tgh-20f_20181231.htm

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “accelerated filer”, “large accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☒ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☒ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

In this Annual Report on Form 20-F, unless indicated otherwise, references to: (1) “Textainer,” “TGH,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer, as the context requires, to Textainer Group Holdings Limited, which is the registrant and the issuer of the class of common shares that has been registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Textainer Group Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries; (2) “TEU” refers to a “Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit,” which is a unit of measurement used in the container shipping industry to compare shipping containers of various lengths to a standard 20′ dry freight container, thus a 20′ container is one TEU and a 40′ container is two TEU; (3) “CEU” refers to a Cost Equivalent Unit, which is a unit of measurement based on the approximate cost of a container relative to the cost of a standard 20′ dry freight container, so the cost of a standard 20′ dry freight container is one CEU; the cost of a 40′ dry freight container is 1.6 CEU; the cost of a 40′ high cube dry freight container (9′6″ high) is 1.7 CEU; and the cost of a 40’ high cube refrigerated container is 8.0 CEU; (4) “our owned fleet” means the containers we own; (5) “our managed fleet” means the containers we manage that are owned by other container investors; (6) “our fleet” and “our total fleet” mean our owned fleet plus our managed fleet plus any containers we lease from other lessors; (7) “container investors” means the owners of the containers in our managed fleet; and (8) “Trencor” refers to Trencor Ltd., a public South African investment holding company, listed on the JSE Limited in Johannesburg, South Africa, which, directly owns approximately 47.5% of our common shares. See Item 4, “Information on the Company” for an explanation of the relationship between Trencor and us.

Dollar amounts in this Annual Report on Form 20-F are expressed in thousands, unless otherwise indicated.

This Annual Report on Form 20-F, including the sections entitled Item 3, “Key Information -- Risk Factors,” and Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” contains forward-looking statements within the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not statements of historical facts and may relate to, but are not limited to, expectations or estimates of future operating results or financial performance, capital expenditures, introduction of new products, regulatory compliance, plans for growth and future operations, as well as assumptions relating to the foregoing. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “intend,” “potential,” “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar terminology.

Although we do not make forward-looking statements unless we believe we have a reasonable basis for doing so, we cannot guarantee their accuracy, and actual results may differ materially from those we anticipated due to a number of uncertainties, many of which cannot be foreseen. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements for many reasons, including, among others, the risks we face that are described in the section entitled Item 3, “Key Information -- Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

We believe that it is important to communicate our future expectations to potential investors, shareholders and other readers. However, there may be events in the future that we are not able to accurately predict or control and that may cause actual events or results to differ materially from the expectations expressed in or implied by our forward-looking statements. The risk factors listed in Item 3, “Key Information -- Risk Factors,” as well as any cautionary language in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, provide examples of risks, uncertainties and events that may cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations we describe in our forward-looking statements. Before you decide to buy, hold or sell our common shares, you should be aware that the occurrence of the events described in Item 3, “Key Information -- Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F could negatively impact our business, cash flows, results of operations, financial condition and share price. Potential investors, shareholders and other readers should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements regarding our present plans or expectations involve risks and uncertainties relative to return expectations and related allocation of resources and changing economic or competitive conditions which could cause actual results to differ from present plans or expectations, and such differences could be material. Similarly, forward-looking statements regarding our present expectations for operating results and cash flow involve risks and uncertainties related to factors such as utilization rates, per diem rates, container prices, demand for containers by container shipping lines, supply and other factors discussed under Item 3, “Key Information -- Risk Factors” or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, which could also cause actual results to differ from present plans. Such differences could be material.

All future written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. New risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and we cannot predict those events or how they may affect us. We assume no obligation to, and do not plan to, update any forward-looking statements after the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F as a result of new information, future events or developments, except as required by federal securities laws. You should read this Annual Report on Form 20-F and the documents that we reference and have filed as exhibits with the understanding that we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements and that actual results may differ materially from what we expect.

Industry data and other statistical information used in this Annual Report on Form 20-F are based on independent publications, reports by market research firms or other published independent sources. Some data are also based on our good faith estimates, derived from our review of internal surveys and the independent sources listed above. Although we believe these sources are reliable, we have not independently verified the information.

In this Annual Report on Form 20-F, unless otherwise specified, all monetary amounts are in U.S. dollars. To the extent that any monetary amounts are not denominated in U.S. dollars, they have been translated into U.S. dollars in accordance with our accounting policies as described in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

The selected financial data presented below under the heading “Statement of Income Data” for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and under the heading “Balance Sheet Data” as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. The selected financial data presented below under the heading “Statement of Income Data” for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and under the heading “Balance Sheet Data” as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 are audited and have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. The data presented below under the heading “Other Financial and Operating Data” have not been audited. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected in future periods. You should read the selected consolidated financial data and operating data presented below in conjunction with Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and with Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

	Fiscal Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
	(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Statement of Income Data:
Revenues:
Lease rental income - owned fleet	$	501,362		$	444,888		$	460,427		$	512,544		$	506,538
Lease rental income - managed fleet (1)		111,342			104,566			105,511			133,961			149,703
Lease rental income		612,704			549,454			565,938			646,505			656,241

Management fees - non-leasing (1)		8,529			7,146			5,937			5,612			6,125

Trading container sales proceeds (2)		19,568			4,758			15,628			12,670			27,989
Cost of trading containers sold (2)		(16,118	)		(3,302	)		(15,904	)		(12,475	)		(27,465	)
Trading container margin		3,450			1,456			(276	)		195			524

Gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net (2)		36,071			26,210			6,761			3,454			13,070

Operating expenses:
Direct container expense - owned fleet		58,813			60,321			62,596			47,342			47,446
Distribution to managed fleet owners (1)		102,992			96,718			98,028			123,963			138,420
Depreciation expense		235,705			231,043			236,144			191,930			164,209
Container impairment		26,775			8,072			94,623			35,345			13,108
Amortization expense		3,721			4,092			5,053			4,741			4,010
General and administrative expense (3)		44,317			39,677			34,540			35,598			36,492
Bad debt expense (recovery), net		2,697			477			21,166			5,028			(474	)
Gain on insurance recovery		(8,692	)		—			—			—			—
Total operating expenses		466,328			440,400			552,150			443,947			403,211
Income from operations		194,426			143,866			26,210			211,819			272,749

	Fiscal Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
	(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense		(138,427	)		(117,475	)		(85,215	)		(76,063	)		(79,117	)
Write-off of unamortized deferred debt costs and bond discounts		(881	)		(7,550	)		—			(458	)		(6,814	)
Interest income		1,709			613			408			125			119
Realized gain (loss) on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net		5,238			(1,191	)		(8,928	)		(12,823	)		(10,293	)
Unrealized (loss) gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net		(5,790	)		4,094			6,210			(1,947	)		1,512
Other, net		—			3			(8	)		26			23
Net other expense		(138,151	)		(121,506	)		(87,533	)		(91,140	)		(94,570	)
Income (loss) before income tax and noncontrolling interest		56,275			22,360			(61,323	)		120,679			178,179
Income tax (expense) benefit		(2,025	)		(1,618	)		3,447			(6,695	)		18,068
Net income (loss)		54,250			20,742			(57,876	)		113,984			196,247
Less: Net (income) loss attributable to the noncontrolling interests		(3,872	)		(1,377	)		5,393			(5,576	)		(5,692	)
Net income (loss) attributable to Textainer Group Holdings Limited common shareholders	$	50,378		$	19,365		$	(52,483	)	$	108,408		$	190,555
Net income (loss) attributable to Textainer Group Holdings Limited common shareholders per share:
Basic	$	0.88		$	0.34		$	(0.93	)	$	1.90		$	3.36
Diluted	$	0.88		$	0.34		$	(0.93	)	$	1.90		$	3.34
Weighted average shares outstanding (in thousands):
Basic		57,200			56,845			56,608			56,953			56,719
Diluted		57,487			57,159			56,608			57,093			57,079
Other Financial and Operating Data (unaudited):
Cash dividends declared per common share	$	—		$	—		$	0.51		$	1.65		$	1.88
Purchase of containers and fixed assets	$	854,383		$	300,125		$	505,528		$	533,306		$	818,451
Utilization rate (4)		98.10	%		96.40	%		94.70	%		96.80	%		96.10	%
Total fleet in TEU (as of the end of the period)		3,354,724			3,279,892			3,142,556			3,147,690			3,233,364
Balance Sheet Data (as of the end of the period):
Cash and cash equivalents	$	137,298		$	137,894		$	84,045		$	115,594		$	107,067
Containers, net		4,134,016			3,791,610			3,717,542			3,696,311			3,635,314
Net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases (current and long-term)		167,060			182,624			237,234			331,792			361,010
Total assets		4,744,296			4,380,342			4,294,026			4,365,312			4,334,748
Long-term debt (including current portion)		3,409,827			2,990,308			3,038,297			3,003,648			2,974,311
Total liabilities (5)		3,508,305			3,174,305			3,113,486			3,103,672			3,089,705
Total Textainer Group Holdings Limited (5) shareholders' equity		1,206,813			1,148,297			1,121,681			1,197,388			1,185,223
Noncontrolling interest		29,178			57,740			58,859			64,252			59,820

An investment in our common shares involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with the other information contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, including our financial statements and the related notes thereto, before you decide to buy, hold or sell our common shares. Any of the risk factors we describe below could adversely affect our business, cash flows, results of operations and financial condition. The market price of our common shares could decline and you may lose some or all of your investment if one or more of these risks and uncertainties develop into actual events.

The demand and pricing for leased containers depends on many factors beyond our control.

Substantially all of our revenue derives from activities related to the leasing, managing and selling of containers. Our ability to continue successfully leasing containers to container shipping lines, earning management fees on leased containers, selling used containers and sourcing capital required to purchase new and used containers depends, in part, upon the continued demand to lease new and used and purchase used containers.

Demand for leased containers depends largely on the rate of growth of world trade and economic growth, with worldwide consumer demand being the most critical factor affecting this growth. Demand for leased containers is also driven by our customers’ “lease vs. buy” decisions. In the past, economic downturns in the U.S., Europe, Asia and countries with consumer-oriented economies have resulted in a reduction in the rate of growth of world trade and demand by container shipping lines for leased containers and it is likely that any future downturns would have similar results. Thus, a decrease in world trade can and has adversely affected our utilization and per diem rates and led to reduced revenue and increased operating expenses (such as storage and repositioning costs) and can have an adverse effect on our financial performance. We cannot predict whether, or when, such downturns will occur. Other material factors affecting demand for leased containers, utilization and per diem rates include the following:

Many of these and other factors affecting the container industry are inherently unpredictable and beyond our control. These factors will vary over time, often quickly and unpredictably, and any change in one or more of these factors may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, many of these factors also influence the decision by container shipping lines to lease or buy containers. Should one or more of these factors influence container shipping lines to buy a larger percentage of the containers they operate, our utilization rate and/or per diems could decrease, resulting in decreased revenue and increased storage and repositioning costs, which would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Global economic weakness has in the past and may in the future materially and negatively impact our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and future prospects.

While domestic and global economic growth resumed and has continued following the global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009, the continued sustainability of the U.S. and international economic growth is uncertain. Any slowdown or reversal of the U.S. and global trade growth could heighten a number of material risks to our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition, as well as our future prospects, including the following:

Lease and/or utilization rates may decrease, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We compete mostly on the pricing and the availability of containers. Lease rates for our containers depend on a large number of factors, including the following:

Most of these factors are beyond our control. In particular the price of steel declined materially in 2015 and continued to decline in the beginning of 2016 and this was a significant factor in the decline in new container prices and lease rates at that time. New container prices and lease rates reached historically low levels in the beginning of 2016, but starting in the second half of 2016 and until late 2018 steel prices, container prices and lease rates all increased materially. In addition, lease rates can be negatively impacted by, among other things, the entrance of new leasing companies or container factories, overproduction of new containers by factories and the over-buying by shipping lines, leasing companies and tax-driven container investors. In 2012 and continuing in 2013 and 2014, container leasing companies, including us, raised substantial amounts of new funds in the debt and equity markets and were able to repeatedly refinance existing debt on ever more favorable terms. This increased availability and reduced cost of debt, which given a limited demand for containers, contributed to downward pressure on lease rates.

The impact on us of the market downturn that ended in the second half of 2016 was more severe than in the past due to the substantial growth in our owned fleet in the past few years and the relatively high prices paid for new containers in the period from 2010 to 2012 that were initially leased at historically high rates on leases that matured during this period of low lease rates. If future market lease rates again decrease or return to historically low levels, revenues generated by our fleet will be adversely affected, which will harm our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Container utilization rates for us and our competitors are currently at very high levels by historical standards. If future container utilization rates decrease, revenues generated by our fleet will be adversely affected, which will harm our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

We face risks associated with re-leasing containers after their initial long-term lease.

We estimate the useful lives of our standard dry freight containers to be 13 to 14 years, open-top and flat-rack containers to be 14 to 16 years, refrigerated containers to be 12 years and tank containers to be 20 years. When we purchase newly produced containers, we typically lease them out under long-term leases with terms of 5 or more years at a lease rate that is correlated to the price paid for the container and prevailing interest rates. As containers leased under term leases are not leased out for their full economic life, we face risks associated with re-leasing containers after their initial long-term lease. If prevailing container lease rates decline significantly between the time a container is initially leased out and when its initial long-term lease expires, or if overall demand for containers declines, we may be unable to earn a similar lease rate from the re-leasing of containers when their initial term leases expire which could materially adversely impact our results and financial performance. Additionally, for containers purchased new in 2015 and 2016, many of these containers are on long-term leases with low per diems that are below current lease rates. Our ability to improve our financial performance depends in part on the ability to renew or re-lease these containers at the time of the expiration of their initial leases at higher rates than the per diems these containers were originally leased out. If container lease rates decline and we are unable to renew these leases at higher rates our financial results may not improve.

On August 31, 2016 Hanjin filed for bankruptcy protection in South Korea. In the following months its services ceased operation. The insolvency of Hanjin severely disrupted container trade and the container shipping industry. At the time of the insolvency, containers leased to Hanjin with ownership interests attributable to Textainer represented approximately 4.8% of the total owned and managed fleet in TEU. We incurred substantial costs from the Hanjin insolvency, arising from container recovery expenses, unpaid current and future rental income from Hanjin, container repair expenses, container repositioning expenses, re-leasing expenses and the loss of unreturned containers. Additionally, many containers formerly leased to Hanjin were re-leased at substantially lower lease rates than the rates in the leases with Hanjin and other containers were disposed, often at prices below the book value for the containers. We recovered 94% of the containers formerly leased to Hanjin, with the balance of the containers uneconomic or impossible to recover. We maintain insurance that covers certain costs and losses from customer defaults. At the time of the Hanjin default our policy provided for $80 million of coverage after a $5 million deductible was met. We collected substantially all of our insurance claim related to the Hanjin insolvency, however this was insufficient to cover all of our losses and disruptions related to Hanjin. At the time of its insolvency Hanjin was the 7^th largest container shipping line in the world and the bankruptcy of Hanjin substantially impacted us, including as follows:

Reductions in the prices of new containers would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Lease rates for new containers are positively but not exclusively correlated to the price of new containers, which is positively correlated with the price of steel, a major component used in the manufacture of new containers. In the past five years, prices for new standard 20’ dry freight containers have moved in a wide range, with prices ranging between $1,185 and $2,363 during this time. Our average new container cost per CEU remained flat during 2018 compared to 2017. Container prices have substantially increased since late 2016, but if new container prices return to very low levels, the lease rates achievable when older, off-lease containers are leased out will also decrease and the prices obtained for containers sold at the end of their useful lives will also decrease. Since the beginning of 2013 until the second half of 2016 we saw new container pricing and the sale prices of our containers sold at the end of their useful lives decline. A decline in new container prices cause low market lease rates and low resale values for containers, which have and may in the future adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, even if low new container prices allow us to purchase new containers at a lower cost. Our future financial performance and profitability depends in part on the lease rates increasing for current leases that expire during the next two to three years as many of these leases were concluded with low initial lease rates. A reversal in the current recovery of new container prices and lease rates would increase the difficulty of raising lease rates on long-term container leases that expire in the future.

Gains and losses associated with the disposition or trading of used equipment may fluctuate and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We regularly sell used containers at the end of their useful lives in marine service or when we believe it maximizes the projected financial return, considering the location, sale price, cost of repair, possible repositioning expenses, earnings prospects and remaining useful life. The realized residual value of these containers affects our profitability. The volatility of the residual values of used containers may be significant. These values depend upon, among other factors, demand for used containers for secondary purposes, comparable new container costs, used container availability, condition and location of the containers, and market conditions. Most of these factors are outside of our control. Additionally, if shipping lines or our leasing company competitors determine to sell their used containers at a younger age than we believe to be the useful life of our equipment, our containers may be more difficult to sell or may sell for less than containers that were more recently manufactured.

Gains or losses on the disposition of used container equipment and the sales fees earned on the disposition of managed containers fluctuate and may be significant if we sell large quantities of used containers. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, we incurred approximately $14 million, $4 million and $66 million, respectively, of container impairments due to the fact that when we determined to dispose of containers their book value exceeded the fair market value. Low disposal prices and the high volume of containers being disposed of can cause an elevated level of container impairments to occur. Continued low disposal prices and/or disposal volumes could harm our business, results of

operations and financial condition. See Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” for a discussion of our gains or losses on the disposition of used container equipment.

In addition to disposing of our fleet’s used containers at the end of their useful life, we opportunistically purchase used containers for resale from our shipping line customers and other sellers. Shipping lines either enter into trading deals with us at the time they are ready to dispose of older containers or enter into purchase leaseback transactions with us where they sell us older containers and then lease them back until the shipping line is ready to dispose of the containers. We face resale price risk with both transactions since by the time the container is provided to us from the shipping line the prevailing prices for older containers may have declined from the value we assumed at the time of purchase.

If the supply of trading equipment becomes limited because these sellers develop other means for disposing of their equipment or develop their own sales network, our equipment trading revenues and our profitability could be negatively impacted. If selling prices rapidly deteriorate and we are holding a large inventory that was purchased when prices for trading equipment were higher or if prices decline over the life of our purchase leaseback transactions, then our gross margins from trading and the sale of containers acquired through purchase leaseback transactions will decline or become negative. Low resale prices coupled with the higher prices paid for purchase leaseback transactions completed several years ago have caused some purchase leaseback transactions to be unprofitable.

The impact of new low sulphur emission rules is uncertain and may adversely affect us and the container shipping industry.

Effective January 1, 2020, under the rules of the International Maritime Organization (“IMO”) the permitted level of sulphur oxide emissions from ships, including container ships, will be reduced from 3.5% of emission mass to 0.5% of emissions mass. In order to comply with these regulations our shipping line customers will need to either switch to low sulphur diesel fuels, install emissions scrubbers on vessels to remove sulphur oxide from emissions gases or switch to alternative fuels like natural gas for their ships. Shipping lines are still determining and implementing their compliance strategies which may include a mix of the compliance approaches. It is expected that the cost for low sulphur diesel fuel will be substantially more than what shipping lines currently pay for bunker fuel. Installing gas scrubbers is an expensive capital expenditure to a ship and requires extensive retrofitting. If the higher fuel and environmental compliance costs from these rules are not successfully passed on via higher freight rates to shippers, or if freight demand declines due to higher shipping costs, our shipping line customers’ financial performance may weaken and the risk of default by our customers could increase. If higher freight rates cause lower cargo demand, the demand for our containers may decline and/or container lease rates and used container prices may decline, which would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Lessee defaults have and may continue to harm our business, results of operations and financial condition by decreasing revenue and increasing storage, repositioning, collection, insurance and recovery expenses.

Our containers are leased to numerous container lessees. Lessees are required to pay rent and to indemnify us for damage to or loss of containers. Lessees may default in paying rent and performing other obligations under their leases. A delay or diminution in amounts received under the leases (including leases on our managed containers), or a default in the performance of maintenance or other lessee obligations under the leases could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition and our ability to make payments on our debt.

We experienced several lessee defaults in 2016, including the default of Hanjin discussed above, which severely negatively impacted our financial performance and we believe that there is the continued risk of lessee defaults in the future. During the last several years shipping lines have made a number of efforts to raise freight rates on the major trade lanes, however rate increases have generally not been sustainable for long periods of time. Excess vessel capacity due to new ship production, including the production of very large ships, and the re-activation of previously laid up vessels will continue to be a factor in the future, especially if older vessels are not scrapped. Major shipping lines are expected to be profitable overall for 2018, however reliable information about the financial position and resources of many shipping lines can be difficult to obtain. While containerized trade grew in 2018, it was not sufficient to fully utilize vessel capacity and major shipping lines both took delivery of, and

resumed ordering, large vessels. Existing excess vessel capacity and continued new vessel deliveries, especially the delivery of very large vessels, are expected to continue to pressure freight rates for some time. Additionally, the commencement of various tariff and trade restriction actions between major trading nations in 2018 has increased uncertainty about container trade growth and demand and may increase default risk if tariff actions continue and/or increase. The implementation of low sulphur oxide emissions rules noted above may weaken the financial performance of our customers and increase their risk of default. As a result, we continue to face heightened risk that our financial performance and cash flow could be severely affected by defaults by our customers.

When lessees default, we may fail to recover all of our containers, and the containers that we do recover may be recovered in locations where we will not be able to quickly re-lease or sell them on commercially acceptable terms. In recovery actions we must locate the containers and often need to pay accrued storage and handling charges to depots and terminals, which may include debts incurred by the defaulting shipping line. We also may have to reposition these containers to other places where we can re-lease or sell them, which could be expensive, depending on the locations and distances involved. Following repositioning, we may need to repair the containers and pay container depots for storage until the containers are re-leased. These recovery, repair and repositioning costs generally are reflected in our financial statements under direct container expense. Accordingly, the amount of our bad debt expense may not capture the total adverse financial impact on us from a shipping line’s default. For our owned containers, these costs directly reduce our income and for our managed containers, lessee defaults decrease rental revenue and increase direct container expense, and thus reduce our management fee revenue. While we maintain insurance to cover some defaults, it is subject to large deductible amounts and significant exclusions and, therefore, may not be sufficient to prevent us from suffering material losses. In 2015 and 2016 we filed significant insurance claims for lessee defaults we experienced. As a result of these insurance claims, potential future insurance claims or changes in the perceived risk of providing default insurance, such insurance might not be available to us in the future on commercially reasonable terms or at all. In the renewals of our default insurance following the Hanjin bankruptcy, the policy premium was significantly increased and coverage was reduced. In any insurance claim our insurers may not agree with our determination that we have suffered an insured loss or our calculation of the amount of the insured loss. Any such future defaults could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Historically we have recovered a very high percentage of the containers from defaulted lessees. However, in the last six years we encountered defaults from several smaller lessees and lessees in locations where recoveries did not track to our historical experience and significant losses were incurred. These losses were due to a number of containers being unrecoverable as the containers were not in the control of the lessee or the containers were detained by depots or terminals that demanded storage charges in excess of the value of the detained containers after accounting for repair and repositioning costs. Additionally, in certain recent insolvencies, even when we have recovered the containers, they have generally been in very poor condition which limits their ability to be re-leased and reduces their disposal value, both of which add to the ultimate cost of the default. If a material amount of future recoveries from defaulted lessees continue to deviate from our historical recovery experience, our financial performance and cash flow could be severely adversely affected.

Depot operators, manufacturers, repairmen, terminals, ship owners and transporters do come into possession of our containers from time to time and have amounts due to them from the lessees or sublessees of the containers. In the event of nonpayment of those charges by the lessees or sublessees, we may be delayed in, or entirely barred from, repossessing the containers, or be required to make payments or incur expenses to discharge such liens on our containers.

We derive a substantial portion of our lease billings from a limited number of container lessees, and the loss of, or reduction in business, by any of these container lessees could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We have derived, and believe that we will continue to derive, a significant portion of lease billings and cash flow from a limited number of container lessees. Lease billings from our 20 largest container lessees represented $493.9 million or 82.8% of the total fleet billings during 2018. Our two largest customers in 2018 were Mediterranean Shipping Company S.A., which accounted for $84.2 million or 13.7% and CMA-CGM S.A., which

accounted for $82.4 million or 13.4% of our total fleet’s container lease rental income. Due to the ongoing consolidation in the shipping line industry, our 20 largest container lessees are becoming an increasing percentage of our total revenue, with correspondingly increased concentration of credit risk. Given the high concentration of our customer base, a default by any of our largest customers would result in a major reduction in leasing revenue, large repossession expenses, potentially large lost equipment charges and a material adverse impact on our performance and financial condition. Our experience with the Hanjin bankruptcy that commenced on August 31, 2016 is an example of the occurrence of these materially adverse events.

The introduction and use of very large container ships (18,000 TEU+) on the major trade lanes may lead to further industry consolidation and shipping line alliance participation, and even greater reliance by us on our largest customers, and negatively impact the performance of smaller and mid-size shipping lines. Several of the largest shipping lines have invested heavily in these very large ships and reportedly have achieved meaningful unit cost advantages and increased market shares on the major trade lanes. In response, some smaller shipping lines have started to exit the major trade lanes, while others are seeking to form closer operating partnerships.

Consolidation, shipping line alliances, and concentration in the container shipping industry could decrease the demand for leased containers.

We primarily lease containers to container shipping lines. The container shipping lines have historically relied on a large number of leased containers to satisfy their needs. The shipping industry has been consolidating for a number of years, and further consolidation is expected. In recent years two major German shipping lines have each acquired different South American shipping lines, a French shipping line acquired a Singaporean shipping line, two large Chinese shipping lines merged, a German shipping line merged with a Middle Eastern shipping line and a Danish shipping line acquired a German shipping line. Three major Japanese shipping lines also completed their merger in April 2018. Additionally, Hanjin declared bankruptcy in August 2016, further reducing the number of large shipping lines. Historically, shipping lines have also formed a number of alliances to share vessel space and the creation of new alliances and changes in the membership of each alliance is ongoing. Consolidation of major container shipping lines and growth of alliances could create efficiencies and decrease the demand that container shipping lines have for leased containers because they may be able to fulfill a larger portion of their needs through their owned container fleets. Consolidation could also create concentration of credit risk if the number of our container lessees decreases. If shipping line alliances are effective at making shipping lines more efficient, this could reduce the demand for containers. The growth of alliances may add pressure to those shipping lines that do not join an alliance as they may find it more difficult to cost effectively serve shippers needs and/or shippers may choose to only ship cargo with alliances due to solvency concerns or otherwise. Additionally, large container shipping lines with significant resources could choose to manufacture or purchase their own containers, which would decrease their demand for leased containers and could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our indebtedness reduces our financial flexibility and could impede our ability to operate.

We have historically operated with, and anticipate continuing to operate with, a significant amount of debt. As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding indebtedness of $3,437.8 million under our debt facilities. All of our outstanding indebtedness is secured debt collateralized primarily by our container assets and finance leases. There is no assurance that we will be able to refinance our outstanding indebtedness on terms that we can afford or at all. If we are unable to refinance our outstanding indebtedness, or if we are unable to increase the amount of our borrowing capacity, it could limit our ability to grow our business.

The amount of our indebtedness, and the terms of the related indebtedness (including interest rates and covenants), could have important consequences for us, including the following:

We may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations to service and repay our debt and related obligations and have sufficient funds left over to achieve or sustain profitability in our operations, meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs and/or compete successfully in our industry. An uncured event of default in some or all of our debt facilities could cause some or all of our entities to be declared bankrupt or liquidated.

We will require a significant amount of cash to service and repay our outstanding indebtedness, fund future capital expenditures, and our ability to generate cash depends on many factors beyond our control.

Our ability to make payments on and repay our indebtedness and to fund planned capital expenditures will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future. Our business primarily generates cash from our container assets. Our lenders, rating agencies and the investors in our asset-backed debt securities look to the historical and anticipated performance of our container assets when deciding whether to lend to us and the terms for such lending. It is possible that:

The terms of our debt facilities impose, and the terms of any future indebtedness may impose, significant operating, financial and other restrictions on us and our subsidiaries.

Restrictions imposed by our secured debt facilities, revolving credit facilities, term loan and bonds may limit or prohibit, among other things, our ability to:

We are also required to comply with certain financial covenants. These restrictions could adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs and pursue available business opportunities. A breach of any of these financial covenants and restrictions, due to weaker financial performance, reduced asset values or otherwise could result in a default in respect of the related indebtedness. If a default occurs, the relevant lenders could elect to

declare the indebtedness, together with accrued interest and fees, to be immediately due and payable and proceed against any collateral securing that indebtedness, which will constitute substantially all of our container assets and finance leases. As a result of the Hanjin bankruptcy, coupled with the lower container returns provided in recent years due to increased competition and lower realized used container prices, in 2016 and 2017 we experienced difficulty in meeting certain of the financial covenants on our lending facilities. We obtained various covenant amendments and waivers to address this situation and subsequently refinanced the majority of our debt with revised covenants. If needed in the future we may be unable to obtain covenant amendments and waivers from our lenders and some or all of our indebtedness could be in default. Additionally, covenant amendments and waivers may limit our ability to access additional funds for container investment and the cost and expense of covenant amendments, waivers and/or refinancing may limit our available funds for container investment.

If we are unable to enter into interest rate swaps, collars and caps on reasonable commercial terms or if a counterparty under our interest rate swap, collar and cap agreements defaults, our exposure associated with our variable rate debt could increase.

We have typically funded a significant portion of the purchase price of new containers through borrowings under our revolving credit facilities and our secured debt facilities and intend to use borrowings under our revolving credit facilities and our secured debt facilities for such funding in the future. All of our outstanding debt, other than the $1,327.2 million in aggregate principal amount under our TMCL VI Term Loan, Series 2017-1, Series 2017-2 and Series 2018-1 Fixed Rate Asset Backed Notes are subject to variable interest rates. We have entered into various interest rate swap, collar and cap agreements to mitigate our exposure associated with variable rate debt. The swap agreements involve payments by us to counterparties at fixed rates in return for receipts based upon variable rates indexed to the London Inter Bank Offered Rate. There can be no assurance that interest rate swaps, collars and caps will be available in the future, or if available, will be on terms satisfactory to us. Moreover, our interest rate swap agreements are subject to counterparty credit exposure, which is defined as the ability of a counterparty to perform its financial obligations under a derivative contract. While we monitor our counterparties’ credit ratings on an on-going basis, we cannot be certain that they will stay in compliance with the related derivative agreements and not default in the future. If we are unable to obtain interest rate swaps, collars and caps or if a counterparty under our interest rate swap, collar and cap agreements defaults, our exposure associated with our variable rate debt could increase.

Even with hedged variable rate debt and fixed rate debt, we face interest rate risk.

We generally hedge and fix our overall debt exposure to have a maturity similar to the average remaining lease term of our long-term lease contracts. However if during the duration of our hedging, interest rates increase but lease rate per diems do not also increase, as our hedges expire our financial performance may decline due to higher interest rates not being offset by higher per diems. If this occurs we may not be able to generate sufficient cash flows to service our debt obligations and/or we may breach our debt covenants, all of which would materially and adversely impact us.

We may incur significant costs to reposition our containers, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

When lessees return containers to locations where supply exceeds demand and when lessees default and we recover containers, we sometimes reposition containers to higher demand areas. Repositioning expenses vary depending on geographic location, distance, freight rates and other factors, and may not be fully covered by drop-off charges collected from the previous lessee of the containers or pick-up charges paid by the new lessee. We seek to limit the number of and impose surcharges on containers returned to low demand locations. Market conditions, however, may not enable us to continue such practices. In addition, we may not be able to accurately anticipate which locations will be characterized by higher or lower demand in the future, and our current contracts will not protect us from repositioning costs if locations that we expect to be higher demand locations turn out to be lower demand locations at the time the containers are returned. For example, the vast majority of our long-term leases require that a high percentage of the containers are returned in Asia, primarily in China. If long-term trade patterns change, it may not be economically desirable to have the bulk of our containers returned in China at the end of long-term leases. Additionally, our customer default insurance that covers lessee insolvencies does not sufficiently insure

us for container repositioning expense. Any such increases in costs to reposition our containers could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The demand for leased containers is partially tied to international trade. If this demand were to decrease due to increased barriers to trade, or for any other reason, it could reduce demand for intermodal container leasing, which would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

A substantial portion of our containers are used in trade involving goods being shipped from the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC” or “China”) and other Asian countries to the United States, Europe, Latin America or other regions and within Asia. The willingness and ability of international consumers to purchase foreign goods is dependent on political support, in the United States, Europe Latin America and other countries, for an absence of government-imposed barriers to international trade in goods and services. For example, international consumer demand for foreign goods is related to price; if the price differential between foreign goods and domestically-produced goods were to decrease due to increased tariffs on foreign goods, strengthening in the applicable foreign currencies relative to domestic currencies, rising wages, increasing input or energy costs or other factors, demand for foreign goods could decrease, which could result in reduced demand for intermodal container leasing. A similar reduction in demand for intermodal container leasing could result from an increased use of quotas or other technical barriers to restrict trade. In 2018 a number of major trading economies implemented and increased tariffs and other trade restrictions and significant renegotiations of existing trade agreements commenced and continue. If these trade restrictions and tariffs continue or increase it may materially impact container demand and change trade patterns. The current regime of relatively free trade may not continue.

A contraction or slowdown in containerized cargo growth or negative containerized cargo growth would lead to a surplus of containers and a lack of storage space, which could negatively impact us.

We depend on third party depot operators to repair and store our equipment in port areas throughout the world. Growth in the world’s container fleet has significantly outpaced growth in depot capacity and even in the current period of historically high utilization, we continue to experience limited depot capacity in certain major port cities. Additionally, the land occupied by depots is increasingly being considered prime real estate, as it is coastal land in or near major cities, and this land may be developed into other uses or there may be increasing restrictions on depot operations by local communities. This trend has already caused depot storage costs to increase and could further increase depots’ costs and in some cases force depots to relocate to sites further from the port areas. If these changes affect a large number of our depots, or if we experience a period of lower container utilization, it could significantly increase the cost of maintaining and storing our off-hire containers. Additionally, if depot space is unavailable, we may be unable to accept returned containers from lessees, which may cause us to breach our lease agreements.

We own a large number of containers in our fleet and are subject to significant ownership risk and increasing our owned fleet entails increasing our debt, which could result in financial instability.

Ownership of containers entails greater risk than management of containers for container investors. In 2018, the percentage of containers in our fleet that we own increased from 74.6% at the beginning of the year to 78.9% at the end of the year. In the years prior to 2017 we have consistently increased the number of owned containers in our fleet as a percentage of the total fleet, however in 2017 we assumed management of a large fleet from an insolvent leasing company which caused the owned percentage of our fleet to decline a few percentage points. In October 2018 we purchased the 75% of TW Container Leasing Limited that we did not own from an affiliate of Wells Fargo and this caused the owned percentage of our fleet to increase 2 percentage points. The increased number of containers in our owned fleet increases our exposure to financing costs, financing risks, changes in per diem rates, re-leasing risk, changes in utilization rates, lessee defaults, repositioning costs, storage expenses, impairment charges and changes in sales prices upon the disposition of containers. The number of containers in our owned fleet fluctuates over time as we purchase new containers, sell containers into the secondary resale market, and acquire other fleets.

If we increase the number of containers in our owned fleet, we will likely have more capital at risk and may need to maintain higher debt balances. Additional borrowings may not be available under our revolving credit facilities or our secured debt facilities, and we may not be able to refinance these facilities, if necessary, on commercially reasonable terms or at all. We may need to raise additional debt or equity capital in order to fund our

business, expand our sales activities and/or respond to competitive pressures. We may not have access to the capital resources we desire or need to fund our business or may not have access on attractive terms. These factors, among others, may reduce our profitability and adversely affect our plans to maintain the container ownership portion of our business.

If we are unable to lease our new containers shortly after we purchase them, our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition may be harmed.

Lease rates for new containers are positively correlated to the fluctuations in the price of new containers, which is positively correlated with the price of steel, a major component used in the manufacture of new containers. If we are unable to lease the new containers that we purchase within a short period of time of such purchase, the market price of new containers and the corresponding market lease rates for new containers may decrease, regardless of the higher cost of the previously purchased containers. Additionally, if we believe new container prices are attractive, we may purchase more containers than we have immediate demand for if we expect container prices or lease rates may rise. If prices do not rise or new container demand weakens, we may be unable to lease this speculative inventory on attractive terms or at all. Declines in new container prices, lease rates, or the inability to lease new containers could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Consolidation of container manufacturers or the disruption of manufacturing for the major manufacturers could result in higher new container prices and/or decreased supply of new containers. Any material increase in the cost or reduction in the supply of new containers could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We currently purchase almost all of our containers from manufacturers based in the PRC. If it were to become more expensive for us to procure containers in the PRC or to transport these containers at a low cost from the manufacturer to the locations where they are needed by our container lessees because of changes in exchange rates between the U.S. Dollar and Chinese Yuan, consolidation among container suppliers, increased tariffs imposed by the U.S. or other governments, changing trade patterns, increased fuel costs, increased labor costs, or for any other reason, we may have to seek alternative sources of supply and we may not be able to make alternative arrangements quickly enough to meet our container needs, and the alternative arrangements may increase our costs.

The availability and price of containers depend significantly on the capacity and bargaining position of the major container manufacturers. Three major manufacturers have approximately 80% of that industry’s market share. This market structure and the commodity inputs used in manufacturing have led to significant variability in container prices. In particular, the increased focus on environmental matters in China may reduce the supply (and increase the cost) of steel and other raw materials used in our containers and the mandatory use of water borne paint by all container factories in China has already increased the cost of containers and created container production constraints. If an increased cost of purchasing containers is not matched by a corresponding increase in lease rates, or if we have difficulty in sourcing containers, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be harmed.

Sustained reduction in the production of new containers could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The lack of new production of standard dry freight containers from the fourth quarter of 2008 through the end of 2009, combined with continued retirement of older containers in the ordinary course, led to a decline in the world container fleet of approximately 4% in 2009, creating a shortage of containers as worldwide cargo volumes increased by 12.0% in 2010 and 8.6% in 2011. During the period of decline in the world container fleet, container manufacturers lost up to 60% of their skilled work force due to long shutdowns, and had limited production capacity in 2010 as they had to hire and train a new skilled work force. Although manufacturers resumed production in 2011 and continued steady production from 2012 through 2018, if there is a sustained reduction in the production of new containers, it could impact our ability to expand our fleet, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Terrorist attacks, the threat of such attacks or the outbreak of war and hostilities could negatively impact our operations and profitability and may expose us to liability.

Terrorist attacks and the threat of such attacks have contributed to economic instability in the U.S. and elsewhere, and further acts or threats of terrorism, violence, war or hostilities could similarly affect world trade and the industries in which we and our container lessees operate. For example, worldwide containerized trade dramatically decreased in the immediate aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., which affected demand for leased containers. In addition, terrorist attacks, threats of terrorism, violence, war or hostilities may directly impact ports, depots, our facilities or those of our suppliers or container lessees and could impact our sales and our supply chain. A severe disruption to the worldwide ports system and flow of goods could result in a reduction in the level of international trade and lower demand for our containers.

Our lease agreements require our lessees to indemnify us for all costs, liabilities and expenses arising out of the use of our containers, including property damage to the containers, damage to third-party property and personal injury. However, our lessees may not have adequate resources to honor their indemnity obligations after a terrorist attack. Our insurance coverage is limited and is subject to large deductibles and significant exclusions and we have very limited insurance for liability arising from a terrorist attack. Accordingly, we may not be protected from liability (and expenses in defending against claims of liability) arising from a terrorist attack.

We may be unable to compete favorably in the highly competitive container leasing and container management businesses. We compete with a relatively small number of major leasing companies, many smaller lessors, companies and financial institutions offering finance leases, and promoters of container ownership and leasing as a tax-efficient investment. Some of these competitors may have greater financial resources and access to capital than we do. Additionally, some of these competitors may have large, underutilized inventories of containers, which could, if leased, lead to significant downward pressure on per diem rates, margins and prices of containers. Competition among container leasing companies depends upon many factors, including, among others: per diem rates; supply reliability; lease terms, including lease duration, drop-off restrictions and repair provisions; customer service; and the location, availability, quality and individual characteristics of containers. In recent years several container leasing companies have acquired other container lessors and we may face increased competition from these merged firms. Following the completion of each consolidation, the new entity may face further pressure for fleet growth and may compete even more aggressively, causing further declines in rental rates available from container leases. New entrants into the leasing business may be attracted by the historically high rate of containerized trade growth, access to the capital markets and low pricing for containers. New entrants may be willing to offer pricing or other terms that we are unwilling or unable to match. Additionally, the management agreements under which we manage containers for other parties do not restrict these container owners from having other container fleets managed by competing leasing companies or from directly competing with us.

We, like other suppliers of leased containers, are dependent upon decisions by shipping lines to lease rather than to buy their container equipment. Shipping lines own a significant amount of the world’s intermodal containers and effectively compete with us. In part due to constraints on their financing and need to allocate capital to new ship purchases and port terminals, in recent years, shipping lines have generally reduced their purchases of new containers. In 2018 we believe that about 60% of all shipping containers were purchased by leasing companies. Although we believe that this percentage should somewhat rebalance itself we still expect leasing companies to be a majority purchaser of the new containers to be produced. Should shipping lines decide to buy a larger percentage of the containers they operate, our utilization rate would decrease, resulting in decreased leasing revenues, increased storage costs and increased positioning costs. A decrease in the portion of leased containers would also reduce our investment opportunities and significantly constrain our growth.

For reporting periods beginning in 2019, the new accounting guidance under both generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) requires recognition of right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability of operating leases on the lessees’ balance sheet. Because the new leasing guidance virtually eliminates the financial statement benefit of entering into operating leases for the lessees, it could change our customers’ “lease vs. buy” decision and/or decision on lease structures and terms.

Our results of operations are subject to changes resulting from the political and economic policies of the PRC and economic activity in the PRC.

A substantial portion of our containers are leased out from locations in the PRC. The main manufacturers of containers are also located in the PRC. The political and economic policies of the PRC and the level of economic activity in the PRC may have a significant impact on our company and our financial performance.

