hci-10k_20191231.htm

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2019, computed by reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold on June 28, 2019, was $263,602,883.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, no par value, on February 26, 2020 was 7,962,414.

The information required by Part III of this Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement which will be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

Incorporated in 2006, HCI Group, Inc. is a Florida-based company that, through its subsidiaries is engaged in property and casualty insurance, reinsurance, real estate and information technology. References to “we,” “our,” “us,” “the Company,” or “HCI” in this Form 10-K generally refer to HCI Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Our principal executive offices are located at 5300 West Cypress Street, Suite 100, Tampa, Florida 33607, and our telephone number is (813) 849-9500. Our operations are classified as follows:

We sell our property and casualty insurance products through two insurance subsidiaries: Homeowners Choice Property & Casualty Insurance Company, Inc. (“HCPCI”) and TypTap Insurance Company (“TypTap”). HCPCI was incorporated and began operations in 2007. TypTap was incorporated and began operations in 2016. We provide various forms of residential insurance products such as homeowners insurance, flood insurance and wind-only insurance to homeowners, condominium owners and tenants for properties primarily located in Florida. HCPCI’s and TypTap’s operations are supported by HCI and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Such operational support services consist of general administration, marketing, underwriting, accounting, policy administration, claim adjusting, and information technology. In particular, we leverage our internally developed software technologies to drive efficiency in claim process and claims settlement, identify underwriting profitability, and improve satisfaction of our policyholders and agents within our insurance business.

HCPCI began operations by participating in a “take-out program” through which we assumed insurance policies issued by Citizens Property Insurance Corporation (“Citizens”), a Florida state-supported insurer. The take-out program is a legislatively mandated program designed to reduce the State’s risk exposure by encouraging private companies to assume policies from Citizens. Opportunities to acquire large numbers of policies from Citizens meeting our strict underwriting criteria have diminished in recent years. We may, however, selectively pursue additional assumption transactions with Citizens, as we did in October 2019, assuming 2,700 policies representing approximately $7.3 million of premiums in force.

As an established carrier, HCPCI has stood ready to accept the transfer of policies from troubled insurance companies in Florida and will continue to do so in the future. In 2011, we accepted approximately 70,000 homeowners’ insurance policies representing $106 million in written premium from a carrier placed into receivership, and in April 2020 will accept the transfer of approximately 43,000 homeowners’ insurance policies representing approximately $69 million of annualized premium from a ratings downgraded carrier that will no longer conduct insurance business.

HCPCI will focus on optimizing its existing book of business and take advantage of opportunities as they arise. It is also approved to write residential property and casualty insurance in the states of Arkansas, California, Maryland, North Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Texas. Written premium generated in these states during 2019 totaled approximately $327,000.

In contrast, TypTap has grown its portfolio of policies organically from $2.5 million of gross written premium for homeowners’ and flood insurance in Florida in 2016 to $60.2 million in 2019. TypTap has been successful in using internally developed proprietary technology to underwrite, select and write policies efficiently in Florida.

Since we currently write policies that primarily insure homes in Florida, we cover losses that may arise from, among other things, hurricanes and other catastrophic events such as tornadoes and floods. The occurrence of any such catastrophes could have a significant adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. To mitigate the risk associated with catastrophic events, we purchase reinsurance from other large insurance companies. Reinsurance is the largest cost to our property and casualty insurance business. Even without catastrophic events, we may incur losses and loss adjustment expenses that deviate substantially from our estimates and that may exceed our reserves, in which case our net income and capital would decrease. Our operating and growth strategies may also be impacted by regulation of our business by the State of Florida and other states in which we may operate. For example, insurance regulators must approve our policy forms and premium rates as well as monitor our compliance with financial and regulatory requirements. See Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” below.

We operate in highly competitive markets where we face competition from national, regional and residual market insurance companies and, in the case of flood insurance, a program backed by the U.S. government. Based on September 30, 2019 annualized premiums written data produced by the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (“FLOIR”) which excludes several insurance companies, the information of which was filed as trade secret, HCPCI is the seventh largest provider of homeowners’ property and casualty insurance in the state. We may also face competition from new entrants in our markets, and such entrants may create pricing pressure that could lead to overall premium reductions across the Florida market.

Our insurance business is seasonal. Hurricanes and tropical storms affecting Florida typically occur during the period from June 1 through November 30 each year. In addition, our reinsurance contracts are generally effective June 1 of each year, and any variation in the cost of our reinsurance, whether due to changes in reinsurance rates or changes in the total insured value of our policy base, will be reflected in our financial results beginning June 1 each year.

We are subject to the laws and regulations in any state in which we conduct our insurance business. The regulations cover all aspects of our business and are generally designed to protect the interests of insurance policyholders as opposed to the interests of shareholders. Such regulations relate to a wide variety of financial and non-financial matters including:

Our failure to comply with certain provisions of applicable insurance laws and regulations could have a material, adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

All states require licensure and regulatory approval prior to the marketing of insurance products. Typically, licensure review is comprehensive and includes a review of a company’s business plan, solvency, reinsurance, rates, and forms, the character of its officers and directors and other of its financial and non-financial aspects. The regulatory authorities may prevent entry into a new market by not granting a license. In addition, regulatory authorities may preclude or delay our entry into markets by disapproving or withholding approval of our product filings.

All insurance companies must file quarterly and annual statements with certain regulatory agencies in any state in which they are licensed to transact business and are subject to regular and special examinations by those agencies. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners mandates that all insurance companies be examined a minimum of once every five years. However, the FLOIR has the authority to conduct an examination whenever it is deemed appropriate. With regard to Florida-domiciled insurance companies such as TypTap that have held a certificate of authority for less than three years, the FLOIR will conduct an examination at least once every year during the first three years of business. HCPCI’s latest financial examination by the FLOIR related to the year ended December 31, 2015. TypTap’s latest limited scope examination by the FLOIR related to the year ended December 31, 2017.

Our liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses represents our estimate of the total cost of (i) claims that have been incurred, but not yet paid (“case reserves”), (ii) losses that have been “incurred but not yet reported” (“IBNR”), and (iii) loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) which are intended to cover the ultimate cost of adjusting, investigating and settling claims, including investigation and defense of lawsuits resulting from such claims. We base our estimates on various assumptions and actuarial data we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The process of estimating the liability is inherently subjective and is influenced by many variables such as past loss experience, current claim trends and the prevailing social, economic and legal environments.

Significant time can elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to us and our payment of that loss. Our liability for losses and LAE, which we believe represents the best estimate at a given point in time based on facts, circumstances and historical trends then known, may necessarily be adjusted to reflect additional facts that become available during the loss settlement period.

For a discussion and summary of the activity in the liability for losses and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, see Note 15 -- “Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our liability for losses and LAE represents estimated costs ultimately required to settle all claims for a given period. The following table illustrates development of the estimated liability for losses and LAE as of December 31 for the years 2009 through 2019 (amounts in thousands):

	2009		2010			2011			2012			2013			2014			2015			2016			2017			2018			2019
Original net liability for losses and LAE (a)	$	19,178	$	22,146		$	27,424		$	41,168		$	43,686		$	48,908		$	51,690		$	70,492		$	97,818		$	94,826		$	98,174
Re-estimated net losses and LAE (b) as of:
1 year later		18,399		26,776			27,309			38,712			47,344			57,807			72,229			89,199			110,286			105,385
2 years later		19,866		26,003			28,536			40,015			50,280			65,367			78,511			104,097			116,406
3 years later		19,361		27,226			28,499			42,976			54,696			66,211			89,017			110,329
4 years later		19,617		26,544			29,038			45,279			52,404			71,495			92,987
5 years later		18,969		26,871			30,788			43,403			55,656			74,675
6 years later		19,020		27,732			29,505			44,496			56,466
7 years later		19,426		26,838			29,844			45,026
8 years later		18,961		27,064			30,124
9 years later		19,002		27,224
10 years later		19,062
Cumulative net redundancy (deficiency) (c)		116		(5,078	)		(2,700	)		(3,858	)		(12,780	)		(25,767	)		(41,297	)		(39,837	)		(18,588	)		(10,559	)
Cumulative amount of net liability paid as of:
1 year later		10,481		16,833			15,652			22,365			26,595			33,347			41,053			50,533			57,621			55,711
2 years later		15,336		20,708			21,707			31,824			38,695			49,122			61,947			80,279			87,390
3 years later		17,065		23,732			25,350			37,041			45,655			58,141			77,876			78,216
4 years later		17,992		25,063			26,772			40,152			49,924			66,558			87,080
5 years later		18,375		25,681			28,052			42,303			53,678			71,741
6 years later		18,465		26,238			29,967			43,789			55,279
7 years later		18,506		26,478			29,297			44,461
8 years later		18,653		26,628			29,826
9 years later		18,668		27,155
10 years later		19,010
Gross premiums earned	$	110,011	$	119,757		$	143,606		$	233,607		$	337,113		$	365,488		$	423,120		$	378,678		$	358,253		$	343,065		$	342,089
Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE	$	19,178	$	22,146		$	27,424		$	41,168		$	43,686		$	48,908		$	51,690		$	70,492		$	198,578		$	207,586		$	214,697
Ceded liability for unpaid losses and LAE		—		—			—			—			—			—			—			—			(100,760	)		(112,760	)		(116,523	)

Net liability for unpaid losses and LAE	$	19,178	$	22,146		$	27,424		$	41,168		$	43,686		$	48,908		$	51,690		$	70,492		$	97,818		$	94,826		$	98,174

We have a Bermuda domiciled wholly owned reinsurance subsidiary, Claddaugh Casualty Insurance Company Ltd. We selectively retain risk in Claddaugh, reducing the cost of third party reinsurance. Claddaugh fully collateralizes its exposure to our insurance subsidiaries by depositing funds into a trust account. Claddaugh may mitigate a portion of its risk through retrocession contracts. Currently, Claddaugh does not provide reinsurance to non-affiliates.

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, revenues from insurance operations before intracompany elimination represented 95.0%, 95.0% and 96.2%, respectively, of total revenues of all operating segments. At December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, insurance operations’ total assets represented 85.5%, 85.9% and 87.1%, respectively, of the combined assets of all operating segments. See Note 16 -- “Segment Information” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our real estate operations consist of multiple properties we own and operate for investment purposes and also properties we own and use for our own operations.

Our real estate used in operations consists of our headquarters building which has a gross area of 122,000 square feet in Tampa, Florida, and our secondary insurance operations site with gross area of approximately 16,000 square feet in Ocala, Florida. At our headquarters, we lease available space to non-affiliates at various terms. The Ocala location, in addition to day-to-day operational use, serves as our alternative site in the event we experience any significant disruption at our headquarters building.

Our portfolio of investment properties includes two waterfront properties consisting of a total of 17 acres and a five-acre submerged land lease. One waterfront property contains a full-service restaurant and a marina while the other houses retail space and a marina with high and dry storage. We acquired the restaurant and marina operations in connection with our purchase of the waterfront properties and we continue to operate them to enhance the property values. The table below sets forth information concerning our investment properties.

Melbourne FMA, LLC, our wholly owned subsidiary, has a 90% interest in a company which owns two outparcels aggregating approximately 2.1 acres for sale or ground lease. See Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Venture in Note 5 -- “Investments” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Our information technology operations include a team of experienced software developers with extensive knowledge in designing and creating web-based applications and products for mobile devices. The operations, which are located in Tampa, Florida and Noida, India, are focused on developing cloud-based, innovative products and services that support in-house operations as well as our third-party relationships with our agency partners and claim vendors. Products created thus far have been solely for internal use.

SAMS is an online policy administration platform used by HCPCI. SAMS processes the full life cycle of a policy from policy quoting and issuance to agency management, cash receipts/disbursements, claims reserving and claim payments.

Harmony is the next generation policy administration platform for both HCPCI and TypTap. The innovative Harmony system easily supports multiple companies and their products. In addition to the standard policy management functionality, Harmony also provides advanced underwriting capabilities as well as a simplified user experience for quoting and binding.

ClaimColony (formerly known as Exzeo) is a cloud-based application that provides intelligent automation for the business processes of the insurance industry. ClaimColony specifically supports property claim assignments, logistics, and accountability reporting with our third party partners. ClaimColony has rich system integration through an application program interface (API), which allows hands-free data transfer from other API-capable applications such as SAMS and Harmony.

The following table summarizes our financial performance during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:

As a property owner, we are subject to regulations under various federal, state, and local laws concerning the environment, including laws addressing the discharge of pollutants into the air and water and the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes and the cleanup of contaminated sites.

We rely on digital technology to conduct our businesses and interact with customers, policyholders, agents, and vendors. With this reliance on technology comes the associated security risks from using today’s communication technology and networks.

To defend our computer systems from cyber-attacks, we utilize tools such as firewalls, anti-malware software, multifactor authentication, e-mail security services, virtual private networks, third party security experts, and timely applied software patches, among others. We engage third-party consultants to conduct penetration tests to identify potential security vulnerabilities. Although we believe our defenses against cyber-intrusions are sufficient, we continually monitor our computer networks for new types of threats.

As of February 22, 2020, we employed a total of 413 full-time individuals. In addition, we leased 78 employees through an employee leasing agency.

We file annual, quarterly, and current reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). These filings are accessible free of charge on our website, www.hcigroup.com (click “SEC filings” at the “Investor Information” tab), as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, which can be accessed via the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. In addition, these filings are accessible at the SEC’s Public Reference Room, which is located at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549-0213. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.

Our business is subject to a number of risks, including those described below, which could have a material effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity and could cause our operating results to vary significantly from period to period.

Our historical revenue growth was derived primarily through policy assumptions and acquisitions. We cannot guarantee that future policy assumptions and acquisitions will be available to the extent they have in the past.

Substantially all of our historical revenue has been generated from policies assumed from Citizens, our acquisition of policies from one Florida insurance company and subsequent renewals of these policies. Our ability to grow our premium base may depend upon the availability of future policy assumptions and acquisitions upon acceptable terms. Opportunities to acquire large numbers of policies from Citizens meeting our strict underwriting criteria have diminished in recent years. We cannot provide assurance that such opportunities will arise in the future.

Although we began selling insurance products in other states, our insurance business is primarily in Florida. Thus, any catastrophic event or other condition affecting losses in Florida could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Any catastrophic event, a destructive weather pattern, a general economic trend, regulatory developments or other conditions specifically affecting the state of Florida could have a disproportionately adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. While we actively manage our exposure to catastrophic events through our underwriting process and the purchase of reinsurance, the fact that our business is concentrated in the state of Florida subjects it to increased exposure to certain catastrophic events and destructive weather patterns such as hurricanes, tropical storms, and tornados. Changes in the prevailing regulatory, legal, economic, political, demographic and competitive environment, and other conditions in the state of Florida could also make it less attractive for us to do business in Florida and would have a more pronounced effect on our business than it would on other insurance companies that are geographically diversified. Since our business is concentrated in this manner, the occurrence of one or more catastrophic events or other conditions affecting losses in the state of Florida could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and/or results of operations.

Changing climate conditions could have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

There is an emerging scientific consensus on climate change, which may affect the frequency and severity of storms, floods and other weather events, and negatively affect our business, results of operations, and/or financial condition.

Our results may fluctuate based on many factors including cyclical changes in the insurance industry.

The insurance industry historically has been cyclical, characterized by periods of intense price competition due to excessive underwriting capacity, as well as periods when shortages of capacity permitted an increase in pricing and, thus, more favorable underwriting profits. As premium levels increase, there may be new entrants to the market, which could subsequently lead to a decrease in premium levels. Any of these factors could lead to a significant reduction in premium rates in future periods, less favorable policy terms and fewer opportunities to underwrite insurance risks, which could have a material, adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows. In addition to these considerations, changes in the frequency and severity of losses suffered by insureds and insurers may affect the cycles of the insurance business significantly.

We cannot predict whether market conditions will improve, remain constant or deteriorate. Negative market conditions may impair our ability to write insurance at rates that we consider appropriate relative to the risk assumed. If we cannot write insurance at appropriate rates, our business would be materially and adversely affected.

Our operations are highly dependent on the efforts of our senior executive officers, particularly our chief executive officer, Paresh Patel, as well as our chief financial officer, Mark Harmsworth, and the President of our Real Estate Division, Anthony Saravanos. The loss of their leadership, industry knowledge and experience could negatively impact our operations. However, we have management succession plans to lessen any such negative impact. Apart from Mr. Patel and Mr. Harmsworth, we have no employment agreements with any of our personnel nor do we offer any guarantee of any employee’s ongoing service. We maintain key-man life insurance on Mr. Patel although such policy may be insufficient to cover the damage resulting from the loss of Mr. Patel’s services.

Our information technology systems may fail or be disrupted, which could adversely affect our business.

Our insurance business is highly dependent upon the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our computer and data processing systems. We rely on these systems to perform underwriting and other modeling functions necessary for writing business, as well as to handle our policy administration process (i.e., the printing and mailing of our policies, endorsements, renewal notices, etc.). The failure or disruption of these systems could interrupt our operations and result in a material, adverse effect on our business.

The growth of our insurance business is dependent upon the successful development and implementation of advanced computer and data processing systems as well as the development and deployment of new information technologies to streamline our operations, including policy underwriting, production and administration and claim handling. The failure of these systems to function as planned could slow our growth and adversely affect our future business volume and results of operations. Additionally, our computer and data processing systems could become obsolete or could cease to provide a competitive advantage in policy underwriting, production and administration and claim handling which could negatively affect our future results of operations.

We conduct our business primarily from offices located in Tampa, Florida where tropical storms could damage our facilities or interrupt our power supply. The loss or significant impairment of functionality in these facilities for any reason could have a material, adverse effect on our business although we believe we have sufficient redundancies to replace our facilities if functionality is impaired. We contract with a third-party vendor to maintain complete daily backups of our systems, which are stored at the vendor’s facility in Atlanta, Georgia. We additionally use industry leading Internet cloud infrastructure providers to host some of our data processing systems. These cloud providers ensure redundancy across geographic regions with additional daily system backups. Access to these databases and hosted environments is strictly controlled and limited to authorized personnel. In the event of a disaster causing a complete loss of functionality at our Tampa location, we plan to temporarily use our secondary office in Ocala, Florida to continue our operations.

An unauthorized disclosure or loss of policyholder or employee information or other sensitive or confidential information, including by cyber-attack or other security breach, could cause a loss of data, give rise to remediation or other expenses, expose us to liability under federal and state laws, and subject us to litigation and investigations, which could have an adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

As part of our normal operations, we collect, process and retain certain sensitive and confidential information. We are subject to various federal and state privacy laws and rules regarding the use and disclosure of certain sensitive or confidential information, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and its state-law progeny. Despite the security measures we have implemented to help ensure data security and compliance with applicable laws and rules, which include firewalls, regular penetration testing and other measures, our facilities and systems, and those of our third-party service providers and vendors, may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, security breaches, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, theft of data, misplaced or lost data, programming and human errors, physical break-ins, or other disruptions. In addition, we cannot ensure that we will be able to identify, prevent or contain the effects of possible cyber-attacks or other cybersecurity risks in the future that may bypass our security measures or disrupt our information technology systems or business.

Noncompliance with any privacy or security laws and regulations, or any security breach, cyber-attack or cybersecurity breach, and any incident involving the misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure or use of, or access to, sensitive or confidential member information, could require us to expend significant capital and other resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures and to remediate any damage caused by such breaches. In addition, this could result in interruptions to our operations and damage to our reputation, and misappropriation of confidential information could also result in regulatory enforcement actions, material fines and penalties, litigation or other liability or actions which could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. As the regulatory environment related to information security, data collection and use, and privacy becomes increasingly rigorous, with new and constantly changing requirements applicable to our business, compliance with those requirements could also result in additional costs.

We rely on service providers and vendors to provide certain technology, systems and services that we use in connection with various functions of our business, including PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) compliant credit card processing, and we may entrust them with confidential information. The information systems of our third-party service providers and vendors are also vulnerable to an increasing threat of continually evolving cybersecurity risks. Unauthorized parties may attempt to gain access to these systems or our information through fraud or other means of deceiving our associates, third-party service providers or vendors. Hardware, software or applications we obtain from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise information security. The methods used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems are also constantly changing and evolving and may be difficult to anticipate or detect for long periods of time. Ever-evolving threats mean our third-party service providers and vendors must continually evaluate and adapt their own respective systems and processes, and there is no assurance that they will be adequate to safeguard against all data security breaches or misuses of data. Any future significant compromise or breach of our data security via a third-party service provider or vendor could result in additional significant costs, lost revenues, fines, lawsuits, and damage to our reputation.

Increased competition, competitive pressures, industry developments, and market conditions could affect the growth of our business and adversely impact our financial results.

The property and casualty insurance industry in Florida is cyclical and highly competitive. We compete not only with other stock companies but also with mutual companies, the U.S. government, other underwriting organizations and alternative risk sharing mechanisms. Our principal lines of business are written by numerous other insurance companies. Competition for any one account may come from very large, well-established national companies, smaller regional companies, other specialty insurers in our field, and new entrants to the Florida market. Many of these competitors have greater financial resources, larger agency networks and greater name recognition than our company. Additionally, our competitors may merge or acquire one another and further increase their combined financial resources and agency networks. We compete for business not only on the basis of price, but also on the basis of financial strength, types of coverage offered, availability of coverage desired by customers, commission structure, and quality of service. We may have difficulty continuing to compete successfully on any of these bases in the future. Competitive pressures coupled with market conditions may affect our rate of premium growth and financial results.

HCPCI and TypTap have each obtained a Demotech rating of “A Exceptional,” which is accepted by major mortgage companies operating in the state of Florida and many other states. Mortgage companies may require homeowners to obtain property insurance from an insurance company with an acceptable A.M. Best rating, which we do not currently have. Such a requirement could prevent us from expanding our business unless we obtain such rating, which may in turn limit our ability to compete with large, national insurance companies and certain regional insurance companies. A downgrade or loss of our Demotech rating could result in a substantial loss of business in the event insureds move their business to insurers with a sufficient financial strength rating.

There are inherent limitations and risks related to our projections and our estimates of claims and loss reserves. If our actual losses exceed our loss reserves, our financial results, our ability to expand our business, and our ability to compete in the property and casualty insurance industry may be negatively affected. In addition, industry developments could further increase competition in our industry. These developments could include —

These developments and others could make the property and casualty insurance marketplace more competitive by increasing the supply of insurance available.

If competition limits our ability to write new business at adequate rates, our future results of operations would be adversely affected.

If our actual losses from claims exceed our loss reserves, our financial results would be adversely affected.

Our objective is to establish loss reserves that are adequate and represent management’s best estimate of the ultimate cost to investigate and settle a specific claim. However, the process of establishing adequate reserves is complex and inherently uncertain, and the ultimate cost of a claim may vary materially from the amounts reserved. We regularly monitor and evaluate loss and loss adjustment expense reserve development to determine reserve adequacy.

Due to these uncertainties, the ultimate losses may vary materially from current loss reserves which could have a material, adverse effect on our future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our failure to pay claims accurately could adversely affect our insurance business, financial results and capital requirements.

We rely on our claims personnel to accurately evaluate and pay the claims made under our policies. Many factors could affect our ability to accurately evaluate and pay claims, including the accuracy of our independent adjusters as they make their assessments and submit their estimates of damages; the training, background, and experience of our claims representatives; the ability of our claims personnel to ensure consistent claims handling given the input by our independent adjusters; the ability of our claims department to translate the information provided by our independent adjusters into acceptable claims settlements; and the ability of our claims personnel to maintain and update our claims handling procedures and systems as they evolve over time based on claims and geographical trends in claims reporting. Any failure to pay claims accurately could lead to material litigation, undermine our reputation in the marketplace, impair our corporate image and negatively affect our financial results.

The effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business are uncertain.

As industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the number or size of claims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until sometime after we have issued insurance contracts that are affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance contracts may not be known for many years after a contract is issued and renewed, and our financial position and results of operations may be adversely affected as a result of any such unforeseen changes.

