Exhibit 3.1

SECOND

AMENDED AND RESTATED

BYLAWS

Of

NEPHROS, INC.

a Delaware Corporation

(as of November 30, 2007)

ARTICLE I

OFFICES

Section 1.01 REGISTERED OFFICE. The registered office of NEPHROS, INC. (hereinafter called the "Corporation") shall be at such place in the State of Delaware as shall be designated by the Board of Directors (hereinafter called the "Board").

Section 1.02 PRINCIPAL OFFICE. The principal office for the transaction of the business of the Corporation shall be at such location, within or without the State of Delaware, as shall be designated by the Board.

Section 1.03 OTHER OFFICES. The Corporation may also have an office or offices at such other place of places, either within or without the State of Delaware, as the Board may from time to time determine or as the business of the Corporation may require.

ARTICLE II

MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS

Section 2.01 ANNUAL MEETINGS. Annual meetings of the stockholders of the Corporation for the purpose of electing directors and for the transaction of such other proper business as may come before such meetings may be held at such time, date and place as the Board shall determine by resolution.

Section 2.02 SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings of the stockholders of the Corporation for any purpose or purposes may be called at any time by the Board, or by a committee of the Board which, or officer of the corporation who, has been duly designated by the Board and whose powers and authority, as provided in a resolution of the Board or in the Bylaws, include the power to call such meetings, but such special meetings may not be called by any other person or persons; provided however, that if and to the extent that any special meeting of stockholders may be called by any other person or persons specified in any provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation or any amendment thereto of any certificate filed under Section 151(g) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (or its successor statue as in effect from time to time hereafter), then such special meeting may also be called by the person or persons, in the manner, at the time and for the purposes so specified.

Section 2.03 PLACE OF MEETINGS. All meetings of the stockholders shall be held at such places, within or without the State of Delaware, as may from time to time be designated by the person or persons calling the respective meetings and specified in the respective notices or waivers of notice thereof.

Section 2.04 NOTICE OF MEETINGS. Except as otherwise required by law, notice of each meeting of the stockholders, whether annual or special, shall be given not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at such

meeting by delivering a typewritten or printed notice thereof to him personally, or by depositing such notice in the United States mail or overnight delivery service, in a postage prepaid envelope, or by-hand delivery service, charges prepaid, directed to him at his address furnished by him to the Secretary of the Corporation for such purpose or, if he shall not have furnished to the Secretary his address for such purpose, then at his address last known to the Secretary, or by transmitting a notice thereof to him at such address by telegraph, telecopy, cable or wireless. Except as otherwise expressly required by law, no publication of any notice of a meeting of the stockholders shall be required. Every notice of a meeting of the stockholders shall state the place, date and hour of the meeting, and, in the case of a special meeting shall also state the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called. Except as otherwise expressly required by law, notice of any adjourned meeting of the stockholders need not be given if the time and place thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken.

Whenever notice is required to be given to any stockholder to whom (i) notice of two consecutive annual meetings, and all notices of meetings or of the taking of any action by written consent without a meeting to such person during the period between such two consecutive annual meetings, or (ii) all, and at least two, payments (if sent by first class mail) of dividends or interest on securities during a twelve month period, have been mailed addressed to such person at his address as shown on the records of the Corporation and have been returned undeliverable, the giving of such notice to such person shall not be required. Any action or meeting which shall have been taken or held without notice to such person shall have the same force and effect as if such notice had been duly given. If any such person shall deliver to the Corporation a written notice setting forth his then current address, the requirement that notice be given to such person shall be reinstated.

No notice need be given to any person with whom communication is unlawful, nor shall there be any duty to apply far any permit or license to give notice to any such person.

Section 2.05 QUORUM. Except as expressly required by law, the holders of record of a majority in voting interest of the shares of stock of the Corporation entitled to be voted, present in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation or any adjournment thereof. The stockholders present at a duly called or held meeting at which a quorum is present may continue to do business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough stockholders to leave less than a quorum. In the absence of a quorum at any meeting or any adjournment thereof, a majority in voting interest of the stockholders present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote thereat or, in the absence therefrom of all the stockholders, any officer entitled to preside at or to act as secretary of such meeting may adjourn such meeting from time to time. At any such adjourned meeting at which a quorum is present any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally called.

