem no more than $2.0 million of shares in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.”
•
We may redeem no more than $2.0 million of shares per fiscal quarter, excluding shares redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.” To the extent any of such capacity is unused in a fiscal quarter, it will be carried over to the next fiscal quarter for redemption of shares excluding shares redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.”  In addition, to the extent extra capacity from the bullet above is available with respect to redemptions in the last month of 2019, such capacity will be made available for redemption of shares other than in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.”
There were no other changes to the share redemption program. The Eleventh SRP became effective for any redemption request received after December 21, 2018, which was the last day for a request to be received and processed in 2018 under the Tenth Amended Share Redemption Program.
(2) We limit the dollar value of shares that may be redeemed under the program as described above. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we redeemed $19.1 million of common stock under the program, which represented all redemption requests received in good order and eligible for redemption through the December 2018 redemption date, except for the $20.7 million of shares in connection with redemption requests not made upon a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence,” which redemption requests will be fulfilled subject to the limitations described above. Based on the Eleventh SRP, we have $10.0 million available for redemptions during 2019, subject to the limitations described above.
In addition to the redemptions under the share redemption program described above, during the year ended December 31, 2018, we repurchased an additional 33,163 shares of our common stock at $10.93 per share for an aggregate price of $0.4 million.

51

ITEM 6.
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014 should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto and Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”:
 
As of December 31,
 
2018
 
2017

2016

2015

2014
Balance sheet data
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total real estate and real estate-related investments, net
$
765,855

 
$
640,681

 
$
1,111,714

 
$
850,364

 
$
882,510

Total assets
1,004,989

 
1,101,574

 
1,310,116

 
1,004,214

 
1,016,313

Total notes and bonds payable, net
655,472

 
603,043

 
950,624

 
547,323

 
524,062

Total liabilities
711,025

 
836,073

 
1,014,566

 
585,565

 
556,266

Redeemable common stock
—

 
4,518

 
—

 
9,859

 
9,911

Total equity (1)
293,964

 
260,983

 
295,550

 
408,790

 
450,136

 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Operating data
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total revenues
$
95,787

 
$
140,714

 
$
134,244

 
$
112,128

 
$
106,154

Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders
33,546

 
210,644

 
(28,918
)
 
2,444

 
(23,194
)
Income (loss) from continuing operations per common share - basic and diluted
$
0.57

 
$
3.77

 
$
(0.50
)
 
$
0.04

 
$
(0.39
)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
33,546

 
210,644

 
(28,918
)
 
2,444

 
(23,194
)
Net income (loss) per common share - basic and diluted
$
0.57

 
$
3.77

 
$
(0.50
)
 
$
0.04

 
$
(0.39
)
Other data
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash flows provided by operating activities
$
2,143

 
$
13,432

 
$
26,656

 
$
25,855

 
$
12,285

Cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities
(89,061
)
 
673,323

 
(306,495
)
 
6,758

 
(285,795
)
Cash flows (used in) provided by financing activities
(126,875
)
 
(374,634
)
 
311,875

 
(25,083
)
 
235,461

Distributions declared
$
162,694

 
$
203,809

 
$
21,844

 
$
22,280

 
$
15,696

Distributions declared per common share (2)
3.00

 
3.89

 
0.38

 
0.38

 
0.26

Weighted-average number of common shares
outstanding, basic and diluted
58,738,732

 
55,829,708

 
58,273,335

 
59,656,667

 
59,714,540

_____________________
(1) Upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 on January 1, 2018, we recorded a $25.1 million cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings related to the unrealized gain on real estate equity securities previously reported in accumulated other comprehensive income prior to January 1, 2018. Additionally, as a result of the adoption of ASC 610-20 on January 1, 2018, we recorded a cumulative effect adjustment to increase retained earnings by $2.5 million to recognize the deferred gain from the sale of 102 developable acres at Park Highlands that closed on May 1, 2017, as control of the sold acres had transferred to the buyers at closing. 
(2) During 2014, 2015, 2016, and the first, second and third quarters of 2017 and 2018, our board of directors declared distributions on a quarterly basis based on our income, cash flow and investing and financing activities. Investors could choose to receive cash distributions or purchase additional shares under the dividend reinvestment plan. During the fourth quarter of 2017, a special dividend was declared based on the sale of the Singapore Portfolio. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Special Dividend was declared primarily in connection with a deemed sale of land to a taxable REIT subsidiary, which triggered a significant amount of capital gain in 2018.
ITEM 7.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the “Selected Financial Data” above and our accompanying consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. Also, see “Forward-Looking Statements” preceding Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

52

Overview
We were formed on October 8, 2008 as a Maryland corporation, elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) beginning with the taxable year ended December 31, 2010 and intend to operate in such manner. We have sought to invest in and manage a diverse portfolio of real estate‑related loans, opportunistic real estate, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments. We conduct our business primarily through our Operating Partnership, of which we are the sole general partner. Subject to certain restrictions and limitations, our business is managed by KBS Capital Advisors, our external advisor, pursuant to an advisory agreement. KBS Capital Advisors conducts our operations and manages our portfolio of real estate and real estate-related investments. We have no paid employees.
On January 8, 2009, we filed a registration statement on Form S‑11 with the SEC to offer a minimum of 250,000 shares and a maximum of 140,000,000 shares of common stock for sale to the public, of which 100,000,000 shares were registered in our primary offering and 40,000,000 shares were registered under our dividend reinvestment plan. We ceased offering shares of common stock in our primary offering on November 14, 2012. We sold 56,584,976 shares of common stock in the primary offering for gross offering proceeds of $561.7 million. We continue to offer shares of common stock under the dividend reinvestment plan. As of December 31, 2018, we had sold 6,743,625 shares of common stock under the dividend reinvestment plan for gross offering proceeds of $75.5 million. Also as of December 31, 2018, we had redeemed 22,778,730 of the shares sold in our offering for $275.4 million. As of December 31, 2018, we had issued 25,976,746 shares of common stock in connection with special dividends. Additionally, on December 29, 2011 and October 23, 2012, we issued 220,994 shares and 55,249 shares of common stock, respectively, for $2.0 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in private transactions exempt from the registration requirements pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
On March 2, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI, our wholly owned subsidiary, filed a final prospectus with the Israel Securities Authority for a proposed offering of up to 1,000,000,000 Israeli new Shekels of the Debentures at an annual interest rate not to exceed 4.25%. On March 1, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI commenced the institutional tender of the Debentures and accepted application for 842.5 million Israeli new Shekels. On March 7, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI commenced the public tender of the Debentures and accepted 127.7 million Israeli new Shekels. In the aggregate, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI accepted 970.2 million Israeli new Shekels (approximately $249.2 million as of March 8, 2016) in both the institutional and public tenders at an annual interest rate of 4.25%. KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI issued the Debentures on March 8, 2016. The terms of the Debentures require five equal principal installment payments annually on March 1st of each year from 2019 to 2023.
As of December 31, 2018, we consolidated six office properties, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 14 acres of undeveloped land, one retail property, two apartment properties (of which one apartment property was held for sale) and three investments in undeveloped land with approximately 1,000 developable acres and owned three investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, an investment in real estate debt securities and three investments in real estate equity securities.
Market Outlook - Real Estate and Real Estate Finance Markets
Volatility in global financial markets and changing political environments can cause fluctuations  in the performance of the U.S. commercial real estate markets.  Possible future declines in rental rates, slower or potentially negative net absorption of leased space and expectations of future rental concessions, including free rent to renew tenants early, to retain tenants who are up for renewal or to attract new tenants, may result in decreases in cash flows from investment properties. Increases in the cost of financing due to higher interest rates  may cause difficulty in refinancing debt obligations prior to or at maturity or at terms as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness. Further, increases in interest rates would increase the amount of our debt payments on our variable rate debt to the extent the interest rates on such debt are not limited by interest rate caps. Market conditions can change quickly, potentially negatively impacting the value of real estate investments. Management continuously reviews our investment and debt financing strategies to optimize our portfolio and the cost of our debt exposure.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our principal demand for funds during the short and long-term is and will be for the acquisition of real estate and real estate-related investments, payment of operating expenses, capital expenditures and general and administrative expenses, payments under debt obligations, redemptions and purchases of our common stock and payments of distributions to stockholders. To date, we have had six primary sources of capital for meeting our cash requirements:
•
Proceeds from the primary portion of our initial public offering; 
•
Proceeds from our dividend reinvestment plan;
•
Proceeds from our public bond offering in Israel;
•
Debt financing;
•
Proceeds from the sale of real estate and the repayment of real estate-related investments; and
•
Cash flow generated by our real estate and real estate-related investments. 

53

We sold 56,584,976 shares of common stock in the primary portion of our initial public offering for gross offering proceeds of $561.7 million. We ceased offering shares in the primary portion of our initial public offering on November 14, 2012. We continue to offer shares of common stock under the dividend reinvestment plan. As of December 31, 2018, we had sold 6,743,625 shares of common stock under the dividend reinvestment plan for gross offering proceeds of $75.5 million.  To date, we have invested all of the net proceeds from our initial public offering in real estate and real estate-related investments. We intend to use our cash on hand, proceeds from asset sales, proceeds from debt financing, cash flow generated by our real estate operations and real estate-related investments and proceeds from our dividend reinvestment plan as our primary sources of immediate and long-term liquidity.
Our investments in real estate generate cash flow in the form of rental revenues and tenant reimbursements, which are reduced by operating expenditures and corporate general and administrative expenses.  Cash flow from operations from our real estate investments is primarily dependent upon the occupancy levels of our properties, the net effective rental rates on our leases, the collectibility of rent and operating recoveries from our tenants and how well we manage our expenditures.  As of December 31, 2018, our office and retail properties were collectively 74% occupied and our apartment property was 95% occupied. 
Investments in real estate debt securities generate cash flow in the form of interest income, which are reduced by loan service fees, asset management fees and corporate general and administrative expenses. Investments in real estate equity securities generate cash flow in the form of dividend income, which is reduced by asset management fees. As of December 31, 2018, we had an investment in real estate debt securities outstanding with a total carrying value of $10.9 million and three investments in real estate equity securities outstanding with a total carrying value of $73.9 million. 
Under our charter, we are required to limit our total operating expenses to the greater of 2% of our average invested assets or 25% of our net income for the four most recently completed fiscal quarters, as these terms are defined in our charter, unless the conflicts committee of our board of directors has determined that such excess expenses were justified based on unusual and non-recurring factors. Operating expense reimbursements for the four fiscal quarters ended December 31, 2018 did not exceed the charter-imposed limitation.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, our cash needs for capital expenditures, redemptions of common stock and debt servicing were met with proceeds from dispositions of real estate and undeveloped land, proceeds from debt financing, proceeds from our dividend reinvestment plan and cash on hand. Operating cash needs during the same period were met through cash flow generated by our real estate and real estate-related investments and cash on hand. As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding debt obligations in the aggregate principal amount of $663.3 million, with a weighted-average remaining term of 2.4 years. As of December 31, 2018, we had a total of $101.7 million of debt obligations scheduled to mature within 12 months of that date. We plan to exercise our extension options available under our loan agreements or pay down or refinance the related notes payable prior to their maturity dates.
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT and intend to operate as a REIT. To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required to make aggregate annual distributions to our stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gain). Our board of directors may authorize distributions in excess of those required for us to maintain REIT status depending on our financial condition and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant. We have not established a minimum distribution level.
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
As of December 31, 2018, we consolidated six office properties, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 14 acres of undeveloped land, one retail property, two apartment properties (of which one apartment property was held for sale) and three investments in undeveloped land with approximately 1,000 developable acres and owned three investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, an investment in real estate debt securities and three investments in real estate equity securities. During the year ended December 31, 2018, net cash provided by operating activities was $2.1 million. We expect that our cash flows from operating activities will increase in future periods as a result of owning assets acquired during 2018 for an entire period, leasing additional space that is currently unoccupied and anticipated future acquisitions of real estate and real estate-related investments. However, our cash flows from operating activities may decrease to the extent that we dispose of additional assets.

54

Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $89.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and primarily consisted of the following:
•
Acquisitions of three office properties for $312.3 million;
•
Proceeds from the sale of one office building, one office/flex/industrial portfolio consisting of 21 buildings and 124 acres of undeveloped land of $250.6 million;
•
Improvements to real estate of $32.2 million;
•
Investment in real estate equity securities of $30.6 million;
•
Proceeds from the sale of real estate equity securities of $27.8 million;
•
Proceeds from the principal repayment on real estate debt securities of $4.5 million;
•
Distribution of capital from an unconsolidated joint venture of $2.2 million;
•
Reimbursement of construction costs of $1.6 million;
•
Contribution to an unconsolidated joint venture of $1.3 million;
•
Funding of development obligations of $1.3 million;
•
Proceeds for future development obligations of $2.1 million; and
•
Purchase of an interest rate cap for $0.2 million.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $126.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and consisted primarily of the following:
•
$123.6 million of cash used for redemptions of common stock;
•
$71.0 million of net cash distributions to stockholders, after giving effect to distributions reinvested by stockholders of $1.4 million;
•
$67.5 million of net cash provided by debt and other financings as a result of proceeds from notes payable of $223.4 million, partially offset by principal payments on notes and bonds payable of $152.5 million and payments of deferred financing costs of $3.4 million;
•
$0.8 million of contributions from noncontrolling interests; and
•
$0.6 million of payments made in connection with a potential offering.
In order to execute our investment strategy, we utilize secured debt and we may, to the extent available, utilize unsecured debt, to finance a portion of our investment portfolio. Management remains vigilant in monitoring the risks inherent with the use of debt in our portfolio and is taking actions to ensure that these risks, including refinancing and interest risks, are properly balanced with the benefit of using leverage. There is no limitation on the amount we may borrow for any single investment. Our charter limits our total liabilities such that our total liabilities may not exceed 75% of the cost of our tangible assets; however, we may exceed that limit if a majority of the conflicts committee approves each borrowing in excess of our charter limitation and we disclose such borrowing to our common stockholders in our next quarterly report with an explanation from the conflicts committee of the justification for the excess borrowing. As of December 31, 2018, our borrowings and other liabilities were approximately 68% and 67% of the cost (before depreciation and other noncash reserves) and book value (before depreciation) of our tangible assets, respectively.
In March 2016, we, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, issued 970.2 million Israeli new Shekels (approximately $249.2 million as of March 8, 2016) in 4.25% bonds to investors in Israel pursuant to a public offering registered in Israel. The bonds have a seven year term, with principal payable in five equal annual installments from 2019 to 2023. On March 1, 2019, we paid the first principal installment payment of 194.0 million Israeli new Shekels (approximately $53.6 million as of March 1, 2019). We have used the proceeds from the issuance of these bonds to make additional investments.
In addition to making investments in accordance with our investment objectives, we use or have used our capital resources to make certain payments to our advisor and our dealer manager. During our offering stage, these payments included payments to our dealer manager for selling commissions and dealer manager fees related to sales in our primary offering and payments to our dealer manager and our advisor for reimbursement of certain organization and other offering expenses related both to the primary offering and the dividend reinvestment plan. During our acquisition and development stage, we expect to continue to make payments to our advisor in connection with the selection and origination or purchase of investments, the management of our assets and costs incurred by our advisor in providing services to us as well as for any dispositions of assets (including the discounted payoff of non-performing loans).

55

The advisory agreement has a one-year term but may be renewed for an unlimited number of successive one-year periods upon the mutual consent of our advisor and our conflicts committee.
Among the fees payable to our advisor is an asset management fee. With respect to investments in loans and any investments other than real property, the asset management fee is a monthly fee calculated, each month, as one-twelfth of 0.75% of the lesser of (i) the amount actually paid or allocated to acquire or fund the loan or other investment, inclusive of fees and expenses related thereto and the amount of any debt associated with or used to acquire or fund such investment and (ii) the outstanding principal amount of such loan or other investment, plus the fees and expenses related to the acquisition or funding of such investment, as of the time of calculation. With respect to investments in real property, the asset management fee is a monthly fee equal to one-twelfth of 0.75% of the sum of the amount paid or allocated to acquire the investment, plus the cost of any subsequent development, construction or improvements to the property, and inclusive of fees and expenses related thereto and the amount of any debt associated with or used to acquire such investment. In the case of investments made through joint ventures, the asset management fee will be determined based on our proportionate share of the underlying investment, inclusive of our proportionate share of any fees and expenses related thereto.
Contractual Commitments and Contingencies
The following is a summary of our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):
 
 
 
 
Payments Due During the Years Ending December 31,
Contractual Obligations
 
Total
 
2019
 
2020-2021
 
2022-2023
 
Thereafter
Outstanding debt obligations (1)
 
$
663,318

 
$
102,469

 
$
376,381

 
$
179,313

 
$
5,155

Interest payments on outstanding debt obligations (2)
 
65,612

 
25,942

 
31,356

 
5,884

 
2,430

_____________________
(1) Amounts include principal payments only.
(2) Projected interest payments are based on the outstanding principal amounts, maturity dates, foreign currency rates and interest rates in effect at December 31, 2018. We incurred interest expense of $30.0 million, excluding amortization of deferred financing costs of $3.6 million and unrealized losses on interest rate caps of $0.1 million and including interest capitalized of $2.6 million, for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Participation Fee Liability
Pursuant to the advisory agreement currently in effect with our advisor, our advisor is due a subordinated participation in our net cash flows (the “Incentive Fee”) if, after the stockholders have received, together as a collective group, aggregate distributions (including distributions that may constitute a return of capital for federal income tax purposes) sufficient to provide (i) a return of their net invested capital, or the amount calculated by multiplying the total number of shares purchased by stockholders by the issue price, reduced by any amounts to repurchase shares pursuant to the share redemption program, and (ii) a 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return on such net invested capital, our advisor is entitled to receive 15.0% of our net cash flows, whether from continuing operations, net sale proceeds or otherwise. Net sales proceeds means the net cash proceeds we realized after deduction of all expenses incurred in connection with a sale, including disposition fees paid to our advisor. The 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return on net invested capital is calculated on a daily basis. In making this calculation, the net invested capital is reduced to the extent distributions in excess of a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 7.0% are paid (from whatever source), except to the extent such distributions would be required to supplement prior distributions paid in order to achieve a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 7.0% (invested capital is only reduced as described in this sentence; it is not reduced simply because a distribution constitutes a return of capital for federal income tax purposes). The 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return is not based on the return provided to any individual stockholder. Accordingly, it is not necessary for each of the stockholders to have received any minimum return in order for our advisor to participate in our net cash flows. In fact, if our advisor is entitled to participate in our net cash flows, the returns of the stockholders will differ, and some may be less than a 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return. This fee is payable only if we are not listed on an exchange.
On April 4, 2018, our stockholders approved the acceleration of the payment of such incentive compensation, subject to certain conditions. Such accelerated payment would require approval by a special committee of our board of directors in connection with our anticipated conversion into a net asset value REIT. Our advisor estimated the fair value of this liability to be as much as $43 million as of December 31, 2018, based on a hypothetical liquidation of the assets and liabilities at their estimated fair values, after considering the impact of any potential closing costs and fees related to the disposition of real estate properties. The fair value of the Incentive Fee liability as of December 31, 2018 is based on the estimated fair values of our assets and liabilities as of that date and changes to the fair values of assets and liabilities could have a material impact to the Incentive Fee calculation. The Incentive Fee is not currently payable to our advisor, as it remains subject to further approval by the special committee and our conversion to a perpetual-life NAV REIT, and there is no guarantee that it will ever be payable.

56

Results of Operations
Overview
As of December 31, 2017, we consolidated four office properties, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 14 acres of undeveloped land, one office/flex/industrial portfolio consisting of 21 buildings, one retail property, two apartment properties and three investments in undeveloped land with approximately 1,100 developable acres and owned three investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, an investment in real estate debt securities and two investments in real estate equity securities. As of December 31, 2018, we consolidated six office properties, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 14 acres of undeveloped land, one retail property, two apartment properties (of which one apartment property was held for sale) and three investments in undeveloped land with approximately 1,000 developable acres and owned three investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, an investment in real estate debt securities and three investments in real estate equity securities. Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 may not be indicative of those in future periods due to acquisition and disposition activities. Additionally, the occupancy in our properties has not been stabilized. As of December 31, 2018, our office and retail properties were collectively 74% occupied and our apartment property was 95% occupied.  However, due to the amount of near-term lease expirations, we do not put significant emphasis on annual changes in occupancy (positive or negative) in the short run. Our underwriting and valuations are generally more sensitive to “terminal values” that may be realized upon the disposition of the assets in the portfolio and less sensitive to ongoing cash flows generated by the portfolio in the years leading up to an eventual sale. There are no guarantees that occupancies of our assets will increase, or that we will recognize a gain on the sale of our assets. In general, we expect that our income and expenses related to our portfolio will increase in future periods as a result of leasing additional space and acquiring additional assets but decrease due to disposition activity.
Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2018 versus the year ended December 31, 2017
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
Increase (Decrease)
 
Percentage Change
 
$ Change Due to Acquisitions/ Originations/Dispositions (1)
 
$ Change Due to 
Investments Held Throughout
Both Periods (2)
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
 
Rental income
 
$
72,334

 
$
110,690

 
$
(38,356
)
 
(35
)%
 
$
(38,538
)
 
$
182

Tenant reimbursements
 
12,621

 
21,710

 
(9,089
)
 
(42
)%
 
(8,616
)
 
(473
)
Other operating income
 
2,812

 
4,001

 
(1,189
)
 
(30
)%
 
(721
)
 
(468
)
Interest income from real estate debt securities
 
2,018

 
1,782

 
236

 
13
 %
 
236

 
—

Dividend income from real estate equity securities
 
6,002

 
2,531

 
3,471

 
137
 %
 
3,471

 
—

Operating, maintenance, and management costs
 
29,110

 
42,611

 
(13,501
)
 
(32
)%
 
(13,933
)
 
432

Real estate taxes and insurance
 
11,762

 
17,404

 
(5,642
)
 
(32
)%
 
(5,713
)
 
71

Asset management fees to affiliate
 
8,525

 
10,686

 
(2,161
)
 
(20
)%
 
(2,163
)
 
2

General and administrative expenses
 
7,784

 
5,983

 
1,801

 
30
 %
 
n/a

 
n/a

Foreign currency transaction (gain) loss, net
 
(10,141
)
 
15,298

 
(25,439
)
 
(166
)%
 
n/a

 
n/a

Depreciation and amortization
 
35,006

 
53,446

 
(18,440
)
 
(35
)%
 
(18,172
)
 
(268
)
Interest expense
 
31,054

 
37,149

 
(6,095
)
 
(16
)%
 
(6,243
)
 
148

Income from unconsolidated joint venture
 
428

 
2,073

 
(1,645
)
 
(79
)%
 
—

 
(1,645
)
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures
 
(9,830
)
 
(6,037
)
 
(3,793
)
 
63
 %
 
(2,172
)
 
(1,621
)
Other interest income
 
1,884

 
1,105

 
779

 
70
 %
 
n/a

 
n/a

Loss on real estate equity securities
 
(19,010
)
 
—

 
(19,010
)
 
n/a

 
(19,010
)
 
—

Gain on sale of real estate
 
80,594

 
255,935

 
(175,341
)
 
(69
)%
 
(175,341
)
 
—

Loss on extinguishment of debt
 
(493
)
 
(478
)
 
(15
)
 
3
 %
 
(15
)
 
—

Income tax provision
 
(436
)
 
(155
)
 
(281
)
 
181
 %
 
—

 
(281
)
_____________________
(1) Represents the dollar amount increase (decrease) for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 related to real estate and real estate related investments acquired, repaid or disposed on or after January 1, 2017.
(2) Represents the dollar amount increase (decrease) for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 with respect to real estate and real estate-related investments owned by us during the entirety of both periods presented.

57

Rental income and tenant reimbursements decreased from $110.7 million and $21.7 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $72.3 million and $12.6 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily as a result of the sale of the Singapore Portfolio, 50 Congress Street, the Central Building and the Westpark Portfolio, partially offset by properties acquired in 2018. The occupancy of our office and retail properties, collectively, held throughout both periods decreased from 72% as of December 31, 2017 to 70% as of December 31, 2018. The occupancy of our apartment properties held throughout both periods decreased from 96% as of December 31, 2017 to 94% as of December 31, 2018. Annualized base rent per square foot related to properties (excluding apartments) held throughout both periods increased from $19.80 as of December 31, 2017 to $20.37 as of December 31, 2018. We expect rental income and tenant reimbursements to increase in future periods as a result of owning the properties acquired during 2018 for an entire period, leasing additional space and to the extent we acquire additional properties, but to decrease to the extent we dispose of properties.
Other operating income decreased from $4.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 to $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily as a result of the sale of the Singapore Portfolio, 50 Congress Street, the Central Building and the Westpark Portfolio and an award of $0.5 million for legal fees incurred at the Burbank Collection during the year ended December 31, 2017, partially offset by properties acquired in 2018. We expect other operating income to increase in future periods as a result of owning the properties acquired during 2018 for an entire period, leasing additional space and increases in parking income as we stabilize properties and to the extent we acquire additional properties.
Interest income from real estate debt securities increased from $1.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 to $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as a result of a net increase in average outstanding principal balance during 2018. We expect interest income from real estate debt securities to decrease upon principal repayment or maturity.
Dividend income from real estate equity securities increased from $2.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 to $6.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, as a result of a net increase in investments during 2018. We expect dividend income from real estate equity securities to increase in future periods as a result of owning the real estate equity securities acquired in 2018 for an entire period but to decrease to the extent we sell additional securities.
Property operating costs and real estate taxes and insurance decreased from $42.6 million and $17.4 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $29.1 million and $11.8 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily as a result of the sale of the Singapore Portfolio, 50 Congress Street, the Central Building and the Westpark Portfolio, partially offset by real estate investments made in 2018. We expect property operating costs and real estate taxes and insurance to increase in future periods as a result of owning real estate acquired in 2018 for an entire period, future acquisitions of real estate, increasing occupancy of our real estate assets and inflation, but to decrease to the extent we dispose of properties.
Asset management fees decreased from $10.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily as a result of the sale of the Singapore Portfolio, 50 Congress Street, the Central Building and the Westpark Portfolio. We expect asset management fees to increase in future periods as a result of owning real estate investments acquired in 2018 for an entire period, future acquisitions of real estate and capital expenditures, but to decrease to the extent we dispose of properties. All asset management fees incurred as of December 31, 2018 have been paid.
General and administrative expenses increased from $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily due to increased legal expenses and printing and marketing expenses incurred to complete certain proxy campaigns. We expect general and administrative expenses to fluctuate based on investment and disposition activity.
We recognized $15.3 million of foreign currency transaction loss, net, for the year ended December 31, 2017 and $10.1 million of foreign currency transaction gain, net, for the year ended December 31, 2018 related to the issuance of Series A debentures in Israel. These debentures are denominated in Israeli new Shekels and we expect to recognize foreign transaction gains and losses based on changes in foreign currency exchange rates, but expect our exposure to be limited to the extent that we have entered into foreign currency options and foreign currency collars. As of December 31, 2018, we had entered into one foreign currency collar to hedge against a change in the exchange rate of the Israeli new Shekel versus the U.S. Dollar. The foreign currency collar expired in February 2019 and had an aggregate Israeli new Shekels notional amount of 776.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized a $11.3 million gain related to the foreign currency option and collars, which is shown net against $26.6 million of foreign currency transaction loss in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as foreign currency transaction loss, net. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized an $8.7 million loss related to the foreign currency option and collars, which is shown net against $18.8 million of foreign currency transaction gain in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as foreign currency transaction gain, net.

58

Depreciation and amortization decreased from $53.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $35.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily as a result of the sale of the Singapore Portfolio, 50 Congress Street, the Central Building and the Westpark Portfolio and a decrease related to properties held throughout both periods as a result of amortization of tenant origination costs related to lease expirations, partially offset by real estate investments made in 2018. We expect depreciation and amortization to increase in future periods as a result of owning real estate acquired in 2018 for an entire period and future acquisitions of real estate properties, but to decrease as a result of amortization of tenant origination costs related to lease expirations and disposition of properties.
Interest expense decreased from $37.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $31.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily as a result of the paydown of debt on disposed properties. Excluded from interest expense was $2.6 million and $2.3 million of interest capitalized to our investments in undeveloped land during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our interest expense in future periods will vary based on interest rate fluctuations, the amount of interest capitalized and our level of future borrowings, which will depend on the availability and cost of debt financing and the opportunity to acquire real estate and real estate-related investments meeting our investment objectives and will decrease to the extent we dispose of properties and paydown debt.
During the year ended December 31, 2017, we received a distribution of $3.7 million related to our investment in the NIP Joint Venture consisting of $2.1 million of income distributions and $1.6 million of return of capital from the NIP Joint Venture primarily from sale proceeds of its real asset assets. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we received aggregate distributions of $2.6 million related to our investment in the NIP Joint Venture consisting of $0.4 million of income distributions and $2.2 million of return of capital from the NIP Joint Venture.
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures increased from $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $9.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily as a result of the equity in loss related to the joint venture between the Company and SREF III 110 William JV, LLC (the “110 William Joint Venture”), primarily due to increased interest expense, and the equity in loss related to 353 Sacramento, which has been accounted for as an unconsolidated joint venture under the equity method of accounting beginning July 2017.
Other interest income increased from $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily as a result of increased dividends from our investment in money market mutual funds using the net cash proceeds from the sale of properties in 2017.
Loss on real estate equity securities was $19.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily as a result of decreases in share prices of our investments in real estate equity securities and the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 on January 1, 2018 which required unrealized gains and losses on real estate equity securities to be recognized in earnings.
During the year ended December 31, 2017, we sold 12 office properties, a 45% interest in another office property and 102 acres of undeveloped land that resulted in a gain on sale of $255.9 million, which is net of deferred profit of $17.1 million based on the units of Keppel-KBS US REIT we owned as of December 31, 2017 and $2.5 million based on the percentage of completion method due to our continuing development obligations to the purchasers. In addition, we deferred $1.7 million related to proceeds received from the purchasers and another developer for the value of land that was contributed to a master association that we consolidated.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold one office building, one office/flex/industrial portfolio consisting of 21 buildings and 124 acres of undeveloped land that resulted in a gain on sale of $80.6 million, which is net of deferred profit of $1.4 million related to proceeds received from the purchaser for the value of land that was contributed to a master association that we consolidated.
During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we recognized loss on extinguishment of debt of $0.5 million related to debt repayments in connection with real estate dispositions.

59

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2017 versus the year ended December 31, 2016
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
Increase (Decrease)
 
Percentage Change
 
$ Change Due to Acquisitions/ Originations/Dispositions (1)
 
$ Change Due to 
Investments Held Throughout
Both Periods (2)
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
 
 
 
Rental income
 
$
110,690

 
$
106,330

 
$
4,360

 
4
%
 
$
4,091

 
$
269

Tenant reimbursements
 
21,710

 
20,762

 
948

 
5
%
 
1,353

 
(405
)
Other operating income
 
4,001

 
3,387

 
614

 
18
%
 
172

 
442

Interest income from real estate debt securities
 
1,782

 
110

 
1,672

 
1,520
%
 
1,672

 
—

Dividend income from real estate equity securities
 
2,531

 
—

 
2,531

 
n/a

 
2,531

 
—

Interest income from real estate loan receivable
 
—

 
3,655

 
(3,655
)
 
n/a

 
(3,655
)
 
—

Operating, maintenance, and management costs
 
42,611

 
41,906

 
705

 
2
%
 
1,724

 
(1,019
)
Real estate taxes and insurance
 
17,404

 
16,887

 
517

 
3
%
 
675

 
(158
)
Asset management fees to affiliate
 
10,686

 
9,628

 
1,058

 
11
%
 
971

 
87

Real estate acquisition fees to affiliate
 
—

 
2,964

 
(2,964
)
 
n/a

 
(2,964
)
 
—

Real estate acquisition fees and expenses
 
—

 
543

 
(543
)
 
n/a

 
(543
)
 
—

General and administrative expenses
 
5,983

 
5,761

 
222

 
4
%
 
n/a

 
n/a

Foreign currency transaction loss, net
 
15,298

 
2,997

 
12,301

 
410
%
 
n/a

 
n/a

Depreciation and amortization
 
53,446

 
52,051

 
1,395

 
3
%
 
1,829

 
(434
)
Interest expense
 
37,149

 
29,249

 
7,900

 
27
%
 
n/a

 
n/a

Income from unconsolidated joint venture
 
2,073

 
—

 
2,073

 
n/a

 
—

 
2,073

Other interest income
 
1,105

 
44

 
1,061

 
2,411
%
 
n/a

 
n/a

Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures
 
(6,037
)
 
(1,408
)
 
(4,629
)
 
329
%
 
(823
)
 
(3,806
)
Gain on sale of real estate
 
255,935

 
—

 
255,935

 
n/a

 
255,935

 
—

Loss on extinguishment of debt
 
(478
)
 
—

 
(478
)
 
n/a

 
(478
)
 
—

_____________________
(1) Represents the dollar amount increase (decrease) for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 related to real estate investments acquired or disposed on or after January 1, 2016.
(2) Represents the dollar amount increase (decrease) for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 with respect to real estate and real estate-related investments owned by us during the entirety of both periods presented.
Rental income and tenant reimbursements increased from $106.3 million and $20.8 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $110.7 million and $21.7 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily as a result of real estate acquired in 2017, an increase in annualized base rent per square foot related to our properties held throughout both periods and an increase in occupancy related to our apartment properties held throughout both periods, partially offset by a decrease in occupancy related to our office and retail properties held throughout both periods and dispositions of real estate properties. Annualized base rent per square foot increased from $19.82 as of December 31, 2016 to $21.11 as of December 31, 2017 related to properties (excluding apartments) held throughout both periods. The occupancy of our apartment properties, collectively, held throughout both periods increased from 86% as of December 31, 2016 to 96% as of December 31, 2017. The occupancy of our office and retail properties, collectively, held throughout both periods decreased from 78% as of December 31, 2016 to 74% as of December 31, 2017.
Other operating income increased from $3.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 to $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. 
Interest income from real estate debt securities increased from $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 to $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as a result of additional real estate debt securities acquired.
Dividend income from real estate equity securities was $2.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we purchased 3,603,189 shares of common stock of Whitestone REIT and acquired 43,999,500 common units of Keppel-KBS US REIT.
Interest income from our real estate loan receivable, recognized using the interest method, decreased from $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $0 for the year ended December 31, 2017 as a result of the recognition and collection of default interest in connection with the assignment of our real estate loan receivable on April 22, 2016.

60

Property operating costs and real estate taxes and insurance increased from $41.9 million and $16.9 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $42.6 million and $17.4 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily as a result of real estate acquired in 2017, increases in assessed property values and inflation, partially offset by dispositions.
Asset management fees increased from $9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $10.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily as a result of real estate acquired in 2017.
Real estate acquisition fees and expenses to affiliates and non-affiliates were $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we did not acquire any investments accounted for as a business combination. We adopted ASU No. 2017-01 for the reporting period beginning January 1, 2017. As a result of the adoption of ASU No. 2017-01, our acquisitions of real estate properties beginning January 1, 2017 qualified as asset acquisitions as opposed to business combinations. Transaction costs associated with asset acquisitions are capitalized, while transaction costs associated with business combinations will continue to be expensed.
General and administrative expenses increased from $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to increased legal expenses incurred to evaluate certain strategic transactions.
We recognized $3.0 million of foreign currency transaction loss, net, for the year ended December 31, 2016 and $15.3 million of foreign currency transaction loss, net, for the year ended December 31, 2017 related to the issuance of Series A debentures in Israel. These debentures are denominated in Israeli new Shekels and we expect to recognize foreign transaction gains and losses based on changes in foreign currency exchange rates, but expect our exposure to be limited to the extent that we have entered into foreign currency options and foreign currency collars. As of December 31, 2017, we had entered into one foreign currency option, a USD put/ILS call option, to hedge against a change in the exchange rate of the Israeli new Shekel versus the U.S. Dollar. The foreign currency option expires in August 2018 and has an aggregate U.S. Dollar notional amount of $285.4 million. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the foreign currency transaction loss, net, consists of a $11.3 million gain related to the foreign currency option and terminated foreign currency collars, which is shown net against $26.6 million of foreign currency transaction loss.
Depreciation and amortization increased from $52.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $53.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily as a result of real estate acquired in 2017, partially offset by a decrease related to properties held throughout both periods as a result of amortization of tenant origination costs related to lease expirations and dispositions.
Interest expense increased from $29.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $37.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to increased borrowings throughout the year as a result of our bond offering and acquisition activity, partially offset by the paydown of debt on disposed properties. Excluded from interest expense was $2.3 million and $2.0 million of interest capitalized to our investments in undeveloped land during the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
During the year ended December 31, 2016, we did not receive any distributions related to our investment in the NIP Joint Venture. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we received a distribution of $3.7 million related to our investment in the NIP Joint Venture consisting of $2.1 million of income distributions and $1.6 million of return of capital from the NIP Joint Venture primarily from sale proceeds of its real asset assets.
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures increased from $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to increased interest expense as a result of increased borrowings associated with the 110 William Joint Venture refinancing of its mortgage loans on March 6, 2017 and the equity in loss related to 353 Sacramento, which has been accounted for as an unconsolidated joint venture under the equity method of accounting beginning July 2017.
During the year ended December 31, 2016, we had no dispositions. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we sold 12 office properties, a 45% interest in another office property and 102 acres of undeveloped land that resulted in a gain on sale of $255.9 million, which is net of deferred profit of $17.1 million based on the units of Keppel-KBS US REIT we owned as of December 31, 2017 and $2.5 million based on the percentage of completion method due to our continuing development obligations to the purchasers. In addition, we deferred $1.7 million related to proceeds received from the purchasers and another developer for the value of land that was contributed to a master association that we consolidated.
During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized loss on extinguishment of debt of $0.5 million related to debt repayments in connection with the sale of the Singapore Portfolio.