If we are unable to expand our business because our capital must be used to pay greater than anticipated claims, our financial results may suffer.

Our future growth will depend on our ability to expand the number of insurance policies we write, to expand the kinds of insurance products we offer, and to expand the geographic markets in which we do business, all balanced by the insurance risks we choose to write and cede. Our existing sources of funds include operations, investment holdings, and possible sales of our investment securities. Unexpected catastrophic events in our market areas, such as hurricanes, may result in greater claims losses than anticipated, which could require us to limit or halt our growth while we redeploy our capital to pay these unanticipated claims unless we can raise additional capital.

HCI Group, Inc. depends on the ability of its subsidiaries to generate and transfer funds to meet its debt obligations.

HCI Group, Inc. does not have significant revenue generating operations of its own. Our ability to make scheduled payments on our debt obligations depends on the financial condition and operating performance of our subsidiaries. If the funds we receive from our subsidiaries, some of which are subject to regulatory restrictions on the payment of distributions, are insufficient to meet our debt obligations, we may be required to raise funds through the issuance of additional debt or equity securities, reduce or suspend dividend payments, or sell assets.

We may require additional capital in the future which may not be available or may only be available on unfavorable terms.

Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including our ability to write new business successfully and to establish premium rates and reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses. To the extent that our present capital is insufficient to meet future operating requirements or to cover losses, we may need to raise additional funds through financings or curtail our growth. Based on our current operating plan, we believe current capital together with our anticipated retained income will support our operations. However, we cannot provide any assurance in that regard, since many factors will affect our capital needs and their amount and timing, including our growth and profitability, and the availability of reinsurance, as well as possible acquisition opportunities, market disruptions and other unforeseeable developments. If we require additional capital, it is possible that equity or debt financing may not be available at all or may be available only on terms unfavorable to us. Equity financings could result in dilution to our shareholders, and in any case such securities may have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those of existing shareholders. If we cannot obtain adequate capital on favorable terms or at all, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially affected.

There may be limited markets for and restrictions on certain holdings in our investment portfolio.

Certain holdings in our investment portfolio include limited partnership interests and commercial real estate. We may increase our holdings in these types of investments as we pursue diversification. These investments may be illiquid in the near term as they are privately placed and are subject to certain restrictions or conditions that may limit our ability to immediately dispose of the investments. If it becomes necessary to sell any of these investments at a time when the fair market value is below our carrying value, we may incur significant losses which could have a material adverse effect on our net income and financial position.

Our financial results may be negatively affected by the fact that a portion of our income is generated by the investment of our available cash.

A portion of our income is, and likely will continue to be, generated by the investment of our available cash. The amount of income so generated is a function of our investment policy, available investment opportunities, and the amount of available cash invested. Fluctuating interest rates and other economic factors make it difficult to estimate accurately the amount of investment income that will be realized. In fact, we have realized and may in the future realize losses on sales of our investments as well as other-than-temporary losses on our investment holdings. Any unfavorable change to the fair value of our equity securities will also impact our financial results.

Reinsurance coverage may not be available to us in the future at commercially reasonable rates or at all and we risk non-collectability of reinsurance amounts due us from reinsurers with which we have contracted.

Reinsurance is a method of transferring part of an insurance company’s liability under an insurance policy to another insurance company, or reinsurer. We use reinsurance arrangements to limit and manage the amount of risk we retain, to stabilize our underwriting results and to increase our underwriting capacity. The cost of such reinsurance is subject to prevailing market conditions beyond our control, such as the amount of capital in the reinsurance market and the occurrence of natural and man-made catastrophes. We cannot be assured that reinsurance will remain continuously available to us in the amounts we consider sufficient and at prices acceptable to us. As a result, we may determine to increase the amount of risk we retain or look for other alternatives to reinsurance, which could in turn have a material, adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

With respect to the reinsurance contracts we currently have in effect, our ability to recover amounts due from reinsurers is subject to such reinsurers’ ability and willingness to pay and to meet their obligations to us. We attempt to select financially strong reinsurers with an A.M. Best rating of “A-” or better or we require the reinsurer to fully collateralize its exposure. While we monitor from time to time the financial condition of our reinsurers, we rely principally on A.M. Best, our reinsurance broker, and other rating agencies in determining their ability to meet their obligations to us. Any failure on the part of any one reinsurance company to meet its obligations to us could have a material, adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

We have exposure to unpredictable catastrophes, which can materially and adversely affect our financial results.

We write insurance policies that cover homeowners, condominium owners, and tenants for losses that result from, among other things, catastrophes. We are therefore subject to losses, including claims under policies we have written, arising out of catastrophes that may have a significant effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. A significant catastrophe could also have an adverse effect on our reinsurers. Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including hurricanes, tropical storms, tornadoes, windstorms, earthquakes, hailstorms, explosions, power outages, fires and man-made events. The incidence and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable. The extent of losses from a catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of insured exposure in the area affected by the event and the severity of the event. Our policyholders are currently concentrated in Florida, which is especially subject to adverse weather conditions such as hurricanes and tropical storms. Therefore, although we attempt to manage our exposure to catastrophes through our underwriting process and the purchase of reinsurance protection, an especially severe catastrophe or series of catastrophes could exceed our reinsurance protection and may have a material, adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

Industry trends, such as increased litigation against the insurance industry and individual insurers, the willingness of courts to expand covered causes of loss, rising jury awards, and the escalation of loss severity may contribute to increased costs and to the deterioration of the reserves of our insurance subsidiaries.

Loss severity in the property and casualty insurance industry may increase and may be driven by larger court judgments. In the event legal actions and proceedings are brought on behalf of classes of complainants, this may increase the size of judgments. The propensity of policyholders and third party claimants to litigate and the willingness of courts to expand causes of loss and the size of awards may render our loss reserves inadequate for current and future losses.

The failure of the risk mitigation strategies we utilize could have a material, adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

We utilize a number of strategies to mitigate risk exposure within our insurance business, which include:

However, there are inherent limitations in these tactics. We cannot provide assurance that an unanticipated event or series of events will not result in loss levels which could have a material, adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

The failure of any of the loss limitation methods we employ could have a material, adverse effect on our financial condition or our results of operations.

Our insurance underwriting process is generally designed to limit our exposure to known and manageable risks. Various provisions of our policies, such as limitations or exclusions from coverage, which have been negotiated to limit our risks, may not be enforceable in the manner we intend.

In addition, the policies we issue contain conditions requiring the prompt reporting of claims to us and our right to decline coverage in the event of a violation of that condition. While our insurance product exclusions and limitations reduce the loss exposure to us and help eliminate known exposures to certain risks, it is possible that a court or regulatory authority could nullify or void an exclusion or legislation could be enacted modifying or barring the use of such endorsements and limitations in a way that would adversely affect our loss experience, which changes could have a material, adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Now and in the future, we may rely on independent agents to write our insurance policies, and if we are not able to contract with and retain independent agents, our revenues would be negatively affected.

Although voluntary policies comprise a small percentage of our business, we expect to increase the number of voluntary policies (policies not assumed or acquired from another company) we write as our business and product lines expand. An inability to sell our products through independent agents would negatively affect our revenues.

We must compete with other insurers for independent agents’ business. Our competitors may offer a greater variety of insurance products, lower premiums for insurance coverage, or higher commissions to their agents. If our products, pricing and commissions do not remain competitive, we may find it more difficult to attract business from independent agents to sell our products. A material reduction in the amount of our products that independent agents sell could negatively affect our revenues.

The results of our operations and our financial condition depend on our ability to underwrite and set premium rates accurately for a wide variety of risks, including risks associated with flood insurance and other new product offerings. Rate adequacy is necessary to generate sufficient premiums to pay losses, loss adjustment expenses, and underwriting expenses and to earn a profit. To price our products accurately, we must collect and properly analyze a substantial amount of data; develop, test and apply appropriate rating formulas; closely monitor and timely recognize changes in trends; and project both severity and frequency of losses with reasonable accuracy. Our ability to undertake these efforts successfully, and thus, price our products accurately, is subject to several risks and uncertainties, some of which are outside our control, including—

In addition, we could underprice risks, which would negatively affect our profit margins. We could also overprice risks, which could reduce our retention, sales volume and competitiveness. The foregoing factors could materially and adversely affect our profitability.

Use of current operating resources may be necessary to develop future new insurance products.

We may expand our product offerings by underwriting additional insurance products and programs. Expansion of our product offerings will result in increases in expenses due to additional costs incurred in actuarial rate justifications, software and personnel. Offering additional insurance products will also require regulatory approval, further increasing our costs and potentially affecting the speed with which we will be able to pursue new market opportunities. Claddaugh may offer reinsurance products to unaffiliated insurance companies. We cannot assure you that we will be successful bringing new insurance products to markets.

Use of current operating resources may be necessary to expand our insurance business geographically.

We are expanding our homeowners’ insurance business in other states. Geographic expansion of our insurance business will result in increases in expenses due to additional costs incurred in actuarial rate justifications, software, personnel and regulatory compliance. Although we plan to enter other states judiciously with attention to profitability, we cannot assure you that our entry into other states will be successful.

As an insurance holding company, we are currently subject to state regulation and in the future may become subject to federal regulation.

All states regulate insurance holding company systems. State statutes and administrative rules generally require each insurance company in the holding company group to register with the department of insurance in its state of domicile and to furnish information concerning the operations of the companies within the holding company system that may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the group. As part of its registration, each insurance company must identify material agreements, relationships and transactions with affiliates, including without limitation, loans, investments, asset transfers, transactions outside of the ordinary course of business, certain management, service, and cost sharing agreements, reinsurance transactions, dividends, and consolidated tax allocation agreements.

Insurance holding company regulations generally provide that transactions between an insurance company and its affiliates must be fair and equitable, allocated between the parties in accordance with customary accounting practices, and fully disclosed in the records of the respective parties. Many types of transactions between an insurance company and its affiliates, such as transfers of assets among such affiliated companies, certain dividend payments from insurance subsidiaries and certain material transactions between companies within the system may be subject to prior approval by, or prior notice to, state regulatory authorities. If we are unable to obtain the requisite prior approval for a specific transaction, we would be precluded from taking the action, which could adversely affect our operations. In addition, state insurance regulations also frequently impose notice or approval requirements for the acquisition of specified levels of ownership in the insurance company or insurance holding company.

HCPCI is approved as an admitted carrier in the states of Arkansas, California, Florida, Maryland, North Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Texas. TypTap is approved as an admitted carrier in Florida only. In addition, HCPCI is approved as a non-admitted carrier in Virginia. We may in the future seek authorization to transact business in other states as well. We will therefore become subject to the laws and regulatory requirements of those states. These regulations may vary from state to state, and states occasionally may have conflicting regulations. Currently, the federal government’s role in regulating or dictating the policies of insurance companies is limited. However, Congress, from time to time, considers proposals that would increase the role of the federal government in insurance regulation, either in addition to or in lieu of state regulation. The impact of any future federal insurance regulation on our insurance operations is unclear and may adversely impact our business or competitive position.

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to extensive regulation, which may reduce our profitability or limit our growth. Moreover, if we fail to comply with these regulations, we may be subject to penalties, including fines and suspensions, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The insurance industry is highly regulated and supervised. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to the supervision and regulation of the states in which they are domiciled and the states in which they transact insurance business. Such supervision and regulation is primarily designed to protect our policyholders rather than our shareholders. These regulations are generally administered by a department of insurance in each state and relate to, among other things —

The FLOIR and regulators in other jurisdictions where we may become licensed and offer insurance products conduct periodic examinations of the affairs of insurance companies and require the filing of annual and other reports relating to financial condition, holding company issues and other matters. These regulatory requirements may adversely affect or inhibit our ability to achieve some or all of our business objectives. These regulatory authorities also conduct periodic examinations into insurers’ business practices. These reviews may reveal deficiencies in our insurance operations or non-compliance with regulatory requirements.

In certain states including Florida, insurance companies are subject to assessments levied by the states where they conduct their business. While we can recover these assessments from Florida policyholders through policy surcharges, our payment of the assessments and our recoveries may not offset each other in the same reporting period in our financial statements and may cause a material, adverse effect on our cash flows and results of operations in a particular reporting period.

In addition, regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to deny or revoke licenses for various reasons, including the violation of regulations. In some instances, we follow practices based on our interpretations of regulations or practices that we believe may be generally followed by the industry. These practices may turn out to be different from the interpretations of regulatory authorities. If we do not have the requisite licenses and approvals or do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, insurance regulatory authorities could preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or otherwise penalize us. This could adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

Finally, changes in the level of regulation of the insurance industry or changes in laws or regulations themselves or interpretations by regulatory authorities could adversely affect our ability to operate our business, reduce our profitability and limit our growth.

Our revenue from real estate investments may be affected by the success and economic viability of our anchor retail tenants. Our reliance on a single or significant tenant at certain properties may impact our ability to lease vacated space and adversely affect returns on the specific property.

At certain retail centers, we may have tenants, commonly referred to as anchor tenants, occupying all or a large portion of the gross leasable space. In the event an anchor tenant becomes insolvent, suffers a downturn in business, ceases its operations at the retail center, or otherwise determines not to renew its lease, any reduction or cessation of rental payments to us could adversely affect the returns on our real estate investments. A lease termination or cessation of operations by an anchor tenant could also lead to the loss of other tenants at the specific retail location. We may then incur additional expenses to make improvements and prepare the vacated space to be leased to one or more new tenants.

Similarly, the leases of some anchor tenants may permit the anchor tenant to transfer its lease to another retailer. The transfer to a new anchor tenant could cause customer traffic in the retail center to decrease and thereby reduce the income generated by that retail center. A lease transfer to a new anchor tenant could also allow other tenants to make reduced rental payments or to terminate their leases.

Our retail and other real estate properties may be subject to impairment charges which can adversely affect our financial results.

We periodically evaluate our long-lived assets and related intangible assets to determine if there has been any impairment in their carrying values. If we determine an impairment has occurred, we are required to record an impairment charge equal to the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its estimated fair value. As our real estate operations grow, there is an increased potential that the impairment of an asset could have a material adverse effect on our financial results. In addition, our fair value estimates are based on several assumptions that are subject to economic and market uncertainties including, but not limited to, demand for space, competition for tenants, changes in market rental rates and costs to operate each property. As these factors are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may alter our assumptions, the future cash flows estimated in our impairment analysis may not be achieved.

Our real estate operations are subject to regulation under various federal, state, and local laws concerning the environment.

Our real estate operations own various properties including a restaurant, marina facilities, and commercial buildings. As a result, we are subject to regulation under various federal, state, and local laws concerning the environment, including laws addressing the discharge of pollutants into the air and water and the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes and the cleanup of contaminated sites. We could incur substantial costs, including remediation costs, fines and civil or criminal sanctions and third-party damage or personal injury claims, if in the future we were to violate or become liable under environmental laws relating to our real estate operations.

Our real estate operations include owning restaurant operations, which expose us to additional risks, which could negatively impact our operating results and financial condition.

Our restaurant operations expose us to unique business risks. For example, restaurant operations are dependent in large part on food, beverage, and supply costs that are not within our control. In addition, the restaurant industry is affected by changes in consumer preferences and discretionary spending patterns that could adversely affect revenues from restaurant operations. Moreover, the restaurant industry is affected by litigation and publicity concerning food quality, health, alcoholic beverages and other issues which can cause guests to avoid restaurants and that can result in liabilities. Any one of these risks, among others, could negatively impact our operating results and financial condition.

Our operations in India expose us to additional risks, which could negatively impact our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Our India operations expose us to additional risks including income tax risks, currency exchange rate fluctuations and risks related to other challenges caused by distance, language, and compliance with Indian labor laws and other complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our India operations. These numerous and sometimes conflicting laws and regulations include anti-corruption laws, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and other local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to governmental officials, among others. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines and penalties, or criminal sanctions against us, our officers, or our employees. Although policies and procedures are designed to ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors, or agents will not violate our policies.

Our ongoing investments in real estate and information technology businesses have inherent risks, and could burden our financial and human resources.

We have invested and expect to continue to invest in real estate and information technology. Despite our due diligence, these investments may still involve significant risks and uncertainties, including distraction of management and employees from current operations, insufficient revenues to offset liabilities assumed and incurred expenses, inadequate return of capital, and failure to realize the anticipated benefits. There can be no assurance that such investments will be successful and will not adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

Our credit agreement contains restrictions that can limit our flexibility in operating our business.

The agreement governing our revolving credit facility contains various covenants that limit our ability to engage in certain transactions. These covenants limit our and our subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things:

An increase in interest rates may negatively impact our operating results and financial condition.

Borrowings under our revolving credit facility have a variable rate of interest. An increase in interest rate would have a negative impact on our results of operations attributable to increased interest expense.

Tampa, Florida. The real estate consists of 3.5 acres of land, a three-story building with a gross area of 122,000 square feet, and a four-level parking garage. This facility is 60% occupied by us and serves as our headquarters. The remaining space is leased to non-affiliates.

Ocala, Florida. The real estate consists of 1.6 acres of land and an office building with gross area of approximately 16,000 square feet. The facility is 100% designated for our insurance operations and will be used as an alternative location in the event a catastrophic event impacts our operations in Tampa, Florida.

Treasure Island, Florida. The real estate consists of approximately 10 acres of waterfront property and land improvements, a restaurant and a marina facility. The marina facility and the restaurant are currently owned and operated by us. This property has been listed for sale since November 2018 and has yet to receive an offer to purchase with acceptable terms. As a result, we reclassified this property from assets held for sale back to real estate investments in December 2019.

Tierra Verde, Florida. The real estate consists of 7.1 acres of waterfront property, a dry rack storage building with gross area of 57,500 square feet, and two buildings with retail space having an aggregate gross area of approximately 23,000 square feet. This marina facility is owned and operated by us. Approximately 5% of the available retail space is occupied by us, 54% of the retail space is leased to non-affiliates, and the remaining space is available for lease.

Riverview, Florida. The real estate consists of 2.57 acres of land, 1.27 acres of which is leased to Thorntons, LLC, a gas station and convenience store chain. Our retail structure with 8,400 square feet of net rentable space is situated on the remaining land. Approximately 88% of the rentable space is leased to non-affiliates and the remaining space is available for lease.

Sorrento, Florida. The real estate includes 5.42 acres of outparcel land intended for ground lease or resale and a retail shopping center with 61,400 square feet of net rentable area. Approximately 74% of the rentable space is currently leased to Publix supermarket. Approximately 94% of the rentable space is leased to non-affiliates and the remaining space is available for lease.

Melbourne, Florida. The real estate includes 2.26 acres of outparcel land intended for ground lease, resale or future development and a retail shopping center with 49,995 square feet of rentable area. Approximately 42% of the rentable space is currently leased to Fresh Market supermarket. Approximately 95% of the rentable space is leased to non-affiliates and the remaining space is available for lease.

Tampa, Florida. We own investment properties in two different locations. One real estate consists of 6.69 acres of land and an office building with gross area of 68,867 square feet. The building is 100% leased to Bank of America. Another is approximately 9 acres of undeveloped land that we acquired in February 2019.

Clearwater, Florida. The real estate consists of 6.08 acres of land and a retail building with approximately 57,000 square feet of rentable space. It is currently under redevelopment.

Noida, India. We lease 15,000 square feet of office space for our information technology operations. The lease commenced in 2013 and has an initial term of nine years.

Miami Lakes, Florida. We lease approximately 5,600 square feet of office space for our claims related administration. The lease commenced March 1, 2018 and has an initial term of approximately three years.

Expense under all facility leases was $456,000, $407,000 and $336,000 during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Expense for 2019 reflects lease expense under a new lease accounting standard adopted on January 1, 2019. See Adoption of New Accounting Standards in Note 2 -- “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

We are a party to claims and legal actions arising routinely in the ordinary course of our business. Although we cannot predict with certainty the ultimate resolution of the claims asserted against us, we do not believe that any currently pending legal proceeding to which we are a party will have a material, adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

ITEM 5 – Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “HCI.” The following table represents the high and low sales prices for our common stock as reported by the New York Stock Exchange for the periods indicated:

As of February 28, 2020, the market price for our common stock was $42.52 and there were 268 holders of record of our common stock.

The declaration and payment of dividends is at the discretion of our board of directors. Our ability to pay dividends depends on many factors, including the Company’s operating results, financial condition, capital requirements, the availability of cash from our subsidiaries and legal and regulatory constraints and requirements on the payment of dividends and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant. The following table represents the frequency and amount of all cash dividends declared on our common stock for the two most recent fiscal years:

Under Florida law, a domestic insurer may not pay any dividend or distribute cash or other property to its stockholders unless certain requirements, which are discussed in Note 25 -- “Regulatory Requirements and Restrictions” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are met. Hence Florida law may limit the availability of cash from our insurance subsidiaries for the payment of dividends to our shareholders.

The following table summarizes our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2019. We currently have no equity compensation plans not approved by our stockholders.

The following graph compares the 5-year cumulative total dollar return to shareholders on our common stock relative to the cumulative total returns of the Russell 2000 Index and the NASDAQ Insurance Index. An investment of $100 (with reinvestment of all dividends) is assumed to have been made in our common stock and in each index on December 31, 2014 and its relative performance is tracked through December 31, 2019. The returns shown are based on historical results and are not intended to suggest future performance.

The table below summarizes the number of shares of common stock repurchased during the three months ended December 31, 2019 under the repurchase plan approved by our Board of Directors in December 2018 and also the number of shares of common stock surrendered by employees to satisfy minimum federal income tax liabilities associated with the vesting of restricted shares in December 2019 (dollar amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

In December 2019, our Board of Directors approved an extension of the expiry date to March 15, 2020 for our common share repurchase plan which was initially approved in 2018. See Note 20 -- “Stockholders’ Equity” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing in Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated statements of income data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 and the consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements appearing in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated statements of income data for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in any future period.

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
	(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)
Operating Revenue
Gross premiums earned	$	342,079		$	343,065		$	358,253		$	378,678		$	423,120
Premiums ceded		(125,765	)		(129,643	)		(133,635	)		(135,051	)		(140,614	)
Net premiums earned		216,314			213,422			224,618			243,627			282,506
Net investment income		13,642			16,581			11,439			9,087			3,978
Net realized investment (losses) gains		(254	)		6,183			4,346			2,601			(608	)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)		7,950			(10,202	)		92			—			—
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in income:
Total other-than-temporary impairment losses		(289	)		(80	)		(1,116	)		(2,252	)		(5,275	)
Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income, before taxes		—			—			(351	)		(230	)		594
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses		(289	)		(80	)		(1,467	)		(2,482	)		(4,681	)
Policy fee income		3,229			3,389			3,622			3,914			3,496
Gain on repurchases of convertible senior notes		—			—			—			153			—
Gain on bargain purchase		—			—			—			2,071			—
Gain on remeasurement of previously held interest		—			—			—			4,005			—
Other income		1,882			1,999			1,756			1,470			1,261
Total operating revenue		242,474			231,292			244,406			264,446			285,952
Operating Expenses
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		107,514			109,328			165,629			124,667			87,224
Policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses		42,497			38,943			39,663			42,642			41,984
General and administrative personnel expenses*		31,112			25,908			25,127			26,200			28,276
Interest expense		13,055			18,096			16,767			11,079			10,754
Loss on repurchases of senior notes		—			—			743			—			—
Impairment losses		—			—			38			388			—
Other operating expenses		12,203			12,115			12,063			12,614			11,522
Total operating expenses		206,381			204,390			260,030			217,590			179,760
Income (loss) before income taxes		36,093			26,902			(15,624	)		46,856			106,192
Income tax expense (benefit)		9,517			9,177			(8,731	)		17,835			40,331
Net income (loss)	$	26,576		$	17,725		$	(6,893	)	$	29,021		$	65,861

	As of or for the Years Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
	(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)
Per Share Data:
Basic earnings (loss) per common share	$	3.32		$	2.34		$	(0.75	)	$	2.95		$	6.51

Diluted earnings (loss) per common share	$	3.31		$	2.34		$	(0.75	)	$	2.92		$	5.90

Dividends per common share	$	1.600		$	1.475		$	1.40		$	1.20		$	1.20

Ratios to Net Premium Earned:
Loss Ratio		49.70	%		51.23	%		73.74	%		51.17	%		30.88	%
Expense Ratio		45.70	%		44.54	%		42.03	%		38.14	%		32.76	%
Combined Ratio		95.40	%		95.77	%		115.77	%		89.31	%		63.64	%

Ratios to Gross Premiums Earned:
Loss Ratio		31.43	%		31.87	%		46.23	%		32.92	%		20.61	%
Expense Ratio		28.90	%		27.71	%		26.35	%		24.54	%		21.87	%
Combined Ratio		60.33	%		59.58	%		72.58	%		57.46	%		42.48	%

Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Total investments	$	341,486		$	387,783		$	380,286		$	298,734		$	232,917
Total cash and cash equivalents	$	229,218		$	239,458		$	255,884		$	280,531		$	267,738
Total assets	$	802,609		$	832,863		$	842,264		$	670,064		$	636,986
Long-term debt	$	163,695		$	250,150		$	237,835		$	138,863		$	129,429
Total stockholders’ equity	$	185,543		$	181,441		$	193,975		$	243,746		$	237,722

ITEM 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K.

