EX-99.2 4 exhibit99-2.htm EXHIBIT 99.2 Western Copper and Gold Corporation: Exhibit 99.2 - Filed by newsfilecorp.com
WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023

The following management discussion and analysis of Western Copper and Gold Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, "Western" or the "Company") is dated March 28, 2024, and provides an analysis of the Company's results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.

This discussion is intended to provide investors with a reasonable basis for assessing the financial performance of the Company as well as certain forward-looking statements relating to its potential future performance.  The information should be read in conjunction with Western's audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the notes thereto, which have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IFRS accounting standards").  The Company's accounting policies are described in note 3 to the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023.  All of the financial information presented herein is expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated.

Western is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange ("TSX") and the NYSE American under the symbol WRN. The Company's Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2023, ("AIF"), is filed with Canadian regulators on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca.  This information, along with Western's annual report on Form 40-F, filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), is also available at edgar.sec.gov/edgar.shtml

The operations of the Company are speculative due to the high-risk nature of the mining industry and given the Company is an exploration stage company.  Western faces risks that are generally applicable to its industry and others that are specific to its operations.  Certain key risks affecting the Company's current and future operations are discussed in its AIF and Form 40-F.  This list is not exhaustive.  Additional risks not currently known to the Company, or that the Company currently deems immaterial, may also impair the Company's operations.  Such risk factors could materially affect the value of the Company's assets and future operating results, and could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements contained in this management discussion and analysis.  Reference is made to the discussion of forward-looking statements at the end of this document.

DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Western Copper and Gold Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Casino Mining Corp. ("Casino Mining"), are focused on advancing the Casino project ("Casino", "Project" or "Casino Project") towards production.  The Casino Project is located in Yukon, Canada and hosts one of the largest undeveloped copper-gold deposits in Canada.

CORPORATE DEVELOPMENTS

Private Placement

On March 1, 2024, the Company completed a private placement with new Chief Executive Officer Sandeep Singh.  Mr. Singh acquired 2,222,222 common shares at a price of $1.35 per share for gross proceeds of approximately $3 million.


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

Strategic Investment by Mitsubishi Materials Corporation

On April 14, 2023, Mitsubishi Materials Corporation ("Mitsubishi Materials") purchased 8,091,390 common shares of the Company at a price of $2.63 per share for gross proceeds of approximately $21.3 million resulting in Mitsubishi Materials owning approximately 5% of the Company.

In connection with the strategic investment by Mitsubishi Materials, the Company and Mitsubishi Materials entered into an investor rights agreement whereby, subject to certain conditions, Mitsubishi Materials has certain rights until the earlier of (a) its ownership falling below 3.0%, and (b) April 4, 2025 (the "Expiry Date"), including the right to appoint:

 one member to the Casino Project Technical and Sustainability Committee.

 the greater of one director of the Company or 17% of the number of directors (rounding to the nearest whole number), if Mitsubishi Materials' ownership increases to at least 12.5%

In addition, until the Expiry Date, Mitsubishi Materials has a right to participate in future equity issuances to maintain its ownership in the Company and, in the event its ownership increases to 8.0%, will have a one-time "demand registration right" and "piggy-back registration rights."

Under the investor rights agreement, until the Expiry Date, Mitsubishi Materials has agreed:

 not to sell, transfer, offer or otherwise dispose of any common shares without first notifying the Company

 not to acquire any securities of the Company, subject to certain exceptions

 to abstain from voting or vote any shares in favor of each director nominated by the board of directors of the Company for election by shareholders

Mitsubishi Materials has the right of first negotiation, until the later of (a) its ownership falling below 3.0%, and (b) the Expiry Date, to offtake at least its proportionate share of minerals produced from the Casino Project.

The Company and Mitsubishi Materials will negotiate in good faith new rights and restrictions attaching to its share ownership on the earlier of (a) October 14, 2024, and (b) Mitsubishi Materials' ownership reaching 12.5% or greater.

Strategic Investment by Rio Tinto Canada

On March 25, 2024, the Company completed a private placement with Rio Tinto pursuant to Rio Tinto’s subscription rights as a result of the private placement completed on March 1, 2024.  Rio Tinto acquired 239,528 common shares of the Company at a price of $1.35 per common share for gross proceeds of approximately $323,363.

On December 12, 2023, the Company announced that Rio Tinto Canada Inc. ("Rio Tinto") purchased 3,468,208 common shares of the Company at a price of $1.73 per share for gross proceeds of $6.0 million resulting in Rio Tinto's ownership increasing from 7.8% to approximately 9.7%. 

The Company and Rio Tinto also entered into an amended and restated investor rights agreement, whereby, subject to certain conditions, including ownership thresholds, Rio Tinto will have certain rights until June 12, 2025, including the right to appoint:

  • one member to the Casino Project Technical and Sustainability Committee
  • one non-voting observer to attend all meetings of the board of directors of the Company
  • one director of the Company, if Rio Tinto's ownership increases to at least 12.5%

WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  
  • up to three secondees to the Casino Project
  • the right to participate in future equity issuances to maintain its ownership in the
  • a one-time "demand registration right" and "piggy-back registration rights."

Under the amended and restated investor rights agreement until June 12, 2025, Rio Tinto has also agreed:

  • not to sell, transfer, offer or otherwise dispose of any shares, subject to certain exceptions
  • not to acquire any securities of the Company, subject to certain exceptions
  • to abstain from voting or vote any shares in favor of each director nominated by the board of directors of the Company for election by shareholders

On May 1, 2023, in connection with the strategic investment by Mitsubishi Materials and to maintain its ownership in the Company, Rio Tinto purchased 878,809 common shares of the Company at a price of $2.63 per share for gross proceeds of $2.3 million.