61

Funds from Operations, Modified Funds from Operations and Adjusted Modified Funds from Operations
We believe that funds from operations (“FFO”) is a beneficial indicator of the performance of an equity REIT. We compute FFO in accordance with the current National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”) definition. FFO represents net income, excluding gains and losses from sales of operating real estate assets (which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar conditions based on historical cost accounting and useful-life estimates), impairment losses on real estate assets, depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, and adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. In addition, we elected the option to exclude mark-to-market changes in value recognized on equity securities in the calculation of FFO. We believe FFO facilitates comparisons of operating performance between periods and among other REITs. However, our computation of FFO may not be comparable to other REITs that do not define FFO in accordance with the NAREIT definition or that interpret the current NAREIT definition differently than we do. Our management believes that historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with GAAP implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry investors and analysts have considered the presentation of operating results for real estate companies that use historical cost accounting to be insufficient by themselves. As a result, we believe that the use of FFO, together with the required GAAP presentations, provides a more complete understanding of our performance relative to our competitors and provides a more informed and appropriate basis on which to make decisions involving operating, financing, and investing activities.
Changes in accounting rules have resulted in a substantial increase in the number of non-operating and non-cash items included in the calculation of FFO. As a result, our management also uses modified funds from operations (“MFFO”) as an indicator of our ongoing performance as well as our dividend sustainability. MFFO excludes from FFO: acquisition fees and expenses (to the extent that such fees and expenses have been recorded as operating expenses); adjustments related to contingent purchase price obligations; amounts relating to straight-line rents and amortization of above- and below-market intangible lease assets and liabilities; accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums on debt investments; amortization of closing costs relating to debt investments; impairments of real estate-related investments; mark-to-market adjustments included in net income; and gains or losses included in net income for the extinguishment or sale of debt or hedges. We compute MFFO in accordance with the definition of MFFO included in the practice guideline issued by the Institute for Portfolio Alternatives (“IPA”) in November 2010 as interpreted by management. Our computation of MFFO may not be comparable to other REITs that do not compute MFFO in accordance with the current IPA definition or that interpret the current IPA definition differently than we do.
In addition, our management uses an adjusted MFFO (“Adjusted MFFO”) as an indicator of our ongoing performance, as well as our dividend sustainability. Adjusted MFFO provides adjustments to reduce MFFO related to operating expenses that are capitalized with respect to certain of our investments in undeveloped land. 
We believe that MFFO and Adjusted MFFO are helpful as measures of ongoing operating performance because they exclude costs that management considers more reflective of investing activities and other non-operating items included in FFO.  Management believes that excluding acquisition costs, prior to our early adoption of ASU No. 2017-01 on January 1, 2017, from MFFO and Adjusted MFFO provides investors with supplemental performance information that is consistent with management’s analysis of the operating performance of the portfolio over time, including periods after our acquisition stage.  MFFO and Adjusted MFFO also exclude non-cash items such as straight-line rental revenue.  Additionally, we believe that MFFO and Adjusted MFFO provide investors with supplemental performance information that is consistent with the performance indicators and analysis used by management, in addition to net income and cash flows from operating activities as defined by GAAP, to evaluate the sustainability of our operating performance.  MFFO provides comparability in evaluating the operating performance of our portfolio with other non-traded REITs which typically have limited lives with short and defined acquisition periods and targeted exit strategies.  MFFO, or an equivalent measure, is routinely reported by non-traded REITs, and we believe often used by analysts and investors for comparison purposes.
FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO are non-GAAP financial measures and do not represent net income as defined by GAAP. Net income as defined by GAAP is the most relevant measure in determining our operating performance because FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO include adjustments that investors may deem subjective, such as adding back expenses such as depreciation and amortization and the other items described above. Accordingly, FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO should not be considered as alternatives to net income as an indicator of our current and historical operating performance. In addition, FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO do not represent cash flows from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered an indication of our liquidity. We believe FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO, in addition to net income and cash flows from operating activities as defined by GAAP, are meaningful supplemental performance measures.

62

Although MFFO includes other adjustments, the exclusion of straight-line rent, the amortization of above- and below-market leases, the amortization of discounts and closing costs, acquisition fees and expenses (as applicable), mark to market foreign currency transaction adjustments, extinguishment of debt and other-than-temporary impairment of debt securities are the most significant adjustments for the periods presented.  We have excluded these items based on the following economic considerations:
•
Adjustments for straight-line rent.  These are adjustments to rental revenue as required by GAAP to recognize contractual lease payments on a straight-line basis over the life of the respective lease.  We have excluded these adjustments in our calculation of MFFO to more appropriately reflect the current economic impact of our in-place leases, while also providing investors with a useful supplemental metric that addresses core operating performance by removing rent we expect to receive in a future period or rent that was received in a prior period;
•
Amortization of above- and below-market leases.  Similar to depreciation and amortization of real estate assets and lease related costs that are excluded from FFO, GAAP implicitly assumes that the value of intangible lease assets and liabilities diminishes predictably over time and requires that these charges be recognized currently in revenue.  Since market lease rates in the aggregate have historically risen or fallen with local market conditions, management believes that by excluding these charges, MFFO provides useful supplemental information on the realized economics of the real estate;
•
Amortization of discounts and closing costs.  Discounts and closing costs related to debt investments are amortized over the term of the loan as an adjustment to interest income.  This application results in income recognition that is different than the underlying contractual terms of the debt investments.  We have excluded the amortization of discounts and closing costs related to our debt investments in our calculation of MFFO to more appropriately reflect the economic impact of our debt investments, as discounts will not be economically recognized until the loan is repaid and closing costs are essentially the same as acquisition fees and expenses on real estate (discussed below).  We believe excluding these items provides investors with a useful supplemental metric that directly addresses core operating performance;
•
Acquisition fees and expenses. Prior to our early adoption of ASU No. 2017-01 on January 1, 2017, acquisition fees and expenses related to the acquisition of real estate were generally expensed. Although these amounts reduced net income in 2016, we exclude them from MFFO to more appropriately present the ongoing operating performance of our real estate investments on a comparative basis. Additionally, acquisition fees and expenses have been funded from the proceeds from our now-terminated initial public offering and debt financings and not from our operations. We believe this exclusion is useful to investors as it allows investors to more accurately evaluate the sustainability of our operating performance;
•
Mark-to-market foreign currency transaction adjustments. The U.S. Dollar is our functional currency. Transactions denominated in currency other than our functional currency are recorded upon initial recognition at the exchange rate on the date of the transaction. After initial recognition, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are remeasured at each reporting date into the foreign currency at the exchange rate on that date. In addition, we have entered into foreign currency collars and foreign currency options that results in a foreign currency transaction adjustment. These amounts can increase or reduce net income. We exclude them from MFFO to more appropriately present the ongoing operating performance of our real estate investments on a comparative basis;
•
Loss on extinguishment of debt. A loss on extinguishment of debt, which includes prepayment fees related to the extinguishment of debt, represents the difference between the carrying value of any consideration transferred to the lender in return for the extinguishment of a debt and the net carrying value of the debt at the time of settlement. We have excluded the loss from extinguishment of debt in our calculation of MFFO because these losses do not impact the current operating performance of our investments and do not provide an indication of future operating performance; and
•
Other-than-temporary impairment of debt securities. An impairment charge on real estate debt securities represents a write-down of the carrying value of the real estate debt securities to reflect the current valuation of the asset. Although these losses are included in the calculation of net income (loss), we have excluded other-than-temporary impairment of debt securities in our calculation of MFFO because these losses do not impact the current operating performance of our investments.
Adjusted MFFO includes adjustments to reduce MFFO related to real estate taxes, property insurance and financing costs which are capitalized with respect to certain of our investments in undeveloped land.  We have included adjustments for the costs incurred necessary to bring these investments to their intended use, as these costs are recurring operating costs that are capitalized in accordance with GAAP and not reflected in our net income (loss), FFO and MFFO.   

63

Our calculation of FFO, which we believe is consistent with the calculation of FFO as defined by NAREIT, is presented in the following table, along with our calculations of MFFO and Adjusted MFFO, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands). No conclusions or comparisons should be made from the presentation of these periods.
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
$
33,546

 
$
210,644

 
$
(28,918
)
Depreciation of real estate assets
19,209

 
31,761

 
29,857

Amortization of lease-related costs
15,797

 
21,685

 
22,194

Gain on sale of real estate (1)
(80,594
)
 
(255,935
)
 
—

Loss on real estate equity securities
19,010

 
—

 
—

Adjustments for noncontrolling interests - consolidated entities (2)
(480
)
 
(495
)
 
(493
)
Adjustments for investments in unconsolidated entities (3)
12,523

 
11,842

 
7,815

FFO attributable to common stockholders
19,011

 
19,502

 
30,455

Straight-line rent and amortization of above- and below-market leases
(5,740
)
 
(4,991
)
 
(5,414
)
Amortization of discounts and closing costs
(108
)
 
(565
)
 
(47
)
Real estate acquisition fees to affiliate
—

 
—

 
2,964

Real estate acquisition fees and expenses
—

 
—

 
543

Amortization of net premium/discount on bond and notes payable
61

 
49

 
38

Loss on extinguishment of debt
493

 
478

 
—

Unrealized loss on interest rate caps
142

 
105

 
3

Mark-to-market foreign currency transaction (gain) loss, net
(10,141
)
 
15,298

 
2,997

Other-than-temporary impairment of debt securities
2,500

 
—

 
—

Adjustments for noncontrolling interests - consolidated entities (2)
(19
)
 
(35
)
 
(20
)
Adjustments for investments in unconsolidated entities (3)
(2,296
)
 
(3,521
)
 
(4,264
)
MFFO attributable to common stockholders
3,903

 
26,320

 
27,255

Other capitalized operating expenses (4)
(2,866
)
 
(2,692
)
 
(2,414
)
Adjustments for noncontrolling interests - consolidated entities (2)
—

 
—

 
61

Adjusted MFFO attributable to common stockholders
$
1,037

 
$
23,628

 
$
24,902

_____________________
(1) Reflects an adjustment to eliminate gain on sale of real estate, which includes undepreciated land sales.
(2) Reflects adjustments to eliminate the noncontrolling interest holders’ share of the adjustments to convert our net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders to FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO.
(3) Reflects adjustments to add back our noncontrolling interest share of the adjustments to convert our net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders to FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO for our equity investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
(4) Reflects real estate taxes, property insurance and financing costs that are capitalized with respect to certain of our investments in undeveloped land.  During the periods in which we are incurring costs necessary to bring these investments to their intended use, certain normal recurring operating costs are capitalized in accordance with GAAP and not reflected in our net income (loss), FFO and MFFO.   
FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO may also be used to fund all or a portion of certain capitalizable items that are excluded from FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO, such as tenant improvements, building improvements and deferred leasing costs. We expect FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO to improve in future periods to the extent that we continue to lease up vacant space and acquire additional assets. We expect FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO to decrease as a result of dispositions.

64

Distributions
Distributions declared, distributions paid and cash flows provided by operations were as follows during 2018 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
 
 
Distribution Declared
 
Distributions Declared
Per Share
 
Distributions Paid
 
Cash Flows (Used in) Provided by Operations
Period
 
 
 
Cash
 
Reinvested
 
Total
 
First Quarter 2018 (1)
 
$
1,034

 
$
0.016

 
$
38,170

 
$
479

 
$
38,649

 
$
(5,013
)
Second Quarter 2018
 
882

 
0.016

 
397

 
485

 
882

 
5,581

Third Quarter 2018
 
870

 
0.016

 
416

 
454

 
870

 
(129
)
Fourth Quarter 2018
 
159,908

 
2.950

 
31,997

 
—

 
31,997

 
1,704

 
 
$
162,694

 
$
2.998

 
$
70,980

 
$
1,418

 
$
72,398

 
$
2,143

_____________________
(1) On December 7, 2017, our board of directors authorized a special dividend of $3.61 per share of common stock payable in either shares of our common stock or cash to, and at the election of, the stockholders of record as of December 7, 2017. The special dividend was paid on January 17, 2018 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on December 7, 2017. If stockholders elected all cash, their election was subject to adjustment such that the aggregate amount of cash to be distributed by us was a maximum of 20% of the total special dividend, with the remainder paid in shares of common stock. The aggregate amount of cash paid by us pursuant to the special dividend and the actual number of shares of common stock issued pursuant to the special dividend depended upon the number of stockholders that elected cash or stock and whether the maximum cash distribution was met. Accordingly, on January 17, 2018, we paid $37.6 million in cash. We issued $150.3 million in common stock pursuant to the special dividend on January 17, 2018, which has been excluded from the distributions paid in the table.
On March 8, 2018, our board of directors authorized a distribution in the amount of $0.01597500 per share of common stock to stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 16, 2018. We paid this distribution on March 21, 2018 and this was the only distribution declared during the first quarter of 2018.
On June 12, 2018, our board of directors authorized a distribution in the amount of $0.01597500 per share of common stock to stockholders of record as of the close of business on June 15, 2018. We paid this distribution on June 20, 2018 and this was the only distribution declared during the second quarter of 2018.
On September 8, 2018, our board of directors authorized a distribution in the amount of $0.01597500 per share of common stock to stockholders of record as of the close of business on September 14, 2018. We paid this distribution on September 19, 2018 and this was the only distribution declared during the third quarter of 2018.
On November 12, 2018, our board of directors authorized a special dividend of $2.95 per share of common stock payable in either shares of our common stock or cash to, and at the election of, the stockholders of record as of November 12, 2018. The special dividend was paid in December 2018 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on the record date. If stockholders elected all cash, their election was subject to adjustment such that the aggregate amount of cash to be distributed by us will be a maximum of 20% of the total special dividend, with the remainder to be paid in shares of common stock.  The aggregate amount of cash paid by us pursuant to the special dividend and the actual number of shares of common stock issued pursuant to the special dividend depended upon the number of stockholders who elected cash or stock and whether the maximum cash distribution was met. Accordingly, on December 19, 2018, we paid $32.0 million in cash. We issued $127.9 million in common stock pursuant to the special dividend on December 19, 2018, which has been excluded from the distributions paid in the table above.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, we paid aggregate distributions of $72.4 million, including $71.0 million of distributions paid in cash and $1.4 million of distributions reinvested through our dividend reinvestment plan. Our net income attributable to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $33.5 million and cash flow provided by operations was $2.1 million. Our cumulative distributions paid and net income attributable to common stockholders from inception through December 31, 2018 are $193.1 million and $186.7 million, respectively. We have funded our cumulative distributions paid, which includes net cash distributions and distributions reinvested by stockholders, with proceeds from debt financing of $18.7 million, proceeds from the dispositions of property of $83.4 million and cash provided by operations of $91.0 million. To the extent that we pay distributions from sources other than our cash flow from operations or gains from asset sales, we will have fewer funds available for investment in real estate-related loans, opportunistic real estate, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments, the overall return to our stockholders may be reduced and subsequent investors may experience dilution.

65

Critical Accounting Policies
Below is a discussion of the accounting policies that management considers critical in that they involve significant management judgments and assumptions, require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain and because they are important for understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. These judgments will affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and our disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. With different estimates or assumptions, materially different amounts could be reported in our financial statements. Additionally, other companies may utilize different estimates that may impact the comparability of our results of operations to those of companies in similar businesses.
Revenue Recognition
Real Estate
We recognize minimum rent, including rental abatements, lease incentives and contractual fixed increases attributable to operating leases, on a straight-line basis over the term of the related leases when collectibility is reasonably assured and record amounts expected to be received in later years as deferred rent receivable. If the lease provides for tenant improvements, we determine whether the tenant improvements, for accounting purposes, are owned by the tenant or us. When we are the owner of the tenant improvements, the tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the physical use of the leased asset until the tenant improvements are substantially completed. When the tenant is the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvement allowance (including amounts that can be taken in the form of cash or a credit against the tenant’s rent) that is funded is treated as a lease incentive and amortized as a reduction of revenue over the lease term. Tenant improvement ownership is determined based on various factors including, but not limited to:
•whether the lease stipulates how a tenant improvement allowance may be spent;
•whether the amount of a tenant improvement allowance is in excess of market rates;
•whether the tenant or landlord retains legal title to the improvements at the end of the lease term;
•whether the tenant improvements are unique to the tenant or general-purpose in nature; and
•whether the tenant improvements are expected to have any residual value at the end of the lease.
We record property operating expense reimbursements due from tenants for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, and other recoverable costs in the period the related expenses are incurred.
We make estimates of the collectibility of our tenant receivables related to base rents, including deferred rent, expense reimbursements and other revenue or income. We specifically analyze accounts receivable, deferred rents receivable, historical bad debts, customer creditworthiness, current economic trends and changes in customer payment terms when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts. In addition, with respect to tenants in bankruptcy, we make estimates of the expected recovery of pre-petition and post-petition claims in assessing the estimated collectibility of the related receivable. In some cases, the ultimate resolution of these claims can exceed one year. When a tenant is in bankruptcy, we will record a bad debt reserve for the tenant’s receivable balance and generally will not recognize subsequent rental revenue until cash is received or until the tenant is no longer in bankruptcy and has the ability to make rental payments.
Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU No. 2014-09”), using the modified retrospective approach, which requires a cumulative effect adjustment as of the date of our adoption.  Under the modified retrospective approach, an entity may also elect to apply this standard to either (i) all contracts as of January 1, 2018 or (ii) only to contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018.  A completed contract is a contract for which all (or substantially all) of the revenue was recognized under legacy GAAP that was in effect before the date of initial application. We elected to apply this standard only to contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. 
Based on our evaluation of contracts within the scope of ASU No. 2014-09, revenue that is impacted by ASU No. 2014-09 includes revenue generated by sales of real estate, other operating income and tenant reimbursements for substantial services earned at our properties. The recognition of such revenue will occur when the services are provided and the performance obligations are satisfied. For the year ended December 31, 2018, tenant reimbursements for substantial services accounted for under ASU No. 2014-09 was $1.9 million, which was included in tenant reimbursements on the accompanying statements of operations. 
Sale of Real Estate
Prior to January 1, 2018, gains on real estate sold were recognized using the full accrual method at closing when collectibility of the sales price was reasonably assured, we were not obligated to perform additional activities that may be considered significant, the initial investment from the buyer was sufficient and other profit recognition criteria had been satisfied. Gain on sales of real estate may have been deferred in whole or in part until the requirements for gain recognition had been met.

66

Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted the guidance of ASC 610-20, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (“ASC 610-20”), which  applies to sales or transfers to noncustomers of nonfinancial assets or in substance nonfinancial assets that do not meet the definition of a business.  Generally, our sales of real estate would be considered a sale of a nonfinancial asset as defined by ASC 610-20.
ASC 610-20 refers to the revenue recognition principles under ASU No. 2014-09.  Under ASC 610-20, if we determine it does not have a controlling financial interest in the entity that holds the asset and the arrangement meets the criteria to be accounted for as a contract, we would derecognize the asset and recognize a gain or loss on the sale of the real estate when control of the underlying asset transfers to the buyer.  As a result of the adoption of ASC 610-20 on January 1, 2018, we recorded a cumulative effect adjustment to increase retained earnings by $2.5 million to recognize the deferred gain from the sale of 102 developable acres at Park Highlands that closed on May 1, 2017, as control of the sold acres had transferred to the buyers at closing. 
As of January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018, we had recorded contract liabilities of $1.7 million and $3.1 million, respectively, related to deferred proceeds received from the buyers of the Park Highlands land sales and another developer for the value of land that was contributed to a master association that is consolidated by us, which was included in other liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Real Estate Debt Securities
Interest income on our real estate debt securities is recognized on an accrual basis over the life of the investment using the interest method. Direct origination or acquisition fees and costs, as well as acquisition premiums or discounts, are amortized over the term of the securities as an adjustment to interest income. Income is recognized at an interest rate equivalent to the estimated yield on the real estate debt security, as calculated using the carrying value of the real estate debt security and the expected cash flows. Changes in estimated cash flows are recognized through an adjustment to the yield on the real estate debt security on a prospective basis. Projecting cash flows for these types of real estate debt securities requires a significant amount of assumptions and judgment, which may have a significant impact on the amount and timing of revenue recognized on these investments. We place real estate debt securities on nonaccrual status when any portion of principal or interest is 90 days past due, or earlier when concern exists as to the ultimate collection of principal or interest. When a real estate debt security is placed on nonaccrual status, we reserve for any unpaid accrued interest and generally do not recognize subsequent interest income until cash is received, or the real estate debt security returns to accrual status.  We will resume the accrual of interest if we determine that the collection of interest, according to the contractual terms of the real estate debt security, is probable.
Real Estate Equity Securities
Dividend income from real estate equity securities is recognized on an accrual basis based on eligible shares as of the ex-dividend date.
Real Estate
Depreciation and Amortization
Real estate costs related to the acquisition and improvement of properties are capitalized and depreciated over the expected useful life of the asset on a straight-line basis. Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred and significant replacements and betterments are capitalized. Repair and maintenance costs include all costs that do not extend the useful life of the real estate asset. We consider the period of future benefit of an asset to determine its appropriate useful life. Expenditures for tenant improvements are capitalized and amortized over the shorter of the tenant’s lease term or expected useful life. We anticipate the estimated useful lives of our assets by class to be generally as follows:
Land
N/A
Buildings
25-40 years
Building Improvements
10-40 years
Tenant Improvements
Shorter of lease term or expected useful life
Tenant origination and absorption costs
Remaining term of related leases, including below-market renewal periods

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Real Estate Acquisition Valuation
As a result of our adoption of ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, acquisitions of real estate beginning January 1, 2017 could qualify as asset acquisitions (as opposed to business combinations). We record the acquisition of income-producing real estate or real estate that will be used for the production of income as a business combination or an asset acquisition. If substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired are concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets, then the set is not a business.  For purposes of this test, land and buildings can be combined along with the intangible assets for any in-place leases and accordingly, most acquisitions of investment properties would not meet the definition of a business and would be accounted for as an asset acquisition.  To be considered a business, a set must include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contributes to the ability to create an output. All assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured at their acquisition date fair values. For asset acquisitions, the cost of the acquisition is allocated to individual assets and liabilities on a relative fair value basis.  Acquisition costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred. Acquisition costs associated with asset acquisitions are capitalized.
Intangible assets include the value of in-place leases, which represents the estimated value of the net cash flows of the     in-place leases to be realized, as compared to the net cash flows that would have occurred had the property been vacant at the time of acquisition and subject to lease-up. Acquired in-place lease value will be amortized to expense over the average remaining terms of the respective in-place leases, including any below-market renewal periods.
We assess the acquisition date fair values of all tangible assets, identifiable intangibles and assumed liabilities using methods similar to those used by independent appraisers, generally utilizing a discounted cash flow analysis that applies appropriate discount and/or capitalization rates and available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors, including historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, and market and economic conditions. The fair value of tangible assets of an acquired property considers the value of the property as if it were vacant.
We record above-market and below-market in-place lease values for acquired properties based on the present value (using a discount that reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases, measured over a period equal to the remaining non-cancelable term of above-market in-place leases and for the initial term plus any extended term for any leases with below-market renewal options. We amortize any recorded above-market or below-market lease values as a reduction or increase, respectively, to rental income over the remaining non-cancelable terms of the respective lease, including any below-market renewal periods.
We estimate the value of tenant origination and absorption costs by considering the estimated carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease up periods, considering current market conditions. In estimating carrying costs, we include real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses and estimates of lost rentals at market rates during the expected lease-up periods.
We amortize the value of tenant origination and absorption costs to depreciation and amortization expense over the remaining non-cancelable terms of the leases.
Estimates of the fair values of the tangible assets, identifiable intangibles and assumed liabilities require us to make significant assumptions to estimate market lease rates, property-operating expenses, carrying costs during lease-up periods, discount rates, market absorption periods, and the number of years the property will be held for investment. The use of inappropriate assumptions would result in an incorrect valuation of our acquired tangible assets, identifiable intangibles and assumed liabilities, which would impact the amount of our net income.
Direct investments in undeveloped land or properties without leases in place at the time of acquisition are accounted for as an asset acquisition and not as a business combination.  Acquisition fees and expenses are capitalized into the cost basis of an asset acquisition. Additionally, during the time in which we are incurring costs necessary to bring these investments to their intended use, certain costs such as legal fees, real estate taxes and insurance and financing costs are also capitalized.
Impairment of Real Estate and Related Intangible Assets and Liabilities
We continually monitor events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that the carrying amounts of our real estate and related intangible assets and liabilities may not be recoverable or realized. When indicators of potential impairment suggest that the carrying value of real estate and related intangible assets and liabilities may not be recoverable, we assess the recoverability by estimating whether we will recover the carrying value of the real estate and related intangible assets and liabilities through its undiscounted future cash flows and its eventual disposition. If, based on this analysis, we do not believe that we will be able to recover the carrying value of the real estate and related intangible assets and liabilities, we would record an impairment loss to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the real estate and related intangible assets and liabilities.

68

Projecting future cash flows involves estimating expected future operating income and expenses related to the real estate and its related intangible assets and liabilities as well as market and other trends. Using inappropriate assumptions to estimate cash flows could result in incorrect fair values of the real estate and its related intangible assets and liabilities and could result in the overstatement of the carrying values of our real estate and related intangible assets and liabilities and an overstatement of our net income.
Real Estate Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
We generally consider real estate to be “held for sale” when the following criteria are met: (i) management commits to a plan to sell the property, (ii) the property is available for sale immediately, (iii) the property is actively being marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, (iv) the sale of the property within one year is considered probable and (v) significant changes to the plan to sell are not expected. Real estate that is held for sale and its related assets are classified as “real estate held for sale” and “assets related to real estate held for sale,” respectively, for all periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Notes payable and other liabilities related to real estate held for sale are classified as “notes payable related to real estate held for sale” and “liabilities related to real estate held for sale,” respectively, for all periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Real estate classified as held for sale is no longer depreciated and is reported at the lower of its carrying value or its estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell. Additionally, with respect to properties that were classified as held for sale in financial statements prior to January 1, 2014, we record the operating results and related gains (losses) on sale as discontinued operations for all periods presented if the operations have been or are expected to be eliminated and we will not have any significant continuing involvement in the operations of the property following the sale. Operating results of properties and related gains on sale that were disposed of or classified as held for sale in the ordinary course of business during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 that had not been classified as held for sale in financial statements prior to January 1, 2014 are included in continuing operations on our consolidated statements of operations.
Real Estate Debt Securities
We classify our investment in real estate debt securities as held to maturity, as we have the intent and ability to hold this investment until maturity. Our real estate debt securities are recorded at amortized cost, net of other-than-temporary impairment (if any), and evaluated for other-than-temporary impairment at each balance sheet date.  The amortized cost of a real estate debt security is the outstanding unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized acquisition premiums or discounts and unamortized costs and fees directly associated with the origination or acquisition of the real estate debt security.  The amount of other-than-temporary impairment, if any, will be measured by comparing the amortized cost of the real estate debt security to the present value of the expected cash flows discounted at the real estate debt security’s effective interest rate, the real estate debt security’s observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the real estate debt security is collateral dependent and collection of principal and interest is not assured.  If a real estate debt security is deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired, we will record an other-than-temporary impairment on the consolidated statements of operations.
Real Estate Equity Securities
We determine the appropriate classification for real estate equity securities at acquisition (on the trade date) and reevaluate such designation as of each balance sheet date. As of December 31, 2018, we classified our investments in real estate equity securities as available-for-sale as we intend to hold the securities for the purpose of collecting dividend income and for longer term price appreciation. These investments are carried at their estimated fair value based on quoted market prices for the security. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of real estate equity securities are capitalized to its cost basis.
Prior to our adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU No. 2016-01”) on January 1, 2018, we classified our investments in real estate equity securities as available-for-sale and unrealized gains and losses were reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Upon the sale of a security, the previously recognized unrealized gain (loss) would be reversed out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and the actual realized gain (loss) recognized in earnings.  Effective January 1, 2018, unrealized gains and losses on real estate equity securities are recognized in earnings.  Upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 on January 1, 2018, we recorded a $25.1 million cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings related to the unrealized gain on real estate equity securities previously reported in accumulated other comprehensive income prior to January 1, 2018. 

69

Any non-temporary decline in the market value of an available-for-sale real estate equity security below cost results in a reduction in the carrying amount to fair value. The impairment is charged to earnings and a new cost basis for the real estate equity security is established. When a real estate equity security is impaired, we consider whether it has the ability and intent to hold the investment for a time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value and considers whether evidence indicating the cost of the investment being recoverable outweighs evidence to the contrary. Evidence considered in this assessment includes the reasons for the impairment, the severity and duration of the impairment, changes in value subsequent to period end and forecasted performance of the investee.
Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Equity Method
We account for investments in unconsolidated joint venture entities in which we may exercise significant influence over, but does not control, using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, the investment is initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted to reflect additional contributions or distributions and our proportionate share of equity in the joint venture’s income (loss). We recognize our proportionate share of the ongoing income or loss of the unconsolidated joint venture as equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated joint venture on the consolidated statements of operations. On a quarterly basis, we evaluate our investment in an unconsolidated joint venture for other-than-temporary impairments. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we did not identify any indicators of impairment related to our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures accounted for under the equity method.
Equity Investment Without Readily Determinable Value
Prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 on January 1, 2018, we accounted for investments in unconsolidated joint venture entities in which we did not have the ability to exercise significant influence and had virtually no influence over partnership operating and financial policies using the cost method of accounting.  Under the cost method, income distributions from the partnership were recognized in other income.  Distributions that exceed our share of earnings were applied to reduce the carrying value of our investment and any capital contributions increased the carrying value of our investment.  On a quarterly basis, we evaluated our cost method investment in an unconsolidated joint venture for other-than-temporary impairments.  The fair value of a cost method investment was not estimated if there were no identified events or changes in circumstances that indicated a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. As of December 31, 2017, we did not identify any indicators of impairment related to our unconsolidated real estate joint venture accounted for under the cost method.
In accordance with ASU No. 2016-01, we may elect to measure an equity investment without a readily determinable value that does not qualify for the practical expedient to estimate fair value using the net asset value per share, at its cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer.  We elected to measure our investment in the NIP Joint Venture in accordance with the above guidance, applying it prospectively, and as of January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018, recorded our investment in the NIP Joint Venture at a cost basis of $3.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, we did not identify any indicators of impairment related to our investment in the NIP Joint Venture. Distributions of income from the NIP Joint Venture are recognized in other income. Distributions that exceed our share of earnings are applied to reduce the carrying value of our investment and any capital contributions would increase the carrying value of our investment.
Fair Value Measurements
Under GAAP, we are required to measure certain financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis. In addition, we are required to measure other non-financial and financial assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis (e.g., carrying value of impaired real estate loans receivable and long-lived assets). Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The GAAP fair value framework uses a three-tiered approach. Fair value measurements are classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:
•
Level 1: unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities;
•
Level 2: quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and
•
Level 3: prices or valuation techniques where little or no market data is available that requires inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

70

When available, we will utilize quoted market prices from independent third-party sources to determine fair value and will classify such items in Level 1 or Level 2. In instances where the market for a financial instrument is not active, regardless of the availability of a nonbinding quoted market price, observable inputs might not be relevant and could require us to make a significant adjustment to derive a fair value measurement. Additionally, in an inactive market, a market price quoted from an independent third party may rely more on models with inputs based on information available only to that independent third party. When we determine the market for a financial instrument owned by us to be illiquid or when market transactions for similar instruments do not appear orderly, we will use several valuation sources (including internal valuations, discounted cash flow analysis and quoted market prices) and will establish a fair value by assigning weights to the various valuation sources. Additionally, when determining the fair value of liabilities in circumstances in which a quoted price in an active market for an identical liability is not available, we will measure fair value using (i) a valuation technique that uses the quoted price of the identical liability when traded as an asset or quoted prices for similar liabilities when traded as assets or (ii) another valuation technique that is consistent with the principles of fair value measurement, such as the income approach or the market approach.
Changes in assumptions or estimation methodologies can have a material effect on these estimated fair values. In this regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.
We consider the following factors to be indicators of an inactive market: (i) there are few recent transactions, (ii) price quotations are not based on current information, (iii) price quotations vary substantially either over time or among market makers (for example, some brokered markets), (iv) indexes that previously were highly correlated with the fair values of the asset or liability are demonstrably uncorrelated with recent indications of fair value for that asset or liability, (v) there is a significant increase in implied liquidity risk premiums, yields, or performance indicators (such as delinquency rates or loss severities) for observed transactions or quoted prices when compared with our estimate of expected cash flows, considering all available market data about credit and other nonperformance risk for the asset or liability, (vi) there is a wide bid-ask spread or significant increase in the bid-ask spread, (vii) there is a significant decline or absence of a market for new issuances (that is, a primary market) for the asset or liability or similar assets or liabilities, and (viii) little information is released publicly (for example, a principal-to-principal market).
We consider the following factors to be indicators of non-orderly transactions: (i) there was not adequate exposure to the market for a period before the measurement date to allow for marketing activities that are usual and customary for transactions involving such assets or liabilities under current market conditions, (ii) there was a usual and customary marketing period, but the seller marketed the asset or liability to a single market participant, (iii) the seller is in or near bankruptcy or receivership (that is, distressed), or the seller was required to sell to meet regulatory or legal requirements (that is, forced), and (iv) the transaction price is an outlier when compared with other recent transactions for the same or similar assets or liabilities.
Foreign currency transactions
The U.S. Dollar is our functional currency. Transactions denominated in currency other than our functional currency are recorded upon initial recognition at the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. After initial recognition, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are remeasured at each reporting date into the functional currency at the exchange rate at that date. Exchange rate differences, other than those accounted for as hedging transactions, are recognized as foreign currency transaction gain or loss included in foreign currency transaction gain or loss in our consolidated statements of operations.
Income Taxes
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. We expect to have little or no taxable income prior to electing REIT status. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to our stockholders (which is computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP). As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax to the extent we distribute qualifying dividends to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates and generally will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification is lost unless the Internal Revenue Service grants us relief under certain statutory provisions. Such an event could materially and adversely affect our net income and net cash available for distribution to stockholders. However, we intend to organize and operate in such a manner as to qualify for treatment as a REIT.

71

Subsequent Events
We evaluate subsequent events up until the date the consolidated financial statements are issued.
Real Estate Disposition Subsequent to December 31, 2018
424 Bedford
On January 11, 2019, the 424 Bedford joint venture sold 424 Bedford to a purchaser unaffiliated with us or our advisor, for $43.8 million before closing costs and credits. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying value of 424 Bedford was $34.0 million, which was net of $5.3 million of accumulated depreciation and amortization. In connection with the disposition of 424 Bedford, the buyer assumed the mortgage loan secured by 424 Bedford with an outstanding principal balance of $23.7 million at the time of the sale.
Distribution Declared
On March 7, 2019, our board of directors authorized a distribution in the amount of $0.00860000 per share of common stock to stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 14, 2019. We expect to pay this distribution on March 19, 2019.
110 William Street Refinancing
On December 23, 2013, we, through an indirect wholly owned subsidiary, and SREF III 110 William JV, LLC (the “JV Partner”), entered into an agreement to form a joint venture (the “110 William Joint Venture”). On May 2, 2014, the 110 William Joint Venture acquired an office property containing 928,157 rentable square feet located on approximately 0.8 acres of land in New York, New York (“110 William Street”). We own a 60% equity interest in the 110 William Joint Venture.
On March 7, 2019, the 110 William Joint Venture closed on refinancing of the 110 William Street existing loans (the “Refinancing”). The 110 William Joint Venture repaid $268.0 million of principal related to the existing 110 William Street loans. The Refinancing is comprised of a mortgage loan with Invesco CMI Investments, L.P., an unaffiliated lender, for borrowings of up to $261.4 million, which is secured by 110 William Street (the “110 William Street Mortgage Loan”) and a mezzanine loan with Invesco CMI Investments, L.P., an unaffiliated lender, for borrowings of up to $87.1 million (the “110 William Street Mezzanine Loan”). The 110 William Street Mortgage Loan is comprised of a senior mortgage loan of $215.5 million (the “Senior Mortgage Loan”) and an amended and restated building loan of $45.9 million (the “Building Loan”) to be use for future tenant improvements, leasing commissions and capital expenditures.
The 110 William Street Mortgage Loan and the 110 William Street Mezzanine Loan mature on April 9, 2021, with three one-year extension options. The 110 William Street Mortgage Loan bears interest at a rate of the greater of (a) 3.5% or (b) 150 basis points over one-month LIBOR. The 110 William Street Mezzanine Loan bears interest at a rate of the greater of (a) 6.9% or (b) 490 basis points over one-month LIBOR. The 110 William Joint Venture entered into an interest rate cap that effectively limits one-month LIBOR at 3.75% on $348.5 million, effective March 7, 2019 through March 15, 2021. The 110 William Street Mortgage Loan has monthly payments that are interest-only with the entire unpaid principal balance and all outstanding interest and fees due at maturity. The 110 William Joint Venture has the right to prepay the loans at any time in whole, but not in part, subject to a prepayment fee if prepaid prior to May 9, 2020 and subject to certain other conditions contained in the loan documents. At closing, $210.8 million of the Senior Mortgage Loan and $70.3 million of the 110 William Street Mezzanine Loan was funded with $4.7 million of the Senior Mortgage Loan, $45.9 million of the Building Loan and $16.8 million of the 110 William Street Mezzanine Loan available for future funding, subject to certain terms and conditions contained in the loan documents.