In addition to historical information, this annual report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements as defined under federal securities laws. Such statements, including statements about our plans, objectives, expectations, assumptions or future events, involve risks and uncertainties. These statements involve estimates, assumptions, known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from any future results, performances or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Typically, forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “project,” “continuing,” “ongoing,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” and similar expressions. The important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements include but are not limited to the effect of governmental regulation; changes in insurance regulations; the frequency and extent of claims; uncertainties inherent in reserve estimates; catastrophic events; changes in the demand for, pricing of, availability of or collectability of reinsurance; restrictions on our ability to change premium rates; increased rate pressure on premiums; and other risks and uncertainties and other factors listed under Item 1A—“Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K and in our other Securities and Exchange Commission filings.

HCI Group, Inc. is a Florida-based company which through its subsidiaries is engaged in a variety of business activities, including property and casualty insurance, reinsurance, real estate and information technology. Its principal business is property and casualty insurance.

We began insurance operations by participating in a “take-out program” which is a legislatively mandated program designed to encourage private companies to assume policies from Citizens, a Florida state sponsored insurance carrier. Opportunities to acquire large numbers of policies from Citizens meeting our strict underwriting criteria have diminished in recent years. We may, however, selectively pursue additional assumption transactions with Citizens.

Our general operating and growth strategies are to continually optimize our existing book of insurance business, organically expand our insurance business, manage our costs and expenses, diversify our business operations, develop and deploy new technologies to streamline operational processes, and maintain a strong balance sheet so we can quickly pursue accretive opportunities when they arise. For instance, HCPCI will accept the transfer of approximately 43,000 homeowners’ insurance policies from a troubled insurance company in April 2020 as described in the Recent Developments section below.

On February 28, 2020, we entered into a loan agreement with American Equity Investment Life Insurance Company for gross proceeds of $10,000,000. The agreement bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.90% and is secured by our property in Melbourne, Florida and the assignment of associated lease agreements. Approximately $60,000 of principal and interest is payable in 143 monthly installments beginning April 1, 2020 plus a final balloon payment of $5,007,000 including principal and unpaid interest payable on March 1, 2032. The promissory note may be repaid in full as long as the Company provides at least 60 days’ written notice and pays a prepayment premium plus a processing fee. The proceeds were primarily used to repay the 3.95% Promissory Note due in February 2020.

On February 5, 2020, we, through HCPCI, entered into a policy replacement agreement with Anchor Property & Casualty Insurance Company (“Anchor”). Under the agreement, Anchor will cancel all its policies as of April 1, 2020 and HCPCI will offer short-term replacement policies to those policyholders, who are under no obligation to accept them. The replacement policies will have substantially the same terms and rates as the cancelled polices and will expire on the same dates the cancelled policies would have expired had they not been cancelled. Upon expiration of the replacement policies, HCPCI will offer renewals to those policyholders at its own rates and terms. At April 1, 2020, HCPCI expects to offer up to approximately 43,000 replacement policies, representing annualized premiums of up to $69,000,000. In addition, HCPCI will pay a cash bonus at the agreed rate ($50,000 per $1,000,000 of premium in force), provided that Anchor is in compliance with the covenants specified in the agreement,

On January 16, 2020, we granted 40,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 110,000 of our common shares at an exercise price of $48 per share to our chief executive officer, Paresh Patel. The options will expire on January 16, 2030. These share-based awards were granted pursuant to our 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan and will vest in equal annual installments over four years, so long as Mr. Patel remains employed by us. The grant date fair values of the restricted stock and options were approximately $1,839,000 and $1,234,000, respectively.

On January 21, 2020, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.40 per common share. The dividends are to be paid March 20, 2020 to stockholders of record on February 21, 2020.

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2019 with the Year Ended December 31, 2018

Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 reflect net income of $26,576,000, or $3.31 earnings per diluted common share, compared with a net income of $17,725,000, or $2.34 earnings per diluted common share, for the year ended December 31, 2018. The year-over-year increase was primarily attributable to an increase in net premiums earned of $2,892,000, a net increase in income from our investment portfolio (consisting of net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains/losses) of $8,776,000, and a $5,041,000 decrease in interest expense, offset by a $5,204,000 increase in payroll costs and other personnel expenses and an increase in policy acquisition expenses of $3,554,000.

Gross Premiums Earned for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were approximately $342,079,000 and $343,065,000, respectively. The decrease in 2019 was primarily attributable to a net decrease in policies in force. Although the number of policies in force and gross premiums written from TypTap business have increased steadily, these premiums have yet to be earned over the term of the policies.

Premiums Ceded for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were approximately $125,765,000 and $129,643,000, respectively, representing 36.8% and 37.8%, respectively, of gross premiums earned. Our premiums ceded represent costs of reinsurance to cover losses from catastrophes that exceed the retention levels defined by our catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance contracts or to assume a proportional share of losses defined in a quota share arrangement. The rates we pay for reinsurance are based primarily on policy exposures reflected in gross premiums earned. The $3,878,000 decrease was primarily attributable to a $6,778,000 reduction related to retrospective provisions under one reinsurance contract as opposed to a net reduction of approximately $485,000 in 2018 under the same contract. See “Economic Impact of Reinsurance Contracts with Retrospective Provisions” under “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.” Premiums ceded in the prior year also included the recognition of additional premiums ceded of approximately $1,222,000 resulting from the termination of one reinsurance contract during the second quarter of 2018 (See Note 26 -- “Related Party Transactions” to our audited consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information).

Net Premiums Written for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 totaled approximately $239,190,000 and $206,813,000, respectively. Net premiums written represent the premiums charged on policies issued during a fiscal period less any applicable reinsurance costs. The increase in 2019 resulted primarily from an increase in gross premiums written from the growth in TypTap business combined with the decrease in premiums ceded as described above. HCPCI’s and TypTap’s gross premiums written were approximately $304,683,000 and $60,272,000, respectively, for 2019 compared with approximately $321,939,000 and $14,517,000, respectively, for 2018. We had approximately 131,000 policies in force at December 31, 2019 versus approximately 127,000 policies in force at December 31, 2018.

Net Premiums Earned for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were approximately $216,314,000 and $213,422,000, respectively, and reflect the gross premiums earned less reinsurance costs as described above.

The following is a reconciliation of our Net Premiums Written to Net Premiums Earned for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (amounts in thousands):

Net Investment Income for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was approximately $13,642,000 and $16,581,000, respectively. The year-over-year decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in income from limited partnership investments of approximately $3,254,000. See Note 5 -- “Investments” under Net Investment Income to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Net Realized Investment Losses for the year ended December 31, 2019 were approximately $254,000 versus $6,183,000 of net realized investment gains for the year ended December 31, 2018. The gains in 2018 resulted primarily from sales intended to rebalance our investment portfolio to mitigate the impact from the rising interest rate trend and to decrease our holdings in municipal bonds as they become less attractive in a low tax rate environment.

Net Unrealized Investment Gains for the year ended December 31, 2019 were approximately $7,950,000 versus approximately $10,202,000 of net unrealized investment losses for the year ended December 31, 2018. Net unrealized investment gains or losses represent the net change in the fair value of equity securities. The increase in 2019 reflected an improvement in the fair value of equity securities compared with values prevalent during the general downturn in the securities markets in December 2018.

Our Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses amounted to approximately $107,514,000 and $109,328,000 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Losses and loss adjustment expenses in 2019 included net losses related to a severe storm event in March 2019 of approximately $7,400,000 as well as adverse development related to Hurricane Matthew in 2016 of approximately $1,923,000 and adverse development related to non-catastrophe claims of approximately $9,100,000 primarily related to assignment of benefits litigation. During 2018, losses and loss adjustment expenses included net losses of approximately $16,520,000 for Hurricane Michael as well as adverse development related to Hurricane Matthew of approximately $2,100,000 and adverse development related to non-catastrophe claims of approximately $9,900,000 primarily related to assignment of benefits litigation See “Reserves for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” under “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.”

Policy Acquisition and Other Underwriting Expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were approximately $42,497,000 and $38,943,000, respectively. The increase from 2018 was primarily attributable to the organic growth of TypTap business resulting in increased agent commissions and property inspection costs.

General and Administrative Personnel Expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were approximately $31,112,000 and $25,908,000, respectively. Our general and administrative personnel expenses include salaries, wages, payroll taxes, share-based compensation expenses, and employee benefit costs. Factors such as merit increases, changes in headcount, and periodic restricted stock grants, among others, cause fluctuations in this expense. In addition, our personnel expenses are decreased by the capitalization of payroll costs related to a project to develop software for internal use and the payroll costs associated with the processing and settlement of Hurricane Irma claims which are recoverable from reinsurers under reinsurance contracts. The year-over-year increase of $5,204,000 was primarily attributable to an increase in the headcount of temporary and full-time employees, merit increases for non-executive employees effective in late March 2019, higher share-based compensation expense, and an increase in employee incentive bonus.

Interest Expense for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was approximately $13,055,0000 and $18,096,000, respectively. The decrease resulted from the repayment of our 3.875% convertible senior notes in March 2019.

Income Tax Expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 was approximately $9,517,000 for state, federal, and foreign income taxes compared with income tax expense of approximately $9,177,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018, resulting in an effective tax rate of 26.4% for 2019 and 34.1% for 2018. The decrease was primarily attributable to the negative effect of the derecognition of deferred tax assets of approximately $1,825,000 and the nondeductible expense of approximately $1,887,000, both of which occurred in 2018 and related to restricted stock awards with market conditions that were not met. (see Restricted Stock Awards in Note 21 -- “Stock-Based Compensation” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

The loss ratio applicable to the year ended December 31, 2019 (losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred related to net premiums earned) was 49.7% compared with 51.2% for the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease was primarily due to the increase in net premiums earned combined with the decrease in losses and loss adjustment expenses.

The expense ratio applicable to the year ended December 31, 2019 (defined as underwriting expenses, general and administrative personnel expenses, interest and other operating expenses related to net premiums earned) was 45.7% compared with 44.6% for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in our expense ratio was primarily attributable to the increases in policy acquisition expenses and general and administrative personnel expenses, offset by the increase in net premiums earned as described earlier.

The combined ratio is the measure of overall underwriting profitability before other income. Our combined ratio for the year ended December 31, 2019 was 95.4% compared with 95.8% for the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease was primarily to the increase in net premiums earned as described earlier.

Due to the impact our reinsurance costs have on net premiums earned from period to period, our management believes the combined ratio measured to gross premiums earned is more relevant in assessing overall performance. The combined ratio to gross premiums earned for the year ended December 31, 2019 was 60.3% compared with 59.6% for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in 2019 was primarily attributable to the net increase in total expenses.

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 with the Year Ended December 31, 2017

Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 reflect net income of $17,725,000, or $2.34 earnings per diluted common share, compared with a net loss of $6,893,000, or $0.75 loss per common share, for the year ended December 31, 2017. Losses and loss adjustment expenses were approximately $56,301,000 lower in 2018, attributable to lower catastrophe losses and decreased adverse development. Catastrophe losses in 2018 primarily included net losses of approximately $16,520,000 from Hurricane Michael versus net losses of approximately $54,000,000 from Hurricane Irma in 2017. The year-over-year improvement in losses and loss adjustment expenses was offset by a net $11,196,000 decrease in net premiums earned, a net $3,315,000 decrease in income from investment activities and a $1,329,000 increase in interest expense. Income tax expense in 2018 was negatively impacted by the derecognition of deferred tax assets of approximately $1,825,000 related to unvested restricted stock with market conditions and the nondeductible expense of approximately $1,887,000 associated with the reclassified dividends on such restricted stock awards, offset by a lower federal corporate income tax rate effective January 1, 2018.

Gross Premiums Earned for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were approximately $343,065,000 and $358,253,000, respectively. The decrease in 2018 was primarily attributable to a net decrease in policies in force offset by an increase in the average premium per policy.

Premiums Ceded for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were approximately $129,643,000 and $133,635,000, respectively, representing 37.8% and 37.3%, respectively, of gross premiums earned. The $3,992,000 decrease was primarily attributable to an unfavorable adjustment of $12,465,000 to premiums ceded in connection with retrospective provisions under certain reinsurance contracts due to losses incurred by Hurricane Irma during the third quarter of 2017, offset by the recognition of additional premiums ceded of approximately $1,222,000 resulting from the termination of one reinsurance contract during the second quarter of 2018 (See Note 26 -- “Related Party Transactions” to our audited consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information) and an increase in premiums ceded attributable to a lower retention level for the reinsurance contract year 2019/20.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, premiums ceded included a net decrease of approximately $485,000 versus a net increase of approximately $5,740,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017 related to retrospective provisions.

Net Premiums Written for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 totaled approximately $206,813,000 and $213,711,000, respectively. Net premiums written represent the premiums charged on policies issued during a fiscal period less any applicable reinsurance costs. The decrease in 2018 resulted primarily from a decrease in gross premiums written during the period due to policy attrition, offset by the decrease in premiums ceded as described above. We had approximately 127,000 policies in force at December 31, 2018 versus approximately 139,000 policies in force at December 31, 2017.

Net Premiums Earned for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were approximately $213,422,000 and $224,618,000, respectively, and reflect the gross premiums earned less reinsurance costs as described above.

The following is a reconciliation of our Net Premiums Written to Net Premiums Earned for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (amounts in thousands):

Net Investment Income for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $16,581,000 and $11,439,000, respectively. The year-over-year increase was attributable to an increase in income from limited partnership investments of approximately $2,096,000, an increase of approximately $1,358,000 in income from real estate investments, and an increase in interest income from cash and short-term investments. See Note 5 -- “Investments” under Net Investment Income to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Net Realized Investment Gains for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were approximately $6,183,000 and $4,346,000, respectively. The gains in 2018 resulted primarily from sales intended to rebalance our investment portfolio to mitigate the impact from the rising interest rate trend and to decrease our holdings in municipal bonds as they become less attractive in a low tax rate environment.

Net Unrealized Investment Losses for the year ended December 31, 2018 were approximately $10,202,000 versus approximately $92,000 of net unrealized investment gains for the year ended December 31, 2017. Net unrealized investment gains or losses represent the net change in the fair value of equity securities. The decrease in 2018 primarily resulted from the adoption of the new accounting standard with regard to equity securities, combined with a general downturn in the U.S. securities markets in December 2018.

Net Other-Than-Temporary Impairment Losses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were approximately $80,000 and $1,467,000, respectively. During 2018, we recognized impairment loss on one fixed-maturity security versus impairment losses specific to four fixed-maturity securities and six equity securities during 2017.

Our Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses amounted to approximately $109,328,000 and $165,629,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During 2018, losses and loss adjustment expenses included net losses of approximately $16,520,000 for Hurricane Michael as well as adverse development related to Hurricane Matthew of approximately $2,100,000 and adverse development related to non-catastrophe claims of approximately $9,900,000 primarily related to assignment of benefits litigation. Losses and loss adjustment expenses in 2017 included net losses related to Hurricane Irma of approximately $54,000,000 as well as adverse development related to Hurricane Matthew of approximately $2,500,000 and adverse development related to non-catastrophe claims of approximately $16,200,000 primarily related to assignment of benefits litigation.

Policy Acquisition and Other Underwriting Expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were approximately $38,943,000 and $39,663,000, respectively. The decrease from 2017 was primarily attributable to decreased commissions and premium taxes resulting from the net decrease in policies in force.

General and Administrative Personnel Expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were approximately $25,908,000 and $25,127,000, respectively. The year-over-year increase of $781,000 was primarily attributable to the recognition of approximately $1,505,000 of cumulative dividends paid on unvested restricted stock awards of which market conditions will not be met and an increase of approximately $606,000 in employee incentive bonus, offset by an increase in recoverable Hurricane Irma payroll costs of $1,231,000 and lower share-based compensation expense during 2018.

Interest Expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $18,096,0000 and $16,767,000, respectively. The increase primarily resulted from the 4.25% convertible debt offering completed in March 2017.

Loss on repurchases of Senior Notes for the year ended December 31, 2017 was approximately $743,000, resulting from the early extinguishment of our 8% Senior Notes.

Income Tax Expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 was approximately $9,177,000 for state, federal, and foreign income taxes compared with income tax benefit of approximately $8,731,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in an effective tax rate of 34.1% for 2018 and 55.9% for 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to the positive impact from a lower federal corporate income tax rate effective January 1, 2018, offset by the negative effect of the derecognition of deferred tax assets of approximately $1,825,000 and the nondeductible expense of approximately $1,887,000, both of which related to restricted stock awards with market conditions that will not be met. (see Restricted Stock Awards in Note 21 -- “Stock-Based Compensation” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

The loss ratio applicable to the year ended December 31, 2018 was 51.2% compared with 73.8% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was primarily due to the decrease in losses and loss adjustment expenses as described previously.

The expense ratio applicable to the year ended December 31, 2018 was 44.6% compared with 42.0% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in our expense ratio was primarily attributable to the decrease in net premiums earned.

The combined ratio is the measure of overall underwriting profitability before other income. Our combined ratio for the year ended December 31, 2018 was 95.8% compared with 115.8% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was primarily to the decrease in losses and loss adjustment expenses as described earlier.

Due to the impact our reinsurance costs have on net premiums earned from period to period, our management believes the combined ratio measured to gross premiums earned is more relevant in assessing overall performance. The combined ratio to gross premiums earned for the year ended December 31, 2018 was 59.6% compared with 72.6% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease in 2018 was primarily attributable to the decrease in losses and loss adjustment expenses.

Our insurance business is seasonal as hurricanes and tropical storms affecting Florida typically occur during the period from June 1 through November 30 each year. Also, with our reinsurance treaty year typically effective on June 1 each year, any variation in the cost of our reinsurance, whether due to changes in reinsurance rates or changes in the total insured value of our policy base, will occur and be reflected in our financial results beginning June 1 each year.

Throughout our history, our liquidity requirements have been met through issuances of our common and preferred stock, debt offerings and funds from operations. We expect our future liquidity requirements will be met by funds from operations, primarily the cash received by insurance subsidiaries from premiums written and investment income. We may consider raising additional capital through debt and/or equity offerings to support our growth and future investment opportunities.

Our insurance subsidiaries require liquidity and adequate capital to meet ongoing obligations to policyholders and claimants and to fund operating expenses. In addition, we attempt to maintain adequate levels of liquidity and surplus to manage any differences between the duration of our liabilities and invested assets. In the insurance industry, cash collected for premiums from policies written is invested, interest and dividends are earned thereon, and losses and loss adjustment expenses are paid out over a period of years. This period of time varies by the circumstances surrounding each claim. Substantially all of our losses and loss adjustment expenses, excluding litigated claims, are fully settled and paid within approximately 100 days of the claim receipt date. Additional cash outflow occurs through payments of underwriting costs such as commissions, taxes, payroll, and general overhead expenses.

We believe that we maintain sufficient liquidity to pay claims and expenses, as well as to satisfy commitments in the event of unforeseen events such as reinsurer insolvencies, inadequate premium rates, or reserve deficiencies. We maintain a comprehensive reinsurance program at levels management considers adequate to diversify risk and safeguard our financial position.

In the future, we anticipate our primary use of funds will be to pay claims, reinsurance premiums, interest, and dividends and to fund operating expenses and real estate acquisitions.

The following table summarizes the principal and interest payment obligations for our indebtedness at December 31, 2019:

See Note 13 -- “Long-Term Debt” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In December 2019, our Board of Directors extended the expiry date of our share repurchase plan approved in 2018 to March 15, 2020. See Note 20 -- “Stockholders’ Equity” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our limited partnership investments consist of five private equity funds managed by their general partners. Three of these funds have unexpired capital commitments which are callable at the discretion of the fund’s general partner for funding new investments or expenses of the fund. Although capital commitments for the remaining two funds have expired, the general partners may request additional funds under certain circumstances. At December 31, 2019, there was an aggregate unfunded capital balance of $15,130,000. See Limited Partnership Investments under Note 5 -- “Investment” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Real estate has long been a significant component of our overall investment portfolio. It helps offset the volatility of other high-risk assets. Thus, we may consider increasing our real estate investment portfolio should an opportunity arise.

We currently have a 90% equity interest in FMKT Mel JV, LLC, a Florida limited liability company for which we are not the primary beneficiary. FMKT Mel JV’s real estate portfolio consists of outparcels for ground lease or sale. We have the option to take full ownership of these outparcels by acquiring the remaining 10% interest. Alternatively, we may sell these outparcels and allocate the profits from the sale before liquidating FMKT Mel JV.

Our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are summarized below.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 was approximately $54,047,000, which consisted primarily of cash received from net premiums written and reinsurance recoveries of approximately $105,676,000 less cash disbursed for operating expenses, losses and loss adjustment expenses and interest payments. Net cash provided by investing activities of $50,459,000 was primarily due to the proceeds from sales of fixed-maturity and equity securities of $45,616,000, the proceeds from redemptions and maturities of fixed-maturity securities of $59,343,000, the proceeds from sales and maturities of short-term and other investments of $67,398,000, and the distributions of $2,121,000 from limited partnership investments, offset by the purchases of fixed-maturity and equity securities of $107,299,000, the purchases of real estate investments of $11,481,000, the purchases of property and equipment of $2,887,000, the purchases of short-term and other investments of $1,178,000, and the limited partnership investments of $1,174,000. Net cash used in financing activities totaled $114,724,000, which was primarily due to the repayment of long-term debt of $91,318,000, $20,054,000 used in our share repurchases, and $12,706,000 of net cash dividend payments, offset by $9,750,000 of borrowings from our revolving credit facility.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was approximately $28,595,000, which consisted primarily of cash received from net premiums written and reinsurance recoveries of approximately $128,300,000 less cash disbursed for operating expenses, losses and loss adjustment expenses and interest payments. Net cash used in investing activities of $17,678,000 was primarily due to the purchases of fixed-maturity and equity securities of $165,424,000, the purchases of short-term and other investments of $201,538,000, the purchases of real estate investments of $7,472,000, and the limited partnership investments of $7,182,000, offset by the proceeds from sales of fixed-maturity and equity securities of $148,248,000, the proceeds from redemptions and maturities of fixed-maturity securities of $82,177,000, and the proceeds from sales and maturities of short-term and other investments of $135,256,000. Net cash used in financing activities totaled $27,288,000, which was primarily due to $21,166,000 used in our share repurchases, $10,351,000 of net cash dividend payments and the repayment of long-term debt of $1,127,000, offset by the proceeds from the issuance of 4.55% promissory note of $6,000,000.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was approximately $16,635,000, which consisted primarily of cash received from net premiums written and reinsurance recoveries less cash disbursed for operating expenses, losses and loss adjustment expenses and interest payments. Net cash used in investing activities of $80,164,000 was primarily due to the purchases of fixed-maturity and equity securities of $165,196,000, the limited partnership investments of $4,226,000, and the real estate investments of $11,878,000, offset by the proceeds from sales of fixed-maturity and equity securities of $77,041,000, the distributions of $11,758,000 from limited partnership investments and the redemptions and repayments of fixed-maturity securities of $14,897,000. Net cash provided by financing activities totaled $39,030,000, which was primarily due to the proceeds from issuance of 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes of $143,750,000, offset by $40,250,000 used in the repurchases of our 8% senior notes, $4,975,000 of related underwriting and issuance costs, $45,872,000 used in our share repurchases and $12,833,000 of net cash dividend payments.