Management Changes

On February 22, 2024, of Mr. Sandeep Singh was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Company.  Mr. Singh will work closely with Dr. Paul West-Sells, who will continue in the role of President in connection with the succession process. Further, effective February 22, 2024, Mr. Kenneth Williamson retired from his role as Director and Interim Chairman.  Current board member, Dr. Bill Williams, has taken on the role of Interim Chairman as the Company searches for a replacement.

On October 18, 2023, the Company announced the departure of Ken Engquist, Chief Operating Officer.

CASINO PROJECT UPDATE

Drilling Program

On August 23, 2023, the Company announced a drilling program on its wholly-owned Casino copper-gold-molybdenum deposit.  The drilling program was developed by Western's Technical and Sustainability Committee, which is comprised of members from Western, Rio Tinto and Mitsubishi Materials.

The 2023 drilling program consisted of 2,214 m of drilling in seven drill holes, ranging from 130 m to 560 m in depth.  The drill holes were located inside the current pit boundaries and upon completion, should result in upgrading of some of the Indicated Resource to the Measured Resource category.  A metallurgical program, using drill core collected from this program, will commence upon completion of drilling and receipt of assays.

The 2023 drilling program also included 783 m of geotechnical and hydrogeological drilling designed by Knight-Piesold Consulting, which targeted the ground conditions of the proposed open pit, stockpiles, tailings management facility, heap leaching facility, new airstrip, and the proposed Ranney well site.

Feasibility Study

On June 28, 2022, the Company released the results of its Feasibility Study (the "Study") on its wholly-owned Casino copper-gold-molybdenum deposit.  The Study considered the Project being constructed as an open pit mine, with a concentrator processing 120,000 tonnes per day (t/d) to recover copper, gold, molybdenum and silver, as well as a 25,000 t/d oxide heap leach facility to recover gold, silver and copper.

The Study supersedes all previous studies and incorporates an updated mineral resource and mineral reserve with an effective date of April 29, 2022.  The Study examines the development of the Casino Project, which comprises the processing of 1.43 billion tonnes of Mineral Reserve for both the mill and heap leach, with deposition of mill tailings and mine waste in the Tailings Management Facility ("TMF") consistent with the design concepts considered during the Best Available Tailings Technology ("BATT") Study as a base case development.             


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

Unless otherwise indicated, all references to "$" are to Canadian dollars and references to "US$" are to United States dollars.

FINANCIAL RESULTS

The Study indicates that the potential economic returns from the Project justify its further development and securing of the required permits and licenses for operation.

The financial results of the Study were developed under commodity prices that were based on analyst projections of long-term metal prices and a CAN$:US$ exchange rate of 0.80 ("Base Case" prices).

The following table summarizes the financial results:

 

Base Case

Copper (US$/lb)

3.60

Gold (US$/oz)

1,700

Molybdenum (US$/lb)

14.00

Silver (US$/oz)

22.00

Exchange Rate (C$:US$)

0.80

 

 

NPV pre-tax (5% discount, $millions)

5,768

NPV pre-tax (8% discount, $millions)

3,473

IRR pre-tax (100% equity)

21.2

 

 

NPV after-tax (5% discount, $millions)

4,059

NPV after-tax (8% discount, $millions)

2,334

IRR after-tax (100% equity)

18.1

 

 

LOM pre-tax free cash flow ($millions)

13,713

LOM after-tax free cash flow ($millions)

10,019

 

 

Payback period (years)

3.3

Net Smelter Return ($/t milled)

29.08

 

 

Copper Cash Cost (net of by-product credits) ($/lb)

(1.00)

Copper Cash Cost (co-product basis) ($/lb)

1.92

Gold Cash Cost (co-product basis) ($/oz)

908.53



WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

Higher grade material is fed to the concentrator during the first four years of the concentrator operation. This factor, combined with the concurrent heap leach facility operation, results in higher yearly cash flows and other metrics during this period and contributes significantly to the Project's financial performance.

 

Years 1-4

Life of Mine

Average Annual Pre-tax Cash Flow ($millions)

1,033

662

Average Annual After-tax Cash Flow ($millions)

951

517

Average Net Smelter Return (NSR) ($/t ore milled)

43.15

29.08

% of Revenue - Copper

48.5

46.8

% of Revenue - Gold

38.8

36.0

% of Revenue - Silver

2.1

2.4

% of Revenue - Molybdenum

10.6

14.8

CAPITAL COSTS

Total initial capital investment in the Project is estimated to be $3.62 billion, which represents the total direct and indirect cost for the complete development of the Project, including associated infrastructure and power plant.  The following table shows how the initial capital is distributed between the various components.

Cost Item

Total ($M)

Process Plant and Infrastructure

 

 Project Directs including freight

2,116

 Project Indirects

431

 Contingency

369

 Subtotal

2,916

Mining

 

 Mine Equipment

433

 Mine Preproduction

228

 Subtotal

661

 Owner's Costs

41

Total Initial Capital Costs

3,618

 Sustaining Capital

751

Total Life of Mine Capital Costs

4,369



WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

OPERATING COSTS

Operating costs for the milling operation were calculated per tonne of material processed through the mill over the life of mine:

 

LOM

 

($/tonne)

Milling

$6.42

General & Administrative

$0.46

Total

$6.88

Heap leach operating costs were calculated per tonne of material processed through the heap leach over the life of the heap leach.

 

LOM

 

($/tonne)

Heap Leach Operation

$1.93

ADR/SART

$4.80

Total

$6.73

Mining costs were calculated to average $2.30 per tonne of material moved and $3.65 per tonne of mineralized material.

 

($/tonne)

Cost per tonne material (material moved)

$2.30

Cost per tonne mill feed (mill + heap leach material)

$3.65

Cost per tonne mill feed

$4.28

The combined mining and milling costs are $11.16 per tonne material milled for the life of mine, which compares favorably to the life-of-mine net smelter return of $29.08 per tonne at Base Case metal prices.