72

ITEM 7A.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are exposed to the effects of interest rate changes as a result of borrowings used to maintain liquidity, fund distributions and to fund the refinancing of our real estate investment portfolio and operations. We may also be exposed to the effects of changes in interest rates as a result of the acquisition and origination of mortgage, mezzanine, bridge and other loans and the acquisition of real estate securities. We are also exposed to the effects of foreign currency changes in Israel with respect to the 4.25% bonds issued to investors in Israel in March 2016. Our profitability and the value of our investment portfolio may be adversely affected during any period as a result of interest rate changes and foreign currency changes. Our interest rate risk management objectives are to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings, prepayment penalties and cash flows and to lower overall borrowing costs. We may manage interest rate risk by maintaining a ratio of fixed rate, long-term debt such that floating rate exposure is kept at an acceptable level. In addition, we may utilize a variety of financial instruments, including interest rate caps, floors, and swap agreements, in order to limit the effects of changes in interest rates on our operations. In order to limit the effects of changes in foreign currency on our operations, we may utilize a variety of foreign currency hedging strategies such as cross currency swaps, forward contracts, puts or calls. When we use these types of derivatives to hedge the risk of interest-earning assets or interest-bearing liabilities, we may be subject to certain risks, including the risk that losses on a hedge position will reduce the funds available for payments to holders of our common stock and that the losses may exceed the amount we invested in the instruments. Additionally, certain of these strategies may cause us to fund a margin account periodically to offset changes in foreign currency rates which may also reduce the funds available for payments to holders of our common stock.
The table below summarizes the book value and the interest rate of our real estate debt securities; the notional amounts and average strike rates of our derivative instruments; and outstanding principal balance and the weighted average interest rates for our notes and bonds payable for each category based on the maturity dates as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):
 
 
Maturity Date
 
Total Value
 
 
 
 
2019
 
2020
 
2021
 
2022
 
2023
 
Thereafter
 
 
Fair Value
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate debt securities, book value
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate debt securities - fixed rate
 
$
10,859

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
10,859

 
$
10,859

Annual effective interest rate (1)
 
11.4
%
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
11.4
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate caps, notional amount
 
$
—

 
$
46,875

 
$
77,513

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
124,388

 
$
34

Strike rate (2)
 
—

 
3.0
%
 
3.5
%
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3.3
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Notes and Bonds Payable, principal outstanding
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed rate - notes and bond payable
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
23,710

 
$
—

 
$
6,280

 
$
29,990

 
$
31,854

Average interest rate (3)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3.9
%
 
—

 
6.5
%
 
4.5
%
 
 
Fixed rate - debentures
 
$
51,903

 
$
51,903

 
$
51,903

 
$
51,903

 
$
51,904

 
$
—

 
$
259,516

 
$
255,814

Average interest rate (3)
 
4.3
%
 
4.3
%
 
4.3
%
 
4.3
%
 
4.3
%
 
—

 
4.3
%
 
 
Variable rate
 
$
49,757

 
$
51,171

 
$
219,680

 
$
53,204

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
373,812

 
$
375,595

Average interest rate (3)
 
4.6
%
 
5.0
%
 
4.1
%
 
4.1
%
 
—

 
—

 
4.3
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency collar, notional amount
 
776,182 ILS

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
776,182 ILS

 
$
4,393

Strike price
 
3.54 - 3.66 ILS - USD

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3.54 - 3.66 ILS - USD

 
 
_____________________
(1) The annual effective interest rate represents the actual interest income recognized during 2018 using the interest method, divided by the average amortized cost basis of the investments.
(2) The strike rate caps one-month LIBOR on the applicable notional amount.
(3) Average interest rate is the weighted-average interest rate. Weighted-average interest rate as of December 31, 2018 is calculated as the actual interest rate in effect at December 31, 2018 (consisting of the contractual interest rate and the effect of contractual floor rates, if applicable), using interest rate indices at December 31, 2018, where applicable.

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As of December 31, 2018, we had entered into one foreign currency collar to hedge against a change in the exchange rate of the Israeli new Shekel versus the U.S. Dollar. The foreign currency collar expired in February 2019 and had an aggregate Israeli new Shekels notional amount of 776.2 million. The foreign currency collar consisted of a purchased call option to buy Israeli new Shekels at 3.5445 and a sold put option to sell the Israeli new Shekels at 3.6592. The foreign currency collar is intended to permit us to exchange, on the settlement date of the collar, 776.2 million Israeli new Shekels for an amount ranging from $212.1 million to $219.0 million. On February 27, 2019, we entered into a foreign currency collar with an aggregate Israeli new Shekels notional amount of 776.2 million which expires on August 23, 2019. The foreign currency collar consists of a purchased call option to buy Israeli new Shekels at 3.4860 and a sold put option to sell the Israeli new Shekels at 3.6185. The foreign currency collar is intended to permit us to exchange, on the settlement date of the collar, 776.2 million Israeli new Shekels for an amount ranging from $214.5 million to $222.7 million.
As of December 31, 2018, we held 214.7 million Israeli new Shekels and 21.8 million Israeli new Shekels in cash and restricted cash, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2018, we had bonds outstanding and the related interest payable in the amounts of 970.2 million Israeli new Shekels and 13.7 million Israeli new Shekels, respectively. Foreign currency exchange rate risk is the possibility that our financial results could be better or worse than planned because of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Based solely on the remeasurement for the year ended December 31, 2018, if foreign currency exchange rates were to increase or decrease by 10%, our net income would increase or decrease by approximately $18.2 million and $22.2 million, respectively, for the same period. The foreign currency transaction income or loss as a result of the change in foreign currency exchange rates does not take into account any gains or losses on our foreign currency collar as a result of such change, which would reduce our foreign currency exposure.
We borrow funds at a combination of fixed and variable rates. Interest rate fluctuations will generally not affect our future earnings or cash flows on our fixed rate debt unless such instruments mature or are otherwise terminated. However, interest rate changes will affect the fair value of our fixed rate instruments. As of December 31, 2018, the fair value of our KBS SOR (BVI) Holdings, Ltd. Series A Debentures was $255.8 million and the outstanding principal balance was $259.5 million. As of December 31, 2018, excluding the KBS SOR (BVI) Holdings, Ltd. Series A Debentures, the fair value of our fixed rate debt was $31.9 million and the outstanding principal balance of our fixed rate debt was $30.0 million. The fair value estimate of our KBS SOR (BVI) Holdings, Ltd. Series A Debentures was calculated using the quoted bond price as of December 31, 2018 on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange of 99.99 Israeli new Shekels. The fair value estimate of our fixed rate debt was calculated using a discounted cash flow analysis utilizing rates we would expect to pay for debt of a similar type and remaining maturity if the loans were originated as of December 31, 2018.  As we expect to hold our fixed rate instruments to maturity and the amounts due under such instruments would be limited to the outstanding principal balance and any accrued and unpaid interest, we do not expect that fluctuations in interest rates, and the resulting changes in fair value of our fixed rate instruments, would have a significant impact on our operations.
Conversely, movements in interest rates on variable rate debt would change our future earnings and cash flows, but would not significantly affect the fair value of those instruments.  However, changes in required risk premiums would result in changes in the fair value of floating rate instruments.  As of December 31, 2018, we were exposed to market risks related to fluctuations in interest rates on $373.8 million of variable rate debt outstanding. As of December 31, 2018, we had entered into one interest rate cap with a notional amount of $46.9 million that effectively limits one-month LIBOR at 3.0% effective February 21, 2017 through February 13, 2020 and one interest rate cap with a notional amount of $77.5 million that effectively limits one-month LIBOR at 3.5% effective April 2, 2018 through March 5, 2021. Based on interest rates as of December 31, 2018, if interest rates were 100 basis points higher or lower during the 12 months ending December 31, 2019, interest expense on our variable rate debt would increase by $3.5 million or decrease by $3.7 million, respectively. 
The weighted-average interest rates of our fixed rate debt and variable rate debt as of December 31, 2018 were each 4.3%. The interest rate and weighted-average interest rate represent the actual interest rate in effect as of December 31, 2018 (consisting of the contractual interest rate and the effect of contractual floor rates, if applicable), using interest rate indices as of December 31, 2018 where applicable.

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We are exposed to financial market risk with respect to our real estate equity securities. Financial market risk is the risk that we will incur economic losses due to adverse changes in our real estate equity security prices. Our exposure to changes in real estate equity security prices is a result of our investment in these types of securities. Market prices are subject to fluctuation and, therefore, the amount realized in the subsequent sale of an investment may significantly differ from the reported market value. Fluctuation in the market prices of a real estate equity security may result from any number of factors, including perceived changes in the underlying fundamental characteristics of the issuer, the relative price of alternative investments, interest rates, default rates and general market conditions. In addition, amounts realized in the sale of a particular security may be affected by the relative quantity of the real estate equity security being sold. We do not currently engage in derivative or other hedging transactions to manage our real estate equity security price risk. As of December 31, 2018, we owned real estate equity securities with a book value of $73.9 million. Based solely on the prices of real estate equity securities for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, if prices were to increase or decrease by 10%, our net income would increase or decrease, respectively, by approximately $7.4 million.
For a discussion of the interest rate risks related to the current capital and credit markets, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
ITEM 8.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
See the Index to Financial Statements at page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 9.
CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this report, management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon, and as of the date of, the evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file and submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported as and when required. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file and submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act.
In connection with the preparation of our Form 10-K, our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making that assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013).
Based on its assessment, our management believes that, as of December 31, 2018, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria. There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B.
OTHER INFORMATION
110 William Street Refinancing
On December 23, 2013, we, through an indirect wholly owned subsidiary, and SREF III 110 William JV, LLC (the “JV Partner”), entered into an agreement to form a joint venture (the “110 William Joint Venture”). On May 2, 2014, the 110 William Joint Venture acquired an office property containing 928,157 rentable square feet located on approximately 0.8 acres of land in New York, New York (“110 William Street”). We own a 60% equity interest in the 110 William Joint Venture.
On March 7, 2019, the 110 William Joint Venture closed on refinancing of the 110 William Street existing loans (the “Refinancing”). The 110 William Joint Venture repaid $268.0 million of principal related to the existing 110 William Street loans. The Refinancing is comprised of a mortgage loan with Invesco CMI Investments, L.P., an unaffiliated lender, for borrowings of up to $261.4 million, which is secured by 110 William Street (the “110 William Street Mortgage Loan”) and a mezzanine loan with Invesco CMI Investments, L.P., an unaffiliated lender, for borrowings of up to $87.1 million (the “110 William Street Mezzanine Loan”). The 110 William Street Mortgage Loan is comprised of a senior mortgage loan of $215.5 million (the “Senior Mortgage Loan”) and an amended and restated building loan of $45.9 million (the “Building Loan”) to be use for future tenant improvements, leasing commissions and capital expenditures.
The 110 William Street Mortgage Loan and the 110 William Street Mezzanine Loan mature on April 9, 2021, with three one-year extension options. The 110 William Street Mortgage Loan bears interest at a rate of the greater of (a) 3.5% or (b) 150 basis points over one-month LIBOR. The 110 William Street Mezzanine Loan bears interest at a rate of the greater of (a) 6.9% or (b) 490 basis points over one-month LIBOR. The 110 William Joint Venture entered into an interest rate cap that effectively limits one-month LIBOR at 3.75% on $348.5 million, effective March 7, 2019 through March 15, 2021. The 110 William Street Mortgage Loan has monthly payments that are interest-only with the entire unpaid principal balance and all outstanding interest and fees due at maturity. The 110 William Joint Venture has the right to prepay the loans at any time in whole, but not in part, subject to a prepayment fee if prepaid prior to May 9, 2020 and subject to certain other conditions contained in the loan documents. At closing, $210.8 million of the Senior Mortgage Loan and $70.3 million of the 110 William Street Mezzanine Loan was funded with $4.7 million of the Senior Mortgage Loan, $45.9 million of the Building Loan and $16.8 million of the 110 William Street Mezzanine Loan available for future funding, subject to certain terms and conditions contained in the loan documents.

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PART III
ITEM 10.
DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
We have provided below certain information about our executive officers and directors.
Name
 
Position(s)
 
Age*
Keith D. Hall
 
Chief Executive Officer and Director
 
60
Peter McMillan III
 
Chairman of the Board, President and Director
 
61
Jeffrey K. Waldvogel
 
Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary
 
41
Stacie K. Yamane
 
Chief Accounting Officer
 
54
William M. Petak
 
Independent Director
 
57
Eric J. Smith
 
Independent Director
 
61
Kenneth G. Yee
 
Independent Director
 
59
_____________________
* As of March 1, 2019.
Keith D. Hall is our Chief Executive Officer and one of our directors, positions he has held since December 2008 and October 2008, respectively. He is also the Chief Executive Officer and a director of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, positions he has held since February 2013. He is a former Executive Vice President of KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III and KBS Growth & Income REIT. Mr. Hall was Executive Vice President of KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc (“KBS REIT I”) from June 2005 until its liquidation in December 2018. Mr. Hall owns and controls a 50% interest in GKP Holding LLC. GKP Holding owns a 33 1/3% interest in KBS Holdings LLC, which is the sole owner of our advisor and our dealer manager. KBS Holdings is a sponsor of our company, and is or was a sponsor of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, Inc. (“KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT”), KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT, which were formed in 2008, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2009, 2013 and 2015, respectively. Mr. Hall is also a member of the investment committee formed by our advisor to evaluate and recommend new investment opportunities for us.
Mr. Hall is affiliated with Willowbrook Capital Group, LLC, an asset management company. Mr. Hall is also a founder of Pacific Oaks Capital Group, a real estate asset management company formed in 2018, and its family of companies. Prior to commencing his affiliation with Willowbrook in 2000, Mr. Hall was a Managing Director at CS First Boston, where he managed the distribution strategy and business development for the Principal Transaction Group’s $18.0 billion real estate securities portfolio. Mr. Hall’s two primary business unit responsibilities were Mezzanine Lending and Commercial Real Estate Development. Before joining CS First Boston in 1996, he served as a Director in the Real Estate Products Group at Nomura Securities, with responsibility for the company’s $6.0 billion annual pipeline of fixed-income, commercial mortgage-backed securities. During the 1980s, Mr. Hall was a Senior Vice President in the High Yield Department of Drexel Burnham Lambert’s Beverly Hills office, where he was responsible for distribution of the group’s high-yield real estate securities. Mr. Hall received a Bachelor of Arts Degree with honors in Finance from California State University, Sacramento.
Our board of directors has concluded that Mr. Hall is qualified to serve as one of our directors for reasons including his expertise in the real estate finance markets and his expertise with real estate-related investments. With over 30 years of experience investing in and managing real estate-related investments, Mr. Hall has the depth and breadth of experience to implement our business strategy. As an executive officer and principal of our advisor, Mr. Hall is able to direct the board of directors to the critical issues facing our company.
Peter McMillan III is our President, the Chairman of the Board and one of our directors, positions he has held since December 2008. He is also President, Chairman of the Board and a director of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, positions he has held since February 2013. Mr. McMillan has previously served as an Executive Vice President, the Treasurer and Secretary and a director of KBS Growth & Income REIT and KBS REIT III. From June 2005 until its liquidation in December 2018, Mr. McMillan was Executive Vice President, Treasurer, Secretary and a director of KBS REIT I. From August 2007 through August 2018 he served as Executive Vice President, Treasurer and Secretary of KBS REIT II and from August 2007 through February 2019 he was also a director of KBS REIT II. From August 2009 until its liquidation in December 2018, Mr. McMillan was Executive Vice President of KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT. Mr. McMillan owns and controls a 50% interest in GKP Holding LLC. GKP Holding owns a 33 1/3% interest in KBS Holdings LLC, which is the sole owner of our advisor and our dealer manager. KBS Holdings is a sponsor of our company, and is or was a sponsor of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT and KBS Growth & Income REIT, which were formed in 2008, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2009, 2013 and 2015, respectively. Mr. McMillan is also a member of the investment committee formed by our advisor to evaluate and authorize new investment opportunities for us.

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Mr. McMillan is a Partner and co-owner of Temescal Canyon Partners LP, an investment advisor formed in 2013 to manage a multi-strategy hedge fund on behalf of investors. Mr. McMillan is also a founder of Pacific Oaks Capital Group, a real estate asset management company formed in 2018, and its family of companies.Mr. McMillan is also a co-founder and the Managing Partner of Willowbrook Capital Group, LLC, an asset management company. In addition, since November 2017, Mr. McMillan has served as Chairman and a director for Keppel-KBS US REIT Management Pte. Ltd., which is the Manager of Keppel-KBS US REIT. Prior to forming Willowbrook in 2000, Mr. McMillan served as an Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer of SunAmerica Investments, Inc., which was later acquired by AIG. As Chief Investment Officer, he was responsible for over $75.0 billion in assets, including residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, public and private investment grade and non-investment grade corporate bonds and commercial mortgage loans and real estate investments. Before joining SunAmerica in 1989, he served as Assistant Vice President for Aetna Life Insurance and Annuity Company with responsibility for the company’s $6.0 billion fixed income portfolios. Mr. McMillan received his Master of Business Administration in Finance from the Wharton Graduate School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania and his Bachelor of Arts Degree with honors in Economics from Clark University. Mr. McMillan is a member of the board of directors of TCW Funds, Inc. and TCW Strategic Income Fund, Inc., and is a member of the board of trustees of Metropolitan West Funds.
Our board of directors has concluded that Mr. McMillan is qualified to serve as one of our directors and the Chairman of the Board for reasons including his expertise in real estate finance and with real estate-related investments. With over 30 years of experience investing in and managing real estate-related debt investments, Mr. McMillan offers insights and perspective with respect to our real estate-related investment portfolio as well as our real estate portfolio. As one of our executive officers and a principal of our advisor, Mr. McMillan is also able to direct our board of directors to the critical issues facing our company. Further, his experiences as a director of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, TCW Mutual Funds, and Metropolitan West Funds and as a former director of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Growth & Income REIT, TCW Alternative Funds and Steinway Musical Instruments, Inc. provide him with an understanding of the requirements of serving on a public company board and qualify him to serve as the chairman of our board of directors.
Jeffrey K. Waldvogel is our Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary, positions he has held since June 2015. He is also the Chief Financial Officer of our advisor, KBS REIT II and KBS REIT III, positions he has held for each of these entities since June 2015. In August 2018 and July 2018, he was elected Secretary and Treasurer of KBS REIT II and KBS REIT III, respectively. He is also the Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, positions he has held since June 2015. He was Chief Financial Officer of KRS REIT I from June 2015 until its liquidation in December 2018. He was the Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary of KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT from June 2015 until its liquidation in December 2018. He is also the Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary of KBS Growth & Income REIT, positions he has held since June 2015, April 2017 and April 2017, respectively. Mr. Waldvogel is a member of the investment committee formed by our advisor to evaluate and recommend new investment opportunities for us.
Mr. Waldvogel has been employed by an affiliate of our advisor since November 2010. With respect to the KBS-sponsored REITs advised by KBS Capital Advisors, he served as the Director of Finance and Reporting from July 2012 to June 2015 and as the VP Controller Technical Accounting from November 2010 to July 2012. In these roles, Mr. Waldvogel was responsible for overseeing internal and external financial reporting, valuation analysis, financial analysis, REIT compliance, debt compliance and reporting, and technical accounting.
Prior to joining an affiliate of our advisor in 2010, Mr. Waldvogel was an audit senior manager at Ernst & Young LLP. During his eight years at Ernst & Young LLP, where he worked from October 2002 to October 2010, Mr. Waldvogel performed or supervised various auditing engagements, including the audit of financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP, as well as financial statements prepared on a tax basis. These auditing engagements were for clients in a variety of industries, with a significant focus on clients in the real estate industry.
In April 2002, Mr. Waldvogel received a Master of Accountancy Degree and Bachelor of Science from Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. Mr. Waldvogel is a Certified Public Accountant (California).
Stacie K. Yamane is our Chief Accounting Officer, a position she has held since August 2009. Ms. Yamane is also the Chief Accounting Officer, Portfolio Accounting of our advisor and Chief Accounting Officer of KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT, positions she has held for these entities since October 2008, October 2008, August 2009 and January 2015, respectively. In August 2018, Ms. Yamane was elected Assistant Secretary of KBS REIT II. From August 2009 until its liquidation in December 2018, she served as Chief Accounting Office of KBS Legacy; from October 2008 until its liquidation in December 2018, she served as Chief Accounting Officer of KBS REIT I. From July 2007 to December 2008, Ms. Yamane served as the Chief Financial Officer of KBS REIT II; from October 2004 to October 2008, Ms. Yamane served as Fund Controller of the Advisor; from June 2005 to December 2008, she served as Chief Financial Officer of KBS REIT I; and from June 2005 to October 2008, she served as Controller of KBS REIT I.

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Ms. Yamane also serves as Senior Vice President/Controller, Portfolio Accounting for KBS Realty Advisors LLC, a position she has held since 2004. She served as a Vice President/Portfolio Accounting with KBS-affiliated investment advisors from 1995 to 2004. At KBS Realty Advisors, from 2004 through 2015, Ms. Yamane was responsible for client accounting/reporting for two real estate portfolios. These portfolios consisted of industrial, office and retail properties as well as land parcels. Ms. Yamane worked closely with portfolio managers, asset managers, property managers and clients to ensure the completion of timely and accurate accounting, budgeting and financial reporting. In addition, she assisted in the supervision and management of KBS Realty Advisors’ accounting department.
Prior to joining an affiliate of our advisor in 1995, Ms. Yamane was an audit manager at Kenneth Leventhal & Company, a CPA firm specializing in real estate. During her eight years at Kenneth Leventhal & Company, Ms. Yamane performed or supervised a variety of auditing, accounting and consulting engagements including the audit of financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP, as well as financial statements presented on a cash and tax basis, the valuation of asset portfolios and the review and analysis of internal control systems. Her experiences with various KBS-affiliated entities and Kenneth Leventhal & Company give her almost 30 years of real estate experience.
Ms. Yamane received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Business Administration with a dual concentration in Accounting and Management Information Systems from California State University, Fullerton. She is a Certified Public Accountant (inactive California).
William M. Petak is one of our independent directors, a position he has held since October 2009. He previously served as an independent director and chair of the conflicts committee of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II from April 2014 through August 2017. Since April 2009, Mr. Petak has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of CorAmerica Capital, LLC, a commercial real estate loan investment manager. CorAmerica Capital was established to acquire discounted performing mortgage and real estate-related assets as well as originate new real estate investments. Mr. Petak has over 30 years of experience in the real estate industry and 20 years of experience investing in real estate-related debt investments. From January 2005 to April 2009, Mr. Petak served as Senior Vice President and Director for AIG Mortgage Capital, LLC, a subsidiary of American International Group, Inc. (AIG). Mr. Petak also served as National Head of Mortgage Lending and Real Estate for the retirement services company, SunAmerica, Inc., from January 1999 to August 2001, and served as Managing Director for AIG Investments, Inc. as well as National Head of Mortgage Lending and Real Estate for both SunAmerica and the life insurance company American General from August 2001 to April 2009.
Both SunAmerica and American General were acquired by AIG in 1999 and 2001, respectively, and were managed on a mutually exclusive basis. Mr. Petak joined AIG with the merger of SunAmerica with AIG in 1999. Ultimately, Mr. Petak was responsible for AIG Mortgage Capital’s regulated insurance portfolios’ fixed income real estate investments nationwide. He served on both the Securitized Products Group Committee and Global Asset Allocation Committee for the regulated insurance companies of AIG.
Prior to joining AIG in 1999, Mr. Petak was SunAmerica Investments’ Senior Vice President. Mr. Petak was responsible for SunAmerica’s national mortgage lending and real estate investments as well as its leveraged lease real estate acquisitions. From 1996 to 2007, Mr. Petak served as a Loan Committee member and as a member of the board of directors for GreenPark Financial, one of the nation’s largest Fannie Mae DUS lenders. From 1983 to 1989, he worked with Pacific Financial Group, a privately held Beverly Hills real estate investment company, as Vice President of Acquisitions.
Mr. Petak is a graduate of the University of Southern California with a Bachelor of Science in Finance and Business Economics. He is a member of the Mortgage Bankers Association, the Commercial Mortgage Securities Association, the CRE Financial Council, Life Mortgage and Real Estate Officer Council and the President’s Council of the Real Estate Roundtable. Mr. Petak is a founding member of the Richard S. Ziman Center for Real Estate at the UCLA Anderson School of Management. He currently is Chairman Emeritus of the Center and previously served as its Chairman.
The board of directors has concluded that Mr. Petak is qualified to serve as one of our independent directors for reasons including his expertise in the real estate finance markets. With over 30 years of experience in the real estate industry and over 20 years of experience investing in real estate-related debt, Mr. Petak offers insights and perspective with respect to our investment portfolio. Further, as a former director and former chair of the conflicts committee of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and as a member of the Mortgage Bankers Association, the Commercial Mortgage Securities Association, the CRE Financial Council, the Life Mortgage and Real Estate Officer Council, the President’s Council of the Real Estate Roundtable and a founding member, current Chairman Emeritus and past Chairman of the Richard S. Ziman Center for Real Estate at the UCLA Anderson School of Management, Mr. Petak is regularly and actively engaged in both the professional and academic community.

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Eric J. Smith is one of our independent directors and is the chairman of the conflicts committee, positions he has held since October 2009. Mr. Smith has over 30 years of experience in the real estate finance industry. From October 2018 to present, Mr. Smith serves as the Director of Financial Institutions U.S. Capital Markets for Funding Circle, a firm that is the leading small business loans platform globally. From January 201 through December 2017, Mr. Smith served as Managing Director for Situs Group, LLC, a firm that provides commercial real estate advisory services and solutions. From March 2012 to January 2013, Mr. Smith served as Managing Director-Sales for Loan Value Group, a firm that works with holders of residential mortgage risk to reduce their exposure to borrower strategic default. From 1985 to 2009, Mr. Smith was employed by the Credit Suisse Group and its predecessor firms. From September 2004 to February 2009, he was the Managing Director, Fixed Income Sales for the Securitized Products unit. From 2002 to September 2004, he was Managing Director and San Francisco Branch Manager, Fixed Income Sales. From 1998 to 2002, he was Director, Fixed Income Sales. From 1985 to 1998, he was Vice President, Fixed Income Sales. While at Credit Suisse and its predecessor firms, he was responsible for the acquisition and disposition of residential and commercial whole loans, public and private investment grade and non-investment grade residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and CDOs. He also executed trades in U.S. government securities, asset-backed securities, corporate bonds and repurchase lending. Prior to working for Credit Suisse and its predecessor firms, Mr. Smith was with Farmer’s Savings as a regional director for real estate mortgage acquisitions and with Wells Fargo Mortgage as a Vice President in their Secondary Mortgage Division. Mr. Smith received a Bachelor of Science in Finance from California State University Sacramento. Mr. Smith holds FINRA Series 7 and 63 licenses.
Our board of directors has concluded that Mr. Smith is qualified to serve as one of our independent directors and the chairman of the conflicts committee for reasons including his expertise in the real estate finance markets. Mr. Smith has experience with a broad range of debt-related investments, including residential and commercial whole loans, public and private investment grade and non-investment grade residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, U.S. government securities, asset-backed securities and repurchase lending. With over 30 years of experience in the real estate finance industry, Mr. Smith’s knowledge and expertise of the real estate finance market complement that of the other board members.
Kenneth G. Yee is one of our independent directors and is the Chairman of the Audit Committee, positions he has held since April 2017 and May 2017, respectively. He is also an independent director and Chairman of the Audit Committee of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, positions he has held since April 2017 and May 2017, respectively. Since 2000, Mr. Yee has been the President and Chief Executive Officer of Ridgecrest Capital, Inc., a real estate financial advisory services and structured finance firm. Mr. Yee previously served in the same positions for Ridgecrest Capital, Inc. from 1992 to 1997. From 2007 to June 2011, Mr. Yee was also the managing director of Cappello Capital Corp., where he was responsible for sourcing, evaluating, structuring and placing transactions relating to domestic and international real estate equity and debt, and small and middle market corporate capital raising and mergers and acquisitions. Mr. Yee served as Senior Vice President of Acquisitions for Imperial Credit Commercial Mortgage Investment Corp from 1998 to 1999. From 1990 to 1991, Mr. Yee served as Vice President and Controller for Secured Capital Corp. (now known as Eastdil Secured LLC, a division of Wells Fargo), a real estate advisory and investment banking firm. Prior to that, he was a Vice President at Drexel Burnham Lambert from 1987 to 1990. From 1986 to 1987, Mr. Yee was an associate consultant for Kenneth Leventhal & Company, a real estate consulting and public accounting firm. Mr. Yee was a financial analyst with Deseret Pacific Mortgage from 1985 to 1986 and he was a senior accountant with Ernst & Whinney, a public accounting firm, from 1982 to 1985.
Mr. Yee received Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, Master of Business Administration and Master of Business Taxation degrees from the University of Southern California. He also received a Master of Science in Real Estate Development degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a Juris Doctor degree from the University of California, Los Angeles. Mr. Yee is a Chartered Financial Analyst, a Certified Public Accountant, a licensed attorney and a licensed real estate broker.
Our board of directors has concluded that Mr. Yee is qualified to serve as one of our independent directors for reasons including his expertise with respect to real estate equity and debt transactions and accounting matters. With almost 25 years of experience with real estate equity and debt transactions, Mr. Yee is well-positioned to advise the board with respect to potential investment opportunities and investment management. In addition, with over 30 years of experience as a Certified Public Accountant, Mr. Yee provides our board of directors with substantial expertise regarding real estate accounting and financial reporting matters.
The Audit Committee
Our board of directors has established an audit committee. The audit committee’s function is to assist the board of directors in fulfilling its responsibilities by overseeing (i) our accounting and financial reporting processes, (ii) the integrity of our financial statements, (iii) our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, (iv) our independent auditors’ qualifications, performance and independence, and (v) the performance of our internal audit function.

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The members of the audit committee are Kenneth G. Yee (Chairman), William M. Petak and Eric J. Smith. All of the members of the audit committee are “independent” as defined by the New York Stock Exchange. The board of directors has determined that all members of the audit committee have significant financial and/or accounting experience, and the board of directors has determined that Mr. Yee satisfies the SEC’s requirements for an “audit committee financial expert.”
Code of Conduct and Ethics
We have adopted a Code of Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our executive officers and directors, including but not limited to, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer. Our Code of Conduct and Ethics can be found at http://www.kbsstrategicopportunityreit.com.
Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance
Under U.S. securities laws, directors, executive officers, and any persons beneficially owning more than 10% of our common stock are required to report their initial ownership of the common stock and most changes in that ownership to the SEC. The SEC has designated specific due dates for these reports, and we are required to identify in this proxy statement those persons who did not file these reports when due. Based solely on our review of copies of the reports filed with the SEC and written representations of our directors and executive officers, we believe all persons subject to the Section 16 reporting requirements filed the reports on a timely basis in 2018.
ITEM 11.
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Compensation of Executive Officers
Our executive officers do not receive compensation directly from us for services rendered to us. Our executive officers are officers and/or employees of, or hold an indirect ownership interest in our advisor, and/or its affiliates, and our executive officers are compensated by these entities, in part, for their services to us. See Part III, Item 13, “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence - Certain Transactions with Related Persons” for a discussion of the fees paid to our advisor and its affiliates.
Compensation of Directors
If a director is also one of our executive officers, we do not pay any compensation to that person for services rendered as a director. The amount and form of compensation payable to our independent directors for their service to us is determined by the conflicts committee, based upon recommendations from our advisor. Two of our executive officers, Messrs. Hall and McMillan, manage and control our advisor, and through our advisor, they are involved in recommending and setting the compensation to be paid to our independent directors.
We have provided below certain information regarding compensation earned by or paid to our directors during fiscal year 2018.
Name
 
Fees Earned or Paid in Cash in 2018 (1)
 
All Other Compensation
 
Total
William M. Petak
 
$
120,833

 
$
—

 
$
120,833

Eric J. Smith
 
127,333

 
—

 
127,333

Kenneth G. Yee
 
113,333

 
—

 
113,333

Peter McMillan III (2)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Keith D. Hall (2)
 
—

 
—

 
—

_____________________
(1) Fees Earned or Paid in Cash in 2018 include meeting fees earned in: (i) 2017 but paid in 2018 as follows: Mr. Petak $5,333, Mr. Smith $5,333 and Mr Yee $5,333; and (ii) 2018 and paid or to be paid in 2019 as follows: Mr. Petak $3,333, Mr. Smith $3,333 and Mr Yee $3,333.
(2) Directors who are also our executive officers do not receive compensation for services rendered as a director.

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Cash Compensation
We compensate each of our independent directors with an annual retainer of $40,000. In addition, we pay our independent directors for attending board and audit and conflicts committee meetings as follows:
•
$2,500 for each board meeting attended;
•
$2,500 for each committee meeting attended, except that the chairman of the committee is paid $3,000 for each committee meeting attended;
•
$2,000 for each teleconference board meeting attended; and
•
$2,000 for each teleconference committee meeting attended, except that the chairman of the committee is paid $3,000 for each teleconference committee meeting attended.
All directors receive reimbursement of reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attendance at meetings of the board of directors and committee meetings.
From time to time our board of directors may create other committees with additional and different compensation.
ITEM 12.
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Stock Ownership
The following table shows, as of March 1, 2019, the amount of our common stock beneficially owned (unless otherwise indicated) by (i) any person who is known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of our common stock, (ii) our directors, (iii) our executive officers, and (iv) all of our directors and executive officers as a group.
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner (1)
 
Amount and Nature of Beneficial Ownership (2)
 
Percent of all Shares
KBS Capital Advisors LLC
 
30,747
(3) 
 
*
Keith D. Hall, Chief Executive Officer and Director
 
541,343
(3)(4) 
 
*
Peter McMillan III, Chairman of the Board, President and Director
 
541,343
(3)(4) 
 
*
Jeffrey K. Waldvogel, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary
 
—
 
 
—
Stacie K. Yamane, Chief Accounting Officer
 
—
 
 
—
William M. Petak, Independent Director
 
—
 
 
—
Eric J. Smith, Independent Director
 
—
 
 
—
Kenneth G. Yee, Independent Director
 
—
 
 
—
All directors and executive officers as a group
 
541,343
(3)(4) 
 
*
_____________________
* Less than 1% of the outstanding common stock.
(1) The address of each named beneficial owner is c/o KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc., 800 Newport Center Drive, Suite 700, Newport Beach, California 92660.
(2) None of the shares are pledged as security.
(3) Includes 30,747 shares owned by KBS Capital Advisors, which is indirectly owned and controlled by Peter M. Bren, Keith D. Hall, Peter McMillan III and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr.
(4) Includes 510,596 shares owned by Willowbrook Capital Group LLC, which is directly owned and controlled by Peter McMillan III and Keith D. Hall.
ITEM 13.
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Director Independence
Although our shares are not listed for trading on any national securities exchange, a majority of the directors, and all of the members of the audit committee and the conflicts committee, are “independent” as defined by the New York Stock Exchange. The New York Stock Exchange standards provide that to qualify as an independent director, in addition to satisfying certain bright-line criteria, our board of directors must affirmatively determine that a director has no material relationship with us (either directly or as a partner, stockholder or officer of an organization that has a relationship with us). Our board of directors has affirmatively determined that each of William M. Petak, Eric J. Smith and Kenneth G. Yee satisfies the bright-line criteria and that none has a relationship with us that would interfere with such person’s ability to exercise independent judgment as a member of the board of directors. None of these directors has ever served as (or is related to) an employee of ours or any of our predecessors or acquired companies or received or earned any compensation from us or any such other entities except for compensation directly related to service as a director of us. Therefore, we believe that all of these directors are independent directors.