The main objective of our investment policy is to maximize our after-tax investment income with a reasonable level of risk given the current financial market. Our excess cash is invested primarily in money market accounts, certificates of deposit, and fixed-maturity and equity securities.

At December 31, 2019, we had $238,124,000 of fixed-maturity and equity investments, which are carried at fair value. Changes in the general interest rate environment affect the returns available on new fixed-maturity investments. While a rising interest rate environment enhances the returns available on new investments, it reduces the market value of existing fixed-maturity investments and thus the availability of gains on disposition. A decline in interest rates reduces the returns available on new fixed-maturity investments but increases the market value of existing fixed-maturity investments, creating the opportunity for realized investment gains on disposition.

In the future, we may alter our investment policy as to investments in federal, state and municipal obligations, preferred and common equity securities and real estate mortgages, as permitted by applicable law, including insurance regulations.

As of December 31, 2019, we had unexpired capital commitments for limited partnerships in which we hold interests. Such commitments are not recognized in the financial statements but are required to be disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. See Note 23 -- “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and Contractual Obligations and Commitments below for additional information.

The following table summarizes our material contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2019 (amounts in thousands):

We have prepared our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments to develop amounts reflected and disclosed in our financial statements. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term are related to our losses and loss adjustment expenses, which include amounts estimated for claims incurred but not yet reported. We base our estimates on various assumptions and actuarial data we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.

We believe our accounting policies specific to losses and loss adjustment expenses, reinsurance recoverable, reinsurance with retrospective provisions, deferred income taxes, and stock-based compensation expense involve our most significant judgments and estimates material to our consolidated financial statements.

Reserves for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses. We establish reserves for the estimated total unpaid costs of losses including loss adjustment expenses (LAE). Loss and LAE reserves reflect management’s best estimate of the total cost of (i) claims that have been incurred, but not yet paid in full, and (ii) claims that have been incurred but not yet reported to us (“IBNR”). Reserves established by us represent an estimate of the outcome of future events and, as such, cannot be considered an exact calculation of our liability. Rather, loss reserves represent management’s best estimate of our company’s liability based on the application of actuarial techniques and other projection methodologies and taking into consideration other facts and circumstances known at the balance sheet date. The process of establishing loss reserves is complex and inherently imprecise, as it involves the estimation of the outcome of future uncertain events. The impact of both internal and external variables on ultimate losses and LAE costs is difficult to estimate. In determining loss reserves, we give careful consideration to all available data and actuarial analyses.

Reserves represent estimates of the ultimate unpaid cost of all losses incurred, including losses for claims that have not yet been reported. The amount of loss reserves for reported claims consist of case reserves established by our claims department (based on a case-by-case evaluation of the kind of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss) and bulk reserves for additional growth on carried case reserves on known claims. The amounts of reserves for unreported claims and LAE (incurred but not reported claims, or IBNR) are determined using our historical information for each line of business adjusted to reflect current conditions. Inflation is ordinarily implicitly provided for in the reserving function through analysis of costs, trends and reviews of historical reserving results over multiple years.

Reserves are closely monitored and are recalculated periodically using the most recent information on reported claims and a variety of actuarial techniques. Specifically, claims management personnel complete weekly and ongoing reviews of existing case reserves, new claims, changes to existing case reserves, and paid losses with respect to the current and prior years. As we continue to expand historical data regarding paid and incurred losses, we use this data to develop expected ultimate loss and loss adjustment expense ratios. We then apply these expected loss and loss adjustment expense ratios to earned premium to derive a reserve level for each line of business. In connection with the determination of these reserves, we will also consider other specific factors such as recent weather-related losses, trends in historical reported and paid losses, and litigation and judicial trends regarding liability. Therefore, we use the loss ratio method, among other methods, to project an ultimate loss expectation, and then the related loss history must be regularly evaluated and loss expectations updated, with the possibility of variability from the initial estimate of ultimate losses.

When a claim is reported to us, our claims personnel establish a “case reserve” for the estimated amount of the ultimate amount payable to settle the claim. This estimate reflects an informed judgment based upon general insurance reserving practices and on the experience and knowledge of the claims adjuster. The individual estimating the reserve considers the nature and value of the specific claim, the severity of injury or damage, location, and the policy provisions relating to the type of loss. Case reserves are adjusted by us as more information becomes available. It is our policy to settle each claim as expeditiously as possible.

We maintain IBNR reserves to provide for claims that have been incurred but have not been reported and subsequent development on reported claims. The IBNR reserve is determined by estimating our insurance company’s ultimate net liability for both reported and unreported claims and then subtracting the case reserves and payments made to date for reported claims.

Loss Reserve Estimation Methods. We apply the following general methods in projecting reserves for losses and LAE:

Selected reserves are based on a review of the indications from these methods as well as other considerations such as emergence since the most recent evaluation and number of open claims for a given accident period.

Description of Ultimate Loss Estimation Methods. The reported loss development method relies on the assumption that, at any given state of maturity, ultimate losses can be reasonably predicted by multiplying cumulative reported losses (paid losses plus case reserves) by a cumulative development factor derived from development patterns observed in the historical reported data. The validity of the results of this method depends on the stability of claim reporting and settlement rates, as well as the consistency of case reserve levels. Case reserves do not have to be adequately stated for this method to be effective; they only need to have a fairly consistent level of adequacy for the historical experience that is considered. In order to derive loss development patterns that are predictive for our business, we compile and review loss development triangles of our experience on an accident quarter basis, and select loss development factors based on indications from this analysis of our data.

The paid loss development method is mechanically identical to the reported loss development method described above, but applied to loss payments only. The paid method does not rely on case reserves or claim reporting patterns in making projections.

The validity of the results from using a loss development approach can be affected by many conditions, such as internal claim department processing changes, a shift between single and multiple claim payments, legal changes, or variations in our mix of business from year to year. Also, since the percentage of losses paid for immature accident quarters is often low, development factors for these maturities can be volatile. A small variation in the number of claims paid can have a leveraging effect that can lead to significant distortions in estimated ultimate losses for these highly leveraged accident quarters. Therefore, ultimate values for immature accident quarters are often based on alternative estimation techniques than more mature accident quarters.

The loss ratio method used by us relies on the assumption that remaining unreported losses are a function of the total expected losses rather than a function of currently reported losses. The expected loss ratio is multiplied by earned premium to produce ultimate losses. Reported losses are then subtracted from this estimate to produce expected unreported losses.

The loss ratio method is more useful than other models for immature loss years. For these immature years, the amounts reported or paid may not be fully predictive of future development. Therefore, future development is assumed to follow an expected pattern that is supported by more stable historical data or by emerging trends. This method is also useful when variations in reporting or payment patterns distort the historical development of losses.

The paid and reported Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods are a weighting of the loss ratio method and the corresponding development method. Outstanding reserves or IBNR reserves are derived by applying the loss ratio estimate to the estimated unpaid or unreported percent of losses based on the development patterns from the development methods.

The paid and reported experience-modified Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods are similar to the traditional paid and reported Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods described above, with the distinction being that the initial (unadjusted Bornhuetter-Ferguson) estimates are compared to actual paid or reported losses. A modification factor is selected based on the difference in the actual losses and the estimate based on the expected loss ratio and development pattern. The modification factor is applied to the initial expected ultimate loss to produce modified expected ultimates, which are then utilized as the basis for the traditional paid and reported Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods.

Finally, we employ several variations of the frequency/severity method for exposures that do not tend to follow historical payment and reported patterns, such as catastrophes as well as for the separate analysis of litigated claims, discussed below. For such exposures, we estimate future development of reported claims and average severities on IBNR claims. We combine this estimate with our open claims in order to derive an estimate of expected unreported losses. Paid losses are added to this estimate in order to derive an estimate of ultimate losses. This method is based on the assumption that future unreported claims and the average severity of open claims and unreported claims can be reasonably estimated from the experience available.

While the property and casualty industry has incurred substantial aggregate losses from claims related to asbestos-related illnesses, environmental remediation, product and mold, and other uncertain or environmental exposures, we have not experienced significant losses from these types of claims. We have experienced material losses associated with sinkholes in past years, but the materiality of this hazard has decreased significantly since the passing of Florida Senate Bill 408. We continue to segregate this data in our derivation of estimated required reserves. While the losses we have experienced from exposures to catastrophes have not historically been material, we have experienced significant losses related to recent catastrophes. These losses have followed materially different development patterns than the balance of our experience. To address this situation, we separate this exposure from the remainder of the business and derive reserves specific to each catastrophe event. We have seen a significant difference in development patterns between litigated and non-litigated claims. For instance, claims associated with Assignment of Benefits (“AOB”) lawsuits have driven up our legal and claim settlement costs in past years. It is still too early for us to gauge the impact of the AOB reform passed by the Florida Legislature during 2019 in curbing inflated claims and volumes of lawsuits. Therefore, we have performed the reserving methods separately on these two groups of claims as well. Total reserves are determined by adding the reserves related to each line of business.

Currently, our estimated ultimate liability is calculated using the principles and procedures described above, which are applied to the lines of business written. However, because the establishment of loss reserves is an inherently uncertain process, we cannot be certain that ultimate losses will not exceed the established loss reserves and have a material, adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Changes in estimates, or differences between estimates and amounts ultimately paid, are reflected in the operating results of the period during which such adjustments are made.

Our reported results, financial position and liquidity would be affected by likely changes in key assumptions that determine our net loss reserves. Management does not believe that any reasonably likely changes in the frequency of claims would affect our loss reserves. However, management believes that a reasonably likely increase or decrease in the severity of claims could impact our net loss reserves. The table below summarizes the effect on net loss reserves and equity in the event of reasonably likely changes in the severity of claims considered in establishing loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. The range of reasonably likely changes in the severity of our claims was established based on a review of changes in loss year development and applied to loss reserves as a whole. The selected range of changes does not indicate what could be the potential best or worst case or likely scenarios:

Reinsurance Recoverable. Our reinsurance recoverable balance represents an estimate of the amount of paid and unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses that is recoverable from reinsurers. This estimate is determined in a manner consistent with the terms of the applicable reinsurance contracts and based on the ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses we expect to incur. Given the uncertainty of the ultimate amounts of losses and loss adjustment expenses, the estimate may vary significantly from the eventual outcome.

Economic Impact of Reinsurance Contract with Retrospective Provisions. One of our reinsurance contracts includes retrospective provisions that adjust premiums in the event losses are minimal or zero. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we will recognize an asset in the period in which the absence of loss experience obligates the reinsurer to pay cash or other consideration under the contract. In the event that a loss arises, we will derecognize such asset in the period in which a loss arises. Such adjustments to the asset, which accrue throughout the contract term, will negatively impact our operating results when a catastrophic loss event occurs during the contract term.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, we accrued benefits of $6,344,000 and recognized a reduction in ceded premiums of $434,000. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized a net increase in accrued benefits of $743,000 and a net increase in ceded premiums of $258,000. In contrast, for the year ended December 31, 2017, we derecognized $3,413,000 of net accrued benefits. We also recognized ceded premiums of $2,327,000, including the reversal of the majority of previously deferred reinsurance costs. The adjustments made in 2017 were attributable to the impact of Hurricane Irma. In combination, for the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized a decrease in ceded premiums of $6,778,000. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized a net reduction in ceded premiums of $485,000 as opposed to a net increase in ceded premiums of $5,740,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017.

As of December 31, 2019, we had $9,480,000 of accrued benefits, the amount that would be charged to earnings in the event we experience a catastrophic loss that exceeds the coverage limits. As of December 31, 2018, accrued benefits totaled $3,136,000.

We believe the credit risk associated with the collectability of these accrued benefits is minimal based on available information about the individual reinsurer’s financial position.

Income Taxes. We account for income taxes in accordance with U.S. GAAP, resulting in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the enacted tax law to the taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. We determine deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur. Valuation allowances are provided against assets that are not likely to be realized, if any. We have elected to classify the related interest and penalties, if any, as income tax expense as permitted by current accounting standards.

Stock-Based Compensation. We account for stock-based compensation awards under our shareholder approved incentive plans in accordance with the fair value recognition provisions of U.S. GAAP, which require the measurement, and recognition of compensation for all stock-based awards made to employees and non-employee directors including stock options and restricted stock issuances based on estimated fair values. We recognize stock-based compensation in the consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which requires the following variables for input to calculate the fair value of each stock award on the option grant date: 1) expected volatility of our stock price, 2) the risk-free interest rate, 3) expected term of each award, 4) expected dividends, and 5) an expected forfeiture rate.

Our investment portfolios at December 31, 2019 included fixed-maturity and equity securities, the purposes of which are not for speculation. Our main objective is to maximize after-tax investment income and maintain sufficient liquidity to meet our obligations while minimizing market risk, which is the potential economic loss from adverse fluctuations in securities prices. We consider many factors including credit ratings, investment concentrations, regulatory requirements, anticipated fluctuation of interest rates, durations and market conditions in developing investment strategies. Our investment securities are managed primarily by outside investment advisors and are overseen by the investment committee appointed by our board of directors. From time to time, our investment committee may decide to invest in low risk assets such as U.S. government bonds.

Our investment portfolios are exposed to interest rate risk, credit risk and equity price risk. Fiscal and economic uncertainties caused by any government action or inaction may exacerbate these risks and potentially have adverse impacts on the value of our investment portfolios.

We classify our fixed-maturity securities as available-for-sale and report any unrealized gains or losses, net of deferred income taxes, as a component of other comprehensive income within our stockholders’ equity. As such, any material temporary changes in their fair value can adversely impact the carrying value of our stockholders’ equity. In addition, we recognize any unrealized gains and losses related to our equity securities in our statement of income. As a result, our results of operations can be materially affected by the volatility in the equity market.

Our fixed-maturity securities are sensitive to potential losses resulting from unfavorable changes in interest rates. We manage the risk by analyzing anticipated movement in interest rates and considering our future capital needs.

The following table illustrates the impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates to the fair value of our fixed-maturity securities at December 31, 2019 (amounts in thousands):

Credit risk can expose us to potential losses arising principally from adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuers of our fixed-maturity securities. We mitigate the risk by investing in fixed-maturity securities that are generally investment grade, by diversifying our investment portfolio to avoid concentrations in any single issuer or business sector, and by continually monitoring each individual security for declines in credit quality. While we emphasize credit quality in our investment selection process, significant downturns in the markets or general economy may impact the credit quality of our portfolio.

The following table presents the composition of our fixed-maturity securities, by rating, at December 31, 2019 (amounts in thousands):

Our equity investment portfolio at December 31, 2019 included common stocks, perpetual preferred stocks, mutual funds and exchange traded funds. We may incur potential losses due to adverse changes in equity security prices. We manage the risk primarily through industry and issuer diversification and asset mix.

The following table illustrates the composition of our equity securities at December 31, 2019 (amounts in thousands):

At December 31, 2019, we did not have any material exposure to foreign currency related risk.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of HCI Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated March 6, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion.

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We have audited HCI Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries’ (the Company’s) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and our report dated March 6, 2020, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

	Years Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Revenue
Gross premiums earned	$	342,079		$	343,065		$	358,253
Premiums ceded		(125,765	)		(129,643	)		(133,635	)
Net premiums earned		216,314			213,422			224,618
Net investment income		13,642			16,581			11,439
Net realized investment (losses) gains		(254	)		6,183			4,346
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)		7,950			(10,202	)		92
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in income:
Total other-than-temporary impairment losses		(289	)		(80	)		(1,116	)
Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income, before taxes		—			—			(351	)
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses		(289	)		(80	)		(1,467	)
Policy fee income		3,229			3,389			3,622
Other		1,882			1,999			1,756
Total revenue		242,474			231,292			244,406
Expenses
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		107,514			109,328			165,629
Policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses		42,497			38,943			39,663
General and administrative personnel expenses		31,112			25,908			25,127
Interest expense		13,055			18,096			16,767
Loss on repurchases of senior notes		—			—			743
Impairment loss		—			—			38
Other operating expenses		12,203			12,115			12,063
Total operating expenses		206,381			204,390			260,030
Income (loss) before income taxes		36,093			26,902			(15,624	)
Income tax expense (benefit)		9,517			9,177			(8,731	)
Net income (loss)	$	26,576		$	17,725		$	(6,893	)

Basic earnings (loss) per share	$	3.32		$	2.34		$	(0.75	)

Diluted earnings (loss) per share	$	3.31		$	2.34		$	(0.75	)

	Common Stock					Additional Paid-In			Retained			Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income,			Total Stockholders’
	Shares			Amount		Capital			Income			Net of Tax			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2018		8,356,730		$	—	$	—		$	182,894		$	(1,453	)	$	181,441
Net income		—			—		—			26,576			—			26,576
Total other comprehensive income, net of income taxes		—			—		—			—			3,631			3,631
Exercise of common stock options		10,000			—		63			—			—			63
Issuance of restricted stock		180,404			—		—			—			—			—
Forfeiture of restricted stock		(299,776	)		—		—			—			—			—
Repurchase and retirement of common stock		(28,784	)		—		(1,203	)		—			—			(1,203	)
Repurchase and retirement of common stock under share repurchase plan		(454,010	)		—		(18,851	)		—			—			(18,851	)
Common stock dividends ($1.60 per share)		—			—		—			(12,706	)		—			(12,706	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—		6,460			—			—			6,460
Tax basis adjustment on equity method investment		—			—		132			—			—			132
Additional paid-in capital shortfall allocated to retained income		—			—		13,399			(13,399	)		—			—
Balance at December 31, 2019		7,764,564		$	—	$	—		$	183,365		$	2,178		$	185,543

	Common Stock					Additional Paid-In			Retained			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss),			Total Stockholders’
	Shares			Amount		Capital			Income			Net of Tax			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017		8,762,416		$	—	$	—		$	189,409		$	4,566		$	193,975
Net income		—			—		—			17,725			—			17,725
Total other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes		—			—		—			—			(2,835	)		(2,835	)
Cumulative effect adjustments for adoption of new accounting standards:
Reclassification of after-tax net unrealized holding gains related to equity securities		—			—		—			4,168			(4,168	)		—
Reclassification of stranded tax effects related to available-for-sale fixed-maturity and equity securities		—			—		—			(984	)		984			—
Issuance of restricted stock		189,860			—		—			—			—			—
Forfeiture of restricted stock		(56,637	)		—		—			—			—			—
Repurchase and retirement of common stock		(27,281	)		—		(1,151	)		—			—			(1,151	)
Repurchase and retirement of common stock under share repurchase plan		(511,628	)		—		(20,015	)		—			—			(20,015	)
Purchase of noncontrolling interest		—			—		(539	)		—			—			(539	)
Common stock dividends ($1.475 per share)		—			—		—			(10,351	)		—			(10,351	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—		4,632			—			—			4,632
Additional paid-in capital shortfall allocated to retained income		—			—		17,073			(17,073	)		—			—
Balance at December 31, 2018		8,356,730		$	—	$	—		$	182,894		$	(1,453	)	$	181,441

	Common Stock					Additional Paid-In			Retained			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income,		Total Stockholders’
	Shares			Amount		Capital			Income			Net of Tax		Equity
Balance at December 31, 2016		9,662,761		$	—	$	8,139		$	232,964		$	2,643	$	243,746
Net loss		—			—		—			(6,893	)		—		(6,893	)
Total other comprehensive income, net of income taxes		—			—		—			—			1,923		1,923
Issuance of restricted stock		154,936			—		—			—			—		—
Exercise of common stock options		30,000			—		75			—			—		75
Forfeiture of restricted stock		(23,766	)		—		—			—			—		—
Repurchase and retirement of common stock		(437,240	)		—		(21,318	)		—			—		(21,318	)
Repurchase and retirement of common stock under share repurchase plan		(433,175	)		—		(15,154	)		—			—		(15,154	)
Repurchase of common stock under prepaid forward contract		(191,100	)		—		(9,400	)		—			—		(9,400	)
Equity component on 4.25% convertible senior notes (net of offering costs of $543)		—			—		15,151			—			—		15,151
Deferred taxes on debt discount		—			—		(5,845	)		—			—		(5,845	)
Common stock dividends ($1.40 per share)		—			—		—			(12,833	)		—		(12,833	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—		4,523			—			—		4,523
Additional paid-in capital shortfall allocated to retained income		—			—		23,829			(23,829	)		—		—
Balance at December 31, 2017		8,762,416		$	—	$	—		$	189,409		$	4,566	$	193,975

	Years Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	26,576		$	17,725		$	(6,893	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Stock-based compensation		6,460			4,632			4,523
Net amortization of premiums on investments in fixed-maturity securities		50			761			1,252
Depreciation and amortization		8,942			10,996			9,591
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)		1,871			141			(4,913	)
Net realized investment losses (gains)		254			(6,183	)		(4,346	)
Net unrealized investment (gains) losses		(7,950	)		10,202			(92	)
Other-than-temporary impairment losses		289			80			1,467
Loss (income) from unconsolidated joint venture		83			(304	)		234
Distribution received from unconsolidated joint venture		—			68			147
Loss on repurchases of senior notes		—			—			743
Impairment loss		—			—			38
Net income from limited partnership interests		(1,176	)		(4,430	)		(2,334	)
Distributions received from limited partnership interests		4,176			2,345			881
Foreign currency remeasurement loss (gain)		57			135			(60	)
Other non-cash items		290			72			134
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued interest and dividends receivable		176			191			(329	)
Income taxes		(69	)		15,221			(13,381	)
Premiums receivable		(3,588	)		1,140			(531	)
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		(51	)		4,354			2,268
Reinsurance recoverable		(8,767	)		(20,807	)		(103,104	)
Deferred policy acquisition costs		(5,156	)		205			(73	)
Other assets		(7,837	)		408			783
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		7,111			9,008			128,086
Unearned premiums		23,434			(7,167	)		(10,907	)
Advance premiums		(603	)		1,244			297
Assumed reinsurance balances payable		62			(1	)		(3,279	)
Reinsurance recovered in advance on unpaid losses		—			(13,885	)		13,885
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		9,413			2,444			2,548
Net cash provided by operating activities		54,047			28,595			16,635

	Years Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Cash flows from investing activities:
Investments in limited partnership interests		(1,174	)		(7,182	)		(4,226	)
Distributions received from limited partnership interests		2,121			158			11,758
Distribution from unconsolidated joint venture		—			695			417
Purchase of property and equipment		(2,887	)		(2,187	)		(2,340	)
Purchase of intangible assets		—			(409	)		(637	)
Purchase of real estate investments		(11,481	)		(7,472	)		(11,878	)
Purchase of fixed-maturity securities		(82,662	)		(113,174	)		(114,743	)
Purchase of equity securities		(24,637	)		(52,250	)		(50,453	)
Purchase of short-term and other investments		(1,178	)		(201,538	)		—
Proceeds from sales of fixed-maturity securities		7,947			81,809			31,759
Proceeds from calls, repayments and maturities of fixed-maturity securities		59,343			82,177			14,897
Proceeds from sales of equity securities		37,669			66,439			45,282
Proceeds from sales, redemptions and maturities of short-term and other investments		67,398			135,256			—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		50,459			(17,678	)		(80,164	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash dividends paid		(13,012	)		(11,318	)		(13,906	)
Cash dividends received under share repurchase forward contract		306			967			1,073
Proceeds from revolving credit facility		9,750			—			—
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options		63			—			75
Proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt		—			6,000			143,859
Repurchases of senior notes		—			—			(40,250	)
Repayment of long-term debt		(91,318	)		(1,127	)		(974	)
Repurchases of common stock		(1,203	)		(1,151	)		(30,718	)
Repurchases of common stock under share repurchase plan		(18,851	)		(20,015	)		(15,154	)
Purchase of non-controlling interest		—			(539	)		—
Debt issuance costs		(459	)		(105	)		(4,975	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(114,724	)		(27,288	)		39,030
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		(22	)		(164	)		61
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(10,240	)		(16,535	)		(24,438	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year		240,158			256,693			281,131
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year	$	229,918		$	240,158		$	256,693

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

HCI Group, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“HCI” or the “Company”), is primarily engaged in the property and casualty insurance business through two Florida domiciled insurance companies, Homeowners Choice Property & Casualty Insurance Company, Inc. (“HCPCI”) and TypTap Insurance Company (“TypTap”). HCPCI is authorized to underwrite various homeowners’ property and casualty insurance products and allied lines business in the state of Florida. HCPCI also offers flood-endorsed and wind-only policies to Florida customers and has regulatory approval to underwrite residential property and casualty insurance in the states of Arkansas, California, Maryland, North Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Texas. However, Florida is still HCPCI’s primary market. TypTap offers standalone flood and homeowners multi-peril policies to Florida homeowners. The operations of both insurance subsidiaries are supported by HCI Group, Inc. and certain HCI subsidiaries. In particular, the Company is developing technologies to collect and analyze claims and other supplemental data to generate savings and efficiency for the operations of the insurance subsidiaries.