Changes in the political leadership of the PRC may have a significant effect on laws and policies that impact economic growth and trade and the corresponding need for containers to ship goods from the PRC, including the introduction of measures to control inflation, changes in the rate or method of taxation, and the imposition of additional restrictions on currency conversion, remittances abroad, and foreign investment. Moreover, economic reforms and growth in the PRC have been more successful in certain provinces than in others, and the continuation of or increases in such disparities could affect the political or social stability of the PRC. Furthermore, the current high level of debt by some companies in China may lead to defaults which may not be supported by the Chinese government. In recent years the rate of economic growth in the PRC has declined. Additionally, government policies that reduce the emphasis on manufacturing and increase priorities for domestic consumption and services may alter trade patterns and reduce demand for containers. Chinese government environmental policies and practices may reduce steel production which would impact container costs and may limit factory production, which could impact trade growth and container demand.

A large number of our shipping line customers are domiciled either in the PRC (including Hong Kong) or in Taiwan. In 2018, approximately 29.6% of our revenue was attributable to shipping line customers that were either domiciled in the PRC (including Hong Kong) or in Taiwan. Almost all container manufacturing facilities from which we purchased our containers in 2018 are located in the PRC. A reduced rate of economic growth, changes to economic or trade policy or political instability in either the PRC or Taiwan could have a negative effect on our major customers, our ability to obtain containers and correspondingly, our results of operations and financial condition.

The legal systems in the PRC and other jurisdictions have inherent uncertainties that could limit the legal protections available to us and even if legal judgments are obtained, collection may be difficult.

We currently purchase almost all of our containers from manufacturers based in the PRC. In addition, a substantial portion of our containers are leased out from locations in the PRC. California law governs almost all of these agreements. However, disputes or settlements arising out of these agreements may need to be enforced in the PRC. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since 1979, PRC legislation and regulations have significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in the PRC. However, since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and may be subject to considerable discretion, variation, or influence by external forces unrelated to the legal merits of a particular matter. The enforcement of these laws, regulations, and rules involves uncertainties that may limit remedies available to us. Any litigation or arbitration in the PRC may be protracted and may result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. In addition, the PRC may enact new laws or amend current laws that may be detrimental to us, which may have a material adverse effect on our business operations. If we are unable to enforce any legal rights that we may have under our contracts or otherwise in the PRC, our ability to compete and our results of operations could be harmed.

In addition, as our containers are used in trade involving goods being shipped to locations throughout the world, it is not possible to predict, with any degree of certainty, the jurisdictions in which enforcement proceedings may be commenced. Litigation and enforcement proceedings have inherent uncertainties in any jurisdiction and are expensive. These uncertainties are enhanced in countries that have less developed legal systems where the interpretation of laws and regulations is not consistent, may be influenced by factors other than legal merits and may be cumbersome, time-consuming and even more expensive. For example, repossession from defaulting lessees may be difficult and more expensive in jurisdictions whose laws do not confer the same security interests and rights to creditors and lessors as those in the United States and where the legal system is not as well developed. Additionally, even if we are successful in obtaining judgments against defaulting lessees, these lessees may have limited owned assets and/or heavily encumbered assets and the collection and enforcement of a monetary judgment may be unsuccessful. As a result, the remedies available and the relative success and expedience of collection and enforcement proceedings with respect to the containers in various jurisdictions cannot be predicted.

Because substantially all of our revenues are generated in U.S. dollars, but a significant portion of our expenses are incurred in other currencies, exchange rate fluctuations could have an adverse impact on our results of operations.

The U.S. dollar is our primary operating currency. Almost all of our revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars, and approximately 81% of our direct container expenses were denominated in U.S. dollars for the year ended December 31, 2018. Accordingly, a significant amount of our expenses are incurred in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. This difference could lead to fluctuations in net income due to changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the other currencies. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, 19%, 25%, and 36%, respectively, of our direct container expenses were paid in up to 20 different foreign currencies. A decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar against non-U.S. currencies in which our expenses are incurred translates into an increase in those expenses in U.S. dollar terms, which would decrease our net income. While the prices of the used containers we trade or dispose are primarily quoted and billed in U.S. Dollars, declines in the currencies where these containers are sold relative to the U.S. Dollar can serve to reduce the market prices for used containers, which will decrease our net income. We do not engage in foreign currency hedging activities which might reduce the volatility associated with exchange rates.

Sustained Asian economic instability could reduce demand for leasing, which would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Many of our customers are substantially dependent upon shipments of goods exported from Asia. From time to time, there have been health scares, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and avian flu, financial turmoil, natural disasters and political instability in Asia. If these events were to occur in the future, they could adversely affect our container lessees and the general demand for shipping and lead to reduced demand for leased containers or otherwise adversely affect us. Any reduction in demand for leased containers would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The international nature of the container shipping industry exposes us to numerous risks.

We are subject to risks inherent in conducting business across national boundaries, any one of which could adversely impact our business. These risks include:

One or more of these factors or other related factors may impair our current or future international operations and, as a result, harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We rely on our proprietary information technology systems to conduct our business. If these systems fail to perform their functions adequately, or if we experience an interruption in their operation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

The efficient operation of our business is highly dependent on our proprietary information technology systems. We rely on our systems to record transactions, such as repair and depot charges, purchases and disposals of containers and movements associated with each of our owned or managed containers. We use the information provided by these systems in our day-to-day business decisions in order to effectively manage our lease portfolio, reduce costs and improve customer service. We also rely on these systems for the accurate tracking of the performance of our managed fleet for each container investor. The failure of our systems to perform as we expect could disrupt our business, adversely affect our results of operations and cause our relationships with lessees and container investors to suffer. Our information technology systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from circumstances beyond our control, including fire, natural disasters, power loss and computer systems failures and viruses or cyber-attacks. Even though we have developed redundancies and other contingencies to mitigate any disruptions to our information technology systems, these redundancies and contingencies may not completely prevent interruptions to our information technology systems. In recent years we have moved various information technology systems and data to cloud-based storage providers and software vendors. We face additional risks from relying on third parties to store, process and manage our data and software. Any such interruptions could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Cyber attacks and/or information technology security breaches on us or our customers could materially and adversely affect us.

If we, our customers or other third parties with which we do business were to fall victim to successful cyber-attacks or experience other cybersecurity incidents that cause the system failure, downtime, or the loss of sensitive data, we may incur substantial costs and suffer other negative consequences. Our ability to handle the delivery and return of containers, lease billing, and the sale of older containers is dependent on the stable operation of our information technology systems. Our customers’ ability to generate revenue and make timely payments to us is similarly dependent on the stable operation of their information technology systems. Successful breaches, employee malfeasance, or human or technological error could result in, for example, unauthorized access to, disclosure, modification, misuse, loss, or destruction of company, customer, or other third party data or systems; theft of sensitive, regulated, or confidential data; the loss of access to critical data or systems through ransomware, destructive attacks or other means; and business delays, service or system disruptions or denials of service.

Cybersecurity incidents have increased in number and severity and it is expected that these trends will continue. Should the Company be affected by such an incident, we may incur substantial costs and suffer other negative consequences, which may include substantial remediation costs, such as liability for stolen assets or information, repairs of system damage, and incentives to customers or business partners in an effort to maintain relationships after an attack, as well as litigation and legal risks.

Use of counterfeit and improper refrigerant in refrigeration machines for refrigerated containers could cause irreparable damage to the refrigeration machines, death or personal injury, and materially impair the value of our refrigerated container fleet.

In past years, there were a limited number of reports of counterfeit and improper refrigerant gas being used to service refrigeration machines in depots primarily in Asia. The use of this counterfeit gas has led to the explosion of several refrigeration machines. Several of these incidents resulted in personal injury or death, and in all cases, the counterfeit gas led to irreparable damage to the refrigeration machines.

Safer testing procedures were developed and implemented by refrigeration manufacturers and industry participants in order to determine whether counterfeit or improper gas was used to service a refrigeration machine. However, there can be no assurance that these procedures will prove to continue to be reliable and cost effective. If industry procedures and tests are not proven safe and effective or if the use of such counterfeit and improper refrigerant recurs and is widespread or other counterfeit refrigerant issues emerge in the future, the value of our refrigerated container fleet and our ability to lease refrigerated containers could be materially impaired and could therefore have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, we might be subject to claims for damages by parties injured by contaminated refrigeration machinery operated by our lessees which may materially adversely affect us.

We face risks from our tank container management agreement with Trifleet Leasing (The Netherlands) B.V.

In June 2013 we announced that we had entered into a tank container management agreement with Trifleet Leasing (The Netherlands) B.V. (“Trifleet”). Under this agreement, we invest funds with Trifleet for the purchase and leasing of tank containers. Trifleet is our exclusive manager for investments in tank containers. Intermodal tank containers are used for the transport and storage of liquid foodstuffs, chemicals and gases. This is a specialized market subject to a number of regulations and strict operating procedures. As Trifleet is investing funds on our behalf in tank containers, our return on any investments under this management agreement are highly reliant on their skill and performance, as well as, the overall investment climate for tank containers. While we approve of the amounts committed under the management agreement, Trifleet selects the lessees, negotiates lease terms, determines equipment specifications, negotiates equipment orders and supervises production, and is responsible for all other management activities including customer billing, equipment return, re-leasing, maintenance and repairs. If Trifleet or the tank container market does not perform as we anticipate, we may not receive adequate returns on our investment and our results could be materially impacted. Additionally, given the nature of tank containers and their cargos, our ownership of tank containers could expose us to different and additional risks than we generally face as the owner and lessor of dry freight and refrigerated containers. While lessees, Trifleet and ourselves all maintain insurance, and lessees agree to accept liability for claims caused by the operation of tank containers, this may still be inadequate to shield us from costs and liability from any claims arising from tank containers that we own pursuant to the Trifleet management agreement.

If our insurance is inadequate or if we are unable to obtain insurance, we may experience losses.

Under all of our leases, our lessees are generally responsible for loss of or damage to a container beyond ordinary wear and tear, and they are required to purchase insurance to cover any other liabilities. Our depots are also required to maintain insurance and indemnify us against losses. We also maintain our own insurance to cover our containers when they are not on-hire to lessees or when the lessee fails to have adequate primary coverage, and third-party liability insurance for both on-hire and off-hire containers. In addition, we maintain insurance that, after satisfying our deductibles, would cover loss of revenue as a result of default under most of our leases, as well as, the recovery cost or replacement value of most of our containers. Lessees’ and depots’ insurance policies and indemnity rights may not protect us against losses. Our own insurance may prove to be inadequate to prevent against losses or in the future coverage may be unavailable or uneconomic, and losses could arise from a lack of insurance coverage.

U.S. investors in our company could suffer adverse tax consequences if we are characterized as a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Based upon the nature of our business activities, we could be classified in the future as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Such characterization could result in adverse U.S. tax consequences to direct or indirect U.S. investors in our common shares. For example, if we are a PFIC, our U.S. investors could become subject to increased tax liabilities under U.S. tax laws and regulations and could become subject to burdensome reporting requirements. The determination of whether or not we are a PFIC is made on an annual basis and depends on the composition of our income and assets from time to time. Specifically, for any taxable year we will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. tax purposes if either:

In applying these tests, we are treated as owning or generating directly our pro rata share of the assets and income of any corporation in which we own at least 25% by value. In addition, the composition of our income and assets will be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend the cash we have raised.

Under the PFIC rules, unless a U.S. investor is permitted to and does elect otherwise under the Internal Revenue Code, such U.S. investor would be liable to pay U.S. federal income tax at the then prevailing income tax rates on ordinary income plus interest upon excess distributions and upon any gain from the disposition of our common shares, as if the excess distribution or gain had been recognized ratably over the investor’s holding period for our common shares. Based on the composition of our income, valuation of our assets (including goodwill), and our election to treat certain of our subsidiaries as disregarded entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we do not believe we were a PFIC for any period after our initial public offering (“IPO”) date and we do not expect that we should be treated as a PFIC for our current taxable year. However, there can be no assurance at all in this regard. Because the PFIC determination is highly fact intensive and made at the end of each taxable year, it is possible that we may be a PFIC for the current or any future taxable year or that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) may challenge our determination concerning our PFIC status.

We may become subject to unanticipated tax liabilities that may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Textainer Group Holdings Limited is a Bermuda company, and we believe that a significant portion of the income derived from our operations will not be subject to tax in Bermuda, which currently has no corporate income tax, or in many other countries in which we conduct activities or in which our customers or containers are located. However, this belief is based on the anticipated nature and conduct of our business, which may change. It is also based on our understanding of our position under the tax laws of the countries in which we have assets or conduct activities. This position is subject to review and possible challenge by taxing authorities and to possible changes in law that may have retroactive effect.

A portion of our income is treated as effectively connected with our conduct of a trade or business within the U.S., and is accordingly subject to U.S. federal income tax. It is possible that the IRS will conclude that a greater portion of our income is effectively connected income that should be subject to U.S. federal income tax.

Our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected if we become subject to a significant amount of unanticipated tax liabilities.

Our U.S. subsidiaries may be treated as personal holding companies for U.S. federal tax purposes now or in the future.

Any of our direct or indirect U.S. subsidiaries could be subject to additional U.S. tax on a portion of its income if it is considered to be a personal holding company (“PHC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This status depends on whether more than 50% of the subsidiary’s shares by value could be deemed to be owned (taking into account constructive ownership rules) by five or fewer individuals and whether 60% or more of the subsidiary’s

adjusted ordinary gross income consists of “personal holding company income,” which includes certain forms of passive and investment income. The PHC rules do not apply to non-U.S. corporations. We believe that none of our U.S. subsidiaries should be considered PHCs. In addition, we intend to cause our U.S. subsidiaries to manage their affairs in a manner that reduces the possibility that they will meet the 60% income threshold. However, because of the lack of complete information regarding our ultimate share ownership (i.e., particularly as determined by constructive ownership rules), our U.S. subsidiaries may become PHCs in the future and, in that event, the amount of U.S. federal income tax that would be imposed could be material.

Changes in tax laws or their application could adversely affect the results of our operations.

Our worldwide operations are taxed under the laws of the jurisdictions in which we operate. However, the integrated nature of our worldwide operations can produce conflicting claims from revenue authorities in different countries as to the profits to be taxed in the individual countries, including disputes relating to transfer pricing. Some of the jurisdictions in which we operate have double tax treaties with other foreign jurisdictions, which provide a framework for mitigating the impact of double taxation on our revenues and capital gains. However, mechanisms developed to resolve such conflicting claims are largely uncertain, and can be expected to be very lengthy in coming to a final determination in the applicable jurisdictions.

In recent years, tax authorities around the world have increased their scrutiny of company tax filings, and have become more rigid in exercising any discretion they may have. As part of this, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) has proposed a number of tax law changes under its Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) Action Plans to address issues of transparency, coherence and substance.

These OECD tax reform initiatives also need local country implementation, including in the Bermuda and U.S., which may result in significant changes to established tax principles. In response to EU efforts to investigate the tax policies of non-EU jurisdictions, effective December 31, 2018 Bermuda adopted the Economic Substance Act of 2018, which requires that Bermuda registered entities engaged in certain relevant activities (which include finance, leasing and shipping) maintain sufficient economic substance and activities in Bermuda. The failure to comply with the Economic Substance Act may result in fines and penalties and ultimately the striking off of an entity from the Bermuda corporate register. The Economic Substance Act takes effect on July 1, 2019 and additional guidance is expected from the Bermuda government about the implementation of, and compliance with, the Act. Bermuda was blacklisted by the EU on March 12, 2019 as they claim that Bermuda failed to enact the required Economic Substance legislation on time. Bermuda has stated that this was the result of a typographical error in the legislation that had been corrected and they expect to be removed from this list at the next meeting of the EU Council in May 2019. However, there can be no assurance that Bermuda will be removed from this list and this could have implications for the Company. We may be unable to comply with the Economic Substance Act or compliance with the act may materially adversely impact our operations and results. Penalties for noncompliance could adversely affect our operations and results.

In addition, in the U.S., the U.S. Tax Cuts and Job Act of 2017 was signed into law on December 22, 2017 (the “New Tax Act”), which includes substantial changes to the U.S. taxation of individuals and businesses. The New Tax Act also establishes new tax laws that will affect our operations, including, but not limited to, (1) reduction of the U.S. federal corporate tax rate; (2) elimination of the corporate alternative minimum tax; (3) the creation of the base erosion anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”), a new minimum tax on taxable income adjusted for certain base erosion payments; (4) a general elimination of U.S. federal income taxes on dividends from foreign subsidiaries; (5) a new provision designed to currently tax certain global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) of controlled foreign corporations, which allows for the possibility of using foreign tax credits (“FTCs”) and a deduction of up to 50% to reduce this income tax liability (subject to some limitations); (6) a new limitation on deductible interest expense; (7) limitations on the deductibility of certain executive compensation; (8) limitations on the use of FTCs to reduce the U.S. income tax liability; and (9) limitations on net operating losses generated in the taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, to 80% of taxable income. Our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 reflect the effects of the New Tax Act based on current guidance. However, there are uncertainties and ambiguities in the application of certain provisions of the New Tax Act, and as a result we made certain judgments and assumptions in the interpretation thereof. The U.S. Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Service may issue further guidance on how the provisions of the New Tax Act will be applied or otherwise administered that differs from our current interpretation. In addition, the New Tax Act could be subject to potential amendments and

technical corrections, any of which could materially lessen or increase certain adverse impacts of the legislation on us. As we further analyze the impact of the New Tax Act and collect relevant information, we may make adjustments to the provisional amounts.

In general, such tax reform efforts, including with respect to tax base or rate, transfer pricing, intercompany dividends, cross border transactions, controlled corporations, and limitations on tax relief allowed on the interest on intercompany debt, will require us to continually assess our organizational structure against tax policy trends, and could lead to an increased risk of international tax disputes and an increase in our effective tax rate, and could adversely affect our financial results.

Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

We have significant net operating loss carry-forwards in the United States. As of December 31, 2018, we had net operating loss carry-forwards of $123,079 relating to U.S. federal income taxes, which will begin to expire from December 31, 2019 through December 31, 2038 if not utilized.

In the United States, utilization of these net operating loss carry-forwards for federal income tax purposes may be subject to an annual limitation if there is an ownership change within the meaning of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (“Section 382”). In general, an ownership change within the meaning of Section 382 occurs if a transaction or series of transactions over a three-year period result in a cumulative change of more than 50% in the beneficial ownership of a company’s stock. We do not believe we have a limitation on the ability to utilize our net operating loss carry-forwards under Section 382 as of December 31, 2018. However, issuances, sales and/or exchanges of our stock (including, potentially, relatively small transactions and transactions beyond our control) occurring after December 31, 2018, taken together with prior transactions with respect to our stock over a three-year period, could trigger an ownership change under Section 382 in the future and therefore a limitation on our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards. Any such limitation could cause some loss carryforwards to expire before we would be able to utilize them to reduce taxable income in future periods, possibly resulting in a substantial income tax expense or write down of our tax assets or both. Furthermore, net operating losses generated subsequent to December 31, 2017 are subject to the New Tax Act, which removes net operating loss expirations, but limits utilization against 80% of taxable income.

The U.S. government has special contracting requirements that create additional risks.

In January 2019, we were informed that the U.S. Transportation Command Directorate of Acquisition (“USTranscom”) had issued a multi-vendor contract that included us as one of the vendors selected to supply leased marine containers and intermodal equipment to the U.S. Military. As a multi-vendor contract, there is no guarantee that the U.S. Military will accept our bids to supply containers and related services. Thus, expected revenues from the USTranscom contract are difficult to predict and may not materialize or prove profitable. If we do not perform in accordance with the terms of the USTranscom contract, we may receive a poor performance report that would be considered by the U.S. military in making any future awards.

In contracting with the U.S. Military, we are subject to U.S. government contract laws, regulations and other requirements that impose risks not generally found in commercial contracts. For example, U.S. government contracts require contractors to comply with a number of socio-economic requirements and to submit periodic reports regarding compliance, are subject to audit and modification by the U.S. government in its sole discretion, and impose certain requirements relating to software and/or technical data that, if not followed, could result in the inadvertent grant to the U.S. government of broader licenses to use and disclose such software or data than intended.

These laws, regulations and contract provisions also permit, under certain circumstances, the U.S. government unilaterally to:

In addition, the U.S. Military may terminate the USTranscom contract either for its convenience at any time or if we default by failing to perform in accordance with the contract schedule and terms. Termination for convenience provisions generally enable the contractor to recover only those costs incurred or committed, and settlement expenses and profit on the work completed prior to termination. Termination for default provisions do not permit these recoveries and make the contractor liable for excess costs incurred by the U.S. Military in procuring undelivered items from another source.

In addition, the U.S. government could bring criminal and civil charges against us based on intentional or unintentional violations of the representations and certifications that we have made in the USTranscom contract. Although adjustments arising from U.S. government audits and reviews have not seriously harmed our business in the past, future audits and reviews could cause adverse effects. We could also suffer serious harm to our reputation if allegations of impropriety were to be made against us.

We may choose to pursue acquisitions or joint ventures that could present unforeseen integration obstacles or costs and we face risks from our joint venture.

We may pursue acquisitions and joint ventures. Acquisitions involve a number of risks and present financial, managerial and operational challenges, including:

In addition, we may encounter unforeseen obstacles or costs in the integration of acquired businesses. Also, the presence of one or more material liabilities of an acquired company that are unknown to us at the time of acquisition may have a material adverse effect on our business. Acquisitions or joint ventures may not be successful, and we may not realize any anticipated benefits from acquisitions or joint ventures.

On December 20, 2012, Textainer Limited (“TL”), our wholly-owned subsidiary, purchased 50.1% of the outstanding common shares of TAP Funding Ltd. (“TAP Funding”). TAP Funding owns a fleet of containers under our management. TAP Funding is governed by members and management agreements. TL has two voting rights and TAP Ltd. (“TAP”), the 49.9% shareholder, has one voting right in TAP Funding, with the exception of certain matters such as bankruptcy proceedings, the incurrence of debt and mergers and consolidations, which require unanimity. TL also has two seats and TAP has one seat on TAP Funding’s board of directors. While we own the majority of TAP Funding, we face risks associated with TAP Funding’s structure that requires both shareholders to agree on certain significant matters such as debt financing, mergers and liquidation. It is possible that the interests of the other shareholder could be different from our interests. Conflicts between us and the other shareholder of TAP Funding could result in litigation, an inability to finance and operate TAP Funding, and other problems that might have a material adverse impact on us as a whole.

Our senior executives are critical to the success of our business and any inability to retain them or recruit and successfully integrate new personnel could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our senior management has a solid history in the container leasing industry. We rely on this knowledge and experience in our strategic planning and in our day-to-day business operations. Our success depends in large part upon our ability to retain our senior management, the loss of one or more of whom could have a material adverse effect on our business.

In August 2018, our current President and CEO, Olivier Ghesquiere, assumed this position upon the retirement of Philip Brewer, our former President and CEO. In October 2018, our Executive Vice President and CFO, Michael Chan, assumed this position upon the departure of our former Executive Vice President and CFO, Hilliard Terry. We face risks from the recent changes in senior management and our performance will depend on the success of our management transition and the integration of these personnel into their new roles with the Company.

Our success also depends on our ability to retain our experienced sales force and technical personnel as well as recruit new skilled sales, marketing and technical personnel. Competition for these individuals in our industry is intense and we may not be able to successfully recruit, train or retain qualified personnel. If we fail to retain and recruit the necessary personnel, our business and our ability to obtain new container lessees and provide acceptable levels of customer service could suffer. We have “at will” employment agreements with all of our executive officers.

The lack of an international title registry for containers increases the risk of ownership disputes.

Although the Bureau International des Containers registers and allocates a four letter prefix to every container in accordance with ISO standard 6346 (Freight container coding, identification and marking) to identify the owner/operator and each container has a unique prefix and serial number, there is no internationally recognized system of recordation or filing to evidence our title to containers nor is there an internationally recognized system for filing security interests in containers. Although this has not occurred to date, the lack of a title recordation system with respect to containers could result in disputes with lessees, end-users, or third parties who may improperly claim ownership of containers.

We may incur costs associated with cargo security regulations, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may be subject to regulations promulgated in various countries, including the U.S., seeking to protect the integrity of international commerce and prevent the use of containers for international terrorism or other illicit activities. For example, the Container Security Initiative, the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism and Operation Safe Commerce are among the programs administered by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security that are designed to enhance security for cargo moving throughout the international transportation system by identifying existing vulnerabilities in the supply chain and developing improved methods for ensuring the security of containerized cargo entering and leaving the U.S. Moreover, the International Convention for Safe Containers, 1972, as amended, adopted by the International Maritime Organization, applies to containers and seeks to maintain a high level of safety of human life in the transport and handling of containers by providing uniform international safety regulations. As these regulations develop and change, we may incur compliance costs due to the acquisition of new, compliant containers and/or the adaptation of existing containers to meet new requirements imposed by such regulations. Additionally, certain companies are currently developing or may in the future develop products designed to enhance the security of containers transported in international commerce. Regardless of the existence of current or future government regulations mandating the safety standards of intermodal shipping containers, our competitors may adopt such products or our container lessees may require that we adopt such products. In responding to such market pressures, we may incur increased costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Environmental liability and regulations may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, including those governing the discharge of pollutants to air, ground and water, the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes and the cleanup of contaminated sites. We could incur substantial costs, including cleanup costs, fines and costs arising out of third-party claims for property or natural resource damage and personal injury, as a result of violations of or liabilities under or compliance with environmental laws and regulations in connection with our or our lessees’ current or historical operations. Under some environmental laws in the U.S. and certain other countries, the owner or operator of a container may be liable for environmental damage, cleanup or other costs in the event of a spill or discharge of material from the container without regard to the fault of the owner or operator. While we typically maintain certain limited liability insurance and typically require lessees to

provide us with indemnity against certain losses, the insurance coverage may not be sufficient to protect against any or all liabilities and such indemnities may not be sufficient, or available, to protect us against losses arising from environmental damage. Moreover, our lessees may not have adequate resources, or may refuse to honor their indemnity obligations and our insurance coverage is subject to large deductibles, coverage limits and significant exclusions.

Environmental regulations also impact container production and operation, including regulations on the use of chemical refrigerants due to their ozone depleting and global warming effects. Our refrigerated containers currently use R134A refrigerant. While R134A does not contain chlorofluorocarbons (“CFCs”), the European Union (“EU”) instituted regulations to phase out the use of R134A in automobile air conditioning systems which began in 2011 due to concern that the release of R134A into the atmosphere may contribute to global warming. While the European Union regulations do not currently restrict the use of R134A in refrigerated containers or trailers, it is possible that the phase out of R134A in automobile air conditioning systems will be extended to containers in the future and our operations could be impacted. It has been proposed that R134A usage in containers be banned beginning in 2025, although the final decision has not been made as of yet.

Container production also raises environmental concerns. The floors of dry freight containers are plywood typically made from tropical hardwoods. Due to concerns regarding de-forestation and climate change, many countries have implemented severe restrictions on the cutting and export of this wood. Accordingly, container manufacturers have switched a significant portion of production to alternatives such as birch, bamboo, and other farm grown wood and users are also evaluating alternative designs that would limit the amount of plywood required and are also considering possible synthetic materials. New woods or other alternatives have not proven their durability over the typical life of a dry freight container, and if they cannot perform as well as the hardwoods have historically, the future repair and operating costs for these containers may be impacted. Also, the insulation foam in the walls of certain refrigerated containers requires the use of a blowing agent that contains CFCs. Manufacturers are phasing out the use of this blowing agent in manufacturing, however, if future regulations prohibit the use or servicing of containers with insulation manufactured with this blowing agent we could be forced to incur large retrofitting expenses and these containers might bring lower rental rates and disposal prices. EU regulations currently restrict the sale or use of refrigerated containers manufactured with the CFC containing blowing agent and strict enforcement of these regulations could impact our ability to lease or sell these refrigerated containers in EU countries. The container industry in China has always used solvent-based paint systems. New regulations in China for the container industry require stopping the use of solvent-based paint systems, due to the restrictions on volatile organic compounds used in solvent-based paints. To comply with the new regulations, new water borne paint systems have been developed and are being used by container manufacturers. This change was already implemented in all factories in Southern China as of July 2016. The remaining container factories in China have been required to use water borne paint systems since April 1, 2017. The use of water borne paint systems has required significant factory investment and it is problematic to apply water borne paint during the winter in colder parts of China. The conversion to water borne paint may impact factory capacity, increase the cost of containers and require greater investment by us in container inspection and factory supervision.

We are subject to certain U.S. laws that may impact our international operations and any investigation or determination that we violated these laws may affect our business and operations adversely.

As a Bermuda corporation that has an indirect wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary with operations in the U.S., our U.S. operations are subject to certain U.S. laws that may also impact our international operations. We are subject to the regulations imposed by the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which generally prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business. We are also subject to U.S. Executive Orders and U.S. Treasury sanctions regulations restricting or prohibiting business dealings in or with certain nations and with certain specially designated nationals (individuals and legal entities). Any determination or investigation into violations of these laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We could face litigation involving our management of containers for container investors.

We manage containers for container investors under management agreements that are negotiated with each container investor. We make no assurances to container investors that they will make any amount of profit on their

investment or that our management activities will result in any particular level of income or return of their initial capital. Although our management agreements contain contractual protections and indemnities that are designed to limit our exposure to such litigation, such provisions may not be effective, and we may be subject to a significant loss in a successful litigation by a container investor.

We may not be able to resume paying a dividend and any dividends paid in the future could be reduced or eliminated.

We eliminated our dividend payment in fourth quarter of 2016. We may not be able, or may choose not to reinstate our dividend program and pay future dividends, and if reinstated any future dividend could again be eliminated or reduced. The declaration, amount and payment of future dividends are at the discretion of our board of directors and will be dependent on our future operating results and the cash requirements of our business. There are a number of factors that can affect our ability to pay dividends and there is no guarantee that we will pay dividends in any given year, in each quarter of a year, or pay any specific amount of dividends. In addition, we will not pay dividends in the event we are not allowed to do so under Bermuda law, are in default under (or such payment would cause a default under) TL’s revolving credit facilities or term loan, or if such payment would cause us to breach any of our covenants. These covenants include certain financial covenants, which would be directly affected by the payment of dividends, such as a maximum ratio of consolidated funded debt to consolidated tangible net worth (which amount would decrease by the amount of any dividend paid). The reduction, suspension or elimination of dividends may negatively affect the market price of our common shares. Furthermore, since we are a holding company, substantially all of the assets shown on our consolidated balance sheet are held by our subsidiaries. Accordingly, our earnings and cash flow and our ability to pay dividends are largely dependent upon the earnings and cash flows of our subsidiaries and the distribution or other payment of such earnings to us in the form of dividends as permitted under our lending agreements.

The calculation of our income tax expense requires judgment and the use of estimates.

We periodically assess tax positions based on current tax developments, including enacted statutory, judicial and regulatory guidance. In analyzing our overall tax position, consideration is given to the amount and timing of recognizing income tax liabilities and benefits. In applying the tax and accounting guidance to the facts and circumstances, income tax balances are adjusted appropriately through the income tax provision. We account for income tax positions on uncertainties by recognizing the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained and maintain reserves for income tax positions we believe are not more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. However, due to the judgment required in estimating those reserves, actual amounts paid, if any, could differ from these estimates.

Future changes in accounting rules could significantly impact how we, our managed fleet owners and our customers account for our leases.

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). Under this new guidance, lessor accounting is largely unchanged. Certain targeted improvements were made to align, where necessary, lessor accounting with the lessee accounting model and Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Lessees will be required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: (1) a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and (2) a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. The new lease guidance also simplified the accounting for sale and leaseback transactions primarily because lessees must recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. Lessees will no longer be provided with a source of off-balance sheet financing. The guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and early application is permitted. Additional, IFRS has issued similar changes to lease accounting under IFRS 16 Leases. Because the new leasing guidance virtually eliminates for lessees the financial statement benefit of entering into operating leases, it could change the way we and our customers conduct our businesses. Future changes in accounting rules will also impact container owners whose containers are managed by us. These changes could make

it more difficult for such owners to raise funding and may also make managed container programs less attractive to owners.

The market price and trading volume of our common shares, which may be affected by market conditions beyond our control, have been volatile and could continue to remain volatile.

The market price of our common shares has been, and may continue to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our common shares has fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate, causing significant price variations to occur. Since our initial public offering, our common shares have fluctuated from an intra-day low of $4.23 per share to an intra-day high of $43.96 per share. If the market price of the shares declines significantly, the value of an investment in our common shares would decline. The market price of our common shares may fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect the price of our common shares or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our common shares include:

Recently and in the past, the stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. These market fluctuations could result in extreme volatility in the trading price of our common shares, which could cause a decline in the value of your investment in our common shares. In addition, the trading price of our common shares could decline for reasons unrelated to our business or financial results, including in reaction to events that affect other companies in our industry even if those events do not directly affect us. You should also be aware that price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our common shares are low.

One of our major shareholders, Trencor Limited, could act in a manner with which other shareholders may disagree or that is not necessarily in the interests of other shareholders.

Trencor Limited, a company traded on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (the “JSE”) in South Africa, currently owns approximately 47.5% of our issued and outstanding common shares. Trencor has entered into a voting limitation deed with the Company, pursuant to which Trencor agreed to limit its shareholder voting rights in the Company, solely in respect of the appointment and/or removal of directors. Otherwise, Trencor has the ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including any amalgamation, merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. Two of our eight directors are also directors of Trencor. Trencor may have interests that are different from other shareholders. For example, it may support proposals and actions with which you may disagree or which are not in your interests as a shareholder of our company. The concentration of ownership could delay or prevent a change in control of us or otherwise discourage a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of us, which in turn could reduce the price of our common shares. Additionally, we have no agreements with Trencor that limit or restrict its ability to sell or transfer shares in us. Any sale or transfer of some or all of the common shares owned by Trencor could adversely affect our share price.

Affiliates of Trencor may compete with us and compete with some of our customers.

Trencor, through its affiliates, is free to compete with us, and has engaged in the past and may continue to engage in businesses that are similar to ours. In particular, Leased Assets Pool Company Limited (“LAPCO”), an indirect subsidiary of Trencor, owns containers, has competed against us and our customers through its investment in containers and has used our competitors to manage some of its containers in the past. Thus, although we have a management agreement with LAPCO to manage a substantial majority of its containers, we may continue to compete with LAPCO in the future, which may result in various conflicts of interest.

Our current management and share ownership structure may create conflicts of interest.

Two of our eight directors are also directors of Trencor. These directors owe fiduciary duties to each company and may have conflicts of interest in matters involving or affecting us as well as Trencor, including matters arising under our agreements with LAPCO. In addition, to the extent that some of these directors may own shares in Trencor, they may have conflicts of interest when faced with decisions that could have different implications for Trencor than they do for us. Furthermore, Trencor, as a South African company, endorses the Code of Corporate Practices and Conduct in the King IV Report on Corporate Governance. The King IV Report on Corporate Governance is a document accepted by the JSE on which Trencor is listed and promulgated by the South African Institute of Directors which, among other things, suggests that corporations in their corporate decision-making consider the following stakeholders in addition to the owners of shares: parties who contract with the enterprise; parties who have a non-contractual nexus with the enterprise (including civic society and the environment); and the state. Trencor may seek to impose these corporate governance practices on us, which may result in constraints on management and may involve significant costs. Your interests as a holder of our common shares may not align with the interests of Trencor and its affiliates and shareholders.

We are a holding company with no material direct operations and rely on our operating subsidiaries to provide us with funds necessary to meet our financial obligations and to pay dividends.

Our ability to issue securities in the future may be materially constrained by Trencor’s South African currency restrictions and JSE Listings Requirements and Trencor’s results may differ from our results due to their use of different accounting standards.

Trencor, a South African company listed on the JSE, currently holds 47.5% of our issued and outstanding shares. Two of our eight directors are also directors of Trencor. Both South African exchange control authorities and the JSE impose certain restrictions on Trencor.

South Africa’s exchange control regulations provide for restrictions on exporting capital from South Africa. These restrictions require Trencor to obtain approval from South African exchange control authorities before Trencor engages in transactions that would result in dilution of Trencor’s share interest in us below certain thresholds, whether through Trencor’s sale of its own shareholdings or through its approval of our issuance of new shares. The exchange control authorities may decide not to grant such approval if a proposed transaction were to dilute Trencor’s interest in us below certain levels. While the South African government has, to some extent, relaxed exchange controls in recent years, it is difficult to predict whether or how it will further relax or abolish exchange control measures in the future. The above requirements could restrict or limit our ability to issue new shares. In addition, Trencor is required to comply with JSE Listings Requirements in connection with its holding or sale of our common shares.

The above requirements could limit our financial flexibility by, among other things, impacting our future ability to raise funds through the issuance of securities, preventing or limiting the use of our common shares as consideration in acquisitions, and limiting our use of option grants and restricted share grants to our directors, officers and other employees as incentives to improve the financial performance of our company. Additionally, while we report under U.S. GAAP, Trencor reports its results under a different accounting standard. This may cause Trencor’s reporting of our results to differ from what we report and may result in an inability to reconcile the results of both companies, market confusion and an inconsistent market reaction when both companies report results.

We and all of our direct and indirect subsidiaries, except Textainer Equipment Management (U.S.) Limited and Textainer Equipment Management (U.S.) II LLC, are incorporated in jurisdictions outside the U.S. A substantial portion of our assets and those of our subsidiaries are located outside of the U.S. In addition, half of our directors are non-residents of the U.S., and all or a substantial portion of the assets of these non-residents are located outside the U.S. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for U.S. investors to serve process within the U.S. upon us, our non-U.S. subsidiaries, or our directors, or to enforce a judgment against us for civil liabilities in U.S. courts. In addition, you should not assume that courts in the countries in which we or our subsidiaries are incorporated or where our assets or the assets of our subsidiaries are located would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or our subsidiaries based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws, or would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against us or our subsidiaries based on those laws.

We are a foreign private issuer and, as a result, under New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) rules, we are not required to comply with certain corporate governance requirements.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted by the NYSE to comply with Bermuda corporate governance practice in lieu of complying with certain NYSE corporate governance requirements. This means that we are not required to comply with NYSE requirements that:

Our board of directors has adopted an audit committee charter, a compensation committee charter and a nominating and governance committee charter. Additionally, we have a company code of conduct, corporate governance guidelines, conduct performance evaluations of our board and committees, and have obtained shareholder approval for our equity compensation plan. However, we use some of the exemptions available to a foreign private issuer. As a result, our board of directors may not consist of a majority of independent directors and our compensation committee may not consist of any or a majority of independent directors. Accordingly, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the NYSE corporate governance requirements.

Required public company corporate governance and financial reporting practices and policies have increased our costs, and we may be unable to provide the required financial information in a timely and reliable manner.

Our management may not be able to continue to meet the regulatory compliance and reporting requirements that are applicable to us as a public company. This result may subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, and could lead to a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements. If we do not maintain compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or if we or our independent registered public accounting firm identify deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, we could suffer a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which could cause the market price of our common shares to decline.

In addition, if we fail to maintain effective controls and procedures, we may be unable to provide the required financial information in a timely and reliable manner or otherwise comply with the standards applicable to us as a public company. Any failure by us to timely provide the required financial information could materially and adversely impact our financial condition and the market value of our common shares. Furthermore, testing and maintaining internal controls can divert our management’s attention from other matters that are important to our business. These regulations have increased our legal and financial compliance costs, we expect the regulations to make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified officers and directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee, and make some activities more difficult, time consuming and costly.

Future sales of a large number of our securities into the public market, or the expectation of such sales, could cause the market price of our common shares to decline significantly.

Sales of substantial amounts of common securities into the public market, or the perception that such sales will occur, may cause the market price of our common shares to decline significantly. In September 2012, we completed a sale of 8,625,000 common shares, including 2,500,000 common shares offered by a selling shareholder, Halco. The price of our shares could be negatively impacted if we undertake additional offerings to sell securities. In addition, at our 2010 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders held on May 19, 2010, our shareholders approved an amendment to our 2007 Share Incentive Plan to increase the maximum number of our common shares issuable pursuant to such plan by 1,468,500 shares from 3,808,371 shares to 5,276,871 shares. On May 21, 2015, our shareholders approved an amendment and restatement of the 2007 Share Incentive Plan as the 2015 Share Incentive Plan and to increase the maximum number of our common shares issuable pursuant to such plan by 2,000,000 shares and to extend the term of such plan for ten years from the date of the annual meeting of shareholders. The common shares to be issued pursuant to awards under our 2015 Share Incentive Plan have been registered on registration statements on Form S-8 filed with the Securities Exchange Commission and, when issued, will be freely tradable under the Securities Act of 1933.

Bermuda law and our bye-laws contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us without the consent of our board of directors. These include provisions:

These provisions may make it difficult and expensive for a third party to pursue a tender offer, change in control or takeover attempt that is opposed by our management and/or our board of directors. Public shareholders who might desire to participate in these types of transactions may not have an opportunity to do so. These provisions could substantially impede the ability of public shareholders to benefit from a change in control or change our management and board of directors and, as a result, may adversely affect the market price of our common shares and your ability to realize any potential change of control premium.

As a shareholder of our company, you may have greater difficulties in protecting your interests than as a shareholder of a U.S. corporation.

The Companies Act 1981 of Bermuda, as amended (the “Companies Act”), applies to our company and differs in material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. Taken together with the provisions of our bye-laws, some of these differences may result in your having greater difficulties in protecting your interests as a shareholder of our company than you would have as a shareholder of a U.S. corporation. This affects, among other things, the circumstances under which transactions involving an interested director are voidable, whether an interested director can be held accountable for any benefit realized in a transaction with our company, what approvals are required for business combinations by our company with a large shareholder or a wholly-owned subsidiary, what rights you may have as a shareholder to enforce specified provisions of the Companies Act or our bye-laws, and the circumstances under which we may indemnify our directors and officers.

Our bye-laws restrict shareholders from bringing legal action against our officers and directors.