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Report of the Conflicts Committee
Review of Our Policies
The conflicts committee has reviewed our policies and determined that they are in the best interest of our stockholders. Set forth below is a discussion of the basis for that determination.
Offering Policy. We continue to offer shares of common stock under our dividend reinvestment plan and may do so until we have sold all 40,000,000 shares available for sale. We expect to use substantially all of the net proceeds from the sale of shares under our dividend reinvestment plan for general corporate purposes, including, but not limited to, the redemption of shares under our share redemption program, the funding of capital expenditures on our real estate investments or the repayment of debt. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the costs of raising capital in our dividend reinvestment plan represented less than 1.0% of the capital raised.
We have been monitoring the real estate and equity markets closely in order to find the best opportunities possible to maximize the return to our stockholders and provide additional liquidity for our stockholders. We currently believe the best opportunity for us to achieve these objectives is to pursue a strategy as a non-listed, perpetual-life “NAV REIT” that offers and sells new shares of our common stock continuously through a number of distribution channels in ongoing public offerings, and seeks to provide increased liquidity to current and future stockholders through an expansion of our current share redemption program and/or periodic self-tender offers. With regard to maximizing returns, we have seen significant appreciation in the portfolio to date and we believe there are still many opportunities in the marketplace to achieve strong stockholder returns. Therefore, we believe it is in the company’s and stockholder’s interests to raise additional capital and make new investments. Furthermore, we believe a number of our existing investments are still in the process of maturing and reaching their maximum value. With respect to liquidity, we believe that a number of sources of capital (including but not limited to cash from operations, a portion of the proceeds from ongoing offerings, and proceeds from asset sales) can be used to offer additional liquidity to stockholders that desire it through an expanded share redemption program and/or periodic tender offers.
As an NAV REIT, we expect that we would conduct ongoing primary public offerings of our shares on a continuous basis. Such offerings would likely include new classes of common stock, which would allow us to offer different classes of common stock with different combinations of upfront and ongoing commissions and other fees payable to our dealer manager and participating broker-dealers. We believe that having a number of different share classes with different distribution compensation structures will improve our ability to sell shares and raise capital in the current market.
Acquisition and Investment Policies. As of December 31, 2018, we consolidated six office properties, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 14 acres of undeveloped land, one retail property, two apartment properties (of which one apartment property was held for sale) and three investments in undeveloped land with approximately 1,000 developable acres and owned three investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, an investment in real estate debt securities and three investments in real estate equity securities.
We completed an offering of bonds to Israeli investors through a wholly-owned subsidiary in March 2016, on November 8, 2017 we completed the sale of the Singapore Portfolio (defined below) and on November 30, 2018 we completed the sale of the Westpark Portfolio (defined below). We have used and will continue to use a portion of net proceeds from the Israeli bond offering and these sales to continue to invest in and manage a diverse portfolio of opportunistic real estate, real estate-related loans, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments. Any additional investments we make are expected to include non-performing loans (which may result in our acquisition of the underlying property securing the loan through foreclosure or similar processes), non-stabilized or undeveloped properties and other opportunistic real estate-related assets. Although the foregoing represents our present investment focus and targets, we may adjust any of the foregoing based on real estate market conditions and investment opportunities. Affiliates of our advisor have extensive expertise with these types of real estate investments.
Borrowing Policies. We have financed the majority of our real estate and real estate-related investments with a combination of the proceeds we received from our initial public offering and debt. We used debt financing to increase the amount available for investment and to potentially increase overall investment yields to us and our stockholders. Additionally, in March 2016, we issued 970.2 million Israeli new Shekels (approximately $249.2 million as of March 8, 2016) in 4.25% bonds to Israeli investors through a public offering. There is no limitation on the amount we may borrow for any single investment.
Our charter limits our leverage to 75% of the cost of our tangible assets; however, we may exceed that limit if a majority of the conflicts committee approves each borrowing in excess of our charter limitation and we disclose such borrowing to our common stockholders in our next quarterly report with an explanation from the conflicts committee of the justification for the excess borrowing. As of December 31, 2018, we had $663.3 million in outstanding debt. As of December 31, 2018, our borrowings and other liabilities were approximately 68% and 67% of the cost (before depreciation and other noncash reserves) and book value (before depreciation) of our tangible assets, respectively.

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Disposition Policies. The period that we will hold our investments will vary depending on the type of asset, interest rates and other factors. Our advisor has developed a well-defined exit strategy for each investment we have made. KBS Capital Advisors will continually perform a hold-sell analysis on each asset in order to determine the optimal time to hold the asset and generate a strong return for our stockholders. Economic and market conditions may influence us to hold our investments for different periods of time. We may sell an asset before the end of the expected holding period if we believe that market conditions have maximized its value to us or the sale of the asset would otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold one office building, one office/flex/industrial portfolio consisting of 21 buildings and 124 developable acres of undeveloped land and classified one property as held for sale as of December 31, 2018. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold 1,986,295 shares of common stock of Whitestone REIT. The disposition strategy is consistent with our objectives of acquiring opportunistic investments, improving the investments and timing asset sales to realize the growth in the value that was created during our hold period.
Policy Regarding Working Capital Reserves. We establish an annual budget for capital requirements and working capital reserves each year that we update periodically during the year. We may use proceeds from our dividend reinvestment plan, debt proceeds and our cash flow from operations to meet our needs for working capital and to build a moderate level of cash reserves.
Policies Regarding Operating Expenses. Under our charter, we are required to limit our total operating expenses to the greater of 2% of our average invested assets or 25% of our net income for the four most recently completed fiscal quarters, as these terms are defined in our charter, unless the conflicts committee has determined that such excess expenses were justified based on unusual and non-recurring factors. For the four consecutive quarters ended December 31, 2018, based on the definitions of total operating expenses and average invested assets, net income in our charter, our total operating expenses represented approximately 1.7% of our average invested assets and 169% of our net income. Consequently, operating expenses for the four fiscal quarters ended December 31, 2018 did not exceed the charter-imposed limitation.
Our Policy Regarding Transactions with Related Persons
Our charter requires the conflicts committee to review and approve all transactions between us and our advisor, any of our officers or directors or any of their affiliates. Prior to entering into a transaction with a related party, a majority of the conflicts committee must conclude that the transaction is fair and reasonable to us and on terms and conditions not less favorable to us than those available from unaffiliated third parties. In addition, our Code of Conduct and Ethics lists examples of types of transactions with related parties that would create prohibited conflicts of interest and requires our officers and directors to be conscientious of actual and potential conflicts of interest with respect to our interests and to seek to avoid such conflicts or handle such conflicts in an ethical manner at all times consistent with applicable law. Our executive officers and directors are required to report potential and actual conflicts to the Compliance Officer, currently our advisor’s Chief Audit Executive, via the Ethics Hotline, or directly to the audit committee chair, as appropriate.
Certain Transactions with Related Persons
The conflicts committee has reviewed the material transactions between our affiliates and us since the beginning of 2018 as well as any such currently proposed material transactions. Set forth below is a description of such transactions and the conflicts committee’s report on their fairness.
As described further below, we have entered into agreements with certain affiliates pursuant to which they provide services to us. Peter M. Bren, Keith D. Hall, Peter McMillan III and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. control and indirectly own KBS Holdings LLC, our sponsor. KBS Holdings is the sole owner of KBS Capital Advisors LLC, our advisor, and KBS Capital Markets Group LLC, the entity that acted as the dealer manager of our now terminated primate initial public offering. Messrs. Hall and McMillan are also two of our executive officers and directors. Each of Messrs. Bren, Hall McMillan and Schreiber actively participate in the management and operations of our advisor. Our advisor has three managers: an entity owned and controlled by Mr. Bren; an entity owned and controlled by Messrs. Hall and McMillan; and an entity owned and controlled by Mr. Schreiber.
Our Relationship with KBS Capital Advisors. Since our inception, our advisor has provided day-to-day management of our business. Among the services provided by our advisor under the terms of the advisory agreement are the following:
•
finding, presenting and recommending investment opportunities to us consistent with our investment policies and objectives;
•
making investment decisions for us, subject to the limitations in our charter and the direction and oversight of our board of directors;
•
acquiring investments on our behalf;
•
sourcing and structuring our loan originations;
•
arranging for financing and refinancing of our investments;

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•
formulating and overseeing the implementation of strategies for the administration, promotion, management, operation, financing and refinancing, marketing, servicing and disposition of our investments;
•
engaging and supervising our agents;
•
performing administrative services and maintaining our accounting; and
•
assisting us with our regulatory compliance.
Our advisor is subject to the supervision of the board of directors and only has such authority as we may delegate to it as our agent. The advisory agreement has a one-year term expiring October 8, 2019, subject to an unlimited number of successive one-year renewals upon the mutual consent of the parties. From January 1, 2018 through the most recent date practicable, which was January 31, 2019, we compensated our advisor as set forth below.
We incur acquisition and origination fees payable to our advisor equal to 1.0% of the cost of investments acquired by us, or the amount funded by us to acquire or originate loans, including acquisition and origination expenses and any debt attributable to such investments. Acquisition and origination fees relate to services provided in connection with the selection and acquisition or origination of real estate and real estate-related investments. From January 1, 2018 through January 31, 2019, our advisor and its affiliates incurred approximately $3.3 million of acquisition and origination fees.
In addition to acquisition and origination fees, we reimburse our advisor for customary acquisition and origination expenses, whether or not we ultimately acquire the asset. From January 1, 2018 through January 31, 2019, our advisor and its affiliates did not incur any such costs on our behalf.
For asset management services, we pay our advisor a monthly fee. With respect to investments in loans and any investments other than real property, the asset management fee is a monthly fee calculated, each month, as one-twelfth of 0.75% of the lesser of (i) the amount actually paid or allocated to acquire or fund the loan or other investment, inclusive of fees and expenses related thereto and the amount of any debt associated with or used to acquire or fund such investment and (ii) the outstanding principal amount of such loan or other investment, plus the fees and expenses related to the acquisition or funding of such investment, as of the time of calculation. With respect to investments in real property, the asset management fee is a monthly fee equal to one-twelfth of 0.75% of the sum of the amount paid or allocated to acquire the investment, plus the cost of any subsequent development, construction or improvements to the property, and inclusive of fees and expenses related thereto and the amount of any debt associated with or used to acquire such investment. In the case of investments made through joint ventures, the asset management fee is determined based on our proportionate share of the underlying investment, inclusive of our proportionate share of any fees and expenses related thereto. From January 1, 2018 through January 31, 2019, our asset management fees totaled $9.2 million.
Under the advisory agreement, our advisor and its affiliates have the right to seek reimbursement from us for all costs and expenses they incur in connection with their provision of services to us, including our allocable share of our advisor’s overhead, such as rent, employee costs, utilities and information technology costs. Our advisor may seek reimbursement for employee costs under the advisory agreement. Commencing July 1, 2010, we have reimbursed our advisor for our allocable portion of the salaries, benefits and overhead of internal audit department personnel providing services to us. In the future, our advisor may seek reimbursement for additional employee costs. However. we will not reimburse our advisor or its affiliates for employee costs in connection with services for which KBS Capital Advisors earns acquisition, origination or disposition fees (other than reimbursement of travel and communication expenses) or for the salaries and benefits our advisor or its affiliates may pay to our executive officers. From January 1, 2018 through January 31, 2019, we reimbursed our advisor for an additional $0.4 million of operating expenses, including $0.3 million of employee costs.
For substantial assistance in connection with the sale of properties or other investments, we pay our advisor or its affiliates 1.0% of the contract sales price of each loan, debt-related security, real property or other investment sold (including residential or commercial mortgage-backed securities or collateralized debt obligations issued by a subsidiary of ours as part of a securitization transaction); provided, however, that if in connection with such disposition commissions are paid to third parties unaffiliated with our advisor, the fee paid to our advisor and its affiliates may not exceed the commissions paid to such unaffiliated third parties, and provided further that the disposition fees paid to our advisor, its affiliates and unaffiliated third parties may not exceed 6.0% of the contract sales price. From January 1, 2018 through January 31, 2019, we incurred approximately $2.9 million of disposition fees.

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On January 6, 2014, we, together with KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, our dealer manager, our advisor and other KBS-affiliated entities, entered into an errors and omissions and directors and officers liability insurance program where the lower tiers of such insurance coverage are shared. The cost of these lower tiers is allocated by our advisor and its insurance broker among each of the various entities covered by the program, and is billed directly to each entity. In June 2015, KBS Growth & Income REIT was added to the insurance program at terms similar to those described above. KBS REIT I elected to cease participation in the program at the June 2017 renewal and obtained separate insurance coverage. At renewal in June 2018, we, along with KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT elected to cease participation in the program and obtain separate insurance coverage. We, together with KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, entered into an errors and omissions and directors and officers liability insurance program where the lower tiers of such insurance coverage are shared. The cost of these lower tiers is allocated by our advisor and its insurance broker among each REIT covered by the program, and is billed directly to each REIT. The program is effective through June 30, 2019.
The conflicts committee considers our relationship with our advisor during 2018 to be fair. The conflicts committee believes that the amounts paid or payable to our advisor under the advisory agreement are similar to those paid by other publicly offered, unlisted, externally advised REITs and that this compensation is necessary in order for our advisor to provide the desired level of services to us and our stockholders.
AIP Reimbursement Agreement. On April 16, 2012, we entered into a fee reimbursement agreement (the “AIP Reimbursement Agreement”) with our dealer manager pursuant to which we agreed to reimburse our dealer manager for certain fees and expenses it incurs for administering our participation in the DTCC Alternative Investment Product Platform with respect to certain accounts of our stockholders serviced through the platform. From January 1, 2018 through January 31, 2019, we incurred and paid $18,000 of costs and expenses related to the AIP Reimbursement Agreement.
The conflicts committee believes that this arrangement with our dealer manager is fair. We believe that the compensation paid to our dealer manager has allowed us to achieve our goal of acquiring a large, diversified portfolio of real estate and real estate-related investments.
353 Sacramento Transaction. On July 6, 2017, we sold a 45% equity interest in 353 Sacramento, an office building located in San Francisco, California, to certain third parties (collectively, the “Purchaser”) for approximately $39.1 million (the “353 Sacramento Transaction”). Under the 353 Sacramento Transaction, the property is owned by a joint venture (the “Joint Venture”) in which we indirectly own 55% of the equity interests and the Purchaser indirectly owns 45% in the aggregate of the equity interests. The Purchaser, which is a “separate account” client of Willowbrook Asset Management LLC, an affiliate of our advisor owned by Keith D. Hall and Peter McMillan III (“WBAM”), paid an acquisition fee and will pay a monthly asset management fee to be split 50/50 between WBAM and us. The acquisition fee was equal to 0.5% of the Purchaser’s pro rata share of the total equity cost basis of the property, which amounted to $0.2 million to WBAM and $0.2 million to us. The monthly asset management fee is expected to equal 1/12th of 0.32% of the Purchaser’s pro rata share of the total equity cost basis of the property, which would amount to approximately $0.1 million being paid to WBAM per year and $0.1 million being paid to us per year. In addition, the Purchaser is expected to pay a promote if certain return thresholds are reached. All of the promote payments would be paid to us until we have realized a 13.6% internal rate of return on our investment in 353 Sacramento, at which point the remainder of the promote would be paid to WBAM.
In connection with the 353 Sacramento Transaction, we entered into an agreement with our advisor (the “Waiver Agreement”) pursuant to which our advisor will waive any right it may have to receive a disposition fee in connection with the 353 Sacramento Transaction. Our advisor will also waive the future payment of acquisition fees pursuant to our advisory agreement in an amount equal to 45% of the acquisition fees paid to our advisor in connection with our original purchase of 353 Sacramento in July 2016. On September 15, 2017, we acquired a property in Oakland and our advisor waived its $0.8 million acquisition fee.
The 353 Sacramento Transaction was unanimously approved by our conflicts committee. Such approval included a determination that the transaction was fair and reasonable to us and on terms and conditions not less favorable to us than those available from unaffiliated third parties.
Singapore Transactions. On October 24, 2017, we (through certain subsidiaries) entered into a Portfolio Purchase and Sale Agreement and Escrow Instructions (the “Purchase Agreement”) pursuant to which we agreed to sell, subject to certain closing conditions, the Singapore Portfolio to various subsidiaries of Keppel-KBS US REIT, a newly formed Singapore real estate investment trust (the “SREIT”) that intended to list (and subsequent did list, as described below) on the Singapore Stock Exchange (the “Singapore Transaction”). The agreed purchase price of the Singapore Portfolio was $804 million. The Singapore Portfolio consisted of the following properties: 1800 West Loop, Westech 360 (part of the Austin Suburban Portfolio), Great Hills Plaza (part of the Austin Suburban Portfolio), Westmoor Center, Iron Point Business Park, the Plaza Buildings, Bellevue Technology Center, Northridge Center I and II, West Loop I and II, Powers Ferry Landing East, and Maitland Promenade II.

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The SREIT is externally managed by a joint venture (the “Manager”) between (i) an entity in which Keith D. Hall, our Chief Executive Officer and a director, and Peter McMillan III, our President and Chairman of the Board of Directors, have an indirect ownership interest and (ii) Keppel Capital Holding Pte. Ltd., which is not affiliated with us or our management. As described in more detail below, the SREIT is expected to pay certain purchase and sale commissions and asset management fees to the Manager in exchange for the provision of certain management services.
On November 2, 2017, KBS SOR Properties, LLC (“KBS SORP”), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of ours, entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with respect to the initial public offering of units of the SREIT. The Underwriting Agreement was entered into with the Manager, KBS Pacific Advisors Pte. Ltd., Keppel Capital Holdings Pte. Ltd., GKP Holding LLC, Keppel Capital Investment Holdings Pte. Ltd., DBS Bank Ltd., Merrill Lynch (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., Citigroup Global Markets Singapore Pte. Ltd., and Credit Suisse (Singapore) Limited. KBS Pacific Advisors Pte. Ltd. and GKP Holding LLC are affiliated with the Manager and entities in which Keith D. Hall, our Chief Executive Officer and a director, and Peter McMillan III, our President and Chairman of the board of directors, have ownership and economic interests.
Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the underwriters agreed to procure subscriptions, or subscribe themselves, for an aggregate of 262,772,400 units in the SREIT, at a price of $0.88 per unit (the “IPO Price”), in connection with the Singapore Transaction. Other parties agreed to subscribe for units separately, including KBS SORP, which, on October 25, 2017, entered into a subscription agreement with the Manager in which it agreed to purchase 59,713,600 units at the IPO Price (the “KBS SORP Owned Units”) in connection with the initial public offering. Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, KBS SORP granted the underwriters an over-allotment option (the “Over-Allotment Option”) in which it agreed to sell the underwriters up to 15,714,100 of the KBS SORP Owned Units at the IPO Price, for up to 30 days after the listing. Separately, KBS SORP agreed to lend the underwriters certain of its KBS SORP Owned Units for stabilizing transactions following the listing of the SREIT pursuant to a unit lending agreement entered into on November 2, 2017 with the Manager and Merrill Lynch (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. Pursuant to lock-up letters from us and certain of our subsidiaries delivered to the underwriters on November 2, 2017, we and our subsidiaries agreed not to sell, pledge or transfer any of our KBS SORP Owned Units (other than pursuant to the Over-Allotment Option or lending for stabilizing transactions pursuant to the unit lending agreement described above) for six months following the initial public offering, and not to sell, pledge or transfer 50% of the KBS SORP Owned Units for 12 months following the initial public offering.
On November 8, 2017, we completed the sale of the Singapore Portfolio to the SREIT. The closing date of the initial public offering and the listing of the SREIT both occurred on November 8, 2017. The sale price of the Singapore Portfolio was $804 million, before third-party closing costs of approximately $7.7 million and excluding any disposition fees payable to our advisor. The sale price for the Singapore Portfolio was primarily determined based on real estate valuations performed by independent third-party valuation firms. The $804 million purchase price for the 11 properties in the Singapore Portfolio is slightly above the aggregate appraised values for the 11 properties used in our prior estimated value per share determined as of December 8, 2016. As of September 30, 2017, the properties in the Singapore Portfolio had a cumulative carrying value of $546.5 million. We avoided significant third-party closing costs by selling the Singapore Portfolio to the SREIT in connection with its initial public offering on the Singapore Stock Exchange compared to selling the properties, whether individually or as a portfolio, in a typical sales transaction, which represents significant savings to us for a disposition of this size. In connection with the Singapore Transaction, we repaid $401.7 million of outstanding debt secured by the properties in the Singapore Portfolio. We used approximately $52.5 million of the proceeds to acquire units in the SREIT representing a 9.5% ownership interest.
The underwriters exercised the Over-Allotment Option in full, and on December 15, 2017, purchased 15,714,100 of the KBS SORP Owned Units from us at the IPO Price. As a result of the Over-Allotment Option, we owned 43,999,500 units of the SREIT, representing a 7.0% ownership interest.
On November 30, 2018, we sold sold a portfolio of 21 office/flex/industrial buildings containing a total of 778,472 rentable square feet located on approximately 41 acres of land in Redmond, Washington (the “Westpark Portfolio”) to the SREIT. On November 26, 2018, the SREIT issued an aggregate of 186,236,224 common units of the SREIT as a result of their renounceable and underwritten rights issue. We purchased 12,979,852 common units of the SREIT for $6.5 million in connection with this offering, maintaining our 7% ownership interest.

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The interests of Messrs. Hall and McMillan in the SREIT are described below. Messrs. Hall and McMillan collectively own two-thirds of KBS Pacific Advisors, LLC, which owns 50% of the Manager. The other 50% ownership stake in the Manager was acquired by Keppel Capital Holding Pte. Ltd. for $27.5 million, which amount was distributed in its entirety to KBS Pacific Advisors, LLC. The Manager will receive the following fees from the SREIT:
•
Management Fee – The Manager’s management fee comprises a base fee and a performance fee, which make up a substantial portion of the Manager’s total remuneration for the provision of on-going management services to the SREIT. The base fee equals 10% per year of the SREIT “annual distributable income,” which is calculated before accounting for the base fee and the performance fee. The performance fee is generally equal to 25% of the growth in the SREIT’s distributions per unit of common equity from one year to the next (calculated after accounting for the base fee but before accounting for the performance fee). From January 1, 2018 through January 31, 2019, the SREIT incurred $4.3 million related to the management fee.
•
Acquisition Fee and Divestment Fee – The Manager will also receive an acquisition fee and a divestment fee from the SREIT. The acquisition fee will generally equal 1% of purchase price of the assets acquired by the SREIT and the divestment fee will generally equal 0.5% of the sale price of the assets disposed of by the SREIT. From January 1, 2018 through January 31, 2019, the SREIT incurred $1.6 million related to the acquisition fee and did not incur a divestment fee.
Currently Proposed Transactions. Our board of directors and management team believe significant opportunities currently exist and have been monitoring the real estate and equity markets closely in order to find the best opportunities possible to maximize the return to our stockholders and provide additional liquidity for our stockholders. We currently believe the best opportunity for us to achieve these objectives is to pursue a strategy as a non-listed, perpetual-life company that (a) calculates the net asset value or “NAV” per share on a regular basis that is more frequent that annually (i.e., daily, monthly or quarterly), (b) offers and sells new shares of our common stock continuously through a number of distribution channels in ongoing public offerings, and (c) seeks to provide increased liquidity to current and future stockholders through an expansion of our current share redemption program and/or periodic self-tender offers. We refer to a REIT that operates in this manner as an “NAV REIT” and we refer to our proposed conversion to this mode of operation as the “Proposed NAV REIT Conversion.”
Terms of Proposed NAV REIT Conversion
We summarize below our current intentions as to the principal terms of the Proposed NAV REIT Conversion.
More Frequent NAV Calculations. We currently calculate the NAV of our shares once each calendar year. As an NAV REIT, we currently intend to calculate our NAV once per month, though we could decide to calculate it daily or quarterly. We believe more frequent NAV calculations will improve our ability to offer and repurchase our shares at the most fair prices, and also improve visibility and transparency into our performance.
Revised Share Redemption Program. As an NAV REIT, we believe we can (a) offer an expanded share redemption program, (b) have additional capital to fund redemptions, and (c) provide more frequent NAV per share calculations, which will provide stockholders with more information when making liquidity decisions and also allow more frequent and fair pricing under our share redemption program. As an NAV REIT, we intend to revise our share redemption program to allow us to make monthly redemptions with an aggregate value of up to 5% of our NAV each quarter. This would be a significant increase in maximum capacity compared to our current share redemption program, which limits redemptions of shares during any calendar year to no more than 5% of the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the prior calendar year. Our current share redemption program is also limited by funding restrictions that prevent us from redeeming the maximum number of shares permitted under the program. Because the actual level of redemptions under our share redemption program as an NAV REIT would also depend on our ability to fund redemptions and our other capital needs, we may not be able to make redemptions up to the maximum capacity permitted by the program. However, our intention is to increase our stockholders’ access to liquidity through an expansion of our current share redemption program and/or through self-tender offers. During our first year as an NAV REIT, we intend to repurchase shares under the share redemption program on a monthly basis at a price equal to 95% of the most recently disclosed monthly NAV. After that time, we intend to repurchase shares under the share redemption program on a monthly basis at the most recently disclosed monthly NAV, or at 95% of the most recently disclosed NAV if the shares have been held for less than a year.
Distributions and Dividend Reinvestment Plan. We currently declare distributions with quarterly record and payment dates. As an NAV REIT, we expect that we would modify our distribution policy to pay distributions monthly and have daily record dates. We also expect to revise our dividend reinvestment plan so that we would sell shares at the most recent monthly NAV, rather than at the most recent annual NAV as we do now.

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Ongoing Offering Public Offerings Conducted through an affiliated dealer manager. As an NAV REIT, we expect that we would conduct ongoing primary public offerings of our shares on a continuous basis through an affiliated dealer manager. Such offerings would likely include new classes of common stock, which would allow us to offer different classes of common stock with different combinations of upfront and ongoing commissions and other fees payable to our dealer manager and participating broker-dealers. We believe that having a number of different share classes with different distribution compensation structures will improve our ability to sell shares and raise capital in the current market.
While we expect that the upfront and ongoing commissions and other fees payable to our dealer manager and participating broker-dealers in connection with these offerings would be borne by the new investors, our company would incur other offering expenses in connection with these offerings, which expenses would impact our current stockholders. These other offering expenses would include our legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees, charges of our transfer agent, charges of our advisor and/or transfer agent for administrative services related to the issuance of shares in the offering, reimbursement of bona fide due diligence expenses, reimbursement of our advisor for costs in connection with preparing supplemental sales materials, the cost of bona fide training and education meetings held by us (primarily the travel, meal and lodging costs of registered representatives of broker-dealers), attendance and sponsorship fees payable to participating broker-dealers hosting retail seminars and travel, meal and lodging costs for registered persons associated with our dealer manager and officers and employees of our affiliates to attend retail seminars conducted by broker-dealers, legal fees of our dealer manager and promotional items. They could also include reimbursement to our dealer manager for wholesaling compensation expenses, though we do not currently intend to reimburse our dealer manager for such expenses. We currently estimate that these expenses would cost approximately $3.5 million to $5.0 million per year.
Revised Advisory Fee Structure
•
Acquisition and Origination Fees and Expenses. Pursuant to our advisory agreement currently in effect with our advisor, we incur acquisition and origination fees payable to our advisor equal to 1.0% of the cost of investments acquired by us, or the amount funded by us to acquire or originate loans, including acquisition and origination expenses and any debt attributable to such investments. We intend to eliminate this fee as part of the Proposed NAV REIT Conversion. However, because we would no longer pay a fee for acquisition and origination services, we would expect to reimburse our advisor for our allocable portion of the salaries, benefits and overhead of personnel providing these services to us. This may represent significant savings, depending on our future investment activity. We intend to continue to reimburse our advisor for customary acquisition and origination expenses, whether or not we ultimately acquire the asset.
•
Fixed Asset Management Fee. Pursuant to our advisory agreement currently in effect with our advisor, we currently pay the advisor an asset management fee. With respect to investments in loans and any investments other than real property, the asset management fee is a monthly fee calculated, each month, as one-twelfth of 0.75% of the lesser of (i) the amount actually paid or allocated to acquire or fund the loan or other investment, inclusive of fees and expenses related thereto and the amount of any debt associated with or used to acquire or fund such investment and (ii) the outstanding principal amount of such loan or other investment, plus the fees and expenses related to the acquisition or funding of such investment, as of the time of calculation. With respect to investments in real property, the asset management fee is a monthly fee equal to one-twelfth of 0.75% of the sum of the amount paid or allocated to acquire the investment, inclusive of fees and expenses related thereto and the amount of any debt associated with or used to acquire such investment. In the case of investments made through joint ventures, the asset management fee will be determined based on our proportionate share of the underlying investment.
As part of the Proposed NAV REIT Conversion, we currently expect to replace the current asset management fee with a fixed component of our new advisory fee, payable monthly in arrears, that accrues monthly in an amount equal to 1/12th of 1.25% of our aggregate company NAV for such month, as determined before the impact of accrued asset management fees, accrued incentive/performance fees, accrued ongoing distribution fees paid to broker dealers with respect to new sales of shares (i.e., ongoing class-specific fees) and accrued distributions owed to our stockholders. The impact of this change will depend on a number of factors, including our leverage and the value of our assets compared to the purchase price (both of which will be taken into account with the new fee structure, unlike the old fee structure), and is therefore impossible to predict over the long term, but we do not expect the change to be significant in the near term. By way of example only, if the aggregate NAV of our company for the year ended December 31, 2018 were equal to the estimated net asset value of our company as of September 30, 2018, calculated in accordance with the estimated value per share approved by our board of directors on December 12, 2018 (the “2018 Valuation”), this fixed component of the new advisory fee would have been approximately $0.7 million per month. By comparison, the existing asset management fee incurred by us for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 was approximately $0.7 million.
•
Incentive Fee. Please see “Revised Incentive Fee.” below for a description of our current intentions with respect to the incentive fee payable to our advisor.

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•
Disposition Fees. Pursuant to our advisory agreement currently in effect with the advisor, for substantial assistance in connection with the sale of properties or other investments, we currently pay our advisor or its affiliates 1.0% of the contract sales price of each loan, debt-related security, real property or other investment sold (including residential or commercial mortgage-backed securities or collateralized debt obligations issued by a subsidiary of ours as part of a securitization transaction); provided, however, that if in connection with such disposition commissions are paid to third parties unaffiliated with our advisor, the fee paid to our advisor and its affiliates may not exceed the commissions paid to such unaffiliated third parties, and provided further that the disposition fees paid to our advisor, its affiliates and unaffiliated third parties may not exceed 6.0% of the contract sales price.
We intend to eliminate this fee as part of the Proposed NAV REIT Conversion. However, because we would no longer pay a fee for disposition services, we would expect to reimburse our advisor for our allocable portion of the salaries, benefits and overhead of personnel providing these services to us. This may represent significant savings, depending on our future disposition activity.
•
Property Management Fees. We do not currently pay our advisor or any of its affiliates any property management fees. As an NAV REIT, we may enter into a property management agreement with KBS Management Group or another KBS affiliate and agree to pay a monthly fee equal to a percentage of the rent (to be determined on a property by property basis), payable and actually collected for the month. This could result in additional compensation to affiliates of our advisor.
•
Operating Expenses. Pursuant to our advisory agreement currently in effect with the advisor, our advisor and its affiliates have the right to seek reimbursement from us for all costs and expenses they incur in connection with their provision of services to us, including our allocable share of our advisor’s overhead, such as rent, employee costs, utilities and information technology costs. Our advisor may seek reimbursement for employee costs under the advisory agreement. Commencing July 1, 2010, we have reimbursed our advisor for our allocable portion of the salaries, benefits and overhead of internal audit department personnel providing services to us. In the future, our advisor may seek reimbursement for additional employee costs. However, we will not reimburse our advisor or its affiliates for employee costs in connection with services for which our advisor earns acquisition, origination or disposition fees (other than reimbursement of travel and communication expenses) or for the salaries and benefits our advisor or its affiliates may pay to our executive officers.
As part of the Proposed NAV REIT Conversion, because we would no longer pay acquisition or origination fees or disposition fees to our advisor, we would expect to reimburse our advisor for our allocable portion of the salaries, benefits and overhead of personnel providing these services to us.
Revised Incentive Fee.
Description of Current Incentive Fee. Pursuant to our advisory agreement currently in effect with the advisor, the advisor is due a subordinated participation in our net cash flows (the “Subordinated Participation in Net Cash Flows”) if, after our stockholders have received, together as a collective group, aggregate distributions (including distributions that may constitute a return of capital for federal income tax purposes) sufficient to provide (i) a return of their net invested capital, or the amount calculated by multiplying the total number of shares purchased by stockholders by the issue price, reduced by any amounts to repurchase shares pursuant to our share redemption program, and (ii) a 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return on such net invested capital, the advisor is entitled to receive 15.0% of our net cash flows, whether from continuing operations, net sale proceeds or otherwise. Net sales proceeds means the net cash proceeds realized by us after deduction of all expenses incurred in connection with a sale, including disposition fees paid to the advisor. The 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return on net invested capital is calculated on a daily basis. In making this calculation, the net invested capital is reduced to the extent distributions in excess of a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 7.0% are paid (from whatever source), except to the extent such distributions would be required to supplement prior distributions paid in order to achieve a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 7.0% (invested capital is only reduced as described in this sentence; it is not reduced simply because a distribution constitutes a return of capital for federal income tax purposes). The 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return is not based on the return provided to any individual stockholder. Accordingly, it is not necessary for each of our stockholders to have received any minimum return in order for our advisor to participate in our net cash flows. In fact, if the advisor is entitled to participate in our net cash flows, the returns of our stockholders will differ, and some may be less than a 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return. This fee is payable only if we are not listed on an exchange.

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Alternatively, pursuant to our advisory agreement currently in effect with the advisor, the advisor is due a subordinated incentive listing fee (the “Subordinated Participation Listing Fee”) upon a listing of our common stock on a national securities exchange equal to 15.0% of the amount by which (i) the market value of our outstanding stock plus distributions paid by us (including distributions that may constitute a return of capital for federal income tax purposes) prior to listing exceeds (ii) the sum of our stockholders’ net invested capital, or the amount calculated by multiplying the total number of shares purchased by stockholders by the issue price, reduced by any amounts to repurchase shares pursuant to our share redemption plan, and the amount of cash flow necessary to generate a 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return on such amount. The 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return on net invested capital is calculated on a daily basis. In making this calculation, the net invested capital is reduced to the extent distributions in excess of a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 7.0% are paid (from whatever source), except to the extent such distributions would be required to supplement prior distributions paid in order to achieve a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 7.0% (invested capital is only reduced as described in this sentence; it is not reduced simply because a distribution constitutes a return of capital for federal income tax purposes). The 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return is not based on the return provided to any individual stockholder. Accordingly, it is not necessary for each of our stockholders to have received any minimum return in order for our advisor to receive the listing fee. In fact, if our advisor is entitled to the listing fee, the returns of our stockholders will differ, and some may be less than a 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return.
Neither the Subordinated Participation in Net Cash Flows nor the Subordinated Participation Listing Fee are currently payable to our advisor, and there is no guarantee that they will ever be payable. Most likely, we would need to list our shares on a national securities exchange or liquidate substantially all of our assets for these fees to be payable, and we would have to have provided the requisite returns for our stockholders at such time as well. Solely for purposes of determining our 2018 Valuation, the advisor calculated the potential liability related to the Subordinated Participation in Net Cash Flows based on a hypothetical liquidation of the assets and liabilities at their estimated fair values, after considering the impact of any potential closing costs and fees related to the disposition of real estate properties. The advisor estimated the fair value of this liability to be $33.8 million or $0.62 per share as of the valuation date, and included the impact of this liability in its calculation of our estimated value per share.
Reasons for Proposing Changes to Incentive Fee Structure. The triggering events for the incentive fee structure currently in effect with our advisor are generally expected to occur, if ever, upon a listing of our shares of stock on a national securities exchange or a significant distribution of cash in connection with a sale of all or a substantial amount of our assets. These triggering events are inconsistent with a perpetual-life NAV REIT that intends to provide liquidity to its stockholders through a share redemption program and/or periodic self-tender offers. Therefore, in order to properly align our advisor’s incentive fee compensation structure with our proposed perpetual-life strategy, we intend to revise the incentive fee structure. Commencing with the launch of our first public offering as a perpetual-life NAV REIT, we intend to implement an annual incentive fee formula that would require us to pay our advisor an incentive fee for any given year if certain performance thresholds were met for that year. With respect to our historical performance period from inception through launch of our first public offering as a perpetual-life NAV REIT, we believe it is appropriate to accelerate the payment of the historical incentive fee so that it does not depend on the currently-existing triggering events. Proposed Acceleration of Payment of Current Incentive Fee. We currently intend to accelerate the payment of incentive compensation to the advisor upon the conversion to an NAV REIT by agreeing to pay our advisor, in connection with our conversion to an NAV REIT, an amount equal to the estimated value of the Subordinated Participation in Net Cash Flows based on a hypothetical liquidation of our assets and liabilities at their then-current estimated values used in our NAV calculation, after considering the impact of any potential closing costs and fees related to the disposition of real estate properties. Following this transaction, the Subordinated Participation in Net Cash Flows and the Subordinated Participation Listing Fee would be terminated with respect to future periods.
We expect this acceleration payment would be made in the form of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) with terms that are still under consideration, but are currently expected to be structured as follows:
•
Each RSU awarded would represent the right to receive one share of our common stock.
•
The RSUs would be awarded on or near the launch of a public offering as an NAV REIT.
•
The number of RSUs awarded would equal the number of our shares of common stock, valued at the then-current NAV per share at the time of the award (i.e., the NAV per share at the time of our conversion to an NAV REIT), with a value equal to the estimated value of the Subordinated Participation in Net Cash Flows based on a hypothetical liquidation of our assets and liabilities at their then-current estimated values used in the NAV calculation, after considering the impact of any potential closing costs and fees related to the disposition of real estate properties. The foregoing would be calculated by our advisor in its good faith and approved by the Special Committee (described below).