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The Study evaluates the development of the Casino deposit as a conventional open pit mine, concentrator complex, and heap leach operation. The initial production will focus on the deposit's oxide cap as a heap leach operation to recover gold and silver in doré form. The main sulphide deposit will be processed using a conventional concentrator to produce copper-gold-silver and molybdenum concentrates.  Key metrics of the processing plant are shown below:

 

Years 1-4

Life of Mine

Strip ratio

0.26

0.43

Nominal Throughput

 

 

Mill (t/d)

120,000

120,000

Heap (t/d)

25,000

25,000

Average Annual Metal Production

 

 

Copper (Mlbs)

241

163

Gold (kozs)

333

211

Silver (kozs)

1,596

1,277

Molybdenum (Mlbs)

15.5

15.1

Average Annual Mill Feed Grade

 

 

Copper (%)

0.300

0.189

Gold (g/t)

0.352

0.217

Silver (g/t)

2.054

1.659

Molybdenum (%)

0.025

0.021

Average Annual Heap Leach Grade*

 

 

Gold (g/t)

0.366

0.265

Silver (g/t)

2.356

1.95

Copper (%t)

0.042

0.036

Recovery (Mill)

 

 

Copper (%)

83.9

86.5

Gold (%)

67.7

67.1

Silver (%)

55.6

53.1

Molybdenum (%)

64.1

71.2

Recovery (Heap)

 

 

Gold (%)

80.0

80.0

Copper (%)

18.0

18.0

Silver (%)

26.0

26.0

Annual Concentrate Production

 

 

Cu (dry kt)

390

264

Mo (dry kt)

13

12

Average Concentrate Grade

 

 

            Copper Concentrate

 

 

            Cu (%)

28.0

28.0

            Au (g/t)

26.5

24.9

            Ag (g/t)

127.2

150.7

            Molybdenum Concentrate

 

 

            Mo (%)

56.0

56.0

*Heap leach first four years grades taken from the start of the heap leach.


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

MINERAL RESERVES

The Mineral Reserve estimate is based on an updated open pit mine plan and mine production schedule using commodity prices of US$3.25 per pound copper, US$1,550 per ounce gold, US$12.00 per pound molybdenum and US$22.00 per ounce silver.

All of the mineralization comprised in the Mineral Reserve estimate with respect to the Casino Project is contained on mineral titles controlled by Western.  The following table presents the Mineral Reserve that is the basis for this Study.

 

Tonnes

NSR

Cu

Au

Mo

Ag

CuEq

Cu

Au

Mo

Ag

Mill Ore Reserve:

(Mt)

($/t)

(%)

(g/t)

(%)

(g/t)

(%)

(Mlbs)

(Moz)

(Mlbs)

(Moz)

Proven Mineral Reserve

140.1

38.50

0.31

0.39

0.024

2.1

0.67

944

1.8

74.9

9.4

Probable Mineral Reserve

1,076.9

23.68

0.17

0.19

0.021

1.6

0.36

4,135

6.7

497.1

55.5

Proven/Probable Reserve

1,217.1

25.38

0.19

0.22

0.021

1.7

0.40

5,079

8.5

571.9

64.9


 

Tonnes

NSR

Au

Cu

Mo

Ag

AuEq

Au

Cu

Mo

Ag

Heap Leach Reserve:

(Mt)

($/t)

(g/t)

(%)

(%)

(g/t)

(g/t)

(Moz)

(Mlbs)

(Mlbs)

(Moz)

Proven Mineral Reserve

42.9

22.52

0.45

0.055

N/A

2.7

0.47

0.62

51.8

N/A

3.7

Probable Mineral Reserve

166.8

11.14

0.22

0.031

N/A

1.8

0.23

1.17

113.5

N/A

9.4

Proven/Probable Reserve

209.6

13.47

0.26

0.036

N/A

1.9

0.28

1.78

165.3

N/A

13.1

Notes:

1. The Mineral Reserve estimate has an effective date of June 13, 2022 and was prepared using the CIM Definition Standards (10 May 2014).

2. Columns may not sum exactly due to rounding.

3. Mineral Reserves are based on commodity prices of US$3.25/lb Cu, US$1550/oz Au, US$12.00/lb Mo, and US$22.00/oz Ag.

4. Mineral Reserves amenable to milling are based on NSR cutoffs that vary by time period to balance mine and plant production capacities.  They range from a low of $6.11/t to a high of $25.00/t.

5. NSR value for supergene (SOX and SUS) mill material is NSR (C$/t) = $73.63 x recoverable copper (%) + $40.41 x gold (g/t) + $142.11 x moly (%) + 0.464 x silver (g/t), based on recoveries of 69% gold, 52.3% molybdenum and 60% silver.  Recoverable copper = 0.94 x (total copper - soluble copper). 

6. NSR value for hypogene (HYP) mill material is NSR (C$/t) = $67.88 x copper (%) + $38.66 x gold (g/t) + $213.78 x moly (%) + $0.386 x silver (g/t), based on recoveries of 92.2% copper, 66% gold, 78.6% molybdenum and 50% silver.

7. Mineral Reserves amenable to heap leaching are based on an NSR cutoff of $6.61/t.

8. NSR value for leach material is NSR (C$/t) = $14.05 x copper (%) + $47.44 x gold (g/t) + $0.210 x silver (g/t), based on recoveries of 18% copper, 80% gold and 26% silver.

9. AuEq and CuEq values are based on prices of US$ 3.25/lb Cu, US$ 1550/oz Au, US$ 12.00/lb Mo, and US$ 22.00/oz Ag, and account for all metal recoveries and smelting/refining charges.