Section 2.06 VOTING.

(a) At each meeting of the stockholders, each stockholder shall be entitled to vote in person or by proxy each share or fractional share of the stock of the Corporation which has voting rights on the matter in question and which shall have been held by him and registered in his name on the books of the Corporation:

(i) on the date fixed pursuant to Section 2.07 of these Bylaws as the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at such meeting, or

(ii) if no such record date shall have been so fixed, then (A) at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice of the meeting shall be given or (B) if notice of the meeting shall be waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting shall be held.

(b) Shares of its own stock belonging to the Corporation or to another corporation, if a majority of the shares entitled to vote in the election of directors in such other corporation is held, directly or indirectly, by the Corporation, shall neither be entitled to vote nor be counted for quorum purposes. Persons holding stock of the Corporation in a fiduciary capacity shall be entitled to vote such stock. Persons whose stock is pledged shall be entitled to vote, unless in the transfer by the pledgor on the books of the Corporation he shall have expressly empowered the pledgee to vote thereon, in which case only the pledgee, or his proxy, may represent such stock and vote thereon. Stock having voting power standing of record in the names of two or more persons, whether fiduciaries, members of a partnership, joint tenants, tenants in common, tenants by the entirety or otherwise, or with respect to which two or more persons have the same fiduciary relationship, shall be voted in accordance with the provisions of the General Corporation Law of Delaware.

(c) Any such voting rights may be exercised by the stockholder entitled thereto in person or by his proxy appointed by an instrument in writing, subscribed by such stockholder or by his attorney thereunto authorized and delivered to the secretary of the meeting; provided, however, that no proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date unless said proxy shall provide for a longer period. The attendance at any meeting of a stockholder who may theretofore have given a proxy shall not have the effect of revoking the same unless be shall in writing so notify the secretary of the meeting prior to the voting of the proxy. At any meeting of the stockholders all matters, except as otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, in these Bylaws or expressly required by law, shall be decided by the vote of a majority in voting interest of the stockholders present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote thereat and thereon. The stockholders present at a duly called or held meeting at which a quorum is present may continue to do business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough stockholders to leave less than a quorum. The vote at any meeting of the stockholders on any question need not be by ballot, unless so directed by the chairman of the meeting. On a vote by ballot, each ballot shall be signed by the stockholder voting, or by his proxy if there be such proxy, and it shall state the number of shares voted.

Section 2.07 LIST OF STOCKHOLDERS. The Secretary of the Corporation shall prepare and make, at least ten (10) days before very meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting, during ordinary business hours, for a period of at least ten (10) days prior to the meeting at the principal place of business of the Corporation. The list shall also be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting during the entire duration thereof, and may be inspected by any stockholder who is present.

Section 2.08 STOCK LEDGER. The stock ledger of the Corporation shall be the only evidence as to who are the stockholders entitled to examine the list of stockholders required by Section 2.07 of this Article II or, to the extent entitled by Section 220 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, the books and records of the Corporation, or to vote in person or by proxy at any meeting of stockholders.

Section 2.09 INSPECTOR OF ELECTION. The directors, in advance of any meeting, may, but need not, appoint one or more inspectors of election to act at the meeting or any adjournment thereof. If an inspector or inspectors are not appointed, the person presiding at the meeting may, but need not, appoint one or more inspectors. In case any person who may be appointed as an inspector fails to appear or act, the vacancy may be filled by appointment made by the directors in advance of the meeting or at the

meeting by the person presiding thereat. Each inspector so appointed shall first subscribe an oath faithfully to execute the duties of an inspector at such meeting with strict impartiality and according to the best of his ability. Such inspectors shall decide upon the qualification of the voters and shall report the numbers of shares represented at the meeting and entitled to vote on such question, shall conduct and accept the votes, and, when the voting is completed, shall ascertain and report the number of shares voted respectively for and against the question. Reports of the inspectors shall be in writing and subscribed and delivered by them to the Secretary of the Corporation. Inspectors need not be stockholders of the Corporation, and any officer of the Corporation may be an inspector on any question other than a vote for or against a proposal in which he shall have a material interest. No director or candidate for the office of director shall act as an inspector of an election of directors.