Our bye-laws contain a broad waiver by our shareholders of any claims or right of action, both individually and on our behalf, against any of our officers or directors. The waiver applies to any action taken by an officer or director, or the failure of an officer or director to take any action, in the performance of his or her duties, except with respect to any matter involving any fraud or dishonesty on the part of the officer or director. This waiver limits the right of shareholders to assert claims against our officers and directors unless the act or failure to act involves fraud.

Our business began operations in 1979. We reorganized our business in 1993 and incorporated Textainer Group Holdings Limited under the laws of Bermuda as a holding company of a group of corporations involved in the purchase, ownership, management, leasing and disposal of a fleet of intermodal containers. Textainer Group Holdings Limited is incorporated with an indefinite duration under registration number EC18896. Textainer Group Holdings Limited’s common shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “TGH”. Textainer Group Holdings Limited’s headquarters office is located at Century House, 16 Par-La-Ville Road, Hamilton HM 08 Bermuda and our telephone number is (441) 296-2500. Our agent in the United States is Daniel W. Cohen, Textainer Group Holdings Limited, c/o Textainer Equipment Management (U.S.) Limited, 650 California Street, 16^th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94108.

At December 31, 2018, Textainer Group Holdings Limited had two directly-owned subsidiaries:

Trencor Limited (“Trencor”), a company publicly traded on the JSE Limited (the “JSE”) in Johannesburg, South Africa under the symbol “TRE”, currently owns 47.5% of our issued and outstanding common shares.

Our internet website address is www.textainer.com. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated into and is not intended to be a part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

In February and March 2016, we concluded two separate purchases totaling approximately 41,000 containers that we had been managing for an institutional investor for a total purchase consideration of $71.0 million.

In April and June 2016, we concluded two separate purchase leaseback transactions for approximately 15,000 containers from a shipping company for a total purchase consideration of $21.2 million.

In August 2016, Hanjin Shipping company Co., Ltd (“Hanjin”), filed for bankruptcy. The Company maintains insurance that covers a portion of the exposure related to the value of containers that are unlikely to be recovered from its customers, the cost to recover containers and up to 183 days of lost lease rental income.

Accordingly, during the year ended December 31, 2016, an impairment of $22,149 representing $17,399 to write down the containers on direct finance leases with Hanjin to the lower of estimated fair market value or net book value and $4,750 insurance deductible. In addition, bad debt expense of $18,992, net of estimated insurance proceeds of $2,592, was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016 to fully reserve for Hanjin’s outstanding accounts receivable (see Note 3 “Insurance Receivable and Impairment” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

During the second quarter of 2017, Textainer Marine Containers III Limited’s (“TMCL III”), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, 2013-1 Bonds and 2014-1 Bonds were early terminated and were fully repaid by the proceeds from the TMCL III’s 2017-A Notes, which itself was full repaid by the proceeds from the TMCL V’s 2017-1 Bonds. The Company wrote off $7,228 of unamortized debt issuance costs and bond discounts during the period (see Note 12 “Debt and Derivative Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

During the second quarter of 2017, TMCL V issued the Series 2017-1 Fixed Rate Asset Backed Notes (the “2017-1 Bonds”) and the Series 2017-2 Fixed Rate Asset Backed Notes (“2017-2 Bonds’) in an aggregated principal amount of $420,000 and $500,000, respectively. Both 2017-1 Bonds and 2017-2 Bonds were issued at fixed interest rates. Proceeds from the 2017-1 Bonds and 2017-2 Bonds were primarily used to fully repay the TMCL III debts and to repay the Company’s certain short-term debts, respectively (see Note 12 “Debt and Derivative Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

During the second half of 2017, we concluded three separate purchases totaling approximately 20,000 containers that we had been managing for institutional investors for a total purchase consideration of $19.9 million (see Note 4 “Container Purchases” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

During the third quarter of 2017, the Company entered into an agreement with a third-party to manage approximately 112,000 containers (or 182,000 TEU) owned by that third-party effective August 1, 2017.

On August 31, 2017, TMCL II entered into an amendment of the TMCL II Secured Debt Facility which extended the conversion date to August 2020 and lowered the interest margin (see Note 12 “Debt and Derivative Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

On December 8, 2017, TAP Funding entered into an amendment of the TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility which extended the maturity date to December 2021, increased the advance rate, lowered the interest rate margin and increased the aggregate commitment amount from $150,000 to $190,000 (see Note 12 “Debt and Derivative Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) was enacted. The most significant impact on the Company is the U.S. federal corporate income tax reduction from 35% to 21% beginning January 01, 2018. A change in tax law is accounted for in the period of enactment, which require re-measurement of all our U.S. deferred income tax asset and liabilities during this period-end. The corporate tax reduction resulted in a $2,653 one-time reduction in our net deferred tax liabilities and was recorded as a credit adjustment to our 2017 income tax expense (see Note 11 “Income Taxes” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

On January 31, 2018, Textainer Marine Containers IV Limited (“TMCL IV”), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, terminated its secured debt facility and the unpaid debt amount of $129,400 was fully repaid by $124,608 proceeds from the TL Revolving Credit Facility and TMCL IV’s available cash of $4,792.

On February 15, 2018, TMCL VI Limited completed a $300 million seven-year fixed rate term facility. The proceeds of the facility were used to pay down certain of the Company’s short-term debt (see Note 12 “Debt and Derivative Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

In August 2018, TMCL VII issued $250,000 aggregate Class A principal amount and $9,100 aggregate Class B principal amount of Series 2018-1 Fixed Rate Asset Backed Notes (“the 2018-1 Bonds”). Proceeds from 2018-1 Bonds was primarily used to pay down debt in our short-term secured debt facility and revolving credit facility (see Note 12 “Debt and Derivative Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

In September 2018, TL entered into an amendment of the TL Revolving Credit Facility, which increased its aggregate commitment amount from $700,000 to $1,500,000, extended the maturity date from June 2020 to September 2023, and lowered the interest margin from 2.00% to 1.50%. Borrowings under the TL Revolving Credit Facility were primarily used to acquire containers and to pay in full its TL Revolving Credit Facility II and

TL Term Loan (see Note 12 “Debt and Derivative Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

In September 2018, TL terminated its TL Revolving Credit Facility II, which would have expired in July 2020, and the unpaid debt amount of $167,000 was fully repaid by proceeds from the TL Revolving Credit Facility (see Note 12 “Debt and Derivative Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

In September 2018, TL terminated its TL Term Loan, which would have matured in April 2019, and the unpaid debt amount of $332,000 was fully repaid by proceeds from the TL Revolving Credit Facility (see Note 12 “Debt and Derivative Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

In October 2018, TL entered into an agreement to purchase 75% of the total outstanding common shares of TW from Wells Fargo Container Corp. (“WFC”) for a cash consideration of $29,658 (see Note 1 “Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

In October 2018, the Company dissolved its dormant wholly-owned subsidiaries, TMCL III, TMCL IV, Textainer Marine Containers Limited (“TMCL”) and Textainer Asset Finance Limited (“TAF”).

In November 2018, TL terminated its TW Credit Facility, which would have matured in September 2026, and the unpaid debt amount of $65,200 was fully repaid by proceeds from the TL Revolving Credit Facility (see Note 12 “Debt and Derivative Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

In January 2019, the Company dissolved its wholly-owned subsidiary, TWCL (see Note 1 “Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for additional information).

Our capital expenditures for containers in our owned fleet and fixed assets during 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $854.4 million, $300.1 million and $505.5 million, respectively. We received proceeds from the sale of containers and fixed assets during 2018, 2017 and 2016 of $147.3 million, $135.3 million and $126.6 million, respectively.

As all of our containers are used internationally, where no one container is domiciled in one particular place for a prolonged period of time, all of our long-lived assets are considered to be international with no single country of use. Our capital requirements are primarily financed through cash flows from operations and our debt facilities.

We are one of the world’s largest lessors of intermodal containers based on fleet size, with a total fleet of approximately 2.2 million containers, representing almost 3.4 million TEU. Containers are an integral component of intermodal trade, providing a secure and cost-effective method of transportation because they can be used to transport freight by ship, rail or truck, making it possible to move cargo from point of origin to final destination without repeated unpacking and repacking. We lease containers to approximately 250 shipping lines and other lessees, including almost all of the world’s top 20 container lines, as measured by the total TEU capacity of their container vessels. We believe that our scale, global presence, customer service, market knowledge and long history with our customers have made us one of the most reliable suppliers of leased containers. We have a long track record in the industry, operating since 1979, and have developed long-standing relationships with key industry participants. Our top 20 customers, as measured by revenues, have leased containers from us for an average of almost 30 years.

We have provided an average of almost 240,000 TEU of new containers per year for the past five years and have been one of the largest buyers of new containers over the same period. We are one of the largest sellers of used containers, having sold an average of almost 140,000 containers per year for the last five years to more than 1,500 customers.

We provide our services worldwide via an international network of 14 regional and area offices and almost 500 independent depots.

Our total revenues primarily consist of leasing revenues derived from the lease of owned and managed containers and, to a lesser extent, other non-leasing fees received for managing containers owned by third parties and equipment resale. The most important driver of our profitability is the extent to which revenues on our owned fleet and management fee income exceed our operating costs. The key drivers of our revenues are fleet size, rental rates, utilization and direct costs. Our operating costs primarily consist of depreciation and amortization, container impairment, interest expense, direct operating expenses and administrative expenses. Our lessees are generally responsible for loss of or damage to a container beyond ordinary wear and tear, and they are required to purchase insurance to cover any other liabilities.

Our total fleet consists of containers that we own, and containers owned by other container investors that we manage. In general, owning containers during periods of high demand for containers provides higher margins than managing containers, since we receive all of the net operating income for the containers that we own but only a percentage of the net operating income of the containers that we manage as a management fee. On the other hand, managing containers during periods of low demand for containers reduces the negative financial impact of such periods since the container investors bear the cost or risk of owning the containers.

For 2018, our income from operations was $194.4 million and income before income tax and noncontrolling interests was $56.3 million. During 2018, the average utilization of our owned fleet was 98.1%. As mentioned above, we operate in three reportable segments: Container Ownership, Container Management and Container

Resale. For geographic and financial information relating to each of our reportable operating segments, see Note 13 “Segment Information” in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

General and administrative expenses are allocated to the reportable business segments based on direct overhead costs incurred by those segments. Amounts reported in the “Other” column represent activity unrelated to the active reportable operating segments. Amounts reported in the “Eliminations” column represent inter-segment management fees between the container management, container resale and container ownership segments.

Our container lessees use containers for their global trade utilizing many worldwide trade routes. The Company earns its revenue from these international carriers when the containers are on lease. Substantially all of our leasing related revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars.

The largest portion of our fleet is comprised of dry freight containers, which are by far the most common of the three principal types of intermodal containers. Dry freight intermodal containers are large, standardized steel boxes used to transport cargo by multiple modes of transportation, including ships, trains and trucks. We also lease refrigerated containers, which have integral refrigeration units on one end that plug into an outside power source and are used to transport perishable goods. Compared to traditional shipping methods, intermodal containers typically provide users with faster loading and unloading as well as some protection from weather and theft, thereby reducing both transportation costs and time to market for our lessees’ customers.

Our expertise and flexibility in managing containers after their initial lease is an important factor in our success. The administrative process of leasing new containers is relatively easy because initial leases for new containers typically cover large volumes of units and are fairly standardized transactions. However, to successfully compete in our industry, we must not only obtain favorable initial long-term leases for new containers, but also maximize the return generated by these containers throughout their useful life in marine service and their ultimate sale into the secondary market. To do that, we focus on renewing or extending our long-term container leases beyond their expiration dates (typically three to five years from the start of the lease). In addition, we attempt to negotiate favorable return provisions on all leases, maintain an active presence in the master and spot lease markets, and work to increase our options for disposing of off-lease containers so that we have attractive alternatives if it is not possible to achieve reasonable renewal or extension of terms with the current lessee. We have the capability and the infrastructure to re-lease or dispose of our containers at comparatively attractive terms, which increases our leverage with the lessees.

We supply and earn fees on leased containers to the U.S. Military pursuant to a contract with the U.S. Transportation Command Directorate of Acquisition (“USTranscom”). We are one of the main suppliers of leased intermodal containers to the U.S. Military.

We have the ability to reposition containers, if necessary, that are returned in lower demand locations to higher demand locations at competitive costs as a result of our experienced logistics team. Our large customer base of approximately 250 lessees increases our ability to re-lease returned containers. Our Container Resale segment sells containers to optimize their residual value in multiple markets, including locations with low lease-out demand. This system of generating an attractive revenue stream from and achieving high utilization of our container fleet has enabled us to become one of the world’s largest container lessors.

Containers are built in accordance with standard dimensions and weight specifications established by the International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”). The industry-standard measurement unit is the Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit (“TEU”), which compares the length of a container to a standard 20′ container. For example, a 20′ container is equivalent to one TEU and a 40′ container is equivalent to two TEU. Standard dry freight containers are typically 8′ wide, come in lengths of 20′, 40′ or 45′ and are either 8′6″ or 9′6″ high. The three principal types of containers are described as follows:

Containers provide a secure and cost-effective method of transportation because they can be used in multiple modes of transportation, making it possible to move cargo from a point of origin to a final destination without repeated unpacking and repacking. As a result, containers reduce transit time and freight and labor costs, as they permit faster loading and unloading of shipping vessels and more efficient transportation of cargo than traditional break bulk shipping methods. The protection provided by containers also reduces damage, loss and theft of cargo during shipment. While the useful life of containers varies based upon the damage and normal wear and tear suffered by the container, we estimate that our useful life for a standard dry freight container used in intermodal transportation is on average 13 to 14 years. Some shipping lines have recently indicated that they intend to keep their containers for longer than 13 to 14 years.

According to World Cargo News, as of January 2018, leasing companies owned approximately 53% of the total worldwide container fleet of 39.2 million TEU. The percentage of containers owned by shipping lines ranged from 39% to 54% from 1980 through 2018. Given the uncertainty and variability of export volumes and the fact that shipping lines have difficulty in accurately forecasting their container requirements at different ports, the availability of containers for lease significantly reduces a shipping line’s need to purchase and maintain excess container inventory. In addition, leasing a portion of their total container fleets enables shipping lines to serve their manufacturer and retailer customers better by:

Based on industry analyst reports, we expect 2019 new dry freight container production to reach only 3 million TEU of dry van as opposed to the strong volume of 4 million TEU reached in 2018. We expect lessors to continue to purchase 60 % of the total production which is higher than the historical average while shipping lines focus on investing on ships and IMO 2020 compliance. Global demand growth for shipping is expected to slow with the overall market dominated by trade uncertainty and slower overall GDP growth expectation of 3.5%. While new production inventory is not excessive at about 800,000 TEU, availability of depot containers has increased slightly and new container prices have come under pressure due to lower demand and production costs at the start of 2019. Deliveries of mega ships and introduction of IMO 2020 are expected to generate a positive impact on leased container demand in 2019.

The shipping business has been characterized by cyclical swings due in part to lengthy periods of excess or scarce vessel capacity. We believe that these sustained periods of vessel supply/demand imbalances are mainly a function of the multi-year ordering and production cycle associated with the manufacture of new vessels, which

requires shipping lines to estimate market growth many years into the future, and the shipping line industry’s shift to the use of significantly larger vessels. Container leasing companies are partially insulated from the risks of these shipping cycles by the relatively short production time associated with the manufacture of new containers. Lead times for new container orders are typically only a few months, so the rate of new container ordering can be quickly adjusted to reflect unexpected market changes.

Our term leases maturing in 2019, represent approximately 11.4% of our fleet. Additionally, for most leasing companies, the percentage of containers on long-term leases has grown over the past ten years, while the percentage on master leases has declined. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 81% of our total on-hire fleet was on long-term leases, compared to approximately 70% ten years ago. As a result, changes in utilization have become less volatile for Textainer and most leasing companies.

According to World Cargo News, intermodal leasing companies, as ranked by total TEU as of January 2018, are as follows:

We believe that we possess a number of strengths that provide us with a competitive advantage, including:

One of the Largest Container Lessors in the Industry. We operate one of the world’s largest fleets of leased intermodal containers, with a total fleet of approximately 2.2 million containers, representing almost 3.4 million TEU, as of December 31, 2018. We provide our services worldwide via a network of regional and area offices and independent depots. We have been one of the largest buyers of new containers purchasing an average of almost 240,000 TEU per year for the last five years and are also one of the largest sellers of used containers, selling an average of almost 140,000 containers per year for the last five years. Our consistent presence in the market buying and selling containers provides us with broad market intelligence, and valuable insight into the demand patterns of our shipping line customers and resale container buyers.

Proven Ability to Grow Our Fleet Over Time. Our ability to invest in our fleet has allowed us to become one the world’s largest container lessors. We have demonstrated our ability to increase the size of our container fleet by purchasing containers from manufacturers and by acquiring existing container fleets or their management rights. Over the past 21 years, we have acquired the rights to manage over 1,500,000 TEU from former competitors and we have acquired approximately 725,000 TEU of containers from our managed fleet. As one of the largest buyers of new containers, we have developed strong relationships with container manufacturers. These relationships, along with our large volume buying power and solid financial structure, enable us to reliably purchase containers during periods of high demand.

Ability to Generate Attractive Returns Throughout the Container Life-Cycle. One of our major strengths is our demonstrated ability to generate attractive revenue streams throughout the economic life of a container in marine service and upon resale of the container at the end of its marine service life. At the end of a lease,

we generally have the ability to either negotiate an extension of the lease term or to take back the container and re-lease or sell it maximizing the container’s return. This flexibility, coupled with our international coverage, organization and resources, allows us to deploy containers to those markets where we can re-lease or sell them on comparatively attractive terms, thereby optimizing our returns and the residual value of our fleet.

Strong Long-Standing Relationships with Customers. Our scale, long presence in the business and reliability as a supplier of containers has resulted in strong relationships with our customers. We lease containers to approximately 250 shipping lines and other lessees, including almost all of the world’s top 20 container lines, as measured by vessel fleet size in TEU and we have sold containers to an average of more than 1,500 resale customers for the last five years. We believe our ability to consistently supply containers in locations where our customers need them makes us one of the most reliable lessors of containers. Our top 20 customers, as measured by revenues, have leased containers from us for an average of almost 30 years.

Multiple Sources of Revenue. We believe that the long-term nature of our lease portfolio, as well as the presence of both owned and managed containers in our fleet, provides us with a more predictable source of revenues and operating cash flow and higher operating margins over time, enabling us to manage and grow our business more effectively. We derive revenues from leasing our owned containers, managing containers owned by third parties and buying and selling containers. These multiple revenue streams provide for a diverse income base, help to mitigate the effects of our cyclical industry on profitability and allow us to optimize our use of capital.

Experienced Management Team. Our management team has a solid history in the industry. The management team has extensive experience in sourcing, leasing, financing, selling, trading and managing containers, as well as a long track record of successfully acquiring and selling container assets.

Leverage Our Status as one of the Largest Container Lessors and Consistent Purchaser and Seller of Containers. We endeavor to make regular purchases of containers to replace older containers and increase the size of our fleet. We believe that this consistent purchasing behavior and the resulting scale and young fleet age profile provides us with a competitive advantage in maintaining strong relationships with manufacturers and growing our market share with our existing customers.

Be the Most Reliable Supplier of Quality Containers. We continue to provide superior equipment and ensure that it is available in the right location and at the right time. Having one of the world’s largest owned and managed container fleets, we are in a strong position to be the most reliable supplier of dry freight containers to meet the demands of shipping lines.

Pursue Attractive Container Related Acquisition Opportunities. We will continue to seek to identify and attempt to acquire attractive portfolios of containers and companies to allow us to grow our fleet profitably. We believe that the consolidation trend in our industry will continue and may offer us future growth opportunities. We also believe that current economic conditions may also result in potential acquisition opportunities, including the purchase and leaseback of customer-owned containers. Purchase and leaseback transactions can be attractive to our customers because they free up cash for other capital needs. These transactions enable us to buy attractively priced containers and at the same time place them on leases for the remainder of their marine service lives.

Focus on Maintaining High Levels of Utilization, Prioritize Profitability and Operating Efficiency. We will continue to target higher utilization. We will prioritize profitability with attractive yields on our assets through our disciplined focus on optimal lease pricing , longer-term leases and portfolio management. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 81% of our total on hire fleet (based on total TEU) was on long-term leases, compared to approximately 70% ten years ago. We also drive operating efficiency by maintaining a low-cost structure, having brought down our fleet management cost per CEU per day by approximately 12% over the 10 years ended December 31, 2018. We believe that we can grow our fleet without a proportionate increase in our headcount, thereby improving our profitability by spreading our operating expenses over a larger revenue base.

Extend the Lease of In-fleet Containers. Since many shipping lines must utilize capital to finance vessels, it is possible that some will conclude in 2019, as they did in prior years, that it is more cost-effective to extend leases of in-fleet containers than either buy containers or lease new containers.

Grow Our Container Resale Business. We look to sell containers from our fleet when they reach the end of their useful lives in marine service or when we believe it is financially attractive for us to do so, considering the location, sales price, cost of repair, and possible repositioning expenses. In order to improve the sales price of our containers, we often move them from the location where they are returned by the lessee to another location that has a higher market price. We benefit not only as a result of the increased sales price but also because we often receive rental revenue from a shipping line for the one-way lease of the container. We also buy and resell containers from shipping line customers, container traders and other sellers of containers. We attempt to improve the sales price of these containers in the same manner as with containers from our fleet.

Maintain Access to Diverse Sources of Capital. We have successfully utilized a wide variety of financing alternatives to fund our growth, including secured debt financings, bank financing, and equity from third party investors in containers. We believe this diversity of funding, combined with our access to the public equity markets, provides us with an advantage in terms of both cost and availability of capital, versus our smaller competitors and also some of our shipping line customers.

We operate our business through a network of regional and area offices and independent depots. We maintain four regional offices as follows:

Regional vice presidents are in charge of regional leasing and operations. Marketing directors and assistants located in the regional and area offices handle day-to-day marketing and collection activities. Our operations include a global sales force, container operations group, container resale group and logistics services group. Our headquarters office is in Hamilton, Bermuda. Our administrative office is located in San Francisco, California.

As of December 31, 2018, we operated 3,354,724 TEU. We attempt to continually invest in our container fleet each year in an effort to replace the older containers being retired from marine service and to build our fleet size. We purchased an average of almost 240,000 TEU of new containers per year over the past five years. Our ability to invest in our fleet on a consistent basis has been instrumental in becoming one of the world’s largest container lessors. Our container fleet consists primarily of standard dry freight and refrigerated containers. The containers that we lease are either owned outright by us or owned by third parties and managed by us. The table below summarizes the composition of our owned and managed fleets, in TEU and CEU, by type of containers as of December 31, 2018 (unaudited):

The amounts in the table above did not change significantly from December 31, 2018 to the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Our containers are designed to meet a number of criteria outlined by the ISO. The standard criteria include the size of the container and the gross weight rating of the container. This standardization ensures that the widest possible number of transporters can use containers and it facilitates container and vessel sharing by the shipping lines. The standardization of the container is also an important element of the container leasing business since we can operate one fleet of containers that can be used by all of our customers.

Maintenance and repair of our containers is performed by independent depots that we retain in major port areas and inland locations. Such depots also handle and inspect containers that are either picked up or redelivered by lessees, and store containers that are not leased.

Most of our revenues are derived from leasing our owned fleet and managed fleet of containers to our core shipping line customers. The vast majority of our container leases are structured as operating leases, though we also provide customers with finance leases. Regardless of lease type, we seek to exceed our targeted return on our owned and managed containers over the life of each container by managing container utilization, lease rates, drop-off restrictions and the disposal process. We lease containers under three different types of operating leases (term leases, master leases and spot leases) and also under finance leases.

Term leases (also referred to as long-term leases) provide a customer with a specified number of containers for a specified period, typically for 5 or more years, with an associated set of pick-up and drop-off conditions. Our term leases generally require our lessees to maintain all units on lease for the duration of the lease. Term leases also include lifecycle leases, under which lessees will lease containers until they reach a pre-specified age which is typically near the end of their useful lives rather than for a specified period. Once containers under lifecycle leases are returned to us, they are generally sold due to the age of the containers. Term leases provide us with enhanced cash flow certainty due to their extended duration but carry lower per diem rates than other lease types. As of December 31, 2018, 80.7% of our total on-hire fleet, as measured in TEU, was on term leases.

As of December 31, 2018, our term leases had an average remaining duration of 41 months, assuming no leases are renewed. However, we believe that many of our customers will renew leases for containers that are less than sale age at the expiration of the lease. In addition, for leases that are not extended our containers typically remain on-hire at the contractual per diem rate for an average of an additional 12 months beyond the end of the contractual lease term. For additional information about the minimum future rentals under the long-term leases for our owned and managed fleet at December 31, 2018, see Note 1 “Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Some of our term leases give our customers Early Termination Options (“ETOs”). If exercised, ETOs allow customers to return containers prior to the expiration of the term lease. However, if an ETO is exercised, the customer is required to pay a penalty per diem rate that is applied retroactively to the beginning of the lease. As a result of this retroactive penalty, ETOs have historically rarely been exercised.

Master leases provide a framework of terms and conditions pursuant to which lessees can lease containers on an as-needed basis for unspecified periods of time. Master lease terms and conditions are valid for a set period, typically one year, and provide the lessee with greater flexibility than is typical in term leases. Under our master leases, lessees know in advance their per diem rates and drop-off locations, subject to monthly drop-off location limits. In addition, under these master lease agreements, the lessee is generally not committed to leasing a minimum number of containers from us during the lease term and may generally return the containers to us at any time, subject to certain restrictions. Due to their flexibility and duration, master leases command higher per diem rates than term leases. As of December 31, 2018, 12.8% of our total on-hire fleet, as measured in TEU, was on master leases.

Spot leases provide the customer with containers for a relatively short lease period with fixed pick-up and drop-off locations. Spot leases are generally used to position a container to a desired location for subsequent lease or sale. As of December 31, 2087, 2.2% of our total on-hire fleet, as measured in TEU, was on spot leases.

Finance leases provide our lessees with an alternative method to finance their container acquisitions. Finance leases are long-term in nature, typically ranging from three to eight years and require relatively little customer service attention. They ordinarily require fixed payments over a defined period and provide lessees with a right to purchase the subject containers for a nominal amount at the end of the lease term. Per diem rates include an element of repayment of capital and, therefore, typically are higher than rates charged under other leases. Finance leases require the lessee to keep the containers on lease for the entire term of the lease. Finance leases are reflected as “Net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases” on our consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 4.3% of our total on-hire fleet, as measured in TEU, was on finance leases with an average remaining term of 38 months.

Under all of our leases, our lessees are generally responsible for loss of or damage to a container beyond ordinary wear and tear, and they are required to purchase insurance to cover any other liabilities. Any damage must be repaired at the expense of the lessee according to standardized guidelines promulgated by the Institute of International Container Lessors (“IICL”). Lessees are also required to obtain insurance to cover loss of the equipment on lease, public liability and property damage insurance as well as indemnify us from claims related to their usage of the leased containers. In some cases, a Damage Protection Plan (“DPP”) is provided whereby the lessee pays us (in the form of either a higher per-diem rate or a fixed one-time payment upon the return of a container) to assume a portion of the financial burden of repairs up to a pre-negotiated amount. This DPP does not cover damages from war or war risks, loss of a container, constructive total loss of the container, damages caused by contamination or corrosion from cargo, damages to movable parts and any costs incurred in removing labels, which are all responsibilities of the lessees. DPP is generally cancelable by either party with prior written notice. Maintenance is monitored through inspections at the time that a container is leased out and returned. In 2018, DPP revenue was 2.2% of total lease rental income. We also maintain our own insurance to cover our containers when they are not on-hire to lessees or when the lessee fails to have adequate primary coverage, and third-party liability insurance for both on-hire and off-hire containers. In addition, we maintain insurance that, after satisfying our deductibles, would cover loss of revenue as a result of default under most of our leases, as well as the recovery cost or replacement value of most of our containers.

In general, our lease agreements consist of two basic elements, a master terms and conditions agreement (“Master Agreement”), and a lease schedule. Lease schedules contain the business terms (including daily rate, term duration and drop-off schedule, among other things) for specific leasing transactions, while Master Agreements outline the general rights and obligations of the lessor and lessee under all of the lease schedules covered by the Master Agreement. For most customers, we have a small number of Master Agreements (often one) and a large number of lease schedules.

Our standard Master Agreements generally require the lessees to pay rentals, depot charges, taxes and other charges when due, to maintain the containers in good condition and repair, to return the containers in good condition in accordance with the return conditions set forth in the Master Agreement, to use the containers in compliance with all laws, and to pay us for the value of the containers as determined under the terms of the agreements if the container is lost or destroyed. The default clause gives us certain legal remedies in the event that the lessee is in breach of the lease.

We believe that managing the period after termination of our containers’ first lease is one of the most important aspects of our business. The container shipping industry is characterized by large regional trade imbalances, with loaded containers generally flowing from export-oriented economies in Asia to North America and Western Europe. Because of these trade imbalances, container shipping lines have an incentive to return leased containers in North America and Western Europe to avoid the cost of shipping empty containers back to Asia. Successful management of the deployment of our containers after they come off their first lease requires disciplined re-leasing capabilities, logistics management, depot management, careful cost control and effective sales of used containers.

Since our leases allow our lessees to return their containers, we typically lease a container several times during its life. New containers can usually be leased with a limited sales and customer service infrastructure because initial leases for new containers typically cover large volumes of units and are fairly standardized transactions. Used containers, on the other hand, are typically leased in smaller transactions that are structured to accommodate pick-ups and returns in a variety of locations. Our utilization rates depend in part on our re-leasing capabilities. Factors that affect our ability to re-lease used containers include the size of our lessee base, ability to anticipate lessee needs, their presence in relevant geographic locations and the level of service we provide our lessees. We believe that our global presence and relationships with approximately 250 container lessees provide us an advantage in re-leasing our containers relative to many of our smaller competitors.

As of December 31, 2018, we managed our container fleet through approximately 500 independent container depot facilities in more than 200 locations. Depot facilities are generally responsible for repairing containers when they are returned by lessees and for storing the containers while they are off-hire. Our operations group is responsible for managing our depot relationships and periodically visiting the depot facilities to conduct quality assurance audits to control costs and ensure repairs meet industry standards. We occasionally supplement our internal operations group with the use of independent inspection agents. Furthermore, depot repair work is periodically audited to prevent over-charging. We are in regular communication with our depot partners through the use of electronic data interchange (“EDI”) and/or e-mail. The electronic exchange of container activity information with each depot is conducted via the internet. As of December 31, 2018, a large majority of our off-lease inventory was located at depots that are able to report container activity and damage detail via EDI. We use the industry standard, ISO 9897 Container Equipment Data Exchange messages, for most EDI reporting.

Most of the depot agency agreements follow a standard form and generally provide that the depot will be liable for loss or damage of off-hire containers and, in the event of loss, will pay us the previously agreed loss value of the applicable containers. The agreements require the depots to maintain insurance against container loss or damage and we carry insurance to cover the risk when a depot’s insurance proves insufficient.

Our container repair standards and processes are generally managed in accordance with standards and procedures specified by the IICL. The IICL establishes and documents the acceptable interchange condition for containers and the repair procedures required to return damaged containers to the acceptable interchange condition. At the time that containers are returned by lessees, the depot arranges an inspection of the containers to assess the repairs required to return the containers to acceptable IICL condition. As part of the inspection process, damages are categorized either as lessee damage or normal wear and tear. Items typically designated as lessee damage include dents in the container and debris left in the container, while items such as rust are typically designated as normal wear and tear. In general, lessees are responsible for the lessee damage portion of the repair costs and we are responsible for normal wear and tear. The lessees are generally billed the lessee damage portion at the time the containers are returned. As discussed above in “Operations—Our Leases,” for an additional fee, we sometimes offer our lessees a DPP, pursuant to which we assume financial responsibility for repair costs up to a previously negotiated amount.

As of December 31, 2018, we owned 79% of the containers in our fleet and managed the rest on behalf of 13 affiliated and unaffiliated container investors. We earn acquisition, management and disposal fees on managed containers. Our information technology (“IT”) systems track revenues and operating expenses attributable to specific containers and the container investors receive payments based on the net operating income of their own containers. Fees to manage containers typically include acquisition fees of 1% to 2% of the purchase price; daily management fees of 8% to 13% of net operating income; and disposal fees of 5% to 10% of cash proceeds when containers are sold. We earned combined acquisition, management and disposal fees on our managed fleet of $16.9 million, $15.0 million and $13.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. If operating expenses were to exceed revenues, the container investors would be obligated to pay the excess or we would deduct the excess, including our management fee, from future net operating income. In some cases, we are compensated for sales through a percentage sharing of sales proceeds over an agreed floor amount. We will typically indemnify the container investors for liabilities or losses arising from negligence, willful misconduct or breach of our obligations in managing the containers. The container investors will indemnify us as the manager against any claims or losses arising with respect to the containers, provided that such claims or losses were not caused by our negligence, willful misconduct or breach of our obligations. Typically, the terms of the management agreements are for the expected remaining useful life in marine service of the containers subject to the agreement.

In June 2003, we entered into a contract with the USTranscom pursuant to which we serve as a major supplier of leased marine containers to the U.S. Military. Compared to our shipping line customers, we provide a much broader level of services to the U.S. Military under the USTranscom contract. Furthermore, unlike our shipping line customers, who pick up from and return containers to container depots, for the U.S. Military we are required to arrange transportation from a container depot to a military facility upon lease out and to pick up a container at a military facility and return it to a container depot when the lease period has ended. This requires us to arrange for movement of the empty containers by truck, rail and/or vessel. The USTranscom contract provides added compensation for these services.

This contract also allows the U.S. Military to return containers in many locations throughout the world. Since the inception of the USTranscom contract, we have delivered or transitioned approximately 180,000 containers and chassis to the U.S. Military, of which approximately 120,000 containers have been returned. In addition, approximately 53,000 containers have been reported as unaccounted for and the U.S. Military paid a stipulated loss value for each such container. The USTranscom contract expired on June 23, 2013 and we were awarded a new contract on December 12, 2013. The new contract covered a base year starting on December 24, 2013, was subsequently renewed annually from 2014 to 2017. The USTranscom contract expired on September 30, 2018 and was extended through February 28, 2019. Textainer, as one of the vendors, was awarded a new contract on January 28, 2019. The new contract covers a base year starting on March 1, 2019, with four option years running through February 29, 2024.

Our Resale Division sells off-hire containers from our fleet at the end, typically about 13 years, of their useful lives in marine service or when we believe it is financially attractive for us to do so, considering the location, sale price, cost of repair, and possible repositioning expenses. In addition, we buy used containers (trading containers) from shipping lines and other third parties that we then lease or resell. Our Resale Division has a team of 19 container sales and operations specialists in five offices globally that manage the sale process for these used containers. Our Resale Division is one of the largest sellers of used containers among container lessors, selling an average of almost 140,000 containers per year for the last five years to more than 1,500 customers. Our Resale Division has been a significant profit center for us. From 2014 through 2018, this Division generated $52.8 million in income before income tax and noncontrolling interests, including $16.1 million during 2018. We generally sell containers to depots, domestic storage companies, freight forwarders (who often use the containers for one-way trips into less developed countries) and other purchasers of used containers.

We only lease to container shipping lines and other lessees or sell to buyers that meet our credit criteria. Our credit approval process is rigorous, and all of our underwriting and credit decisions are controlled by our credit committee, which is made up of senior management from different disciplines. Our credit committee sets different maximum exposure limits depending on our relationship and previous experience with each customer lessee and container sales customer. Credit criteria may include, but are not limited to, trade route, country, social and political climate, assessments of financial performance including net worth and profitability, asset ownership, bank and trade credit references, credit bureau reports, operational history and financial strength. Our marketing and resale staff are also responsible for collections, which positively contributes to our strong collection and credit approval process through our staff’s close communication with our customers.

Our credit department sets and reviews credit limits for new and existing customer lessees and container sales customers, monitors compliance with those limits on an on-going basis, monitors collections, and deals with customers in default. Our credit department actively maintains a credit watch report on our proprietary information technology systems, which is available to all regional and area offices. This credit watch report lists customer lessees and container sales customers at or near their credit limits. New leases of containers to lessees on the credit watch report is only allowed with the approval of our credit department. Similarly, management may decide to stop sales of containers to purchasers whose payments are delinquent. Our credit committee meets regularly to assess performance of our container lessees and to recommend actions to be taken in order to reduce credit risks. Our underwriting processes are aided by the long payment experience we have with most of our customer lessees and container sales customers, our broad network of relationships in the container shipping industry that provides current information about customer lessees’ and container sales customers’ market reputations and our focus on collections.

Other factors reducing losses due to default by a lessee or customer include the growth in the container shipping industry, our constant monitoring of collections, effective collection mechanism, our historically high recovery rate for containers in default situations and the re-marketability of our container fleet. The growth in the container shipping industry helps reduce the risk of customer defaults since the core assets of a poorly performing shipping line, its ships and containers, have historically been needed to meet the demand for world containerized trade. In addition, the law in several major port locations is highly favorable to creditors and many of our large customers call on ports that will allow us to arrest, or seize, the customers’ ships or fuel storage bunkers, or repossess our containers if the customer is in default under our container leases. Finally, we also purchase insurance for equipment recovery and loss of revenue due to customer defaults for most of our customers, in addition to the insurance that our customers are required to obtain, however our equipment recovery insurance is subject to high deductibles and has coverage limits and exclusions. In recent years our container recovery rate has declined as we have experienced several defaults where the containers are difficult to locate or when located are subject to liens for repairs and/or storage that make recovery uneconomical.

During 2014 through 2018, we recovered, on average, 82% of the containers that were the subject of defaulted contracts which had at least 1,000 CEU on lease. In connection with the Hanjin bankruptcy, 94% of the containers leased to Hanjin have been turned in, with the balance of the containers uneconomic or impossible to recover. We maintain insurance that covers certain costs and losses from customer defaults. At the time of the Hanjin default our policy provided for $80 million of coverage after a $5 million deductible was met. We collected substantially all of our insurance claim related to the Hanjin insolvency, however this was insufficient to cover all of our losses and disruptions related to Hanjin. We typically incur operating expenses such as repairs and repositioning when containers are recovered after a default. However, recovery expenses are typically covered under insurance and we are reimbursed above our deductible amount. Due to the above, over the last five years, our write-offs of customer receivables for our owned and managed fleet have averaged 1.8% of our lease rental income over such period.

Our global sales and customer service force is responsible for developing and maintaining relationships with senior management staff at our shipping line customers, negotiating lease contracts and maintaining day-to-day coordination with operations staff. This close customer communication often assists us in negotiating lease contracts that satisfy both our financial return requirements and our customers’ operating needs. It also makes us more likely to be aware of our customers’ potential equipment shortages and makes our customers more likely to be aware of our available container inventories.

Our senior sales people have considerable industry experience and we believe that the quality of our customer relationships and the level of communication with our customers represent an important advantage for us. As of December 31, 2018, our global sales and customer service group consisted of 86 people, with 18 in North America, 43 in Asia and Australia, 19 in Europe and 6 in Africa.

We believe that our staff, organization and long presence in the business have resulted in very strong relationships with our shipping line customers. Our top 20 customers, as measured by lease billings of our total owned and managed fleet, have leased containers from us for an average of almost 30 years and have an average

Dynamar credit rating, a common credit report used in the maritime sector, of 3.7. The Dynamar credit rating ranges from 1 to 10, with 1 indicating low credit risk. Our top 20 customers include almost all of the world’s largest shipping lines, as measured by container vessel fleet size. We currently have containers on-hire to approximately 250 customers. Our customers are mainly international shipping lines, but we also lease containers to freight forwarding companies and the U.S. Military. Our top 20 and top 5 customers accounted for approximately 82.8% and 49.5%, respectively, of our total owned and managed fleet’s 2018 lease billings. Our two largest customers in 2018 were Mediterranean Shipping Company S.A., which accounted for $84.2 million or 13.7% and CMA-CGM S.A., which accounted for $82.4 million or 13.4% of our total owned and managed fleet’s container lease rental income. A default by any of our major customers, such as the bankruptcy of Hanjin in 2016, could have a material adverse impact on our business, results from operations and financial condition. In addition, the largest lessees of our owned fleet are often among the largest lessees of our managed fleet. The largest lessees of our managed fleet are responsible for a significant portion of the billings that generate our management fee revenue. For further discussion, see Note 1 “Nature of Business and summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

We have developed proprietary IT systems that allow us to monitor container status and offer our customers a high level of service. Our systems include internet-based updates regarding container availability and booking status. Our systems record the status of and provide the accounting and billing for each of our containers individually by container number. We also have the ability to produce complete management reports for each portfolio of equipment we own and manage. This makes us a preferred candidate to quickly assume management of competitors’ container fleets. We also maintain proprietary technology in support of our military business.

In addition, our systems allow our business partners to conduct certain business with us through our website, www.textainer.com. These systems allow customers to check our container inventories, review design specifications, request bookings for container pick-ups, create redelivery bookings and review and approve repair bills. Our website also allows depots to download recent statements for self-billing activity and to check the status of containers.

We have long relationships with all of our major suppliers. We currently purchase almost all of our containers in the PRC. There are four major manufacturers of dry freight standard and specialized containers. Our operations staff reviews the designs for our containers and periodically audits the production facilities of our suppliers. In addition, we use our Asian operations group and occasionally third-party inspectors to visit factories when our containers are being produced to provide an extra layer of quality control. Nevertheless, defects in our containers do sometimes occur. We work with the manufacturers to correct these defects, and our manufacturers have generally honored their warranty obligations in such cases.

According to World Cargo News, as of January 2018, the top ten container leasing companies, as measured on a TEU basis, control approximately 95.8%, and the top five container leasing companies control approximately 78.8%, of the total equipment held by all container lessors. According to this data, we are one of the world’s largest lessors of intermodal containers based on fleet size by TEU and we operate approximately 15.7% by TEU of the equipment held by all container leasing companies.

We compete with approximately ten other large or medium size container leasing companies, many smaller lessors, companies and financial institutions offering finance leases, and promoters of container ownership and leasing as a tax-efficient investment. It is common for our shipping line customers to utilize several leasing companies to meet their container needs.