10. The NSR calculations also account for smelter/refinery treatment charges and payables.

On August 9, 2022, the Company filed a technical report titled "Casino Project, Form NI 43-101F1 Technical Report Feasibility, Yukon, Canada" with an effective date of June 13, 2022 (the "Report").  The Report summarizes the results of the Feasibility Study on the Casino copper-gold project, which results were first reported by the Company in a news release dated June 28, 2022.

Permitting

On November 10, 2023, the Company, through CMC, its wholly-owned subsidiary, submitted to the Yukon Environmental and Socio-Economic Assessment Board ("YESAB") Executive Committee a schedule for submission of the Environmental and Socio-economic Effects Statement ("ESE Statement") for the Casino Project, as prescribed by the Revised Environmental and Socio-economic Effects Statement Guidelines (the "Guidelines") received from YESAB on September 13, 2023.

In the schedule, the Company indicated that it plans to submit the ESE Statement in the second half of 2024.  The ESE Statement forms the basis for the Company's assessment application for the Panel Review and includes all the material outlined in the Guidelines.  In addition, the Company has been engaging and consulting with First Nations that may be impacted by the project.


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

Infrastructure

On December 5, 2023, the Company announced that during the 2023 Fall Sitting of the Yukon Legislative Assembly, the Yukon Government approved $21.4 million for investment in the Municipality of Skagway's (or "Skagway") redevelopment of their dock infrastructure to include a Marine Services Platform ("MSP") to continue to support ore export for the Yukon mining industry.  The MSP at Skagway is located in South-east Alaska and is 560 km from, and is the closest tidewater port to, the Casino Project. The Port of Skagway has historically been the preferred port to ship concentrates from the Yukon, and most recently was used to ship copper concentrates from the Minto Mine.

In 2017, the Federal and Yukon Governments announced commitments to fund the upgrade for a portion of the existing access road to standards required for the Casino Project, as well as to fund a section of the additional 126 km of new access road to the Casino site.

On November 10, 2023, the Company announced that the Carmacks Bypass Project (the "Bypass"), the first section of the Casino Project access road and a $29.6 million investment by the Yukon and Federal Governments has been completed ahead of schedule.  The Bypass will allow industrial vehicles to bypass the Village of Carmacks, reducing heavy traffic, improving community safety, and improving access to mineral exploration and development activities in the area.

Exploration and evaluation expenditures

Capitalized expenditures for the periods presented were as follows:

For the year ended December 31,   2023     2022  

 

  $     $  
Claims maintenance   25,010     26,038  
Engineering   390,903     3,619,508  
Exploration and camp support   7,252,245     8,698,630  
Permitting   11,033,794     8,176,200  
Salary and wages   1,726,836     1,304,283  
Share-based payments   645,532     989,158  
             
TOTAL   21,074,320     22,813,817  

During the year ended December 31 2023, the Company's activity focused on permitting and environmental activity and continued work on the ESE statement.  The Company also executed a geotechnical and metallurgical drilling program.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company's activity focused on working toward the completion of its feasibility study.  Concurrently the Company began initial permitting and environmental activities associated with its planned submission of the ESE Statement.  The Company also executed a drilling and exploration program.


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

Royalty payments

The Casino Property is subject to a 2.75% NSR on the claims comprising the Casino project in favour of Osisko Gold Royalties Ltd. ("Osisko Gold") pursuant to the Royalty Assignment and Assumption Agreement dated July 31, 2017 when 8248567 Canada Limited assigned to Osisko Gold all of its rights, title and interest in the 2.75% NSR.

SELECTED ANNUAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION

The following annual information has been extracted from the Company's audited annual consolidated financial statements.

As at and for the year ended

31-Dec-23

31-Dec-22

31-Dec-21

 

$

$

$

Loss and comprehensive loss

3,338,299

4,994,178

3,708,887

Loss per share - basic and diluted

$0.02

0.03

0.03

Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments

31,036,165

22,709,722

46,761,849

Exploration and evaluation assets

110,236,198

89,161,878

66,348,061

Total assets

143,918,373

114,382,545

115,487,886

Items that resulted in significant differences in the annual figures presented above are explained in the following narrative.

Loss and comprehensive loss

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company reported a loss and comprehensive loss of $3,338,299.  The 2023 loss and comprehensive loss is lower than the 2022 largely due to higher interest income and an unrealized gain on marketable securities as well as lower share-based payments.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company reported a loss and comprehensive loss of $4,994,178.  The 2022 loss and comprehensive loss is higher than the 2021 due to an increase in filing and regulatory fees, office administration and share-based payments and unrealized loss on marketable securities.  This loss was partially offset by higher interest income.

Exploration and evaluation assets

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company was working on their ESE Statement and also executed a geotechnical and metallurgical drilling program.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company completed its feasibility study and also began initial permitting and environmental activities associated with submission of an ESE Statement.  The Company also executed a drilling and exploration program.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company completed a drilling and exploration program which consisted of 6,075m of drilling, a soil sampling program and Enersoft logging of historical drill core.  The Company also completed its PEA and commenced work on its Feasibility Study. 

Exploration costs incurred by the Company are capitalized, thus increasing the carrying value of exploration and evaluation assets from one year to the next. 


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments

Cash is used to fund ongoing operations.  Unless there is a significant financing transaction, total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments is expected to decrease from one period to the next.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company raised gross proceeds of $29,591,624 and expended $19,900,208 most of which was expended on work related to the Company's ESE statement and a geotechnical and metallurgical drilling program.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company expended $20,647,152 on its permitting initiatives, drilling and exploration program and feasibility study.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company raised gross proceeds of $33,634,423 and expended $11,403,186 most of which was expended on its 2021 drilling and exploration program. 

SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

The following quarterly information has been extracted from the Company's unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

As at and for the quarter ended   31-Dec-23     30-Sep-23     30-Jun-23     31-Mar-23  
    $     $     $     $  
Loss and comprehensive loss   532,485     823,028     872,180     1,110,606  
Loss per share - basic and diluted $ 0.00   $ 0.01   $ 0.01   $ 0.01  
Cash and short-term investments   31,036,165     32,422,493     38,576,943     19,598,387  
Exploration and evaluation assets   110,236,198     106,698,962     96,901,990     92,144,912  
Total assets   143,918,373     141,080,607     137,331,506     113,657,532  

As at and for the quarter ended   31-Dec-22     30-Sep-22     30-Jun-22     31-Mar-22  
    $     $     $     $  
Loss and comprehensive loss   1,387,251     706,626     1,283,214     1,617,087  
Loss per share - basic and diluted $ 0.01     0.00   $ 0.01   $ 0.01  
Cash and short-term investments   22,709,722     29,222,609     38,634,795     43,259,683  
Exploration and evaluation assets   89,161,878     84,785,069     74,338,172     68,862,927  
Total assets   114,382,545     116,205,020     114,671,589     113,980,260  

Items that resulted in significant differences in the quarterly figures presented above are explained in the following narrative.

Loss and comprehensive loss

The scale and nature of the Company's corporate and administrative activity have remained relatively consistent over the periods presented above.  Quarterly fluctuations in loss and comprehensive loss figures have mainly been driven by gains and losses related to marketable securities, flow-through premium recovery and variances in stock-based compensation expense.

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized interest income of $424,160 due to higher interest-bearing balances and higher interest rates.  The Company also incurred share-based payments totaling $170,754 due to timing, valuation, and recognition differences relating to the underlying stock option grants as well the recognition and amortization related to restricted share units (RSU's).

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized interest income of $416,969 due to higher interest-bearing balances and higher interest rates compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023.  The Company also incurred share-based payments totaling $558,972 due to timing, valuation, and recognition differences relating to the underlying stock option grants as well the recognition and amortization related to restricted share units (RSU's) and deferred share units (DSU's).


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized interest income of $274,824 due to higher interest-bearing balances and higher interest rates compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. The Company also incurred share-based payments totaling $146,691 due to timing, valuation, and recognition differences relating to the underlying stock option grants as well the recognition and amortization related to RSU's.

During the three months ended December 31, 2022, share-based payments totaled $287,328 due to timing, valuation, and recognition differences relating to the underlying stock option grants as well the recognition and amortization related to RSU's.  The Company also recognized an unrealized loss on marketable securities of $90,020 which was partially offset by interest income of $181,488.

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, share-based payments totaled $309,770 due to timing, valuation, and recognition differences relating to the underlying stock option grants as well the recognition and amortization related to RSUs which was partially offset by the $252,194 related to flow-through premium recovery.

During the three months ended June 30, 2022, share-based payments totaled $380,869 due to timing, valuation, and recognition differences relating to the underlying stock option grants as well the recognition and amortization related to RSUs.  The Company also recognized an unrealized loss of $462,600 on marketable securities which was partially offset by the flow-through premium recovery.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, share-based payments totaled $569,736 due to timing, valuation, and recognition differences relating to the underlying stock option grants as well the recognition and amortization related to RSU's and DSUs.  The Company also recognized higher costs associated with wages and benefits as it increased its head count and provided raises to certain employees.

Exploration and evaluation assets

Expenditures incurred by the Company relating to its mineral properties are capitalized.  As a result, the carrying value of exploration and evaluation assets generally increases from period to period.

During the three months ended December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, exploration and evaluation assets increased as the Company completed its drilling and exploration program as well continued on-going work on its ESE Statement.

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, exploration and evaluation assets increased as the Company continued work on its ESE Statement.

During the three months ended December 31, 2022, exploration and evaluation assets increased as the Company completed its drilling and exploration program as well continued on-going work on its ESE Statement.

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, exploration and evaluation assets increased as the Company incurred $8,173,126 in expenditures related to its drilling and exploration program.  The Company also incurred expenditures associated with on-going work on its ESE statement and completing its Feasibility Study which totaled $5,316,223 and $3,344,636 respectively. 

During the three months ended June 30, 2022, exploration and evaluation assets increased as the Company incurred $2,022,528 in expenditures related to its drilling and exploration program.  The Company also incurred expenditures associated with on-going work on its ESE statement and Feasibility Study which totaled $1,681,215 and $1,249,707, respectively. 


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments

Cash is used to fund ongoing operations.  Unless there is a significant financing transaction, total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments are expected to decrease from one period to the next.

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company received $6M as part of an additional investment from Rio Tinto.

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company received $21.2M as part of strategic investment from Mitsubishi Materials.  In connection with the strategic investment by Mitsubishi Materials, Rio Tinto subscribed for common shares for aggregate proceeds of $2.3M.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

    Three Months Ended
December 31,
    Year Ended
December 31,
   
    2023     2022     2023     2022  
    $     $     $     $  
Depreciation   51,725     51,725     206,900     167,894  
Filing and regulatory fees   4,216     42,928     291,313     305,676  
Office and administration   155,218     187,168     609,616     656,264  
Professional fees   76,057     147,726     273,709     368,106  
Share-based payments   170,754     287,328     1,083,428     1,547,703  
Shareholder communication and travel   181,211     182,361     779,452     801,100  
Wages and benefits   632,985     578,201     1,890,820     1,785,624  
                         
CORPORATE EXPENSES   1,272,166     1,477,437     5,135,238     5,632,367  
                         
Foreign exchange loss (gain)   (162 )   1,282     811     11,528  
Interest income   (315,359 )   (181,488 )   (1,176,950 )   (584,512 )
Flow-through premium recovery   -     -     -     (759,525 )
Unrealized (gain) loss on marketable securities   (424,160 )   90,020     (620,800 )   694,320  
                         
LOSS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS   532,485     1,387,251     3,338,299     4,994,178  

THREE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023

Western incurred a loss of $532,485 ($0.00 per common share) for the three months ended December 31, 2023, compared to a loss of $1,387,251 ($0.01 per common share) over the same period in 2022.  The scale and nature of the Company's administrative activity have remained generally consistent throughout these periods, but a few items led to differences in the comparative figures, as follows:

Share-based payments decreased by $116,574 during the three months ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022 due to timing, valuation, and recognition differences relating to the underlying stock option and RSU grants.