In addition, Greenleaf Capital, LLC, the Company’s real estate subsidiary, is primarily engaged in the businesses of owning and leasing real estate and operating marina facilities and one restaurant. See Note 16 -- “Segment Information.”

Basis of Presentation. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02 (“ASU 2016-02”), Leases (Topic 842). The guidance establishes new principles that lessees and lessors will apply to report useful information to users of financial statements about the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from a lease. ASU 2016-02 is effective for the Company January 1, 2019 and supersedes accounting for leases prescribed in Topic 840, Leases. ASU 2016-02 leaves lessor accounting substantially unchanged. The key change affecting the Company is the requirement that operating leases be recorded on the balance sheet. Topic 842 was subsequently amended by ASU No. 2018-01, Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842; ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases; ASU No. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements; ASU No. 2018-20, Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors; and ASU No. 2019-01, Codification Improvements to Topic 842. The new standard establishes a right-of-use (“ROU”) model that requires a lessee to recognize a ROU asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. The Company was initially required to use a modified retrospective method and apply this standard at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. Subsequently, the FASB permitted the application of this standard at the beginning of the adoption period as an alternative.

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the new standard using the effective date as its date of initial application. As a result, financial information is not updated and the disclosures required under the new standard are not provided for dates and periods prior to January 1, 2019. The Company elected a package of practical expedients, which permits the Company to not reassess under the new standard its prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification, and initial direct costs. Upon adoption, the Company, as a lessee, recognized ROU assets of approximately $771 and lease liabilities of approximately $812 for all operating leases except for those that have a lease term of 12 months or less.

Principles of Consolidation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of HCI Group, Inc. and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In addition, the Company evaluates its relationships or investments for consolidation pursuant to authoritative accounting guidance related to the consolidation of variable interest entities under the Variable Interest Model prescribed by the FASB. A variable interest entity is consolidated when the Company has the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the variable interest entity and has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the variable interest entity that could potentially be significant to the variable interest entity. When a variable interest entity is not consolidated, the Company uses the equity method to account for the investment. Under this method, the carrying value is generally the Company’s share of the net asset value of the unconsolidated entity, and changes in the Company’s share of the net asset value are recorded in net investment income.

Use of Estimates. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term are primarily related to losses and loss adjustment expenses, reinsurance with retrospective provisions, reinsurance recoverable, deferred income taxes, and stock-based compensation expense.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. The Company considers all short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months to be cash and cash equivalents. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, cash and cash equivalents consisted of cash on deposit with financial institutions and securities brokerage firms, commercial paper, and certificates of deposit.

Available-for-Sale Fixed-Maturity Securities. Fixed-maturity securities include debt securities and redeemable preferred stock. The Company’s available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value. Temporary changes in the fair value of available-for-sale securities are excluded from net investment income and reported in stockholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income, net of deferred income taxes. Realized investment gains and losses from sales are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the first-in first-out (FIFO) method. Investment income is recognized as earned and discounts or premiums arising from the purchase of debt securities are recognized in investment income using the interest method over the estimated remaining term of the security. Gains and losses from call redemptions and repayments are charged to investment income.

The Company reviews fixed-maturity securities for other-than-temporary impairment on a monthly basis. When the fair value of any investment is lower than its cost, an assessment is made to determine whether the decline is temporary or other-than-temporary. If the decline is determined to be other-than-temporary, the investment is written down to fair value and an impairment loss is recognized in income in the period in which the Company makes such determination.

When reviewing impaired securities, the Company considers its ability and intent to hold these securities and whether it is probable that the Company will be required to sell these securities prior to their anticipated recovery or maturity. For the fixed-maturity securities that the Company intends to sell or it is probable that the Company will have to sell before recovery or maturity, the unrealized losses are recognized as other-than-temporary losses in income. In instances where there are credit related losses associated with the impaired fixed-maturity securities for which the Company asserts that it does not have the intent to sell, and it is probable that the Company will not be required to sell until a market price recovery or maturity, the amount of the other-than-temporary impairment loss related to credit losses is recognized in income, and the amount of the other-than-temporary impairment loss related to other non-credit factors such as changes in interest rates or market conditions is recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income.

When determining impairment due to a credit related loss, the Company carefully considers factors such as the issuer’s financial ratios and condition, the security’s current ratings and maturity date, and overall market conditions in estimating the cash flows expected to be collected. The expected cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate of the security implicit at the date of acquisition is then compared with the security’s amortized cost at the measurement date. A credit loss is incurred when the present value of the expected cash flows is less than the security’s amortized cost. The Company considers various factors in determining whether an individual security is other-than-temporarily impaired (see Available-for-Sale Fixed-Maturity Securities in Note 5 -- “Investments”).

Equity Securities. Equity securities represent ownership interests held by the Company in entities for investment purposes. Unrealized holding gains and losses related to equity securities are reported in the consolidated statement of income as net unrealized investment gains and losses. Realized investment gains and losses from sales are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the first-in first-out method (see Equity Securities in Note 5 -- “Investments”). Prior to January 1, 2018, these equity securities were classified as either available-for-sale or trading and were carried at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Unrealized holding gains and losses from the changes in the fair values of available-for-sale equity securities were reported in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Short-Term Investments. Short-term investments include certificates of deposit issued by financial institutions and commercial paper with original maturities of more than three months but less than one year at date of acquisition. These short-term investments are carried at cost or amortized cost, which approximates fair value.

Limited Partnership Investments. The Company has interests in limited partnerships that are not registered under the United Stated Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the securities laws of any state or the securities laws of any other jurisdictions. The partnership interests cannot be resold in the public market and any withdrawal is subject to the terms and conditions of the partnership agreement. The Company has no influence over partnership operating and financial policies. The Company did not elect the fair value option and, therefore, uses the equity method to account for these investments (see Limited Partnership Investments in Note 5 -- “Investments”). The Company generally recognizes its share of the limited partnership’s earnings or losses on a three-month lag.

Pursuant to U.S. GAAP, these limited partnerships which are private equity funds must measure their investments at fair value and reflect the unrealized gains and losses in the fair value of their investments on their statement of income. As a result, the carrying value of limited partnership investments at each reporting date approximates their estimated fair value.

Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Venture. The Company has a 90% equity interest in a limited liability company (treated as a joint venture under U.S. GAAP) that owns land for lease or for sale. The joint venture was determined to be a variable interest entity as it lacks sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. Despite having a majority equity interest, the Company does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the joint venture and, accordingly, is not required to consolidate the joint venture as its primary beneficiary. As a result, the Company uses the equity method to account for this investment.

When evidence indicates an impairment may occur, the Company evaluates whether a decline in value is other than temporary. Evidence may include continuing operating losses of the joint venture, a declining occupancy rate, a decrease in real estate value, and an oversupply of rental property in close vicinity to the investment property. Should available evidence indicate the recovery of the initial investment is less likely, the Company would compare the carrying value of the investment with its expected residual value and recognize an impairment loss in earnings.

Assets Held for Sale. Assets held for sale are valued at the lower of the carrying value or fair value less costs to sell. Assets are classified as held for sale when the following criteria are met: (i) management has the authority and commits to a plan to sell the asset; (ii) the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition; (iii) there is an active program to locate a buyer and the plan to sell the asset has been initiated; (iv) the sale of the asset is probable within one year; (v) the property is being actively marketed at a reasonable sale price relative to its current fair value; and (vi) it is unlikely that the plan to sell will be withdrawn or that significant changes to the plan will be made.

In determining the fair value of the assets less costs to sell, the Company primarily relies on the value determined by an independent appraiser. If the estimated fair value less costs to sell is less than the carrying value of the asset, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value less costs to sell and an impairment loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of income. Depreciation is not recorded while assets are classified as held for sale.

Real Estate Investments. Real estate investments include real estate and the related assets purchased for investment purposes (see Note 5 -- “Investments”). Real estate and the related depreciable assets are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation, which is included in net investment income and allocated over the estimated useful life of the asset using the straight-line method of depreciation. Land is not depreciated. Real estate is evaluated for impairment when events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of the real estate may not be recoverable.

Deferred policy acquisition costs. Deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) represent direct costs to acquire insurance contracts and consist of premium taxes and commissions paid to outside agents at the time of collection of the policy premium. DAC is amortized over the life of the related policy in relation to the amount of gross premiums earned.

The method followed in computing DAC limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value, which gives effect to the gross premium earned, related investment income, unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and certain other costs expected to be incurred as the premium is earned.

DAC is reviewed to determine if it is recoverable from future premium income, including investment income. If such costs are determined to be unrecoverable, they are expensed at the time of determination. The amount of DAC considered recoverable could be reduced in the near term if the estimates of total revenues discussed above are reduced or permanently impaired as a result of the disposition of a line of business. The amount of amortization of DAC could be revised in the near term if any of the estimates discussed above are revised.

Property and Equipment. Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization, which is included in other operating expenses. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives as follows: building, 39 years; computer hardware and software, 3 years; and office and furniture equipment, 3 to 7 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the asset’s useful life. Land is not depreciated. Expenditures for improvements are capitalized to the property accounts. Replacements and maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the life of the respective assets are expensed as incurred. The Company capitalizes both internal and external costs for internally developed software during the application development stage. During the preliminary project and post-implementation stage, internal-use software development costs are expensed as incurred. Capitalized software costs are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 7 years.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets. Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. The Company assesses the recoverability of long-lived assets by determining whether the assets can be recovered from undiscounted future cash flows. Recoverability of long-lived assets is dependent upon, among other things, the Company’s ability to maintain profitability, so as to be able to meet its obligations when they become due. In the opinion of management, based upon current information and projections, long-lived assets will be recovered over the period of benefit.

Intangible Assets. Intangibles consist of the value attributable to the acquired in-place leases and the primary, or anchor, tenant relationships. The value attributable to the anchor tenant relationship represents the economic benefits of having a nationally recognized retailer as the lead tenant, which draws consumer traffic and other tenants to the retail center. These intangibles are amortized to expense over the related lease term. Amortization of the intangibles related to real estate investments is reflected in net investment income in the consolidated statement of income. The Company reviews these intangible assets for impairment annually or when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. In the event the Company determines the carrying value is not recoverable, an impairment loss is recorded in the Company’s consolidated statement of income.

Leases. The Company leases office equipment, storage units, and office space from non-affiliates under terms ranging from one month up to ten years. In assessing whether a contract is or contains a lease, the Company first determines whether there is an identified asset in the contract. The Company then determines whether the contract conveys the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the identified asset or the right to direct the use of the identified asset. The Company elects not to record any lease with a term of 12 months or less on the consolidated balance sheet. For such short-term leases, the Company recognizes the lease payments in expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

If the contract is or contains a lease and the Company has the right to control the use of the identified asset, the ROU asset and the lease liability is measured from the lease component of the contract and recognized on the consolidated balance sheet. In measuring the lease liability, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate for a loan secured by a similar asset that has a term similar to the lease term to discount the lease payments. The contract is further evaluated to determine the classification of the lease as to whether it is finance or operating. If the lease is a finance lease, the ROU asset is depreciated to depreciation expense over the shorter of the useful life of the asset or the lease term. Interest expense is recorded in connection with the lease liability using the effective interest method. If the lease is an operating lease, the ROU asset is amortized to lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For the presentation of finance leases on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet, ROU assets and corresponding lease liabilities are included with property and equipment, net, and long-term debt, respectively. For the presentation of operating leases on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet, ROU assets and corresponding lease liabilities are included with other assets and other liabilities, respectively.

The Company as a lessor leases its commercial and retail properties, boat slips, and docks to non-affiliates at various terms. If the contract gives the Company’s customer the right to control the use of the identified asset, revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Initial direct costs incurred by the Company are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company also records an unbilled receivable, which is the amount by which straight-line revenue exceeds the amount billed in accordance with the lease.

Lease Acquisition Costs. Lease acquisition costs represent capitalized costs of finding and acquiring tenants such as leasing commissions, legal, and marketing expenses. The costs are included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company amortizes these costs in other operating expenses on a straight-line basis over the term of a lease.

Long-Term Debt. Long-term debt includes debt instruments and finance lease obligations. A debt instrument is generally classified as a liability and carried at amortized cost, net of any discount and issuance costs. At issuance, a debt instrument with embedded features such as conversion and redemption options is evaluated to determine whether bifurcation and derivative accounting is applicable. If such instrument is not subject to derivative accounting, it is further evaluated to determine if the Company is required to separately account for the liability and equity components.

To determine the carrying values of the liability and equity components at issuance, the Company measures the fair value of a similar liability, including any embedded features other than the conversion option, and assigns such value to the liability component. The liability component’s fair value is then subtracted from the initial proceeds to determine the carrying value of the debt instrument’s equity component, which is included in additional paid-in capital.

Any embedded feature other than the conversion option is evaluated at issuance to determine if it is probable that such embedded feature will be exercised. If the Company concludes that the exercisability of that embedded feature is not probable, the embedded feature is considered to be non-substantive and would not impact the initial measurement and expected life of the debt instrument’s liability component.

Transaction costs related to issuing a debt instrument that embodies both liability and equity components are allocated to the liability and equity components in proportion to the allocation of the proceeds and accounted for as debt issuance costs and equity issuance costs, respectively. Debt issuance costs are capitalized and presented as a deduction from the carrying value of the debt. Both debt discount and deferred debt issuance costs are amortized to interest expense over the expected life of the debt instrument using the effective interest method. Equity issuance costs are a reduction to the proceeds allocated to the equity component.

Prepaid Share Repurchase Forward Contract. A prepaid share repurchase forward contract is generally a contract that allows the Company to buy from the counterparty a specified number of common shares at a specific time at a given forward price. The Company entered into such a contract and evaluated the characteristics of the forward contract to determine whether it met the definition of a derivative financial instrument pursuant to U.S. GAAP. The Company determined the forward contract is an equity contract on the Company’s common shares requiring physical settlement in common shares of the Company. As such, the transaction is recognized as a component of stockholders’ equity with a charge to additional paid-in capital equal to the prepayment amount, which represents the cash paid to the counterparty. There will be no recognition in earnings for changes in fair value in subsequent periods.

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses. Reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) are determined by establishing liabilities in amounts estimated to cover incurred losses and LAE. Such reserves are determined based on the assessment of claims reported and the development of pending claims. These reserves are based on individual case estimates for the reported losses and LAE and estimates of such amounts that are incurred but not reported. Changes in the estimated liability are charged or credited to income as the losses and LAE are settled.

The estimates of unpaid losses and LAE are subject to trends in claim severity and frequency and are continually reviewed. As part of the process, the Company reviews historical data and considers various factors, including known and anticipated regulatory and legal developments, changes in social attitudes, inflation and economic conditions. As experience develops and other data becomes available, these estimates are revised, as required, resulting in increases or decreases to the existing unpaid losses and LAE. Adjustments are reflected in the results of operations in the period in which they are made and the liabilities may deviate substantially from prior estimates. Losses and LAE ceded to or recovered from reinsurers are recorded as a reduction to losses and LAE on the consolidated statement of income.

Advance Premiums. Premium payments received prior to the policy effective date are recorded as advance premiums. Once the policy is in force, the premiums are recorded as described under “Premium Revenue” below.

Reinsurance. In the normal course of business, the Company seeks to reduce the loss that may arise from catastrophes or other events by reinsuring certain levels of risk in various areas of exposure with other insurance enterprises or reinsurers. The Company contracts with a number of reinsurers to secure its annual reinsurance coverage, which generally becomes effective June 1st each year. The Company purchases reinsurance each year taking into consideration probable maximum losses and reinsurance market conditions. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the applicable reinsurance contract or contracts. Reinsurance premiums and reserves related to reinsured business are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Premiums ceded to other companies have been reported as a reduction of gross premiums earned. Prepaid reinsurance premiums represent the unexpired portion of premiums ceded to reinsurers.

One of the Company’s current reinsurance contracts contains retrospective provisions including terms and conditions that adjust premiums based on the loss experience under the contracts. In such cases, a with-and-without method is used to estimate the asset or liability amount to be recognized at each reporting date. The amount of the estimate is the difference between the net contract costs before and after the loss experience under the contract. Estimates related to premium adjustments are recognized in ceded premiums earned. These estimates are reviewed monthly based on the loss experience to date and as adjustments become necessary. Such adjustments are reflected in the Company’s current operations and recorded in other assets until received upon the expiration of the contracts.

The Company receives ceding commissions from ceding gross written premiums to a third-party reinsurer under one flood quota share reinsurance contract. The ceding commissions represent the reimbursement of the Company’s policy acquisition, underwriting and other operating expenses. Ceding commissions received cover a portion of premium taxes and agent commissions capitalized by the Company and a portion of non-capitalized acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses. Ceding commissions are recognized to income on a pro-rata basis over the terms of the policies reinsured, the amount of which is included in policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses in the consolidated statement of income. The unearned portion of ceding commissions that represents recovery of capitalized acquisition costs is classified as a reduction of deferred policy acquisition costs whereas the remaining unearned balance is classified as deferred revenue in other liabilities.

Premium Revenue. Premium revenue is earned on a daily pro-rata basis over the term of the policies and is included in gross premiums earned. Unearned premiums represent the portion of the premiums attributable to the unexpired policy term. The Company reviews its policy detail and establishes an allowance for any amount outstanding for more than 90 days. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, allowances for uncollectible premiums were $528 and $558, respectively.

Policy Fees. Policy fees represent nonrefundable fees for insurance coverage, which are intended to reimburse a portion of the costs incurred to underwrite the policy. Policy fees are recognized ratably over the policy coverage period.

Florida Insurance Guaranty Association Assessments. The Company’s Florida insurance subsidiaries may be assessed by the state guaranty association. The assessments are intended to be used for the payment of covered claims of insolvent insurance entities. The assessments are generally based on a percentage of premiums written during or following the year of insolvency. Liabilities are recognized when the assessments are probable to be imposed on the premiums on which they are expected to be based and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. The insurer is permitted by Florida statutes to recover the entire amount of assessments from in-force and future policyholders through policy surcharges. U.S. GAAP provides that the Company should record an asset based on the amount of written or obligated-to-write premiums and limited to the amounts recoverable over the life of the in-force policies.

Foreign Currency. The functional currency of the Company’s Indian subsidiary is the U.S. dollar. As such, the monetary assets and liabilities of this subsidiary are remeasured into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect on the balance sheet date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured using historical rates. Expenses recorded in the local currency are remeasured at the prevailing exchange rate. Exchange gains and losses resulting from these remeasurements are included in other operating expenses.

Income Taxes. The Company files consolidated federal and state income tax returns and allocates taxes among its wholly owned subsidiaries in accordance with a written tax-allocation agreement.

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with U.S. GAAP, resulting in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the enacted tax law to the taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. The Company determines deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur.

Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized if it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term “more likely than not” means a likelihood of more than fifty percent; the terms “examined” and “upon examination” also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgment. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of evidence available, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. As of December 31, 2019, management is not aware of any uncertain tax positions that would have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments. The carrying amounts for the Company’s cash and cash equivalents approximate their fair values at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Fair values for securities or financial instruments are based on the framework for measuring fair value established by U.S. GAAP (see Note 7 -- “Fair Value Measurements”).

Stock-Based Compensation. The Company accounts for stock-based compensation under the fair value recognition provisions of U.S. GAAP which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation for all stock-based awards made to employees and directors based on estimated fair values. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, the fair value of stock-based awards is generally recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period, which is defined as the period during which a recipient is required to provide service in exchange for an award. Forfeitures of the Company’s stock-based awards are accounted for as they occur. The Company uses a straight-line attribution method for all grants that include only a service condition. The Company’s outstanding stock-based awards include stock options and restricted stock awards with service conditions. Compensation expense related to all awards is included in general and administrative personnel expenses. The Company receives a windfall tax benefit for certain stock option exercises and for restricted stock awards if these awards vest at a higher value than the value used to recognize compensation expense. In the event the restricted stock awards vest at a lower value than the value used to recognize compensation expense, the Company experiences a tax shortfall. The Company recognizes tax windfalls and shortfalls in the consolidated statement of income.

Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share. Basic earnings (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. U.S. GAAP requires the inclusion of restricted stock as participating securities since holders of the Company’s restricted stock have the right to share in dividends, if declared, equally with common stockholders. In addition, the intrinsic value of restricted stock declines when the Company experiences operating losses. As a result, holders of the Company’s restricted stock are allocated a proportional share of net income and loss determined by dividing total weighted-average shares of restricted stock by the sum of total weighted-average common shares and shares of restricted stock (the “two-class method”). Diluted earnings (loss) per common share reflect the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted as well as participating equities. During loss periods, common stock equivalents such as stock options and convertible debt are excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share, as the inclusion would have an anti-dilutive effect. See Note 19 -- “Earnings Per Share” for potentially dilutive securities at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

Statutory Accounting Practices. The Company’s U.S. insurance subsidiaries comply with statutory accounting practices prescribed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners. There are no state prescribed or permitted practices that have been adopted by the Company’s U.S. subsidiaries. In addition, the Company’s Bermuda insurance subsidiary prepares and files financial statements in accordance with the prescribed regulatory accounting practices of the Bermuda Monetary Authority.

Accounting Standards Update No. 2019-12. In December 2019, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2019-12 (“ASU 2019-12”), Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. It eliminates certain exceptions to the guidance in ASC 740 related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. It also simplifies aspects of the accounting for franchise taxes and enacted changes in tax laws or rates and clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill, along with other clarifications. ASU 2019-12 is effective for the Company beginning with the first quarter of 2021. Early adoption is permitted. This guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. However, it will impact the Company’s future income tax disclosures in its notes to the consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13 (“ASU 2016-13”), Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), effective January 1, 2020. This update amends guidance on the recognition and measurement of credit losses for assets held at amortized cost and available-for-sale debt securities. For assets held at amortized cost, ASU 2016-13 eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold and, instead, requires credit losses to be measured using the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) model. The CECL model requires the measurement of all expected credit losses based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts which incorporate forward-looking information. For available-for-sale debt securities, credit losses will continue to be measured in a manner similar to the current standard. ASU 2016-13 requires a valuation allowance, rather than a write-down, to be recognized for the Company’s expected credit losses. The valuation allowance account is a deduction from the amortized cost basis of the financial assets to reflect the net amount expected to be collected. Any subsequent changes to the expected credit losses of the financial assets will be recorded in earnings. The Company is required to use the modified-retrospective method by recognizing a cumulative-effect adjustment to the beginning retained income of fiscal year 2020. As for debt securities in which an other-than-temporary impairment had been recognized before the effective date, the prospective transition method will be used. On January 1, 2020, a cumulative-effect adjustment of $453 related to reinsurance recoverable was recognized to beginning retained income with a corresponding entry to an allowance for credit losses account.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Restricted cash primarily represents funds held by certain states in which the Company’s insurance subsidiaries conduct business to meet regulatory requirements.