Other lessors compete with us in many ways, including pricing, lease flexibility and supply reliability, as well as the location, availability, quality and individual characteristics of their containers and customer service. While we are forced to compete aggressively on price, we emphasize our supply reliability and high level of customer service

to our customers. We invest heavily to ensure container availability in higher demand locations. We dedicate a large part of our organization to building customer relationships, maintaining close day-to-day coordination with customers’ operating staff and have developed powerful and user-friendly systems that allow our customers to transact business with us through the internet. We believe that our close customer relationships, experienced staff, reputation for market leadership, scale efficiencies and proprietary systems provide important competitive advantages.

From time to time we are a party to litigation matters arising in connection with the normal course of our business. While we cannot predict the outcome of these matters, in the opinion of our management, any liability arising from these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business. Nevertheless, unexpected adverse future events, such as an unforeseen development in our existing proceedings, new claims brought against us or changes in our current insurance arrangements could result in liabilities that have a material adverse impact on our business.

In addition to environmental regulations affecting container movement, shipping, movement and spillage, environmental regulations also impact container production and operation, including regulations on the use of chemical refrigerants (i.e. CFC’s and solvent-based paints) due to their ozone depleting and global warming effects, and regulations on the cutting and export of hardwood due to concerns regarding de-forestation and climate change. These environmental regulations may impact the future repair and operating costs for these containers and we could be forced to incur large retrofitting expenses for our refrigerated containers. To comply with the new regulations, new water borne paint systems have been developed and are being used by container manufacturers. The conversion to water borne paint may impact factory capacity, increase the cost of containers and require greater investment by us in container inspection and factory supervision.

For further discussions, see Item 3, “Key Information -- Risk Factors – Environmental liability and regulations may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.”

We may be subject to regulations promulgated in various countries, including the U.S., seeking to protect the integrity of international commerce and prevent the use of containers for international terrorism or other illicit activities. As these regulations develop and change, we may incur increased compliance costs due to the acquisition of new, compliant containers and/or the adaptation of existing containers to meet any new requirements imposed by such regulations. For further discussions, see Item 3, “Key Information -- Risk Factors – We may incur costs associated with cargo security regulations, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.”

We may also be affected by legal or regulatory responses to potential global climate change. Please see Item 3, “Key Information -- Risk Factors – Environmental liability and regulations may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.”

We currently own 100% of all of our direct and indirect subsidiaries, except for TAP Funding. TAP Funding is a joint venture involving TL and TAP. As of December 31, 2018, TL owned 50.1% and TAP owned 49.9% of the common shares and TL had two voting rights and TAP had one voting right of TAP Funding, with the exception of certain matters such as bankruptcy proceedings, the incurrence of debt and mergers and consolidations, which require unanimity.

Our principal shareholder, Trencor, owned 47.5% of our outstanding share capital as of December 31, 2018. Trencor is a South African public investment holding company, that has been listed on the JSE in Johannesburg, South Africa since 1955. Trencor’s origins date from 1929, and it currently has businesses owning, leasing and managing marine cargo containers and finance related activities. These shares were previously held by Halco Holdings Inc. (“Halco”), a company owned by Halco Trust, a discretionary trust. In February 2018, Halco Trust distributed and transferred to Trencor Limited, a nominated discretionary beneficiary of Halco Trust, the trust’s 100% shareholding in Halco. In May 2018, Halco declared dividends to Trencor which resulted in Trencor becoming the direct shareholder of 47.5% of our common stocks. Halco went into voluntary liquidation on October 12, 2018. Hennie Van der Merwe and David M. Nurek are members of our board of directors and the board of directors of Trencor.

As of December 31, 2018, our employees were located in 14 regional and area offices in 13 different countries. We maintain an office in Bermuda, where Textainer Group Holdings Limited is incorporated. We have 13 offices outside Bermuda, including our administrative office in San Francisco, California and offices in Cranford, New Jersey; New Malden, United Kingdom; Hamburg, Germany; Durban, South Africa; Yokohama, Japan; Seoul, South Korea; Taipei, Taiwan; Singapore; Sydney, Australia; Port Klang, Malaysia; Hong Kong; and Shanghai, China.

We lease our office space in Bermuda, the U.S., United Kingdom and Singapore and have exclusive agents that secure office space for us in our other locations. The lease for our Bermuda office expires in December 2020, the lease for our San Francisco office expires in May 2027, the lease for our Cranford, New Jersey office expires in August 2021, the lease for our New Malden, United Kingdom office expires in December 2019 and our lease for our Singapore office expires in August 2021. In addition, we have non-exclusive agents who represent us in India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Republic of the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. We believe that our current facilities are adequate to meet current requirements and that additional or substitute space will be available as needed to accommodate our expected growth.

The following Operating and Financial Review and Prospects should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. See “Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements; Cautionary Language.” Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, particularly in Item 3, “Key Information-- Risk Factors.”

Dollar amounts in this section of this Annual Report on Form 20-F are expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars unless otherwise indicated.

Operating since 1979, we are one of the world’s largest lessors of intermodal containers based on fleet size, with a total fleet of approximately 2.2 million containers, representing almost 3.4 million TEU. During 2018: (i) container investment of approximately $830 million accepted into our total fleet, (ii) utilization averaged 98.1% compared to 96.4% in 2017, (iii) we leased out over 500K TEU, and (iv) we completed over $2.0 billion of financing in the debt markets, resulting in approximately $720 million in net incremental debt funding.

Our business comprises of three reportable segments for financial reporting purposes: Container Ownership, Container Management and Container Resale. Our total revenues primarily consist of leasing revenues derived from the leasing of our owned containers and fees received for managing containers owned by third parties, equipment resale and military management. The most important driver of our profitability is the extent to which net operating income on our owned fleet and management fee income exceed our operating costs. The key drivers of our net operating income are fleet size, rental rates, direct costs and utilization. Our operating costs primarily consist of depreciation, container impairment, amortization, interest expense, direct container expense and administrative expenses. Damages to containers beyond ordinary wear and tear (and certain other expenses) are the responsibility of our lessees and are not operating costs for us.

We believe there are a number of key factors that have affected, and are likely to continue to affect, our operating performance. These key factors include the following, among others:

For further details of these and other factors which may affect our business and results of operations, see Item 3, “Key Information-- Risk Factors.”

Our revenue comprises lease rental income, management fees – non-leasing and trading container margin.

Lease Rental Income. We generate lease rental income by leasing our owned container fleet and managed container fleet to container shipping lines and other customers. Lease rental income comprises daily per diem rental charges due under the lease agreements, together with payments for other charges set forth in the leases, such as handling fees, drop-off charges and pick-up charges and credits (together “geography revenue”) and charges for a DPP. The operating results of our owned container business are determined by the amount by which our container rental revenue exceeds our ownership costs, consisting primarily of depreciation, interest expense, storage, handling and other direct operating expenses and management costs.

Lease rental income and operating expenses arising from the leasing services of the managed portion of our fleet are included on a gross amount basis in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). We earn management fees from management of the Owner’s containers, which include the leasing, repair, repositioning and storage of the managed fleet pursuant to management agreements with container investors. The management agreements typically cover the entire economic life of the containers.

Utilization is a key performance indicator that demonstrates how much of our equipment is on lease at a point in time or over a period of time. We measure utilization on the basis of CEU on lease, dividing the actual number of CEU days on-hire by actual CEU days available for lease. We calculate containers available for lease by excluding containers that have been manufactured for us but have not yet been delivered to a lessee and containers designated as held-for-sale units. Our utilization is primarily a function of our current lease structure, overall level of container demand, the location of our available containers and prevailing lease terms by location. The location of available containers is critical because containers available in high-demand locations are more readily leased and are typically leased on more favorable terms than containers available in low-demand locations.

Lease rental income is also affected by per diem rates. The per diem rate for a lease is set at the time we enter into a lease agreement. Our long-term per diem rate for new containers has historically been strongly influenced by new container pricing (which in turn is heavily influenced by the cost of container manufacturing inputs such as steel, paint, wood, labor and other components), interest rates, the balance of supply and demand for containers at a particular time and location, our estimate of the residual value of the container at the end of its useful life in marine service, the type of the container being leased, container purchasing activities by container shipping lines and competitors, and efficiencies in container utilization by container shipping lines. Average per diem rates for containers in our owned fleet and in the portfolios of containers comprising our managed fleet change slowly in response to changes in new container prices because existing lease agreements can only be re-priced upon expiration of the lease.

Management Fees – non-leasing. Management fee from non-leasing services is generated by our management services, which include the acquisition and disposition of containers. We provide these management services pursuant to management agreements with container investors. Under these agreements, we earn fees for the acquisition of new containers and a sales commission upon disposition of containers under management. Our acquisition fees are calculated as a percentage of the cost of the container. Our sales commissions are either a fixed dollar amount or based on a percentage of the sales price.

All rental operations are conducted worldwide in our name as agent for the container investors. Customer accounts receivable and vendor payables arising from direct container operations of the managed portion of our fleet are excluded from our consolidated balance sheets.

Trading Container Margin. Our Container Resale Division purchases used containers from third parties, primarily shipping lines, and resells these containers to a wide variety of buyers. Trading container margin represents the sales proceeds of these containers net of the cost at the time the containers are sold.

Gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net, represents the excess of the sale price of our owned fleet containers over their net book value at the time of sale. Containers are generally sold at the end of their useful lives in marine service or when we believe it is financially attractive for us to do so, considering the location, sale price, cost of repair and possible repositioning expenses. Gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net, also includes gains (losses) recognized at the inception of sales-type leases of our owned fleet, representing the excess (deficiency) of the estimated fair value of containers placed on sales-type leases over (below) their book value.

Our operating expenses include direct container expenses – owned fleet, distribution expenses to managed fleet owners, depreciation of container rental equipment, container impairment, amortization expense, general and administrative expenses and bad debt expense (recovery).

Direct Container Expenses – owned fleet. Storage, handling, maintenance, repositioning, agency costs, insurance expenses and other direct container expenses are operating costs of our owned fleet. Storage and handling expenses occur when our customers drop off containers at depots around the world. Storage and handling expenses vary significantly by location. Other direct container expenses include maintenance expenses, which are the result of normal wear and tear on the containers, and repositioning expenses, which are incurred when we contract to move containers from locations where our inventories exceed actual or expected demand to locations with higher demand. Other direct container expenses also include agency costs, which are operational expenses incurred in our agent offices, and insurance expenses, which include customer default insurance premiums, and recovery costs for problem lessees. Storage, handling, maintenance, repositioning, and other direct container expenses are directly related to the number of containers in our owned fleet and inversely related to our utilization rate for those containers. As utilization increases, we typically have lower storage, handling, maintenance and repositioning expenses. We use the direct expense method of accounting for maintenance and repairs.

Our leases require the lessee to pay for any damage to the container beyond normal wear and tear at the end of the lease term. We also offer a DPP pursuant to which the lessee pays a fee over the term of the lease (per diem) or a lump sum upon return of containers in exchange for not being charged for certain damages at the end of the lease term. This revenue is recognized as earned over the term of the lease. We do not recognize DPP revenue and related expense over the lease term for customers who are billed at the end of the lease term under the DPP or for other lessees who do not participate in the DPP. Based on past history, there is uncertainty as to collectability of these amounts from lessees who are billed at the end of the lease term because the amounts due under the DPP are typically re-negotiated at the end of the lease term or the lease term is extended.

Distribution to Managed Fleet Owners. Our distribution amounts to Owners for the managed fleet includes the net operating income of each Owner’s fleet, reduced by the management fees earned and retained by the Company. This amount also includes expenses related to the operation of the managed containers which are presented on a gross basis in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

Our management fees from leasing services are calculated as a percentage of net operating income of the containers. Net operating income is calculated as the lease payment and any other revenue attributable to a container, minus operating expenses related to that container (but not depreciation or financing expenses of the container investor). The container investors are responsible for the direct container expenses incurred in the operation of the managed fleet. The management fee percentage generally varies based upon the type of lease and the terms of the management agreement. Management fee percentages for long-term leases are generally lower than management fee percentages for master or spot leases because less daily involvement by management personnel is required to manage long-term leases.

Depreciation Expense. We depreciate our standard dry freight containers over a period of 13 to 14 years, refrigerated containers over a period of 12 years, tank containers over a period of 20 years and open top and flat rack containers over a period of 14 to 16 years, on a straight-line basis to a fixed residual value. We regularly assess both the estimated useful life of our containers and the expected residual values, and, when warranted, adjust our depreciation estimates accordingly. Depreciation expense will vary over time based upon the number and the purchase price of containers in our owned fleet. Beginning from the third quarter of 2016, depreciation of our existing owned fleet increased as a result of a decrease in the estimated residual values of our 20’ dry containers, 40’ dry containers, 40’ high cube dry containers and 40’ folding flat rack containers, partially offset by an increase in the estimated useful lives of 40’dry containers, 20’ folding flat rack containers, 20’ open top containers and 40’ folding flat rack containers. Beginning from the third quarter of 2017, depreciation of our existing owned fleet decreased as a result of an increase in the estimated residual value of our 20’ dry containers, 40’ dry containers and 40’ high cube dry containers. Beginning from the third quarter of 2018, depreciation of our existing owned fleet decreased as a result of an increase in the estimated residual value of our 40’ high cube dry containers, partially offset by a decrease in the estimated residual value of our 40’ high cube refrigerated containers.

Container Impairment. We evaluate our containers held for use in our leasing operation to determine whether there has been any event such as a decline in results of operations or residual values that would cause the book value of our containers held for use to be impaired. When an impairment exists, containers held for use are written down to their fair value and the amount of the write down is recorded in container impairment.

When the Company is required to write down the cost basis of its containers identified for sale to fair value less cost to sell, the Company measures the fair value of its containers identified for sale under a Level 2 input. The Company relies on its recent sales prices for identical or similar assets in markets, by geography, that are active. The Company records impairments to write down the value of containers identified for sale to their estimated fair value less cost to sell. Any subsequent increase in fair value are recognized as reversal of container impairment but not in excess of the cumulative loss previously recognized.

Amortization Expense. Amortization expense represents the amortization of the price paid for the rights to manage the container fleets of Capital Intermodal Limited, Capital Intermodal GmbH and Capital Intermodal Assets Limited (collectively “Capital Intermodal”) and Amphibious Container Leasing Limited (“Amficon”); Capital Lease Limited, Hong Kong (“Capital”). The purchase prices are being amortized over the expected useful lives of the contracts on a pro-rata basis to the expected management fees.

General and Administrative Expense. Our general and administrative expenses are primarily employee-related costs such as salary, employee benefits, short-term and long-term incentive compensation expense, rent, travel and entertainment costs, as well as expenses incurred for outside services such as legal, consulting, tax and audit-related fees.

Bad Debt Expense, net. Bad debt expense, net, represents the amounts recorded to provide for an allowance for the doubtful collection of accounts receivable for the owned fleet.

The following table summarizes our revenues and gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and percentage changes between those periods:

Lease rental income increased $63,250 (11.5%) from 2017 to 2018. This increase was primarily due to a 2.9% increase in average per diem rental rates, a 2.0% increase in utilization and a 6.5% increase in our total fleet that was available for lease. Lease rental income decreased $16,484 (-2.9%) from 2016 to 2017. This decrease was primarily due to a 9.1% decrease in average per diem rental rates, partially offset by a 2.0% increase in utilization and a 5.0% increase in our total fleet that was available for lease.

Management fees – non-leasing increased $1,383 (19.4%) from 2017 to 2018 primarily due to a $767 increase in sales commissions due primarily to higher used container prices and a $609 increase in acquisition fees due to increase in container purchases. Management fees – non-leasing increased $1,209 (20.4%) from 2016 to 2017 primarily due to a $1,723 increase in sales commissions due primarily to higher used container prices, partially offset by a $551 decrease due from lower acquisition fees due to a decline in container purchases.

Trading container margin increased $1,994 (137.0%) from 2017 to 2018, $3,118 of the increase resulted from a growth in unit sales volume resulting from an increase in the number of trading containers that were available to source and sell, partially offset by a $1,124 decrease due to a decrease in per unit margin. Trading container margin decreased $1,732 (-627.5%) from 2016 to 2017, $1,505 of the decrease due to a decrease in per unit margin and $227 of the decrease resulted from a decline in unit sales volume resulting from a decrease in the number of trading containers that were available to source and sell.

Gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net, increased $9,861 (37.6%) from 2017 to 2018 primarily due to a $10,787 increase resulting from an improvement in average gain of $101 per container sold, partially offset by a $840 decrease resulting from a 3.3% reduction in the number of containers sold. Gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net, increased $19,449 (287.7%) from 2016 to 2017 primarily due to a $20,751 increase resulting from an improvement in average gain of $189 per container sold and a $988 increase in gain on sales-type leases, partially offset by a $1,453 decrease resulting from a 21.2% reduction in the number of containers sold.

The following table summarizes our total operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and percentage changes between those periods:

Direct container expense – owned fleet decreased $1,508 (-2.5%) from 2017 to 2018 primarily due to a $6,830 decrease in storage expense, partially offset by a $4,383 increase in container recovery costs for slow-paying and insolvent lessees. Direct container expense decreased $2,275 (-3.6%) from 2016 to 2017 primarily due to a $8,754 decrease in storage expense, a $2,950 decrease in container recovery costs for slow-paying and insolvent lessees, partially offset by a $5,191 increase in repositioning expense, a $2,039 increase in maintenance expense and a $1,401 increase in insurance expense.

Depreciation expense increased $4,662 (2.0%) from 2017 to 2018 and decreased $5,101 (-2.2%) from 2016 to 2017. The following table summarizes the variances included within these changes,

Container impairment increased $18,703 (231.7%) from 2017 to 2018 and decreased $86,551 (-91.5%) from 2016 to 2017. The following table summarizes the variances included within these changes,

Amortization expense represents the amortization of amounts paid to acquire the rights to manage the container fleets of Capital, Amficon and Capital Intermodal. Amortization, expense decreased $371 (-9.1%) and $961 (-19.0%) from 2017 to 2018 and from 2016 to 2017, respectively, primarily due to an update in management fee revenue estimates for the Capital, Amficon and Capital Intermodal fleets. The decrease from 2017 to 2018 was also partially offset by a $835 write-off in 2018 of the Company’s intangible asset of the management rights due to to the Company’s acquisition of a portion of Capital’s fleet that we previously managed.

General and administrative expense increased $4,640 (11.7%) from 2017 to 2018 primarily due to a $4,742 increase in compensation costs, of which a $2,368 increase was from departing senior executive personnel, and a $493 increase in information technology costs, partially offset by a $1,361 decrease in rent expense primarily due to a $1,280 non-recurring charge recorded during 2017 related to an adjustment of prior periods expense. General and administrative expense increased $5,137 (14.9%) from 2016 to 2017 primarily due to a $2,167 increase in rent expense, including a $1,280 non-recurring charge recorded during 2017 related to an adjustment of prior periods expense, a $1,650 increase in compensation costs and a $835 increase in professional fees.

Bad debt expense, net, increased $2,220 (465.4%) from 2017 to 2018 primarily due to a required reserve for certain insolvent lessees in 2018. Bad debt expense, net, decreased $20,689 (-97.7%) from 2016 to 2017 primarily due to a provision of $18,992, net of insurance proceeds, for Hanjin’s bankruptcy in 2016.

Gain on insurance recovery for 2018 amounted to $8,692 which related to a final insurance settlement associated with the Hanjin bankruptcy for insurable costs including primarily unrecovered containers and incurred container recovery costs, net of the insurance deductible.

The following table summarizes other income (expenses) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and percentage changes between those periods:

Interest expense increased $20,952 (17.8%) from 2017 to 2018 and $32,260 (37.9%) from 2016 to 2017. The increase in interest expense for 2018 compared to 2017 was due to a $10,576 increase resulting from an increase in the average debt balance of $266,060 and a $10,376 increase resulting from an increase in average interest rates of 0.32 percentage point. The increase in interest expense for 2017 compared to 2016 was due to a $34,374 increase resulting from an increase in average interest rates of 1.16 percentage points, partially offset by a $2,114 decrease resulting from a decrease in the average debt balance of $75,167.

Write-off of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs and bond discounts decreased $6,669 (-88.3%) and increased $7,550 (100.0%) from 2017 to 2018 and from 2016 to 2017, respectively. The write-off of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs and bond discounts for 2018 of $881 related to the early redemption of TL’s Term Loan and amendment of TL’s Revolving Credit Facility. The write-off of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs and bond discounts for 2017 of $7,550 related to the early redemption of TMCL III’s 2013-1 Bonds, 2014-1 Bonds and 2017-A Notes, the amendment of TMCL II’s secured debt facility and the amendment of TAP Funding’s revolving credit facility.

Realized gain (loss) on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net changed from a net loss of $1,191 in 2017 to a net gain of $5,238 in 2018. This was primarily due to an increase in market rates as compared to spot strike rates in our contracts which caused a positive net settlement differential in 2018 compared to a negative net settlement differential in 2017. Realized loss on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net decreased $7,737 (-86.7%) from 2016 to 2017. This was primarily due to an increase in market rates as compared to spot strike rates in our contracts which caused a smaller negative net settlement differential in 2017 compared to a larger negative net settlement differential in 2016.

Unrealized (loss) gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net changed from a net gain of $4,094 in 2017 to a net loss of $5,790 in 2018. Unrealized gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net decreased $2,116 (-34.1%) from 2016 to 2017. Unrealized (loss) gain are triggered by the change in the fair values of the Company’s interest rate hedging instruments, resulting from changes in the forward LIBOR curve.

The following table summarizes income tax (expense) benefit and net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interests for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and percentage changes between those periods:

Income tax expense increased $407 (25.2%) from 2017 to 2018. Our effective tax rate in 2018 decreased to 3.6% from 7.2% in 2017. The increase in income tax expense in 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily due to a higher level of U.S. sourcing income before tax and noncontrolling interests, partially offset by the U.S. federal corporate tax rate reduction effective for the years after 2017 from the 2017 tax reform, TCJA. Income tax (expense) benefit changed from income tax benefit of $3,447 in 2016 to an income tax expense of $1,618 in 2017. Our effective tax rate in 2017 increased to 7.2% from 5.6% in 2016. The change in income tax (expense) benefit in 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily due to an increase resulting from a higher level of U.S. sourcing income before tax and noncontrolling interests and a higher effective tax rate, partially offset by a tax benefit on the re-measurement of our U.S. deferred tax assets and liabilities due to the TCJA.

Net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interests in 2018, 2017 and 2016 represents the noncontrolling interest’s portion of TAP Funding’s and TW’s net income (loss). See Note 1 “Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Polices” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for further information.

For further discussion, see Note 1 “Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 13 “Segment Information” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

The following table summarizes our income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interests attributable to each of our business segments for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and 2016 (before inter-segment eliminations) and percentage changes between those periods:

Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interests attributable to the Container Ownership segment improved $27,873 from a loss of $1,707 for the year ended December 31, 2017 to an income of $26,166 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The following table summarizes the variances included within this change:

Loss before income taxes and noncontrolling interests attributable to the Container Ownership segment decreased $82,545 (-98.0%) from 2016 to 2017. The following table summarizes the variances included within this decrease:

Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interests attributable to the Container Management segment increased $4,946 (32.2%) from 2017 to 2018. The following table summarizes the variances included within this increase:

Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interests attributable to the Container Management segment decreased $2,758 (-15.2%) from 2016 to 2017. The following table summarizes the variances included within this decrease:

Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interests attributable to the Container Resale segment increased $5,274 (48.6%) from 2017 to 2018. The following table summarizes the variances included within this increase:

Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interests attributable to the Container Resale segment increased $4,676 (75.7%) from 2016 to 2017. The following table summarizes the variances included within this increase:

Loss before income taxes and noncontrolling interests attributable to Other activities unrelated to our reportable business segments increased $515 (14.4%) from 2017 to 2018 primarily due to an increase in general and administrative expense.

Loss before income taxes and noncontrolling interests attributable to Other activities unrelated to our reportable business segments increased $552 (18.3%) from 2016 to 2017 primarily due to an increase in general and administrative expense.

Segment eliminations changed from a net income of $1,405 for the year ended December 31, 2017 to a net loss of $2,258 for the year ended December 31, 2018. This change consisted of a $3,898 increase in acquisition fees received by our Container Management segment from our Container Ownership segment, partially offset by a $235 increase in depreciation expense related to capitalized acquisition fees received by our Container Management segment from our Container Ownership segment. Our Container Ownership segment capitalizes acquisition fees billed by our Container Management segment as part of containers, net and records depreciation expense to amortize the acquisition fees over the useful lives of the containers, which is eliminated in consolidation.

Segment eliminations decreased $228 (-14.0%) from 2016 to 2017 and consisted of a $233 increase in acquisition fees received by our Container Management segment from our Container Ownership segment, partially offset by a $5 increase in depreciation expense related to capitalized acquisition fees received by our Container Management segment from our Container Ownership segment. Our Container Ownership segment capitalizes acquisition fees billed by our Container Management segment as part of containers, net and records depreciation expense to amortize the acquisition fees over the useful lives of the containers, which is eliminated in consolidation.

As in previous years, almost all of our revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars and approximately 81% of our direct container expenses in 2018 were denominated in U.S. dollars. Our operations in locations outside of the U.S. have some exposure to foreign currency fluctuations, and trade growth and the direction of trade flows can be influenced by large changes in relative currency values. In 2018, our non-U.S. dollar operating expenses were spread among 19 currencies, resulting in some level of self-hedging. We do not engage in currency hedging.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to use judgment in making estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements. We have identified the policies and estimates below as among those critical to our business operations and the understanding of our results of operations. These policies and estimates are considered critical due to the existence of uncertainty at the time the estimates are made, the likelihood of changes in estimates from period to period and the potential impact that these estimates can have on our financial statements. The following accounting policies and estimates include inherent risks and uncertainties related to judgments and assumptions made by us. Our estimates are based on the relevant information available at the end of each period.

Lease Rental Income. We recognize revenue from operating leases of containers as earned over the term of the lease. The Company’s container leases generally do not include step-rent provisions, nor do they depend on indices or rates. The Company recognizes revenue on container leases that include lease concessions in the form of free-rent periods using the straight-line method over the minimum terms of the leases. We cease recognition of lease revenue if and when a container lessee defaults in making timely lease payments or we otherwise determine that future lease payments are not likely to be collected from the lessee. Our determination of the collectability of future lease payments is made by management on the basis of available information, including the current creditworthiness of container shipping lines that lease containers from us, historical collection results and review of specific past due receivables. If we experience unexpected payment defaults from our container lessees, we will cease revenue recognition for those leases, which will reduce container rental revenue. Finance lease income is recognized using the effective interest method, which generates a constant rate of interest over the period of the lease. The same risks of collectability discussed above apply to our collection of finance lease income. If we experience unexpected payment defaults under our finance leases, we will cease revenue recognition for those leases that will reduce finance lease income.

Our leases typically require the lessee to pay, at the end of the lease term, for any damage to the container beyond normal wear and tear. We also offer a DPP pursuant to which the lessee pays a fee over the term of the lease, primarily on a daily basis, in exchange for not being charged for certain damages at the end of the lease term. It is our policy to recognize these revenues as earned on a daily basis over the related term of the lease. We have not recognized revenue for customers who are billed at the end of the lease term under our DPP or for other lessees who do not participate in the DPP. Based on past history, there is uncertainty as to collectability of these amounts because the amounts due under the DPP are typically re-negotiated at the end of the lease term or when the lease term is extended.

Lease rental income and operating expenses arising from the leasing services of the managed portion of our fleet are included at gross amounts in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Our management fees earned from leasing and management services of the managed fleet is net of ‘lease rental income – managed fleet’ and ‘distribution to managed fleet owners’ in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Fees are typically calculated as a fixed percentage of net operating income, which is revenue from the containers under management minus direct operating expense related to those containers.

Management Fees – non-leasing. We recognize revenue from management fees earned from non-leasing services under management agreements with container investors on an as-earned basis. Fees for the acquisition of new containers under management are typically calculated as a fixed percentage of the cost of the container and are deferred and recognized as earned on a straight-line basis over the deemed lease term. Sales commission for the disposition of containers under management are either typically calculated as fixed percentage of the sales price or based on a fixed dollar amount. Sales commission are recognized as earned upon disposal of the managed containers.

Container Resale Revenue. We recognize revenue from resale of used containers at the time of delivery to, or pick-up by, the customer and when collectability is reasonably assured. Our trading container sales proceeds revenue arise from the resale of used containers to a wide variety of buyers. The related expenses represent the cost of

trading containers sold as well as other selling costs that are recognized as incurred. We also generally sell containers at the end of their useful lives or when it is financially attractive to do so. The gain on sale of owned fleet containers is the excess of the sale price over the carrying value for these units at the time of sale.

Accounting for Container Leasing Equipment. Accounting for container leasing equipment includes depreciation, impairment of held for use equipment and the impairment of containers held for sale.

Depreciation. When we acquire containers, we record the cost of the container on our balance sheet. We then depreciate the container over its estimated useful life (which represents the number of years we expect to be able to lease the container to shipping lines) to its estimated “residual value” (which represents the amount we estimate we will recover upon the sale or other disposition of the equipment at the end of its “useful life” as a shipping container). Our estimates of useful life are based on our actual experience with our fleet, and our estimates of residual value are based on a number of factors including disposal price history.

We review our depreciation policies, including estimates of useful lives and residual values, on a regular basis to determine whether a change in estimates of useful lives and residual values is warranted.

We assessed the estimates used in the Company’s depreciation policy on a quarterly basis during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. We take a long-term view when assessing residual values and typically do not change residual values until disposal prices have been significantly above or below residual values between one to two years.

The Company estimates the useful lives and residual values of its containers to be as follows:

	Effective July 1, 2018				July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018				January 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018
	Estimated useful		Residual		Estimated useful		Residual		Estimated useful		Residual
	life (years)		Value		life (years)		Value		life (years)		Value
Dry containers other than open top and flat rack containers:
20'		13	$	1,000		13	$	1,000		13	$	950
40'		14	$	1,200		14	$	1,200		14	$	1,150
40' high cube		13	$	1,400		13	$	1,350		13	$	1,300
45' high cube dry van		13	$	1,500		13	$	1,500		13	$	1,500
Refrigerated containers:
20'		12	$	2,750		12	$	2,750		12	$	2,750
20' high cube		12	$	2,049		12	$	2,049		12	$	2,049
40' high cube		12	$	4,000		12	$	4,500		12	$	4,500
Open top and flat rack containers:
20' folding flat rack		15	$	1,300		15	$	1,300		15	$	1,300
40' folding flat rack		16	$	1,700		16	$	1,700		16	$	1,700
20' open top		15	$	1,500		15	$	1,500		15	$	1,500
40' open top		14	$	2,500		14	$	2,500		14	$	2,500
Tank containers		20	10% of cost			20	10% of cost			20	10% of cost

During the third quarter of 2018, the Company reassessed the estimates contained in its depreciation policy. To perform the assessment, the Company analyzed sales data from 2008 to August 2018 as this period reflects the cyclical nature of the global economic environment and more specifically, the Company’s industry. This period includes multiple business cycles, including two periods of weak trade growth (2009 and 2014 through 2016) and three periods of strong container demand (2008, 2010 through 2012, and 2017 through August 2018). We believe the best comparison points are the weighted average sales prices for this period excluding the highest and lowest

years or periods and average sales prices for the last two periods/years which highlight the most current period trends as shown in the table below for each of our major equipment types.

Container sales prices continued to increase after July 1, 2017 through December 2017 and then stabilized through August 2018. The average of weighted average long-term sales prices excluding the highest and lowest years and the year-to-date August 2018 sales prices for 20’, 40’ and 40’ high cube dry containers were significantly above their residual values, so the Company performed additional qualitative analyses. While our average sales prices for the 20’ and 40’ dry containers have been above their residual values year-to-date August 2018, the Company does not believe the increase in value is sustainable in the long-term because the current weighted average long-term sales prices excluding the highest and lowest years on these two container types both decreased as compared to prior year’s long-term weighted average of $1,163 and $1,443 on its 20’ and 40’ dry containers, respectively. Along with the qualitative analyses, the Company concluded that the estimated future residual values of its 20’ and 40’ dry containers are at the appropriate levels and do not warrant revision. The average sales price for the 40’ high cube dry containers has been significantly above its residual value for the year-to-date August 2018. Among other qualitative factors which the Company considered was the greater demand on the larger cargo volume of 40’ high cube dry containers over 20’ and 40’ dry containers. Although the current weighted average long-term sales price excluding the highest and lowest years decreased from the prior year’s long-term weighted average of $1,607, the Company outweighed its qualitative analyses over its quantitative analyses and concluded that a higher residual value is appropriate and has accordingly increased the estimated future residual value of its 40’ high cube dry containers from $1,350 to $1,400, beginning July 1, 2018.

The average of long-term weighted average sales price excluding the highest and lowest years and the year-to-date August 2018 sales price for the 40’ high cube refrigerated containers was not significantly above its residual value, the Company also performed additional qualitative analyses on this container type as there is limited quantitative data (and industry data). Among other qualitative factors which the Company considered were the possible future technical obsolescence on the machinery and, the lack of sufficient sales data from its own relatively young fleet which has not yet reached disposal age and industry data. The Company outweighed its qualitative analyses over its quantitative analyses and concluded that a lower residual value is appropriate and accordingly reduced the estimated future residual value of its 40’ high cube refrigerated containers from $4,500 to $4,000, beginning July 1, 2018.

During the third quarter of 2017, the Company reassessed the estimates contained in its depreciation policy. Using its standard methodology, the Company concluded that changes to some residual values were warranted, and beginning July 1, 2017, the Company increased the estimated future residual value of its 20’, 40’ and 40’ high cube dry containers.

If market conditions in the future warrant a change in the estimated useful lives or residual values of our containers, we may be required to again recognize increased or decreased depreciation expense. A decrease in either the useful life or residual value of our containers would result in increased depreciation expense and decreased net income. An increase in either the useful life or residual value of our containers would result in reduced depreciation expense and increased net income.

Container Impairment. On a quarterly basis, we evaluate our containers held for use in our leasing operation to determine whether there has been any event such as a decline in results of operations or residual values that would cause the book value of our containers held for use to be impaired. This evaluation is performed at the lowest level

of identifiable cash flows which we have determined to be groups of containers based on equipment type. The estimated undiscounted cash flows were based on historical lease operating revenue, expenses and residual values, adjusted to reflect current market conditions. Impairment exists when the estimated future undiscounted cash flows to be generated by an asset group are less than the net book value of that asset group. Any such impairment would be expensed in our results of operations. There was no such impairment for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

In 2018, 2017 and 2016 the Company recorded impairments for containers that were unlikely recoverable from lessees in default. When an impairment exists, the containers are written down to their fair value. This fair value is then the containers’ new cost basis and is depreciated over their remaining useful lives in marine services to their estimated residual values. Any impairment charge results in decreased net income.

Impairment of Containers Held for Sale. We also evaluate all off-lease containers to determine whether the containers will be repaired and returned to service or sold based upon what we estimate will be the best economic alternative. If we designate a container as held for sale, depreciation on the container ceases, and the container is reported at the lower of (1) its recorded value or (2) the amount we expect to receive upon sale (less the estimated cost to sell the container). Containers held for sale are evaluated for impairment on a quarterly basis based on sale prices for similar types of equipment in the locations in which the containers are stored. Any write-down of containers held for sale is reflected in our statement of operations as an expense. If a large number of containers are designated as held for sale or prices for used containers drop, impairment charges for containers held for sale may increase which would result in decreased net income. Subsequent additions or reductions to the fair values of these written down assets are recorded as adjustments to the carrying value of the equipment held for sale. Any subsequent increase in fair value is recognized as a reversal to container impairment but not in excess of the cumulative loss previously recognized.

We will continue to monitor the performance of our container fleet and evaluate the key factors driving market conditions and assess the assumptions used in our impairment testing analysis should market conditions warrant a reassessment.

For further discussion, see Note 1 “Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

As of December 31, 2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of $137,298. Our principal sources of liquidity have been our cash flows from operations including the sale of containers and borrowings under debt facilities. As of December 31, 2018, we had the following outstanding borrowings and borrowing capacities per debt facility (in thousands):

(1) Amounts on the 2017-2 Bonds and 2018-1 Bonds exclude an unamortized discount of $60 and $2,888, respectively.

(2) Current borrowing for all debts exclude prepaid debt issuance costs in an aggregate amount of $25,038.

We have typically funded a significant portion of the purchase price of new containers through borrowings under our TMCL II Secured Debt Facility, TL Revolving Credit Facility and TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility and intend to continue to utilize these facilities in the future. In 2018, at such time as our secured debt facilities reached an appropriate size, the facilities were refinanced through the issuance of bonds to institutional investors. We anticipate similar refinancing at such times as the TMCL II Secured Debt Facility or any similar revolving debt facilities we establish nears their maximum size. This timing will depend on our level of future purchases of containers and the size of our debt facilities in the future.

Our cash inflows from operations are affected by the utilization rate of our fleet and the per diem rates of our leases, whereas the cash inflows from proceeds for the sale of containers are affected by market demand for used containers and our available inventory of containers for sale. Our cash outflows are affected by payments and expenses related to our purchasing of containers, interest on our debt obligations or other contingencies discussed in Note 14 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, which may place demands on our short-term liquidity.

We are a holding company with no material direct operations. Our principal assets are the equity interests we directly or indirectly hold in our operating subsidiaries, which own our operating assets. As a result, we are dependent on loans, dividends and other payments from our subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations and to pay dividends, if any, on our common shares. Our subsidiaries are legally distinct from us and may be prohibited or restricted from paying dividends or otherwise making funds available to us under certain conditions. If we are unable to obtain funds from our subsidiaries, we may be unable to, or our board may exercise its discretion not to, pay dividends on our common shares. Our board of directors takes a fresh view every quarter, taking into consideration our cash needs for opportunities that may be available to us, and sets our dividend, if any, accordingly. The TL Revolving Credit Facility also prohibit TL from paying dividends to TGH in excess of certain limits. A substantial amount of cash used by TGH to pay dividends to its common shareholders has historically been received from TL and TEML in the form of dividends.

Our consolidated financial statements do not reflect the income taxes that would be payable to foreign taxing jurisdictions if the earnings of a group of corporations operating in those jurisdictions were to be transferred out of such jurisdictions, because such earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in those countries. At December 31, 2018, cumulative earnings of approximately $36,712 would be subject to income taxes of approximately $11,014 if such earnings of foreign corporations were transferred out of such jurisdictions in the form of dividends.

The disruption in the credit market in 2008 and 2009 had a significant adverse impact on a number of financial institutions and Hanjin’s bankruptcy in 2016 had a significant adverse impact on the liquidity of the container leasing industry. Assuming that our lenders remain solvent, we currently believe that cash flow from operations, proceeds from the sale of containers and borrowing availability under our debt facilities are sufficient to meet our liquidity needs for the next twelve months. We will continue to monitor our liquidity and the credit markets. However, we cannot predict with any certainty the impact on the Company of any further disruptions in the credit environment.

For further discussion, see Note 12 “Debt and Derivative Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

As of December 31, 2018, the total outstanding principal balance on our fixed rate debt facilities was $1,327 million with fixed interest rates between 3.52% and 5.07% as of December 31, 2018. Final maturities on these fixed rate debt facilities are between February 2038 and July 2043. As of December 31, 2018, the total outstanding principal balance on our floating rate debt facilities was $2,111 million with interest rates between 3.85% and 4.04%, primarily LIBOR plus a margin, as of December 31, 2018. Final maturities on these floating rate debt facilities are between December 2021 and August 2024.

We have entered into several interest rate cap, collar and swap agreements to reduce the impact of changes in interest rates associated with our floating rate debt obligations. Total notional amount of these interest rate hedging

agreements amounted to $1,228 million as of December 31, 2018 (also see Item 11 “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” for further information).

TMCL II Secured Debt Facility. TMCL II has a securitization facility with Wells Fargo Bank and other lenders who provide a total commitment of $1,200,000 (the “TMCL II Secured Debt Facility”).

TMCL II is required to make principal payments on the TMCL II Secured Debt Facility on any payment date for the outstanding loan principal amount that exceeds the borrowing base on such payment date. The interest rate on the TMCL II Secured Debt Facility, payable monthly in arrears, is one-month London Inter Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus 1.90% during the revolving period prior to the conversion date. There is a commitment fee on the unused amount of the total commitment.

TMCL II must maintain certain financial covenants per debt agreement, such as (i) no event of default in the TL Revolving Credit Facility (see TL Revolving Credit Facility restrictive covenants disclosure in the below paragraphs); (ii) TEML may not incur more than $1,000 of consolidated funded debt; (iii) TEML must make at least $2,000 in after-tax profits annually; (iv) TEML’s wholly-owned subsidiary Textainer Equipment Management (U.S.) Limited (“TUS”) may not incur more than $1,000 of consolidated funded debt; and (v) TUS must make at least $200 in after-tax profits annually.

TL Revolving Credit Facility. TL has a revolving credit facility with Wells Fargo Bank and other lenders who provide a total commitment amount of up to $1,500,000 (which includes a $25,000 letter of credit facility, together, the “TL Revolving Credit Facility”). The TL Revolving Credit Facility provides for payments of interest only during its term, beginning on its inception date through the maturity date. TL is required to make principal payments on the TL Revolving Credit Facility on any payment date for the outstanding loan principal amount that exceeds the borrowing base on such payment date. The interest rate on the TL Revolving Credit Facility, payable monthly in arrears, is based either on the base rate for Base rate loans plus a spread of between 0.75% and 1.25% or LIBOR for Eurodollar rate loans plus a spread between 1.25% and 1.75% during the revolving period prior to the maturity date. There is a commitment fee on the unused amount of the total commitment. The spread and the commitment fee vary based on the leverage of TGH.

The TL Revolving Credit Facility contains restrictive covenants, including limitations on certain liens, indebtedness and investments. In addition, the TL Revolving Credit Facility contains certain restrictive financial covenants, such as (i) TGH and TL each to maintain a consolidated leverage ratio of 3.50 to 1.00 or less; (ii) TGH to maintain a minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.20 to 1.00; (iii) TL to maintain a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio range from 2.75 to 1.00 as of December 31, 2018, to 4.00 to 1.00 as of September 30, 2019 and each fiscal quarter through the maturity date; and (iv) TGH to maintain a minimum consolidated tangible net worth of $920,000 plus 50% of TGH’s net income since June 30, 2018, with no deduction for any period in which there is a net loss.

TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility. TAP Funding has a credit agreement (the “TAP Funding Credit Agreement”) with a group of banks that provides for a revolving credit facility with an aggregate commitment amount of up to $190,000 (the “TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility”). The interest rate on the TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility, payable monthly in arrears, is one-month LIBOR plus 1.95% through its maturity date. There is a commitment fee on the unused amount of the total commitment. TAP Funding is required to make principal payments on the TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility on a monthly basis to the extent that the outstanding amount due exceeded the borrowing base.

The TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility contains restrictive covenants, including limitations on TEML’s net income and debt levels, TAP Funding’s certain liens, indebtedness, investments, overall asset base minimums, certain debt service coverage ratio, tangible net worth and the average age of the TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility’s container fleet.

TMCL VI Term Loan. TMCL VI issued a $300,000 fixed rate term loan (the “TMCL VI Term Loan”) to a group of financial institutions. It is a partially-amortizing term loan with the remaining principal due in full on February 15, 2025. The TMCL VI Term Loan was entered into on February 15, 2018 and proceeds from the TMCL VI Term Loan, were used to paydown debt in the TMCL II Secured Debt Facility and TL Revolving Credit Facility. TMCL VI is required to make additional principal payments if the outstanding loan principal amount of the TMCL VI Term Loan exceeds the borrowing base on the payment date.

TMCL VI must maintain certain financial covenants per debt agreements, such as (i) TMCL VI must maintain at least a 1.10 to 1.00 of the debt service coverage ratio; (ii) TEML may not incur more than $1,000 of consolidated funded debt; (iii) TEML must make at least $2,000 in after-tax profits annually; (iv) TUS may not incur more than $1,000 of consolidated funded debt; (v) TUS must make at least $200 in after-tax profits annually; and (vi) TGH must maintain a leverage ratio no greater than 4.00 to 1.00.

2017-1 Bonds & 2017-2 Bonds. TMCL V issued the Series 2017-1 Fixed Rate Asset Backed Notes (the “2017-1 Bonds”), $350,000 aggregate Class A principal amount and $70,000 aggregate Class B principal amount of 2017-1 Bonds, to qualified institutional investors pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act and to non-U.S. persons in accordance with Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act. The $420,000 in 2017-1 Bonds represent fully amortizing notes payable over a scheduled payment term of 9 years, but not to exceed a maximum payment term of 25 years. The target final payment date and legal final payment date are May 20, 2026 and May 20, 2042, respectively. Proceeds from the 2017-1 Bonds were used to acquire containers from TMCL III and for general corporate purposes.

TMCL V issued the Series 2017-2 Fixed Rate Asset Backed Notes (the “2017-2 Bonds”), $416,000 aggregate Class A principal amount and $84,000 aggregate Class B principal amount of 2017-2 Bonds, to qualified institutional investors pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act and to non-U.S. persons in accordance with Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act. The $500,000 in 2017-2 Bonds represent fully amortizing notes payable over a scheduled payment term of 9 years, but not to exceed a maximum payment term of 25 years. The target final payment date and legal final payment date are June 20, 2026 and June 20, 2042, respectively. Proceeds from the 2017-2 Bonds were used to acquire containers from the TL Revolving Credit Facility and the TMCL II Secured Debt Facility and for general corporate purposes.

TMCL V must maintain certain financial covenants per debt agreements, such as (i) TMCL V must maintain at least a 1.10 to 1.00 of the debt service coverage ratio; (ii)TEML may not incur more than $1,000 of consolidated funded debt; (iii) TEML must make at least $2,000 in after-tax profits annually; (iv) TUS may not incur more than $1,000 of consolidated funded debt; (v) TUS must make at least $200 in after-tax profits annually and; (vi) TGH must maintain a leverage ratio no greater than 4.00 to 1.00.

2018-1 Bonds. TMCL VII issued the Series 2018-1 Fixed Rate Asset Backed Notes (the “2018-1 Bonds”), $250,000 aggregate Class A principal amount and $9,100 aggregate Class B principal amount of 2018-1 Bonds, to qualified institutional investors pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act and to non-U.S. persons in accordance with Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act.

The $259,100 in 2018-1 Bonds represent partially amortizing notes payable over a scheduled payment term of 7 years, but not to exceed a maximum payment term of 25 years. The anticipated repayment date and legal final payment date are July 2025 and July 2043, respectively. Proceeds from the 2018-1 Bonds were used to paydown debt in the TMCL II Secured Debt Facility and the TL Revolving Credit Facility.

2018-1 Bonds in TMCL VII must maintain certain financial covenants per debt agreements, such as (i) TMCL VII must maintain at least a 2.00 to 1.00 interest coverage ratio; (ii) TEML may not incur more than $1,000 of consolidated funded debt; (iii) TEML must make at least $2,000 in after-tax profits annually; (iv) TUS may not incur more than $1,000 of consolidated funded debt; (v) TUS must make at least $200 in after-tax profits annually and; (vi) TGH must maintain a leverage ratio no greater than 4.00 to 1.00.

Debt Covenants. All of our debt facilities are secured by specific pools of containers and related assets owned by the Company. TGH also acts as an unconditional guarantor of the TL Revolving Credit Facility. In addition to customary events of default as defined in our credit agreements and indenture and various restrictive financial covenants fore-mentioned, the Company’s debt facilities also contain other various debt covenants and borrowing base minimums. The TL Revolving Credit Facility also contains cross default provisions that may result in an acceleration of principal repayment under these debt facilities if an uncured default condition were to exist. We were in full compliance with these requirements at December 31, 2018.

The following table summarizes historical cash flow information for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

Net cash provided by operating activities increased $1,297 (0.5%) from 2017 to 2018. The following table summarizes the variances included within this increase:

The increase in net cash provided by operating activities from 2017 to 2018 was primarily due to an increase in net income adjusted for non-cash items such as depreciation expense, container impairment, amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of bond discounts. The increased level of profitability was primarily due to a 6.8% increase in our owned fleet size that was available for lease, a 3.5% increase in average per diem rental rates and a 2.1% increase in utilization for our owned fleet.

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $26,919 (-9.7%) from 2016 to 2017. The following table summarizes the variances included within this decrease:

The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities from 2016 to 2017 was primarily due to the decrease in net income adjusted for non-cash items such as depreciation expense, container impairment, amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of bond discounts. This decrease was primarily due to a 9.1% decrease in average per diem rental rates, partially offset by a 1.3% increase in utilization for our owned fleet and a 4.8% increase in our owned fleet that was available for lease.

Net cash used in investing activities increased $587,576 (688.3%) from 2017 to 2018 due to a higher amount of cash paid for container and fixed asset purchases, cash paid in 2018 for TW capital restructuring, lower receipts of payments on direct financing and sales-type leases, net of income earned, and insurance proceeds received from unrecoverable containers in 2017, partially offset by higher proceeds from the sale of containers and fixed assets.

Net cash used in investing activities decreased $195,066 (-69.6%) from 2016 to 2017 due to a lower amount of cash paid for container and fixed asset purchases, higher insurance proceeds received from unrecoverable containers and higher proceeds from the sale of containers and fixed assets, partially offset by lower receipts of payments on direct financing and sales-type leases, net of income earned.

Net cash provided by financing activities increased $478,526 (680.0%) from 2017 to 2018. The following table summarizes the variances included within this increase:

Net cash used in financing activities increased $65,753 (1,423.5%) from 2016 to 2017. The following table summarizes the variances included within this increase:

We do not carry out research and development activities and our business and profitability are not materially dependent upon any patents or licenses. We have registered “TEXTAINER,” “TEX” and “tex” (logo) in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in the patent and trademark agencies of thirteen countries as trademarks.

Please see Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations” for a description of identifiable trends, demands, commitments, events or uncertainties that will result in, or that are reasonably likely to result in, our liquidity either increasing or decreasing at present or in the foreseeable future. We will require sufficient capital in the future to meet our payments and other obligations under our contractual obligations and commercial commitments. The need to make such payments is a “Trend” as it is unlikely that all such obligations will be eliminated from our future business activities. We intend to utilize cash on hand in order to meet our obligations under our contractual obligations and commercial commitments. It is likely that we will generate sufficient operating cash flow to meet these ongoing obligations in the foreseeable future. From time to time, we may issue additional debt in order to raise capital for future requirements.

At December 31, 2018, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, change in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations and commercial commitments by due date as of December 31, 2018:

	Payments Due by Twelve Month Period Ending December 31
	Total			2019			2020		2021		2022		2023		2024 and thereafter
	(Dollars in thousands)
	(Unaudited)
Total debt obligations:
TMCL II Secured Debt Facility (1)	$	657,637		$	60,160		$	60,484	$	55,549	$	55,549	$	55,549	$	370,346
TL Revolving Credit Facility		1,280,000			—			—		—		—		1,280,000		—
TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility		173,000			13,813			16,752		142,435		—		—		—
TMCL VI Term Loan		278,724			25,500			25,500		25,500		25,500		25,500		151,224
2017-1 Bonds		357,210			38,331			39,357		52,173		63,220		62,557		101,572
2017-2 Bonds (2)		439,915			40,968			43,958		55,259		67,021		80,125		152,584
2018-1 Bonds (2)		251,327			18,655			18,655		18,655		18,655		18,655		158,052
Interest on obligations (3)		625,417			138,470			130,029		120,461		106,115		94,252		36,090
Interest rate swaps and collar (receivables) payables, net (4)		(2,621	)		(3,668	)		41		615		387		4		—
Office lease obligations		17,621			2,186			2,151		2,071		1,936		1,994		7,283
Container contracts payable		42,710			42,710			—		—		—		—		—
Total contractual obligations (5)	$	4,120,940		$	377,125		$	336,927	$	472,718	$	338,383	$	1,618,636	$	977,151

This Annual Report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements. See “Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements; Cautionary Language.”

The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers and directors as of March 4, 2019. Our board of directors is elected annually on a staggered basis and each director holds office for three years or until his successor has been duly elected, except in the event of his death, resignation, removal or earlier termination of his office. Our bye-laws provide for, among other things, the election of our board of directors on a staggered basis. The business address of each of our executive officers and non-management directors is Century House, 16 Par-La-Ville Road, Hamilton HM 08, Bermuda.

David M. Nurek, Robert D. Pedersen and Iain Brown are designated Class III directors, to hold office until our 2020 annual general meeting of shareholders, Olivier Ghesquiere and Hennie Van der Merwe are designated Class II directors, to hold office until our 2021 annual general meeting of shareholders and John A. Maccarone, Dudley R. Cottingham, and Hyman Shwiel are designated Class I directors, to hold office until our 2019 annual general meeting of shareholders. Directors may be re-elected when their term of office expires.

As of March 4, 2019, Trencor held an interest in approximately 47.5% of our outstanding share capital. See Item 4, “Information on the Company— Organizational Structure” for an explanation of the relationship between us and Trencor. As indicated below, two of our directors are also directors of Trencor.

Certain biographical information about each of these individuals is set forth below.

Hyman Shwiel has been a member of our board of directors since September 2007. Mr. Shwiel was a partner with Ernst & Young LLP for 25 years. He served during that period in various roles, including Area Managing Partner and as National Director of Enterprise and Professional Risk. Upon his retirement in 2005, he became a consultant to Ernst & Young until 2007. Mr. Shwiel holds a C.T.A. and a M.B.A. from the University of Cape Town and is a Chartered Accountant (South Africa) and a CPA.

Olivier Ghesquiere was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer and to our board of directors in August 2018. Mr. Ghesquiere served as our Executive Vice President – Leasing from January 2017 to August 2018, responsible for worldwide sales and marketing related activities and operations. Mr. Ghesquiere served as our Senior Vice President – Marketing and Sales since December 2015. Mr. Ghesquiere worked at Groupe Ermewa S.A. as Chief Operating Officer and then Chief Executive Officer from January 2009 through February 2015 where he was responsible for growing the railcar and locomotive fleet to become the second largest in Europe. During that time Mr. Ghesquiere was also chairman of Eurotainer SA for which he was the Managing Director from April 2004 through December 2008 where he developed their tank container business focusing on higher value segments of the

market. Mr. Ghesquiere has served as Vice Chairman and chairman of the International Tank Container Organization (ITCO) leasing committee from 2006 through 2010. Mr. Ghesquiere holds a Masters in Applied Economics from the Louvain School of Management, Belgium.

Iain Brown has been a member of our board of directors since May 2016. Mr. Brown was a member of the board of directors of Halco. Mr. Brown is a director of Container Investment Services Limited and Coveham Container Services Limited, has been providing administrative services and strategic advice to owners and investors in the container leasing industry for over twenty five years. He holds a B.S. in Engineering degree from the University of Cape Town, a MS in Engineering from University of Texas and an M.B.A. in Finance from The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

Dudley R. Cottingham has been a member of our board of directors since December 1993 and served as assistant Secretary and/or secretary between December 1993 and October 2007. He has also served in the past as president of certain of our subsidiaries and continues to serve as a director of our Bermuda subsidiaries. Mr. Cottingham has over 35 years of experience in public accounting for a variety of international and local clients. He is a director and the audit committee chairman of Bermuda Press (Holdings) Ltd., a newspaper publishing and commercial printing company listed on the Bermuda Stock Exchange and is chairman of the listing committee of the Bermuda Stock Exchange. He is chairman and an Investment and Operational Committee member of the Aurum Funds which are listed on the Bermuda and Irish Stock Exchanges. He was a managing director of and was formerly a partner of Arthur Morris & Company Limited, a provider of audit and accounting services for international clients, since 1982. Mr. Cottingham is currently a consultant and had served as vice president and director of Continental Management Ltd., a Bermuda company providing corporate representation, administration and management services, since 1982 and Continental Trust Corporation Ltd., a Bermuda company that provides corporate and individual trust administration services, since 1994. He is a director of Morris, Cottingham & Co. Ltd. and their other group companies in Turks & Caicos Islands. Mr. Cottingham is a Chartered Accountant.

John A. Maccarone served as our President and Chief Executive Officer from January 1999 until October 2011 when he retired from Textainer and as a member of our board of directors since December 1993. Mr. Maccarone co-founded Intermodal Equipment Associates, a marine container leasing company based in San Francisco, and held a variety of executive positions with the company from 1979 until 1987, when he joined the Textainer Group as President and Chief Executive Officer of TEML, now a subsidiary of our company. From 1977 through 1978, Mr. Maccarone was Director of Marketing based in Hong Kong for Trans Ocean Leasing Corporation, a San Francisco-based company. From 1969 to 1976, Mr. Maccarone was a marketing representative for IBM Corporation in Chicago, Illinois. From 1966 to 1968, he served as a Lieutenant in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Thailand and Virginia. Mr. Maccarone holds a B.S. in Engineering Management from Boston University and an M.B.A. from Loyola University of Chicago.

David M. Nurek has been a member of our board of directors since September 2007. Mr. Nurek was appointed as an alternate director of Trencor in November 1992 and as a non-executive member of its board of directors in July 1995. He is chairman of Trencor and a member of Trencor’s remuneration and nomination and social and ethics committees. Mr. Nurek is an executive of Investec Bank Limited, a subsidiary of Investec Limited, which is listed on the JSE. Investec Limited has entered into a dual listed company structure with Investec plc, which is quoted on the London Stock Exchange (collectively, the “Investec Group”). He is the regional chairman of Investec Limited’s various businesses in the Western Cape, South Africa, and is also the Investec Group’s worldwide head of legal risk. Prior to joining Investec Limited in June 2000, Mr. Nurek served as chairman of the South African legal firm Sonnenberg Hoffmann & Galombik, which has since changed its name to Edward Nathan Sonnenbergs Inc. Mr. Nurek serves as a non-executive on the boards of directors of various listed and unlisted companies in South Africa and holds a Diploma in Law and a Graduate Diploma in Company Law from the University of Cape Town and completed a Program of Instruction for Lawyers at Harvard Law School and a Leadership in Professional Services Firms program at Harvard Business School.

Hennie Van der Merwe has been a member of our board of directors since August 2017 and between March 2003 to 2011. Mr. Van der Merwe joined Trencor in 1997 and began serving as a director of Trencor in 1998. He was appointed the Chief Executive Officer of Trencor in August 2017. Mr. Van der Merwe also serves as non-executive chairman of the board of Master Drilling Group Limited and as a non-executive director of Bell Equipment Limited, both of which are listed on the JSE. From 1984 to 1991, he held various senior executive positions in the banking sector in South Africa, lastly as chief executive officer of Senbank, the corporate/merchant banking arm of Bankorp Group Ltd. From 1991 to 1998, Mr. Van der Merwe served as deputy chairman for Waco

International Ltd., an international industrial group listed on the JSE with subsidiaries listed on the Sydney and London Stock Exchanges. Prior to entering the business world, Mr. Van der Merwe practiced as an attorney at law in Johannesburg, South Africa. Mr. Van der Merwe holds Bachelor of Arts and L.L.B degrees in Law from the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa, and a Master of Law in Tax Law from the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa. In August 2017, Mr. Van der Merwe was appointed as a director of Halco, and as a director of both Leased Assets Pool Company Limited and TAC Limited, entities that each own intermodal containers managed by the Company.

Robert D. Pedersen has been a member of our board of directors since April 2017. Mr. Pedersen was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer of TEML, our management company, in October 2011 and retired on March 31, 2017. Mr. Pedersen served as our Executive Vice President responsible for worldwide sales and marketing related activities and operations since January 2006. Mr. Pedersen was Senior Vice President of our leasing group from 1999 to 2005. From 1991 to 1999, Mr. Pedersen held several positions within our company, and from 1978 through 1991, he worked in various capacities for Klinge Cool, a manufacturer of refrigerated container cooling units, XTRA, a container lessor, and Maersk Line, a container shipping line. Mr. Pedersen is a graduate of the A.P. Moller Shipping and Transportation Program and the Merkonom Business School in Copenhagen, where he majored in Company Organization.

For certain biographical information about Olivier Ghesquiere, see “Directors” above.

Michael K. Chan was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) in September 2018. Mr. Chan served as our Vice President and Senior Vice President of Finance from April 2017 through August 2018, responsible for overseeing treasury, investor relations, accounting, financial reporting, and financial planning and analysis. Mr. Chan also served as a Controller from 1994 to 2006. Prior to re-joining the company in 2017, Mr. Chan was CFO at Ygrene Energy Fund from 2015 to 2017, a market-leading specialty finance company, where he raised nearly $1 billion in capital and achieved the industry’s first AAA rating on the company’s senior notes. From 2011 to 2015, Mr. Chan worked as Senior Director of Treasury and Capital Markets for The Cronos Group, a leading global container leasing company which was acquired by Shenzhen Stock Exchange listed Bohai Leasing Company. Before that, Mr. Chan held the CFO position at The Chartres Lodging Group from 2006 to 2011, where he was instrumental in executing key acquisitions and sales for the hotel investment and asset management company. Mr. Chan joined Coopers & Lybrand in 1989, now PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) and held the position of Audit Manager. Mr. Chan is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and holds a B.S. in Business Administration – Accounting from California State University East Bay.

Our board of directors currently consists of eight members. Our bye-laws provide that our board of directors shall consist of five to twelve directors, as the board of directors may determine from time to time.

The aggregate direct compensation we paid to our executive officers and former executive officers as a group (four persons, including two former executive officers) for the year ended December 31, 2018 was approximately $3,686, which included approximately $943 in bonuses and approximately $882 in vested restricted stock and funds set aside or accrued to provide for health and life insurance, retirement, or similar benefits. This amount does not include expenses we incurred for other payments, including dues for professional and business associations, business travel and other expenses, which amounted to approximately $229. We did not pay our officers who also serve as directors any separate compensation for their directorship during 2018, other than reimbursements for travel expenses.

During 2018, our executive officers as a group were granted 60,000 share options, with an exercise price of $11.15 and an expiration date of November 30, 2028, and 60,000 restricted share units through our 2015 Share Incentive Plan. There was an accelerated vesting of stock awards for our former executive during 2018, wherein 119,233 restricted share units and 119,231 share options will continue to vest after retirement according to the original vesting schedule, and all the vested and outstanding options will remain exercisable until expiration date of

the share options. As of December 31, 2018, the former executive has outstanding share options of 73,143 and outstanding restricted share units of 73,143.

All of our full-time employees, including employees of our direct and indirect subsidiaries and dedicated agents and our executive officers, were eligible to participate in our 2015 Short Term Incentive Plan (“STIP”). Under that plan, all eligible employees received an incentive award based on their respective job classification and our return on assets and earnings per share. In 2018, all STIP participants, including our executive officers received 125% of their target incentive award that applied to calendar year 2017 performance with the incentive award paid in early 2018.

The aggregate direct compensation we paid to our directors who are not officers for their services as directors as a group for the year ended December 31, 2018 was approximately $537. Some directors were also reimbursed for expenses incurred to attend board or committee meetings which amounted to approximately $52 during 2018.

Our board of directors adopted the 2007 Share Incentive Plan (“2007 Plan”) on August 9, 2007, and our shareholders approved the 2007 Plan on September 4, 2007. The maximum number of common shares of Textainer Group Holdings Limited that could be granted pursuant to the 2007 Plan was 3,808,371 shares, representing 8% of the number of common shares issued and outstanding 45 days following our initial public offering on October 9, 2007, subject to adjustments for share splits, share dividends or other similar changes in our common shares or our capital structure. On February 23, 2010, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an increase in the number of shares available for future issuance by 1,468,500 from 3,808,371 shares to 5,276,871 shares, which was approved by the Company’s shareholders at the annual meeting of shareholders on May 19, 2010. The shares to be issued pursuant to awards under the 2007 Plan may be authorized, but unissued, or reacquired common shares. On May 21, 2015, TGH’s board of directors approved an amendment and restatement of the 2007 Plan as the 2015 Plan at the annual meeting of shareholders. The amendment and restatement of the 2007 Plan increased the maximum number of shares available for future issuance by 2,000,000 shares and extended the term of such plan for ten years from the date of the annual meeting of shareholders. At December 31, 2018, 330,060 shares were available for future issuance under the 2015 Plan.

The 2015 Plan provides for the grant of share options, restricted shares, restricted share units, share appreciation rights and dividend equivalent rights, collectively referred to as “awards.” Share options granted under the 2015 Plan may be either incentive share options under the provisions of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or non-qualified share options. We may grant incentive share options only to our employees or employees of any parent or subsidiary of Textainer Group Holdings Limited. Awards other than incentive share options may be granted to our employees, directors and consultants or the employees, directors and consultants of any parent or subsidiary of Textainer Group Holdings Limited.

Our board of directors or a committee designated by our board of directors, referred to as the “plan administrator,” administers the 2015 Plan, including selecting the award recipients, determining the number of shares to be subject to each award, determining the exercise or purchase price of each award and determining the vesting and exercise periods of each award. Awards under the plan may vest upon the passage of time or upon the attainment of certain performance criteria.

The exercise price of all share options granted under the 2015 Plan will be at least equal to 100% of the fair market value of our common shares on the date of grant. If, however, incentive share options are granted to an employee who owns shares possessing more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of our common shares or the shares of any parent or subsidiary, the exercise price of any incentive share option granted must equal at least 110% of the fair market value on the grant date and the maximum term of these incentive share options must not exceed five years. The maximum term of all other awards under the 2015 Plan will be ten years. The plan administrator will determine the term and exercise, or purchase price of any other awards granted under the 2015 Plan.

Under the 2015 Plan, incentive share options may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred or disposed of in any manner other than by will or by the laws of descent or distribution and may be exercised during the lifetime of the participant only by the participant. Other awards shall be transferable by will or by the laws of

descent or distribution and to the extent provided in the award agreement. The 2015 Plan permits the designation of beneficiaries by holders of awards, including incentive share options.

In the event a participant in the 2015 Plan terminates employment or is terminated by us (or by our parent or subsidiary) without cause, any options which have become exercisable prior to the time of termination will remain exercisable for three months from the date of termination (unless a shorter or longer period of time is determined by the plan administrator). In the event a participant in the 2015 Plan is terminated by us (or by our parent or subsidiary) for cause, any options which have become exercisable prior to the time of termination will immediately terminate. If termination was caused by death or disability, any options which have become exercisable prior to the time of termination, will remain exercisable for twelve months from the date of termination (unless a shorter or longer period of time is determined by the plan administrator). Unless an individual award agreement otherwise provides, all vesting of all other awards will generally terminate upon the date of termination.

Subject to any required action by our shareholders, the number of common shares covered by outstanding awards, the number of common shares that have been authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan, the exercise or purchase price of each outstanding award, the maximum number of common shares that may be granted subject to awards to a participant in any calendar year, and the like, shall be proportionally adjusted by the plan administrator in the event of any increase or decrease in the number of issued common shares resulting from certain changes in our capital structure as described in the 2015 Plan.

In the event of a corporate transaction or a change in control of Textainer Group Holdings Limited, all outstanding awards under the 2015 Plan will terminate unless the acquirer assumes or replaces such awards. In addition, and except as otherwise provided in an individual award agreement, assumed or replaced awards will automatically become fully vested if a participant is terminated by the acquirer without cause within twelve months after a corporate transaction. In the event of a corporate transaction where the acquirer does not assume or replace awards granted under the 2015 Plan, all of these awards become fully vested immediately prior to the consummation of the corporate transaction. In the event of a change in control and except as otherwise provided in an individual award agreement, outstanding awards will automatically become fully vested if a participant is terminated by the acquirer without cause within twelve months after such change in control.

Unless terminated sooner, the 2015 Plan will automatically terminate in 2025. The board of directors will have authority to amend or terminate the 2015 Plan. To the extent necessary to comply with applicable provisions of federal securities laws, state corporate and securities laws, the Code, the rules of any applicable stock exchange or national market system, and the rules of any non-U.S. jurisdiction applicable to awards granted to residents therein, we will obtain shareholder approval of any such amendment to the 2015 Plan in such a manner and to such a degree as required.

On September 21, 2007, our board of directors approved the Textainer Group Holdings Limited 2008 Bonus Plan (the “Bonus Plan”). The Bonus Plan provides for incentive payments to our employees and those of our affiliates, including our dedicated agents and key executives. Although the Bonus Plan permits the awards to be paid in shares, we expect that the awards will be cash-based. The Bonus Plan is designed to provide incentive awards based on the achievement of goals relating to our performance and the performance of our individual business units while maintaining a degree of flexibility in the amount of incentive compensation paid to such individuals. Under the Bonus Plan, performance goals may relate to one or more of the following measures, for the company as a whole, a line of business, service or product: increase in share price, earnings per share, total shareholder return, operating margin, gross margin, return on equity, return on assets, return on investment, operating income, net operating income, pre-tax income, cash flow, revenue, expenses, earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation, economic value added, market share, corporate overhead costs, liquidity management, net interest income, net interest income margin, return on capital invested, shareholders’ equity, income before income tax expense, residual earnings after reduction for certain compensation expenses, net income, profitability of an identifiable business unit or product, or performance relative to a peer group of companies on any of the foregoing measures.

We have entered into employment agreements with our executive officers. Each of these employment agreements contains provisions requiring us to make certain severance payments in case the executive officer is terminated without cause. The agreements terminate upon termination of employment. Employment is at-will for each of our executive officers and their employment may be terminated at any time for any reason.

Other than as disclosed above, none of our directors has service contracts with us or any of our subsidiaries providing for benefits upon termination of employment.

Our corporate governance practices are in compliance with, and are not prohibited by, the laws of Bermuda. Therefore, we are exempt from many of the New York Stock Exchange’s (“NYSE”) corporate governance practices, other than the establishment of a formal audit committee satisfying the requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and notification of non-compliance with NYSE listing requirements pursuant to Rule 10A-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act. For further discussion on the practices that we follow in lieu of the NYSE’s corporate governance rules, see Part II Item 16G, “Corporate Governance” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

We had 178 employees as of December 31, 2018. We believe that our relations with our employees are good, and we are not a party to any collective bargaining agreements.

See Item 7, “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions” for information regarding director and senior management ownership of our common shares.

The following table presents information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common shares as of March 4, 2019:

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes any shares over which a person exercises sole or shared voting or investment power. The percentage of beneficial ownership of our common shares owned is based on 57,402,164 common shares issued and outstanding on March 4, 2019. We do not believe that we are directly or indirectly owned or controlled by any foreign government. The voting rights of our common shares held by major shareholders are the same as the voting rights of shares held by all other shareholders. We are unaware of any arrangement that might result in a change of control.

	Grant Date
	11/18/2010		11/16/2011		11/14/2012		11/14/2013		11/19/2014		11/12/2015		5/19/2016		11/30/2016		5/18/2017		11/30/2017		5/22/2018		11/30/2018
Share options
Exercise price	$	28.26	$	28.54	$	28.05	$	38.36	$	34.14	$	14.17	$	12.23	$	9.70	$	9.75	$	22.95	N/A		$	11.15
Expiration date	11/17/2020		11/15/2021		11/14/2022		11/14/2023		11/19/2024		11/12/2025		5/19/2026		11/30/2026		5/18/2027		11/30/2027		N/A		11/30/2028
Robert D. Pedersen		7,500		16,500		23,000		26,000		27,820		26,534		—		36,029		—		—		—		—
Michael K. Chan		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		3,750		4,750		—		20,000
Olivier Ghesquiere		—		—		—		—		—		—		10,000		19,200		—		17,760		—		40,000
Restricted share units
David M. Nurek		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		4,469		—
Hennie Van der Merwe		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		4,469		—
John A. Maccarone		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		4,469		—
Robert D. Pedersen		—		—		—		—		—		8,177		—		19,626		—		—		4,469		—
Olivier Ghesquiere		—		—		—		—		—		—		5,000		9,600		—		13,320		—		40,000
Michael K. Chan		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		2,812		3,562		—		20,000
Hyman Shwiel		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		4,469		—
Dudley R. Cottingham		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		4,469		—
Iain Brown		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		4,469		—

As of March 4, 2019, based on information available to the Company, 24,185 of our outstanding common shares were held in Bermuda, our domicile and headquarter country, by one holder of record. An aggregate of 29,672,739 of our outstanding common shares, which includes 29,658,609 shares held by Cede & Company, were held in the United States by six holders of record. The shares held by Cede & Company, a nominee of the Depository Trust Company, include common shares beneficially owned by several holders in the United States and by non-U.S. beneficial owners.

We do not have a corporate policy regarding related party transactions, nor are there any provisions in our memorandum of association or bye-laws regarding related party transactions, other than the provision, as permitted by Bermuda law, that we, or one of our subsidiaries, may enter into a contract in which our directors or officers are directly or indirectly interested if the director or officer discloses his interest to our board of directors at the first opportunity at a meeting of directors or in writing.

As permitted by Bermuda law, in the past, we had extended loans to certain employees in connection with their acquisition of our common shares in accordance with our various employees’ share arrangements. As of December 31, 2018, and 2017, no amounts were outstanding on such loans to employees. Currently, there are no loans outstanding to our directors or executive officers, nor will we extend loans to our directors or executive officers in the future, in compliance with the requirements of Section 402 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Section 13(k) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers to give such directors and officers, as well as their immediate family members, additional contractual assurances regarding the scope of indemnification set forth in our bye-laws, and to provide additional procedural protections which may, in some cases, be broader than the specific indemnification provisions contained in our bye-laws. The indemnification agreements may require us, among other things, to indemnify such directors and officers, as well as

their immediate family members, against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers and to advance expenses as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified.

TEML has entered into a management agreement with Maccarone Container Fund, LLC, related to TEML’s management of containers owned by Maccarone Container Fund, LLC effective 2016. Director John Maccarone and his family members are the beneficial owners of Maccarone Container Fund, LLC. In 2018 and 2017, we managed approximately 1,300 TEU (for which we received approximately $17 per year in management fees) for Maccarone Container Fund, LLC.

Relationships and Agreements with Trencor Limited and Entities Related to Trencor Limited

Trencor currently owns 47.5% of the Company’s common shares which were previously held by Halco. On February 20, 2018, Halco Trust distributed and transferred to Trencor, one of the nominated discretionary beneficiaries of the Halco Trust, the trust’s 100% shareholding in Halco and on May 11, 2018, Halco declared dividends to Trencor which resulted in Trencor becoming the shareholder in the 47.5% of the Company’s common stock it owns. Halco went into voluntary liquidation on October 12, 2018. Hennie Van der Merwe and David M. Nurek, are members of the Company’s board of directors and the board of directors of Trencor.

At Halco’s request, the Company and Halco entered into a Voting Limitation Deed (“VLD”), effective January 1, 2018, whereby Halco agreed to limit or restrict its shareholder voting rights in the Company, solely in respect of the appointment and/or removal of directors and then only to the extent necessary to ensure that Trencor will be regarded for purposes of IFRS as being neither in control of nor having significant influence over the Company. All of Halco’s voting rights, save for the said limitation or restriction, were unaffected by the VLD. Accordingly, from January 1, 2018, the financial results of the Company, as reported under U.S. GAAP, are no longer required to consolidate and convert into IFRS for inclusion in the results of Trencor, thus eliminating commercial issues (e.g. the costs and delays caused by the need to convert the Company’s financial results under U.S. GAAP into IFRS for public reporting by Trencor). In connection with the transfer of the Company’s shares held by Halco to Trencor on May 11, 2018, Trencor assumed the same contractual rights and obligations as Halco had in the VLD.

On May 11, 2018, the Company, Trencor and Halco entered into an indemnification agreement with Computershare Trust Company, N.A., the share transfer agent for the Company, and Computershare Inc. (together, the “Transfer Agent”) pursuant to which the Company and Halco jointly and severally agreed to indemnify and hold harmless the Transfer Agent, and Halco agreed to indemnify and hold harmless the Company, against any and all costs, damages, losses, fees, penalties, judgments, taxes or expenses which the Transfer Agent may incur in connection with or arising from three missing share certificates representing approximately 5.5 million aggregate common shares, $0.01 par value, of the Company held by Halco. The obligations under this agreement were transferred to Trencor when it became the shareholder of the Company’s common stock.

The Company’s personnel assisted Trencor with the conversion of the Company’s financial information from U.S. GAAP to IFRS. Trencor paid $529 and $125 for these accounting services in 2018 and 2017, respectively.

We have entered into an agreement with LAPCO, now an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Trencor, related to our management of containers owned by LAPCO. Pursuant to this agreement, LAPCO has the right, but not an obligation, to require us to purchase containers on its behalf, within guidelines specified in the agreement and for as long as the management agreement is in place. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, we received the following fees or commissions from LAPCO: (i) $2,465, $2,329 and $2,282, respectively, in management fees and (ii) $1,111, $666 and $713, respectively, in sales commissions and acquisition fees. LAPCO is free to compete against us with respect to its investment in containers and uses our competitors to manage some of its containers.

Transactions with Container Investment Services Limited and Coveham Container Services Limited

A member of our board of directors, Iain Brown, serves as Director and owns 50% of Container Investment Services Limited (“CIS”). CIS is a U.K. company that provided administration and accounting services until

September 2018. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company paid $28, $96, and $63, respectively, to CIS primarily for accounting services provided to the Company’s U.K. entity, Textainer Equipment Management (U.K.) Limited (“TEMUK”). Moreover, Iain Brown also serves as Director and owns 100% of Coveham Container Services Limited (“CCSL”), which is a U.K. company that provides accounting services for TEML starting October 2018.

A member of our board of directors, Dudley R. Cottingham, was a member of the board of directors of Continental Management Ltd (“Continental”) as of December 31, 2018 and became a consultant effective January 1, 2019. Continental is a Bermuda company that provides corporate representation, administration and management services. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company paid $121, $59, and $60, respectively, to Continental primarily for Bermuda government annual fees and registered office fees.

Our audited consolidated financial statements which are comprised of our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 and the notes to those statements and the report of independent registered public accounting firm thereon, are included under Item 18, “Financial Statements” of this Annual Report on Form 20-F. Also, see Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” for additional financial information.

See Item 4, “Information on the Company -- Business Overview—Legal Proceedings” for information on our legal proceedings which may have, or have had in the recent past, significant effects on our financial position or profitability.

The following table summarizes dividends that we have declared and paid since January 1, 2015:

We are not required to pay dividends, and our shareholders do not have contractual or other rights, to receive dividends. The timing and amount of future dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will be dependent on our future operating results and the cash requirements of our business. There are a number of factors that can affect our ability to pay dividends and there is no guarantee that we will pay dividends in any given year. See Item 3, “Key Information -- Risk Factors,” for a discussion of these factors. Our board of directors may decide,

in its discretion, at any time, to decrease the amount of dividends, otherwise modify or repeal the dividend policy or discontinue entirely the payment of dividends.

In addition, we will not pay dividends in the event we are not allowed to do so under Bermuda law, are in default under (or such payment would cause a default under) the revolving credit facility of TL, or if such payment would cause us to breach any of our covenants. These covenants include certain financial covenants, which would be directly affected by the payment of dividends, such as a minimum tangible net worth level (which level would decrease by the amount of any dividend paid) and a maximum ratio of consolidated funded debt to consolidated tangible net worth (which amount would decrease by the amount of any dividend paid). Please see Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a description of these covenants. Furthermore, since we are a holding company, substantially all of the assets shown on our consolidated balance sheet are held by our subsidiaries. Accordingly, our earnings and cash flow and our ability to pay dividends are largely dependent upon the earnings and cash flows of our subsidiaries and the distribution or other payment of such earnings to us in the form of dividends.

In 2014, we began calculating our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles for purposes of determining whether distributions exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits. We believe that some or all of our distributions will be treated as a return of capital to our U.S. shareholders and we report each quarter on our website at www.textainer.com whether that quarter’s distribution exceeds our current accumulated earnings and profits. The taxability of the dividends does not impact our corporate tax position. You should consult with a tax advisor to determine the proper tax treatment of these distributions.

Except as disclosed in the Annual Report on Form 20-F, no significant changes have occurred since December 31, 2018, which is the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Our common shares have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “TGH” since October 10, 2007. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our common shares. The following table sets forth the high and low closing sale prices, as reported on the NYSE for our common shares for the periods indicated:

The transfer agent and registrar for our common shares is Computershare Shareholder Services, Inc. and its fully owned subsidiary Computershare Trust Company, N.A., having its principal office at 250 Royall Street, Canton, MA 02021.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of Bermuda. We are registered with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda under registration number EC18896. We were incorporated on December 3, 1993 under the name Textainer Group Holdings Limited, prior to that time our business was based in Panama. Our headquarters office is located at 16 Par-La-Ville Road, Hamilton HM 08 Bermuda.

We incorporate by reference into this Annual Report on Form 20-F the description of our memorandum of association and our bye-laws contained in “Description of Share Capital” of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed with the SEC on September 26, 2007. Such information is a summary which does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to our memorandum of association and our bye-laws, copies of which have been filed as Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2, respectively, to such Registration Statement.

We have not entered into any material contracts during the two years immediately preceding the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in Item 4, “Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company—Significant Events” or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Trencor, a South African company listed on the JSE, has 47.5% of our issued and outstanding shares as of December 31, 2018. South Africa’s exchange control regulations provide for restrictions on exporting capital from South Africa. These restrictions require Trencor to obtain approval from South African exchange control authorities before engaging in transactions that would result in dilution of their share interest in us below certain thresholds, whether through their sale of their own shareholdings or through the approval of our issuance of new shares. The exchange control authorities may decide not to grant such approval if a proposed transaction were to dilute Trencor’s interest in us below certain levels. While the South African government has, to some extent, relaxed exchange controls in recent years, it is difficult to predict whether or how it will further relax or abolish exchange control measures in the future. The above requirements could restrict or limit our ability to issue new shares. In addition, Trencor is required to comply with JSE Listings Requirements in connection with its holding or sale of our common shares.

The following discussion is a summary of the material Bermuda and U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in our common shares. This discussion is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations. In particular, this discussion does not address the tax consequences under state, local, and other national (e.g., non-Bermuda and non-U.S.) tax laws. Accordingly, we urge you to consult your own tax advisor regarding your particular tax circumstances and the tax consequences under state, local, and other national tax laws. The following discussion is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect.

The following is a summary of the material Bermuda tax consequences of an investment in our common shares. The following discussion is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations. We urge you to consult your own tax advisor regarding your particular tax circumstances.

We and our Bermuda subsidiaries have obtained an assurance from the Bermuda Minister of Finance under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966 that, if any legislation is enacted in Bermuda imposing any tax computed on profits or income, or computed on any capital asset, gain, or appreciation, or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, then such tax will not until March 31, 2035 be applicable to us or any of our operations, or to any of our shares, debentures, or other obligations, except insofar as such tax applies to persons ordinarily resident in Bermuda or is payable by us in respect of real property owned or leased by us in Bermuda. As an exempted company, we are required to pay an annual Bermuda government fee based on our assessable capital.

Currently, there is no Bermuda income or profits tax, withholding tax, capital gains tax, capital transfer tax, estate duty or inheritance tax payable by our shareholders in respect of our common shares. The issue, transfer, or redemption of our common shares is not currently subject to stamp duty.

The following is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in our common shares. The following discussion is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations. This summary is based upon the Code, regulations promulgated under the Code by the U.S. Treasury Department (including proposed and temporary regulations), rulings, current administrative interpretations and official pronouncements of the IRS, and judicial decisions, all as currently available and all of which are subject to differing interpretations or to change, possibly with retroactive effect. Any such change could materially and adversely affect the tax consequences described below. No assurance can be given that the IRS will not assert, or that a court will not sustain, a position contrary to any of the tax consequences described below.

This summary does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to a particular holder in light of its investment or tax circumstances or to holders subject to special tax rules, such as banks; financial institutions; insurance companies; dealers in stocks, securities, or currencies; traders in securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities holdings; tax-exempt organizations; real estate investment trusts; regulated investment companies; qualified retirement plans, individual retirement accounts, and other tax-deferred accounts; certain former citizens or long-term residents of the U.S.; persons subject to the alternative minimum tax; persons holding common shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion transaction, or other integrated transaction; persons who acquired common shares pursuant to the exercise of any employee share option or otherwise as compensation for services; persons actually or constructively holding 10% or more of our voting shares; and U.S. Holders (as defined below) whose functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar.