Wages and benefits increased by $54,784 during the three months ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022 due to employee severance payments.


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

Interest income increased by $133,871 during the three months ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022 due to higher interest-bearing balances and an increase in interest rates.

The Company recorded a gain on marketable securities of $424,160 during the three months ended December 31, 2023, compared to an unrealized loss of $90,020 during the same period in 2022 as a result of changes in the share price of the marketable securities held by Western at each period end date.

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023

Western incurred a loss of $3,338,299 ($0.02 per common share) for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to a loss of $4,994,178 ($0.03 per common share) over the same period in 2022.  The scale and nature of the Company's administrative activity have remained generally consistent throughout these periods, but a few items led to differences in the comparative figures, as follows:

Professional fees decreased by $94,397 during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022 due to a general reduction in legal activity.

Share-based payments decreased by $464,275 during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022 due to timing, valuation, and recognition differences relating to the underlying stock option grants, RSU grants and DSU grants.

Wages and benefits increased by $105,196 during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022 largely due to employee severance costs and an increase in director fees.

Interest income increased by $592,438 during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022 due to higher interest-bearing balances and an increase in interest rates.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a flow-through premium recovery of $nil compared to a flow-through premium recovery of $759,525 during the year ended December 31, 2022.

The Company recorded a gain on marketable securities of $620,800 during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to an unrealized loss of $694,320 during the same period in 2022 as a result of changes in the share price of the marketable securities held by Western at each period end date.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

For the year ended December 31,   2023     2022  
    $     $  
CASH PROVIDED BY (USED IN)            
Operating activities   (2,535,497 )   (3,344,354 )
Financing activities   31,065,699     (75,897 )
Investing activities   (3,900,208 )   (25,926,692 )
             
CHANGE IN CASH AND EQUIVALENTS   24,629,994     (29,346,943 )
             
Cash and cash equivalents - beginning   1,341,267     30,688,210  
             
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS - ENDING   25,971,261     1,341,267  

Cash and cash equivalents totaled $25,971,261 as at December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 - $1,341,267).  Cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments totaled $31,036,165 as at December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 – $22,709,722).  Western’s net working capital (current assets less current liabilities) as at December 31, 2023 totaled $28,888,135 (December 31, 2022 - $20,093,597). 


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

Western is an exploration stage company.  As at the date of this report, the Company has not earned any production revenue.  It depends heavily on its working capital balance and its ability to raise funds through capital markets to finance its operations.  Although the Company expects that the current cash and short-term investments on hand will be sufficient to fund anticipated operating activities in the next twelve months, it will require significant additional funding to complete the development and construction of the Casino mine. 

The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.  The Company's ability to continue as a going concern is substantially dependent on its ability to raise funds necessary to acquire assets, perform exploration and development activities, and conduct its corporate affairs primarily through the issuance of its common shares.

Operating activities

The significant components of operating activities are discussed in the Results of Operations section above. 

Financing activities

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company completed private placements for gross proceeds of $29,591,624.  The Company did not complete any private placements during the year ended December 31, 2022.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received $2,025,000 from the exercise of stock options and expended $245,672 on lease payments.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company received $133,165 from the exercise of stock options and expended $209,062 on lease payments.

Investing activities

Investing activities include both mineral property expenditures, and purchases and redemptions of short-term investments.  Investments with an original maturity of greater than three months are considered short-term investments for accounting purposes.  Purchases and redemptions of short-term investments are mainly driven by cash requirements and available interest rates.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company redeemed $16,000,000 in short term investments and spent $19,900,208 on exploration and evaluation assets.  During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company purchased $5,000,000 in short term investments, spent $20,647,152 on exploration and evaluation assets and spent $279,540 on leasehold improvements. 

A summary of activities relating to the Casino Project is available under the Casino Project Update section at the beginning of this report.

OUTSTANDING SHARE DATA

As at the date of this report, the Company has 168,889,203 common shares outstanding. The Company also has 9,431,334 stock options outstanding with exercise prices ranging from $0.75 to $2.22 and 1,500,000 warrants with an exercise price of $0.85.  In addition, there are 555,068 restricted share units and 472,600 deferred share units to be settled by way of common shares issued from treasury.


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

The Company leases office space in Vancouver, British Columbia and Whitehorse, Yukon.  The future minimum lease payments by calendar year are approximately as follows:

Year   $  
2024   185,515  
2025   20,400  
       
TOTAL   205,915  

The Company has no off-balance sheet arrangements and no long-term obligations other than those described throughout this document, or in the description of exploration and evaluation assets contained in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

KEY MANAGEMENT COMPENSATION

The Company’s key management include its directors and officers.  The remuneration of key management during the periods presented was as follows:

    Three Months Ended
December 31,
    Year Ended
December 31,
 
    2023     2022     2023     2022  
    $     $     $     $  
Salaries and director fees   439,883     777,226     1,712,067     2,284,846  
Share-based payments   167,559     497,153     1,417,844     2,309,506  
                         
KEY MANAGEMENT COMPENSATION   607,422     1,274,379     3,129,911     4,594,352  

Share-based payments represent the fair value of stock options, RSUs and DSUs previously granted to directors and officers during the periods presented above.  Salaries and share-based payments for certain officers are capitalized in exploration and evaluation assets and the balance is recognized in the statement of loss and comprehensive loss.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS accounting standards requires to exercise judgement in the process of applying its accounting policies and to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.  Differences may be material.