The Company holds investments in fixed-maturity securities that are classified as available-for-sale. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair value of the Company’s available-for-sale securities by security type were as follows:

	Cost or Amortized		Gross Unrealized		Gross Unrealized			Estimated Fair
	Cost		Gain		Loss			Value
As of December 31, 2019
U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agencies	$	26,220	$	78	$	(3	)	$	26,295
Corporate bonds		157,155		2,212		(3	)		159,364
State, municipalities, and political subdivisions		7,763		149		—			7,912
Exchange-traded debt		8,698		462		(15	)		9,145
Redeemable preferred stock		118		5		—			123
Total	$	199,954	$	2,906	$	(21	)	$	202,839

As of December 31, 2018
U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agencies	$	61,979	$	24	$	(206	)	$	61,797
Corporate bonds		103,580		134		(1,809	)		101,905
State, municipalities, and political subdivisions		10,567		98		(3	)		10,662
Exchange-traded debt		8,426		82		(261	)		8,247
Redeemable preferred stock		118		—		(6	)		112
Total	$	184,670	$	338	$	(2,285	)	$	182,723

Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities as borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties. The scheduled contractual maturities of fixed-maturity securities at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

Proceeds received, and the gross realized gains and losses from sales of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

The Company regularly reviews its individual investment securities for other-than-temporary impairment. The Company considers various factors in determining whether each individual security is other-than-temporarily impaired, including-

The Company recognized $289 of credit-related impairment loss on one fixed-maturity security for the year ended December 31, 2019 in the consolidated statement of income compared with $80 of non-credit related impairment loss pertaining to one fixed-maturity security for the year ended December 31, 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recognized impairment losses of $428 related to the sale of four intent-to-sell fixed-maturity securities.

The following table presents a rollforward of the cumulative credit losses in other-than-temporary impairments recognized in income for available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities:

There was no activity related to cumulative credit losses during 2018. During 2017, the Company sold two fixed-maturity securities with cumulative credit losses totaling $475.

Securities with gross unrealized loss positions at December 31, 2019 and 2018, aggregated by investment category and length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous loss position, are as follows:

At December 31, 2019, there were eight securities in an unrealized loss position. Of these securities, none had been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer.

At December 31, 2018, there were 82 securities in an unrealized loss position. Of these securities, 35 securities had been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer.

The Company holds investments in equity securities measured at fair values which are readily determinable. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair value of the Company’s equity securities were as follows:

The table below presents the portion of unrealized gains and losses in the Company’s consolidated statement of income for the periods related to equity securities still held.

Proceeds received, and the gross realized gains and losses from sales of equity securities, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

Prior to 2018, equity securities classified as available-for-sale were evaluated for other-than-temporary impairment. When the impairment existed, an impairment loss was recognized in the consolidated statement of income. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recognized impairment losses of $1,039 related to available-for-sale equity securities.

The Company has interests in limited partnerships that are not registered or readily tradeable on a securities exchange. These partnerships are private equity funds managed by general partners who make decisions with regard to financial policies and operations. As such, the Company is not the primary beneficiary and does not consolidate these partnerships. The following table provides information related to the Company’s investments in limited partnerships:

The following is the aggregated summarized unaudited financial information of limited partnerships included in the investment strategy table above, which in certain cases is presented on a three-month lag due to the unavailability of information at the Company’s respective balance sheet dates. In applying the equity method of accounting, the Company uses the most recently available financial information provided by the general partner of each of these partnerships. The financial statements of these limited partnerships are audited annually.

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company recognized net investment income of $1,176, $4,430 and $2,334, respectively, for these investments. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s cumulative contributed capital to the partnerships existing at each respective balance sheet date totaled $29,528 and $28,354, respectively, and the Company’s maximum exposure to loss aggregated $28,346 and $32,293, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company received in cash a return on investment of $4,176 and a return of capital of $2,121 compared with a return on investment of $2,345 and a return of capital of $158 during the year ended December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company received total cash distributions of $12,639, representing $11,758 of returned capital and $881 of return on investment. Included in the return of capital was $11,626 from one limited partnership the Company withdrew from in February 2017.

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company recognized its share of earnings or losses based on the respective partnership’s statement of income. The carrying value of these investments approximates the amount the Company expected to recover at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Melbourne FMA, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary, currently has an equity investment in FMKT Mel JV, a Florida limited liability company treated as a joint venture under U.S. GAAP. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s maximum exposure to loss relating to this variable interest entity was $762 and $845, respectively, representing the carrying value of the investment. At December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, there was no undistributed income from this equity method investment.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company did not receive any cash distributions. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company received a cash distribution of $763, representing a combined distribution of $68 in earnings and $695 in capital. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company received a cash distribution of $564, representing a combined distribution of $147 in earnings and $417 in capital. The following tables provide FMJV’s summarized unaudited financial results and the unaudited financial positions:

In November 2018, Greenleaf Capital, LLC, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, listed for sale its 10-acre waterfront property, consisting of land, commercial and marina buildings in Treasure Island, Florida. With the expectation of a sale within a year, the property was reclassified in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet from real estate investments to assets held for sale, and depreciation ceased. Although this property has drawn interest from several potential buyers since the listing, the Company has yet to receive an offer with acceptable terms. The Company will continue to market the property but can no longer reasonably assume a sale will occur within a year. Accordingly, in December 2019 the property was reclassified back to real estate investments at its carrying value before it was classified as held for sale. The carrying value of $10,031, including additional improvement costs of $221, was then adjusted for catch-up depreciation expense of $261, which is included in net investment income in the Company’s consolidated statement of income.

Real estate investments include land, buildings with office and retail space for lease, outparcels, and marinas. Real estate investments consist of the following as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:

On February 27, 2019, the Company acquired approximately nine acres of undeveloped land located near its current headquarters in Tampa, Florida for a purchase price of $8,500, which was primarily financed by the Company’s revolving credit facility. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition. As such, all acquisition-related costs were capitalized.

Depreciation and amortization expense related to real estate investments was $1,782, $1,536 and $1,447, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

At December 31, 2019, $126,347 or 55.1% of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were deposited at three national banks and included $12,188 in two custodial accounts. At December 31, 2018, $180,508 or 75.4% of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were deposited at three national banks and included $73,511 in two custodial accounts. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s cash deposits at any one bank generally exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s $250 coverage limit for insured deposit accounts.

From time to time, the Company may invest in financial assets other than stocks, mutual funds and bonds. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, net realized gains related to other investments were $54, $69, and $0, respectively.

Comprehensive income (loss) includes net income (loss) and other comprehensive income or loss, which for the Company includes changes in unrealized gains or losses of investments carried at fair value and changes in the other-than-temporary impairment losses related to these investments. Reclassification adjustments for realized (gains) losses are reflected in net realized investment gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of income. The components of other comprehensive income or loss and the related tax effects allocated to each component were as follows:

The Company records and discloses certain financial assets at their estimated fair value. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels as follows:

Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of money-market funds and certificates of deposit maturing within 90 days. Their carrying value approximates fair value due to the short maturity and high liquidity of these funds.

Short-term investments consist of certificates of deposit and zero-coupon commercial paper with maturities of 91 to 365 days. Due to their short maturity, the carrying value approximates fair value.

Estimated fair values are determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, using valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Fair values are generally measured using quoted prices in active markets for identical securities or other inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar securities. In those instances where observable inputs are not available, fair values are measured using unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the security and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. Fair value estimates derived from unobservable inputs are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rates and the estimated amounts and timing of future cash flows. The derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a current market exchange.

The estimated fair values for securities that do not trade on a daily basis are determined by management, utilizing prices obtained from an independent pricing service and information provided by brokers, which are level 2 inputs. Management reviews the assumptions and methods utilized by the pricing service and then compares the relevant data and pricing to broker-provided data. The Company gains assurance of the overall reasonableness and consistent application of the assumptions and methodologies and compliance with accounting standards for fair value determination through ongoing monitoring of the reported fair values.

As described in Note 5 -- “Investments” under Limited Partnership Investments, the Company has interests in limited partnerships which are private equity funds. Pursuant to U.S. GAAP, these funds are required to use fair value accounting; therefore, the estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of these funds.

The following table summarizes components of the Company’s long-term debt and methods used in estimating their fair values:

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis. The table indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair value as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:

There were no transfers between Level 1, 2 or 3 during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

The following tables present fair value information for assets and liabilities that are carried on the balance sheet at amounts other than fair value as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:

	Carrying Value		Fair Value Measurements Using						Estimated Fair Value
			(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
As of December 31, 2019
Financial Assets:
Limited partnership investments	$	28,346	$	—	$	—	$	28,346	$	28,346
Financial Liabilities:
Revolving credit facility	$	9,750	$	—	$	9,750	$	—	$	9,750
Long-term debt:
4.25% Convertible senior notes	$	134,075	$	—	$	147,375	$	—	$	147,375
3.95% Promissory note		8,875		—		—		8,887		8,887
4% Promissory note		7,237		—		—		7,409		7,409
3.75% Promissory note		7,837		—		—		7,861		7,861
4.55% Promissory note		5,611		—		—		5,802		5,802
Total long-term debt	$	163,635	$	—	$	147,375	$	29,959	$	177,334

	Carrying Value		Fair Value Measurements Using						Estimated Fair Value
			(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
As of December 31, 2018
Financial Assets:
Limited partnership investments	$	32,293	$	—	$	—	$	32,293	$	32,293
Financial Liabilities:
Long-term debt:
3.875% Convertible senior notes	$	89,181	$	—	$	89,824	$	—	$	89,824
4.25% Convertible senior notes		130,120		—		145,617		—		145,617
3.95% Promissory note		9,077		—		—		9,128		9,128
4% Promissory note		7,732		—		—		7,788		7,788
3.75% Promissory note		8,159		—		—		8,001		8,001
4.55% Promissory note		5,826		—		—		6,025		6,025
Total long-term debt	$	250,095	$	—	$	235,441	$	30,942	$	266,383

The following table summarizes the activity with respect to deferred policy acquisition costs:

The amount of policy acquisition costs amortized and included in policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $37,146, $35,204 and $35,663, respectively.

Depreciation and amortization expense under property and equipment was $1,550, $1,370 and $1,237, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, amortization expense associated with intangible assets was $608, $604 and $503, respectively. The remaining weighted-average amortization period as of December 31, 2019 was 14.2 years and 10.0 years for anchor tenant relationships and in-place leases, respectively, or a combined weighted average of 11.4 years.

Amortization expense for intangible assets after December 31, 2019 is as follows:

The Company has a three-year secured revolving credit agreement (“Credit Agreement”) with Fifth Third Bank that expires on December 5, 2021. The Credit Agreement provides the Company with borrowing capacity of up to $65,000 and bears interest at an annual rate equal to monthly-determined LIBOR plus a margin based on the type of collateral used to secure each borrowing. The interest payment is due quarterly in arrears on January 1, April 1, July 1, and October 1. The Credit Agreement contains affirmative and negative covenants as well as customary events of defaults. Under the terms of the Credit Agreement, the Company must comply with certain financial and non-financial covenants and agree to pay a fee equal to the product of the unused line fee rate and the average of the daily unused available credit balances. The unused line fee rate is determined monthly based on the average daily deposit balances.

In February 2019, the Company borrowed $8,000 to fund the purchase of the undeveloped land as described in Note 5 -- “Investments” under Real Estate Investments. The Company incurred and capitalized $459 of issuance costs in other assets. Thereafter, the Company borrowed an additional amount of $1,750 for real estate investment purposes. For the year ended December 31, 2019, interest expense totaled $452, which included $157 of amortized issuance costs. At December 31, 2019, the Company was in compliance with all required covenants, and there were $9,750 of borrowings outstanding.

The following table summarizes future maturities of long-term debt as of December 31, 2019, which takes into consideration the assumption that the 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes are repurchased at the earliest call date.

Information with respect to interest expense related to long-term debt is as follows:

On March 15, 2019, the Company repaid the outstanding principal balance of its notes totaling $89,990 plus accrued interest of $1,744. Prior to the repayment, the conversion rate was 16.4074 shares of common stock for each $1 in principal amount, which was the equivalent of approximately $60.95 per share.

On March 3, 2017, the Company issued 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes in a private offering for an aggregate principal amount of $143,750. The net proceeds were $138,775 after $4,975 in related issuance and transaction costs. The notes mature March 1, 2037 and the cash interest is payable semiannually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year.

The Convertible Senior Notes rank equally in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated obligations. These Convertible Senior Notes do not contain any financial or operating covenants or restrictions on the payments of dividends, the incurrence of indebtedness or the issuance or repurchase of securities by the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The Convertible Senior Notes provide no protection to the note holders in the event of a fundamental change or other corporate transaction involving the Company except those described in the indenture. These Convertible Senior Notes do not require a sinking fund to be established for the purpose of redemption.

The conversion feature of these Convertible Senior Notes is subject to conversion rate adjustments upon the occurrence of specified events (including payment of dividends above a specified amount) but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest.

Since May 2018, the Company’s cash dividends on common stock have exceeded $0.35 per share, resulting in adjustments to the conversion rate of the 4.25% Convertible Notes. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2019, the conversion rate of the Company’s 4.25% Convertible Notes was 16.3667 shares of common stock for each $1 in principal amount, which was the equivalent of approximately $61.10 per share.

The holders of the Convertible Senior Notes may convert all or a portion of their Convertible Senior Notes during specified periods as follows: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on the dates specified in the indenture, if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days during the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day; (2) during the five business-day period after any ten consecutive trading-day period in which the trading price per $1 principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes is less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price and the conversion rate on each such trading day; (3) if specified corporate events, including a change in control, occur; or (4) at any time on or after the dates specified in the indenture.

The note holders who elect to convert their Convertible Senior Notes in connection with a fundamental change as described in the indentures will be entitled to a “make-whole” adjustment in the form of an increase in the conversion rate. Upon conversion, the Company has options to satisfy its conversion obligation by paying or delivering cash, shares of its common stock or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock. As of December 31, 2019, none of the conditions allowing the holders of the Convertible Senior Notes to convert had been met.

The Company determined that the Convertible Senior Notes’ embedded conversion feature is not a derivative financial instrument but rather is required to be separately accounted for in equity because the Company may elect to settle the conversion option entirely or partially in cash. At issuance, the Company accounted for the equity component of the embedded conversion feature as a reduction in the carrying amount of the debt and an increase in additional paid-in capital.

The note holders have the right to require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of the Convertible Senior Notes at par prior to the maturity date should any of the fundamental change events described in the indenture occur. The Company concluded that this embedded redemption feature is not a derivative financial instrument and that it is not probable at issuance that any of the specified fundamental change events will occur. Therefore, this embedded redemption feature is not substantive and will not affect the expected life of the liability component.

At the option of the holders of the Convertible Senior Notes, the Company is required to repurchase for cash all or any portion of the Convertible Senior Notes at par on March 1, 2022, March 1, 2027 or March 1, 2032. The Company concluded that this embedded feature is not a derivative financial instrument. In addition, based on economic factors at the time when the Convertible Senior Notes were issued, the Company determined it is probable that the note holders will exercise this option. Thus, the Company amortizes the liability component and related issuance costs associated with the Convertible Senior Notes over the period from March 3, 2017 to March 1, 2022.

The effective interest rate for the Convertible Senior Notes, taking into account both cash and non-cash components, approximates 7.6%. Had a 20-year term been used for the amortization of the liability component and issuance costs, the annual effective interest rate charged to earnings would have decreased to approximately 5.4%. As of December 31, 2019, the remaining amortization period of the debt discount was expected to be 2.2 years.

The following table summarizes information regarding the equity and liability components of the Convertible Senior Notes:

On February 27, 2017, the Company converted its outstanding revolving credit facility of $9,441 into a three-year mortgage loan primarily collateralized by a retail shopping center in Melbourne, Florida. Shortly after the loan conversion, the Company withdrew an additional amount of $109, thereby increasing the loan amount to $9,550. The loan bore a fixed annual interest rate of 3.95%. Approximately $50 of principal and interest was payable in 35 monthly installments beginning March 17, 2017 plus a final balloon payment of $8,891 including principal and unpaid interest payable on February 17, 2020.

The loan bears interest at a fixed annual rate of 3.75% and is collateralized by a retail shopping center in Sorrento, Florida and the lease agreements associated with this property. Approximately $53 of principal and interest is payable in 240 monthly installments. The promissory note may be repaid in full as long as the Company provides at least 60 days’ written notice and pays a prepayment premium as specified in the loan agreement. In addition, the lender may require full payment of the outstanding principal and unpaid interest on September 1, 2031 provided a written notice of its intention to call the note is given at least six months in advance.

The loan is collateralized by the Company’s Tampa, Florida headquarters, which is owned by HCPCI Holdings, LLC, and the lease agreements associated with this property. The loan bears interest at a fixed annual rate of 4%. Approximately $68 of principal and interest is payable in 180 monthly installments. The promissory note may be repaid in full as long as the Company provides at least 60 days’ written notice and pays a prepayment premium as specified in the loan agreement.

On July 6, 2018, Century Park Holdings, LLC, a subsidiary of the Company, entered into a 18-year loan agreement for $6,000 secured by commercial real estate in Tampa, Florida and an associated lease agreement. The loan bears interest at a fixed annual rate of 4.55%. Approximately $41 of principal and interest is payable in 216 monthly installments. The promissory note may be repaid in full or in part after September 1, 2020 as long as the Company provides at least 30 days’ written notice and pays a prepayment consideration as specified in the loan agreement.

The Company cedes a portion of its homeowners’ insurance exposure to other entities under catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance contracts and one quota share reinsurance agreement. Ceded premiums under most catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance contracts are subject to revision resulting from subsequent adjustments in total insured value. Under the terms of the quota share reinsurance agreement, the Company is entitled to a 30% ceding commission on ceded premiums written. The reinsurance premiums under one multi-year flood catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance contract are generally determined on a quarterly basis based on the premiums associated with the applicable flood total insured value in force on the last day of the preceding quarter.

The Company remains liable for claims payments in the event that any reinsurer is unable to meet its obligations under the reinsurance agreements. Failure of reinsurers to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. The Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors concentrations of credit risk arising from similar geographic regions, activities or economic characteristics of the reinsurers to minimize its exposure to significant losses from reinsurer insolvencies. The Company contracts with a number of reinsurers to secure its annual reinsurance coverage, which generally becomes effective June 1st each year. The Company purchases reinsurance each year taking into consideration probable maximum losses and reinsurance market conditions.

The impact of the reinsurance treaties on premiums written and earned is as follows:

During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, ceded losses of $114,443, $149,120, and $214,082, respectively, were recognized as reductions in losses and LAE. Ceded losses related to Hurricane Irma, Hurricane Michael, other non-catastrophe claims were $103,613, $10,750, and $80, respectively, for 2019 and $143,890 and $5,230, respectively, for 2018. For 2017, the reduction in losses and LAE entirely related to Hurricane Irma. Ceded losses recognized in 2018 included $7,400 attributable to Oxbridge Reinsurance Limited, a related party. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were 31 and 38 reinsurers, respectively, participating in the Company’s reinsurance program. Amounts receivable with respect to reinsurers at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $132,678 and $123,911, respectively. Approximately 61.4% of the reinsurance recoverable balance at December 31, 2019 was receivable from the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund, a tax-exempt state trust fund. Based on the insurance ratings, the payment history and the financial strength of the reinsurers, management believes there was no significant credit risk associated with its reinsurers’ obligation to perform on any prepaid reinsurance contract and to fund any reinsurance recoverable balance as of December 31, 2019. The ratio of assumed premiums earned to net premiums earned for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was 0.66%, 0.98%, and 4.9%, respectively.

One of the reinsurance contracts includes retrospective provisions that adjust premiums in the event losses are minimal or zero. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized a reduction in ceded premiums of $6,778. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recognized a net reduction in ceded premiums of $485 in contrast with a net increase in ceded premiums of $5,740 for the year ended December 31, 2017. Included in these adjustments attributable to the Company’s contract with Oxbridge for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $448 and $933, respectively, of net increase in ceded premiums.

In addition, adjustments related to retrospective provisions are reflected in other assets. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, other assets included $9,480 and $3,136, respectively. Management believes the credit risk associated with the collectability of these accrued benefits is minimal as the amount receivable is concentrated with one reinsurer and the Company monitors the creditworthiness of this reinsurer based on available information about the reinsurer’s financial condition.

The liability for losses and LAE is determined on an individual case basis for all claims reported. The liability also includes amounts for unallocated expenses, anticipated future claim development and losses incurred, but not reported. See Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses in Note 2 -- “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

The Company writes insurance primarily in the state of Florida, which could be exposed to hurricanes or other natural catastrophes. The occurrence of a major catastrophe could have a significant effect on the Company’s quarterly results and cause a temporary disruption of the normal operations of the Company. However, the Company is unable to predict the frequency or severity of any such events that may occur in the near term or thereafter.

The establishment of loss reserves is an inherently uncertain process and changes in loss reserve estimates are expected as these estimates are subject to the outcome of future events. Changes in estimates, or differences between estimates and amounts ultimately paid, are reflected in the operating results of the period during which such adjustments are adjusted. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized losses related to prior years of $10,559, which were primarily attributable to unfavorable development resulting from litigation. Included in adverse development for 2019 were losses related to Hurricane Matthew of $1,923. Losses for the 2019 loss year included estimated losses of $7,400 pertaining to one severe storm event during the first quarter. During 2019, the Company increased its estimated gross losses for Hurricane Irma from $411,000 to $514,000 and for Hurricane Michael from $22,250 to $33,000 due to an increase in the number of claims and lawsuits. These increases had no impact on the Company’s results of operations as these additional losses were entirely ceded.

The following is information about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2019, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of incurred-but-not-reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amounts. The information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2015 to 2012 is presented as supplementary information and is unaudited.