This discussion is not a comprehensive description of all of the U.S. federal tax consequences that may be relevant with respect to an investment in common shares. We urge you to consult your own tax advisor regarding your particular circumstances and the U.S. federal income and estate tax consequences to you of owning and disposing of common shares, as well as any tax consequences arising under the laws of any state, local, foreign or other tax jurisdiction and the possible effects of changes in U.S. federal or other tax laws.

This summary is directed solely to persons who hold their common shares as capital assets within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code, which includes property held for investment. For purposes of this discussion, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of common shares that is any of the following:

The term “Non-U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of common shares that is not a U.S. Holder or an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As described in “—Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders” below, the tax consequences to a Non-U.S. Holder may differ substantially from the tax consequences to a U.S. Holder.

If a partnership (including for this purpose any entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of common shares, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a partner in the partnership will depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A holder of common shares that is a partnership and the partners in such partnership should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in common shares.

A non-U.S. corporation deemed to be engaged in a trade or business within the U.S. is subject to U.S. federal income tax on income which is treated as effectively connected with the conduct of that trade or business. Such income tax, if imposed, is based on effectively connected income computed in a manner similar to the manner in which the income of a domestic corporation is computed, except that a foreign corporation will be entitled to deductions and credits for a taxable year only if it timely files a U.S. federal income tax return for that year. In addition, a non-U.S. corporation may be subject to the U.S. federal branch profits tax on the portion of its effectively connected earnings and profits, with certain adjustments, deemed repatriated out of the U.S. Currently, the maximum U.S. federal income tax rates are 21% for a corporation’s effectively connected income and 30% for the branch profits tax.

A portion of our income is treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the U.S., and such effectively connected income is subject to U.S. federal income tax. U.S. federal income tax returns have been filed declaring such effectively connected income.

The determination of whether a person is engaged in a U.S. trade or business is based on a highly factual analysis. In general, there is no clear test as to the nature and scope of activities that constitute being engaged in a U.S. trade or business, and it is unclear how a court would construe the existing authorities with respect to our activities. Accordingly, it is possible that the IRS could assert that a significantly greater portion of our income than we currently report is derived from the conduct of a U.S. trade or business and therefore, is effectively connected income that is subject to U.S. federal income tax.

In addition to U.S. federal income tax on income associated with a U.S. trade or business, we are also subject to a 30% U.S. withholding tax imposed on the gross amount of certain “fixed or determinable annual or periodic gains, profits and income” derived from sources within the U.S. (such as rents, dividends and interest on investments), to the extent such amounts are not effectively connected income. This 30% U.S. withholding tax is

subject to reduction by applicable treaties. Distributions by our U.S. subsidiaries to us are expected to be subject to this 30% U.S. withholding tax.

Our U.S. subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax on their worldwide income subject to reduction by allowable foreign tax credits. Certain foreign sourced income earned by the U.S. subsidiaries may be taxed at a rate lower than 21%.

Under U.S. federal income tax laws, transactions among taxpayers that are owned or controlled directly or indirectly by the same interests generally must be at arm’s-length terms. The IRS may distribute, apportion, or allocate gross income, deductions, credits, or allowances between or among such taxpayers if it determines that such transactions are not at arm’s-length terms and that such distribution, apportionment, or allocation is necessary in order to clearly reflect the income of any of such taxpayers. Additionally, if we have not met the requirements of the new CBC Regulations (effective for our taxable years beginning on or after June 30, 2016), we may become subject to penalties and the IRS may pursue a further investigation or audit of our operations, which may result in an adjustment to our transfer pricing policies as described in the immediately preceding sentence. In such a situation, we may incur increased tax liability, possibly materially, thereby reducing our profitability and cash flows.

The discussion in “—Distributions on Common Shares” and “—Dispositions of Common Shares” below assumes that we will not be treated as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. For a discussion of the rules that apply if we are treated as a PFIC, see “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” below.

General. Subject to the discussion in “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” below, if you actually or constructively receive a distribution on common shares, you must include the distribution in gross income as a taxable dividend on the date of your receipt of the distribution, but only to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as calculated under U.S. federal income tax principles. Such amount must be included without reduction for any foreign taxes withheld. Dividends paid by us will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations with respect to dividends received from certain domestic corporations. Dividends paid by us may or may not be eligible for preferential rates applicable to qualified dividend income, as described below. In addition, certain non-corporate U.S. Holders may be subject to an additional 3.8% Medicare tax on dividend income whether or not it is “qualified dividend income.” See “—Medicare Tax” below.

To the extent a distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits, it will be treated first as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of your adjusted tax basis in the common shares, and thereafter as capital gain. Preferential tax rates for long-term capital gain may be applicable to non-corporate U.S. Holders. In addition, certain non-corporate U.S. Holders may be subject to an additional 3.8% Medicare tax on capital gain. See “—Medicare Tax” below.

Qualified Dividend Income. With respect to non-corporate U.S. Holders (i.e., individuals, trusts, and estates), the maximum individual U.S. federal income tax rate applicable to “qualified dividend income” (“QDI”) generally is 20%. Among other requirements, dividends will be treated as QDI if either (i) our common shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the U.S., or (ii) we are eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the U.S. which includes an information exchange program and which is determined to be satisfactory by the Secretary of the U.S. Treasury. The income tax treaty between the U.S. and Bermuda (the jurisdiction of our incorporation) does not qualify for these purposes. However, subject to the discussion below, under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company—Mark-to-Market Election,” we expect that under current

administrative guidance, our common shares are “readily tradable” on an established securities market as a result of being listed on the NYSE.

In addition, for dividends to be treated as QDI, we must not be a PFIC (as discussed below) for either the taxable year in which the dividend was paid or the preceding taxable year. We do not believe that we were a PFIC for our prior taxable year and we intend to conduct our business so that we should not be treated as a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year. However, because the PFIC determination is highly fact intensive and made at the end of each taxable year, it is possible that we may be a PFIC for the current or any future taxable year. Please see the discussion under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” below. Additionally, in order to qualify for QDI treatment, you generally must have held the common shares for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days prior to the ex-dividend date. However, your holding period will be reduced for any period during which the risk of loss is diminished.

Since the QDI rules are complex, you should consult your own tax advisor regarding the availability of the preferential tax rates for dividends paid on common shares.

In-Kind Distributions. Generally, distributions to you of new common shares or rights to subscribe for new common shares that are received as part of a pro rata distribution to all of our shareholders will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax. The adjusted tax basis of the new common shares or rights so received will be determined by allocating your adjusted tax basis in the old common shares between the old common shares and the new common shares or rights received, based on their relative fair market values on the date of distribution. However, in the case of a distribution of rights to subscribe for common shares, the adjusted tax basis of the rights will be zero if the fair market value of the rights is less than 15% of the fair market value of the old common shares on the date of distribution and you do not make an election to determine the adjusted tax basis of the rights by allocation as described above. Your holding period for the new common shares or rights should include the holding period for the old common shares on which the distribution was made.

Foreign Tax Credits. Subject to certain conditions and limitations, any foreign taxes paid on or withheld from distributions from us and not refundable to you may be credited against your U.S. federal income tax liability or, alternatively, may be deducted from your taxable income. This election is made on a year-by-year basis and applies to all foreign taxes paid by you or withheld from you that year.

Distributions will constitute foreign source income for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. The foreign tax credit limitation is calculated separately with respect to two specific classes of income. For this purpose, distributions characterized as dividends distributed by us are expected to constitute “passive category income” or, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, “general category income.” Special limitations may apply if a dividend is treated as QDI (as defined above).

Since the rules governing foreign tax credits are complex, you should consult your own tax advisor regarding the availability of foreign tax credits in your particular circumstances.

Subject to the discussion in “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” below, you will recognize taxable gain or loss on the sale or other taxable disposition of common shares equal to the difference between the U.S. dollar value of (i) the amount realized on the disposition (i.e., the amount of cash plus the fair market value of any property received), and (ii) your adjusted tax basis in the common shares. Such gain or loss will be capital gain or loss.

If you have held the common shares for more than one year at the time of disposition, such capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss. Preferential tax rates for long-term capital gain apply for non-corporate U.S. Holders. The maximum rate for individuals on net long-term capital gain is currently 20%. In the case of a corporation, capital gains are taxed at the same rate as ordinary income, the maximum rate for which is currently 35%. If you have held the common shares for one year or less, such capital gain or loss will be short-term capital gain or loss taxable as ordinary income. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. In addition,

certain U.S. persons, including individuals, estates and trusts, will be subject to an additional 3.8% Medicare tax on capital gain income. See “—Medicare Tax” below.

Any gain or loss recognized on the disposition of common shares is not expected to give rise to foreign source income for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes.

You should consult your own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences if you receive currency other than U.S. dollars upon the disposition of common shares.

We will be a PFIC under Section 1297 of the Code if, for a taxable year, either (a) 75% or more of our gross income for such taxable year is passive income (the “income test”) or (b) 50% or more of the average percentage, generally determined by fair market value, of our assets during such taxable year either produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”). “Passive income” includes, for example, dividends, interest, certain rents and royalties, certain gains from the sale of stock and securities, and certain gains from commodities transactions. However, rents meeting certain requirements are treated as derived from the conduct of an active trade or business and are not treated as passive income.

Certain “look through” rules apply for purposes of the income and asset tests described above. If we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more of the total value of the outstanding shares of another corporation, we will be treated as if we (a) held directly a proportionate share of the other corporation’s assets, and (b) received directly a proportionate share of the other corporation’s income. In addition, passive income does not include any interest, dividends, rents, or royalties that are received or accrued by us from a “related person” (as defined in Section 954(d)(3) of the Code), to the extent such items are properly allocable to income of such related person that is not passive income.

Under the income and asset tests, whether or not we are a PFIC will be determined annually based upon the composition of our income and the composition and valuation of our assets, all of which are subject to change. In analyzing whether we should be treated as a PFIC, we are relying on the amount and character of our projected revenues and the amount and character of our projected capital expenditures, the valuation of our assets, and our election to treat certain of our subsidiaries as disregarded entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If the amount and character of our actual revenues and capital expenditures do not match our projections, we may be a PFIC. In these calculations, we have valued our intangible assets based on our market capitalization, determined using the market price of our common shares. Such market price may fluctuate. If our market capitalization is less than anticipated or subsequently declines, this will decrease the value of our intangible assets and we may be a PFIC. Furthermore, we have made a number of assumptions regarding the value of our intangible assets. We believe our valuation approach is reasonable. However, it is possible that the IRS could challenge the valuation of our intangible assets, which may result in our being a PFIC.

We do not believe that we were a PFIC for our prior taxable year and we intend to conduct our business so that we should not be treated as a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year. However, because the PFIC determination is highly fact intensive and made at the end of each taxable year, it is possible that we may be a PFIC for the current or any future taxable year or that the IRS may challenge our determination concerning our PFIC status.

Default PFIC Rules under Section 1291 of the Code. If we are a PFIC, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder of an investment in common shares will depend on whether such U.S. Holder is permitted to make and makes (i) an election to treat us as a qualified electing fund (“QEF”) under Section 1295 of the Code (a “QEF Election”) or (ii) a mark-to-market election under Section 1296 of the Code (a “Mark-to-Market Election”). A U.S. Holder owning common shares while we were or are a PFIC that has not made either a QEF Election or a Mark-to-Market Election will be referred to in this summary as a “Non-Electing U.S. Holder.”

If you are a Non-Electing U.S. Holder, you will be subject to the default tax rules of Section 1291 of the Code with respect to:

In addition, notwithstanding any election you may make, dividends that you receive from us will not be eligible for the preferential tax rates applicable to QDI (as discussed above in “—Distributions on Common Shares”) if we are a PFIC either in the taxable year of the distribution or the preceding taxable year, but will instead be taxable at rates applicable to ordinary income.

Special rules for Non-Electing U.S. Holders will apply to determine U.S. foreign tax credits with respect to foreign taxes imposed on distributions on common shares.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold common shares, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to you for all succeeding years during which you hold common shares, regardless of whether we actually continue to be a PFIC.

QEF Election. We currently do not intend to prepare or provide you with certain tax information that would permit you to make a QEF Election to avoid the adverse tax consequences associated with owning PFIC stock.

Mark-to-Market Election. U.S. Holders may make a Mark-to-Market Election, but only if the common shares are marketable stock. The common shares will be “marketable stock” as long as they remain listed on the NYSE and are regularly traded. Shares are “regularly traded” for any calendar year during which it is traded (other than in de minimis quantities) on at least fifteen days during each calendar quarter. There can be no assurances, however, that our common shares will be treated, or continue to be treated, as regularly traded.

If you make a Mark-to-Market Election, you generally will not be subject to the default rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above. Rather, you will be required to recognize ordinary income for any increase in the fair market value of the common shares for each taxable year that we are a PFIC. You will also be allowed to deduct as an ordinary loss any decrease in the fair market value to the extent of net marked-to-market gain previously included in prior years. Your adjusted tax basis in the common shares will be adjusted to reflect the amount included or deducted.

The Mark-to-Market Election will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years, unless the common shares cease to be marketable stock or the IRS consents to the revocation of the election. You should consult your own tax advisor regarding the availability of, and procedure for making, a Mark-to-Market Election.

Since the PFIC rules are complex, you should consult your own tax advisor regarding them and how they may affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in common shares.

Certain U.S. persons, including individuals, estates and trusts, may be required to pay an additional 3.8% on, among other things, dividends and capital gains from the sale or disposition of Common Shares. For individuals, the additional Medicare tax applies to the lesser of (i) “net investment income” or (ii) the excess of “modified adjusted gross income” over $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly or $125,000 if married and filing separately). “Net investment income” generally equals the taxpayer’s gross investment income reduced by the deductions that are allocable to such income. U.S. Holders likely will not be able to credit foreign taxes against the 3.8% Medicare tax. You should consult your tax advisors regarding the implications of the additional Medicare tax resulting from your ownership and disposition of our common shares.

Information reporting requirements will apply to distributions on common shares or proceeds from the disposition of common shares paid within the U.S. (and, in certain cases, outside the U.S.) to a U.S. Holder unless such U.S. Holder is an exempt recipient, such as a corporation. Furthermore, backup withholding (currently at 28%) may apply to such amounts unless such U.S. Holder (i) is an exempt recipient that, if required, establishes its right to an exemption, or (ii) provides its taxpayer identification number, certifies that it is not currently subject to backup withholding, and complies with other applicable requirements. A U.S. Holder may avoid backup withholding if it furnishes a properly completed IRS Form W-9 and is able to make the required certifications.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be credited against your U.S. federal income tax liability. Furthermore, you may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld by filing an appropriate claim for refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information in a timely manner.

If we are a PFIC, all U.S. Holders may be required to file annual tax returns (including on Form 8621) containing such information as the U.S. Treasury requires.

U.S. Holders who are individuals will be subject to reporting obligations with respect to their common shares if they do not hold their common shares in an account maintained by a financial institution and the aggregate value of their common shares and certain other “specified foreign financial assets” exceeds $50,000. Significant penalties can apply if a U.S. Holder is required to disclose its common shares under these rules and fails to do so.

In the event a U.S. Holder does not file the information reports described above relating to ownership of a PFIC or disclosure of specified foreign financial assets, the statute of limitations on the assessment and collection of U.S. federal income taxes of such U.S. holder for the related tax year will not close before such report is filed.

If you are a U.S. Holder, you are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding the application of the PFIC and specified foreign financial assets information reporting requirements and related statute of limitations tolling provisions with respect to our common shares.

Subject to the discussion in “—Information Reporting and Backup Withholding” below, as a Non-U.S. Holder, you generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, including withholding tax, on distributions received on common shares, unless the distributions are effectively connected with a trade or business that you conduct in the U.S. and (if an applicable income tax treaty so requires) attributable to a permanent establishment that you maintain in the U.S.

If distributions are effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business and (if applicable) attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment, you will be subject to tax on such distributions in the same manner as a U.S. Holder, as

described in “Taxation of U.S. Holders – Distributions on Common Shares” above. In addition, any such distributions received by a corporate Non-U.S. Holder may also, under certain circumstances, be subject to an additional “branch profits tax” at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty.

Subject to the discussion in “—Information Reporting and Backup Withholding” below, as a Non-U.S. Holder, you generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, including withholding tax, on any gain recognized on a sale or other taxable disposition of common shares, unless (i) the gain is effectively connected with a trade or business that you conduct in the U.S. and (if an applicable income tax treaty so requires) attributable to a permanent establishment that you maintain in the U.S., or (ii) you are an individual and are present in the U.S. for at least 183 days in the taxable year of the disposition, and certain other conditions are met.

If you meet the test in clause (i) above, you generally will be subject to tax on any gain that is effectively connected with your conduct of a trade or business in the U.S. in the same manner as a U.S. Holder, as described in “Taxation of U.S. Holders – Dispositions of Common Shares” above. Effectively connected gain realized by a corporate Non-U.S. Holder may also, under certain circumstances, be subject to an additional “branch profits tax” at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty.

If you meet the test in clause (ii) above, you generally will be subject to tax at a 30% rate on the amount by which your U.S. source capital gain exceeds your U.S. source capital loss during the taxable year.

Payments to Non-U.S. Holders of distributions on, or proceeds from the disposition of, common shares are generally exempt from information reporting and backup withholding. However, a Non-U.S. Holder may be required to establish that exemption by providing certification of non-U.S. status on an appropriate IRS Form W-8.

Whenever a reference is made in this Annual Report on Form 20-F to any contract, agreement or other document, the reference may not be complete, and you should refer to the copy of that contract, agreement or other document filed as an exhibit to one of our previous SEC filings. You can read our SEC filings over the Internet at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. You may also read and copy any document we file with the SEC at its public reference facilities at 100 F Street N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may also obtain copies of these documents at prescribed rates by writing to the Public Reference Section of the SEC at 100 F Street N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the operation of the public reference facilities. Copies of reports and other information may also be inspected in the offices of the NYSE, 20 Broad Street, New York, New York 10005.

Market risk represents the risk of changes in value of a financial instrument, derivative or non-derivative, caused by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and interest rates. Changes in these factors could cause fluctuations in our results of operations and cash flows. We are exposed to the market risks described below.

Foreign Exchange Rate Risk. Although we have significant foreign-based operations, the U.S. dollar is our primary operating currency. Thus, substantially all of our revenue and the majority of our expenses in 2018, 2017 and 2016 were denominated in U.S. dollars. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, 19%, 25% and 36%, respectively, of our direct container expenses were paid in up to 20 different foreign currencies, respectively. We do not hedge these container expenses as there are no significant payments made in any one foreign currency. Foreign exchange fluctuations did not materially impact our financial results in those periods.

Interest Rate Risk. We have entered into various interest rate swap, collar and cap agreements to mitigate our exposure associated with our variable rate debt. The swap agreements involve payments by us to counterparties at fixed rates in return for receipts based upon variable rates indexed to the London Inter Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). The differentials between the fixed and variable rate payments under these agreements are recognized in realized gain (loss) on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, none of the derivative instruments we have entered into qualify for hedge accounting. The fair value of the derivative instruments is measured at each of these balance sheet dates and the change in fair value is recorded in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) as unrealized (loss) gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net.

We utilize a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows: Level 1 inputs which are observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2 inputs which are inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, which include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and Level 3 inputs which are unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions.

We use the exchange price notion, which is the price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell an asset or transfer a liability in the market in which the reporting entity would transact for the asset or liability, that is, the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability. The transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability is a hypothetical transaction at the measurement date, considered from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability. Therefore, the definition focuses on the price that would be received to sell the asset or paid to transfer the liability (an exit price), not the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or received to assume the liability (an entry price).

Our liability valuation reflects our credit standing and the credit standing of the counterparties to the interest rate swaps and caps. The valuation technique we utilized to calculate the fair value of the interest rate swaps, collars and caps was the income approach. This approach represents the present value of future cash flows based upon current market expectations.

The notional amount of the interest rate swap agreements was $987,967 as of December 31, 2018, with expiration dates between February 2019 and January 2023. We receive fixed rates between 0.70% and 2.94% under the interest rate swap agreements. The net fair value asset of these agreements was $1,916 and $7,580 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The notional amount of the interest rate collar agreements was $0 as of December 31, 2018. The net fair value of these agreements was an asset of $0 and $127 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The notional amount of the interest rate cap agreements was $240,000 as of December 31, 2018, with expiration dates between June 2019 and August 2021.

Based on the average debt balances and derivative instruments for the year ended December 31, 2018, it is estimated that a 1% increase in interest rates would result in a net increase of $10,363 in interest expense and realized gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net. It would also result in an increase in the fair value of interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net of $16,016.

We maintain detailed credit records about our container lessees. Our credit policy sets different maximum exposure limits for our container lessees. Credit criteria may include, but are not limited to, container lessee trade route, country, social and political climate, assessments of net worth, asset ownership, bank and trade credit references, credit bureau reports, including those from Dynamar B.V. or “Dynamar,” and Lloyd’s Marine Intelligence Unit (common credit reporting agencies used in the maritime sector), operational history and financial strength. We monitor our container lessees’ performance and our lease exposures on an ongoing basis, and our credit management processes are aided by the long payment experience we have with most of our container lessees and our broad network of long-standing relationships in the shipping industry that provide current information about our container lessees. In managing this risk, we also make an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is developed based on two key components:

As of December 31, 2018, approximately 94.9% of accounts receivable for our total fleet and 98.4% of the finance lease receivables were from container lessees and customers outside of the U.S. Customers in the PRC (including Hong Kong), Taiwan, Switzerland, France and Singapore accounted for approximately 15.0%, 14.6%, 14.1%, 13.8% and 10.5%, respectively, of our total fleet container lease billings for 2018. Customers in no other country accounted for greater than 10.0% of our total fleet container lease billings for the same period.

An allowance for doubtful accounts of $4,082 has been established against receivables as of December 31, 2018 for our owned fleet. During 2018, receivable write-offs from the allowance for doubtful accounts, net of recoveries, totaled $4,390 for our owned fleet.

For further discussion, see Note 1 “Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated statements in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

On October 15, 2007, we completed our initial public offering of our common shares at a price of $16.50 per share and listed our common shares on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “TGH.” We sold an aggregate of 9,000,000 of our common shares and generated proceeds of $138.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and other offering expenses. The managing underwriters of our initial public offering were Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC, Jefferies & Company, Inc., Piper Jaffray & Co. and Fortis Securities LLC. There have been no material modifications to the rights of our security holders and the use of proceeds from our initial public offering previously disclosed in our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-146304) filed by us in connection with our initial public offering.

On September 19, 2012, we completed an underwritten public offering of an aggregate of 8,625,000 of our common shares at a price of $31.50. We sold 6,125,000 new common shares, which were listed on the NYSE under the symbol “TGH” and Halco Holdings Inc. (“Halco”) sold 2,500,000 of its existing common shares. We received $184.8 million after deducting underwriting discounts and other offering expenses. The managing underwriters of our public offering were Merril Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC and Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC. There have been no material modifications to the rights of our security holders and the use of proceeds from our public offering previously disclosed in our registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-171410) and related prospectus supplements filed by us in connection with our public offering.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures” (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2018.

The “disclosure controls and procedures” means our controls and other procedures that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we filed or submitted to the SEC, such as this Annual Report on Form 20-F, was (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, it was concluded that, because of the material weakness as described below in B. “Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting”, the disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2018.

Management fees related to the leasing of containers owned by third-party investors were historically presented in the consolidated financial statements on a “net basis”, but it was determined in 2018 that the revenue and associated expenses should have been presented on a “gross basis”. The management agreements for managed containers were re-evaluated and it was determined these arrangements convey to the Company the right to control the use of the managed fleet, irrespective of ownership and therefore deemed a lease as defined by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and does not affect or change the legal nature and commercial consequences associated with these management agreements. The containers are deemed to be leased to us from the third party owners who at all times carry the risk and benefits of ownership of the managed containers. The change in the revenue presentation for the managed fleet from “net” to “gross” amounts has no effect on our “net income

(loss)” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). In addition, as a result of the lease reclassification, the associated acquisition fees should have been amortized over the term of the management agreement instead of recognized as earned when the containers were sold to the third-party owner. The impact of these changes is described in Note 2 “Immaterial Reclassification and Adjustment of Prior Periods” in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer under the oversight of our Board of Directors, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, management used the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in “Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013),” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

Our internal control over financial reporting consists of policies and procedures that are designed and operated to provide reasonable assurance about the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

In connection with the evaluation of internal control over financial reporting for the year ended December 31, 2018, the following deficiency was considered to be a material weakness and therefore it was concluded that at December 31, 2018, internal control over financial reporting was ineffective. A control to re-evaluate and confirm the appropriate accounting for management agreements entered into in prior periods associated with the managed fleet did not exist. This was due to the risk assessment process not identifying the potential risk of the accounting for these agreements not complying with applicable accounting standards.

As a result of the deficiency, an immaterial restatement of the prior periods consolidated financial statements was recorded as described in Note 2 “Immaterial Reclassification and Adjustment of Prior Periods” in Item 18, “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

All internal control systems and procedures, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those internal control systems and procedures determined to be effective may not prevent or detect misstatements and can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, who has issued an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which is included under Item 18, “Financial Statements” on page F-3 in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Other than the material weakness identified and the remediation described below, there have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter that have

materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Management is in the process of remediating the control issue identified above through implementation of a control to reassess prior accounting positions at least annually. We believe that these actions will adequately address the control deficiency and will be considered remediated when management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively.

In accordance with New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) rules, we have an audit committee responsible for advising the board regarding the selection of independent auditors and evaluating our internal controls. As a foreign private issuer, we are not required to comply with NYSE requirements that our audit committee has a minimum of three members and that all of our audit committee members satisfy the NYSE’s requirements for independence. Our audit committee has four members, Messrs. Shwiel, Cottingham, Brown and Nurek. Messrs. Shwiel and Cottingham are voting members of the audit committee and are independent as that term is defined in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. The board affirmatively determined that Messrs. Shwiel and Cottingham are audit committee financial experts. Mr. Shwiel is also the chairman of our board of directors. Mr. Nurek is a director of Trencor and has no voting rights. Mr. Brown is an administrator of LAPCO and has no voting rights. Our board of directors has adopted an audit committee charter effective October 9, 2007.

We have adopted the Textainer Group Holdings Limited Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code of Business Conduct and Ethics”), which covers members of our board of directors and all of our employees (including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, and persons performing similar functions).

The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics addresses, among other things, the following items:

During 2018, no waivers or amendments were made to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for any of our directors or executive officers. We have posted the text of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics on our website at www.textainer.com.

Our audit committee pre-approves all services provided by our principal accountants, KPMG LLP. All of the services and fees described below were reviewed and pre-approved by our audit committee. Our audit committee has delegated to the chairman of the audit committee certain limited authority to grant pre-approvals. These decisions to pre-approve a service must be presented to the full audit committee at its next scheduled meeting.

The following is a summary of the fees billed to us by our principal accountants for professional services rendered for 2018 and 2017:

Audit Fees-- Consists of fees billed for professional services rendered for the audit of our financial statements and services that are normally provided by our principal accountants in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.

Audit-Related Fees—Consists of fees for attestation related services other than those described above as Audit fees. Fees for both 2018 and 2017 were related to the performance of agreed upon procedures on certain specific lender requirements.

Tax Fees-- Consists of fees billed for professional services for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning.

We rely on the exemption afforded by Rule 10A-3(b)(1)(iv)(D) under the Exchange Act. One of the four members of our audit committee (Mr. Nurek) is a director of Trencor and one of the audit committee members (Mr. Brown) is an administrator of LAPCO. Neither Mr. Nurek or Mr. Brown are voting members nor chairpersons of our audit committee nor one of our executive officers. We believe that such reliance does not materially adversely affect the ability of the audit committee to act independently or to satisfy the other requirements of Rule 10A-3.

Our corporate governance practices are in compliance with, and are not prohibited by, the laws of Bermuda. Therefore, we are exempt from many of the New York Stock Exchange’s (“NYSE”) corporate governance practices, other than the establishment of a formal audit committee satisfying the requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and notification of non-compliance with NYSE listing requirements pursuant to Rule 10A-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act. The practices that we follow in lieu of the NYSE’s corporate governance rules are described below.

Reference is made to pages F-1 through F-47 and is incorporated herein by reference.

The exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F are listed in the Exhibit Index.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Textainer Group Holdings Limited and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I to II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated March 22, 2019 expressed an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We have audited Textainer Group Holdings Limited and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weakness, described below, on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, the Company has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I to II (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”), and our report dated March 22, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. A material weakness related to the absence of a control to re-evaluate and confirm the appropriate accounting for management agreements entered into in prior periods associated with the managed fleet has been identified and included in management’s assessment. This was due to the risk assessment process not identifying the potential risk of the accounting for these agreements not complying with applicable accounting standards. The material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2018 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report on those consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting

includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

(All currency expressed in United States dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

	2018			2017			2016
Revenues:
Lease rental income - owned fleet	$	501,362		$	444,888		$	460,427
Lease rental income - managed fleet (1)		111,342			104,566			105,511
Lease rental income		612,704			549,454			565,938

Management fees - non-leasing (2)		8,529			7,146			5,937

Trading container sales proceeds (2)		19,568			4,758			15,628
Cost of trading containers sold (2)		(16,118	)		(3,302	)		(15,904	)
Trading container margin		3,450			1,456			(276	)

Gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net		36,071			26,210			6,761

Operating expenses:
Direct container expense - owned fleet		58,813			60,321			62,596
Distribution to managed fleet owners (1)		102,992			96,718			98,028
Depreciation expense		235,705			231,043			236,144
Container impairment		26,775			8,072			94,623
Amortization expense		3,721			4,092			5,053
General and administrative expense (2)		44,317			39,677			34,540
Bad debt expense, net		2,697			477			21,166
Gain on insurance recovery		(8,692	)		—			—
Total operating expenses		466,328			440,400			552,150
Income from operations		194,426			143,866			26,210
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense		(138,427	)		(117,475	)		(85,215	)
Write-off of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs and bond discounts		(881	)		(7,550	)		—
Interest income		1,709			613			408
Realized gain (loss) on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net		5,238			(1,191	)		(8,928	)
Unrealized (loss) gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net		(5,790	)		4,094			6,210
Other, net		—			3			(8	)
Net other expense		(138,151	)		(121,506	)		(87,533	)
Income (loss) before income tax and noncontrolling interests		56,275			22,360			(61,323	)
Income tax (expense) benefit, net		(2,025	)		(1,618	)		3,447
Net income (loss)		54,250			20,742			(57,876	)
Less: Net (income) loss attributable to the noncontrolling interests		(3,872	)		(1,377	)		5,393
Net income (loss) attributable to Textainer Group Holdings Limited common shareholders	$	50,378		$	19,365		$	(52,483	)
Net income (loss) attributable to Textainer Group Holdings Limited common shareholders per share:
Basic	$	0.88		$	0.34		$	(0.93	)
Diluted	$	0.88		$	0.34		$	(0.93	)
Weighted average shares outstanding (in thousands):
Basic		57,200			56,845			56,608
Diluted		57,487			57,159			56,608
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(127	)		207			(233	)
Comprehensive income (loss)		54,123			20,949			(58,109	)
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest		(3,872	)		(1,377	)		5,393
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Textainer Group Holdings Limited common shareholders	$	50,251		$	19,572		$	(52,716	)

(1) Certain amounts for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 have been reclassified to present the gross amounts of lease rental income and expenses for the managed fleet instead of the net presentation (see Note 2 “Immaterial Reclassification and Adjustment of Prior Periods”).

(2) Amounts for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 have been reclassified to conform with 2018 presentation (see Note 1 (t) “Reclassifications and Changes in Presentation”).

	2018			2017
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		137,298		$	137,894
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $4,082 and $5,775 in 2018 and 2017, respectively		110,222			78,312
Net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases		39,270			56,959
Trading containers		40,852			10,752
Containers held for sale		21,874			22,089
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		12,855			12,243
Insurance receivable		9,814			15,909
Due from affiliates, net		1,692			1,134
Total current assets		373,877			335,292
Restricted cash		87,630			99,675
Containers, net of accumulated depreciation of $1,322,221 and $1,172,355 at 2018 and 2017, respectively		4,134,016			3,791,610
Net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases		127,790			125,665
Fixed assets, net of accumulated depreciation of $11,525 and $10,788 at 2018 and 2017, respectively		2,066			2,151
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $43,266 and $44,279 at 2018 and 2017, respectively		7,384			11,105
Interest rate swaps, collars and caps		5,555			7,787
Deferred taxes		2,087			1,563
Other assets		3,891			5,494
Total assets	$	4,744,296		$	4,380,342
Liabilities and Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	5,151		$	6,867
Accrued expenses (1)		20,023			17,610
Container contracts payable		42,710			131,087
Other liabilities		219			235
Due to owners, net		8,322			11,131
Debt, net of unamortized deferred financing costs of $5,738 and $3,989 at 2018 and 2017, respectively		191,689			233,681
Total current liabilities		268,114			400,611
Debt, net of unamortized deferred financing costs of $22,248 and $20,045 at 2018 and 2017, respectively		3,218,138			2,756,627
Interest rate swaps, collars and caps		3,639			81
Income tax payable		9,570			9,081
Deferred taxes		7,039			5,881
Other liabilities		1,805			2,024
Total liabilities		3,508,305			3,174,305
Equity:
Textainer Group Holdings Limited shareholders' equity:
Common shares, $0.01 par value. Authorized 140,000,000 shares; 58,032,164 shares issued and 57,402,164 shares outstanding at 2018; 57,727,220 shares issued and 57,097,220 shares outstanding at 2017		581			578
Additional paid-in capital		406,083			397,821
Treasury shares, at cost, 630,000 shares		(9,149	)		(9,149	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(436	)		(309	)
Retained earnings (1)		809,734			759,356
Total Textainer Group Holdings Limited shareholders’ equity		1,206,813			1,148,297
Noncontrolling interest		29,178			57,740
Total equity		1,235,991			1,206,037
Total liabilities and equity	$	4,744,296		$	4,380,342

(All currency expressed in United States dollars in thousands, except share amounts)

	Textainer Group Holdings Limited Shareholders' Equity
														Accumulated						Total
											Additional			other						Textainer Group
	Common shares				Treasury shares						paid-in			comprehensive			Retained			Holdings Limited			Noncontrolling			Total
	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount			capital			income (loss)			earnings			shareholders' equity			interest			equity
Balances, December 31, 2015 (1)		57,163,095	$	572		(630,000	)	$	(9,149	)	$	385,020		$	(283	)	$	821,228		$	1,197,388		$	64,252		$	1,261,640
Dividends to shareholders ($0.51 per common share)		—		—		—			—			—			—			(28,754	)		(28,754	)		—			(28,754	)
Restricted share units vested		254,024		3		—			—			(3	)		—			—			—			—			—
Share-based compensation expense		—		—		—			—			6,573			—			—			6,573			—			6,573
Net tax benefit from share options exercised and restricted share units vested		—		—		—			—			(810	)		—			—			(810	)		—			(810	)
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss attributable to Textainer Group Holdings Limited common shareholders		—		—		—			—			—			—			(52,483	)		(52,483	)		—			(52,483	)
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests		—		—		—			—			—			—			—			—			(5,393	)		(5,393	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—			—			—			(233	)		—			(233	)		—			(233	)
Total comprehensive loss																											(58,109	)
Balances, December 31, 2016 (1)		57,417,119		575		(630,000	)		(9,149	)		390,780			(516	)		739,991			1,121,681			58,859			1,180,540
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest		—		—		—			—			—			—			—			—			(2,496	)		(2,496	)
Restricted share units vested		244,633		2		—			—			(2	)		—			—			—			—			—
Exercise of share options		65,468		1		—			—			960			—			—			961			—			961
Share-based compensation expense		—		—		—			—			6,083			—			—			6,083			—			6,083
Comprehensive income:
Net income attributable to Textainer Group Holdings Limited common shareholders		—		—		—			—			—			—			19,365			19,365			—			19,365
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests		—		—		—			—			—			—			—			—			1,377			1,377
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—			—			—			207			—			207			—			207
Total comprehensive income																											20,949
Balances, December 31, 2017 (1)		57,727,220		578		(630,000	)		(9,149	)		397,821			(309	)		759,356			1,148,297			57,740			1,206,037
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest		—		—		—			—			—			—			—			—			(1,996	)		(1,996	)
Restricted share units vested		289,685		3		—			—			(3	)		—			—			—			—			—
Exercise of share options		15,259		—		—			—			130			—						130			—			130
Share-based compensation expense		—		—		—			—			7,355			—			—			7,355			—			7,355
TW Container Leasing, Ltd. capital restructuring		—		—		—			—			780			—			—			780			(30,438	)		(29,658	)
Comprehensive income:
Net income attributable to Textainer Group Holdings Limited common shareholders		—		—		—			—			—			—			50,378			50,378			—			50,378
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests		—		—		—			—			—			—			—			—			3,872			3,872
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—			—			—			(127	)		—			(127	)		—			(127	)
Total comprehensive income																											54,123
Balances, December 31, 2018		58,032,164	$	581		(630,000	)	$	(9,149	)	$	406,083		$	(436	)	$	809,734		$	1,206,813		$	29,178		$	1,235,991

	2018			2017			2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	54,250		$	20,742		$	(57,876	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation expense		235,705			231,043			236,144
Container impairment		26,775			8,072			94,623
Bad debt expense, net		2,697			477			21,166
Unrealized loss (gain) on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net		5,790			(4,094	)		(6,210	)
Amortization and write-off of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs and accretion of bond discounts		9,531			20,814			9,704
Amortization of intangible assets		3,721			4,092			5,053
Gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net		(36,071	)		(26,210	)		(6,761	)
Gain on insurance recovery		(8,692	)		—			—
Share-based compensation expense		7,355			6,083			6,573
Decrease (increase) in:
Accounts receivable, net		(30,604	)		(6,672	)		(11,935	)
Trading containers, net		(30,100	)		(6,389	)		468
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(612	)		1,463			1,902
Insurance receivable		12,738			8,670			(20,072	)
Due from affiliates, net		(558	)		(265	)		(354	)
Other assets		1,603			2,581			(1,088	)
Increase (decrease) in:
Accounts payable		(1,716	)		(5,193	)		1,583
Accrued expenses		2,381			3,556			2,905
Deferred revenue and other liabilities		(235	)		(265	)		(290	)
Due to owners, net		(2,809	)		(7,001	)		6,326
Long-term income tax payable		489			5			398
Deferred taxes, net		634			(534	)		(4,365	)
Total adjustments		198,022			230,233			335,770
Net cash provided by operating activities		252,272			250,975			277,894
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of containers and fixed assets		(854,383	)		(300,125	)		(505,528	)
Payment for TW Container Leasing, Ltd. capital restructuring		(29,658	)		—			—
Proceeds from sale of containers and fixed assets		147,254			135,299			126,560
Receipt of payments on direct financing and sales-type leases, net of income earned		63,847			66,846			90,343
Insurance proceeds received for unrecoverable containers		—			12,616			8,195
Net cash used in investing activities		(672,940	)		(85,364	)		(280,430	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from debt		2,029,025			1,729,580			582,500
Principal payments on debt		(1,608,753	)		(1,770,715	)		(551,586	)
Debt issuance costs		(10,252	)		(27,702	)		(5,969	)
Issuance of common shares upon exercise of share options		130			961			—
Net tax benefit from share-based compensation awards		—			—			(810	)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest		(1,996	)		(2,496	)		—
Dividends paid to shareholders		—			—			(28,754	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		408,154			(70,372	)		(4,619	)
Effect of exchange rate changes		(127	)		207			(233	)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(12,641	)		95,446			(7,388	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of the year		237,569			142,123			149,511
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of the year	$	224,928		$	237,569		$	142,123
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest expense and realized loss on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net	$	123,581		$	105,322		$	83,881
Net income taxes paid	$	1,138		$	925		$	1,503
Supplemental disclosures of noncash investing activities:
(Decrease) increase in accrued container purchases	$	(88,377	)	$	119,097		$	(29,366	)
Containers placed in direct financing and sales-type leases	$	53,859		$	9,378		$	101,354
Decrease in insurance receivable due to a decrease in estimated unrecoverable containers	$	2,049		$	7,546		$	—

Textainer Group Holdings Limited (“TGH”) is incorporated in Bermuda. TGH is the holding company of a group of companies, consisting of TGH and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”), involved in the purchase, management, leasing and resale of marine cargo containers. The Company manages and provides administrative support to the affiliated and unaffiliated owners’ (the “Owners”) container fleets.

The Company conducts its business activities in three main areas: Container Ownership, Container Management and Container Resale. These activities are described below (also see Note 13 “Segment Information”).

The Company’s containers consist primarily of standard dry freight containers, but also include refrigerated and other special-purpose containers. These owned containers are financed through retained earnings; revolving credit facilities, secured debt facilities and a term loan provided by banks; bonds payable to investors; and a public offering of TGH’s common shares. Expenses related to lease rental income of owned fleet primarily include direct container expenses, depreciation expense, container impairment and interest expense.

The Company manages, on a worldwide basis, a fleet of containers for and on behalf of the Owners.

All rental operations are conducted worldwide in the name of the Company who, as agent for the Owners, acquires and sells containers, enters into leasing agreements and depot service agreements, bills and collects lease rentals from the lessees, disburses funds to depots for container handling, and remits net amounts, less management fees and commissions, to the Owners. Customer accounts receivable, fixed assets, and vendor payables arising from direct container operations of the Owners’ fleet have been excluded from the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Fees earned by the Company under the management agreements are typically a percentage of net operating income of each Owner’s fleet and consist of fees for services related to the management of the containers, sales commissions and net acquisition fees earned on the acquisition of containers. Expenses related to the operation of the managed containers include storage, handling, repairs, repositioning, agent, insurance expense general and administrative expense.