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

Exploration and evaluation assets

The carrying amount of the Company's exploration and evaluation assets represents costs net of write-downs and recoveries to date and does not necessarily reflect present or future values.  Recovery of capitalized costs is dependent on successful development of economic mining operations or the disposition of the related mineral properties. 

The Company's assets are reviewed for indication of impairment at each balance sheet date.  If indication of impairment exists, the assets' recoverable amount is estimated.  If the assets' carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount, then an impairment loss is recognized in the statement of loss. The Company's review did not identify any indication of impairment.

Environmental site reclamation

As at December 31, 2023, the Company had not recognized an amount for environmental site reclamation, however, minimum standards for site reclamation have been established by various governmental agencies that affect certain operations of the Company.  The determination of reclamation costs requires assumptions with respect to future expected costs and legislation in effect at that time.  Changes in these assumptions could have a material effect on the amount required to be recognized as an environmental reclamation provision.

DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Management is responsible for designing, establishing, and maintaining a system of disclosure controls and procedures.  Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that material information relating to the Company is made known to management, particularly during the period in which the annual filings are being prepared and that information required to be disclosed by the Company in its annual filings, interim filings or other reports filed or submitted by it under securities legislation is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in securities legislation.

The Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023.  As a result of the material weakness identified during the assessment of internal control over financial reporting, as described below, management also concluded that its disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as at December 31, 2023.

MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Management is responsible for designing, establishing, and maintaining a system of internal control over financial reporting ("ICFR") to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in Canada.

In making this assessment, the Company's management used the criteria established by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in its 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework.

The Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer assessed the design and the operating effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023.

Based on that assessment, management concluded that, as at December 31, 2023, the Company's internal control over financial reporting was not effective due to the existence of a material weakness.  A material weakness existed in the design of internal control over financial reporting caused by a lack of adequate segregation of duties in the financial close process.  The Chief Financial Officer is responsible for preparing, authorizing, and reviewing information that is key to the preparation of financial reports.  He is also responsible for preparing and reviewing the resulting financial reports.  This weakness has the potential to result in material misstatements in the Company's financial statements, and should also be considered a material weakness in its disclosure controls and procedures. 


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

Management has concluded, and the audit committee has agreed that taking into account the present stage of Western's development, the Company does not have sufficient size and scale to warrant the hiring of additional staff to correct the weakness at this time.

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT RISK

The Board of Directors has overall responsibility for the establishment and oversight of the Company's risk management framework.  The Company has exposure to liquidity, credit, and market risk from the use of financial instruments.  Financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, marketable securities, certain other assets, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will be unable to meet its financial obligations as they come due.  The Company closely monitors its liquidity position and ensures it has adequate sources of funding to finance its projects and operations.  Cash is invested in redeemable GICs, which are highly liquid investments and available to discharge obligations when they come due.  The Company does not maintain a line of credit.

Credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments.  These financial instruments are at risk to the extent that the institutions issuing or holding them cannot redeem amounts when they are due or requested.  To limit its credit risk, the Company uses a restrictive investment policy.  Cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments are held with high quality financial institutions.  Substantially all cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments held with financial institutions exceed government-insured limits. We have established credit policies that seek to minimize our credit risk by entering into transactions with investment grade credit worthy and reputable financial institutions.  The carrying amount of financial assets, other than marketable securities, recorded in the financial statements represents Western's maximum exposure to credit risk.

Market risk

The Company is exposed to market risk because of the fluctuating values of its publicly traded marketable securities.  The Company has no control over these fluctuations and does not hedge its investments.  Marketable securities are adjusted to fair value at each balance sheet date.


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This MD&A and certain information incorporated by reference in this MD&A contain certain forward-looking statements concerning Western's strategy, projects, plans or future financial or operating performance.  All statements that are not statements of historical fact are "forward-looking statements" as that term is defined in the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and "forward-looking information" as that term is defined in National Instrument 51-102 - Continuous Disclosure Obligations ("NI 51-102") of the Canadian Securities Administrators (collectively, "forward-looking statements"). Certain forward-looking information may also be considered future-oriented financial information ("FOFI") as that term is defined in NI 51-102.  The purpose of disclosing FOFI is to provide a general overview of management's expectations regarding prospective financial performance, financial position or cash flows and readers are cautioned that the assumptions used in the preparation of such information, although considered reasonable at the time of preparation, may provide to be imprecise or inaccurate and, as such, undue reliance should not be placed on FOFI. Forward-looking statements are frequently, but not always, identified by words such as "plans", "expects", "is expected", "budget", "scheduled", "estimates", "intends", "anticipates" or "does not anticipate", or "believes", or variations of such words and phrases or state that certain actions, events or results "may" or "may not", "could", "would" or "would not", "might" or "will be", "occur" or "be achieved" or the negative connotation of such terms. Such forward-looking statements are set forth, among other places, under the heading "Casino Project Update" and elsewhere in this MD&A and may include, but are not limited to, statements regarding perceived merit of properties; mineral reserve and resource estimates; exploration and evaluation expenditures; results of the Study (including projected economic returns, operating costs, capital costs and other financial results in connection with the Casino Project); cash flow forecasts; exploration results at the Company's property; budgets; work programs; permitting timelines and regulatory timelines; the Company's engagement with local communities; the Company's ability to manage the short-term and long-term effects of the COVID-19 and any other pandemics; estimated timing for construction of, and production from, any new projects; strategic plans, including without limitation Western's strategy and plans in respect of environmental and social governance issues; market price of precious and base metals; expectations regarding future price assumptions, financial performance and other outlook or guidance or other statements that are not statements of historical fact.