Section 2.10 STOCKHOLDER ACTION WITHOUT MEETINGS. Any action required by the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware to be taken at any annual or special meeting of the stockholders, or any action which may be taken at any annual or special meeting of the stockholders, may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent in writing setting forth the action so taken shall be signed by each holder of outstanding stock entitled to vote thereon.

Section 2.11 RECORD DATE. In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, or to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, or entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board and which record date: (i) in the case of determination of stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders or adjournment thereof, shall, unless otherwise required by law, not be more than sixty nor less than ten days before the date of such meeting; (ii) in the case of determination of stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, shall not be more than ten days from the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board; and (iii) in the case of any other action, shall not be more than sixty days prior to such other action. If no record date is fixed: (i) the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held; (ii) the record date for determining stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting when no prior action of the Board is required by law, shall be the first date on which a signed written consent setting forth the action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the corporation in accordance with applicable law, or, if prior action by the Board is required by law, shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board adopts the resolution taking such prior action; and (iii) the record date for determining stockholders for any other purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating thereto. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the Board may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.

ARTICLE III

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

              Section 3.01 GENERAL POWERS. The property, business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board, which may exercise all of the powers of the Corporation, except such as are by the Certificate of Incorporation, by these Bylaws or expressly required by law conferred upon or reserved to the stockholders.

Section 3.02 NUMBER AND TERM. A director need not be a stockholder, a citizen of the United States, or a resident of the State of Delaware. The number of directors constituting the whole Board shall be not less than three nor more than fifteen, except that, where all the shares of stock of the corporation are owned beneficially and of record by less than three stockholders, the number of directors may be less than three but not less than the number of such stockholders. Subject to the foregoing limitation, such number may be fixed from time to time by the Board.

Section 3.03 ELECTION OF DIRECTORS. Directors shall be divided into three classes and shall be elected to staggered terms in the manner provided in the Certificate of Incorporation. Any director may resign at any time upon written notice to the corporation. In the interim between annual meetings of stockholders or special meetings of stockholders called for the election of directors and/or for the removal of one or more directors and for the filling of any vacancies in the Board, including vacancies resulting from the removal of directors for cause, any vacancy in the Board may be filled by the vote of a majority of the remaining directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by the sole remaining director.

Section 3.04 RESIGNATION AND REMOVAL. Any director of the Corporation may resign at any time by giving written notice to the Board or to the Secretary of the Corporation. Any such resignation shall take effect at the date specified therein, or, if the time is not specified, it shall take effect immediately upon its receipt; and, unless otherwise specified therein, the acceptance of such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective.

Except as otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation or expressly required by law, any director or the entire board of directors may be removed, but only for cause, by the holders of a majority of shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors.

Section 3.05 VACANCIES. Except as otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, any vacancy in the Board, whether because of death, resignation, disqualification, an increase in the number of directors, or any other cause, may be filled by vote of the majority of the remaining directors, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director. Each director so chosen to fill a vacancy shall hold office until his successor shall have been elected and shall quality or until he shall resign or shall have been removed. No reduction of the authorized number of directors shall have the effect of removing any director prior to the expiration of his term of office.

Upon the resignation of one or more directors from the Board, effective at a future date, a majority of the directors then in office, including those who have so resigned, shall have the power to fill such vacancy or vacancies, the vote thereon to take effect when such resignation or resignations shall become effective, and each director so chosen shall hold office as provided hereinabove in the filling of other vacancies.

Section 3.06 PLACE OF MEETING; TELEPHONE CONFERENCE MEETING. The Board may hold any of its meetings at such place or places within or without the State of Delaware as the Board may from time to time by resolution designate or as shall be designated by the person or persons calling the meeting or in the notice or waiver of notice of any such meeting. Directors may participate in any regular or special meeting by means of conference telephone or similar communications equipment pursuant to which all persons participating in the meeting of the Board can hear each other, and such participation shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.