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•
100% of the RSUs awarded would vest and be paid in shares after two years, provided the advisor is not terminated for “cause” during that time (where “cause” means fraud, criminal conduct if the advisor would have reasonable cause to believe that the conduct was unlawful, willful misconduct, or an uncured material breach of the advisory agreement). Both we and the advisor would have certain rights to accelerate vesting in certain situations, such as change of control of our company.
•
For each RSU awarded, our advisor would have the right to be paid with one share of our common stock, upon vesting, and could elect to receive up to 50% of the payment in cash rather than shares, with the cash payment determined based on the then-current value of our shares. The main reason we would permit the advisor to take a portion in cash is to pay its taxes.
•
Dividend equivalents would accrue on the RSUs. In other words, they would earn dividends as if they were shares of common stock.
•
The shares the advisor receives pursuant to this agreement would not be eligible for redemption under our share redemption program unless the company has satisfied all redemption requests from other stockholders received at that time; this restriction may be lifted in certain situations, such as upon a change of control of our company.
Proposed Incentive Fee Going Forward. In addition, going forward, commencing upon our conversion to an NAV REIT, we currently intend to replace the incentive fees described above with a new annual performance component to our advisory fee. The performance component of the advisory fee is currently expected to be calculated on the basis of the overall investment return provided to stockholders in any calendar year such that the advisor will receive the lesser of (1) 15% of (a) the annual total return amount less (b) any loss carryforward, and (2) the amount equal to (x) the annual total return amount, less (y) any loss carryforward, less (z) the amount needed to achieve an annual total return amount equal to 7% of the NAV per share at the beginning of such year (the “Hurdle Amount”). The foregoing calculations would be calculated on a per share basis and multiplied by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the year. Accordingly, if the annual total return amount exceeds the Hurdle Amount plus the amount of any loss carryforward, then the advisor will earn a performance component equal to 100% of such excess until the advisor has received 15% of the annual total return amount that is in excess of the loss carryforward, and thereafter receives 15% of the annual total return amount in excess of that.
The “annual total return amount” referred to above means all distributions paid or accrued per share plus any change in NAV per share since the end of the prior calendar year, adjusted to exclude the negative impact on annual total return resulting from our payment or obligation to pay, or distribute, as applicable, the performance component of the advisory fee as well as ongoing classspecific fees payable to our dealer manager in connection with the sale of new share classes. The “loss carryforward” referred to above will track any negative annual total return amounts from prior years and offset the positive annual total return amount for purposes of the calculation of the performance component of the advisory fee. The loss carryforward will initially be zero. Therefore, payment of the performance component of the advisory fee (1) will be contingent upon the annual total return to stockholders exceeding the 7% return, (2) will vary in amount based on our actual performance and (3) cannot cause the overall return to stockholders for the year to be reduced below 7%.
As a result, the performance component will not be directly tied to the performance of the shares you own, the class of shares you own or the time period during which you own your shares. Because of certain class-specific fees that we intend to apply to the new classes sold in our ongoing public offerings, which will differ among classes, we do not expect the overall return of each class of shares to ever be the same. However, if and when the incentive fee is payable, the expense will be allocated among all holders of shares ratably according to the NAV of their shares, regardless of the different returns achieved by different classes of shares during the year. Further, stockholders who redeem their shares during a given year may redeem their shares at a lower NAV per share as a result of an accrual for the estimated performance component of the advisory fee, even if no performance component is ultimately payable to our advisor at the end of such calendar year. In addition, so long as the weighted-average NAV per share remains above certain threshold levels, our advisor’s ability to earn the incentive fee in any year will not be affected by our performance in prior years, and our advisor will not be obligated to return any portion of advisory fees paid for any year based on our subsequent performance.
Though still under consideration, we expect this new annual performance component would be paid in the form of RSUs with terms similar to those described above, except with 50% of the RSUs vesting and settling after one year and the other 50% vesting and settling after two years.

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Proposed Battery Point Restructuring
On October 28, 2016, we, through an indirect wholly owned subsidiary, agreed to invest up to $25,000,000 in Battery Point Trust, LLC (“Battery Point LLC”) through the purchase of Series B Preferred Equity Units (the “Series B Preferred Units”). On May 12, 2017, we and Battery Point LLC agreed to limit our investment to $17,500,000 worth of Series B Preferred Units. We invested the full $17,500,000 in stages. On June 29, 2018, Battery Point LLC was converted into Battery Point Trust, Inc. (“Battery Point”) and our Series B Preferred Units were converted into Series B Preferred Shares (the “Series B Preferred Shares”). The Series B Preferred Shares are entitled to the same rights and protections as were the Series B Preferred Units. The Series B Preferred Shares pay a quarterly dividend of 12% and have an outside maturity date of October 28, 2019. Battery Point may redeem the Series B Preferred Shares at any time, subject to payment to us of an exit fee in the amount of 1.0% of the redemption price. We also have been provided with commitment letters from the current Battery Point owners to serve as a collateral backstop for the Series B Preferred Shares, in the amount of $7,925,000 million.
Battery Point focuses on acquiring, managing and financing single-family residential assets through a lease purchase, or “LEAP,” program, as well as through related purchase finance programs offered to its LEAP customers and other homebuyers. Battery Point has several affiliated service entities that provide advisory, servicing and property management services to Battery Point in a typical “externally managed REIT” manner via a series of subsidiaries generally named “DayMark.”
We are currently considering entering into a proposed transaction to restructure our investment in Battery Point. Because the transaction has not yet been entered into, the description below is only our current expectation and it is subject to change. The proposed restructuring would involve Pacific Oak Capital Group, a real estate asset management company formed in 2018, and its family of companies (collectively, “Pacific Oak”). Pacific Oak is a group of companies founded and owned by Keith D. Hall, our Chief Executive Officer and a director, and Peter McMillan III, our President and Chairman of the Board of Directors.
In the proposed restructuring, Pacific Oak would acquire all the common equity interests in Battery Point Holdings, LLC (“Battery Point Holdings”). Battery Point Holdings owns (a) the common stock in Battery Point, (b) all the service entities under DayMark, and (c) 40% of additional DayMark entities that purchase, renovate, lease and sell single-family residential homes to Battery Point (these activities are not REIT-rule friendly, and thus held outside Battery Point until the properties are stabilized and leased). As owner of Battery Point Holdings, Pacific Oak will be responsible for funding the ongoing operations of Battery Point Holdings and its subsidiaries. The current owners of the Battery Point service entities would also capitalize Battery Point Holdings with $2,425,000 for working capital to fund the ongoing operations of Battery Point Holdings and its subsidiaries. We currently expect that affiliated DayMark service entities will be paid annual asset management fees equal to 1.25% of the gross asset value of Battery Point, annual property management fees equal to 8% of tenants’ rents received by Battery Point, and acquisition fees of 1% of the gross purchase price of properties acquired. The affiliated DayMark service entities will also receive fees from tenants upon execution of leases and a 1% commission from sellers of properties into the program, if it acts as the broker for the seller.
Also, in the proposed restructuring, our Series B Preferred Shares would be redeemed by Battery Point, in exchange for $7,750,000 in cash and $5,250,000 in new Series A-3 Preferred Shares (the “Series A-3 Preferred Shares”). We expect to own approximately 50% of the outstanding Series A-3 Preferred Shares. The proposed Series A-3 Preferred Shares would entitle us to a monthly dividend based on an annual rate of 7.5% commencing on April 15, 2019, subject to available cash. The annual dividend rate increases to 10% for any Series A-3 Preferred Shares not redeemed by February 28, 2020 and to 11% for any Series A-3 Preferred Shares not redeemed by February 28, 2021. The Series A-3 Preferred Shares are redeemable at any time by Battery Point and holders of Series A-3 Preferred Shares may elect to redeem their Shares beginning on February 28, 2021, subject to available cash. There are no commitment letters to serve as a collateral backstop for the Series A-3 Preferred Shares. Battery Point as issuer of the Series A-3 Preferred Shares will have the obligation to use 20% of the net proceeds of any and all future equity capital raising to redeem the Series A-3 Preferred Shares.
Conflicts Committee Determination
The conflicts committee has examined the fairness of the transactions described above, and has determined that all such transactions are fair and reasonable to us.  The conflicts committee has also determined that the policies set forth in this Report of the Conflicts Committee are in the best interests of our stockholders because they provide us with the highest likelihood of achieving our investment objectives.
March 8, 2019
  
The Conflicts Committee of the Board of Directors:
 
  
Eric J. Smith (Chairman), William M. Petak and Kenneth G. Yee

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ITEM 14.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
During the year ended December 31, 2018, Ernst & Young LLP served as our independent registered public accounting firm and provided certain tax and other services. Ernst & Young has served as our independent registered public accounting firm since our formation.
Pre-Approval Policies
In order to ensure that the provision of such services does not impair the independent registered public accounting firms independence, the audit committee charter imposes a duty on the audit committee to pre-approve all auditing services performed for us by our independent registered public accounting firm, as well as all permitted non-audit services. In determining whether or not to pre-approve services, the audit committee considers whether the service is a permissible service under the rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC. The audit committee may, in its discretion, delegate to one or more of its members the authority to pre-approve any audit or non-audit services to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm, provided any such approval is presented to and approved by the full audit committee at its next scheduled meeting.
For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, all services rendered by Ernst & Young were pre-approved in accordance with the policies and procedures described above.
Principal Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees
The audit committee reviewed the audit and non-audit services performed by Ernst & Young, as well as the fees charged by Ernst & Young for such services. In its review of the non-audit service fees, the audit committee considered whether the provision of such services is compatible with maintaining the independence of Ernst & Young. The aggregate fees billed to us for professional accounting services, including the audit of our annual financial statements by Ernst & Young for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, are set forth in the table below.
 
 
2018
 
2017
Audit Fees
 
$
634,000

 
$
637,000

Audit-related fees
 
497,000

 
390,000

Tax fees
 
311,000

 
459,000

All other fees
 
2,000

 
1,000

Total
 
$
1,444,000

 
$
1,487,000

For purposes of the preceding table, Ernst & Young’s professional fees are classified as follows:
•
Audit fees - These are fees for professional services performed for the audit of our annual financial statements and the required review of quarterly financial statements and other procedures performed by Ernst & Young in order for them to be able to form an opinion on our consolidated financial statements. These fees also cover services that are normally provided by independent registered public accounting firm in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.
•
Audit-related fees - These are fees for assurance and related services that traditionally are performed by independent registered public accounting firm that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of our financial statements, such as due diligence related to acquisitions and disposition, attestation services that are not required by statute or regulation, internal contact reviews and consultation concerning financial accounting and reporting standards.
•
Tax fees - These are fees for all professional services performed by professional staff in our independent registered public accounting firm's tax division, except those services related to the audit of our financial statements. These include fees for tax compliance, tax planning and tax advice, including federal, state and local issues. Services may also include assistance with tax audits and appeals before the IRS and similar state and local agencies, as well as federal, state and local tax issues related to due diligence.
•
All other fees - These are fees for any services not included in the above-described categories.

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PART IV
ITEM 15.
EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)    Financial Statement Schedules
See the Index to Financial Statements at page F-1 of this report.
The following financial statement schedule is included herein at pages F-46 through F-47 of this report:
Schedule III - Real Estate Assets and Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization
(b)    Exhibits
Ex.
 
Description
 
 
 
3.1
 
 
 
 
3.2
 
 
 
 
4.1
 
 
 
 
4.2
 
 
 
 
10.1
 
 
 
 
10.2
 
 
 
 
10.3
 
 
 
 
10.4
 
 
 
 
10.5
 
 
 
 
10.6
 
 
 
 
10.7
 
 
 
 
10.8
 
 
 
 
10.9
 
 
 
 

95

Ex.
 
Description
10.10
 
 
 
 
10.11
 
 
 
 
10.12
 
 
 
 
10.13
 
 
 
 
10.14
 
 
 
 
10.15
 
 
 
 
10.16
 
 
 
 
10.17
 
 
 
 
10.18
 
 
 
 
10.19
 
 
 
 
10.20
 
 
 
 
10.21
 
 
 
 
10.22
 
 
 
 
10.23
 
 
 
 
10.24
 
 
 
 
10.25
 
 
 
 
10.26
 
 
 
 

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Ex.
 
Description
10.27
 
 
 
 
10.28
 
 
 
 
10.29
 
 
 
 
10.30
 
 
 
 
21.1
 
 
 
 
23.1
 
 
 
 
31.1
 
 
 
 
31.2
 
 
 
 
32.1
 
 
 
 
32.2
 
 
 
 
99.1
 
 
 
 
99.3
 
 
 
 
99.4
 
 
 
 
101.INS
 
XBRL Instance Document
 
 
 
101.SCH
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
 
 
 
101.CAL
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
 
 
 
101.DEF
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
 
 
 
101.LAB
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
 
 
 
101.PRE
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of
KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a), Schedule III - Real Estate Assets and Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Adoption of ASU No. 2016-01

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for real estate equity securities in 2018 due to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2008.

Irvine, California
March 8, 2019

F-2

KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
 
 
December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
Assets
 
 
 
 
Real estate held for investment, net
 
$
649,868

 
$
346,173

Real estate held for sale, net
 
31,252

 
186,694

Real estate equity securities
 
73,876

 
90,063

Real estate debt securities, net
 
10,859

 
17,751

Total real estate and real estate-related investments, net
 
765,855

 
640,681

Cash and cash equivalents
 
152,385

 
366,512

Restricted cash
 
10,342

 
10,670

Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
 
44,869

 
55,577

Rents and other receivables, net
 
12,292

 
7,111

Above-market leases, net
 
3,377

 
—

Prepaid expenses and other assets
 
13,123

 
12,735

Assets related to real estate held for sale, net
 
2,746

 
8,288

Total assets
 
$
1,004,989

 
$
1,101,574

Liabilities and equity
 
 
 
 
Notes and bonds payable, net
 
 
 
 
Notes and bonds payable related to real estate held for investment, net
 
632,627

 
467,872

Notes payable related to real estate held for sale, net
 
22,845

 
135,171

Total notes and bonds payable, net
 
655,472

 
603,043

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
 
19,506

 
16,686

Due to affiliate
 
36

 
26

Distribution payable
 
—

 
187,914

Below-market leases, net
 
5,005

 
2,582

Liabilities related to real estate held for sale, net
 
—

 
261

Other liabilities
 
21,006

 
16,966

Redeemable common stock payable
 
10,000

 
8,595

Total liabilities
 
711,025

 
836,073

Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
 


 


Redeemable common stock
 
—

 
4,518

Equity
 
 
 
 
KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. stockholders’ equity
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock, $.01 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding
 
—

 
—

Common stock, $.01 par value; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized, 66,822,861 and 52,053,817 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively
 
668

 
521

Additional paid-in capital
 
547,770

 
388,800

Accumulated other comprehensive income
 
—

 
25,146

Cumulative distributions and net income
 
(256,984
)
 
(155,454
)
Total KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. stockholders’ equity
 
291,454

 
259,013

Noncontrolling interests
 
2,510

 
1,970

Total equity
 
293,964

 
260,983

Total liabilities and equity
 
$
1,004,989

 
$
1,101,574

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-3

KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
 
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rental income
 
$
72,334

 
$
110,690

 
$
106,330

Tenant reimbursements
 
12,621

 
21,710

 
20,762

Other operating income
 
2,812

 
4,001

 
3,387

Interest income from real estate debt securities
 
2,018

 
1,782

 
110

Dividend income from real estate equity securities
 
6,002

 
2,531

 
—

Interest income from real estate loan receivable
 
—

 
—

 
3,655

Total revenues
 
95,787

 
140,714

 
134,244

Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating, maintenance, and management
 
29,110

 
42,611

 
41,906

Real estate taxes and insurance
 
11,762

 
17,404

 
16,887

Asset management fees to affiliate
 
8,525

 
10,686

 
9,628

Real estate acquisition fees to affiliate
 
—

 
—

 
2,964

Real estate acquisition fees and expenses
 
—

 
—

 
543

General and administrative expenses
 
7,784

 
5,983

 
5,761

Foreign currency transaction (gain) loss, net
 
(10,141
)
 
15,298

 
2,997

Depreciation and amortization
 
35,006

 
53,446

 
52,051

Interest expense
 
31,054

 
37,149

 
29,249

Other-than-temporary impairment of debt securities
 
2,500

 
—

 
—

Total expenses
 
115,600

 
182,577

 
161,986

Other income (loss):
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income from unconsolidated joint venture
 
428

 
2,073

 
—

Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures
 
(9,830
)
 
(6,037
)
 
(1,408
)
Other interest income
 
1,884

 
1,105

 
44

Loss on real estate equity securities
 
(19,010
)
 
—

 
—

Gain on sale of real estate
 
80,594

 
255,935

 
—

Loss on extinguishment of debt
 
(493
)
 
(478
)
 
—

Total other income (loss), net
 
53,573

 
252,598

 
(1,364
)
Net income (loss) before income taxes
 
33,760

 
210,735

 
(29,106
)
Income tax provision
 
(436
)
 
(155
)
 
(20
)
Net income (loss)
 
33,324

 
210,580

 
(29,126
)
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests
 
222

 
64

 
208

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
 
$
33,546

 
$
210,644

 
$
(28,918
)
Net income (loss) per common share, basic and diluted
 
$
0.57

 
$
3.77

 
$
(0.50
)
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, basic and diluted
 
58,738,732

 
55,829,708

 
58,273,335

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-4

KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands)
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Net income (loss)
$
33,324

 
$
210,580

 
$
(29,126
)
Other comprehensive income:
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized gain on real estate securities
—

 
25,146

 
—

Total other comprehensive income
—

 
25,146

 
—

Total comprehensive income (loss)
33,324

 
235,726

 
(29,126
)
Total comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests
222

 
64

 
208

Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
$
33,546

 
$
235,790

 
$
(28,918
)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.



F-5

KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(dollars in thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
Additional Paid-in Capital
 
Cumulative Distributions and Net Income
 
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
Income
 
Total Stockholders’ Equity
 
Noncontrolling Interests
 
Total Equity
 
Common Stock
 
 
 
 
Shares
 
Amounts
 
 
 
Balance, December 31, 2015
58,696,115

 
$
587

 
$
504,303

 
$
(111,527
)
 
$
—

 
$
393,363

 
$
15,427

 
$
408,790

Net loss
—

 
—

 
—

 
(28,918
)
 
—

 
(28,918
)
 
(208
)
 
(29,126
)
Issuance of common stock
938,662

 
9

 
12,607

 
—

 
—

 
12,616

 
—

 
12,616

Transfers from redeemable common stock
—

 
—

 
957

 
—

 
—

 
957

 
—

 
957

Redemptions of common stock
(2,859,010
)
 
(28
)
 
(38,545
)
 
—

 
—

 
(38,573
)
 
—

 
(38,573
)
Distributions declared
—

 
—

 
—

 
(21,844
)
 
—

 
(21,844
)
 
—

 
(21,844
)
Acquisitions of noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
(23,942
)
 
—

 
—

 
(23,942
)
 
(14,044
)
 
(37,986
)
Other offering costs
—

 
—

 
(7
)
 
—

 
—

 
(7
)
 
—

 
(7
)
Noncontrolling interests contributions
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
803

 
803

Distributions to noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(80
)
 
(80
)
Balance, December 31, 2016
56,775,767

 
$
568

 
$
455,373

 
$
(162,289
)
 
$
—

 
$
293,652

 
$
1,898

 
$
295,550

Net income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
210,644

 
—

 
210,644

 
(64
)
 
210,580

Other comprehensive income
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
25,146

 
25,146

 
—

 
25,146

Issuance of common stock
585,192

 
6

 
8,660

 
—

 
—

 
8,666

 
—

 
8,666

Transfers to redeemable common stock
—

 
—

 
(498
)
 
—

 
—

 
(498
)
 
—

 
(498
)
Redemptions of common stock
(5,307,142
)
 
(53
)
 
(74,727
)
 
—

 
—

 
(74,780
)
 
—

 
(74,780
)
Distributions declared
—

 
—

 
—

 
(203,809
)
 
—

 
(203,809
)
 
—

 
(203,809
)
Other offering costs
—

 
—

 
(8
)
 
—

 
—

 
(8
)
 
—

 
(8
)
Noncontrolling interests contributions
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
158

 
158

Distributions to noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(22
)
 
(22
)
Balance, December 31, 2017
52,053,817

 
$
521

 
$
388,800

 
$
(155,454
)
 
$
25,146

 
$
259,013

 
$
1,970

 
$
260,983

Cumulative effect adjustments to retained earnings
—

 
—

 
—

 
27,618

 
(25,146
)
 
2,472

 
—

 
2,472

Net income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
33,546

 
—

 
33,546

 
(222
)
 
33,324

Issuance of common stock
123,264

 
1

 
1,417

 
—

 
—

 
1,418

 
—

 
1,418

Stock distribution issued
25,976,746

 
259

 
277,951

 
—

 
—

 
278,210

 
—

 
278,210

Transfers from redeemable common stock
—

 
—

 
3,113

 
—

 
—

 
3,113

 
—

 
3,113

Redemptions of common stock
(11,330,966
)
 
(113
)
 
(123,500
)
 
—

 
—

 
(123,613
)
 
—

 
(123,613
)
Distributions declared
—

 
—

 
—

 
(162,694
)
 
—

 
(162,694
)
 
—

 
(162,694
)
Other offering costs
—

 
—

 
(11
)
 
—

 
—

 
(11
)
 
—

 
(11
)
Noncontrolling interests contributions
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
762

 
762

Balance, December 31, 2018
66,822,861

 
$
668

 
$
547,770

 
$
(256,984
)
 
$
—

 
$
291,454

 
$
2,510

 
$
293,964

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.


F-6

KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss)
$
33,324

 
$
210,580

 
$
(29,126
)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:


 


 


Loss due to property damages
964

 
668

 
1,938

Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures
9,830

 
6,037

 
1,408

Depreciation and amortization
35,006

 
53,446

 
52,051

Other-than-temporary impairment of debt securities
2,500

 
—

 
—

Loss on real estate equity securities
19,010

 
—

 
—

Gain on sale of real estate
(80,594
)
 
(255,935
)
 
—

Loss on extinguishment of debt
493

 
478

 
—

Unrealized loss on interest rate caps
142

 
105

 
3

Deferred rent
(4,736
)
 
(2,416
)
 
(3,084
)
Bad debt expense
161

 
724

 
875

Amortization of above- and below-market leases, net
(1,152
)
 
(2,575
)
 
(2,330
)
Amortization of deferred financing costs
3,640

 
4,363

 
4,289

Interest accretion on real estate debt securities
(108
)
 
(565
)
 
(47
)
Net amortization of discount and (premium) on bond and notes payable
61

 
49

 
38

Foreign currency transaction (gain) loss, net
(10,141
)
 
15,298

 
2,997

Changes in assets and liabilities:


 

 

Rents and other receivables
(1,801
)
 
(1,810
)
 
(2,128
)
Prepaid expenses and other assets
(7,375
)
 
(5,995
)
 
(8,498
)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
3,387

 
(4,270
)
 
5,809

Due to affiliates
10

 
(29
)
 
(4
)
Other liabilities
(478
)
 
(4,721
)
 
2,465

Net cash provided by operating activities
2,143

 
13,432

 
26,656

Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
 
 
 
 
 
Acquisitions of real estate
(312,348
)
 
(165,465
)
 
(293,831
)
Improvements to real estate
(32,172
)
 
(41,224
)
 
(30,581
)
Proceeds from sales of real estate, net
250,576

 
872,091

 
—

Reimbursement of construction costs
1,636

 
—

 
—

Escrow deposits for future real estate purchases
—

 
—

 
(2,000
)
Principal proceeds from assignment of real estate loan receivable
—

 
—

 
27,850

Insurance proceeds received for property damages
—

 
744

 
2,453

Purchase of interest rate caps
(163
)
 
(107
)
 
(15
)
Purchase of foreign currency option
—

 
(3,434
)
 
—

Proceeds from termination of foreign currency collars
—

 
6,557

 
—

Contributions to unconsolidated joint venture
(1,320
)
 
—

 
(2,820
)
Distribution of capital from unconsolidated joint venture
2,198

 
59,800

 
—

Investment in real estate equity securities
(30,609
)
 
(43,308
)
 
—

Proceeds from the sale of real estate equity securities
27,786

 
—

 
—

Investment in real estate debt securities, net
—

 
(12,514
)
 
(4,625
)
Proceeds from principal repayment on real estate debt securities
4,500

 
—

 
—

Proceeds for future development obligations
2,113

 
1,367

 
—

Funding of development obligations
(1,258
)
 
(1,184
)
 
(2,926
)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities
(89,061
)
 
673,323

 
(306,495
)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
 
 
 
 
 
Proceeds from notes and bonds payable
223,425

 
187,204

 
564,336

Principal payments on notes and bonds payable
(152,516
)
 
(477,089
)
 
(154,802
)
Payments of deferred financing costs
(3,391
)
 
(2,396
)
 
(12,377
)
Payments to redeem common stock
(123,613
)
 
(74,780
)
 
(38,573
)
Payment of prepaid other offering costs
(562
)
 
(480
)
 
(865
)
Distributions paid
(70,980
)
 
(7,229
)
 
(9,228
)
Noncontrolling interests contributions
762

 
158

 
803

Distributions to noncontrolling interests
—

 
(22
)
 
(80
)
Acquisitions of noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
(37,986
)
Other financing proceeds, net
—

 
—

 
647

Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
(126,875
)
 
(374,634
)
 
311,875

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
(662
)
 
611

 
3,549

Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
(214,455
)
 
312,732

 
35,585

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period
377,182

 
64,450

 
28,865

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period
$
162,727

 
$
377,182

 
$
64,450

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-7
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2018



1.
ORGANIZATION
KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. (the “Company”) was formed on October 8, 2008 as a Maryland corporation and elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) beginning with the taxable year ended December 31, 2010. The Company conducts its business primarily through KBS Strategic Opportunity (BVI) Holdings, Ltd. (“KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI”), a private company limited by shares according to the British Virgin Islands Business Companies Act, 2004, which was incorporated on December 18, 2015 and is authorized to issue a maximum of 50,000 common shares with no par value. Upon incorporation, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI issued one certificate containing 10,000 common shares with no par value to KBS Strategic Opportunity Limited Partnership (the “Operating Partnership”), a Delaware limited partnership formed on December 10, 2008. The Company is the sole general partner of, and owns a 0.1% partnership interest in, the Operating Partnership. KBS Strategic Opportunity Holdings LLC (“REIT Holdings”), a Delaware limited liability company formed on December 9, 2008, owns the remaining 99.9% interest in the Operating Partnership and is its sole limited partner. The Company is the sole member and manager of REIT Holdings.
Subject to certain restrictions and limitations, the business of the Company is externally managed by KBS Capital Advisors LLC (the “Advisor”), an affiliate of the Company, pursuant to an advisory agreement the Company renewed with the Advisor on October 8, 2018 (the “Advisory Agreement”). The Advisor conducts the Company’s operations and manages its portfolio of real estate, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments.
On January 8, 2009, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-11 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to offer a minimum of 250,000 shares and a maximum of 140,000,000 shares of common stock for sale to the public (the “Offering”), of which 100,000,000 shares were registered in a primary offering and 40,000,000 shares were registered to be sold under the Company’s dividend reinvestment plan. The SEC declared the Company’s registration statement effective on November 20, 2009. The Company ceased offering shares of common stock in its primary offering on November 14, 2012 and continues to offer shares under its dividend reinvestment plan.
The Company sold 56,584,976 shares of common stock in its primary offering for gross offering proceeds of $561.7 million. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had sold 6,743,625 shares of common stock under its dividend reinvestment plan for gross offering proceeds of $75.5 million. Also, as of December 31, 2018, the Company had redeemed 22,778,730 shares for $275.4 million. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had issued 25,976,746 shares of common stock in connection with special dividends. Additionally, on December 29, 2011 and October 23, 2012, the Company issued 220,994 shares and 55,249 shares of common stock, respectively, for $2.0 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in private transactions exempt from the registration requirements pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933.
On March 2, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI filed a final prospectus with the Israel Securities Authority for a proposed offering of up to 1,000,000,000 Israeli new Shekels of Series A debentures (the “Debentures”) at an annual interest rate not to exceed 4.25%. On March 1, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI commenced the institutional tender of the Debentures and accepted application for 842.5 million Israeli new Shekels. On March 7, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI commenced the public tender of the Debentures and accepted 127.7 million Israeli new Shekels.  In the aggregate, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI accepted 970.2 million Israeli new Shekels (approximately $249.2 million as of March 8, 2016) in both the institutional and public tenders at an annual interest rate of 4.25%.  KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI issued the Debentures on March 8, 2016.
In connection with the above-referenced offering, on March 8, 2016, the Operating Partnership assigned to KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI all of its interests in the subsidiaries through which the Company indirectly owns all of its real estate and real estate-related investments.  The Operating Partnership owns all of the issued and outstanding equity of KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI.  As a result of these transactions, the Company now holds all of its real estate and real estate-related investments indirectly through KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company consolidated six office properties, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 14 acres of undeveloped land, one retail property, two apartment properties (of which one apartment property was held for sale) and three investments in undeveloped land with approximately 1,000 developable acres and owned three investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, an investment in real estate debt securities and three investments in real estate equity securities.

F-8
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

2.
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, REIT Holdings, the Operating Partnership, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI and their direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries, and joint ventures in which the Company has a controlling interest. All significant intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) as contained within the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and the rules and regulations of the SEC.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.
Reclassifications
Certain amounts in the Company’s prior period consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications have not changed the results of operations of the prior period. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company disposed of one office building and one office/flex/industrial portfolio consisting of 21 buildings and classified one apartment property as held for sale. As a result, certain assets and liabilities were reclassified to held for sale on the consolidated balance sheets for all periods presented.
Revenue Recognition
Real Estate
The Company recognizes minimum rent, including rental abatements, lease incentives and contractual fixed increases attributable to operating leases, on a straight-line basis over the term of the related leases when collectibility is reasonably assured and records amounts expected to be received in later years as deferred rent receivable. If the lease provides for tenant improvements, the Company determines whether the tenant improvements, for accounting purposes, are owned by the tenant or the Company. When the Company is the owner of the tenant improvements, the tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the physical use of the leased asset until the tenant improvements are substantially completed. When the tenant is the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvement allowance (including amounts that can be taken in the form of cash or a credit against the tenant’s rent) that is funded is treated as a lease incentive and amortized as a reduction of revenue over the lease term. Tenant improvement ownership is determined based on various factors including, but not limited to:
•
whether the lease stipulates how a tenant improvement allowance may be spent;
•
whether the amount of a tenant improvement allowance is in excess of market rates;
•
whether the tenant or landlord retains legal title to the improvements at the end of the lease term;
•
whether the tenant improvements are unique to the tenant or general-purpose in nature; and
•
whether the tenant improvements are expected to have any residual value at the end of the lease.
The Company records property operating expense reimbursements due from tenants for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, and other recoverable costs in the period the related expenses are incurred.
The Company makes estimates of the collectibility of its tenant receivables related to base rents, including deferred rent, expense reimbursements and other revenue or income. Management specifically analyzes accounts receivable, deferred rents receivable, historical bad debts, customer creditworthiness, current economic trends and changes in customer payment terms when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts. In addition, with respect to tenants in bankruptcy, management makes estimates of the expected recovery of pre-petition and post-petition claims in assessing the estimated collectibility of the related receivable. In some cases, the ultimate resolution of these claims can exceed one year. When a tenant is in bankruptcy, the Company will record a bad debt reserve for the tenant’s receivable balance and generally will not recognize subsequent rental revenue until cash is received or until the tenant is no longer in bankruptcy and has the ability to make rental payments.

F-9
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU No. 2014-09”), using the modified retrospective approach, which requires a cumulative effect adjustment as of the date of the Company’s adoption.  Under the modified retrospective approach, an entity may also elect to apply this standard to either (i) all contracts as of January 1, 2018 or (ii) only to contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018.  A completed contract is a contract for which all (or substantially all) of the revenue was recognized under legacy GAAP that was in effect before the date of initial application. The Company elected to apply this standard only to contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. 
Based on the Company’s evaluation of contracts within the scope of ASU No. 2014-09, revenue that is impacted by ASU No. 2014-09 includes revenue generated by sales of real estate, other operating income and tenant reimbursements for substantial services earned at the Company’s properties. The recognition of such revenue will occur when the services are provided and the performance obligations are satisfied. For the year ended December 31, 2018, tenant reimbursements for substantial services accounted for under ASU No. 2014-09 was $1.9 million, which was included in tenant reimbursements on the accompanying statements of operations. 
Sale of Real Estate
Prior to January 1, 2018, gains on real estate sold were recognized using the full accrual method at closing when collectibility of the sales price was reasonably assured, the Company was not obligated to perform additional activities that may be considered significant, the initial investment from the buyer was sufficient and other profit recognition criteria had been satisfied. Gain on sales of real estate may have been deferred in whole or in part until the requirements for gain recognition had been met.
Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the guidance of ASC 610-20, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (“ASC 610-20”), which  applies to sales or transfers to noncustomers of nonfinancial assets or in substance nonfinancial assets that do not meet the definition of a business.  Generally, the Company’s sales of real estate would be considered a sale of a nonfinancial asset as defined by ASC 610-20.
ASC 610-20 refers to the revenue recognition principles under ASU No. 2014-09.  Under ASC 610-20, if the Company determines it does not have a controlling financial interest in the entity that holds the asset and the arrangement meets the criteria to be accounted for as a contract, the Company would derecognize the asset and recognize a gain or loss on the sale of the real estate when control of the underlying asset transfers to the buyer.  As a result of the adoption of ASC 610-20 on January 1, 2018, the Company recorded a cumulative effect adjustment to increase retained earnings by $2.5 million to recognize the deferred gain from the sale of 102 developable acres at Park Highlands that closed on May 1, 2017, as control of the sold acres had transferred to the buyers at closing. 
As of January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018, the Company had recorded contract liabilities of $1.7 million and $3.1 million, respectively, related to deferred proceeds received from the buyers of the Park Highlands land sales and another developer for the value of land that was contributed to a master association that is consolidated by the Company, which was included in other liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Real Estate Loans Receivable
Interest income on the Company’s real estate loans receivable is recognized on an accrual basis over the life of the investment using the interest method. Direct loan origination or acquisition fees and costs, as well as acquisition premiums or discounts, are amortized over the term of the loan as an adjustment to interest income. The Company places loans on non-accrual status when any portion of principal or interest is 90 days past due, or earlier when concern exists as to the ultimate collection of principal or interest. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, the Company reserves for any unpaid accrued interest and generally does not recognize subsequent interest income until cash is received, or the loan returns to accrual status. The Company will resume the accrual of interest if it determines the collection of interest, according to the contractual terms of the loan, is probable.
The Company generally recognizes income on impaired loans on either a cash basis, where interest income is only recorded when received in cash, or on a cost-recovery basis, where all cash receipts are applied against the carrying value of the loan. The Company considers the collectibility of the loan’s principal balance in determining whether to recognize income on impaired loans on a cash basis or a cost-recovery basis.