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

																	As of December 31, 2019
	Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31,																Total of IBNR Plus Expected Development Reported		Cumulative Number of Reported Claims (Not in Dollar
Year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		Claims		Amounts)(b)
2012	$	66,425	$	62,742	$	64,083	$	66,505	$	67,058	$	66,465	$	67,220	$	67,469	$	137		6,620
2013		—		67,579		69,932		69,906		72,015		71,604		73,763		74,043		306		7,008
2014		—		—		75,810		81,773		84,917		88,053		90,084		92,454		805		7,659
2015		—		—		—		78,017		90,902		96,173		101,272		102,149		1,489		7,660
2016		—		—		—		—		81,446		90,879		92,684		92,986		2,795		6,922
2017		—		—		—		—		—		91,443		88,937		89,652		8,567		5,748
2018		—		—		—		—		—		—		79,436		83,976		16,499		4,657
2019		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		95,467		37,702		4,393
Total															$	698,196

	Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31,
Year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019
2012	$	36,914	$	53,225	$	59,041	$	62,836	$	64,667	$	65,903	$	67,059	$	67,203
2013		—		40,240		57,374		64,257		68,106		70,224		72,492		73,420
2014		—		—		47,650		68,897		77,712		82,463		87,125		90,707
2015		—		—		—		50,939		76,042		87,784		95,179		99,200
2016		—		—		—		—		51,663		73,037		83,311		89,144
2017		—		—		—		—		—		43,039		66,996		78,808
2018		—		—		—		—		—		—		41,014		63,958
2019		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		47,471
Total															$	609,911
All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance																298
Liabilities for LAE, net of reinsurance															$	88,583

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

																	As of December 31, 2019
	Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31,																Total of IBNR Plus Expected Development Reported		Cumulative Number of Reported Claims (Not in Dollar
Year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		Claims		Amounts)(b)
2015	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	308	$	401	$	569	$	692	$	605	$	24		100
2016		—		—		—		—		1,005		1,314		1,814		1,853		77		228
2017		—		—		—		—		—		1,529		1,119		815		26		155
2018		—		—		—		—		—		—		798		708		28		130
2019		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		1,132		46		134
Total															$	5,113

	Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31,
Year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019
2015	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	156	$	332	$	465	$	582	$	582
2016		—		—		—		—		689		1,155		1,405		1,772
2017		—		—		—		—		—		484		786		789
2018		—		—		—		—		—		—		216		607
2019		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		828
Total															$	4,578
All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance																—
Liabilities for LAE, net of reinsurance															$	535

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

																	As of December 31, 2019
	Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31,																Total of IBNR Plus Expected Development Reported		Cumulative Number of Reported Claims (Not in Dollar
Year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		Claims		Amounts)(b)
2016	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	21,414	$	24,126	$	26,211	$	28,133	$	1,824		2,418
2017		—		—		—		—		—		53,602		54,080		53,557		5,992		20,867
2018		—		—		—		—		—		—		16,543		16,532		432		1,699
2019		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		35		136
Total															$	98,222

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid loss development tables to the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses is as follows:

The following is supplementary and unaudited information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2019:

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

The Company identifies its operating divisions based on organizational structure and revenue source. Currently, the Company has three reportable segments: insurance operations, real estate operations, and corporate and other. Due to their economic characteristics, the Company’s property and casualty insurance division and reinsurance division are grouped together into one reportable segment under insurance operations. The real estate operations segment includes companies engaged in operating commercial properties the Company owns for investment purposes or for use in its own operations. The corporate and other segment represents the activities of the holding companies, the information technology division, and other companies that do not meet the quantitative thresholds for a reportable segment. The determination of segments may change over time due to changes in operational emphasis, revenues, and results of operations. The Company’s chief executive officer, who serves as the Company’s chief operating decision maker, evaluates each division’s financial and operating performance based on revenue and operating income.

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, revenues from the Company’s insurance operations before intracompany elimination represented 95.0%, 95.0% and 96.2%, respectively, of total revenues of all operating segments. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, insurance operations’ total assets represented 85.5% and 85.9%, respectively, of the combined assets of all operating segments. See Note 1 -- “Nature of Operations” for a description of the Company’s insurance operations. The following tables present segment information reconciled to the Company’s consolidated statements of income. Intersegment transactions are not eliminated from segment results. However, intracompany transactions are eliminated in segment results below.

	Insurance Operations			Real Estate(a)		Corporate/ Other(b)			Reclassification/ Elimination			Consolidated
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019
Revenue:
Net premiums earned	$	216,314		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	216,314
Net investment income		12,230			1		2,348			(937	)		13,642
Net realized investment gains (losses)		286			—		(540	)		—			(254	)
Net unrealized investment gains		6,565			—		1,385			—			7,950
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses		(289	)		—		—			—			(289	)
Policy fee income		3,229			—		—			—			3,229
Other		762			9,366		5,738			(13,984	)		1,882
Total revenue		239,097			9,367		8,931			(14,921	)		242,474
Expenses:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		107,514			—		—			—			107,514
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		37,146			—		—			—			37,146
Interest expense		2			1,653		12,043			(643	)		13,055
Depreciation and amortization		113			2,542		1,285			(2,390	)		1,550
Other		30,590			5,168		23,246			(11,888	)		47,116
Total expenses		175,365			9,363		36,574			(14,921	)		206,381
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	63,732		$	4	$	(27,643	)	$	—		$	36,093
Total revenue from non-affiliates(c)	$	239,097		$	7,738	$	7,176

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

	Insurance Operations			Real Estate(a)		Corporate/ Other(b)			Reclassification/ Elimination			Consolidated
For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
Revenue:
Net premiums earned	$	213,422		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	213,422
Net investment income		10,862			1		5,554			164			16,581
Net realized investment gains		4,639			—		1,544			—			6,183
Net unrealized investment gains		(8,688	)		—		(1,514	)		—			(10,202	)
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses		—			—		(80	)		—			(80	)
Policy fee income		3,389			—		—			—			3,389
Other		583			9,324		4,999			(12,907	)		1,999
Total revenue		224,207			9,325		10,503			(12,743	)		231,292
Expenses:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		109,328			—		—			—			109,328
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		35,204			—		—			—			35,204
Interest expense		1			1,568		17,008			(481	)		18,096
Depreciation and amortization		125			2,373		1,011			(2,140	)		1,369
Other		25,797			4,254		20,464			(10,122	)		40,393
Total expenses		170,455			8,195		38,483			(12,743	)		204,390
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	53,752		$	1,130	$	(27,980	)	$	—		$	26,902
Total revenue from non-affiliates(c)	$	224,207		$	7,718	$	9,331

	Insurance Operations			Real Estate(a)			Corporate/ Other(b)			Reclassification/ Elimination			Consolidated
For the Year Ended December 31, 2017
Revenue:
Net premiums earned	$	224,618		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	224,618
Net investment income		9,898			6			2,974			(1,439	)		11,439
Net realized investment gains		3,978			—			368			—			4,346
Net unrealized investment gains		—			—			92			—			92
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses		(1,258	)		—			(209	)		—			(1,467	)
Policy fee income		3,622			—			—			—			3,622
Other		693			7,046			4,417			(10,400	)		1,756
Total revenue		241,551			7,052			7,642			(11,839	)		244,406
Expenses:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		165,629			—			—			—			165,629
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		35,663			—			—			—			35,663
Interest expense		—			1,250			15,704			(187	)		16,767
Loss on repurchase of senior notes		—			—			743			—			743
Depreciation and amortization		128			2,121			939			(1,950	)		1,238
Other		27,547			4,022			18,123			(9,702	)		39,990
Total expenses		228,967			7,393			35,509			(11,839	)		260,030
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	12,584		$	(341	)	$	(27,867	)	$	—		$	(15,624	)
Total revenue from non-affiliates(c)	$	241,551		$	5,525		$	6,958

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

The following table presents segment assets reconciled to the Company’s total assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

At December 31, 2019, the Company had operating leases’ ROU assets and corresponding liabilities of $484 and $513, respectively. In addition, the Company had finance leases with ROU assets of $79 and corresponding lease liabilities of $60 at December 31, 2019. The following table summarizes the Company’s operating and finance leases in which the Company is a lessee:

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

The following table provides quantitative information with regard to the Company’s operating and finance leases.

The following table summarizes the Company’s operating leases in which the Company is a lessor:

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

The reasons for the differences between the statutory Federal income tax rate and the effective tax rate are summarized as follows:

The Company has no uncertain tax positions or unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective income tax rate. The tax returns filed for the years ending December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 remain subject to examination by the Company’s major taxing jurisdictions. The Company elected to classify interest and penalties, if any, arising from uncertain tax positions as income tax expense as permitted by current accounting standards. There have been no material amounts of interest or penalties for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “2017 Tax Act”) was passed and signed into law. Key components of the 2017 Tax Act are: a permanent reduction to the federal corporate income tax rate from a bracket system with a top tax rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21% beginning on January 1, 2018; implementation of a territorial tax system; an amendment to Internal Revenue Code Section 965 that requires U.S. shareholders (10% or greater) of controlled foreign corporations and other specified foreign corporations to include in income, for the last taxable year of such foreign corporation beginning before January 1, 2018, such U.S. shareholder’s pro rata share of a deemed repatriation amount; and changes to carryback and carryforward rules for net operating losses arising after December 31, 2017. Under U.S. GAAP, the tax effects of changes in tax laws or rates need to be recognized in the period in which the law is enacted.

For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded income taxes of $9,517 and $9,177, respectively, resulting in effective tax rates of 26.4% and 34.1%, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded approximately $8,731 of income tax benefits, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 55.9%. The decrease in the effective tax rate in 2019 as compared with 2018 was primarily attributable to the unfavorable factors in 2018 consisting of the negative effect of the derecognition of deferred tax assets of $1,825 for restricted stock awards of which market conditions would not be met prior to their expiry date, the disallowance of the deductibility of the $1,887 expense representing dividends cumulatively paid on such restricted stock awards which were reclassified from retained income (see Restricted Stock Awards in Note 21 -- “Stock-Based Compensation”), offset by an increase in nondeductible performance-based compensation expenses for 2019. The decrease in the effective tax rate in 2018 as compared with 2017 was primarily attributable to the reduction of the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, offset by the opposing factors in 2018 as described earlier.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

Significant components of the Company’s net deferred income tax assets are as follows:

State net operating loss carryforwards were fully utilized in 2018 and as such, there are no state net operating loss carryforwards as of December 31, 2018.

A valuation allowance is established if, based upon the relevant facts and circumstances, management believes any portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Although realization of deferred income tax assets is not certain, management believes it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will be realized. Thus, the Company did not have a valuation allowance established as of December 31, 2019 or 2018.

The 2017 Tax Act implemented a mandatory one-time tax of eight percent on illiquid assets and 15.5% percent on cash and cash equivalents attributable to the accumulated earnings of controlled foreign companies and other specified foreign corporations on U.S. shareholders owning ten percent or greater of the foreign company. The Company included this one-time federal income tax and the corresponding state taxes attributable to this deemed repatriation amount in the net income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2017. In addition to this mandatory one-time deemed repatriation, the 2017 Tax Act also implemented a territorial system which exempts U.S. corporations from U.S. taxes on most future foreign profits. Since all accumulated earnings of the Company’s foreign subsidiary at December 31, 2017 were subjected to federal and state income taxes as a result of the one-time mandatory deemed repatriation and all earnings of its foreign subsidiaries after December 31, 2017 will not be subject to U.S. income taxes, the Company will no longer be required to consider the establishment of a deferred tax liability related to the undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiary.

U.S. GAAP requires the Company to use the two-class method in computing basic earnings (loss) per share since holders of the Company’s restricted stock have the right to share in dividends, if declared, equally with common stockholders. These participating securities affect the computation of both basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share during periods of net income (loss).

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

A summary of the numerator and denominator of the basic and fully diluted earnings (loss) per common share is presented below:

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

For each of the last two years, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a one-year plan to repurchase up to $20,000 of the Company’s common shares before commissions and fees. The shares may be purchased for cash in open market purchases, block transactions and privately negotiated transactions in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. The share repurchase plan may be modified, suspended, terminated or extended by the Company any time without prior notice.

During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company repurchased and retired 454,010 and 511,628 shares, respectively, at weighted average prices per share of $41.49 and $39.09, respectively. The total costs of shares repurchased, inclusive of fees and commissions, during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $18,851 and $20,015, respectively, or $41.52 and $39.12 per share, respectively. On December 19, 2019, the Board decided to extend the repurchase plan to March 15, 2020.

On April 18, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors terminated the Company’s shareholder rights plan by amending the share purchase right’s expiration date to April 18, 2017. Prior to the amended expiration date, one preferred share purchase right entitled a common shareholder to purchase from the Company one one-hundredth of a share of Series B Junior Participating Preferred Stock, no par value, at a price of $125.00 per one one-hundredth of such preferred share.

In conjunction with the issuance of the 4.25% Convertible Notes in March 2017 as described in Note 13 -- “Long-Term Debt” under Convertible Senior Notes , the Company used $20,345 of the net proceeds to repurchase and retire an aggregate of 413,600 shares of its common stock at a price of $49.19 per share from institutional investors.

The Company has one outstanding prepaid share repurchase forward contract entered into with Societe Generale, a forward counterparty. The Company entered into this forward contract in conjunction with the March 2017 issuance of the 4.25% Convertible Notes as described in Note 13 -- “Long-Term Debt” under Convertible Senior Notes. Under the forward contract, the Company made an initial upfront payment of $9,400 in exchange for the future delivery of 191,000 shares of the Company’s common stock over a settlement period in 2022.

The forward contract is subject to early settlement, in whole or in part, at any time prior to the final settlement date at the option of the forward counterparty, as well as early settlement or settlement with alternative consideration in the event of certain corporate transactions. In the event the Company pays any cash dividends on its common shares, the forward counterparty will pay an equivalent amount to the Company. The shares to be purchased under the forward contract will be treated as retired for financial statement purposes as of the effective date of the forward contract, but will remain outstanding for corporate law purposes, including for purposes of any future stockholder votes.

The Company determined that the forward contract does not meet the characteristics of a derivative instrument and, as such, the transaction resulted in an immediate reduction of the outstanding shares used to calculate the weighted-average common shares outstanding for both basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share.

In November 2018, the Company’s share repurchase forward contract with Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, entered into in conjunction with the 2013 issuance of the 3.875% Convertible Notes, was settled with the delivery of 622,751 shares of the Company’s common stock.

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock issued or outstanding.

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no Series B Preferred issued or outstanding.

The Company is authorized to issue up to an additional 18,100,000 shares of preferred stock, no par value. The authorized but unissued and undesignated preferred stock may be issued in one or more series and the shares of each series shall have such rights as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors subject to the rights of the holders of the Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred.

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

The Company currently has outstanding stock-based awards granted under its 2007 Stock Option and Incentive Plan and 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Only the 2012 Plan is active and available for future grants. With respect to the 2012 Plan, the Company may grant stock-based awards to employees, directors, consultants, and advisors of the Company. At December 31, 2019, there were 1,761,804 shares available for grant.

Stock options granted and outstanding under the incentive plans vest over periods ranging from immediately vested to five years and are exercisable over the contractual term of ten years.

A summary of the stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is as follows (option amounts not in thousands):

The following table summarizes information about options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 (option amounts not in thousands):

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company recognized $870, $521 and $306, respectively, of compensation expense which was included in general and administrative personnel expenses. Deferred tax benefits related to stock options were $22, $79 and $78 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there was $1,835 and $1,359, respectively, of unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock options. The Company expects to recognize the remaining compensation expense over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years.

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

The following table provides assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of the stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:

From time to time, the Company has granted and may grant restricted stock awards to certain executive officers, other employees and nonemployee directors in connection with their service to the Company. The terms of the Company’s outstanding restricted stock grants include only service conditions. The determination of fair value with respect to the awards with only service-based conditions is based on the market value of the Company’s stock on the grant date.

Information with respect to the activity of unvested restricted stock awards during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:

The Company recognized compensation expense related to restricted stock, which is included in general and administrative personnel expenses, of $5,590, $4,111 and $4,217 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there was approximately $12,661 and $11,199, respectively, of total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested restricted stock arrangements. The Company expects to recognize the remaining compensation expense over a weighted-average period of 2.6 years. The following table summarizes information about deferred tax benefits recognized and tax benefits realized related to restricted stock awards and paid dividends, and the fair value of vested restricted stock for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

During 2019, 284,000 shares of the Company’s restricted stock awards granted to employee and nonemployee directors were forfeited for not meeting their market-based vesting conditions. Any dividend payment associated with these awards during 2019 was expensed when declared. As a result, for the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized dividends of $237 in general and administrative personnel expenses for $170 and in other operating expenses for $67.

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

During 2018, the Company reclassified from retained income dividends of $1,887 cumulatively paid on unvested restricted stock awards with market based vesting conditions to general and administrative personnel expenses for $1,346 and to other operating expenses for $541. These awards, of which the market conditions would not have been met, were granted to the Company’s employee and nonemployee directors during 2013. As a result, for the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recognized dividends of $195 related to these awards in general and administrative personnel expenses for $159 and in other operating expenses for $36.

During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, no awards were issued with other than service-based vesting conditions.

The Company has a 401(k) Safe Harbor Profit Sharing Plan (“401(k) Plan”) that qualifies as a defined contribution plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Under the 401(k) Plan, participating employees are eligible for company matching and discretionary profit sharing contributions. Plan participants may elect to defer up to one hundred percent of their pre-tax gross wages, subject to annual limitations. The Company matching contribution is limited to a maximum of four percent of the employee’s annual salary or wage and is fully vested when contributed. Eligibility and vesting of the Company’s discretionary profit sharing contribution is subject to the plan participant’s years of service. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company contributed approximately $638, $536 and $560, respectively, in matching contributions, which are included in general and administrative personnel expenses. There has been no discretionary profit sharing contribution since the plan’s inception.

The Company also maintains benefit plans for its employees in India including a statutory post-employment benefit plan, or gratuity plan, providing defined, lump-sum benefits. The Company’s liability for the gratuity plan reflects the undiscounted benefit obligation payable as of the balance sheet date, which was based upon the employees’ salary and years of service. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the amounts accrued under the gratuity plan were $89 and $72, respectively. In addition, the Company provides matching contributions with respect to two defined contribution plans: the Provident Fund and the Employees State Insurance Fund, both of which are available to qualifying employees in India. Expense recognized by the Company for all benefit plans in India was $17, $14 and $17, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company has a contractual obligation related to one multi-year reinsurance contract. This contract may be cancelled only with the other party’s consent. The future minimum aggregate premium amounts payable to the reinsurer is $2,024 due in 12 months following December 31, 2019. Reinsurance premiums payable after March 31, 2020 are estimated and subject to subsequent revision as the premiums are determined on a quarterly basis based on the premiums associated with the applicable flood total insured value on the last day of the preceding quarter.

The Company leases available space at the Company’s headquarters and at its various investment properties to non-affiliates at various terms. In addition, the Company leases boat slips and docks on a long-term basis. Expected annual rental income due under non-cancellable operating leases for all properties owned at December 31, 2019 is as follows:

As described in Note 5 -- “Investments” under Limited Partnership Investments, the Company is contractually committed to capital contributions for limited partnership interests. At December 31, 2019, there was an aggregate unfunded balance of $15,130.

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

The tables below summarize unaudited quarterly results of operations for 2019, 2018 and 2017.

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

The Company has no restrictions on the payment of dividends to its shareholders except those restrictions imposed by the Florida Business Corporation Act and those restrictions imposed by insurance statutes and regulations applicable to the Company’s insurance subsidiaries. As of December 2019, without prior regulatory approval, $88,780 of the Company’s consolidated retained earnings was free from restriction under the insurance statutes and regulations and available for the payment of dividends in 2020. The following briefly describes certain related and other requirements and restrictions imposed by the states or jurisdiction in which the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are incorporated.

HCPCI and TypTap, which are domiciled in Florida, prepare their statutory financial statements in accordance with accounting principles and practices prescribed or permitted by the Florida Department of Financial Services, Office of Insurance Regulation, which Florida utilizes for determining solvency under the Florida Insurance Code (the “Code”). The commissioner of the FLOIR has the right to permit other practices that may deviate from prescribed practices. Prescribed statutory accounting practices are those practices that are incorporated directly or by reference in state laws, regulations, and general administrative rules applicable to all insurance enterprises domiciled in Florida. Permitted statutory accounting practices encompass all accounting practices that are not prescribed; such practices differ from state to state, may differ from entity to entity within a state, and may change in the future.

The Code requires HCPCI and TypTap to maintain capital and surplus equal to the greater of 10% of their respective liabilities or a statutory minimum as defined in the Code. TypTap, the Company’s insurance subsidiary organized in 2015, was subject to a consent order that required TypTap to maintain minimum capital and surplus of $20,000 during the year ending December 31, 2018. At December 31, 2019, HCPCI and TypTap were required to maintain minimum capital and surplus of $21,700 and $10,000, respectively. At December 31, 2018, HCPCI was required to maintain minimum capital and surplus of $21,700. HCPCI and TypTap were in compliance with these requirements at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

U.S. GAAP differs in certain respects from the accounting practices prescribed or permitted by insurance regulatory authorities (statutory-basis). These entities’ statutory-basis financial statements are presented on the basis of accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the FLOIR. The FLOIR has adopted the National Association of Insurance Commissioner’s (“NAIC”) Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual as the basis of its statutory accounting practices. At December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, HCPCI’s statutory-basis capital and surplus was approximately $159,000, $149,000 and $153,000, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, HCPCI had statutory-basis net income of approximately $18,400 and $20,700, respectively, in contrast with a statutory-basis net loss of approximately $10,500 for the year ended December 31, 2017. At December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, TypTap’s statutory-basis capital and surplus was approximately $27,200, $26,000 and $24,000, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2019, TypTap’s statutory-basis net loss was approximately $5,200. For the year ended December 31, 2018, TypTap had statutory-basis net income of approximately $2,034 as opposed to statutory-basis net loss of approximately $797 for the year ended December 31, 2017. Statutory-basis surplus differs from stockholders’ equity reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP primarily because policy acquisition costs are expensed when incurred. In addition, the recognition of deferred tax assets is based on different recoverability assumptions.

Since inception, HCPCI and TypTap have each maintained a cash deposit with the Insurance Commissioner of the state of Florida in the amount of $300 to meet regulatory requirements.

Under Florida law, a domestic insurer may not pay any dividend or distribute cash or other property to its stockholders except out of that part of its available and accumulated capital and surplus funds which is derived from realized net operating profits on its business and net realized capital gains. A Florida domestic insurer may not make dividend payments or distributions to stockholders without prior approval of the FLOIR if the dividend or distribution would exceed the larger of (1) the lesser of (a) 10.0% of its capital surplus or (b) net income, not including realized capital gains, plus a two year carry forward, (2) 10.0% of capital surplus with dividends payable constrained to unassigned funds minus 25% of unrealized capital gains or (3) the lesser of (a) 10.0% of capital surplus or (b) net investment income plus a three year carry forward with dividends payable constrained to unassigned funds minus 25% of unrealized capital gains.

Alternatively, a Florida domestic insurer may pay a dividend or distribution without the prior written approval of the FLOIR if (1) the dividend is equal to or less than the greater of (a) 10.0% of the insurer’s capital surplus as regards to policyholders derived from realized net operating profits on its business and net realized capital gains or (b) the insurer’s entire net operating profits and realized net capital gains derived during the immediately preceding calendar year, (2) the insurer will have policy holder capital surplus equal to or exceeding 115.0% of the minimum required statutory capital surplus after the dividend or distribution, (3) the insurer files a notice of the dividend or distribution with the FLOIR at least ten business days prior to the dividend payment or distribution and (4) the notice includes a certification by an officer of the insurer attesting that, after the payment of the dividend or distribution, the insurer will have at least 115% of required statutory capital surplus as to policyholders. Except as provided above, a Florida domiciled insurer may only pay a dividend or make a distribution (1) subject to prior approval by the FLOIR or (2) 30 days after the FLOIR has received notice of such dividend or distribution and has not disapproved it within such time.

As a result, HCPCI was qualified to make dividend payments at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

In addition, Florida property and casualty insurance companies are required to adhere to prescribed premium-to-capital surplus ratios. Florida state law requires that the ratio of 90% of written premiums divided by surplus as to policyholders does not exceed 10 to 1 for gross written premiums or 4 to 1 for net written premiums. The required ratio of gross and net written premium to surplus, which the Company’s insurance companies had exceeded, is summarized below:

The Bermuda Monetary Authority requires Claddaugh Casualty Insurance Company, Ltd. (“Claddaugh”), the Company’s Bermuda domiciled reinsurance subsidiary, to maintain minimum capital and surplus of $2,000. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, Claddaugh’s statutory capital and surplus was approximately $34,500 and $45,000, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, Claddaugh reported statutory net losses of approximately $4,400, $8,100 and $5,200, respectively. During 2019 and 2018, Claddaugh made returns of capital distribution of $6,000 and $10,000, respectively, to the Company. During 2017, Claddaugh made a dividend payment of $20,000 to the Company.