Section 3.07 FIRST MEETING. The Board shall meet as soon as practicable after each annual election of directors and notice of such first meeting shall not be required.

Section 3.08 REGULAR MEETINGS. Regular meetings of the Board may be held at such times as the Board shall from time to time by resolution determine. If any day fixed for a meeting shall be a legal holiday at the place where the meeting is to be held, then the meeting shall be held at the same hour and place on the next succeeding business day which is not a legal holiday. Except as expressly required by law, notice of regular meetings need not be given.

Section 3.09 SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings of the Board may be called at any time by the Chairman of the Board, the President, the Secretary or by any two (2) directors, to be held at the principal office of the Corporation, or at such other place or places, within or without the State of Delaware, as the person or persons calling the meeting may designate.

Notice of the time and place of special meetings shall be given to each director either (i) by depositing such notice in the United States mail of overnight delivery service, in a postage prepaid envelope, or by-hand delivery service, charges prepaid, addressed to him at his address as it is shown upon the records of the Corporation, or if it is not so shown on such records or is not readily ascertainable, at the place in which the meetings of the directors are regularly held, or by transmitting a notice thereof to him at such address by telegraph, telecopy, cable or wireless, at least forty-eight (48) hours prior to the time of the holding of such meeting, or (ii) by orally communicating the time and place of the special meeting to him at least forty-eight (48) hours prior to the time of the holding of such meeting. Either of the notices as above provided shall be due, legal and personal notice to such director.

Section 3.10 QUORUM AND ACTION. Except as otherwise provided in these Bylaws or expressly required by law, the presence of a majority of the authorized number of directors shall be required to constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any meeting of the Board, and all matters shall be decided at any such meeting, a quorum being present, by the affirmative votes of a majority of the directors present, subject to Section 3.15. In the absence of a quorum, a majority of directors present at any meeting may adjourn the same from time to time until a quorum shall be present. Notice of any adjourned meetings need not be given. The directors shall act only as a Board, and the individual directors shall have no power as such.

Section 3.11 ACTION BY CONSENT. Any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting if a written consent thereto is signed by all members of the Board of such committee, as the case may be, and such written consent is filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board or such committee. Such action by written consent shall have the same force and effect as the unanimous vote of such directors.

Section 3.12 COMPENSATION. No stated salary need be paid to directors, as such, for their services but, as fixed from time to time by resolution of the Board, the directors may receive directors' fees, compensation and reimbursement for expenses for attendance at directors' meetings, for serving on committees and for discharging their duties; provided that nothing herein contained shall be construed to preclude any director from serving the Corporation in any outer capacity and receiving compensation therefor.

Section 3.13 COMMITTEES. The Board may, by resolution passed by a majority of the whole Board, designate one or more committees, each committee to consist of one or more of the directors of the Corporation. The Board may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. In the absence or disqualification of a member of the committee, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he or they constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in place of any such absent or disqualified member. Any such committee, to the extent permitted by law and provided in the resolution

of the Board, shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation, and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all papers which may require it.

Unless the Board otherwise provides, each committee designated by the Board may make, alter and repeal rules for conduct of its business. In the absence of such rules each committee shall conduct its business in the same manner as the Board conducts its business pursuant to these Bylaws. Any such committee shall keep written minutes of its meetings and report the same to the Board when required.

Section 3.14 OFFICES OF THE BOARD. A Chairman of the Board or a Vice Chairman may be appointed from time to time by the Board and shall have such powers and duties as shall be designated by the Board.

Section 3.15 INTERESTED DIRECTORS. No contract or transaction between the Corporation and one or more of its directors or officers, or between the Corporation and any other corporation, partnership, association, or other organization in which one or more of its directors or officers are directors or officers, or have a financial interest, shall be void or voidable solely for this reason, or solely because the director or officer is present at or participates in the meeting of the Board of Directors or committee thereof which authorizes the contract or transaction, or solely because any such director's or officer's votes are counted for such purpose if (i) the material facts as to the director's or officer's relationship or interest and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed or are known to the Board of Directors or the committee, and the Board of Directors or committee in good faith authorizes the contract or transaction by the affirmative votes of a majority of the disinterested directors, even though the disinterested directors be less than a quorum; or (ii) the material facts as to the director's or officer's relationship or interest and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed or are known to the stockholders entitled to vote thereon, and the contract or transaction is specifically approved in good faith by vote of the stockholders; or (iii) the contract or transaction is fair as to the Corporation as of the time it is authorized, approved or ratified, by the Board of Directors, a committee or the stockholders. Common or interested directors may be counted in determining the presence of a quorum at a meeting of the Board of Directors or of a committee which authorizes the contract or transaction.