F-10
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

The Company will recognize interest income on loans purchased at discounts to face value where the Company expects to collect less than the contractual amounts due under the loan when that expectation is due, at least in part, to the credit quality of the borrower. Income is recognized at an interest rate equivalent to the estimated yield on the loan, as calculated using the carrying value of the loan and the expected cash flows. Changes in estimated cash flows are recognized through an adjustment to the yield on the loan on a prospective basis. Projecting cash flows for these types of loans requires a significant amount of assumptions and judgment, which may have a significant impact on the amount and timing of revenue recognized on these investments. The Company recognizes interest income on non-performing loans on a cash basis or cost-recovery basis since these loans generally do not have an estimated yield and collection of principal and interest is not assured.
Real Estate Debt Securities
Interest income on the Company’s real estate debt securities is recognized on an accrual basis over the life of the investment using the interest method. Direct origination or acquisition fees and costs, as well as acquisition premiums or discounts, are amortized over the term of the securities as an adjustment to interest income. Income is recognized at an interest rate equivalent to the estimated yield on the real estate debt security, as calculated using the carrying value of the real estate debt security and the expected cash flows. Changes in estimated cash flows are recognized through an adjustment to the yield on the real estate debt security on a prospective basis. Projecting cash flows for these types of real estate debt securities requires a significant amount of assumptions and judgment, which may have a significant impact on the amount and timing of revenue recognized on these investments. The Company places real estate debt securities on nonaccrual status when any portion of principal or interest is 90 days past due, or earlier when concern exists as to the ultimate collection of principal or interest. When a real estate debt security is placed on nonaccrual status, the Company reserves for any unpaid accrued interest and generally does not recognize subsequent interest income until cash is received, or the real estate debt security returns to accrual status.  The Company will resume the accrual of interest if it determines that the collection of interest, according to the contractual terms of the real estate debt security, is probable.
Real Estate Equity Securities
Dividend income from real estate equity securities is recognized on an accrual basis based on eligible shares as of the ex-dividend date.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company recognizes interest income on its cash and cash equivalents as it is earned and records such amounts as other interest income.
Real Estate
Depreciation and Amortization
Real estate costs related to the acquisition and improvement of properties are capitalized and depreciated over the expected useful life of the asset on a straight-line basis. Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred and significant replacements and betterments are capitalized. Repair and maintenance costs include all costs that do not extend the useful life of the real estate asset. The Company considers the period of future benefit of an asset to determine its appropriate useful life. Expenditures for tenant improvements are capitalized and amortized over the shorter of the tenant’s lease term or expected useful life. The Company anticipates the estimated useful lives of its assets by class to be generally as follows:
Land
N/A
Buildings
25-40 years
Building improvements
10-40 years
Tenant improvements
Shorter of lease term or expected useful life
Tenant origination and absorption costs
Remaining term of related leases, including below-market renewal periods

F-11
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

Real Estate Acquisition Valuation
As a result of the Company’s adoption of ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, acquisitions of real estate beginning January 1, 2017 could qualify as asset acquisitions (as opposed to business combinations). The Company records the acquisition of income-producing real estate or real estate that will be used for the production of income as a business combination or an asset acquisition. If substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired are concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets, then the set is not a business.  For purposes of this test, land and buildings can be combined along with the intangible assets for any in-place leases and accordingly, most acquisitions of investment properties would not meet the definition of a business and would be accounted for as an asset acquisition.  To be considered a business, a set must include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contributes to the ability to create an output. All assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured at their acquisition-date fair values. For asset acquisitions, the cost of the acquisition is allocated to individual assets and liabilities on a relative fair value basis. Acquisition costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred. Acquisition costs associated with asset acquisitions are capitalized.
Intangible assets include the value of in-place leases, which represents the estimated value of the net cash flows of the in-place leases to be realized, as compared to the net cash flows that would have occurred had the property been vacant at the time of acquisition and subject to lease-up. Acquired in-place lease value will be amortized to expense over the average remaining terms of the respective in-place leases, including any below-market renewal periods.
The Company assesses the acquisition date fair values of all tangible assets, identifiable intangibles and assumed liabilities using methods similar to those used by independent appraisers, generally utilizing a discounted cash flow analysis that applies appropriate discount and/or capitalization rates and available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors, including historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, and market and economic conditions. The fair value of tangible assets of an acquired property considers the value of the property as if it were vacant.
The Company records above-market and below-market in-place lease values for acquired properties based on the present value (using a discount that reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases, measured over a period equal to the remaining non-cancelable term of above-market in-place leases and for the initial term plus any extended term for any leases with below-market renewal options. The Company amortizes any recorded above-market or below-market lease values as a reduction or increase, respectively, to rental income over the remaining non-cancelable terms of the respective lease, including any below-market renewal periods.
The Company estimates the value of tenant origination and absorption costs by considering the estimated carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease up periods, considering current market conditions. In estimating carrying costs, the Company includes real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses and estimates of lost rentals at market rates during the expected lease-up periods.
The Company amortizes the value of tenant origination and absorption costs to depreciation and amortization expense over the remaining non-cancelable term of the leases.
Estimates of the fair values of the tangible assets, identifiable intangibles and assumed liabilities require the Company to make significant assumptions to estimate market lease rates, property-operating expenses, carrying costs during lease-up periods, discount rates, market absorption periods, and the number of years the property will be held for investment.
Direct investments in undeveloped land or properties without leases in place at the time of acquisition are accounted for as an asset acquisition.  Acquisition fees and expenses are capitalized into the cost basis of an asset acquisition. Additionally, during the time in which the Company is incurring costs necessary to bring these investments to their intended use, certain costs such as legal fees, real estate taxes and insurance and financing costs are also capitalized.

F-12
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

Impairment of Real Estate and Related Intangible Assets and Liabilities
The Company continually monitors events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that the carrying amounts of its real estate and related intangible assets and liabilities may not be recoverable or realized. When indicators of potential impairment suggest that the carrying value of real estate and related intangible assets and liabilities may not be recoverable, the Company assesses the recoverability by estimating whether the Company will recover the carrying value of the real estate and related intangible assets and liabilities through its undiscounted future cash flows and its eventual disposition. If, based on this analysis, the Company does not believe that it will be able to recover the carrying value of the real estate and related intangible assets and liabilities, the Company would record an impairment loss to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the real estate and related intangible assets and liabilities. The Company did not record any impairment losses on its real estate and related intangible assets and liabilities during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Projecting future cash flows involves estimating expected future operating income and expenses related to the real estate and its related intangible assets and liabilities as well as market and other trends. Using inappropriate assumptions to estimate cash flows could result in incorrect fair values of the real estate and its related intangible assets and liabilities and could result in the overstatement of the carrying values of the Company’s real estate and related intangible assets and liabilities and an overstatement of its net income.
Insurance Proceeds for Property Damages
The Company maintains an insurance policy that provides coverage for property damages and business interruption.  Losses due to physical damages are recognized during the accounting period in which they occur, while the amount of monetary assets to be received from the insurance policy is recognized when receipt of insurance recoveries is probable.  Losses, which are reduced by the related probable insurance recoveries, are recorded as operating, maintenance and management expenses on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.  Anticipated proceeds in excess of recognized losses would be considered a gain contingency and recognized when the contingency related to the insurance claim has been resolved.  Anticipated recoveries for lost rental revenue due to property damages are also considered to be a gain contingency and recognized when the contingency related to the insurance claim has been resolved.
Real Estate Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
The Company generally considers real estate to be “held for sale” when the following criteria are met: (i) management commits to a plan to sell the property, (ii) the property is available for sale immediately, (iii) the property is actively being marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, (iv) the sale of the property within one year is considered probable and (v) significant changes to the plan to sell are not expected. Real estate that is held for sale and its related assets are classified as “real estate held for sale” and “assets related to real estate held for sale,” respectively, for all periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Notes payable and other liabilities related to real estate held for sale are classified as “notes payable related to real estate held for sale” and “liabilities related to real estate held for sale,” respectively, for all periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Real estate classified as held for sale is no longer depreciated and is reported at the lower of its carrying value or its estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell. Operating results and related gains on sale of properties that were disposed of or classified as held for sale in the ordinary course of business are included in continuing operations on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Real Estate Loans Receivable and Loan Loss Reserves
The Company’s real estate loans receivable are recorded at amortized cost, net of loan loss reserves (if any), and evaluated for impairment at each balance sheet date. The amortized cost of a real estate loan receivable is the outstanding unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized acquisition premiums or discounts and unamortized costs and fees directly associated with the origination or acquisition of the loan. The amount of impairment, if any, will be measured by comparing the amortized cost of the loan to the present value of the expected cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent and collection of principal and interest is not assured. If a loan is deemed to be impaired, the Company will record a loan loss reserve and a provision for loan losses to recognize impairment. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not own any real estate loans receivable and the Company did not record any impairment losses related to its real estate loans receivable during the year ended December 31, 2016.

F-13
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

The reserve for loan losses is a valuation allowance that reflects management’s estimate of loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The reserve is adjusted through “Provision for loan losses” on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and is decreased by charge-offs to specific loans when losses are confirmed. The Company considers a loan to be impaired when, based upon current information and events, it believes that it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due under the contractual terms of the loan agreement. If the Company purchases a loan at a discount to face value and at the acquisition date the Company expects to collect less than the contractual amounts due under the terms of the loan based, at least in part, on the Company’s assessment of the credit quality of the borrower, the Company will consider such a loan to be impaired when, based upon current information and events, it believes that it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts the Company estimated to be collected at the time of acquisition. The Company also considers a loan to be impaired if it grants the borrower a concession through a modification of the loan terms or if it expects to receive assets (including equity interests in the borrower) with fair values that are less than the carrying value of the loan in satisfaction of the loan. A reserve is established when the present value of payments expected to be received, observable market prices, the estimated fair value of the collateral (for loans that are dependent on the collateral for repayment) or amounts expected to be received in satisfaction of a loan are lower than the carrying value of that loan.
Failure to recognize impairments would result in the overstatement of earnings and the carrying value of the Company’s real estate loans held for investment. Actual losses, if any, could significantly differ from estimated amounts.
Real Estate Debt Securities
The Company classifies its investment in real estate debt securities as held to maturity as the Company has the intent and ability to hold this investment until maturity. The Company’s real estate debt securities are recorded at amortized cost, net of other-than-temporary impairment (if any), and evaluated for other-than-temporary impairment at each balance sheet date.  The amortized cost of a real estate debt security is the outstanding unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized acquisition premiums or discounts and unamortized costs and fees directly associated with the origination or acquisition of the real estate debt security.  The amount of other-than-temporary impairment, if any, will be measured by comparing the amortized cost of the real estate debt security to the present value of the expected cash flows discounted at the real estate debt security’s effective interest rate, the real estate debt security’s observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the real estate debt security is collateral dependent and collection of principal and interest is not assured.  If a real estate debt security is deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired, the Company will record an other-than-temporary impairment on the consolidated statements of operations.  During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded an other-than-temporary impairment loss of $2.5 million related to its investment in real estate debt securities. See note 6, “Real Estate Debt Securities” for a further discussion on the other-than-temporary impairment loss recorded by the Company. The Company did not record any other-than-temporary impairment losses related to its real estate debt securities during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
Real Estate Equity Securities
The Company determines the appropriate classification for real estate equity securities at acquisition (on the trade date) and reevaluates such designation as of each balance sheet date. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company classified its investments in real estate equity securities as available-for-sale as the Company intends to hold the securities for the purpose of collecting dividend income and for longer term price appreciation. These investments are carried at their estimated fair value based on quoted market prices for the security, net of any discounts for restrictions on the sale of the security. Any discount for lack of marketability is estimated using an option pricing model. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of real estate equity securities are capitalized to its cost basis.
Prior to the Company’s adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU No. 2016-01”) on January 1, 2018, the Company classified its investments in real estate equity securities as available-for-sale and unrealized gains and losses were reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Upon the sale of a security, the previously recognized unrealized gain (loss) would be reversed out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and the actual realized gain (loss) recognized in earnings.  Effective January 1, 2018, unrealized gains and losses on real estate equity securities are recognized in earnings.  Upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 on January 1, 2018, the Company recorded a $25.1 million cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings related to the unrealized gain on real estate equity securities previously reported in accumulated other comprehensive income prior to January 1, 2018. 

F-14
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Equity Method
The Company accounts for investments in unconsolidated joint venture entities in which the Company may exercise significant influence over, but does not control, using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, the investment is initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted to reflect additional contributions or distributions and the Company’s proportionate share of equity in the joint venture’s income (loss). The Company recognizes its proportionate share of the ongoing income or loss of the unconsolidated joint venture as equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated joint venture on the consolidated statements of operations. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates its investment in an unconsolidated joint venture for other-than-temporary impairments. The Company did not record any impairment losses related to its unconsolidated real estate joint ventures accounted for under the equity method during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Equity Investment Without Readily Determinable Value
Prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 on January 1, 2018, the Company accounted for investments in unconsolidated joint venture entities in which the Company did not have the ability to exercise significant influence and had virtually no influence over partnership operating and financial policies using the cost method of accounting.  Under the cost method, income distributions from the partnership were recognized in other income.  Distributions that exceed the Company’s share of earnings were applied to reduce the carrying value of the Company’s investment and any capital contributions increased the carrying value of the Company’s investment.  On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluated its cost method investment in an unconsolidated joint venture for other-than-temporary impairments.  The fair value of a cost method investment was not estimated if there were no identified events or changes in circumstances that indicated a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. The Company did not record any impairment losses related to its unconsolidated real estate joint ventures accounted for under the cost method during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
In accordance with ASU No. 2016-01, the Company may elect to measure an equity investment without a readily determinable value that does not qualify for the practical expedient to estimate fair value using the net asset value per share, at its cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer.  The Company elected to measure its investment in the NIP Joint Venture (defined in Note 12) in accordance with the above guidance, applying it prospectively, and as of January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018, recorded its investment in the NIP Joint Venture at a cost basis of $3.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the Company did not identify any indicators of impairment related to its investment in the NIP Joint Venture. Distributions of income from the NIP Joint Venture are recognized in other income. Distributions that exceed the Company’s share of earnings are applied to reduce the carrying value of the Company’s investment and any capital contributions would increase the carrying value of the Company’s investment.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents may include cash and short-term investments. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value. There were no restrictions on the use of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
The Company’s cash and cash equivalents balance exceeded federally insurable limits as of December 31, 2018. The Company monitors the cash balances in its operating accounts and adjusts the cash balances as appropriate; however, these cash balances could be impacted if the underlying financial institutions fail or are subject to other adverse conditions in the financial markets. To date, the Company has experienced no loss or lack of access to cash in its operating accounts.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash is comprised of lender impound reserve accounts on the Company’s borrowings for security deposits, property taxes, insurance, debt service obligations and capital improvements and replacements.

F-15
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

Rents and Other Receivables
The Company periodically evaluates the collectibility of amounts due from tenants and maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of tenants to make required payments under lease agreements. In addition, the Company maintains an allowance for deferred rent receivable that arises from the straight-lining of rents. The Company exercises judgment in establishing these allowances and considers payment history and current credit status of its tenants in developing these estimates.
Deferred Financing Costs
Deferred financing costs represent commitment fees, loan fees, legal fees and other third-party costs associated with obtaining financing and are presented on the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the associated debt liability. These costs are amortized over the terms of the respective financing agreements using the effective interest method. Unamortized deferred financing costs are generally expensed when the associated debt is refinanced or repaid before maturity unless specific rules are met that would allow for the carryover of such costs to the refinanced debt. Deferred financing costs incurred before an associated debt liability is recognized are included in prepaid and other assets on the balance sheet. Costs incurred in seeking financing transactions that do not close are expensed in the period in which it is determined that the financing will not close.
Fair Value Measurements
Under GAAP, the Company is required to measure certain financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis. In addition, the Company is required to measure other non-financial and financial assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis (e.g., carrying value of impaired real estate loans receivable and long-lived assets). Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The GAAP fair value framework uses a three-tiered approach. Fair value measurements are classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:
•
Level 1: unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities;
•
Level 2: quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and
•
Level 3: prices or valuation techniques where little or no market data is available that requires inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.
When available, the Company utilizes quoted market prices from an independent third-party source to determine fair value and classifies such items in Level 1 or Level 2.
The Company would classify items as Level 3 in instances where the market for a financial instrument is not active, regardless of the availability of a nonbinding quoted market price, observable inputs might not be relevant and could require the Company to make a significant adjustment to derive a fair value measurement. Additionally, in an inactive market, a market price quoted from an independent third party may rely more on models with inputs based on information available only to that independent third party. When the Company determines that the market for a financial instrument owned by the Company is illiquid or when market transactions for similar instruments do not appear orderly, the Company uses several valuation sources (including internal valuations, discounted cash flow analysis and quoted market prices) and establishes a fair value by assigning weights to the various valuation sources. Additionally, when determining the fair value of liabilities in circumstances in which a quoted price in an active market for an identical liability is not available, the Company measures fair value using (i) a valuation technique that uses the quoted price of the identical liability when traded as an asset or quoted prices for similar liabilities when traded as assets or (ii) another valuation technique that is consistent with the principles of fair value measurement, such as the income approach or the market approach.
Changes in assumptions or estimation methodologies can have a material effect on these estimated fair values. In this regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

F-16
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

The Company considers the following factors to be indicators of an inactive market: (i) there are few recent transactions, (ii) price quotations are not based on current information, (iii) price quotations vary substantially either over time or among market makers (for example, some brokered markets), (iv) indexes that previously were highly correlated with the fair values of the asset or liability are demonstrably uncorrelated with recent indications of fair value for that asset or liability, (v) there is a significant increase in implied liquidity risk premiums, yields, or performance indicators (such as delinquency rates or loss severities) for observed transactions or quoted prices when compared with the Company’s estimate of expected cash flows, considering all available market data about credit and other nonperformance risk for the asset or liability, (vi) there is a wide bid-ask spread or significant increase in the bid-ask spread, (vii) there is a significant decline or absence of a market for new issuances (that is, a primary market) for the asset or liability or similar assets or liabilities, and (viii) little information is released publicly (for example, a principal-to-principal market).
The Company considers the following factors to be indicators of non-orderly transactions: (i) there was not adequate exposure to the market for a period before the measurement date to allow for marketing activities that are usual and customary for transactions involving such assets or liabilities under current market conditions, (ii) there was a usual and customary marketing period, but the seller marketed the asset or liability to a single market participant, (iii) the seller is in or near bankruptcy or receivership (that is, distressed), or the seller was required to sell to meet regulatory or legal requirements (that is, forced), and (iv) the transaction price is an outlier when compared with other recent transactions for the same or similar assets or liabilities.
Dividend Reinvestment Plan
The Company has adopted a dividend reinvestment plan (the “DRP”) through which future common stockholders may elect to reinvest an amount equal to the distributions declared on their shares in additional shares of the Company’s common stock in lieu of receiving cash distributions. On May 12, 2015, the Company’s board of directors adopted a fifth amended and restated dividend reinvestment plan (the “Fifth Amended DRP”).  Pursuant to the Fifth Amended DRP, shares may be purchased at a price equal to the estimated value per share most recently announced in a public filing.  There were no other changes to the Fifth Amended DRP, which became effective on July 1, 2015.
On December 8, 2015, the Company’s board of directors approved an estimated value per share of the Company’s common stock of $13.44 (unaudited) based on the estimated value of the Company’s assets less the estimated value of the Company’s liabilities, or net asset value, divided by the number of shares outstanding as of September 30, 2015. Commencing December 20, 2015, the purchase price per share under the DRP was $13.44.
On December 8, 2016, the Company’s board of directors approved an estimated value per share of the Company’s common stock of $14.81 (unaudited) based on the estimated value of the Company’s assets less the estimated value of the Company’s liabilities, or net asset value, divided by the number of shares outstanding as of September 30, 2016. Commencing  December 25, 2016, the purchase price per share under the DRP was $14.81.
On December 7, 2017, the Company’s board of directors approved an estimated value per share of the Company’s common stock of $11.50 (unaudited) based on the estimated value of the Company’s assets less the estimated value of the Company’s liabilities, or net asset value, divided by the number of shares outstanding as of September 30, 2017, after giving effect to the December 7, 2017 declaration of a special dividend of $3.61 per share on the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on December 7, 2017 and the results of a self-tender. Commencing December 23, 2017, the purchase price per share under the DRP was $11.50. The Company’s board of directors has determined that any portion of the special dividend that was paid in cash in January 2018 would not be used to purchase additional shares under the dividend reinvestment plan. No selling commissions or dealer manager fees will be paid on shares sold under the DRP.
On November 12, 2018, the Company’s board of directors approved an estimated value per share of the Company’s common stock of $9.91 (unaudited) based on the estimated value of the Company’s assets less the estimated value of the Company’s liabilities, or net asset value, divided by the number of shares outstanding as of September 30, 2018, after giving effect to the November 12, 2018 declaration of a special dividend of $2.95 per share on the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on November 12, 2018. Commencing November 25, 2018, the purchase price per share under the DRP was $9.91. The Company’s board of directors has determined that any portion of the special dividend that was paid in cash in December 2018 would not be used to purchase additional shares under the dividend reinvestment plan. No selling commissions or dealer manager fees will be paid on shares sold under the DRP.

F-17
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

Redeemable Common Stock
The Company has adopted a share redemption program that may enable stockholders to sell their shares to the Company in limited circumstances.
Pursuant to the share redemption program there are several limitations on the Company’s ability to redeem shares:
•
Unless the shares are being redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence” (each as defined under the share redemption program), the Company may not redeem shares until the stockholder has held the shares for one year.
•
During any calendar year, the Company may redeem no more than 5% of the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the prior calendar year.
•
The Company has no obligation to redeem shares if the redemption would violate the restrictions on distributions under Maryland law, which prohibits distributions that would cause a corporation to fail to meet statutory tests of solvency.
During 2019:
•
The Company may redeem no more than $2.0 million of shares in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.”
•
The Company may redeem no more than $2.0 million of shares per fiscal quarter, excluding shares redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.” To the extent any of such capacity is unused in a fiscal quarter, it will be carried over to the next fiscal quarter for redemption of shares excluding shares redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.”  In addition, to the extent extra capacity from the bullet above is available with respect to redemptions in the last month of 2019, such capacity will be made available for redemption of shares other than in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.”
After 2019:
•
During any calendar year, the Company may redeem only the number of shares that the Company can purchase with the amount of net proceeds from the sale of shares under the its dividend reinvestment plan during the prior calendar year; provided, however, that this limit may be increased or decreased by us upon ten business days’ notice to the Company’s stockholders. To the extent that the Company redeems less than the number of shares that the Company can purchase in any calendar year with the amount of net proceeds from the sale of shares under the Company’s dividend reinvestment plan during the prior calendar year plus any additional funds approved by the Company, such excess capacity to redeem shares during any calendar year shall be added to the Company’s capacity to otherwise redeem shares during the subsequent calendar year. Furthermore, during any calendar year, once the Company has received requests for redemptions, whether in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability or “determination of incompetence”, or otherwise, that if honored, and when combined with all prior redemptions made during the calendar year, would result in the amount of remaining funds available for the redemption of additional shares in such calendar year being $1.0 million or less, the last $1.0 million of available funds shall be reserved exclusively for shares being redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability or “determination of incompetence.” To the extent that, in the last month of any calendar year, the amount of redemption requests in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability or “determination of incompetence” is less than the amount of available funds reserved for such redemptions in accordance with the previous sentence, any excess funds may be used to redeem shares not in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability or “determination of incompetence” during such month.

F-18
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

•
The Company may not redeem more than $3.0 million of shares in a given quarter (excluding shares redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence”). To the extent that, in a given fiscal quarter, the Company redeems less than the sum of (a) $3.0 million of shares (excluding shares redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence”) and (b) any excess capacity carried over to such fiscal quarter from a prior fiscal quarter as described below, any remaining excess capacity to redeem shares in such fiscal quarter will be added to our capacity to otherwise redeem shares (excluding shares redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence”) during succeeding fiscal quarter. The Company may increase or decrease this limit upon ten business days’ notice to stockholders.
Effective December 30, 2016, pursuant to the tenth amended and restated share redemption program, except for redemptions made upon a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence”, the price at which the Company began to redeem shares is 95% of the Company’s most recent estimated value per share as of the applicable redemption date.  Upon the death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence” of a stockholder, the redemption price continued to be equal to the Company’s most recent estimated value per share.
The Company’s board of directors may amend, suspend or terminate the share redemption program with ten business days’ notice to its stockholders. The Company may provide this notice by including such information in a Current Report on Form 8-K or in the Company’s annual or quarterly reports, all publicly filed with the SEC, or by a separate mailing to its stockholders.
In anticipation of a self-tender offer in order to make liquidity available to stockholders in excess of that permitted under the share redemption program, on March 14, 2018, the Company’s board of directors approved a temporary suspension of the share redemption program starting with the March 2018 redemption period, including any unsatisfied requests from prior redemption periods. In connection with its approval of the Self-Tender (defined below), the Company’s board of directors approved the reopening of the share redemption program for the June 2018 redemption period, meaning no redemptions were made in March, April or May 2018 (including those requested following a stockholder’s death, qualifying disability or determination of incompetence). The Company cancelled all outstanding redemption requests under the share redemption program and did not accept any redemption requests under the share redemption program during the term of the Self-Tender.
On April 23, 2018, the Company commenced a self-tender offer (the “Self-Tender”) for up to 8,234,217 shares of common stock at a price of $10.93 per share, or approximately $90.0 million of shares. The Company increased the number of shares accepted for payment in the Self-Tender by up to 1,294,910 shares at a price of $10.93 per share, or approximately $14.1 million of shares. On June 1, 2018, the Company accepted for purchase 9,527,724 shares at a purchase price of $10.93 per share, or approximately $104.1 million of shares, excluding fees and expenses related to the Self-Tender.
The Company records amounts that are redeemable under the share redemption program as redeemable common stock in its consolidated balance sheets because the shares will be mandatorily redeemable at the option of the holder and therefore their redemption will be outside the control of the Company. However, because the amounts that can be redeemed will be determinable and only contingent on an event that is likely to occur (e.g., the passage of time), the Company presents the net proceeds from the current year and prior year DRP, net of current year redemptions, as redeemable common stock in its consolidated balance sheets.
The Company classifies as liabilities financial instruments that represent a mandatory obligation of the Company to redeem shares. The Company’s redeemable common shares are contingently redeemable at the option of the holder. When the Company determines it has a mandatory obligation to repurchase shares under the share redemption program, it will reclassify such obligations from temporary equity to a liability based upon their respective settlement values.

F-19
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

The Company limits the dollar value of shares that may be redeemed under the program as described above. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company had redeemed $19.1 million of common stock, of which $4.4 million relates to delayed December 2017 redemptions, under the share redemption program. The Company processed all redemption requests received in good order and eligible for redemption through the December 2018 redemption date, except for 2,199,077 shares totaling $20.7 million due to the limitations described above. The Company recorded $10.0 million and $8.6 million of redeemable common stock payable on the Company’s balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to unfulfilled redemption requests received in good order under the share redemption program. Based on the eleventh amended and restated share redemption program, the Company has $10.0 million available for redemptions during 2019, including shares that are redeemed in connection with a stockholders’ death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence,” subject to the limitations described above.
In addition to the redemptions under the program described above, during the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased an additional 33,163 shares of common stock at $10.93 per share for an aggregate price of $0.4 million.
Related Party Transactions
Pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, the Company is obligated to pay the Advisor specified fees upon the provision of certain services related to the investment of funds in real estate and real estate-related investments, management of the Company’s investments and for other services (including, but not limited to, the disposition of investments). The Company is or was obligated to reimburse the Advisor for acquisition and origination expenses and certain operating expenses incurred on behalf of the Company or incurred in connection with providing services to the Company. In addition, the Advisor is entitled to certain other fees, including an incentive fee upon achieving certain performance goals, as detailed in the Advisory Agreement. See note 11, “Related Party Transactions.”
The Company records all related party fees as incurred, subject to any limitations described in the Advisory Agreement. The Company had not incurred any subordinated participation in net cash flows or subordinated incentive listing fees payable to the Advisor through December 31, 2018.
Acquisition and Origination Fees
The Company pays the Advisor an acquisition and origination fee equal to 1% of the cost of investments acquired, or the amount funded by the Company to acquire or originate mortgage, mezzanine, bridge or other loans, including any acquisition and origination expenses related to such investments and any debt attributable to such investments.
Asset Management Fee
With respect to investments in loans and any investments other than real estate, the Company pays the Advisor a monthly fee calculated, each month, as one-twelfth of 0.75% of the lesser of (i) the amount paid or allocated to acquire or fund the loan or other investment, inclusive of acquisition and origination fees and expenses related thereto and the amount of any debt associated with or used to acquire or fund such investment and (ii) the outstanding principal amount of such loan or other investment, plus the acquisition and origination fees and expenses related to the acquisition or funding of such investment, as of the time of calculation.
With respect to investments in real estate, the Company pays the Advisor a monthly asset management fee equal to one-twelfth of 0.75% of the amount paid or allocated to acquire the investment, including the cost of subsequent capital improvements, inclusive of acquisition fees and expenses related thereto and the amount of any debt associated with or used to acquire such investment.
In the case of investments made through joint ventures, the asset management fee is determined based on the Company’s proportionate share of the underlying investment, inclusive of the Company’s proportionate share of any fees and expenses related thereto.
Disposition Fee
For substantial assistance in connection with the sale of properties or other investments, the Company pays the Advisor or its affiliates 1.0% of the contract sales price of each property or other investment sold; provided, however, in no event may the disposition fees paid to the Advisor, its affiliates and unaffiliated third parties exceed 6.0% of the contract sales price.

F-20
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

Foreign Currency Transactions
The U.S. Dollar is the Company’s functional currency.  Transactions denominated in currency other than the Company’s functional currency are recorded upon initial recognition at the exchange rate on the date of the transaction. After initial recognition, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are remeasured at each reporting date into the foreign currency at the exchange rate on that date. Exchange rate differences, other than those accounted for as hedging transactions, are recognized as foreign currency transaction gain or loss included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.  
Derivative Instruments
The Company enters into derivative instruments for risk management purposes to hedge its exposure to cash flow variability caused by changing interest rates on its variable rate notes payable and enters into derivative instruments such as cross currency swaps, forward contracts, puts or calls for risk management purposes to hedge its exposure to variability in foreign currency exchange rates of the Israeli new Shekel versus the U.S. Dollar.  The Company records these derivative instruments at fair value on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Derivative instruments designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows or other types of forecasted transactions are considered cash flow hedges. The change in fair value of the effective portion of a derivative instrument that is designated as a cash flow hedge is recorded as other comprehensive income (loss) on the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) and consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity. The changes in fair value for derivative instruments that are not designated as a hedge or that do not meet the hedge accounting criteria are recorded as gain or loss on derivative instruments and included in earnings in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Income Taxes
The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of the Company’s annual REIT taxable income to its stockholders (which is computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP). As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax to the extent it distributes qualifying dividends to its stockholders. The Company conducts certain business activities through taxable REIT subsidiaries. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to federal income tax on its taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates and generally will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification is lost unless the Internal Revenue Service grants the Company relief under certain statutory provisions. Such an event could materially and adversely affect the Company’s net income and net cash available for distribution to stockholders. However, the Company intends to organize and operate in such a manner as to qualify for treatment as a REIT.
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective income tax bases, and for net operating loss, capital loss and tax credit carryforwards. The deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted income tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be realized or settled. The effect on the deferred tax assets and liabilities from a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period when the new rate is enacted. However, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is more likely than not that they will be realized based on consideration of all available evidence, including the future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, future projected taxable income and tax planning strategies. Valuation allowances are provided if, based upon the weight of the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
The Company has concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in its financial statements. Neither the Company nor its subsidiaries have been assessed interest or penalties by any major tax jurisdictions. The Company’s evaluations were performed for all open tax years through December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, returns for the calendar year 2014 through 2017 remain subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions.

F-21
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

Segments
The Company has invested in non-performing loans, opportunistic real estate and other real estate-related assets. In general, the Company intends to hold its investments in opportunistic real estate, non-performing loans and other real estate-related assets for capital appreciation. Traditional performance metrics of non-performing loans, opportunistic real estate and other real estate-related assets may not be meaningful as these investments are generally non-stabilized and do not provide a consistent stream of interest income or rental revenue. These investments exhibit similar long-term financial performance and have similar economic characteristics. These investments typically involve a higher degree of risk and do not provide a constant stream of ongoing cash flows. As a result, the Company’s management views opportunistic real estate, non-performing loans and other real estate-related assets as similar investments. Substantially all of its revenue and net income (loss) is from non-performing loans, opportunistic real estate and other real estate-related assets, and therefore, the Company currently aggregates its operating segments into one reportable business segment.
Per Share Data
Basic net income (loss) per share of common stock is calculated by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding during such period. Diluted net income (loss) per share of common stock equals basic net income (loss) per share of common stock as there were no potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Distributions declared per share were $3.00, $3.89 and $0.38 during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Square Footage, Occupancy and Other Measures
Square footage, occupancy, number of tenants and other measures including annualized base rents and annualized base rents per square foot used to describe real estate and real-estate related investments included in these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are presented on an unaudited basis.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards Updates
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU No. 2016-02”). The amendments in ASU No. 2016-02 change the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets and making targeted changes to lessor accounting. ASU No. 2016-02 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 as of its issuance is permitted. ASU No. 2016-02 requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. Upon its adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 on January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the package of practical expedients for all leases that commenced before the effective date of January 1, 2019. Accordingly, the Company 1) did not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, 2) did not reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing lease, and 3) did not reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. The Company did not elect the practical expedient related to using hindsight to reevaluate the lease term. In addition, the Company adopted the practical expedient for land easements and did not assess whether existing or expired land easements that were not previously accounted for as leases under the current lease accounting standards of Topic 840 are or contain a lease under Topic 842.

F-22
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842), Targeted Improvements (“ASU No. 2018-11”), which provides lessors with a practical expedient, by class of underlying asset, to not separate nonlease components from the associated lease component and, instead to account for those components as a single component if the nonlease components otherwise would be accounted for under the new revenue recognition standard (Topic 606) and if certain conditions are met. Upon its adoption of the lease accounting standard under Topic 842, the Company adopted this practical expedient, specifically related to its tenant reimbursements for common area maintenance which would otherwise be accounted for under the revenue recognition standard. The Company believes the two conditions have been met for tenant reimbursements for common area maintenance as 1) the timing and pattern of transfer of the nonlease components and associated lease components are the same and 2) the lease component would be classified as an operating lease. Accordingly, tenant reimbursements for common area maintenance will be accounted for as rental income on the Company’s statement of operations beginning January 1, 2019. In addition, ASU No. 2018-11, provides an additional optional transition method to allow entities to apply the new lease accounting standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. An entity’s reporting for the comparative periods presented in the financial statements in which it adopts the new lease accounting standard will continue to be reported under the current lease accounting standards of Topic 840. The Company adopted this transition method upon its adoption of the lease accounting standard of Topic 842, which did not result in a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings on January 1, 2019.
In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-20, Leases (Topic 842), Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors (“ASU No. 2018-20”), which permits lessors, as an accounting policy election, to not evaluate whether certain sales taxes and other similar taxes are lessor costs or lessee costs and instead to account for these costs as if they were lessee costs. In addition, ASU No. 2018-20 requires lessors to 1) exclude lessor costs paid directly by lessees to third parties on the lessor’s behalf from variable payments and 2) include lessor costs that are reimbursed by the lessee in the measurement of variable lease revenue and the associated expense. The amendments also clarify that lessors are required to allocate the variable payments to the lease and non-lease components and follow the recognition guidance in Topic 842 for the lease component and other applicable guidance, such as ASC 606, for the non-lease component. The Company made the accounting policy election related to sales taxes upon adoption of the lease accounting standard of Topic 842 on January 1, 2019.
The Company created an inventory of its leases where the Company may be a lessee to assess the potential impact to the Company’s financial statements. The adoption of the new lease accounting standard did not have a material impact to the Company’s financial statements on January 1, 2019. Beginning January 1, 2019, the Company, as a lessor, will record legal costs incurred to negotiate an operating lease as an expense, classified as operating, maintenance, and management on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations, as these costs are no longer capitalizable under the definition of initial direct costs under Topic 842. In addition, the Company will account for new leases, including modifications of existing leases, entered into on and after January 1, 2019 under the new lease accounting standard under Topic 842 and follow the related presentation and disclosure requirements for reporting periods subsequent to January 1, 2019.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses of Financial Instruments (“ASU No. 2016-13”).  ASU No. 2016-13 affects entities holding financial assets and net investments in leases that are not accounted for at fair value through net income.  The amendments in ASU No. 2016-13 require a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected.  The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset(s) to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset.  ASU No. 2016-13 also amends the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities.  An entity will recognize an allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities as a contra-account to the amortized cost basis rather than as a direct reduction of the amortized cost basis of the investment, as is currently required. ASU No. 2016-13 also requires new disclosures.  For financial assets measured at amortized cost, an entity will be required to disclose information about how it developed its allowance for credit losses, including changes in the factors that influenced management’s estimate of expected credit losses and the reasons for those changes.  For financing receivables and net investments in leases measured at amortized cost, an entity will be required to further disaggregate the information it currently discloses about the credit quality of these assets by year of the asset’s origination for as many as five annual periods. For available-for-sale debt securities, an entity will be required to provide a roll-forward of the allowance for credit losses and an aging analysis for securities that are past due.  ASU No. 2016-13 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years.  Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years.  The Company is still evaluating the impact of adopting ASU No. 2016-13 on its financial statements.