The management agreements with the Owners convey to the Company the right to control the use of the managed containers, therefore meeting the definition of a lease. The management agreements have accordingly be deemed to be leases under the guidance of FASB Accounting Standards Codification 840, Leases (“ASC 840”) and lease rental income and expenses arising from the operation of the managed fleet are therefore presented at a gross basis, whereby revenue billed to shipping lines and expenses incurred and distributions to the owners of the managed fleet are presented in the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

The Company buys and subsequently resells used containers (trading containers) from third parties. Container sales revenue represents the proceeds on the sale of containers purchased for resale. Cost of containers sold represents the cost of equipment purchased for resale that were sold as well as the related selling costs. The Company earns sales commissions related to the sale of the containers that it manages.

The consolidated financial statements of the Company include TGH and all of its subsidiaries in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. All significant intercompany accounts and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company determines whether it has a controlling financial interest in an entity by evaluating whether the entity is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) or a voting interest entity (“VME”). If it is determined that the Company does not have a variable interest in the entity, no further analysis is required, and the Company does not consolidate the entity.

On December 20, 2012, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Textainer Limited (“TL”), purchased 50.1% of the outstanding common shares of TAP Funding Ltd. (“TAP Funding”) (a Bermuda company) from TAP Ltd. (“TAP”). Both before and after this purchase, TAP Funding leases containers to lessees under operating, direct financing and sales-type leases. TAP is governed by members and management agreements and the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Textainer Equipment Management Limited (“TEML”), manages all of TAP Funding’s containers, making day-to-day decisions regarding the marketing, servicing and design of TAP Funding’s leases. TL’s purchase of a majority ownership of TAP Funding’s common shares allowed the Company to increase the size of its owned fleet at an attractive price. Under TAP Funding’s members agreement, TL owns 50.1% and TAP owns 49.9% of the common shares of TAP Funding. As common shareholders, TL has two voting rights and TAP has one voting right of TAP Funding, with the exception of certain matters such as bankruptcy proceedings and the incurrence of debt and mergers and consolidations, which require unanimity. TL also has two seats and TAP has one seat on TAP Funding’s board of directors. In addition, TL has an option to purchase the remaining outstanding common shares of TAP Funding held by TAP during the period beginning January 1, 2023 and through December 31, 2024 for a purchase price equal to the equity carrying value of TAP Funding plus 6% of TAP’s percentage ownership interest in TAP Funding minus the sum of any and all U.S. federal, state and local taxes of any nature that would be recognized by TL if TAP Funding was liquidated by TL immediately after TL purchased its shares.

TAP Funding is a VME and the Company consolidates TAP Funding as the Company has a controlling financial interest in TAP Funding, in which TL owns 50% or more voting interest. TAP Funding’s profits and losses are allocated to TL and TAP on the same basis as their ownership percentages. The equity owned by TAP in TAP Funding is shown as a noncontrolling interest on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and the net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interest’s operations is shown as net (income) loss attributable to the noncontrolling interests on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

The Company had a joint venture, TW Container Leasing, Ltd. (“TW”) (a Bermuda company), between TL and Wells Fargo Container Corp. (“WFC”). TL owned 25% and WFC owned 75% of the common shares and related voting rights of TW. The purpose of TW was to lease containers to lessees under direct financing leases. TW was governed by members, credit and management agreements. Under the management agreement, TEML managed all of TW’s containers, making day-to-day decisions regarding the marketing, servicing and design of TW’s direct financing leases. TL also had two seats and WFC had six seats on TW’s board of directors, with each seat having equal voting rights, provided, however, that the approval of at least one TL-appointed director is required for any action of

the board of directors. In October 2018, TL entered into an agreement to purchase 75% of the total outstanding common shares of TW from WFC for a cash consideration of $29,658. After the acquisition, TW became a wholly-owned subsidiary of TL. The Company accounted for this equity transaction as a reduction in the related noncontrolling interest.

Prior to the capital restructuring, the Company had determined that it had a variable interest in TW and that TW was a VIE. The Company consolidated TW as the Company had determined that it was the primary beneficiary of TW by its equity ownership in the entity and by virtue of its role as manager of the vehicle, namely that the Company had the power to direct the activities of TW that most significantly impact TW’s economic performance. After the capital restructuring which was effective on October 1, 2018, TW became a wholly-owned subsidiary or a VME of TL. Therefore, the Company retains its controlling financial interest and continues to include TW’s financial statements in its consolidated financial statements. As a result of the capital restructuring, TL acquired the noncontrolling interest (“NCI”) in TW which was reduced by $30,438 and the difference between the carrying value of the NCI and the cash consideration was recognized as an increase in additional paid-in capital (“APIC”) by $780.

Changes in the Company’s shareholder’s equity resulting from changes in its ownership interest in TW for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

Prior to the capital restructuring, the equity previously owned by WFC in TW was shown as a noncontrolling interest on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017. After the capital restructuring, there is no noncontrolling interest in TW on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018. The net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests’ operations for the period ending September 30, 2018, and for the year ending December 31, 2017 and 2016, are shown as net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

Under a credit agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“WFB”), TW had a credit facility which was terminated prior to its scheduled maturity and the unpaid debt amount of $65,269 was fully repaid in November 2018. (see Note 12 “Debt and Derivative Instruments”).

The Company enters into container management agreements with Owners or third-party investors. The fees earned by the Company for managing container portfolios on behalf of Owners are commensurate with the level of effort required to provide those management services and the Company does not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that may be significant to the Owners. As such, the Company is not the primary beneficiary and does not consolidate the Owners. Managed containers which are owned by Owners are not assets of the Company and are not included in the consolidated financial statements. (see Note 1(a) “Nature of Operations”).

The majority of the container equipment included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements is owned by TL, Textainer Marine Containers II Limited (“TMCL II”), Textainer Marine Containers V Limited (“TMCL V”), Textainer Marine Containers VI Limited (“TMCL VI”) and Textainer Marine Containers VII Limited (“TMCL VII”), all Bermuda companies and all of which were wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company as of December 31, 2018.

Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of interest-bearing deposits or money market securities with original maturities of three months or less. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash (see Note 14 “Commitments and Contingencies—Restricted Cash”) with various financial institutions. These financial institutions are located in Bermuda, Canada, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. A significant portion of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash is maintained with a small number of banks and, accordingly, the Company is exposed to the credit risk of these counterparties in respect of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash. Furthermore, the deposits maintained at some of these financial institutions exceed the amount of insurance provided on the deposits. Restricted cash is excluded from cash and cash equivalents and is included in long-term assets reported within the consolidated balance sheets.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows:

Intangible assets, consisting primarily of exclusive rights to manage container fleets, are amortized over the expected life of the contracts based on forecasted income to the Company. The contract terms range from 11 to 13 years. The Company reviews its intangible assets for impairment if events and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the intangible assets may not be recoverable. The Company compares the carrying value of the intangible assets to expected future undiscounted cash flows for the purpose of assessing the recoverability of the recorded amounts. If the carrying amount exceeds expected undiscounted cash flows, the intangible assets shall be reduced to their fair value.

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”). This updated standard replaced all current U.S. GAAP guidance on this topic and eliminated industry-specific guidance. Leasing revenue recognition is specifically excluded from ASU 2014-09, and therefore, the new standard only applies to sales of equipment portfolios, dispositions of used equipment and management service agreements. The guidance defines a five-step process to achieve the core principle of ASU 2014-09, which is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled for those goods or services.

The Company adopted the updated revenue standards on the effective date of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. The adoption of ASU 2014-09 did not have an impact on the timing of revenue recognition or on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company did not record a cumulative adjustment related to the adoption of ASU 2014-09. The

components of the Company’s revenue as presented in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) and in Note 13 “Segment Information” are as follows:

Leasing income arises principally from the renting of containers to various international shipping lines. Total fleet lease rental income, as reported in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), includes the entire rental fee collected from the lessee, including rental fees for the managed fleet as the management agreements with the owners convey to the Company the right to control the use of the managed containers. See Note 2 “Immaterial Reclassification and Adjustment of Prior Periods” and Note 5 “Revenue from Managed Container Fleet”.

Revenue is recorded when earned according to the terms of the container rental contracts with customers. These contracts are typically for terms of five or more years and are generally classified as operating leases. Where minimum lease payments vary over the lease term, revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Lease rental income comprises daily per diem rental charges due under the lease agreements, together with payments for other charges set forth in the leases, such as handling fees, drop-off charges, pick-up charges, and charges for a damage protection plan.

Under long-term lease agreements, containers are usually leased from the Company for periods of five or more years. Such leases are generally cancelable with a penalty at the end of each 12-month period. Under master lease agreements, the lessee is not committed to leasing a minimum number of containers from the Company during the lease term and may generally return the containers to the Company at any time, subject to certain restrictions in the lease agreement. Under long-term lease and master lease agreements, revenue is earned and recognized evenly over the period that the equipment is on lease.

Under direct financing and sales-type leases, the containers are usually leased from the Company for the remainder of the container’s useful life and ordinarily provide lessees with a right to purchase the subject containers for a nominal amount at the end of the lease term. Finance lease income is recognized using the effective interest method, which generates a constant rate of interest over the period of the lease.

Gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net, also includes gains and losses recognized at the inception of sales-type leases, representing the excess of the estimated fair value of containers placed on sales-type leases over their book value.

The Company’s container leases generally do not include step-rent provisions, nor do they depend on indices or rates. The Company recognizes revenue on container leases that include lease concessions in the form of free-rent periods using the straight-line method over the minimum terms of the leases.

The following is a schedule, by year, of future minimum lease payments receivable under the long-term leases for all container fleet as of December 31, 2018:

Under the Company’s management service agreements with third-party container investors or Owners, fees are earned for the acquisition and disposition of containers under management. The Company’s net acquisition fees and sales commissions, which are presented as management fees from non-leasing services in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), are generally calculated as a fixed percentage of the cost of the managed containers purchased and the proceeds from the sale of managed containers, respectively. Acquisition fees from purchases of containers for managed fleet are deferred and recognized as earned on a straight-line basis over the deemed lease term (see Note 2 “Immaterial Reclassification and Adjustment of Prior Periods”).

The Company’s trading container sales proceeds revenue arise from the resale of used containers to a wide variety of buyers. The related expenses represent the cost of trading containers sold as well as other selling costs that are recognized as incurred. The Company also generally sells containers at the end of their useful lives or when it is financially attractive to do so. The gain on sale of owned fleet containers is the excess of the sale price over the carrying value for these units at the time of sale. Revenue is recorded at a point in time following the transfer of control of the containers to the customer, which typically occurs upon delivery to, or pick-up by, the customer and when collectability is reasonably assured.

The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its lessees to make required payments. These allowances are based on management’s current assessment of the financial condition of the Company’s lessees and their ability to make their required payments. If the financial condition of the Company’s lessees deteriorates, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required.

Accounts receivables are generally written off after an analysis is completed which indicates that collection of the full balance is remote. Changes in economic conditions or other events may necessitate additions or deductions to the allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance is intended to provide for losses inherent in the owned fleet’s accounts receivable and requires the application of estimates and judgments as to the outcome of collection efforts and the realization of collateral, among other things.

Direct container expense represents the operating costs arising from the containers owned by the Company and includes storage, handling, maintenance and repair, repositioning, agent, insurance expense and repair and recovery costs for problem lessees. These costs are recognized when incurred.

Our distribution amounts to Owners for the managed fleet includes the net operating income of each Owner’s fleet, reduced by the management fees earned and retained by the Company. This amount also includes expenses related to the operation of the managed containers which are presented on a gross basis in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Expenses related to the opeastion of the managed containers such as storage, handling, repairs, repositioning, agent, insurance expense and general and administrative expenses are recognized when incurred.

The Company, through one or more of its subsidiaries, buys trading containers for resale, which are valued at the lower of cost or fair value. The cost of trading containers sold is specifically identified.

In addition, containers identified as being available for sale are valued at the lower of carrying value or fair value, less cost to sell. The fair value was estimated based on recent gross sales proceeds for sales of similar containers.

A functional currency is determined for each of the Company’s entities based on the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. The Company’s functional currency is the U.S. dollar, excluding its foreign subsidiaries Textainer Equipment Management (United Kingdom) Limited and Textainer Equipment Management (Singapore) Pte Ltd. Assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency are re-measured into its functional currency at the balance sheet date with a gain or loss recognized in current year net income. Foreign currency exchange gains or losses that arise from exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in a foreign currency are recognized in net income as incurred. Foreign currency exchange gains or losses, reported in direct container expense in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) were $(1,085), $(156), and $188 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. For consolidation purposes, the financial statements are translated into U.S. dollars using the current exchange rate for the assets and liabilities and a weighted average exchange rate for the revenues and expenses recorded during the year with any translation adjustment shown as an element of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Capitalized container costs include the container cost payable to the manufacturer and the associated transportation costs incurred in moving the Company’s owned containers from the manufacturer to the containers’ first destined port. Containers are depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives to an estimated dollar residual value. Used containers are depreciated based upon their remaining useful lives at the date of acquisition to an estimated dollar residual value.

The Company evaluates the estimated residual values and remaining estimated useful lives on a regular basis to determine whether a change in its estimates of useful lives and residual values is warranted.

After the Company performed its regular depreciation policy review during the third quarter of 2018, the Company concluded that, beginning July 1, 2018, an increase in the estimated future residual value of its 40’ high cube dry containers and a decrease in the estimated future residual value of its 40’ high cube refrigerated containers, as shown in the below table of the Company’s useful lives and residual values estimates, was appropriate. Depreciation expense may fluctuate in future periods based on fluctuations in these estimates. The net effect of these changes was a decrease in depreciation expense of $132 for the year ended December 31, 2018.

After the Company performed its regular depreciation policy review during the third quarter of 2017, the Company concluded that, beginning July 1, 2017, an increase in the estimated future residual value of its 20’ dry containers, 40’ dry containers and 40’ high cube dry containers, as shown in the below table of the Company’s useful lives and residual values estimates, was appropriate. Depreciation expense may fluctuate in future periods based on changes to these estimates. The net effect of these changes was a decrease in depreciation expense of $7,104 for the year ended December 31, 2017.

The Company estimates the useful lives and residual values of its containers to be as follows:

	Effective July 1, 2018				July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018				January 1, 2017 through June 30, 2017
	Estimated useful		Residual		Estimated useful		Residual		Estimated useful		Residual
	life (years)		Value		life (years)		Value		life (years)		Value
Dry containers other than open top and flat rack containers:
20'		13	$	1,000		13	$	1,000		13	$	950
40'		14	$	1,200		14	$	1,200		14	$	1,150
40' high cube		13	$	1,400		13	$	1,350		13	$	1,300
45' high cube dry van		13	$	1,500		13	$	1,500		13	$	1,500
Refrigerated containers:
20'		12	$	2,750		12	$	2,750		12	$	2,750
20' high cube		12	$	2,049		12	$	2,049		12	$	2,049
40' high cube		12	$	4,000		12	$	4,500		12	$	4,500
Open top and flat rack containers:
20' folding flat rack		15	$	1,300		15	$	1,300		15	$	1,300
40' folding flat rack		16	$	1,700		16	$	1,700		16	$	1,700
20' open top		15	$	1,500		15	$	1,500		15	$	1,500
40' open top		14	$	2,500		14	$	2,500		14	$	2,500
Tank containers		20	10% of cost			20	10% of cost			20	10% of cost

The cost, accumulated depreciation and net book value of the Company’s container leasing equipment by equipment type as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

	2018							2017
	Cost		Accumulated Depreciation			Net Book Value		Cost		Accumulated Depreciation			Net Book Value
Dry containers other than open top and flat rack containers:
20'	$	1,632,927	$	(381,929	)	$	1,250,998	$	1,497,557	$	(347,910	)	$	1,149,647
40'		191,354		(69,463	)		121,891		223,916		(75,610	)		148,306
40' high cube		2,376,975		(540,349	)		1,836,626		2,043,253		(476,238	)		1,567,015
45' high cube dry van		29,305		(10,034	)		19,271		29,010		(8,494	)		20,516
Refrigerated containers:
20'		20,883		(6,153	)		14,730		24,062		(5,394	)		18,668
20' high cube		5,148		(2,714	)		2,434		5,139		(2,327	)		2,812
40' high cube		1,030,078		(279,661	)		750,417		1,002,843		(229,465	)		773,378
Open top and flat rack containers:
20' folding flat		16,641		(4,068	)		12,573		16,595		(3,525	)		13,070
40' folding flat		46,182		(16,052	)		30,130		43,334		(14,394	)		28,940
20' open top		13,152		(1,419	)		11,733		10,837		(1,237	)		9,600
40' open top		27,629		(5,086	)		22,543		26,690		(4,469	)		22,221
Tank containers		65,963		(5,293	)		60,670		40,729		(3,292	)		37,437
	$	5,456,237	$	(1,322,221	)	$	4,134,016	$	4,963,965	$	(1,172,355	)	$	3,791,610

Fixed assets are recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, ranging from three to seven years.

The Company reviews its containers for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The Company compares the carrying value of the containers to the expected future undiscounted cash flows for the purpose of assessing the recoverability of the recorded amounts. If the carrying value exceeds expected future undiscounted cash flows, the assets are reduced to fair value. There was no such impairment on the Company’s leasing equipment for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. In addition, containers identified as being available for sale are valued at the lower of carrying value or fair value, less costs to sell.

The Company evaluates the recoverability of the recorded amounts of containers that are unlikely to be recovered from lessees in default. The Company also records impairments to write-down the value of containers held for sale to their estimated fair value less cost to sell. The fair value was estimated based on recent gross sales proceeds for sales of similar containers. When containers are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation is removed, and any resulting gain or loss is recognized. Any subsequent increase in fair value less cost to sell is recognized as a reversal of container impairment but not in excess of the cumulative loss previously recognized.

The Company recorded the following impairments that are included in container impairment in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded the following net gain on sale of containers, included in gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss):

If other containers are subsequently identified as available for sale, the Company may incur additional write-downs or may incur losses on the sale of these containers if they are sold. The Company will continue to evaluate the recoverability of recorded amounts of containers and a write-down of certain containers held for continued use and/or an increase in its depreciation rate may be required in future periods for some or all containers.

The Company uses the asset and liability method to account for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in the tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded when the realization of a deferred tax asset is deemed to be unlikely.

The Company also accounts for income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in the recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. If there are findings in future regulatory examinations of the Company’s tax returns, those findings may result in an adjustment to income tax expense.

The Company records interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

The Company capitalizes costs directly associated with the issuance or modification of its debt and the balance of the debt issuance costs, net of amortization, are netted against the debt recorded in the consolidated balance sheets.

Debt issuance costs are amortized using the interest rate method and the straight-line method over the general terms of the related fixed principal payment debt and the related revolving debt facilities, respectively, and the amortization is recorded in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) as interest expense. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, debt issuance costs of $10,285, $27,702 and $5,969, respectively, were capitalized and amortization of debt issuance costs of $8,400, $13,201 and $9,465, respectively, were recorded in interest expense.

When the Company’s debt is modified or terminated, any unamortized debt issuance costs related to a decrease in borrowing capacity with any of the Company’s lenders is immediately written-off and recorded in write-off of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs and bond discounts. In 2018, write-off of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs and bond discounts included $529 and $352 of write-offs of unamortized debt issuance costs related to the amendment of the TL Revolving Credit Facility and the termination of the TL Term Loan, respectively, (see Note 12 “Debt and Derivative Instruments”). In 2017, write-off of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs and bond discounts included $238, $6,516 and $84 of write-offs of unamortized debt issuance costs related to the amendment of TMCL II’s Secured Debt Facility, the redemption of TMCL III’s 2013-1 Bonds, 2014-1 Bonds, the termination of TMCL III’s 2017-A Notes and the amendment of TAP Funding’s Secured Debt Facility, respectively, (see Note 12 “Debt and Derivative Instruments”). No unamortized debt issuance costs were written-off during the year ended December 31, 2016.

Although substantially all of the Company’s income from operations is derived from assets employed in foreign countries, virtually all of this income is denominated in U.S. dollars. The Company does pay some of its expenses in various foreign currencies. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, $11,141 or

19%, $15,143 or 25%, and $22,642 or 36%, respectively, of the Company’s direct container expenses – owned fleet were paid in up to 20 different foreign currencies. In accordance with its policy, the Company does not hedge these container expenses as there are no significant payments made in any one foreign currency.

The Company’s customers are mainly international shipping lines, which transport goods on international trade routes. Once the containers are on-hire with a lessee, the Company does not track their location. The domicile of the lessee is not indicative of where the lessee is transporting the containers. The Company’s business risk in its foreign concentrations lies with the creditworthiness of the lessees rather than the geographic location of the containers or the domicile of the lessees.

Except for the lessees noted in the tables below, no other single lessee made up greater than 10% of the Company’s lease rental income from its owned fleet during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, as well, there is no other single lessee that accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s gross accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:

Total fleet lease rental income, as reported in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), comprises revenue earned from leases on containers in the Company’s total fleet, including revenue earned from leases on containers in its managed fleet. Except for the lessees noted in the table below, no other single lessee accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s total fleet lease rental income in 2018, 2017 and 2016:

The Company currently has containers on-hire to approximately 250 customers. The Company’s customers are mainly international shipping lines, but the Company also leases containers to freight forwarding companies and the U.S. Military. The Company’s five largest container lessees accounted for approximately 49.5%, 49.5% and 48.1% of the Company’s total fleet leasing billings in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, revenue from the Company’s 20 largest container lessees by lease billings represented 82.8%, 80.0% and 78.9% of the Company’s total fleet container lease billings, respectively. A default by any of these major customers could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business, results from operations and financial condition.

As of December 31, 2018, and 2017, approximately 94.9% and 94.4%, respectively, of the Company’ accounts receivable for its total fleet were from container lessees and customers outside of the U.S. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, approximately 98.4% and 98.0%, respectively, of the Company’s finance lease receivables for its total fleet were from container lessees and customers outside of the U.S. Except for the countries outside of the U.S. noted in the table below, customers in no other single country made up greater than 10% of the Company’s total fleet container lease billings during 2018, 2017 and 2016.

The Company has entered into various interest rate swap, collar and cap agreements to mitigate its exposure associated with its variable rate debt. The swap agreements involve payments by the Company to counterparties at fixed rates in return for receipts based upon variable rates indexed to the London Inter Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). The differentials between the fixed and variable rate payments under these agreements are recognized in realized gain (loss) on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

As of the balance sheet dates, none of the derivative instruments are designated by the Company for hedge accounting. The fair value of the derivative instruments is measured at each balance sheet date and the change in fair value is recorded in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) as unrealized (loss) gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net.

The Company estimates the fair value of all employee share options awarded under its 2015 Share Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”), amended and restated from the 2007 Share Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”) on May 21, 2015, on the grant date. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service periods in the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) as part of general and administrative expenses.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes-Merton (“Black-Scholes”) option-pricing model to determine the estimated fair value for employee share option awards. The Company uses the fair market value of the Company’s common shares on the grant date, discounted for estimated dividends that will not be received by the employees during the vesting period, for determining the estimated fair value for employee restricted share units. Compensation expense for employee share awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the award. Share-based compensation expense of $7,355, $6,083 and $6,573 was recorded during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, for share options and restricted share units awarded to employees under the 2015 Plan. Share-based compensation expense of $6,746, $5,499 and $5,987 was presented as a part of general and administrative expenses, and the remaining balance was presented as a part of distribution to managed fleet owners during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The Company discloses the effect of its foreign currency translation adjustment as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) in the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company’s management evaluates its estimates on an ongoing basis, including those related to the container rental equipment, intangible assets, accounts receivable, income taxes and accruals.

These estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments regarding the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to Textainer Group Holdings Limited common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the applicable period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if all outstanding share options were exercised for, and all outstanding restricted share units were converted into, common shares. Potentially dilutive share options and restricted share units that were anti-dilutive under the treasury stock method were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS. A reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of basic EPS with that of diluted EPS during 2018, 2017 and 2016 is presented as follows:

Given that the Company had a net loss attributable to Textainer Group Holdings Limited common shareholders for the year ended 2016, there was no dilutive effect of share option and restricted share units.

The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The following is a brief description of those levels:

The Company uses the exchange price notion, which is the price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell an asset or transfer a liability in the market in which the reporting entity would transact for the asset or liability, that is, the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability. The transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability is a hypothetical transaction at the measurement date, considered from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability. Therefore, the definition focuses on the price that would be received to sell the asset or paid to transfer the liability (an exit price), not the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or received to assume the liability (an entry price).

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:

The Company measures the fair value of its interest rate swap, collar and cap agreements using observable (Level 2) market inputs. The valuation also reflects the credit standing of the Company and the counterparties to the interest rate swaps, collars and caps. The valuation technique utilized by the Company to calculate the fair value of the interest rate swaps, collars and caps is the income approach. This approach represents the present value of future cash flows based upon current market expectations. The Company’s interest rate swap, collar and cap agreements had a fair value asset and a fair value liability of $5,555 and $3,639, respectively, as of December 31, 2018 and a fair value asset and a fair value liability of $7,787 and $81, respectively, as of December 31, 2017, which are inclusive of counterparty risk. The credit valuation adjustment was determined to be $49 (which was an addition to the net fair value) and $31 (which was a reduction to the net fair value) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The change in fair value during 2018, 2017 and 2016 of $(5,790), $4,094 and $6,210, respectively, was recorded in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) as unrealized (loss) gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net.

When the Company is required to write down the cost basis of its containers held for sale to fair value less cost to sell, the Company measures the fair value of its containers held for sale under a Level 2 input. The Company relies on its recent sales prices for identical or similar assets in markets, by geography, that are active. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the carrying value of 8,409 and 7,325 containers identified for sale were net of impairment charges of $5,129 and $4,362, respectively. The net carrying value of these containers identified for sale amounted to $10,898 and $8,984 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is included in containers held for sale in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company recorded impairments to write down the value of containers identified for sale to their estimated fair value less cost to sell. Subsequent additions or reductions to the fair values of these written down assets are recorded as adjustments to the carrying value of the equipment held for sale. Any subsequent increase in fair value less cost to sell is recognized as a reversal of container impairment but not in excess of the cumulative loss previously recognized.

The Company calculates the fair value of financial instruments and includes this additional information in the notes to the consolidated financial statements when the fair value is different from the

book value of those financial instruments. The Company’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable and payable, net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases, due from affiliates, net, container contracts payable, due to owners, net, debt and interest rate swaps, collars and caps. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments approximated the related book value of such instruments except that, the fair value of net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases (including the short-term balance) was approximately $167,758 and $183,305 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, compared to book values of $167,060 and $182,624 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The fair value of long-term debt (including current maturities) based on the borrowing rates available to the Company was approximately $3,149,755 and $2,995,190 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, compared to book values of $3,409,827 and $2,990,308 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company reclassified the amounts out of the separate line items “short-term incentive compensation expense” and “long-term incentive compensation expense” to be included within the line item “general and administrative expense” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). For the management fees earned from non-leasing services for the managed fleet, the Company also reclassified the amounts out of the separate line item “management fees” to the separate line item “management fees – non-leasing” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). The Company also presented a separate line item for the “trading container margin”, which is the net of “trading container sales proceeds” and “cost of trading containers sold”, in which was reclassified out of the operating expenses, in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). The changes in presentation has no impact on “net income (loss)”. Also, see Note 2 “Immaterial Reclassification and Adjustment of Prior Periods” and Note 5 “Revenue from Managed Container Fleet”).

In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 will replace all current U.S. GAAP guidance on this topic. Under ASU 2016-02, lessors will account for leases using an approach that is substantially equivalent to existing U.S. GAAP for sales-type leases, direct financing leases and operating leases and lessors should be precluded from recognizing selling profit and revenue at lease commencement for a lease that does not transfer control of the underlying asset to the lessees. A dual approach is to be applied for lessee accounting with lease classification determined in accordance with the principles in existing lease requirements. Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize the following on the balance sheet for all leases at the commencement date, with an exception for short-term leases and leases that commence at or near the end of the underlying asset’s economic life:

ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early application permitted. ASU 2016-02 requires the use of the modified retrospective method for all periods presented, with certain practical expedients available to simplify the transition to the new standard. Under the new transition method, an entity initially applies the new leases standard at the adoption date and recognizes a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. The Company will apply the package of practical expedients to assist in implementation of ASU 2016-02, such as:

The Company will elect the short-term lease recognition exemption whereby a lease liability and corresponding ROU asset will not be recognized when leases, at the commencement date, have a lease term 12 months or less. The Company will adopt ASU 2016-02 and its related amendments, effective January 1, 2019 and its assessment and evaluation of the impact has been completed. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 will not have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheets and current accounting processes and systems. The accounting for direct financing and sales-type leases will remain substantially unchanged upon adoption of ASU 2016-02. ASU 2016-02 also requires lessors to present all cash receipts from leases, including principal payments received from direct financing and sales-type leases, within operating activities in the consolidated cash flow statements. The Company had estimated that we will recognize right-of-use lease assets and related lease liabilities for existing operating leases where we are the lessee in the range of $12,000 to $15,000, with no impact to our consolidated income statements or consolidated cash flow statements. This estimate represents the net present value of future lease payments payable under operating lease contracts the Company had entered into as at December 31, 2018, and that have commenced or are scheduled to commence by January 1, 2019.

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) (“ASU 2016-13”). This guidance affects net investments in leases and the amendments in this update replace the incurred loss impairment methodology in current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses. The guidance requires the measurement of expected credit losses to be based on relevant information from past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable information that affect collectability. ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years and with early adoption permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Further, ASU 2018-19 was issued in November 2018 to clarify that operating lease receivables should be accounted for under the new leases standard, Topic 842, and are not within the scope of Topic 326. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company expects to complete its assessment of the impact of ASU 2016-13 in fiscal year 2019.

In October 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-17, Consolidation – Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities (Topic 810) (“ASU 2018-17”). The related party guidance for variable interest entities amends the guidance for determining whether a decision-making fee is a variable interest. The amendments require entities to consider indirect interests held through related parties under common control on a proportional basis rather than as the equivalent of a direct interest in its entirety. Therefore, these amendments likely will result in more decision makers not consolidating VIEs. ASU 2018-17 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

As part of the preparation of the December 31, 2018 consolidated financial statements, the Company modified its financial statement presentation of the operating results from its container management business segment. The Company re-evaluated its fleet management agreements for managed containers and determined these agreements convey to the Company the right to control the use of the managed fleet, therefore meeting the definition of a lease based on ASC 840. The Company has determined that it controls the managed fleet containers before they are subleased to its customers. The Company is also responsible for providing the leasing services to the customers and responsible for directing and integrating third-party vendors to fulfill its performance obligations.

As a result of this evaluation, the Company’s lease management fee income, previously presented on a net basis, was reclassified and presented on a gross basis for all periods presented in the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). It was also determined that the acquisition fees received for the purchase of managed containers should be deferred and amortized over the deemed lease term. The Company previously recognized these revenues at the time of purchase of the managed containers on behalf of the Owners.

In accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, management evaluated the materiality of the prior period adjustments from both a quantitative and qualitative perspective and concluded that the changes in the “gross versus net” presentation of the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) and the cumulative adjustment to opening retained earnings in the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of shareholder’s equity were immaterial to the Company’s prior period interim and annual consolidated financial statements. Since the revision was not material to any prior period interim or annual consolidated financial statements, no amendments to previously filed interim or annual reports are required.

The change in the presentation for the managed fleet from net to gross amounts resulted in an increase in deemed lease rental income and a corresponding increase in separately reported distribution expenses to managed fleet owners, with no effect on the Company's consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statement of cash flows and on its “net income (loss)” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

The impact of the reclassification of the financial statement presentation in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:

The change in the timing of revenue recognition for acquisition fees resulted in a cumulative decrease of $4,245 to the retained earnings balance at December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity, an increase of $4,245 in accrued expenses and a decrease for the same amount in retained earnings recorded in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2017, with an immaterial effect on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

The impacts have been reflected throughout the consolidated financial statements, including the applicable footnotes, as appropriate (see Note 1 “Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, Note 5 “Revenue from Managed Container Fleet”, Note 10 “Accrued Expenses” and Note 13 “Segment Information”).

In 2018, four of the Company’s customers became insolvent and the total net book value of its owned containers to these insolvent customers were $23,044. The Company recorded container impairment of $12,543 on the unrecoverable containers for these insolvent customers in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) during 2018. Container recovery costs of $4,864 for these insolvent customers was recorded in direct container expense in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) during the year ended December 31, 2018. The Company also recorded bad debt expense of $2,049 in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) to fully reserve for these insolvent customers’ outstanding accounts receivable during 2018. There is no insurance receivable associated with these insolvent customers as respective losses are below the insurance deductible.

In August 2016, one of the Company’s customers filed for bankruptcy and the book value of its owned containers, net on operating leases and direct financing leases with this customer was $178,344 and $88,171, respectively. The Company maintains insurance that covers a portion of the exposure related to the value of containers that are unlikely to be recovered from this customer, the cost to recover containers, up to 183 days of lost lease rental income and defaulted accounts receivable. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded a total container impairment of $22,149 in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), representing $17,399 to write down the containers on direct finance leases with this customer to the lower of estimated fair market value or net book value and $4,750 insurance deductible. The Company also recorded bad debt expense of $18,992, net of estimated insurance proceeds of $2,592, in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) to fully reserve for the customer’s outstanding accounts receivable during the year ended December 31, 2016. The Company entered into a final agreement with the insurance companies on December 31, 2018 and the total remaining payments of $9,814 for the Company’s owned fleet was received in January and early February 2019. Accordingly, the Company recorded a $8,692 gain on insurance recovery in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) during the year ended December 31, 2018, which related to the final insurance settlement for insurable costs including primarily unrecovered containers and incurred container recovery costs, net of the insurance deductible.

Insurance receivable recorded on the Company’s owned fleet related to this bankrupt customer are as follows:

In August 2015, one of the Company’s customers became insolvent. The Company maintains insurance that covers a portion of the exposure related to the value of containers that are unlikely to be recovered from its customers, the cost to recover containers and up to 183 days of lost lease rental income.

Insurance receivable recorded on the Company’s owned fleet related to this insolvent customer are as follows:

In 2018, the Company purchased 17,812 containers that it had been managing for an institutional investor for cash purchase consideration of $13,191, which was based on the fair value of the assets acquired and recorded in our Containers, net. The Company previously managed these containers for the institutional investor, accordingly, intangible asset for the management rights relinquished amounting to $835 was written-off.

In 2017, the Company concluded three separate purchases totaling 19,802 containers that it had been managing for institutional investors, including related net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases, accounts receivable, due from owners, net, accounts payable and accrued expenses for total cash purchase consideration of $19,893. The Company previously managed these fleets for the institutional investors, accordingly, intangible asset for the management rights relinquished amounting to $170 was written-off. The total purchase price, which was allocated based on the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired, was recorded as follows and there were no intangible assets recognized related to the leases:

Lease rental income and expenses from leasing services of the managed fleet is presented on a gross basis (see Note 2 “Immaterial Reclassification and Adjustment of Prior Periods”).

Under these management agreements, fees earned by the Company for leasing services related to the managed fleet are typically calculated as a fixed percentage of net operating income of each Owner’s fleet, which is the revenue from the containers under management minus direct container expense related to those containers. Expenses related to the provision of management services are recognized when incurred. The amounts distributed to the Owners, net of management fees the Company retained or expects to collect, are presented as distribution to managed fleet owners which is a part of the operating expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

Non-leasing service fees earned for acquiring new managed containers and its sales commissions from disposition of managed containers on behalf of the Owners are presented as management fees – non-leasing in the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

Total lease management fee income from managed fleet, including management fees earned from acquisition fees and sales commissions during 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows (also, see Note 6 “Transactions with Affiliates and Owners”):

Amounts due from affiliates, net generally result from cash advances and the payment of affiliated companies’ administrative expenses by the Company on behalf of such affiliates. Balances are generally paid within 30 days.

Total fees earned from management of the containers, including acquisition fees and sales commissions during 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

Due from affiliates, net of $1,692 and $1,134, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, represents lease rentals on tank containers collected on behalf of and payable to the Company from the Company’s tank container manager, net of direct container expenses and management fees, and the Company’s advance of equipment purchases paid on behalf of an affiliated owner.

Due to owners, net represents lease rentals collected on behalf of and payable to Owners, net of direct container expenses and management fees receivable. Due to owners, net at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following:

The Company leases its owned containers under direct financing and sales-type leases. The Company had 100,338 and 111,059 containers under direct financing and sales-type leases as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The components of the net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases, which are reported in the Company’s Container Ownership segment as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

The Company maintains detailed credit records about its container lessees. The Company’s credit committee sets different maximum exposure limits for its container lessees. The Company uses various credit criteria to set maximum exposure limits rather than a standardized internal credit rating. Credit criteria used by the Company to set maximum exposure limits may include, but are not limited to, container lessee trade route, country, social and political climate, assessments of net worth, asset ownership, bank and trade credit references, credit bureau reports, including those from Dynamar B.V. and Lloyd’s Marine Intelligence Unit (common credit reporting agencies used in the maritime sector), operational history and financial strength. The Company monitors its container lessees’ performance and its lease exposures on an ongoing basis, and its credit management processes are aided by the long payment experience the Company has had with most of its container lessees and the Company’s broad network of long-standing relationships in the shipping industry that provide the Company current information about its container lessees.

If the aging of current billings for the Company’s direct financing and sales-type leases included in accounts receivable, net was applied to the related balances of the unbilled future minimum lease payments receivable component of the Company’s net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases as of December 31, 2018, the aging would be as follows:

The Company maintains allowances, if necessary, for doubtful accounts and estimated losses resulting from the inability of its lessees to make required payments under direct financing and sales-type leases based on, but not limited to, each lessee’s payment history, management’s current assessment of each lessee’s financial condition and the adequacy of the fair value of containers that collateralize the leases compared to the book value of the related net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases. The changes in the carrying amount of the allowance for doubtful accounts related to billed amounts under direct financing and sales-type leases and included in accounts receivable, net, during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

The following is a schedule by year of future minimum lease payments receivable under these direct financing and sales-type leases as of December 31, 2018:

Lease rental income from owned fleet includes income earned from direct financing and sales-type leases in the amount of $11,689, $13,417 and $18,558 during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Trading containers had carrying values of $40,852 and $10,752 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are not subject to depreciation. Containers held for sale had carrying values of $21,874 and $22,089 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are also not subject to depreciation. All owned containers are pledged as collateral for debt as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

The changes in the carrying amount of intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:

The following is a schedule, by year, of future amortization of intangible assets as of December 31, 2018:

The Company is not subject to taxation in its country of incorporation; however, the Company is subject to taxation in certain other jurisdictions due to the nature of the Company’s operations. The Company estimates its tax liability based upon its understanding of the tax laws of the various countries in which it operates. Income tax expense (benefit) for 2018, 2017 and 2016 consisted of the following:

The components of income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interest were as follows:

A reconciliation of the differences between the Bermuda statutory income tax rate and the effective tax rate as provided in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) is as follows:

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are presented below:

In assessing the extent to which deferred tax assets are realizable, the Company’s management considers whether it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company’s management considers the projected future reversal of taxable temporary items for making this assessment. Based upon the projections for the reversal of taxable temporary items over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, the Company’s management believes it is more likely than not the Company will not realize a portion of the benefits of these deductible differences, thus a valuation allowance has been provided.

The Company has U.S. federal net operating loss carry-forwards of $123,079 that will begin to expire from December 31, 2019 through December 31, 2038 if not utilized. The Company expects to utilize the net operating loss carry-forwards prior to their expiration, net of the valuation allowance. In the United States, utilization of net operating loss carry-forwards for federal income tax purposes may be subject to a substantial annual limitation if there is an ownership change within the meaning of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. In general, an ownership change within the meaning of Section 382 occurs if a transaction or series of transactions over a three-year period result in a cumulative change of more than 50% in the beneficial ownership of a company’s stock. The Company’s management does not believe the Company has a limitation on the ability to utilize its net operating loss carry-forwards under Section 382 as of December 31, 2018. However, issuances, sales and/or exchanges of the Company’s stock (including, potentially, relatively small transactions and transactions beyond the Company’s control) occurring after December 31, 2018, taken together with prior transactions with respect to the Company’s stock over a three-year period, could trigger an ownership change under Section 382 in the future and therefore a limitation on the Company’s ability to utilize its net operating loss carryforwards. Any such limitation could cause some loss carryforwards to expire before the Company would be able to utilize them to reduce taxable income in future periods, possibly resulting in a substantial income tax expense or write down of the Company’s tax assets or both. Furthermore, net operating losses generated subsequent to December 31, 2017 are subject to the TCJA, which removes net operating loss expirations, but limits utilization against 80% of taxable income.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not reflect the income taxes that would be payable to foreign taxing jurisdictions if the earnings of a group of corporations operating in those jurisdictions were to be transferred out of such jurisdictions, because such earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in those countries. At December 31, 2018, cumulative earnings of approximately $36,712 would be subject to income taxes of approximately $11,014 if such earnings of foreign corporations were transferred out of such jurisdictions in the form of dividends.

The Company’s foreign tax returns, including the United States, State of California, State of New Jersey, State of Texas, Malaysia, Singapore, and United Kingdom, are subject to examination by the various tax authorities. The Company’s foreign tax returns are no longer subject to examinations by taxing authorities for years before 2014, except for its United States and State of California tax returns which are no longer subject to examinations for years before 2011 and 2008, respectively.

The U.S. Tax Cuts and Job Act of 2017 (TCJA) was signed into law on December 22, 2017. The TCJA significantly revised the U.S. federal corporate income tax by, among other things, lowering the corporate income tax rate, implementing a territorial tax system, imposing a repatriation tax on earnings of foreign subsidiaries that are deemed to be repatriated to the United States, imposing limitations on the deduction of interest expense and executive compensation, and the creation of the base erosion anti-abuse tax (BEAT), a new minimum tax.

The most significant effect of TCJA on the Company was the U.S. federal corporate tax rate reduction from 35% to 21%. A change in tax law was accounted for in the period of enactment, which required re-measurement of all our U.S. deferred income tax asset and liabilities during 2017. As the Company was in an overall net deferred tax liability position, the corporate tax rate reduction resulted in a net tax benefit of $2,653 in 2017, when the deferred tax assets and liabilities were revalued downward. In addition, the Company’s 2017 effective tax rate was favorably affected by 11.9% due to the TCJA.