Forward-looking statements are necessarily based upon a number of estimates and assumptions, including material estimates and assumptions related to the factors set forth below that, while considered reasonable by the Company as at the date of this MD&A in light of management's experience and perception of current conditions and expected developments, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies. The material assumptions used to develop the forward-looking statements herein include assumptions that (1) political and legal developments in jurisdictions where Western operations, or may in the future operate, being consistent with Western's current expectations, (2) prevailing and projected market prices and foreign exchange rates, exploitation and exploration estimates will not change in a materially adverse manner, (3) requisite capital and financing will be available on acceptable terms, (4) equipment and personnel required for permitting, construction and operations will be available on a continual basis, (5) no unforeseen disruptions or delays, unexpected geological or other effects, equipment failures, or permitting including any disruptions caused by COVID-19 or any future pandemics or any other unforeseen disruptions or delays that would have an adverse effect on Western's operations, (6) equipment, labour and materials costs increasing on a basis consistent with Western's current expectations, and (7) general economic, market or business conditions will not change in a materially adverse manner and as more specifically disclosed throughout this document, and in the AIF and Form 40-F. 

Forward-looking statements are statements about the future and are inherently uncertain, and actual results, performance or achievements of Western and its subsidiaries may differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements due to a variety of risks, uncertainties and other known or unknown factors. Such risks and other factors include, among others, history of losses; risks inherit to mineral exploration and development activities; uncertainties relating to interpretation of drill results and the geology, continuity and grade of mineral deposits; risks related to the potential loss of the Company's properties; uncertainty as to timely availability of permits and licenses and other governmental approvals; risks related to the Company's dependence on a single project; title risks; price fluctuations of the Common Shares; risks surrounding statutory and regulatory compliance; risks surrounding environmental laws and regulations; risks surrounding land reclamation costs; operational risks surrounding the location of assets; risks surrounding Western's ability to maintain its infrastructure; risks involved in fluctuations in gold, copper and other commodity prices; uncertainty of estimates of capital and operating costs, recovery rates, production estimates, and estimated economic return; changes in project parameters as plans continue to be refined; risks related to the cooperation of government agencies and Indigenous peoples in the exploration and development of Western's property; volatility in the price of metals; climate change risks; risks related to fluctuations in currency exchange rates; risks surrounding dilution of the Common Shares; dependence on members of management and key personnel; competition risks; inflation risks; risks related to macro-economic factors including global financial volatility; potential natural disasters, terrorist acts, health crises and future pandemics; risks related to the need to obtain additional financing to develop the Company's property and uncertainty as to the availability and terms of future financing; the possibility of delay in exploration or development programs or in construction projects and uncertainty of meeting anticipated program milestones; risks related to the integration of acquisitions; risks related to operations; risks related to the feasibility study and the possibility that future exploration and development will not be consistent with the Company's expectations; risks related to joint venture operations; conclusions of economic evaluations; possible variations in mineral reserves, grade or recovery rates; insurance risk; reclamation costs; risks related to conflicts of interest; risks related to internal controls; tax risks; failure of plant, equipment or processes to operate as anticipated; accidents, labour disputes and other risks of the mining industry; risks related to information technology and cybersecurity; risks related to regulatory compliance; the Company's history of not paying dividends; and risks related to shareholder activism; impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or other global pandemics and the Russian invasion of Ukraine; and other risks and uncertainties disclosed in Western's AIF and Form 40-F, and other information released by Western and filed with the applicable regulatory agencies. All of the forward-looking statements made in this MD&A are qualified by these cautionary statements. Specific reference is made to the most recent Form 40-F and Annual Information Form on file with the SEC and Canadian provincial securities regulatory authorities for a more detailed discussion of some of the factors underlying forward-looking statements and the risks that may affect the Company's ability to achieve the expectations set forth in the forward-looking statements contained in this MD&A.


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

All of the forward-looking statements made in this MD&A are qualified by these cautionary statements. Specific reference is made to the most recent Form 40-F and Annual Information Form on file with the SEC and Canadian securities regulatory authorities for a more detailed discussion of some of the factors underlying forward-looking statements and the risks that may affect the Company's ability to achieve the expectations set forth in the forward-looking statements contained in this MD&A.

Although Western has attempted to identify important factors that could affect it and may cause actual actions, events or results to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause actions, events or results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. Forward-looking statements may prove to be inaccurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Western does not undertake any obligation to release publicly any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events unless required by applicable securities law.


WESTERN COPPER AND GOLD CORPORATION MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
  Year ended December 31, 2023
(Expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated)  

Non-GAAP Measures and Other Financial Measures

Alternative performance measures in this MD&A, such as "cash cost" and "free cash flow", are used to provide additional information. These non-GAAP performance measures are included in this MD&A because these statistics are used as key performance measures that management uses to monitor and assess performance of the Company's property and to plan and assess the overall effectiveness and efficiency of mining operations. These performance measures do not have a standard meaning within IFRS accounting standards and, therefore, amounts presented may not be comparable to similar data presented by other mining companies. These performance measures should not be considered in isolation as a substitute for measures of performance in accordance with IFRS accounting standards.

CAUTIONARY NOTE TO U.S. INVESTORS

The MD&A has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the securities laws in effect in Canada as of the date of this MD&A, which differ in certain material respects from the disclosure requirements of United States securities laws.  The terms "mineral reserve", "proven mineral reserve" and "probable mineral reserve" are Canadian mining terms as defined in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects ("NI 43-101") and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (the "CIM") - CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, adopted by the CIM Council, as amended.  NI 43-101 is a rule developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators that establishes standards for all public disclosure an issuer makes of scientific and technical information concerning mineral projects.  The definitions of these terms and other mining terms, such as "inferred mineral resource," differ from the definitions of such terms, if any, for purposes of the disclosure requirements of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). 

Accordingly, information contained and incorporated by reference into this MD&A that describes the Company's mineral deposits may not be comparable to similar information made public by issuers subject to the SEC's reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to domestic United States issuers.