F-23
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, which clarified that receivables from operating leases are not within the scope of Topic 326 and instead, impairment of receivables arising from operating leases should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 842. 
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820):  Disclosure Framework -Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU No. 2018-13”).  The primary focus of ASU 2018-13 is to improve the effectiveness of the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. ASU No. 2018-13 removes the requirement to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the policy for the timing of transfers between levels and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. It also adds a requirement to disclose changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period and to disclose the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop recurring and nonrecurring Level 3 fair value measurements. For certain unobservable inputs, entities may disclose other quantitative information in lieu of the weighted average if the other quantitative information would be a more reasonable and rational method to reflect the distribution of unobservable inputs used to develop the Level 3 fair value measurement.  In addition, public entities are required to provide information about the measurement uncertainty of recurring Level 3 fair value measurements from the use of significant unobservable inputs if those inputs reasonably could have been different at the reporting date. ASU No. 2018-13 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Entities are permitted to early adopt either the entire standard or only the provisions that eliminate or modify the requirements. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. The Company is still evaluating the impact of adopting ASU No. 2018-13 on its financial statements, but does not expect the adoption of ASU No. 2018-13 to have a material impact on its financial statements.
3.
REAL ESTATE HELD FOR INVESTMENT
As of December 31, 2018, the Company owned six office properties, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 14 acres of undeveloped land and one retail property encompassing, in the aggregate, approximately 3.0 million rentable square feet. As of December 31, 2018, these properties were 74% occupied. In addition, the Company owned one apartment property containing 317 units and encompassing approximately 0.3 million rentable square feet, which was 95% occupied. The Company also owned three investments in undeveloped land with approximately 1,000 developable acres. The following table summarizes the Company’s real estate held for investment as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively (in thousands):
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Land
 
$
148,880

 
$
110,102

Buildings and improvements
 
515,705

 
245,723

Tenant origination and absorption costs
 
31,584

 
15,962

Total real estate, cost
 
696,169

 
371,787

Accumulated depreciation and amortization
 
(46,301
)
 
(25,614
)
Total real estate, net
 
$
649,868

 
$
346,173


F-24
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

The following table provides summary information regarding the Company’s real estate held for investment as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):
Property
 
Date Acquired or Foreclosed on
 
City
 
State
 
Property Type
 
Land
 
Building
and Improvements
 
Tenant Origination and Absorption
 
Total Real Estate,
at Cost
 
Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization
 
Total Real Estate, Net
 
Ownership %
Richardson Portfolio:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Palisades Central I
 
11/23/2011
 
Richardson
 
TX
 
Office
 
1,037

 
10,896

 
—

 
11,933

 
(2,796
)
 
9,137

 
90.0%
Palisades Central II
 
11/23/2011
 
Richardson
 
TX
 
Office
 
810

 
18,370

 
—

 
19,180

 
(4,352
)
 
14,828

 
90.0%
Greenway I
 
11/23/2011
 
Richardson
 
TX
 
Office
 
561

 
2,136

 
—

 
2,697

 
(745
)
 
1,952

 
90.0%
Greenway III
 
11/23/2011
 
Richardson
 
TX
 
Office
 
702

 
3,688

 
114

 
4,504

 
(1,209
)
 
3,295

 
90.0%
Undeveloped Land
 
11/23/2011
 
Richardson
 
TX
 
Undeveloped Land
 
3,134

 
—

 
—

 
3,134

 
—

 
3,134

 
90.0%
Total Richardson Portfolio
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6,244

 
35,090

 
114

 
41,448

 
(9,102
)
 
32,346

 
 
Park Highlands (1)
 
12/30/2011
 
North Las Vegas
 
NV
 
Undeveloped Land
 
30,603

 
—

 
—

 
30,603

 
—

 
30,603

 
100.0% (1)
Burbank Collection
 
12/12/2012
 
Burbank
 
CA
 
Retail
 
4,175

 
12,322

 
363

 
16,860

 
(2,559
)
 
14,301

 
90.0%
Park Centre
 
03/28/2013
 
Austin
 
TX
 
Office
 
3,251

 
28,038

 
—

 
31,289

 
(4,656
)
 
26,633

 
100.0%
1180 Raymond
 
08/20/2013
 
Newark
 
NJ
 
Apartment
 
8,292

 
38,606

 
—

 
46,898

 
(6,618
)
 
40,280

 
100.0%
Park Highlands II (1)
 
12/10/2013
 
North Las Vegas
 
NV
 
Undeveloped Land
 
25,834

 
—

 
—

 
25,834

 
—

 
25,834

 
100.0% (1)
Richardson Land II
 
09/04/2014
 
Richardson
 
TX
 
Undeveloped Land
 
3,418

 
—

 
—

 
3,418

 
—

 
3,418

 
90.0%
Crown Pointe
 
02/14/2017
 
Dunwoody
 
GA
 
Office
 
22,590

 
65,110

 
5,342

 
93,042

 
(7,653
)
 
85,389

 
100.0%
125 John Carpenter
 
09/15/2017
 
Irving
 
TX
 
Office
 
2,755

 
76,779

 
8,749

 
88,283

 
(5,690
)
 
82,593

 
100.0%
Marquette Plaza
 
03/01/2018
 
Minneapolis
 
MN
 
Office
 
10,387

 
74,676

 
4,271

 
89,334

 
(2,902
)
 
86,432

 
100.0%
City Tower
 
03/06/2018
 
Orange
 
CA
 
Office
 
13,930

 
130,895

 
7,959

 
152,784

 
(5,469
)
 
147,315

 
100.0%
Eight & Nine Corporate Centre
 
06/08/2018
 
Franklin
 
TN
 
Office
 
17,401

 
54,189

 
4,786

 
76,376

 
(1,652
)
 
74,724

 
100.0%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
148,880

 
$
515,705

 
$
31,584

 
$
696,169

 
$
(46,301
)
 
$
649,868

 
 
_____________________
(1) The Company owns 100% of the common members’ equity of Park Highlands and Park Highlands II. On September 7, 2016, a subsidiary of the Company that owns a portion of Park Highlands and Park Highlands II sold 820 units of 10% Class A non-voting preferred membership units for $0.8 million to accredited investors. The amount of the Class A non-voting preferred membership units raised, net of offering costs, is included in other liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Operating Leases
Certain of the Company’s real estate properties are leased to tenants under operating leases for which the terms and expirations vary. As of December 31, 2018, the leases, excluding options to extend and apartment leases, which have terms that are generally one year or less, had remaining terms of up to 13.4 years with a weighted-average remaining term of 4.9 years. Some of the leases have provisions to extend the lease agreements, options for early termination after paying a specified penalty and other terms and conditions as negotiated. The Company retains substantially all of the risks and benefits of ownership of the real estate assets leased to tenants. Generally, upon the execution of a lease, the Company requires a security deposit from tenants in the form of a cash deposit and/or a letter of credit. The amount required as a security deposit varies depending upon the terms of the respective leases and the creditworthiness of the tenant, but generally are not significant amounts. Therefore, exposure to credit risk exists to the extent that a receivable from a tenant exceeds the amount of its security deposit. Security deposits received in cash and assumed in real estate acquisitions related to tenant leases are included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and totaled $3.7 million and $4.3 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

F-25
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recognized deferred rent from tenants of $4.7 million, $2.4 million and $3.1 million, respectively, net of lease incentive amortization. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the cumulative deferred rent receivable balance, including unamortized lease incentive receivables, was $9.8 million and $5.0 million, respectively, and is included in rents and other receivables on the accompanying balance sheets. The cumulative deferred rent balance included $1.3 million and $0.6 million of unamortized lease incentives as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
As of December 31, 2018, the future minimum rental income from the Company’s properties, excluding apartment leases, under non-cancelable operating leases was as follows (in thousands):
2019
$
52,261

2020
50,946

2021
46,439

2022
40,071

2023
34,839

Thereafter
104,476

 
$
329,032

As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s commercial real estate properties were leased to approximately 250 tenants over a diverse range of industries and geographic areas. The Company’s highest tenant industry concentrations (greater than 10% of annualized base rent) were as follows:
Industry
 
Number of Tenants
 
Annualized Base Rent (1) 
(in thousands)
 
Percentage of
Annualized Base Rent
Health Care and Social Services
 
16
 
$
6,716

 
12.1
%
Insurance
 
21
 
5,997

 
10.8
%
 
 
 
 
$
12,713

 
22.9
%
_____________________
(1) Annualized base rent represents annualized contractual base rental income as of December 31, 2018, adjusted to straight-line any contractual tenant concessions (including free rent), rent increases and rent decreases from the lease’s inception through the balance of the lease term.
No other tenant industries accounted for more than 10% of annualized base rent. No material tenant credit issues have been identified at this time.
Geographic Concentration Risk
As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s real estate investments in California and Texas represented 16.1% and 14.4%, respectively, of the Company’s total assets.  As a result, the geographic concentration of the Company’s portfolio makes it particularly susceptible to adverse economic developments in the California and Texas real estate markets.  Any adverse economic or real estate developments in these markets, such as business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, relocations of businesses, changing demographics and other factors, or any decrease in demand for office space resulting from the local business climate, could adversely affect the Company’s operating results and its ability to make distributions to stockholders.

F-26
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

Recent Real Estate Acquisitions
Marquette Plaza
On March 1, 2018, the Company, through an indirect wholly owned subsidiary, acquired an office property containing 522,656 rentable square feet located on 2.5 acres of land in Minneapolis, Minnesota (“Marquette Plaza”). The seller is not affiliated with the Company or the Advisor. The purchase price (net of closing credits) of Marquette Plaza was $88.3 million plus $1.1 million of capitalized acquisition costs. The Company recorded this acquisition as an asset acquisition and recorded $10.4 million to land, $71.4 million to building and improvements, $4.5 million to tenant origination and absorption costs, $3.7 million to above-market lease assets and $0.6 million to below-market lease liabilities. The intangible assets and liabilities acquired in connection with this acquisition have weighted-average amortization periods as of the date of acquisition of 6.6 years for tenant origination and absorption costs, 11.7 years for above-market lease assets and 2.4 years for below-market lease liabilities.
City Tower
On March 6, 2018, the Company, through an indirect wholly owned subsidiary, acquired an office building containing 431,007 rentable square feet located on approximately 4.9 acres of land in Orange, California (“City Tower”). The seller is not affiliated with the Company or the Advisor. The purchase price (net of closing credits) of City Tower was $147.1 million plus $1.6 million of capitalized acquisition costs. The Company recorded this acquisition as an asset acquisition and recorded $13.9 million to land, $127.9 million to building and improvements, $8.1 million to tenant origination and absorption costs and $1.2 million to below-market lease liabilities. The intangible assets and liabilities acquired in connection with this acquisition have weighted-average amortization periods as of the date of acquisition of 5.2 years for tenant origination and absorption costs and 6.6 years for below-market lease liabilities.
Eight & Nine Corporate Centre
On June 8, 2018, the Company, through an indirect wholly owned subsidiary, acquired an office building consisting of two buildings containing an aggregate of 311,864 rentable square feet located on approximately 27.6 acres of land in Franklin, Tennessee (“Eight & Nine Corporate Centre”). The seller is not affiliated with the Company or the Advisor. The purchase price (net of closing credits) of Eight & Nine Corporate Centre was $73.0 million plus $1.2 million of capitalized acquisition costs. The Company recorded this acquisition as an asset acquisition and recorded $17.4 million to land, $54.0 million to building and improvements, $4.8 million to tenant origination and absorption costs and $2.0 million to below-market lease liabilities. The intangible assets and liabilities acquired in connection with this acquisition have weighted-average amortization periods as of the date of acquisition of 6.4 years for tenant origination and absorption costs and 7.4 years for below-market lease liabilities.
Recent Real Estate Land Sales
Park Highlands
On February 28, 2018, the Company sold approximately 26 developable acres of Park Highlands undeveloped land for an aggregate sales price, net of closing credits, of $2.5 million, excluding closing costs. The purchasers are not affiliated with the Company or the Advisor. The Company recognized a gain on sale of $0.7 million related to the land sale, which is net of deferred profit of $0.3 million related to proceeds received from the purchaser for the value of land that was contributed to a master association which is consolidated by the Company. 
On July 2, 2018, the Company sold approximately 83 developable acres of Park Highlands undeveloped land for an aggregate sales price, net of closing credits, of $18.7 million, excluding closing costs. The purchaser is not affiliated with the Company or the Advisor. The Company recognized a gain on sale of $12.6 million related to the land sale, which is net of deferred profit of $1.1 million related to proceeds received from the purchaser for the value of land that was contributed to a master association which is consolidated by the Company. 
On October 16, 2018, the Company sold approximately 15 developable acres of Park Highlands undeveloped land for an aggregate sales price of $3.5 million, excluding closing costs. The purchaser is not affiliated with the Company or the Advisor. The Company recognized a gain on sale of $2.8 million related to the land sale. 

F-27
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

4.
TENANT ORIGINATION AND ABSORPTION COSTS, ABOVE-MARKET LEASE ASSETS AND BELOW-MARKET LEASE LIABILITIES
As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company’s tenant origination and absorption costs, above-market lease assets and below-market lease liabilities (excluding fully amortized assets and liabilities and accumulated amortization) were as follows (in thousands):
 
 
Tenant Origination and
Absorption Costs
 
Above-Market
Lease Assets
 
Below-Market
Lease Liabilities
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Cost
 
$
31,584

 
$
15,962

 
$
3,714

 
$
—

 
$
(6,653
)
 
$
(3,178
)
Accumulated Amortization
 
(7,421
)
 
(2,833
)
 
(337
)
 
—

 
1,648

 
596

Net Amount
 
$
24,163

 
$
13,129

 
$
3,377

 
$
—

 
$
(5,005
)
 
$
(2,582
)
Increases (decreases) in net income as a result of amortization of the Company’s tenant origination and absorption costs, above-market lease assets and below-market lease liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows (in thousands):
 
 
Tenant Origination and
Absorption Costs
 
Above-Market
Lease Assets
 
Below-Market
Lease Liabilities
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Amortization
 
$
(7,895
)
 
$
(10,265
)
 
$
(10,850
)
 
$
(361
)
 
$
(283
)
 
$
(459
)
 
$
1,513

 
$
2,858

 
$
2,789

The remaining unamortized balance for these outstanding intangible assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2018 will be amortized for the years ending December 31 as follows (in thousands):
 
 
Tenant Origination and
Absorption Costs
 
Above-Market
Lease Assets
 
Below-Market
Lease Liabilities
2019
 
$
(6,133
)
 
$
(404
)
 
$
1,315

2020
 
(5,048
)
 
(314
)
 
1,013

2021
 
(4,031
)
 
(297
)
 
611

2022
 
(2,784
)
 
(297
)
 
548

2023
 
(1,904
)
 
(297
)
 
510

Thereafter
 
(4,263
)
 
(1,768
)
 
1,008

 
 
$
(24,163
)
 
$
(3,377
)
 
$
5,005

Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period
 
5.5 years
 
11.1 years
 
5.6 years
Additionally, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had recorded tax abatement intangible assets, net of amortization, on real estate held for investment, which are included in prepaid expenses and other assets in the accompanying balance sheets, of $1.6 million and $2.2 million, respectively. Also, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had recorded tax abatement intangible assets, net of amortization, on real estate held for sale, which are included in assets related to real estate held for sale, net in the accompanying balance sheets, of $2.7 million and $3.1 million, respectively. During each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded amortization expense of $1.0 million related to tax abatement intangible assets. 

F-28
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

5.
REAL ESTATE EQUITY SECURITIES
As of December 31, 2018, the Company owned three investments in real estate equity securities. The following table sets forth the number of shares owned by the Company and the related carrying value of the shares as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Real Estate Equity Security
 
Number of Shares Owned
 
Total Carrying Value
 
Number of Shares Owned
 
Total Carrying Value
Whitestone REIT
 
1,781,894

 
$
21,846

 
3,603,189

 
$
51,922

Keppel-KBS US REIT
 
56,979,352

 
34,757

 
43,999,500

 
38,141

Franklin Street Properties Corp.
 
2,772,529

 
17,273

 
—

 
—

 
 
61,533,775

 
$
73,876

 
47,602,689

 
$
90,063

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company purchased 2,772,529 shares of common stock of Franklin Street Properties Corp. (NYSE Ticker: FSP) for an aggregate purchase price of $22.3 million.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company purchased 165,000 shares of common stock of Whitestone REIT (NYSE Ticker: WSR) for an aggregate purchase price of $1.9 million. Also during the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company sold 1,986,295 shares of common stock of Whitestone REIT for an aggregate sale price of $27.8 million.
On November 8, 2017, the Company acquired 43,999,500 shares of common units of Keppel-KBS US REIT (SGX Ticker: CMOU) in connection with the sale of 11 properties to various subsidiaries of Keppel-KBS US REIT (the “SREIT”). The Company agreed not to sell, transfer or assign 21,999,750 units of the SREIT issued to the Company at closing of the transaction until May 8, 2018 and the remaining 21,999,750 units until November 8, 2018 (the “Unit Lockout Periods”). As of December 31, 2017, the Company recorded a lack of marketability discount of $1.7 million as a result of the Unit Lockout Periods. As of December 31, 2018, the Unit Lockout Periods had expired and, accordingly, no discount was recorded.
On November 26, 2018, the Company acquired an additional 12,979,852 common units of the SREIT for $6.5 million in connection with the sale of the Westpark Portfolio to a wholly owned subsidiary of the SREIT. See note 7, “Real Estate Dispositions” for a further discussion on the Company’s sale of the Westpark Portfolio.
The following summarizes the portion of gain and loss for the period related to real estate equity securities held during the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands): 
Net loss recognized during the period on real estate equity securities
 
$
(19,010
)
Less: Net loss recognized during the period on real estate equity securities sold during the period
 
(837
)
Unrealized loss recognized during the reporting period on real estate equity securities still held at December 31, 2018
 
$
(18,173
)
During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recognized $6.0 million and $2.5 million, respectively, of dividend income from real estate equity securities.

F-29
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

6.
REAL ESTATE DEBT SECURITIES
As of December 31, 2018, the Company owned an investment in real estate debt securities. The Company’s investment in real estate debt securities is classified as held to maturity, as the Company has the intent and ability to hold its investment until maturity, and it is not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell its investment before recovery of the Company’s amortized cost basis. The information for those real estate debt securities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 is set forth below (in thousands):
Debt Securities Name
 
Date Acquired
 
Debt Securities Type
 
Outstanding Principal Balance as of
December 31, 2018 (1)
 
Book Value as of
December 31, 2018 (2)
 
Book Value as of
December 31, 2017
 
Contractual Interest Rate (3)
 
Annualized Effective
Interest Rate (3)
 
Maturity Date
Battery Point Series B Preferred Units
 
10/28/2016 /
03/30/2017 /
05/12/2017
 
Series B Preferred Units
 
$
13,000

 
$
10,859

 
$
17,751

 
12.0
%
 
11.4
%
 
10/28/2019
_____________________
(1) Outstanding principal balance as of December 31, 2018 represents principal balance outstanding under the real estate debt securities. On October 31, 2018, the Company received a partial principal prepayment of the real estate debt securities in the amount of $4.5 million.
(2) Book value of the real estate debt securities represents outstanding principal balance adjusted for unamortized acquisition discounts, origination fees and direct origination and acquisition costs, additional interest accretion and other-than-temporary impairment.
(3) Contractual interest rate is the stated interest rate on the face of the real estate debt securities.  Annualized effective interest rate is calculated as the actual interest income recognized in 2018, using the interest method, annualized (if applicable) and divided by the average amortized cost basis of the investment.  The annualized effective interest rate and contractual interest rate presented are as of December 31, 2018.
The following summarizes the activity related to real estate debt securities for the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands): 
Real estate debt securities - December 31, 2017
 
$
17,751

Principal repayment
 
(4,500
)
Deferred interest receivable and interest accretion
 
59

Accretion of commitment fee, net of closing costs
 
49

Other-than-temporary impairment
 
(2,500
)
Real estate debt securities - December 31, 2018
 
$
10,859

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, interest income from real estate debt securities consisted of the following (in thousands):
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Contractual interest income
 
$
1,910

 
$
1,217

 
$
63

Interest accretion
 
59

 
315

 
30

Accretion of commitment fee, net of closing costs and acquisition fee
 
49

 
250

 
17

Interest income from real estate debt securities
 
$
2,018

 
$
1,782

 
$
110

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded an other-than-temporary impairment loss of $2.5 million related to its investment in real estate debt securities as the Company does not believe it is probable that the Company will collect 100% of the contractual cash flows due under the original terms as the issuer under the debt securities is experiencing deteriorating operating performance.  The amount of other-than temporary impairment was measured by comparing the amortized cost of the real estate debt securities to the expected cash flows based on a probability-weighted measure over a range of potential outcomes discounted at a 12% discount rate.

F-30
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

7.
REAL ESTATE DISPOSITIONS
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company disposed of one office building and one office/flex/industrial portfolio consisting of 21 buildings. Additionally, as of December 31, 2018, the Company classified one apartment property as held for sale. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company disposed of 12 office properties. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company did not dispose of any real estate properties.
On November 30, 2018, the Company, through an indirect wholly owned subsidiary, sold the Westpark Portfolio to Keppel-KBS Westpark, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the SREIT. The sale price, net of closing credits, of the Westpark Portfolio was $166.4 million, before third-party closing costs of approximately $3.2 million and excluding any disposition fees payable to the Company’s external advisor. On November 26, 2018, the SREIT issued an aggregate of 186,236,224 common units of the SREIT as a result of their renounceable and underwritten rights issue. The Company purchased 12,979,852 common units of the SREIT for $6.5 million in connection with this offering, maintaining its 7% ownership interest. The Company recognized a gain on sale of $32.5 million related to the disposition of the Westpark Portfolio.
On July 17, 2018, the Company sold the Central Building to a purchaser unaffiliated with the Company or the Advisor for $67.5 million before closing costs and credits. The carrying value of the Central Building as of the disposition date was $32.6 million, which was net of $5.6 million of accumulated depreciation and amortization. The Company recognized a gain on sale of $32.1 million related to the disposition of the Central Building.
On November 8, 2017, the Company, through 11 wholly owned subsidiaries, sold 11 of its properties (the “Singapore Portfolio”) to various subsidiaries of the SREIT, a newly formed Singapore real estate investment trust that was listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange (the “Singapore Transaction”).  The sale price of the Singapore Portfolio was $804.0 million, before third-party closing costs of approximately $7.7 million and excluding any disposition fees payable to the Advisor. The SREIT paid a portion of the purchase price with approximately 44 million units of the SREIT (SGX Ticker: CMOU) representing 7% of outstanding units of the SREIT. The Singapore Portfolio consists of the following properties: 1800 West Loop, Westech 360 (part of the Austin Suburban Portfolio), Great Hills Plaza (part of the Austin Suburban Portfolio), Westmoor Center, Iron Point Business Park, the Plaza Buildings, Bellevue Technology Center, Northridge Center I and II, West Loop I and II, Powers Ferry Landing East and Maitland Promenade II. The carrying value of the Singapore Portfolio as of the disposition date was $543.2 million, which was net of $103.0 million of accumulated depreciation and amortization. The disposition of the Singapore Portfolio resulted in a gain of $236.9 million, of which $17.1 million was deferred based on the Company’s percentage of the SREIT units owned, which reduced the carrying value of the SREIT units at closing. Additionally, the Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $0.5 million related to certain notes payable that were repaid in full with proceeds from the Singapore Transaction.
On May 15, 2017, the Company sold 50 Congress Street to a purchaser unaffiliated with the Company or the Advisor for $79.0 million, or $78.8 million net of concessions and credits. The carrying value of 50 Congress Street as of the disposition date was $47.7 million, which was net of $5.9 million of accumulated depreciation and amortization. The Company recognized a gain on sale of $29.4 million related to the disposition of 50 Congress Street.

F-31
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

The following summary presents the major components of assets and liabilities related to real estate held for sale as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Assets related to real estate held for sale
 
 
 
 
Real estate, cost
 
$
34,793

 
$
202,897

Accumulated depreciation and amortization
 
(3,541
)
 
(16,203
)
Real estate, net
 
31,252

 
186,694

Other assets
 
2,746

 
8,288

Total assets related to real estate held for sale
 
$
33,998

 
$
194,982

Liabilities related to real estate held for sale
 
 
 
 
Notes payable, net
 
22,845

 
135,171

Other liabilities
 
—

 
261

Total liabilities related to real estate held for sale
 
$
22,845

 
$
135,432

The operations of these properties and gain on sales are included in continuing operations on the accompanying statements of operations. The following table summarizes certain revenue and expenses related to these properties for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):
 
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Revenues
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rental income
 
$
14,418

 
$
73,529

 
$
80,950

Tenant reimbursements and other operating income
 
3,278

 
20,438

 
19,831

Total revenues
 
$
17,696

 
$
93,967

 
$
100,781

Expenses
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating, maintenance, and management
 
$
5,055

 
$
27,464

 
$
29,710

Real estate taxes and insurance
 
1,293

 
11,510

 
12,470

Asset management fees to affiliate
 
1,673

 
6,152

 
6,598

Real estate acquisition fees to affiliate
 
—

 
—

 
1,274

Real estate acquisition fees and expenses
 
—

 
—

 
275

Depreciation and amortization
 
7,578

 
36,922

 
41,454

Interest expense
 
5,568

 
17,115

 
16,196

Total expenses
 
$
21,167

 
$
99,163

 
$
107,977


F-32
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

8.
NOTES AND BONDS PAYABLE
As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company’s notes and bonds payable, including notes payable related to real estate held for sale, consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):
 
 
Book Value as of
December 31, 2018
 
Book Value as of
December 31, 2017
 
Contractual Interest Rate as of December 31, 2018 (1)
 
Effective Interest Rate at December 31, 2018 (1)
 
Payment Type
 
Maturity Date (2)
Richardson Portfolio Mortgage Loan
 
$
36,000

 
$
36,886

 
One-Month LIBOR + 2.50%
 
4.85%
 
Interest Only (3)
 
11/01/2021
Park Centre Mortgage Loan
 
8,404

 
9,877

 
One-Month LIBOR + 2.25%
 
4.60%
 
Principal & Interest
 
07/01/2019
Burbank Collection Mortgage Loan
 
10,716

 
10,958

 
One-Month LIBOR + 2.35%
 
4.73%
 
Principal & Interest
 
09/30/2019
1180 Raymond Mortgage Loan
 
30,637

 
31,000

 
One-Month LIBOR + 2.25%
 
4.60%
 
Principal & Interest
 
12/01/2019
1180 Raymond Bond Payable
 
6,280

 
6,460

 
6.50%
 
6.50%
 
Principal & Interest
 
09/01/2036
Central Building Mortgage Loan
 
—

 
27,600

 
(4) 
 
(4) 
 
(4) 
 
(4) 
424 Bedford Mortgage Loan (5)
 
23,710

 
24,282

 
3.91%
 
3.91%
 
Principal & Interest
 
10/01/2022
KBS SOR (BVI) Holdings, Ltd. Series A Debentures (6)
 
259,516

 
278,801

 
4.25%
 
4.25%
 
(6) 
 
03/01/2023
Westpark Portfolio Mortgage Loan (7)
 
—

 
85,200

 
(7) 
 
(7) 
 
(7) 
 
(7) 
Crown Pointe Mortgage Loan
 
51,171

 
50,500

 
One-Month LIBOR + 2.60%
 
4.95%
 
Interest Only
 
02/13/2020
125 John Carpenter Mortgage Loan
 
53,204

 
50,130

 
(8) 
 
4.10%
 
Interest Only
 
10/01/2022
City Tower Mortgage Loan
 
89,000

 
—

 
One-Month LIBOR + 1.55%
 
3.90%
 
Interest Only
 
03/05/2021
Marquette Plaza Mortgage Loan
 
50,800

 
—

 
One-Month LIBOR + 1.55%
 
3.90%
 
Interest Only
 
06/06/2021
Eight & Nine Corporate Centre Mortgage Loan
 
43,880

 
—

 
One-Month LIBOR + 1.60%
 
3.95%
 
Interest Only
 
06/08/2021
Total Notes and Bonds Payable principal outstanding
 
663,318

 
611,694

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Premium/(Discount) on Notes and Bonds Payable (9)
 
198

 
137

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred financing costs, net
 
(8,044
)
 
(8,788
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total Notes and Bonds Payable, net
 
$
655,472

 
$
603,043

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
_____________________
(1) Contractual interest rate represents the interest rate in effect under the loan as of December 31, 2018. Effective interest rate is calculated as the actual interest rate in effect as of December 31, 2018 (consisting of the contractual interest rate and contractual floor rates), using interest rate indices at December 31, 2018, where applicable.
(2) Represents the initial maturity date or the maturity date as extended as of December 31, 2018; subject to certain conditions, the maturity dates of certain loans may be extended beyond the date shown.
(3) Represents the payment type required under the loan as of December 31, 2018. Certain future monthly payments due under this loan also include amortizing principal payments. For more information of the Company’s contractual obligations under its notes and bonds payable, see five-year maturity table below.
(4) On July 17, 2018, in connection with the disposition of the Central Building, the Company repaid the $27.6 million outstanding principal balance due under the Central Building Mortgage Loan.
(5) On January 11, 2019, in connection with the disposition of 424 Bedford, the buyer assumed the mortgage loan secured by 424 Bedford with an outstanding principal balance of $23.7 million.
(6) See “ - Israeli Bond Financing” below.
(7) On November 30, 2018, in connection with the disposition of the Westpark Portfolio, the Company repaid the $84.8 million outstanding principal balance due under the Westpark Portfolio Mortgage Loan.
(8) The 125 John Carpenter Mortgage Loan bears interest at a floating rate of the greater of (a) 2.0% or (b) 175 basis points over one-month LIBOR.
(9) Represents the unamortized premium/discount on notes and bonds payable due to the above- and below-market interest rates when the debt was assumed. The discount/premium is amortized over the remaining life of the notes and bonds payable.

F-33
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company incurred $31.1 million, $37.1 million and $29.2 million of interest expense, respectively. Included in interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, was $3.6 million, $4.4 million and $4.3 million of amortization of deferred financing costs, respectively. Additionally, during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company capitalized $2.6 million, $2.3 million and $2.0 million of interest, respectively, to its investments in undeveloped land.
As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company’s interest payable was $5.2 million and $5.1 million, respectively.
The following is a schedule of maturities, including principal amortization payments, for all notes and bonds payable outstanding as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):
2019
 
$
102,469

2020
 
104,070

2021
 
272,311

2022
 
127,155

2023
 
52,158

Thereafter
 
5,155

 
 
$
663,318

The Company’s notes payable contain financial debt covenants. As of December 31, 2018, the Company was in compliance with all of these debt covenants.
Israeli Bond Financing
On March 2, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, filed a final prospectus with the Israel Securities Authority for a proposed offering of up to 1,000,000,000 Israeli new Shekels of Series A debentures (the “Debentures”) at an annual interest rate not to exceed 4.25%. On March 1, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI commenced the institutional tender of the Debentures and accepted application for 842.5 million Israeli new Shekels. On March 7, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI commenced the public tender of the Debentures and accepted 127.7 million Israeli new Shekels.  In the aggregate, KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI accepted 970.2 million Israeli new Shekels (approximately $249.2 million as of March 8, 2016) in both the institutional and public tenders at an annual interest rate of 4.25%.  KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI issued the Debentures on March 8, 2016. The terms of the Debentures require five equal annual installment principal payments on March 1st of each year from 2019 to 2023. On March 1, 2019, the Company paid the first principal installment payment of 194.0 million Israeli new Shekels (approximately $53.6 million as of March 1, 2019). As of December 31, 2018, the Company had one foreign currency collar for an aggregate notional amount of 776.2 million Israeli new Shekels to hedge its exposure to foreign currency exchange rate movements. See note 9, “Derivative Instruments” for a further discussion on the Company’s foreign currency collar.
The deed of trust that governs the terms of the Debentures contains various financial covenants. As of December 31, 2018, the Company was in compliance with all of these financial debt covenants.
9.
DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
The Company enters into derivative instruments for risk management purposes to hedge its exposure to cash flow variability caused by changing interest rates and foreign currency exchange rate movements. The primary goal of the Company’s risk management practices related to interest rate risk is to prevent changes in interest rates from adversely impacting the Company’s ability to achieve its investment return objectives. The Company does not enter into derivatives for speculative purposes.
The Company enters into foreign currency options and foreign currency collars to mitigate its exposure to foreign currency exchange rate movements on its bonds payable outstanding denominated in Israeli new Shekels. A foreign currency collar consists of a purchased call option to buy and a sold put option to sell Israeli new Shekels. A foreign currency collar guarantees that the exchange rate of the currency will not fluctuate beyond the range of the options’ strike prices. A foreign currency option consists of a call option to buy Israeli new Shekels.

F-34
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

The following table summarizes the notional amount and other information related to the Company’s foreign currency collar and foreign currency option as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The notional amount is an indication of the extent of the Company’s involvement in each instrument at that time, but does not represent exposure to credit, interest rate or market risks (currency in thousands):
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
Strike Price
 
Trade Date
 
Maturity Date
Derivative Instruments
 
Number of Instruments
 
Notional Amount
 
Number of Instruments
 
Notional Amount
 
 
 
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency collar
 
1
 
776,182
 ILS
 
—
 
—

 
3.54 - 3.66 ILS - USD
 
08/20/2018
 
02/28/2019 (1)
Foreign currency option
 
—
 
$
—

 
1
 
$285,361
 
3.40
ILS-USD
 
08/03/2017
 
08/03/2018
_____________________
(1) On February 27, 2019, the Company entered into a foreign currency collar with an aggregate Israeli new Shekels notional amount of 776.2 million which expires on August 23, 2019. The foreign currency collar consists of a purchased call option to buy Israeli new Shekels at 3.4860 and a sold put option to sell the Israeli new Shekels at 3.6185. The foreign currency collar is intended to permit the Company to exchange, on the settlement date of the collar, 776.2 million Israeli new Shekels for an amount ranging from $214.5 million to $222.7 million.
The Company enters into interest rate caps to mitigate its exposure to rising interest rates on its variable rate notes payable. The values of interest rate caps are primarily impacted by interest rates, market expectations about interest rates, and the remaining life of the instrument. In general, increases in interest rates, or anticipated increases in interest rates, will increase the value of interest rate caps. As the remaining life of an interest rate cap decreases, the value of the instrument will generally decrease towards zero.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company had entered into two interest rate caps, which were not designated as a hedging instruments. The following table summarizes the notional amounts and other information related to the Company’s derivative instruments as of December 31, 2018. The notional amount is an indication of the extent of the Company’s involvement in the instrument at that time, but does not represent exposure to credit, interest rate or market risks (dollars in thousands):
Derivative Instrument
 
Effective Date
 
Maturity Date
 
Notional Value
 
Reference Rate
Interest rate cap
 
02/21/2017
 
02/13/2020
 
$
46,875

 
One-month LIBOR at 3.00%
Interest rate cap
 
04/02/2018
 
03/05/2021
 
$
77,513

 
One-month LIBOR at 3.50%
The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s derivative instruments as well as their classification on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Derivative Instruments
 
Balance Sheet Location
 
Number of Instruments
 
Fair Value
 
Number of Instruments
 
Fair Value
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
Interest rate caps
 
Prepaid expenses and other assets
 
2
 
$
34

 
1
 
$
14

Foreign currency option
 
Prepaid expenses and other assets
 
—
 
$
—

 
1
 
$
4,243

Foreign currency collar
 
Other liabilities
 
1
 
$
(4,393
)
 
—
 
$
—


F-35
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

The change in fair value of foreign currency options and collars that are not designated as cash flow hedges are recorded as foreign currency transaction gains or losses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recognized an $8.7 million loss related to the foreign currency option and collars, which is shown net against $18.8 million of foreign currency transaction gain in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as foreign currency transaction gain, net. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recognized a $11.3 million gain related to the foreign currency option and collars, which is shown net against $26.6 million of foreign currency transaction loss in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as foreign currency transaction loss, net. During the year ended December 2016, the Company recognized a $3.9 million loss related to the foreign currency collars, which is shown net against $0.9 million of foreign currency transaction gain in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as foreign currency transaction loss, net.
During each of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded an unrealized loss of $0.1 million on interest rate caps, which was included in interest expense on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
10.
FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES
Under GAAP, the Company is required to measure certain financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis. In addition, the Company is required to measure other non-financial and financial assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis (e.g., carrying value of impaired real estate loans receivable and long-lived assets). Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The GAAP fair value framework uses a three-tiered approach. Fair value measurements are classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:
•
Level 1: unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities;
•
Level 2: quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and
•
Level 3: prices or valuation techniques where little or no market data is available that requires inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.
The fair value for certain financial instruments is derived using valuation techniques that involve significant management judgment. The price transparency of financial instruments is a key determinant of the degree of judgment involved in determining the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments. Financial instruments for which actively quoted prices or pricing parameters are available and for which markets contain orderly transactions will generally have a higher degree of price transparency than financial instruments for which markets are inactive or consist of non-orderly trades. The Company evaluates several factors when determining if a market is inactive or when market transactions are not orderly. The following is a summary of the methods and assumptions used by management in estimating the fair value of each class of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate the fair value:
Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, rent and other receivables and accounts payable and accrued liabilities: These balances approximate their fair values due to the short maturities of these items.
Real estate equity securities: The Company’s Whitestone REIT and Franklin Street Properties Corp. real estate equity securities are presented at fair value on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The fair values of Whitestone REIT and Franklin Street Properties Corp. real estate equity securities were based on quoted prices in an active market on a major stock exchange. The Company classifies these inputs as Level 1 inputs. As of December 31, 2017, the Company owned 43,999,500 shares of common units of Keppel-KBS US REIT. The fair value measurement of these shares was based on a quoted price in an active market, adjusted for the lack of marketability during the Unit Lockout Periods. The Company utilized inputs, all of which were deemed to be significant, including the quoted stock price, risk-free rate and expected volatility, in determining the value of the shares and the Company notes that the most significant input in its valuation model is the quoted price in an active market. However, as the valuation of the stock is adjusted for the lack of marketability using market-corroborated inputs, the Company categorizes the measurement of such securities as Level 2 inputs. On each of May 8, 2018 and November 8, 2018, 21,999,750 shares of common units of Keppel-KBS US REIT were transfered from Level 2 to Level 1 inputs as a result of the Unit Lockout Periods expiring.