The other significant provisions that became effective in 2018 that may impact the Company’s income taxes are: the limitation on the deduction of interest expense in excess of 30 percent of adjusted taxable income (which is approximately 30 percent of EBITDA through December 31, 2021 and approximately 30 percent of

earnings before net interest and taxes thereafter), limitation on utilization of net operating losses generated after fiscal year 2017 to 80 percent of taxable income, lowered tax rate on its foreign-derived intangible income and limitation of deduction for executive compensation. The Company’s income tax provision as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 has not been negatively affected by these new provisions under the TCJA. However, based on the Company’s current projection, there could be negative effects in a future year, for example, when the more restrictive limitation on the deduction of interest expense becomes applicable after 2021. The Company will continue to evaluate the impact that the TCJA could have on its future tax expense.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending unrecognized tax benefit amounts for 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

If the unrecognized tax benefits of $18,145 at December 31, 2018 were recognized, tax benefits in the amount of $18,091 would reduce our annual effective tax rate. The Company believes the total amount of unrecognized tax benefit as of December 31, 2018 will decrease by $1,343 in the next twelve months due to expiration of the statute of limitations, which would reduce our annual effective tax rate.

Interest and penalty expense recorded during 2018, 2017 and 2016 amounted to $180, $181 and $281, respectively. Total accrued interest and penalties as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $1,288 and $1,108, respectively, and were included in non-current income taxes payable.

The following represents the Company’s debt obligations as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:

(1) Final maturity of the TMCL II Secured Debt Facility is based on the assumption that the facility will not be extended on its scheduled conversion date.

TMCL II has a securitization facility (the “TMCL II Secured Debt Facility”) that provides for an aggregate commitment amount of up to $1,200,000. There is a commitment fee on the unused amount of the total commitment, payable monthly in arrears. TMCL II’s primary ongoing container financing requirements have been funded by commitments under the TMCL II Secured Debt Facility. The advance rates under the TMCL II Secured Debt Facility were 80.0% at both December 31, 2018 and 2017. TMCL II is required to maintain restricted cash balances on deposit in a designated bank account equal to five months of interest expense on the TMCL II Secured Debt Facility.

Under the terms of the TMCL II Secured Debt Facility, the total outstanding principal may not exceed the lesser of the commitment amount and an amount that is calculated based on TMCL II’s book value of equipment, restricted cash and net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases as specified in each of the relevant secured debt facility indentures (the “Asset Base”). The total obligations under the TMCL II Secured Debt Facility is secured by a pledge of TMCL II’s assets. As of December 31, 2018, TMCL II Secured Debt Facility’s Asset Base and total assets amounted to $655,210 and $864,338, respectively.

TMCL IV had a securitization facility (the “TMCL IV Secured Debt Facility”) that provided for an aggregate commitment amount of up to $300,000.

On January 31, 2018, TMCL IV terminated its TMCL IV Secured Debt Facility and the unpaid debt amount of $129,400 was fully repaid by $124,608 proceeds from the TL Revolving Credit Facility and TMCL IV’s available cash of $4,792.

TL has a revolving credit facility (the “TL Revolving Credit Facility”) that provides for an aggregate commitment amount of up to $1,500,000 (which includes a $25,000 letter of credit facility). There is a commitment fee on the unused amount of the total commitment, payable quarterly in arrears. The TL Revolving Credit Facility provides for payments of interest only during its term beginning on its inception date through September 2023 when all borrowings are due in full. Interest on the outstanding amount due under the TL Revolving Credit Facility is based either on the base rate for Base Rate loans plus a spread between 1.5% and 2.0% or LIBOR for Eurodollar rate loans plus a spread between 2.0% and 2.5%, as defined in the credit agreement, which varied based on TGH’s leverage. TL’s primary ongoing container financing requirements have been funded by commitments under the TL Revolving Credit Facility. The advance rates under the TL Revolving Credit Facility were 83.5% and 84.5% at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Interest payments on Base Rate loans and Eurodollar rate loans are payable in arrears on the last day of each calendar month and on the last day of each interest period, respectively.

TL had another revolving credit facility (the “TL Revolving Credit Facility II”) that provided for an aggregate commitment amount of up to $190,000. The TL Revolving Credit Facility II provided for payments of interest only during its term beginning on its inception date through July 23, 2020, when all borrowings were due in full. In September 2018, TL terminated its TL Revolving Credit Facility II, which would have expired in July 2020, and the unpaid debt amount of $167,000 was fully repaid by proceeds from the TL Revolving Credit Facility.

The TL Revolving Credit Facility was secured by segregated pools of TL’s containers and under the terms of the facility, the total outstanding principal may not exceed the lesser of the commitment amount and an amount (the “Asset Base”), which is based on a formula based on TL’s net book value of containers and net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases designated to the facility. As of December 31, 2018, TL Revolving Credit Facility’s Asset Base amounted to $1,416,637. TGH acts as an unconditional guarantor of the TL Revolving Credit Facility. The Company had no outstanding letters of credit under the TL Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

TW had a credit agreement, with Wells Fargo Bank N.A. as the lender, which provided for a revolving credit facility with an aggregate commitment amount of up to $300,000 (the “TW Credit Facility”). TW was required to make monthly principal pay downs from its available funds, net revenue collection after interest payment, interest rate hedging payment and certain management fees, until the outstanding balance was fully repaid prior to final maturity. On November 2, 2018, TW terminated its TW Credit Facility, which would have expired in September 2026, and the unpaid debt amount of $65,269 was fully repaid by proceeds from the TL Revolving Credit Facility (see Note 1 (b) “Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for additional information on TL’s purchase of the total outstanding common shares of TW from Wells Fargo Container Corp. in October 2018).

TAP Funding has a credit agreement, that provides for a revolving credit facility with an aggregate commitment amount of up to $190,000 (the “TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility”). There is a commitment fee on the unused amount of the total commitment, payable monthly in arrears. TAP Funding’s primary ongoing container financing requirements have been funded by commitments under the TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility. The advance rates under the TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility were 80.0% at both December 31, 2018 and 2017. TAP Funding is required to maintain restricted cash balances on deposit in a designated bank account equal to five months of interest expense. Interest on the outstanding amount due under the TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility is based on one-month LIBOR plus 1.95%, payable monthly in arrears.

The TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility is secured by a pledge of TAP Funding’s total assets and under the terms of the TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility, the total outstanding principal may not exceed the lesser of the commitment amount and an amount (the “Asset Base”), which is based on a formula based on TAP Funding’s net book value of containers and direct financing and sales-type leases. As of December 31, 2018, TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility’s Asset Base and TAP Funding’s total assets amounted to $175,798 and $228,567, respectively.

TL had a $500,000 five-year term loan (the “TL Term Loan”) that represents a partially-amortizing term loan. Under the terms of the TL Term Loan, scheduled principal repayments were payable in twenty quarterly installments, consisting of nineteen quarterly installments, commencing on September 30, 2014, each in an amount equal to 1.58% of the initial principal balance and one final installment payable on the Maturity Date (April 30, 2019). In September 2018, TL terminated its TL Term Loan, which would have matured in April 2019, and the unpaid debt amount of $332,000 was fully repaid by proceeds from the TL Revolving Credit Facility. The Company wrote-off $352 of unamortized debt issuance costs in September 2018.

On February 15, 2018, TMCL VI completed a $300,000 fixed rate term loan (the “TMCL VI Term Loan”) with a lender group comprised of a financial institution and on institutional investor. The facility represents a partially-amortizing term loan based on defined repayment schedules until February 15, 2025 and after that, repayment will be based on available cash. It has a legal final maturity date on February 15, 2038. The proceeds from the TMCL VI Term Loan were primarily used to repay $159,480 and $122,910 of the outstanding principal balance of TMCL II Secured Debt Facility and TL Revolving Credit Facility, respectively. The advance rates under the TMCL VI Term Loan was 77.08% at December 31, 2018. TMCL VI was required to maintain restricted cash balances on deposit in a designated bank account equal to nine months of interest expense on the TMCL VI Term Loan.

Under the terms of the TMCL VI Term Loan, the total outstanding principal may not exceed an amount that is based on a formula based on TMCL VI’s book value of equipment, restricted cash and net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases (the “Asset Base”). The total obligations under the TMCL VI Term Loan are secured by a pledge of TMCL VI’s assets. As of December 31, 2018, the TMCL VI Term Loan Asset Base and TMCL VI’s total assets amounted to $274,515 and $369,893, respectively.

TMCL V issued the Series 2017-1 Fixed Rate Asset Backed Notes (the “2017-1 Bonds”), $350,000 aggregate Class A principal amount and $70,000 aggregate Class B principal amount of 2017-1 Bonds, to qualified institutional investors pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act and to non-U.S. persons in accordance with Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act. The $420,000 in 2017-1 Bonds represent fully amortizing notes payable over a scheduled payment term of 9 years, but not to exceed a maximum

payment term of 25 years. The target final payment date and legal final payment date are May 20, 2026 and May 20, 2042, respectively. Both principal and interest incurred are payable monthly in arrears. The advance rate under the 2017-1 Bonds was 75.2% at December 31, 2018 and 2017. TMCL V was required to maintain restricted cash balances on deposit in a designated bank account equal to nine months of interest expense on the 2017-1 Bonds. Proceeds from the 2017-1 Bonds was used to acquire containers from TMCL III and for general corporate purposes. The 2017-1 Bonds are secured by a pledge of TMCL V’s total assets.

TMCL V also issued the Series 2017-2 Fixed Rate Asset Backed Notes (the “2017-2 Bonds”), $416,000 aggregate Class A principal amount and $84,000 aggregate Class B principal amount of 2017-2 Bonds, to qualified institutional investors pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act and to non-U.S. persons in accordance with Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act. The $500,000 in 2017-2 Bonds represent fully amortizing notes payable over a scheduled payment term of 9 years, but not to exceed a maximum payment term of 25 years. The target final payment date and legal final payment date are June 20, 2026 and June 20, 2042, respectively. Both principal and interest incurred are payable monthly in arrears. The advance rate under the 2017-2 Bonds was 77.6% at December 31, 2018 and 2017. TMCL V was required to maintain restricted cash balances on deposit in a designated bank account equal to nine months of interest expense on the 2017-2 Bonds. Proceeds from the 2017-2 Bonds was used to acquire containers from the TL Revolving Credit Facility and the TMCL II Secured Debt Facility and for general corporate purposes. The 2017-2 Bonds are secured by a pledge of TMCL V’s total assets.

Under the terms of the 2017-1 Bonds and the 2017-2 Bonds, the total outstanding principal may not exceed an amount that is based on a formula based on TMCL V’s book value of equipment, restricted cash and net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases as specified in the bond indenture (the “Asset Base”). The total obligations under the 2017-1 Bonds and the 2017-2 Bonds are secured by a pledge of TMCL V’s assets. As of December 31, 2018, the 2017-1 Bonds and the 2017-2 Bonds’ Asset Base amounted to $359,255 and $441,747, respectively, and TMCL V’s total assets amounted to $1,077,079.

On August 6, 2018, TMCL VII issued the Series 2018-1 Bonds, $250,000 aggregate Class A principal amount and $9,100 aggregate Class B principal amount of Series 2018-1 Fixed Rate Asset Backed Notes (the “2018-1 Bonds”) to qualified institutional investors pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act and to non-U.S. persons in accordance with Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act.

The 2018-1 Bonds were issued at 98.82% of par value for the 2018-1 Bonds Class A notes and 98.14% of par value for the 2018-1 Bonds Class B notes, resulting in a total discount of $3,124, which is being accreted to interest expense using the interest rate method over a 7 year term. The $259,100 in 2018-1 Bonds represent partially-amortizing notes payable over a scheduled payment term of 7 years, but not to exceed a maximum payment term of 25 years. Both principal and interest incurred were payable monthly in arrears. The anticipated repayment date and legal final payment date was July 2025 and July 2043, respectively. TMCL VII was required to maintain restricted cash balances on deposit in a designated bank account equal to nine months of interest expense on the 2018-1 Bonds. Proceeds from the 2018-1 Bonds was primarily used to acquire containers from TL Revolving Credit Facility and TMCL II Secured Debt Facility and for general corporate purposes. The 2018-1 Bonds are secured by a pledge of TMCL VII’s total assets.

Under the terms of the 2018-1 Bonds, the total outstanding principal may not exceed an amount that is based on a formula based on TMCL VII ’s book value of equipment, restricted cash and net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases as specified in the bond indenture (the “Asset Base”). The total obligations under the 2018-1 Bonds are secured by a pledge of TMCL VII’s assets. As of December 31, 2018, the 2018-1 Bonds’ Asset Base and total assets amounted to $252,668 and $318,156, respectively.

The Company’s debt agreements contain various restrictive financial and other covenants, including limitations on certain liens, indebtedness and investments.

TGH and its subsidiaries were in full compliance with these restrictive covenants at December 31, 2018.

The following is a schedule of future scheduled repayments, by year, and borrowing capacities, as of December 31, 2018:

	Twelve months ending December 31,												Available borrowing, as limited by the		Current and
	2019		2020		2021		2022		2023 and thereafter		Total Borrowing		Borrowing Base		Available Borrowing
TMCL II Secured Debt Facility (1)	$	60,160	$	60,484	$	55,549	$	55,549	$	425,895	$	657,637	$	—	$	657,637
TL Revolving Credit Facility		—		—		—		—		1,280,000		1,280,000		136,637		1,416,637
TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility		13,813		16,752		142,435		—		—		173,000		2,798		175,798
TMCL VI Term Loan		25,500		25,500		25,500		25,500		176,724		278,724		—		278,724
2017-1 Bonds		38,331		39,357		52,173		63,220		164,129		357,210		—		357,210
2017-2 Bonds (2)		40,968		43,958		55,259		67,021		232,709		439,915		—		439,915
2018-1 Bonds (2)		18,655		18,655		18,655		18,655		176,707		251,327		—		251,327
Total (3)	$	197,427	$	204,706	$	349,571	$	229,945	$	2,456,164	$	3,437,813	$	139,435	$	3,577,248

The Company has entered into several interest rate cap, collar and swap agreements with several banks to reduce the impact of changes in interest rates associated with its debt obligations. The following is a summary of the Company’s derivative instruments as of December 31, 2018:

The Company’s interest rate swap, collar and cap agreements had a fair value asset and liability of $5,555 and $3,639 as of December 31, 2018, respectively, and a fair value asset and liability of $7,787 and $81 as of December 31, 2017, respectively, which are inclusive of counterparty risk. The primary external risk of the Company’s interest rate swap agreements is the counterparty credit exposure, as defined as the ability of a counterparty to perform its financial obligations under a derivative contract. The Company monitors its counterparties’ credit ratings on an on-going basis and they were in compliance with the related derivative agreements at December 31, 2018. The Company does not have any master netting arrangements with its counterparties. The Company’s fair value assets and liabilities for its interest rate swap, collar and cap agreements are included in interest rate swaps, collars and caps in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value was recorded in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) as unrealized (loss) gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net.

As described in Note 1(a) “Nature of Operations”, the Company operates in three reportable segments: Container Ownership, Container Management and Container Resale. Prior year amounts have been modified to reflect the reclassification adjustments discussed in Note 2 “Immaterial Reclassification and Adjustment of Prior Periods”.

The following tables show segment information for 2018, 2017 and 2016, reconciled to the Company’s income before income tax and noncontrolling interests as shown in its consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss):

	Container		Container		Container
2018	Ownership		Management		Resale		Other			Eliminations			Totals
Lease rental income - owned fleet	$	498,414	$	2,948	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	501,362
Lease rental income - managed fleet		—		111,342		—		—			—			111,342
Lease rental income	$	498,414	$	114,290	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	612,704
Management fees - non-leasing from external customers	$	235	$	2,752	$	5,542	$	—		$	—		$	8,529
Inter-segment management fees	$	—	$	48,646	$	12,132	$	—		$	(60,778	)	$	—
Trading container margin	$	—	$	—	$	3,450	$	—		$	—		$	3,450
Gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net	$	36,071	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	36,071
Depreciation expense	$	241,647	$	794	$	—	$	—		$	(6,736	)	$	235,705
Container impairment	$	26,775	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	26,775
Interest expense	$	138,427	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	138,427
Write-off of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs	$	881	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	881
Realized gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net	$	5,238	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	5,238
Unrealized loss on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net	$	5,790	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	5,790
Segment income (loss) before income tax and noncontrolling interests	$	26,166	$	20,322	$	16,128	$	(4,083	)	$	(2,258	)	$	56,275
Total assets	$	4,648,938	$	128,328	$	45,110	$	10,653		$	(88,733	)	$	4,744,296
Purchases of long-lived assets	$	765,297	$	709	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	766,006

	Container			Container		Container
2017	Ownership			Management		Resale		Other			Eliminations			Totals
Lease rental income - owned fleet	$	442,219		$	2,669	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	444,888
Lease rental income - managed fleet		—			104,566		—		—			—			104,566
Lease rental income	$	442,219		$	107,235	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	549,454
Management fees (non-leasing) from external customers	$	266		$	2,105	$	4,775	$	—		$	—		$	7,146
Inter-segment management fees	$	—		$	39,529	$	9,477	$	—		$	(49,006	)	$	—
Trading container margin	$	—		$	—	$	1,456	$	—		$	—		$	1,456
Gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net	$	26,210		$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	26,210
Depreciation expense	$	236,577		$	776	$	—	$	—		$	(6,310	)	$	231,043
Container impairment	$	8,072		$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	8,072
Interest expense	$	117,475		$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	117,475
Write-off of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs and bond discounts	$	7,550		$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	7,550
Realized loss on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net	$	1,191		$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	1,191
Unrealized gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net	$	4,094		$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	4,094
Segment (loss) income before income tax and noncontrolling interests	$	(1,707	)	$	15,376	$	10,854	$	(3,568	)	$	1,405		$	22,360
Total assets	$	4,316,272		$	139,989	$	10,873	$	6,859		$	(93,651	)	$	4,380,342
Purchases of long-lived assets	$	418,288		$	934	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	419,222

	Container			Container		Container
2016	Ownership			Management		Resale			Other			Eliminations			Totals
Lease rental income - owned fleet	$	458,246		$	2,181	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	460,427
Lease rental income - managed fleet		—			105,511		—			—			—			105,511
Lease rental income	$	458,246		$	107,692	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	565,938
Management fees (non-leasing) from external customers	$	291		$	2,593	$	3,053		$	—		$	—		$	5,937
Inter-segment management fees	$	—		$	38,080	$	8,493		$	—		$	(46,573	)	$	—
Trading container margin	$	—		$	—	$	(276	)	$	—		$	—		$	(276	)
Gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net	$	6,761		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	6,761
Depreciation expense	$	241,498		$	876	$	—		$	—		$	(6,230	)	$	236,144
Container impairment	$	94,623		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	94,623
Interest expense	$	85,215		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	85,215
Realized loss on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net	$	8,928		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	8,928
Unrealized gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net	$	6,210		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	6,210
Segment (loss) income before income tax and noncontrolling interests	$	(84,252	)	$	18,134	$	6,178		$	(3,016	)	$	1,633		$	(61,323	)
Total assets	$	4,261,296		$	89,905	$	6,010		$	4,900		$	(68,085	)	$	4,294,026
Purchases of long-lived assets	$	474,956		$	1,206	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	476,162

General and administrative expenses are allocated to the reportable business segments based on direct overhead costs incurred by those segments. Amounts reported in the “Other” column represent activity unrelated to the active reportable business segments. Amounts reported in the “Eliminations” column represent inter-segment management fees between the Container Management and the Container Resale segments and the Container Ownership segment.

The Company’s container lessees use containers for their global trade utilizing many worldwide trade routes. The Company earns its revenue from international carriers when the containers are on hire. Substantially all of the Company’s leasing related revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars. As all of the Company’s containers are used internationally, where no single container is domiciled in one particular place for a prolonged period of time, all of the Company’s long-lived assets are considered to be international with no single country of use.

The following table represents the geographic allocation of total fleet lease rental income and management fees from non-leasing services during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 based on customers’ and container owners’ primary domicile:

	Years ended December 31,
	2018		Percent of Total			2017		Percent of Total			2016		Percent of Total
Lease rental income:
Asia	$	319,286		52.1	%	$	280,331		51.0	%	$	297,822		52.6	%
Europe		255,753		41.7	%		232,888		42.4	%		232,538		41.1	%
North / South America		34,053		5.6	%		30,480		5.5	%		27,483		4.9	%
Bermuda		—		0.0	%		—		0.0	%		—		0.0	%
All other international		3,612		0.6	%		5,755		1.1	%		8,095		1.4	%
	$	612,704		100.0	%	$	549,454		100.0	%	$	565,938		100.0	%
Management fees - non-leasing:
Bermuda	$	4,418		51.8	%	$	3,100		43.4	%	$	3,320		55.9	%
Europe		2,089		24.5	%		2,097		29.3	%		660		11.1	%
North / South America		1,970		23.1	%		1,928		27.0	%		1,911		32.2	%
Asia		7		0.1	%		4		0.1	%		18		0.3	%
All other international		45		0.5	%		17		0.2	%		28		0.5	%
	$	8,529		100.0	%	$	7,146		100.0	%	$	5,937		100.0	%

The following table represents the geographic allocation of trading container sales proceeds and gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 based on the location of sale:

	Years ended December 31,
	2018		Percent of Total			2017			Percent of Total			2016			Percent of Total
Trading container sales proceeds:
Asia	$	13,117		67.0	%	$	3,349			70.4	%	$	11,647			74.5	%
Europe		3,487		17.8	%		593			12.5	%		1,033			6.6	%
North / South America		2,893		14.8	%		816			17.2	%		2,948			18.9	%
Bermuda		—		0.0	%		—			0.0	%		—			0.0	%
All other international		71		0.4	%		—			0.0	%		—			0.0	%
	$	19,568		100.0	%	$	4,758			100.0	%	$	15,628			100.0	%
Gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net:
Asia	$	18,593		51.5	%	$	18,321			69.9	%	$	6,015			89.0	%
Europe		9,622		26.7	%		2,994			11.4	%		1,576			23.3	%
North / South America		7,043		19.5	%		5,002			19.1	%		1,855			27.4	%
Bermuda		—		0.0	%		—			0.0	%		—			0.0	%
All other international		813		2.3	%		(107	)		(0.4	)%		(2,685	)		(39.7	)%
	$	36,071		100.0	%	$	26,210			100.0	%	$	6,761			100.0	%

The Company has entered into several operating leases for office space. Rent expense amounted to $2,049, $3,432 and $1,213 during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Future minimum lease payment obligations under the Company’s noncancelable operating leases at December 31, 2018 were as follows:

The Company maintains certain interest-bearing bank accounts (“Trust Accounts”) pursuant to certain debt agreements for the deposits of net cash proceeds collected from leasing and containers disposition after certain expenses. The cash in the Trust Accounts can only be used to pay the Company’s debt, interest and other certain related expenses. After such payments, any remaining cash in the Trust Accounts are transferred to certain unrestricted bank accounts of the Company and is included in cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company established certain interest-bearing bank accounts pursuant to certain debt agreements to maintain an amount equal to certain outstanding debt balance and a projected interest expense for a specified number of months.

At December 31, 2018, the Company had placed orders with manufacturers for containers to be delivered subsequent to December 31, 2018 in the total amount of $80,445.

The Company’s operating expenses related to the distribution to managed fleet owners are variable payments based upon the net operating income for each managed container (see Note 5 “Revenue from Managed Container Fleet”. There are no future minimum lease payment obligations under the Company’s management agreements.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company maintained one active share option and restricted share unit plan, the 2015 Share Incentive Plan (“2015 Plan”). The 2015 Plan provided for the grant of share options, restricted share units, restricted shares, share appreciation rights and dividend equivalent rights. The 2015 Plan provided for grants of incentive share options only to the Company’s employees or employees of any parent or subsidiary of TGH. Awards other than incentive share options could be granted to the Company’s employees, directors and consultants or the employees, directors and consultants of any parent or subsidiary of TGH. At December 31, 2018, 330,060 shares were available for future issuance under the 2015 Plan.

Share options are granted at exercise prices equal to the fair market value of the shares on the grant date. Each employee’s options vest in increments of 25% per year beginning approximately one year after an option’s grant date. Unless terminated pursuant to certain provisions within the share option plans, including discontinuance of employment with the Company, all unexercised options expire ten years from the date of grant.

Beginning approximately one year after a restricted share unit’s grant date, each employee’s restricted share units vest in increments of 25% per year. Restricted share units granted to directors fully vest one year after their grant date.

The following is a summary of activity in the Company’s 2015 Plan for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

The estimated weighted average grant date fair value of share options granted during 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $5.40, $10.32 and $4.01 per share, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, $11,489 of total compensation cost related to non-vested share option and restricted share unit awards not yet recognized is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of all options exercisable and outstanding, which represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value, based on the Company’s closing common share price of $9.96 per share as of December 31, 2018 was $38. The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise prices of the Company’s share options that were in-the-money and the market value of the common shares that would have been issued if those share options were exercised as of December 31, 2018. The aggregate intrinsic value of all options exercised during 2018 and 2017, based on the closing share price on the date each option was exercised was $83 and $241, respectively. There were no share options exercised during 2016.

The following table summarizes information about share options exercisable and outstanding at December 31, 2018:

The weighted average contractual life of options exercisable and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 was 4.9 years and 6.3 years, respectively.

The fair value of each share option granted under the 2015 Plan was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 with the following assumptions:

The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yield on a U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issue with a remaining term equal to the expected term of the share option life. The expected term is calculated based on historical exercises. The expected common share price volatility for the 2015 Plan is based on the historical volatility of publicly traded companies within the Company’s industry. The dividend yield reflects the estimated future yield on the date of grant. The Company only recognizes expense for share-based awards that are ultimately expected to vest. The forfeiture rate is based on the Company’s estimate of share options that are expected to cancel prior to vesting.

	2018			2017			2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss) attributable to Textainer Group Holdings Limited common shareholders	$	50,378		$	19,365		$	(52,483	)
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in (income) loss of subsidiaries		(54,461	)		(22,933	)		49,470
Dividends received from subsidiaries		—			—			28,000
Share-based compensation		7,355			6,083			6,573
Decrease (increase) in:
Prepaid expenses		34			(43	)		15
Increase (decrease) in:
Accrued expenses		145			(50	)		(489	)
Total adjustments		(46,927	)		(16,943	)		83,569
Net cash provided by operating activities		3,451			2,422			31,086
Cash flows from investing activities:
Increase (decrease) in investments in subsidiaries, net		127			(204	)		(3,969	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		127			(204	)		(3,969	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Purchase of treasury shares		—			—			—
Issuance of common shares upon exercise of share options		130			961			—
Dividends paid		—			—			(28,754	)
Due from affiliates, net		333			(831	)		(364	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		463			130			(29,118	)
Effect of exchange rate changes		(127	)		207			(233	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		3,914			2,555			(2,234	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the year		5,530			2,975			5,209
Cash and cash equivalents, end of the year	$	9,444		$	5,530		$	2,975

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on its behalf.

Title of each class		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, $0.01 par value		New York Stock Exchange

		Page
Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements; Cautionary Language		1
Part I
Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	2
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	2
Item 3.	Key Information	2
Item 4.	Information on the Company	33
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments	51
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	51
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	73
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	78
Item 8.	Financial Information	82
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing	84
Item 10.	Additional Information	85
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	94
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities	95
PART II
Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	96

		Page
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	96
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	96
Item 16.	[Reserved]	98
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	98
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	98
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	99
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	99
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	99
Item 16F.	Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	99
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	100
PART III
Item 17.	Financial Statements	102
Item 18.	Financial Statements	102
Item 19.	Exhibits	102
Signatures		114

Company	TEU (000's)		Percent of Total
Triton International Limited		5,650		27.2	%
Florens Leasing		3,700		17.8	%
Textainer(1)		3,355		16.1	%
SeaCo Global		2,400		11.5	%
Beacon Intermodal Leasing		1,320		6.3	%
CAI International, Inc.		1,220		5.9	%
SeaCube Container Leasing Ltd.		1,140		5.5	%
Touax Global Container Solutions		525		2.5	%
Blue Sky Intermodal		365		1.8	%
UES International		265		1.3	%
Other		865		4.2	%
Grand Total		20,805		100.0	%

	TEU									CEU
	Owned			Managed			Total			Owned			Managed			Total
Standard dry freight		2,450,688			686,108			3,136,796			2,202,187			611,918			2,814,105
Refrigerated		141,883			14,706			156,589			572,929			59,444			632,373
Other specialized		53,460			7,879			61,339			82,757			13,023			95,780
Total fleet		2,646,031			708,693			3,354,724			2,857,873			684,385			3,542,258
Percent of total fleet		78.9	%		21.1	%		100.0	%		80.7	%		19.3	%		100.0	%

	Year Ended December 31,									% Change Between
	2018			2017			2016			2018 and 2017			2017 and 2016
	(Dollars in thousands)
Lease rental income - owned fleet	$	501,362		$	444,888		$	460,427			12.7	%		(3.4	%)
Lease rental income - managed fleet (1)		111,342			104,566			105,511			6.5	%		(0.9	%)
Lease rental income	$	612,704		$	549,454		$	565,938			11.5	%		(2.9	%)

Management fees - non-leasing (1)	$	8,529		$	7,146		$	5,937			19.4	%		20.4	%

Trading container sales proceeds	$	19,568		$	4,758		$	15,628			311.3	%		(69.6	%)
Cost of trading containers sold (2)		(16,118	)		(3,302	)		(15,904	)		388.1	%		(79.2	%)
Trading container margin	$	3,450		$	1,456		$	(276	)		137.0	%		(627.5	%)

Gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net	$	36,071		$	26,210		$	6,761			37.6	%		287.7	%
(1) Amounts for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 have been adjusted and reclassified to conform with the 2018 presentation (see Note 2 "Immaterial Reclassification and Adjustment of Prior Periods" in Item 18, "Financial Statements" in this Annual Report on Form 20-F).
(2) Amounts for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 have been reclassified out of the operating expense section and included within revenue section to conform with the 2018 presentation.

	From 2017 to 2018			From 2016 to 2017
Net increase in the size of our owned fleet, excluding fully depreciated containers	$	11,487		$	6,405
Increase in estimated future residual value of 20' dry, 40' dry and 40' high cube dry containers used in the calculation of depreciation expense, effective July 1, 2017		(6,693	)		(7,104	)
Decrease in estimated future residual value of 20' dry, 40' dry, 40' high cube dry and 40' folding flat rack containers and increase in the estimated useful lives of 40' dry, 20' folding flat rack, 20' open top and 40' folding flat rack containers, used in the calculation of depreciation expense effective July 1, 2016, of which $4,402 was a one-time charge for containers that were fully depreciated to their previous residual value		—			(4,402	)
Increase and decrease in estimated future residual value of 40' high cube dry containers and 40' high cube refrigerated containers, respectively, used in the calculation of depreciation expense, effective July 1, 2018		(132	)		—
	$	4,662		$	(5,101	)

	From 2017 to 2018			From 2016 to 2017
Write down containers on terminated direct finance leases to their estimated fair market value or net book value and for containers that were deemed unlikely to be recovered ($4,750 insurance deductible) from a bankrupt customer in 2016	$	—		$	(22,149	)
Decrease in impairment to write down the value of containers held for sale to their estimated fair value less cost to sell		(603	)		(50,980	)
Increase (decrease) in impairment for containers that were unlikely to be recovered from lessees in default		9,158			(2,197	)
Decrease (increase) in reversal of previously recorded impairments on containers held for sale due to rising used container prices		10,148			(11,225	)
	$	18,703		$	(86,551	)

Increase in lease rental income - owned fleet	$	56,195
Increase in gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net		9,861
Gain on insurance recovery in 2018		8,692
Decrease in write-off of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs and bond discounts		6,669
Change from realized loss on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net to realized gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net		6,429
Increase in interest expense		(20,952	)
Increase in container impairment		(18,703	)
Change from unrealized gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net to unrealized loss on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net		(9,884	)
Increase in depreciation expense		(5,070	)
Increase in direct container expense		(4,299	)
Other		(1,065	)
	$	27,873

Increase in interest expense	$	(32,260	)
Decrease in lease rental income - owned fleet		(16,027	)
Increase in write-off of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs and bond discounts		(7,550	)
Decrease in unrealized gain on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net		(2,116	)
Decrease in container impairment		86,551
Decrease in bad debt expense		20,685
Increase in gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net		19,449
Decrease in realized loss on interest rate swaps, collars and caps, net		7,737
Decrease in depreciation expense		4,921
Other		1,155
	$	82,545

Increase in management fees - non-leasing from external customers	$	9,764
Increase in lease rental income - managed fleet		6,776
Increase in distribution to managed fleet owner		(6,274	)
Increase in general and administrative expense		(4,055	)
Increase in foreign currency exchange loss		(930	)
Other		(335	)
	$	4,946

Increase in general and administrative expense	$	(4,178	)
Decrease in lease rental income - managed fleet		(945	)
Decrease in distribution to managed fleet owner		1,310
Increase in management fees - non-leasing from external customers		961
Other		94
	$	(2,758	)

Increase in fees earned from management of containers	$	3,422
Increase in gain on container trading, net		2,017
Other		(165	)
	$	5,274

Increase in fees earned from management of containers	$	2,706
Change from loss on container trading, net to gain on container trading, net		1,739
Other		231
	$	4,676

Periods	Dry Containers						Refrigerated Containers
	20'		40'		40' High Cube		40' High Cube
Weighted average sales price from 2008 to August 2018 (excludes the highest and lowest periods)	$	1,124	$	1,404	$	1,546	$	4,932
Average sales price:
2017	$	1,187	$	1,374	$	1,520	$	4,952
Year-to-date August 2018	$	1,361	$	1,632	$	1,848	$	4,412

Facility:	Current Borrowing		Additional Borrowing Commitment		Total Commitment		Current Borrowing		Available Borrowing, as Limited by our Borrowing Base		Current and Available Borrowing
TMCL II Secured Debt Facility	$	657,637	$	542,363	$	1,200,000	$	657,637	$	—	$	657,637
TL Revolving Credit Facility		1,280,000		220,000		1,500,000		1,280,000		136,637		1,416,637
TAP Funding Revolving Credit Facility		173,000		17,000		190,000		173,000		2,798		175,798
TMCL VI Term Loan		278,724		—		278,724		278,724		—		278,724
2017-1 Bonds		357,210		—		357,210		357,210		—		357,210
2017-2 Bonds (1)		439,915		—		439,915		439,915		—		439,915
2018-1 Bonds (1)		251,327		—		251,327		251,327		—		251,327
Total (2)	$	3,437,813	$	779,363	$	4,217,176	$	3,437,813	$	139,435	$	3,577,248

	December 31,									% Change Between
	2018			2017			2016			2018 and 2017			2017 and 2016
	(Dollars in thousands)
Net income (loss)	$	54,250		$	20,742		$	(57,876	)		161.5	%		(135.8	%)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities		198,022			230,233			335,770			(14.0	%)		(31.4	%)
Net cash provided by operating activities		252,272			250,975			277,894			0.5	%		(9.7	%)
Net cash used in investing activities		(672,940	)		(85,364	)		(280,430	)		688.3	%		(69.6	%)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		408,154			(70,372	)		(4,619	)		(680.0	%)		1423.5	%
Effect of exchange rate changes		(127	)		207			(233	)		(161.4	%)		(188.8	%)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(12,641	)		95,446			(7,388	)		(113.2	%)		(1391.9	%)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year		237,569			142,123			149,511			67.2	%		(4.9	%)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year	$	224,928		$	237,569		$	142,123			(5.3	%)		67.2	%

Increase in net income adjusted for noncash items	$	59,887
Smaller decrease in due to owners, net in 2018 compared to 2017		4,192
Smaller decrease in insurance receivable in 2018 compared to 2017		4,068
Larger increase in accounts receivable in 2018 compared to 2017		(23,932	)
Larger increase in trading containers in 2018 compared to 2017		(23,711	)
Increase in gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net in 2018		(9,861	)
Gain on insurance recovery in 2018		(8,692	)
Other, net		(654	)
	$	1,297

Increase in gain on sale of owned fleet containers, net in 2017	$	(19,449	)
Decrease in due to owners, net in 2017 compared to an increase in 2016		(13,327	)
Increase in trading containers in 2017 compared to a decrease in 2016		(6,857	)
Decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses in 2017 compared to an increase in 2016		(6,125	)
Decrease in net income adjusted for noncash items		(13,955	)
Decrease in insurance receivable		28,742
Larger increase in accounts receivable in 2016 compared to 2017		5,263
Other, net		(1,211	)
	$	(26,919	)

Increase in net borrowings on debt	$	461,407
Decrease in debt issuance costs paid		17,450
Decrease in dividends paid to noncontrolling interests		500
Decrease in proceeds received from the issuance of common shares upon the exercise of share options		(831	)
	$	478,526

Increase in net payments on debt	$	(72,049	)
Increase in debt issuance costs paid		(21,733	)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests in 2017		(2,496	)
Dividends paid to Textainer Group Holdings Limited shareholders in 2016		28,754
Proceeds received from the issuance of common shares upon the exercise of share options in 2017		961
Net tax benefit from share-based compensation awards in 2016		810
	$	(65,753	)

Executive Officers and Directors	Age	Position
Hyman Shwiel (1)(2)(3)	74	Chairman
Olivier Ghesquiere (6)	52	Director, President and Chief Executive Officer
Iain Brown (1)	55	Director
Dudley R. Cottingham (1)(2)(3)	67	Director
John A. Maccarone (2)(3)	74	Director
David M. Nurek (1)(2)(3)(4) Hennie Van der Merwe (3)(5)	69 71	Director Director
Robert D. Pedersen	59	Director
Michael K. Chan (7)	56	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

	Number of Common Shares Beneficially Owned
Holders	Shares (7)		% (8)
5% or More Shareholders
Trencor Limited (1)		27,278,802		47.5	%
Isam K. Kabbani (2)		3,653,250		6.4	%

Directors and Executive Officers
David M. Nurek (3)		27,299,987		47.5	%
Hennie Van der Merwe (4)		27,283,965		47.5	%
John A. Maccarone (5)		1,501,670		2.6	%
Robert D. Pedersen		394,248	*
Olivier Ghesquiere		167,030	*
Michael K. Chan		57,000	*
Hyman Shwiel		26,185	*
Dudley R. Cottingham (6)		24,185	*
Iain Brown		14,085	*
Current directors and executive officers (9 persons) as a group		29,489,553		51.4	%

Date Declared	Dividend per Outstanding Common Share		Total Dividend
February 2015	$	0.47	$	26,781
April 2015	$	0.47	$	26,783
July 2015	$	0.47	$	26,796
October 2015	$	0.24	$	13,719
February 2016	$	0.24	$	13,479
April 2016	$	0.24	$	13,577
August 2016	$	0.03	$	1,698

	High		Low
Annual Highs and Lows:
2018	$	25.85	$	9.30
2017	$	23.55	$	8.50
2016	$	15.72	$	7.05
2015	$	34.44	$	13.48
2014	$	39.87	$	29.25
Quarterly Highs and Lows (two most recent full financial years):
Fourth quarter 2018	$	13.04	$	9.30
Third quarter 2018	$	16.20	$	12.80
Second quarter 2018	$	18.60	$	14.45
First quarter 2018	$	25.85	$	16.30
Fourth quarter 2017	$	23.55	$	17.50
Third quarter 2017	$	17.95	$	13.95
Second quarter 2017	$	16.40	$	9.75
First quarter 2017	$	17.30	$	8.50
Monthly Highs and Lows (over the most recent six-month period):
February 2019	$	13.95	$	10.66
January 2019	$	13.34	$	10.65
December 2018	$	11.58	$	9.30
November 2018	$	12.17	$	10.79
October 2018	$	13.04	$	10.66
September 2018	$	14.65	$	12.80


	●	pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company;


	●	provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and


	●	provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Fee Category	2018 Fees		2017 Fees
Audit Fees	$	1,835	$	1,766
Audit-Related Fees		173		195
Tax Fees		14		22
Total Fees	$	2,022	$	1,983

		Page
Audited Consolidated Financial Statements
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		F-2
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016		F-5
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017		F-6
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016		F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016		F-8
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		F-9
Financial Statement Schedules
Schedule I – Parent Company Information		F-49
Schedule II – Valuation Accounts		F-52

Gross Accounts Receivable	2018			2017
Customer B		21.3	%		12.9	%
Customer A		10.7	%		13.1	%


Total Fleet Lease Rental Income	2018			2017			2016
Customer A		13.7	%		14.6	%		12.9	%
Customer B		13.4	%		13.9	%		14.6	%

Country	2018			2017			2016
People's Republic of China		15.0	%		14.4	%		14.1	%
Taiwan		14.6	%		13.9	%		12.2	%
Switzerland		14.1	%		15.1	%		13.4	%
France		13.8	%		14.4	%		15.3	%
Singapore		10.5	%		10.9	%		8.7	%

Share amounts in thousands	2018		2017		2016
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to Textainer Group Holdings Limited common shareholders	$	50,378	$	19,365	$	(52,483	)
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding-- basic		57,200		56,845		56,608
Dilutive share options and restricted share units		287		314		—
Weighted average common shares outstanding-- diluted		57,487		57,159		56,608
Net income (loss) attributable to Textainer Group Holdings Limited common shareholders per common share
Basic	$	0.88	$	0.34	$	(0.93	)
Diluted	$	0.88	$	0.34	$	(0.93	)

Anti-dilutive share options and restricted share units, excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because they were anti-dilutive		1,232		1,164		1,361

	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs		Significant Unobservable Inputs
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
December 31, 2018
Assets
Interest rate swaps, collars and caps	$	—	$	5,555	$	—
Total	$	—	$	5,555	$	—
Liabilities
Interest rate swaps, collars and caps	$	—	$	3,639	$	—
Total	$	—	$	3,639	$	—
December 31, 2017
Assets
Interest rate swaps, collars and caps	$	—	$	7,787	$	—
Total	$	—	$	7,787	$	—
Liabilities
Interest rate swaps, collars and caps	$	—	$	81	$	—
Total	$	—	$	81	$	—