ARTICLE IV

OFFICERS

Section 4.01 OFFICERS. The officers of the Corporation shall be a President, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Corporation may also have, at the discretion of the Board, a Chairman of the Board, a Chief Executive Officer, a Chief Financial Officer one or more Vice Presidents, one or more Assistant Vice Presidents, one or more Assistant Secretaries, one or more Assistant Treasurers and such other officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of Section 4.03 of these Bylaws. One person may hold two or more offices.

Section 4.02 ELECTION AND TERM. The officers of the Corporation, except such officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of Section 4.03 or Section 4.05 of those Bylaws, shall be chosen annually by the Board, and each shall hold his office until he shall resign or shall be removed or otherwise disqualified to serve, or until his successor shall be elected and qualified.

Section 4.03 SUBORDINATE OFFICERS. The Board may appoint, or may authorize the Chief Executive Officer to appoint, such other officers as the business of the Corporation may require, each of whom shall have such authority and perform such duties as are provided in these Bylaws or as the Board or the President from time to time may specify, and shall hold office until he shall resign or shall be removed or otherwise disqualified to serve.

Section 4.04 REMOVAL AND RESIGNATION. Any officer may be removed, with or without cause, by a majority of the directors at the time in office, at any regular or special meeting of the Board, or, except in case of an officer chosen by the Board, by the Chief Executive Officer upon whom such power of removal may be conferred by the Board.

Any officer may resign at any time by giving written notice to the Corporation. Any such resignation shall take effect at the date of the receipt of such notice or at any later time specified therein; and unless otherwise specified therein, the acceptance of such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective.

Section 4.05 VACANCIES. A vacancy in any office because of death, resignation, removal, disqualification or any other cause shall be filled in the manner prescribed in the Bylaws for the regular appointments to such office.

Section 4.06 PRESIDENT. The President of the Corporation shall, subject to the control of the Board, have general supervision, direction and control of the business and affairs of the Corporation. He shall preside at all meetings of stockholders and the Board. He shall have the general powers and duties of management usually vested in the chief executive officer of a corporation, and shall have such other powers and duties with respect to the administration of the business and affairs of the Corporation as may from time to time be assigned to him by the Board or as prescribed by the Bylaws.

Section 4.07 CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD. The Chairman of the Board, if any, shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and the Board and exercise and perform such other powers and duties with respect to the administration of the business and affairs of the Corporation as may from time to time be assigned to him by the Board or is as prescribed by the Bylaws.

Section 4.08 CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER/CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER/CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER/ OFFICE OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE. In the event the Board of Directors elects a Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and/or a Chief Operating Officer, or establishes an Office of the Chief Executive, the person or persons so elected or the members of such office shall individually or jointly, as the case may be, have general and active management of the property, business and affairs of the Corporation, subject to the supervision and control of the Board. The Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, the Chief Operating Officer, or members of the Office of the Chief Executive, as the case may be, also shall have such powers and perform such other duties as prescribed from time to time by the Board of Directors.

Section 4.09 VICE PRESIDENT. The Vice President(s), if any, shall exercise and perform such powers and duties with respect to the administration of the business and affairs of the Corporation as from time to time may be assigned to each of them by the President, by the Chairman of the Board, if any, by the Board or as is prescribed by the Bylaws. In the absence or disability of the President, the Vice Presidents, in order of their rank as fixed by the Board, or if not ranked, the Vice President designated by the Board, shall perform all of the duties of the President and when so acting shall have all of the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the President.

Section 4.10 SECRETARY. The Secretary shall keep, or cause to be kept, a book of minutes at the principal office for the transaction of the business of the Corporation or such other place as the Board may order, of all meetings of directors and stockholders, with the time and place of holding, whether regular or special, and if special, how authorized and the notice thereof given, the names of those present at directors' meetings, the number of shares present or represented at stockholders' meetings and the proceedings thereof.