F-36
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

Real estate debt securities: The Company’s real estate debt securities are presented in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at their amortized cost net of recorded loss reserves (if any) and not at fair value.  The fair value of real estate debt securities was estimated using an internal valuation model that considers the expected cash flows for the debt securities, underlying collateral values (for collateral dependent securities) and estimated yield requirements of institutional investors for real estate debt securities with similar characteristics, including remaining term, type of collateral and other credit enhancements.  The Company classifies these inputs as Level 3 inputs.
Notes and bonds payable: The fair values of the Company’s notes and bonds payable are estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis based on management’s estimates of current market interest rates for instruments with similar characteristics, including remaining loan term, loan-to-value ratio, type of collateral and other credit enhancements. Additionally, when determining the fair value of liabilities in circumstances in which a quoted price in an active market for an identical liability is not available, the Company measures fair value using (i) a valuation technique that uses the quoted price of the identical liability when traded as an asset or quoted prices for similar liabilities or similar liabilities when traded as assets or (ii) another valuation technique that is consistent with the principles of fair value measurement, such as the income approach or the market approach. The Company classifies these inputs as Level 3 inputs. The Company’s bonds issued in Israel are publicly traded on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange. The Company used the quoted price as of December 31, 2018 for the fair value of its bonds issued in Israel. The Company classifies this input as a Level 1 input.
Derivative instruments: The Company’s derivative instruments are presented at fair value on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  The valuation of these instruments is determined using a proprietary model that utilizes observable inputs.  As such, the Company classifies these inputs as Level 2 inputs. The fair value of interest rate caps (floors) are determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash payments (receipts) which would occur if variable interest rates rise above (below) the strike rate of the caps (floors). The variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected payments (receipts) on the cap (floor) are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observed market interest rate curves and volatilities. The fair value of foreign currency option and collar is based on a Black-Scholes model tailored for currency derivatives.
The following were the face values, carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, which carrying amounts do not approximate the fair values (in thousands):
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
Face Value
 
Carrying Amount
 
Fair Value
 
Face Value
 
Carrying Amount
 
Fair Value
Financial assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate debt securities (1)
 
$
13,000

 
$
10,859

 
$
10,859

 
$
17,500

 
$
17,751

 
$
17,386

Financial liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Notes and bond payable
 
$
403,802

 
$
400,470

 
$
407,449

 
$
332,893

 
$
330,727

 
$
335,212

KBS SOR (BVI) Holdings, Ltd. Series A Debentures
 
$
259,516

 
$
255,002

 
$
255,814

 
$
278,801

 
$
272,316

 
$
296,069

_____________________
(1) Carrying amount of real estate debt securities includes other-than-temporary impairment.
Disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments is based on pertinent information available to the Company as of the period end and requires a significant amount of judgment. This has made the estimation of fair values difficult and, therefore, both the actual results and the Company’s estimate of value at a future date could be materially different.

F-37
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

As of December 31, 2018, the Company measured the following assets at fair value (in thousands):
 
 
 
 
Fair Value Measurements Using
 
 
Total
 
Quoted Prices in Active Markets 
for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Recurring Basis:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate equity securities
 
$
73,876

 
$
73,876

 
$
—

 
$
—

Asset derivative - interest rate caps
 
$
34

 
$
—

 
$
34

 
$
—

Liability derivative - foreign currency collar
 
$
(4,393
)
 
$
—

 
$
(4,393
)
 
$
—

11.
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
The Advisory Agreement entitles the Advisor to specified fees upon the provision of certain services with regard to the investment of funds in real estate and real estate-related investments and the disposition of real estate and real estate-related investments (including the discounted payoff of non-performing loans) among other services, as well as reimbursement of certain costs incurred by the Advisor in providing services to the Company. The Advisory Agreement may also entitle the Advisor to certain back-end cash flow participation fees. The Company also entered into a fee reimbursement agreement (the “AIP Reimbursement Agreement”) with KBS Capital Markets Group LLC, the dealer manager for the Company’s initial public offering (the “Dealer Manager”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to reimburse the Dealer Manager for certain fees and expenses it incurs for administering the Company’s participation in the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation Alternative Investment Product Platform with respect to certain accounts of the Company’s investors serviced through the platform. The Advisor and Dealer Manager also serve as, or previously served as, the advisor and dealer manager, respectively, for KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc. (“KBS REIT I”), KBS Real Estate Investment Trust II, Inc. (“KBS REIT II”), KBS Real Estate Investment Trust III, Inc. (“KBS REIT III”), KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, Inc. (“KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT”), KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, Inc. (“KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II”) and KBS Growth & Income REIT, Inc. (“KBS Growth & Income REIT”).
On January 6, 2014, the Company, together with KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, the Dealer Manager, the Advisor and other KBS-affiliated entities, entered into an errors and omissions and directors and officers liability insurance program where the lower tiers of such insurance coverage are shared. The cost of these lower tiers is allocated by the Advisor and its insurance broker among each of the various entities covered by the program, and is billed directly to each entity. In June 2015, KBS Growth & Income REIT was added to the insurance program at terms similar to those described above. KBS REIT I elected to cease participation in the program at the June 2017 renewal and obtained separate insurance coverage. At renewal in June 2018, the Company, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT elected to cease participation in the program and obtain separate insurance coverage. The Company, together with KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, entered into an errors and omissions and directors and officers liability insurance program where the lower tiers of such insurance coverage are shared. The cost of these lower tiers is allocated by the Advisor and its insurance broker among each REIT covered by the program, and is billed directly to each REIT. The program is effective through June 30, 2019.
On November 8, 2017, the Company sold the Singapore Portfolio to the SREIT. On November 30, 2018, the Company sold the Westpark Portfolio to the SREIT. The SREIT is externally managed by a joint venture (the “Manager”) between (i) an entity in which Keith D. Hall, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and a director, and Peter McMillan III, the Company’s President and Chairman of the board of directors, have an indirect ownership interest and (ii) Keppel Capital Holding Pte. Ltd., which is not affiliated with the Company. The SREIT is expected to pay certain purchase and sale commissions and asset management fees to the Manager in exchange for the provision of certain management services.
During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, no other business transactions occurred between the Company and these other KBS-sponsored programs.

F-38
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

Pursuant to the terms of these agreements, summarized below are the related-party costs incurred by the Company for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and any related amounts payable as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
 
 
Incurred
 
Payable as of
December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
Expensed
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asset management fees
 
$
8,525

 
$
10,686

 
$
9,628

 
$
—

 
$
—

Acquisition fees on real estate (1)
 
—

 
—

 
2,964

 
—

 
—

Reimbursable operating expenses (2)
 
410

 
241

 
221

 
29

 
26

Disposition fees (3)
 
2,494

 
8,352

 
279

 
—

 
—

Capitalized
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Acquisition fees on real estate (1)
 
3,094

 
907

 
—

 
—

 
—

Acquisition fees on real estate equity securities
 
239

 
429

 
—

 
7

 
—

Acquisition fees on real estate debt securities
 
—

 
—

 
250

 
—

 
—

 
 
$
14,762

 
$
20,615

 
$
13,342

 
$
36

 
$
26

_____________________
(1) As a result of the adoption of ASU No. 2017-01, the Company’s acquisitions of real estate properties beginning January 1, 2017 generally qualify as an asset acquisition (as opposed to a business combination). Acquisition fees associated with asset acquisitions will be capitalized, while costs associated with business combinations will continue to be expensed as incurred.
(2) The Advisor may seek reimbursement for certain employee costs under the Advisory Agreement. The Company has reimbursed the Advisor for the Company’s allocable portion of the salaries, benefits and overhead of internal audit department personnel providing services to the Company. These amounts totaled $305,000, $225,000 and $153,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and were the only employee costs reimbursed under the Advisory Agreement during these periods. The Company will not reimburse for employee costs in connection with services for which the Advisor earns acquisition, origination or disposition fees (other than reimbursement of travel and communication expenses) or for the salaries or benefits the Advisor or its affiliates may pay to the Company’s executive officers. In addition to the amounts above, the Company reimburses the Advisor for certain of the Company’s direct costs incurred from third parties that were initially paid by the Advisor on behalf of the Company.
(3) Disposition fees with respect to real estate sold are included in the gain on sale of real estate in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Disposition fees with respect to the assignment of the Company's real estate loan receivable are included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Advisor reimbursed the Company $0.1 million for a property insurance rebate. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Advisor reimbursed the Company $0.4 million for expenses incurred to evaluate certain strategic transactions for which the Advisor has agreed to reimburse the Company and $0.1 million for a property insurance rebate. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Advisor reimbursed the Company $0.1 million for property insurance rebates and $0.1 million for legal and professional fees and travel expenses.
On July 6, 2017, KBS SOR Properties, LLC, an indirect wholly owned affiliate of the Company, entered into (i) a Common Unit Purchase and Sale Agreement and Escrow Instructions with Migdal Insurance Company LTD., Migdal-Makefet Pension and Provident Funds LTD. and affiliates (the “Migdal Members”) (the “Purchase and Sale Agreement”), (ii) the Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of KBS SOR Acquisition XXIX, LLC, (iii) an Investment Agreement with Migdal Members and Willowbrook Asset Management LLC, which is owned by Keith D. Hall and Peter McMillan III, who are principals of the Advisor and directors and officers of the Company (“WBAM”), and (iv) a waiver letter agreement with the Advisor (the “Waiver Agreement”).
Pursuant to the Purchase and Sale Agreement, on July 6, 2017, KBS SOR Properties, LLC sold a 45% equity interest in an entity that owns an office building containing 284,751 rentable square feet located on approximately 0.35 acres of land in San Francisco, California (“353 Sacramento”) for approximately $39.1 million (the “353 Sacramento Transaction”) to the Migdal Members, third parties unaffiliated with the Company or the Advisor. The sale resulted in 353 Sacramento being owned by a joint venture (the “353 Sacramento Joint Venture”) in which the Company indirectly owns 55% of the equity interests and the Migdal Members indirectly own 45% in the aggregate of the equity interests.

F-39
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

Pursuant to the Waiver Agreement, the Advisor waived any right it may have had to receive a disposition fee in connection with the 353 Sacramento Transaction and also waived its rights to future acquisition fees in an amount equal to 45% of the acquisition fees paid to the Advisor in connection with the Company’s original purchase of 353 Sacramento in July of 2016. Accordingly, the Advisor waived $0.8 million of acquisition fees for the purchase of an office property consisting of two office buildings containing an aggregate of 442,039 rentable square feet in Irving, Texas (“125 John Carpenter”). In connection with the 353 Sacramento Transaction, the Company paid a $0.1 million broker commission to Monarch Global Partners, LLC. The son of a member of the board of directors of KBS Strategic Opportunity BVI is a partner at Monarch Global Partners, LLC. Also in connection with the 353 Sacramento Transaction, the Migdal Members paid an acquisition fee of $0.2 million to WBAM and $0.2 million to the Company.
12.
INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURES
As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company’s investments in unconsolidated joint ventures were composed of the following (dollars in thousands):
 
 
Number of Properties at December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
Investment Balance at
Joint Venture
 
 
Location
 
Ownership %
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
NIP Joint Venture
 
2
 
Various
 
Less than 5.0%
 
$
1,476

 
$
3,674

110 William Joint Venture
 
1
 
New York, New York
 
60.0%
 
325

 
7,160

353 Sacramento Joint Venture
 
1
 
San Francisco, California
 
55.0%
 
43,068

 
44,743

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
44,869

 
$
55,577

Investment in National Industrial Portfolio Joint Venture
On May 18, 2012, the Company, through an indirect wholly owned subsidiary, entered into a joint venture (the “NIP Joint Venture”) with OCM NIP JV Holdings, L.P. and HC KBS NIP JV, LLC (“HC-KBS”). The NIP Joint Venture has invested in a portfolio of industrial properties. The Company made an initial capital contribution of $8.0 million which represents less than a 5.0% ownership interest in the NIP Joint Venture as of December 31, 2018. Prior to the Company’s adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 on January 1, 2018, the Company accounted for its investment in the NIP Joint Venture using the cost method of accounting. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company elected to measure its investment in the NIP Joint Venture, which is an equity investment without a readily determinable value, at its cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer.
Prior to January 17, 2018, KBS REIT I, an affiliate of the Advisor, was a member of HC-KBS and had a participation interest in certain future potential profits generated by the NIP Joint Venture.  However, KBS REIT I did not have any equity interest in the NIP Joint Venture. On January 17, 2018, KBS REIT I assigned its participation interest in the NIP Joint Venture to one of the other joint venture partners in the NIP Joint Venture. None of the other joint venture partners are affiliated with the Company or the Advisor.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company received aggregate distributions of $2.6 million related to its investment in the NIP Joint Venture. The Company recognized $0.4 million of income distributions and $2.2 million of return of capital from the NIP Joint Venture. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company received a distribution of $3.7 million related to its investment in the NIP Joint Venture. The Company recognized $2.1 million of income distributions and $1.6 million of return of capital from the NIP Joint Venture. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company did not receive any distributions related to its investment in the NIP Joint Venture.
Investment in 110 William Joint Venture
On December 23, 2013, the Company, through an indirect wholly owned subsidiary, entered into an agreement with SREF III 110 William JV, LLC (the “110 William JV Partner”) to form a joint venture (the “110 William Joint Venture”). On May 2, 2014, the 110 William Joint Venture acquired an office property containing 928,157 rentable square feet located on approximately 0.8 acres of land in New York, New York (“110 William Street”). Each of the Company and the 110 William JV Partner hold a 60% and 40% ownership interest in the 110 William Joint Venture, respectively.

F-40
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

The Company exercises significant influence over the operations, financial policies and decision making with respect to the 110 William Joint Venture but significant decisions require approval from both members. Accordingly, the Company has accounted for its investment in the 110 William Joint Venture under the equity method of accounting. Income, losses, contributions and distributions are generally allocated based on the members’ respective equity interests.
As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the book value of the Company’s investment in the 110 William Joint Venture was $0.3 million and $7.2 million, respectively, which includes $1.4 million and $1.5 million, respectively, of unamortized acquisition fees and expenses incurred directly by the Company. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2016, the Company did not receive any distributions related to its investment in the 110 William Joint Venture. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the 110 William Joint Venture made a $58.2 million return of capital distribution to the Company and a $38.8 million return of capital distribution to the 110 William JV Partner funded with proceeds from the 110 William refinancing.
Summarized financial information for the 110 William Joint Venture follows (in thousands):
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Assets:
 
 
 
 
       Real estate assets, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization
 
$
235,613

 
$
248,269

       Other assets
 
37,337

 
32,331

       Total assets
 
$
272,950

 
$
280,600

Liabilities and equity:
 
 
 
 
       Notes payable, net
 
$
267,311

 
$
260,108

       Other liabilities
 
7,485

 
11,016

       Partners’ (deficit) capital
 
(1,846
)
 
9,476

Total Liabilities and equity
 
$
272,950

 
$
280,600

 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Revenues
 
$
38,539

 
$
37,338

 
$
33,458

Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
       Operating, maintenance, and management
 
9,844

 
10,056

 
10,778

       Real estate taxes and insurance
 
6,718

 
6,281

 
6,017

       Depreciation and amortization
 
15,596

 
16,544

 
12,955

       Interest expense
 
17,815

 
13,134

 
6,049

Total expenses
 
49,973

 
46,015

 
35,799

Total other income
 
112

 
56

 
63

Net loss
 
$
(11,322
)
 
$
(8,621
)
 
$
(2,278
)
Company’s equity in loss of unconsolidated joint venture
 
$
(6,835
)
 
$
(5,214
)
 
$
(1,408
)
Investment in 353 Sacramento Joint Venture
On July 6, 2017, the Company, through an indirect wholly owned subsidiary, entered into an agreement with the Migdal Members to form the 353 Sacramento Joint Venture. On July 6, 2017, the Company sold a 45% equity interest in an entity that owns 353 Sacramento to the Migdal Members. The sale resulted in 353 Sacramento being owned by the 353 Sacramento Joint Venture, in which the Company indirectly owns 55% of the equity interests and the Migdal Members indirectly own 45% in the aggregate of the equity interests.
The Company exercises significant influence over the operations, financial policies and decision making with respect to the 353 Sacramento Joint Venture but significant decisions require approval from both members. Accordingly, the Company has accounted for its investment in the 353 Sacramento Joint Venture under the equity method of accounting. Income, losses, contributions and distributions are generally allocated based on the members’ respective equity interests.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company made a $1.3 million contribution to the 353 Sacramento Joint Venture. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company did not receive any distributions related to its investment in the 353 Sacramento Joint Venture.

F-41
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

Summarized financial information for the 353 Sacramento Joint Venture follows (in thousands):
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Assets:
 
 
 
 
       Real estate assets, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization
 
$
180,852

 
$
171,066

       Other assets
 
13,123

 
6,472

       Total assets
 
$
193,975

 
$
177,538

Liabilities and equity:
 
 
 
 
       Notes payable, net
 
$
105,593

 
$
89,423

       Other liabilities
 
10,863

 
7,313

       Partners’ capital
 
77,519

 
80,802

Total liabilities and equity
 
$
193,975

 
$
177,538

 
 
For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
 
For the Period from July 6, 2017 to December 31, 2017
Revenues
 
$
11,397

 
$
7,053

Expenses:
 
 
 
 
       Operating, maintenance, and management
 
3,654

 
2,189

       Real estate taxes and insurance
 
2,372

 
1,198

       Depreciation and amortization
 
5,680

 
3,408

       Interest expense
 
5,374

 
2,302

Total expenses
 
17,080

 
9,097

Net loss
 
$
(5,683
)
 
$
(2,044
)
Company’s equity in loss of unconsolidated joint venture
 
$
(2,995
)
 
$
(823
)

F-42
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

13.
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW AND SIGNIFICANT NONCASH TRANSACTION DISCLOSURES
Supplemental cash flow and significant noncash transaction disclosures were as follows (in thousands):
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest paid, net of capitalized interest of $2,565, $2,339 and $2,025 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively
$
27,029

 
$
32,688

 
20,759

Supplemental Disclosure of Significant Noncash Transactions:
 
 
 
 
 
Assets and liabilities deconsolidated in connection with the 353 Sacramento partial sale:
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate, net
—

 
170,586

 
—

Rents and other receivables, net
—

 
1,244

 
—

Prepaid expenses and other assets
—

 
555

 
—

Notes payable, net
—

 
87,132

 
—

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
—

 
1,574

 
—

Below-market leases, net
—

 
2,960

 
—

Other liabilities
—

 
924

 
—

SREIT units received in connection with the Singapore Transaction
—

 
38,720

 
—

Increase in development obligations related to sale of real estate
—

 
3,816

 
—

Application of escrow deposits to acquisition of real estate
—

 
2,000

 
—

Increase in accrued improvements to real estate
—

 
—

 
3,547

Increase in redeemable common stock payable
1,405

 
—

 
8,902

Distributions paid to common stockholders through common stock issuances pursuant to the dividend reinvestment plan
1,418

 
8,666

 
12,616

Distributions paid to common stockholders through common stock issuances pursuant to the December 2017 special dividend
150,299

 
—

 
—

Distributions paid to common stockholders through common stock issuances pursuant to the November 2018 special dividend
127,911

 
—

 
—

14.
SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
Presented below is a summary of the unaudited quarterly financial information for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
 
 
2018
 
 
First Quarter
 
Second Quarter
 
Third Quarter
 
Fourth Quarter
Revenues
 
$
19,636

 
$
25,290

 
$
27,156

 
$
23,705

Net (loss) income
 
$
(23,702
)
 
$
9,993

 
$
36,421

 
$
10,612

Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders
 
$
(23,681
)
 
$
10,036

 
$
36,497

 
$
10,694

Net (loss) income per common share, basic and diluted
 
$
(0.38
)
 
$
0.16

 
$
0.67

 
$
0.19

Distributions declared per common share
 
$
0.016

 
$
0.016

 
$
0.016

 
$
2.950

 
 
2017
 
 
First Quarter
 
Second Quarter
 
Third Quarter
 
Fourth Quarter
Revenues
 
$
37,996

 
$
40,237

 
$
36,414

 
$
26,067

Net (loss) income
 
$
(9,058
)
 
$
23,809

 
$
(10,542
)
 
$
206,371

Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders
 
$
(9,092
)
 
$
23,846

 
$
(10,534
)
 
$
206,424

Net (loss) income per common share, basic and diluted
 
$
(0.16
)
 
$
0.42

 
$
(0.19
)
 
$
3.88

Distributions declared per common share
 
$
0.092

 
$
0.093

 
$
0.095

 
$
3.610


F-43
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

15.
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Economic Dependency
The Company is dependent on the Advisor for certain services that are essential to the Company, including the identification, evaluation, negotiation, origination, acquisition and disposition of investments; management of the daily operations of the Company’s investment portfolio; and other general and administrative responsibilities. In the event that the Advisor is unable to provide these services, the Company will be required to obtain such services from other sources.
Environmental
As an owner of real estate, the Company is subject to various environmental laws of federal, state and local governments. Although there can be no assurance, the Company is not aware of any environmental liability that could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations as of December 31, 2018. However, changes in applicable environmental laws and regulations, the uses and conditions of properties in the vicinity of the Company’s properties, the activities of its tenants and other environmental conditions of which the Company is unaware with respect to the properties could result in future environmental liabilities.
Legal Matters
From time to time, the Company is a party to legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Management is not aware of any legal proceedings of which the outcome is probable or reasonably possible to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition, which would require accrual or disclosure of the contingency and the possible range of loss. Additionally, the Company has not recorded any loss contingencies related to legal proceedings in which the potential loss is deemed to be remote.
Participation Fee Liability
Pursuant to the Advisory Agreement currently in effect with the Advisor, the Advisor is due a subordinated participation in the Company’s net cash flows (the “Incentive Fee”) if, after the stockholders have received, together as a collective group, aggregate distributions (including distributions that may constitute a return of capital for federal income tax purposes) sufficient to provide (i) a return of their net invested capital, or the amount calculated by multiplying the total number of shares purchased by stockholders by the issue price, reduced by any amounts to repurchase shares pursuant to the share redemption program, and (ii) a 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return on such net invested capital, the Advisor is entitled to receive 15.0% of the Company’s net cash flows, whether from continuing operations, net sale proceeds or otherwise. Net sales proceeds means the net cash proceeds realized by the Company after deduction of all expenses incurred in connection with a sale, including disposition fees paid to the Advisor. The 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return on net invested capital is calculated on a daily basis. In making this calculation, the net invested capital is reduced to the extent distributions in excess of a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 7.0% are paid (from whatever source), except to the extent such distributions would be required to supplement prior distributions paid in order to achieve a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 7.0% (invested capital is only reduced as described in this sentence; it is not reduced simply because a distribution constitutes a return of capital for federal income tax purposes). The 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return is not based on the return provided to any individual stockholder. Accordingly, it is not necessary for each of the stockholders to have received any minimum return in order for the Advisor to participate in the Company’s net cash flows. In fact, if the Advisor is entitled to participate in the Company’s net cash flows, the returns of the stockholders will differ, and some may be less than a 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return. This fee is payable only if we are not listed on an exchange.
On April 4, 2018, the Company’s stockholders approved the acceleration of the payment of such incentive compensation, subject to certain conditions. Such accelerated payment would require approval by a special committee of the Company’s board of directors in connection with the anticipated conversion of the Company into a net asset value REIT. The Advisor estimated the fair value of this liability to be as much as $43 million as of December 31, 2018, based on a hypothetical liquidation of the assets and liabilities at their estimated fair values, after considering the impact of any potential closing costs and fees related to the disposition of real estate properties. The fair value of the Incentive Fee liability as of December 31, 2018 is based on the estimated fair values of the Company’s assets and liabilities as of that date and changes to the fair values of assets and liabilities could have a material impact to the Incentive Fee calculation. The Incentive Fee is not currently payable to the Advisor, as it remains subject to further approval by the special committee and the Company’s conversion to a perpetual-life NAV REIT, and there is no guarantee that it will ever be payable.

F-44
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018

16.
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
The Company evaluates subsequent events up until the date the consolidated financial statements are issued.
Real Estate Disposition Subsequent to December 31, 2018
424 Bedford
On January 11, 2019, the 424 Bedford joint venture sold 424 Bedford to a purchaser unaffiliated with the Company or the Advisor, for $43.8 million before closing costs and credits. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying value of 424 Bedford was $34.0 million, which was net of $5.3 million of accumulated depreciation and amortization. In connection with the disposition of 424 Bedford, the buyer assumed the mortgage loan secured by 424 Bedford with an outstanding principal balance of $23.7 million at the time of the sale.
Distribution Declared
On March 7, 2019, the Company’s board of directors authorized a distribution in the amount of $0.00860000 per share of common stock to stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 14, 2019. The Company expects to pay this distribution on March 19, 2019.
110 William Street Refinancing
On March 7, 2019, the 110 William Joint Venture closed on refinancing of the 110 William Street existing loans (the “Refinancing”). The 110 William Joint Venture repaid $268.0 million of principal related to the existing 110 William Street loans. The Refinancing is comprised of a mortgage loan with Invesco CMI Investments, L.P., an unaffiliated lender, for borrowings of up to $261.4 million, which is secured by 110 William Street (the “110 William Street Mortgage Loan”) and a mezzanine loan with Invesco CMI Investments, L.P., an unaffiliated lender, for borrowings of up to $87.1 million (the “110 William Street Mezzanine Loan”). The 110 William Street Mortgage Loan is comprised of a senior mortgage loan of $215.5 million (the “Senior Mortgage Loan”) and an amended and restated building loan of $45.9 million (the “Building Loan”) to be use for future tenant improvements, leasing commissions and capital expenditures.
The 110 William Street Mortgage Loan and the 110 William Street Mezzanine Loan mature on April 9, 2021, with three one-year extension options. The 110 William Street Mortgage Loan bears interest at a rate of the greater of (a) 3.5% or (b) 150 basis points over one-month LIBOR. The 110 William Street Mezzanine Loan bears interest at a rate of the greater of (a) 6.9% or (b) 490 basis points over one-month LIBOR. The 110 William Joint Venture entered into an interest rate cap that effectively limits one-month LIBOR at 3.75% on $348.5 million, effective March 7, 2019 through March 15, 2021. The 110 William Street Mortgage Loan has monthly payments that are interest-only with the entire unpaid principal balance and all outstanding interest and fees due at maturity. The 110 William Joint Venture has the right to prepay the loans at any time in whole, but not in part, subject to a prepayment fee if prepaid prior to May 9, 2020 and subject to certain other conditions contained in the loan documents. At closing, $210.8 million of the Senior Mortgage Loan and $70.3 million of the 110 William Street Mezzanine Loan was funded with $4.7 million of the Senior Mortgage Loan, $45.9 million of the Building Loan and $16.8 million of the 110 William Street Mezzanine Loan available for future funding, subject to certain terms and conditions contained in the loan documents.

F-45

KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
SCHEDULE III
REAL ESTATE ASSETS AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION AND AMORTIZATION
December 31, 2018
(dollar amounts in thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Initial Cost to Company
 
 
 
Gross Amount at which Carried at Close of Period
 
 
 
 
 
 
Description
 
Location
 
Ownership Percent
 
Encumbrances
 
Land
 
Building and Improvements (1)
 
Total
 
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition (2)
 
Land
 
Building and Improvements (1)
 
Total (3)
 
Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization
 
Original Date of Construction
 
Date
Acquired or Foreclosed on
Properties Held for Investment
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Richardson Portfolio:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Palisades Central I
 
Richardson, TX
 
90.0%
$
(4) 
 
$
1,037

 
$
8,628

 
$
9,665

 
$
2,268

 
$
1,037

 
$
10,896

 
$
11,933

 
$
(2,796
)
 
1980
 
11/23/2011
Palisades Central II
 
Richardson, TX
 
90.0%
 
(4) 
 
810

 
17,117

 
17,927

 
1,253

 
810

 
18,370

 
19,180

 
(4,352
)
 
1985
 
11/23/2011
Greenway I
 
Richardson, TX
 
90.0%
 
(4) 
 
561

 
1,170

 
1,731

 
966

 
561

 
2,136

 
2,697

 
(745
)
 
1983
 
11/23/2011
Greenway III
 
Richardson, TX
 
90.0%
 
(4) 
 
702

 
4,083

 
4,785

 
(281
)
 
702

 
3,802

 
4,504

 
(1,209
)
 
1983
 
11/23/2011
Undeveloped Land
 
Richardson, TX
 
90.0%
 
—

 
1,997

 
—

 
1,997

 
1,137

 
3,134

 
—

 
3,134

 
—

 
N/A
 
11/23/2011
Total Richardson Portfolio
 
 
 
 
 
36,000

 
5,107

 
30,998

 
36,105

 
5,343

 
6,244

 
35,204

 
41,448

 
(9,102
)
 
 
 
 
Park Highlands (5)
 
North Las Vegas, NV
 
100.0% (5)
 
—

 
17,066

 
—

 
17,066

 
13,537

 
30,603

 
—

 
30,603

 
—

 
N/A
 
12/30/2011
Burbank Collection
 
Burbank, CA
 
90.0%
 
10,716

 
4,175

 
8,799

 
12,974

 
3,886

 
4,175

 
12,685

 
16,860

 
(2,559
)
 
2008
 
12/12/2012
Park Centre
 
Austin, TX
 
100.0%
 
8,404

 
3,251

 
27,941

 
31,192

 
97

 
3,251

 
28,038

 
31,289

 
(4,656
)
 
2000
 
03/28/2013
1180 Raymond
 
Newark, NJ
 
100.0%
 
30,637

 
8,292

 
37,651

 
45,943

 
955

 
8,292

 
38,606

 
46,898

 
(6,618
)
 
1929
 
08/20/2013
Park Highlands II (5)
 
North Las Vegas, NV
 
100.0% (5)
 
—

 
20,118

 
—

 
20,118

 
5,716

 
25,834

 
—

 
25,834

 
—

 
N/A
 
12/10/2013
Richardson Land II
 
Richardson, TX
 
90.0%
 
—

 
3,096

 
—

 
3,096

 
322

 
3,418

 
—

 
3,418

 
—

 
N/A
 
09/04/2014
Crown Pointe
 
Dunwoody, GA
 
100.0%
 
51,171

 
22,590

 
62,610

 
85,200

 
7,842

 
22,590

 
70,452

 
93,042

 
(7,653
)
 
1985/1989
 
02/14/2017
125 John Carpenter
 
Irving, TX
 
100.0%
 
53,204

 
2,755

 
82,550

 
85,305

 
2,978

 
2,755

 
85,528

 
88,283

 
(5,690
)
 
1982/1983
 
09/15/2017
Marquette Plaza
 
Minneapolis, MN
 
100.0%
 
50,800

 
10,387

 
75,878

 
86,265

 
3,069

 
10,387

 
78,947

 
89,334

 
(2,902
)
 
1972
 
03/01/2018
City Tower
 
Orange, CA
 
100.0%
 
89,000

 
13,930

 
136,068

 
149,998

 
2,786

 
13,930

 
138,854

 
152,784

 
(5,469
)
 
1988
 
03/06/2018
Eight & Nine Corporate Centre
 
Franklin, TN
 
100.0%
 
43,880

 
17,401

 
58,794

 
76,195

 
181

 
17,401

 
58,975

 
76,376

 
(1,652
)
 
2007
 
06/08/2018
 
 
Total Properties Held for Investment
 
 
 
$
128,168

 
$
521,289

 
$
649,457

 
$
46,712

 
$
148,880

 
$
547,289

 
$
696,169

 
$
(46,301
)
 
 
 
 
Property Held for Sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
424 Bedford
 
Brooklyn, NY
 
90.0%
 
23,710

 
8,860

 
24,820

 
33,680

 
1,113

 
8,860

 
25,933

 
34,793

 
(3,541
)
 
2010
 
01/31/2014
 
 
Total Property Held for Sale
 
 
 
$
8,860

 
$
24,820

 
$
33,680

 
$
1,113

 
$
8,860

 
$
25,933

 
$
34,793

 
$
(3,541
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total Properties
 
$
137,028

 
$
546,109

 
$
683,137

 
$
47,825

 
$
157,740

 
$
573,222

 
$
730,962

 
$
(49,842
)
 
 
 
 
____________________
(1) Building and improvements includes tenant origination and absorption costs.
(2) Costs capitalized subsequent to acquisition is net of write-offs of fully depreciated/amortized assets.
(3) The aggregate cost of real estate for federal income tax purposes was $866.5 million (unaudited) as of December 31, 2018.
(4) As of December 31, 2018, $36.0 million of debt was outstanding secured by the Richardson Portfolio.
(5) The Company owns 100% of the common members’ equity of Park Highlands and Park Highlands II. On September 7, 2016, a subsidiary of the Company that owns a portion of Park Highlands and Park Highlands II, sold 820 units of 10% Class A non-voting preferred membership units for $0.8 million to accredited investors. The amount of the Class A non-voting preferred membership units raised, net of offering costs, is included in other liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

F-46

KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
SCHEDULE III
REAL ESTATE ASSETS AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION AND AMORTIZATION (CONTINUED)
December 31, 2018
(dollar amounts in thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Real Estate (1):
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at the beginning of the year
$
574,684

 
$
1,227,207

 
$
914,074

Acquisitions
312,457

 
170,505

 
300,382

Improvements
31,818

 
37,219

 
33,909

Write-off of fully depreciated and fully amortized assets
(7,329
)
 
(18,735
)
 
(19,220
)
Loss due to property damages
(964
)
 
(668
)
 
(1,938
)
Sales
(178,068
)
 
(664,114
)
 
—

Reimbursement of construction costs
(1,636
)
 
—

 
—

Deconsolidation
—

 
(176,730
)
 
—

Balance at the end of the year
$
730,962

 
$
574,684

 
$
1,227,207

 
 
 
 
 
 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization (1):
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at the beginning of the year
$
41,817

 
$
120,176

 
$
91,560

Depreciation and amortization expense
32,661

 
48,994

 
47,836

Write-off of fully depreciated and fully amortized assets
(7,329
)
 
(18,735
)
 
(19,220
)
Sales
(17,307
)
 
(102,474
)
 
—

Deconsolidation
—

 
(6,144
)
 
—

Balance at the end of the year
$
49,842

 
$
41,817

 
$
120,176

____________________
(1) Amounts include real estate held for sale.

F-47

ITEM 16.
FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.

98

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Newport Beach, State of California, on March 8, 2019.
 
KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ Keith D. Hall
 
 
Keith D. Hall
 
 
Chief Executive Officer and Director
(principal executive officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:
Name
 
Title
 
Date
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ KEITH D. HALL
 
Chief Executive Officer and Director
(principal executive officer)
 
March 8, 2019
Keith D. Hall
 
 
 
 
/s/ PETER MCMILLAN III
 
Chairman of the Board, President and Director
 
March 8, 2019
Peter McMillan III
 
 
 
 
/s/ JEFFREY K. WALDVOGEL
 
Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial officer)
 
March 8, 2019
Jeffrey K. Waldvogel
 
 
 
 
/s/ STACIE K. YAMANE
 
Chief Accounting Officer
(principal accounting officer)
 
March 8, 2019
Stacie K. Yamane
 
 
 
 
/s/ WILLIAM M. PETAK
 
Director
 
March 8, 2019
William M. Petak
 
 
 
 
/s/ ERIC J. SMITH
 
Director
 
March 8, 2019
Eric J. Smith
 
 
 
 
/s/ KENNETH G. YEE
 
Director
 
March 8, 2019
Kenneth G. Yee