HCPCI and TypTap are subject to risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements as specified by the NAIC. Under those requirements, the amount of minimum capital and surplus maintained by a property and casualty insurance company is to be determined based on the various risks related to it. Pursuant to the RBC requirements, insurers having less statutory capital than required by the RBC calculation will be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action, depending on the level of capital inadequacy. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s insurance subsidiaries individually exceeded any applicable minimum risk-based capital requirements and no corrective actions have been required. As of December 31, 2019, the combined statutory capital and surplus and minimum capital and surplus of the Company’s U.S. insurance subsidiaries were approximately $186,446 and $95,318, respectively.

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, restricted net assets represented by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries amounted to $191,210 and $181,571, respectively.

Claddaugh had a reinsurance agreement with Oxbridge Reinsurance Limited (“Oxbridge”) whereby a portion of the business assumed from the Company’s insurance subsidiary, HCPCI, was ceded by Claddaugh to Oxbridge. On May 28, 2018, Claddaugh terminated its multi-year reinsurance contract with Oxbridge, effective June 1, 2018. Upon termination, Claddaugh agreed to pay Oxbridge a settlement fee of $600 and derecognized the benefits accrued in connection with retrospective provisions. The settlement fee and the derecognition of the $622 of accrued benefits were recorded in premiums ceded. With respect to the period from June 1, 2016 through May 31, 2017, Oxbridge assumed $6,000 of the total covered exposure for approximately $3,400 in premiums. With respect to the period from June 1, 2017 through May 31, 2018, Oxbridge assumed $7,400 of the total covered exposure for approximately $3,400 in premiums. Among the Oxbridge shareholders are Paresh Patel, the Company’s chief executive officer, and members of his immediate family and three of the Company’s non-employee directors including Sanjay Madhu who serves as Oxbridge’s president and chief executive officer.

In March 2018, the Company purchased six-month certificates of deposit totaling approximately $15,094 from First Home Bank, a local bank in the Tampa Bay area where two of the Company’s directors are members of the bank’s board of directors. In May 2018, the Company moved the funds from the certificate of deposit accounts to a money market account. The interest rates and terms of the accounts were comparable to those offered at the time to other clients of the bank. At December 31, 2019, all accounts with this bank were closed.

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

	Years Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	26,576		$	17,725		$	(6,893	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation		3,638			2,550			2,630
Net realized investment losses (gains)		541			(1,544	)		(367	)
Net unrealized investment (gains) losses		(1,385	)		1,514			(92	)
Amortization of premiums (discounts) on investments in fixed-maturity securities		66			(3	)		51
Depreciation and amortization		5,194			7,737			6,673
Net income from limited partnership investments		(701	)		(3,007	)		(1,354	)
Distributions from limited partnership interests		1,661			1,495			881
Other-than-temporary impairment losses		—			80			209
Loss on repurchases of senior notes		—			—			743
Loss from disposal of property and equipment		—			—			17
Equity in income of subsidiaries		(38,740	)		(33,007	)		(2,389	)
Deferred income taxes		(916	)		1,075			(4,224	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Income taxes		4,462			4			(1,461	)
Other assets		(3,042	)		(144	)		(106	)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		1,750			273			1,544
Due to related parties		(16,754	)		(2,600	)		(54,896	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(17,650	)		(7,852	)		(59,034	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Investment in limited partnership interest		(1,602	)		(5,125	)		(4,611	)
Investment in note receivable – related party		—			—			(7,280	)
Purchase of fixed-maturity securities		(234	)		(5,864	)		(31,034	)
Purchase of equity securities		(8,733	)		(16,913	)		(12,483	)
Purchase of short-term and other investments		(187	)		(50,510	)		—
Purchase of property and equipment		(176	)		(154	)		(306	)
Proceeds from sales of fixed-maturity securities		477			2,215			667
Proceeds from calls, repayments and maturities of fixed-maturity securities		35,361			—			—
Proceeds from sales of equity securities		9,906			20,698			8,886
Proceeds from sales, redemptions and maturities of short-term and other investments		25,733			25,401			—
Collection of note receivable – related party		—			6,000			—
Distributions from limited partnership interests		948			158			11,758
Dividends received from subsidiary		44,000			42,000			105,000
Return of capital from subsidiary		6,000			10,000			—
Investment in subsidiaries		(5,000	)		—			—
Net cash provided by investing activities		106,493			27,906			70,597

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated)

On February 28, 2020, the Company entered into a loan agreement with American Equity Investment Life Insurance Company for gross proceeds of $10,000. The agreement bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.90% and is secured by the property in Melbourne, Florida and the assignment of associated lease agreements. Approximately $60 of principal and interest is payable in 143 monthly installments beginning April 1, 2020 plus a final balloon payment of $5,007 including principal and unpaid interest payable on March 1, 2032. The promissory note may be repaid in full at any time as long as the Company provides at least 60 days’ written notice and pays a prepayment premium and a processing fee. The proceeds were primarily used to repay the 3.95% Promissory Note due in February 2020.

On February 5, 2020, HCPCI entered into a policy replacement agreement with Anchor Property & Casualty Insurance Company (“Anchor”). Under the agreement, Anchor will cancel all its policies as of April 1, 2020 and HCPCI will offer short-term replacement policies to those policyholders, who are under no obligation to accept them. The replacement policies will have substantially the same terms and rates as the cancelled polices and will expire on the same dates the cancelled policies would have expired had they not been cancelled. Upon expiration of the replacement policies, HCPCI will offer renewals to those policyholders at its own rates and terms. At April 1, 2020, HCPCI expects to offer up to approximately 43,000 replacement policies, representing annualized premiums of up to $69,000. In addition, HCPCI will pay a cash bonus at the agreed rate ($50 per $1,000 of premium in force), provided that Anchor is in compliance with the covenants specified in the agreement.

On January 21, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.40 per common share. The dividends are scheduled for payment on March 20, 2020 to stockholders of record on February 21, 2020.

On January 16, 2020, the Company granted 40,000 shares of restricted stock and 110,000 options to purchase the Company’s common shares at an exercise price of $48 per share to its chief executive officer, Paresh Patel. The options will expire on January 16, 2030. These share-based awards were granted pursuant to the 2012 Plan and will vest in equal annual installments over four years, so long as Mr. Patel remains employed by the Company. The grant date fair values of the restricted stock and options were $1,839 and $1,234, respectively.

ITEM 9 – Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report (December 31, 2019). Our disclosure controls and procedures are intended to ensure that the information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

It should be noted that any system of controls, however well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the system will be met. In addition, the design of any control system is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events.

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act). Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors, and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.

Dixon Hughes Goodman, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the 2019 consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and, as part of their audit, has issued an attestation report, included herein, on our internal control over financial reporting.

During our most recent fiscal quarter, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

We have adopted a code of ethics applicable to all of our employees and directors, including our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer). We have posted the text of our code of ethics to our Internet web site: www.hcigroup.com. Select “Investor Information” on the top and then select “Corporate Governance” and then “Code of Conduct.” We intend to disclose any change to or waiver from our code of ethics by posting such change or waiver to our Internet web site within the same section as described above.

The other information required under this item is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement relating to our annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

The information required under this item is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement relating to our annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

ITEM 12 – Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans are summarized under Part II – Item 5 of this Form 10-K.

ITEM 13 – Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees for services related to the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 provided by Dixon Hughes Goodman, LLP, our principal accountant:

The Audit Committee pre-approved all 2019 engagements and fees for services provided by our principal accountant.

Other information required under this item is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement relating to our annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

Any supplemental information we are required to file with respect to our property and casualty insurance operations is included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K or is not applicable.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

A signed original of this document has been provided to HCI Group, Inc. and will be retained by HCI Group, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Shares, no par value	HCI	New York Stock Exchange



		Page
	PART I:

Item 1	Business	2-8
Item 1A	Risk Factors	8-16
Item 1B	Unresolved Staff Comments	16
Item 2	Properties	16-17
Item 3	Legal Proceedings	17
Item 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	17

	PART II:

Item 5	Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	18-20
Item 6	Selected Financial Data	21-22
Item 7	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23-33
Item 7A	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	33-35
Item 8	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	36-93
Item 9	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	94
Item 9A	Controls and Procedures	94
Item 9B	Other Information	94

	PART III:

Item 10	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	95
Item 11	Executive Compensation	95
Item 12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	95
Item 13	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	95
Item 14	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	95

	PART IV:

Item 15	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	96-99

(Amounts in millions except per share amounts)	2019		2018		2017
For the year ended December 31:
Net premium earned	$	216.3	$	213.4	$	224.6
Total revenue	$	242.5	$	231.3	$	244.4
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	107.5	$	109.3	$	165.6
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	36.1	$	26.9	$	(15.6	)
Net income (loss)	$	26.6	$	17.7	$	(6.9	)
Earnings (loss) per share:
Basic	$	3.32	$	2.34	$	(0.75	)
Diluted	$	3.31	$	2.34	$	(0.75	)
Dividends per share	$	1.600	$	1.475	$	1.40
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	54.0	$	28.6	$	16.6
Cash dividends paid on common stock*	$	12.7	$	10.4	$	12.8
At December 31:
Total investments	$	341.5	$	387.8	$	380.3
Cash and cash equivalents	$	229.2	$	239.5	$	255.9
Total assets	$	802.6	$	832.9	$	842.3
Total stockholders’ equity	$	185.5	$	181.4	$	194.0
Common shares outstanding (in millions)		7.8		8.4		8.8

	Common Stock
	Price
	High		Low
Calendar Quarter—2019
First Quarter	$	51.93		36.72
Second Quarter	$	43.94		39.33
Third Quarter	$	43.74		37.04
Fourth Quarter	$	48.15		40.01

Calendar Quarter—2018
First Quarter	$	42.80		29.88
Second Quarter	$	44.25		37.04
Third Quarter	$	43.80		38.66
Fourth Quarter	$	59.32		41.76

Declaration	Payment	Date of	Per Share
Date	Date	Record	Amount
10/17/2019	12/20/2019	11/15/19	$	0.40
7/2/2019	9/20/2019	8/16/2019	$	0.40
4/8/2019	6/21/2019	5/17/2019	$	0.40
1/14/2019	3/15/2019	2/15/2019	$	0.40
10/18/2018	12/21/2018	11/16/2018	$	0.375
7/6/2018	9/21/2018	8/17/2018	$	0.375
4/16/2018	6/15/2018	5/18/2018	$	0.375
1/15/2018	3/16/2018	2/16/2018	$	0.35


	Year	Net Rentable
Description/Location	Acquired	Space (SF)	Anchor Tenant
Waterfront property Tierra Verde, Florida	2011	22,761	Tierra Verde Marina (a)
Waterfront property Treasure Island, Florida	2012	12,790	Gators Café & Saloon (a)
Retail shopping center Sorrento, Florida	2016	61,400	Publix supermarket
Retail shopping center Melbourne, Florida	2016	49,995	Fresh Market supermarket
Office building Tampa, Florida	2017	68,867	Bank of America
Retail shopping center Riverview, Florida	2018	8,400	Thorntons, LLC
Retail shopping center Clearwater, Florida (under redevelopment)	2018	56,000 (b)	To be determined
Vacant land Tampa, Florida	2018	(c)	(c)

For the Month Ended	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under The Plans or Programs
October 31, 2019		60,282	$	41.37		60,282	$	2,327
November 30, 2019		18,011	$	44.31		18,011	$	1,529
December 31, 2019		11,916	$	45.71		7,981	$	1,163
		90,209	$	42.53		86,274


	Maturity Date	Payment Due Date
4.25% Convertible Senior Notes*	March 2037	March 1 and September 1
4% Promissory Note	Through February 2031	1st day of each month
3.75% Callable Promissory Note	Through September 2036	1st day of each month
3.95% Promissory Note	Through February 2020	17th of each month
4.55% Promissory Note	Through August 2036	1st day of each month
Finance Leases	Through August 2023	Various
Revolving credit facility	Through December 2021	January 1, April 1, July 1, October 1

	Payment Due by Period
	Total		Less than 1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		More than 5 Years
Operating lease (1)	$	552		327		225		—		—
Service agreement (1)		51		25		26		—		—
Reinsurance contracts (2)		2,024		2,024		—		—		—
Unfunded capital commitment (3)		15,130		15,130		—		—		—
Revolving credit facility		9,750		9,750		—		—		—
Long-term debt obligations (4)		196,021		17,015		156,842		3,901		18,263
Total	$	223,528		44,271		157,093		3,901		18,263

Year Ended December 31, 2019
Change in Reserves	Reserves		Percentage change in equity, net of tax
-20.0%		171,758		15.10	%
-15.0%		182,492		11.32	%
-10.0%		193,227		7.55	%
-5.0%		203,962		3.77	%
Base		214,697		—
5.0%		225,432		(3.77	)%
10.0%		236,167		(7.55	)%
15.0%		246,902		(11.32	)%
20.0%		257,636		(15.10	)%

Hypothetical Change in Interest Rates	Estimated Fair Value		Change in Estimated Fair Value			Percentage Increase (Decrease) in Estimated Fair Value
300 basis point increase	$	194,537	$	(8,302	)		-4.09	%
200 basis point increase		197,304		(5,535	)		-2.73	%
100 basis point increase		200,071		(2,768	)		-1.36	%
100 basis point decrease		205,602		2,764			1.36	%
200 basis point decrease		208,052		5,213			2.57	%
300 basis point decrease		208,658		5,819			2.87	%

Comparable Rating	Cost or Amortized Cost		% of Total Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total Estimated Fair Value
AA+, AA, AA-		46,238		23		46,577		23
A+, A, A-		114,607		57		115,760		57
BBB+, BBB, BBB-		27,079		14		28,167		14
BB+, BB, BB-		2,985		1		3,114		2
CCC+, CC and Not rated		9,045		5		9,221		4
Total	$	199,954		100	$	202,839		100

	Estimated Fair Value		% of Total Estimated Fair Value
Stocks by sector:
Financial	$	18,759		53
Industrial		2,030		6
Consumer		1,419		4
Utility		865		3
Energy		1,057		3
Other (1)		2,922		8
		27,052		77
Mutual funds and Exchange traded funds by type:
Debt		5,004		14
Equity		3,229		9
		8,233		23
Total	$	35,285		100



		Page

Reports of Dixon Hughes Goodman LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting firm		37-38

Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2019 and 2018		39-40

Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017		41

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017		42

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017		43-45

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017		46-48

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017		49-93

	December 31,
	2019		2018
Assets
Fixed-maturity securities, available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost: $199,954 and $184,670, respectively)	$	202,839	$	182,723
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: $31,863 and $45,671, respectively)		35,285		41,143
Short-term investments, at fair value		491		66,479
Limited partnership investments, at equity		28,346		32,293
Investment in unconsolidated joint venture, at equity		762		845
Assets held for sale		—		9,810
Real estate investments		73,763		54,490
Total investments		341,486		387,783
Cash and cash equivalents		229,218		239,458
Restricted cash		700		700
Accrued interest and dividends receivable		1,616		1,792
Income taxes receivable		1,040		971
Premiums receivable		20,255		16,667
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		17,983		17,932
Reinsurance recoverable:
Paid losses and loss adjustment expenses		16,155		11,151
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		116,523		112,760
Deferred policy acquisition costs		21,663		16,507
Property and equipment, net		14,698		13,338
Intangible assets, net		4,192		4,800
Other assets		17,080		9,004
Total assets	$	802,609	$	832,863

			Gross		Gross
			Realized		Realized
	Proceeds		Gains		Losses
Year ended December 31, 2019	$	7,947	$	221	$	(3	)

Year ended December 31, 2018	$	81,809	$	1,293	$	(570	)

Year ended December 31, 2017	$	31,759	$	2,176	$	(181	)

	Less Than Twelve Months					Twelve Months or Longer				Total
As of December 31, 2019	Gross Unrealized Loss			Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss			Estimated Fair Value
U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agencies	$	(3	)	$	2,292	$	—	$	—	$	(3	)	$	2,292
Corporate bonds		(3	)		4,597		—		—		(3	)		4,597
Exchange-traded debt		(15	)		345		—		—		(15	)		345
Total available-for-sale securities	$	(21	)	$	7,234	$	—	$	—	$	(21	)	$	7,234

			Gross Realized		Gross Realized
	Proceeds		Gains		Losses
Year ended December 31, 2019	$	37,669	$	2,448	$	(2,974	)

Year ended December 31, 2018	$	66,439	$	7,324	$	(1,933	)

Year ended December 31, 2017	$	45,282	$	3,993	$	(1,642	)

	December 31, 2019						December 31, 2018
	Carrying		Unfunded				Carrying		Unfunded
Investment Strategy	Value		Balance		(%) (a)		Value		Balance		(%) (a)
Primarily in senior secured loans and, to a limited extent, in other debt and equity securities of private U.S. lower-middle- market companies. (b)(c)(e)	$	9,659	$	2,085		15.37	$	10,169	$	2,577		15.37
Value creation through active distressed debt investing primarily in bank loans, public and private corporate bonds, asset- backed securities, and equity securities received in connection with debt restructuring. (b)(d)(e)		5,985		—		1.76		9,219		—		1.76
High returns and long-term capital appreciation through investments in the power, utility and energy industries, and in the infrastructure sector. (b)(f)(g)		9,188		1,391		0.18		9,023		2,329		0.18
Value-oriented investments in less liquid and mispriced senior and junior debts of private equity-backed companies. (b)(h)(i)		1,602		3,106		0.47		1,156		3,706		0.47
Value-oriented investments in mature real estate private equity funds and portfolios globally. (b)(j)		1,912		8,548		2.24		2,726		7,692		3.28
Total	$	28,346	$	15,130			$	32,293	$	16,304

	Year Ended December 31, 2019
	Before Tax			Income Tax Expense (Benefit)			Net of Tax
Unrealized gain arising during the period	$	4,902		$	1,219		$	3,683
Other-than-temporary impairment loss		289			71			218
Call and repayment gains charged to investment income		(141	)		(35	)		(106	)
Reclassification adjustment for realized gains		(218	)		(54	)		(164	)
Total other comprehensive gain	$	4,832		$	1,201		$	3,631

	Year Ended December 31, 2018
				Income Tax
	Before Tax			Expense (Benefit)			Net of Tax
Unrealized loss arising during the period	$	(3,137	)	$	(795	)	$	(2,342	)
Other-than-temporary impairment loss		80			20			60
Call and repayment gains charged to investment income		(18	)		(5	)		(13	)
Reclassification adjustment for realized gains		(723	)		(183	)		(540	)
Total other comprehensive loss	$	(3,798	)	$	(963	)	$	(2,835	)

Level 1		Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.
Level 2		Other inputs that are observable for the assets, either directly or indirectly such as quoted prices for identical assets that are not observable throughout the full term of the asset.
Level 3		Inputs that are unobservable.



	Maturity Date		Valuation Methodology
3.875% Convertible Senior Notes		2019	Quoted price
4.25% Convertible Senior Notes		2037	Quoted price
3.95% Promissory Note		2020	Discounted cash flow method/Level 3 inputs
4% Promissory Note		2031	Discounted cash flow method/Level 3 inputs
3.75% Callable Promissory Note		2036	Discounted cash flow method/Level 3 inputs
4.55% Promissory Note		2036	Discounted cash flow method/Level 3 inputs

Year
2020	$	10,013
2021		1,178
2022		144,974
2023		1,267
2024		1,310
Thereafter		14,953
Total	$	173,695

Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age,
Net of Reinsurance
Years	1			2			3			4			5			6			7			8
Homeowners multi-peril and dwelling fire insurance		51.4	%		21.2	%		7.9	%		0.7	%		1.8	%		1.0	%		0.3	%		0.0	%
Homeowners Wind-only insurance		46.4	%		26.1	%		7.5	%		1.9	%		0.0	%	*			*			*
Losses specific to any hurricane prior to 2019		70.6	%		14.4	%		3.4	%		2.6	%		—			—			—			—

		Renewal	Other Terms and
Class of Assets	Initial Term	Option	Conditions
Operating lease:
Office equipment	1 to 63 months	Yes	(a), (b)
Storage units	2 years	Yes	(b)
Office space	3 to 10 years	Yes	(b), (c)
Finance lease:
Office equipment	3 to 5 years	Not applicable	(d)

	Leases
	Operating		Finance
Due in Year
2020	$	327	$	19
2021		208		19
2022		17		17
2023		—		9
Total lease payments		552		64
Less: interest and foreign taxes		39		4
Total lease obligations	$	513	$	60

	Year Ended
	December 31, 2019
Lease costs:
Finance lease costs:
Amortization – ROU assets*	$	15
Interest expense		2
Operating lease costs*		314
Short-term lease costs*		198
Total lease costs	$	529
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows – finance leases	$	2
Operating cash flows – operating leases	$	318
Financing cash flows – finance leases	$	14

	December 31, 2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term:
Finance leases (in years)		3.7
Operating leases (in years)		1.7
Weighted-average discount rate:
Finance leases		3.7	%
Operating leases		4.0	%

	Income (Numerator)			Shares (a) (Denominator)		Per Share Amount
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Net income	$	26,576
Less: Income attributable to participating securities		(1,448	)
Basic Earnings Per Share:
Income allocated to common stockholders		25,128			7,580	$	3.32

Effect of Dilutive Securities:
Stock options		—		12
Convertible senior notes		8,748			2,646
Diluted Earnings Per Share:
Income available to common stockholders and assumed conversions	$	33,876			10,238	$	3.31

	Loss (Numerator)		Shares (a) (Denominator)		Per Share Amount
Year Ended December 31, 2018
Net income	$	17,725
Less: Loss attributable to participating securities*		717
Basic Earnings Per Share:
Income allocated to common stockholders		18,442		7,878	$	2.34

Effect of Dilutive Securities:**
Stock options		—		17
Diluted Earnings Per Share:
Income available to common stockholders and assumed conversions	$	18,442		7,895	$	2.34

	Income (Loss) (Numerator)			Shares (a) (Denominator)		Per Share Amount
Year Ended December 31, 2017
Net loss	$	(6,893	)
Less: Loss attributable to participating securities		481
Basic and Diluted Loss Per Share:
Loss available to common stockholders***	$	(6,412	)		8,558	$	(0.75	)

	Number of Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2017		50,000		$	4.02	2.3 years	$	1,773

Granted		110,000		$	40.00
Exercised		(30,000	)	$	2.50
Outstanding at December 31, 2017		130,000		$	34.82	8.2 years	$	472

Granted		110,000		$	40.00
Outstanding at December 31, 2018		240,000		$	37.19	8.8 years	$	3,278

Granted		110,000		$	53.00
Exercised		(10,000	)	$	6.30
Outstanding at December 31, 2019		340,000		$	43.21	7.9 years	$	1,657

Exercisable at December 31, 2019		92,500		$	36.36	6.8 years	$	868

	Number of Restricted Stock Awards			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at January 1, 2017		542,503		$	30.81
Granted		154,936		$	42.92
Vested		(75,983	)	$	37.95
Forfeited		(23,766	)	$	36.32
Nonvested at December 31, 2017		597,690		$	32.82

Granted		189,860		$	41.81
Vested		(98,617	)	$	40.82
Forfeited		(56,637	)	$	36.46
Nonvested at December 31, 2018		632,296		$	33.33

Granted		180,404		$	42.79
Vested		(116,164	)	$	40.10
Forfeited		(299,776	)	$	25.31
Nonvested at December 31, 2019		396,760		$	41.71

	Three Months Ended
	03/31/19		06/30/19		09/30/19		12/31/19
Net premiums earned	$	51,184	$	51,998	$	54,434	$	58,698
Total revenue		60,634		58,630		59,979		63,231
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		26,996		24,293		27,327		28,898
Policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses		9,673		10,077		10,988		11,759
Interest expense		4,337		2,884		2,907		2,927
Total expenses		51,351		48,315		52,260		54,455
Income (loss) before income taxes		9,283		10,315		7,719		8,776
Net income (loss)		6,738		7,553		5,853		6,432
Comprehensive income (loss)		8,732		8,767		6,189		6,519
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.82	$	0.93	$	0.73	$	0.84
Diluted*	$	0.82	$	0.90	$	0.73	$	0.82