The Secretary shall keep, or cause to be kept, at the principal office for the transaction of the business of the Corporation or at the office of the Corporation's transfer agent, a share register, or a duplicate share register, showing the names of the stockholders and their addresses, the number and classes of shares held by each, the number and date of certificates issued for the same, and the number and date of cancellation of every certificate surrendered for cancellation.

The Secretary shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all the meetings of the stockholders and of the Board required by these Bylaws or expressly required by law to be given, and he shall keep the seal of the Corporation in sole custody, and shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board or these Bylaws. If for any reason the Secretary shall fail to give notice of any special meeting of the Board called by one or more of the persons identified in Section 3.09 of these Bylaws, or if he shall fail to give notice of any special meeting of the stockholders called by one or more of the persons identified in Section 2.02 of these Bylaws, then any such person or persons may give notice of any such special meeting.

Section 4.11 TREASURER. The Treasurer shall keep and maintain or cause to be kept and maintained, adequate and correct accounts of the properties and business transactions of the Corporation, including accounts of its assets, liabilities, receipts, disbursements, gains, losses, capital, surplus and shares. Any surplus, including earned surplus, paid-in surplus and surplus arising from a reduction of capital, shall be classified according to source and shown in a separate account. The books of account at all reasonable times shall be open to inspection by any director.

The Treasurer shall deposit all moneys and other valuables in the name and to the credit of the Corporation with such depositories as may be designated by the Board. He shall disburse the funds of the Corporation as may be ordered by the Board, shall render to the President, to the Chief Executive Officer and to the directors, whenever they request it, an account of all of his transactions as Treasurer and of the financial condition of the Corporation, and shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board or these Bylaws.

Section 4.12 ASSISTANT SECRETARIES. Except as may be otherwise provided in these By-Laws, Assistant Secretaries, if there be any, shall perform such duties and have such powers as from time to time may be assigned to them by the Board of Directors, the President, any Vice President, if there be one, or the Secretary, and in the absence of the Secretary or in the event of his disability or refusal to act, shall perform the duties of the Secretary, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the Secretary.

Section 4.13 ASSISTANT TREASURERS. Assistant Treasurers, if there be any, shall perform such duties and have such powers as from time to time may be assigned to them by the Board of Directors, the President, any Vice President, if there be one, or the Treasurer, and in the absence of the Treasurer or in the event of his disability or refusal to act, shall perform the duties of the Treasurer, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the Treasurer. If required by the Board of Directors, an Assistant Treasurer shall give the Corporation a bond in such sum and with such surety or sureties as shall be satisfactory to the Board of Directors for the faithful performance of the duties of his office and for the restoration to the Corporation, in case of his death, resignation, retirement or removal from office, of all books, papers, vouchers, money and other property of whatever kind in his possession or under his control belonging to the Corporation.

Section 4.14 OTHER OFFICERS. Such other officers as the Board of Directors may choose shall perform such duties and have such powers as from time to time may be assigned to them by the

Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may delegate to any other officer of the Corporation the power to choose such other officers and to prescribe their respective duties and powers.

Section 4.15 COMPENSATION. The compensation of the officers of the Corporation, if any, shall be fixed from time to time by the Board.

Section 4.16 VOTING SECURITIES OWNED BY THE CORPORATION. Powers of attorney, proxies, waivers of notice of meeting, consents and other instruments relating to securities owned by the Corporation may be executed in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation by the President or any Vice President and any such officer may, in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation, take all such action as any such officer may deem advisable to vote in person or by proxy at any meeting of security holders of any corporation in which the Corporation may own securities and at any such meeting shall possess and may exercise any and all rights and power incident to the ownership of such securities and which, as the owner thereof, the Corporation might have exercised and possessed if present. The Board of Directors may, by resolution, from time to time confer like powers upon any other person or persons.

ARTICLE V

SHARES AND THEIR TRANSFER

Section 5.01 CERTIFICATES FOR STOCK. The shares of stock of the Corporation shall be represented by a certificate, provided that the Board of Directors may provide by resolution or resolutions that some or all of any or all classes or series of the stock of the Corporation shall be uncertificated shares.  Any such resolution shall not apply to shares represented by a certificate until such certificate is surrendered to the Corporation.  Notwithstanding the adoption of any such resolution providing for uncertificated shares, every owner of stock of the Corporation theretofore represented by certificates and, upon request, every owner of uncertificated shares, shall be entitled to have a certificate or certificates, in such form as the Board shall prescribe, certifying the number and class of shares of the stock of the Corporation owned by him. The certificates representing shares of such stock shall be numbered in the order in which they shall be issued and shall be signed in the name of the Corporation by the Chairman of the Board, the President or a Vice President and by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary or by the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer. Any or all of the signatures on the certificates may be a facsimile. In case any officer, transfer agent or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon any such certificate shall thereafter have ceased to be such officer, transfer agent or registrar before such certificate is issued, such certificate may nevertheless be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as though the person who signed such certificates, or whose facsimile signature shall have been placed thereupon, were such officer, transfer agent or registrar at the date of issue. A record shall be kept of the respective names of the persons, firms or corporations owning the stock represented by such certificates, the number and class of shares represented by such certificates, respectively, and the respective dates thereof, and in the case of cancellation, the respective dates of cancellation. Every certificate surrendered to the Corporation for exchange or transfer shall be cancelled, and no new certificate or certificates shall be issued in exchange for any existing certificate until such existing certificate shall have been so cancelled, except in cases provided for in Section 5.04 of these Bylaws.

Section 5.02 TRANSFER OF STOCK.  Transfer of shares of stock of the Corporation shall be made only on the books of the Corporation by the registered holder thereof, or by his attorney thereunto authorized by power of attorney duly executed and filed with the Secretary, or with a transfer clerk or a transfer agent appointed as provided in Section 5.03 of these Bylaws, and, in the case of stock represented by a certificate or certificates, upon surrender of the certificate or certificates for such shares properly endorsed and the payments of all taxes thereon, and, in the case of uncertificated stock, upon receipt of proper transfer instructions and compliance with appropriate procedures for transferring stock in

uncertificated form (in each case, with such proof of the authenticity of signature as the Corporation or its transfer agent may reasonably require). The person in whose name shares of stock stand on the books of the Corporation shall be deemed the owner thereof for all purposes as regards the Corporation. Whenever any transfer of shares shall be made for collateral security, and not absolutely, such fact shall be stated expressly in the entry of transfer if, when the certificate or certificates shall be presented to the Corporation for transfer, both the transferor and the transferee request the Corporation to do so.

Section 5.03 REGULATIONS. The Board may make such rules and regulations as it may deem expedient, not inconsistent with these Bylaws, concerning the issue, transfer and registration of certificates for shares of the stock of the Corporation. The Board may appoint, or authorize any officer or officers to appoint, one or more transfer clerks or one or more transfer agents and one or more registrars, and may require all certificates for stock to bear the signature or signatures of any of them.

Section 5.04 LOST, STOLEN, DESTROYED AND MUTILATED CERTIFICATES. In any case of loss, theft, destruction, or mutilation of any certificate of stock, the Corporation may then issue (i) a new certificate or certificates of stock or (ii) uncertificated shares, for the same number of shares as the certificate claimed to have been lost, stolen or destroyed upon proof of such loss, theft, destruction, or mutilation and upon the giving of a bond of indemnity to the Corporation in such form and in such sums as the Board may direct; provided, however, that the new shares may be issued without requiring any bond when, in the judgment of the Board, it is proper to do so.

ARTICLE VI

INDEMNIFICATION

Section 6.01 POWER TO INDEMNIFY IN ACTIONS, SUITS OR PROCEEDINGS OTHER

THAN THOSE BY OR IN THE RIGHT OF THE CORPORATION. Subject to Section 6.03 of this Article VI, the Corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of the Corporation) by reason of the fact that he is or was a director or officer of the Corporation serving at the request of the Corporation as a director or officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if he acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful. The termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the person did not act in good faith and in a manner which he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had reasonable cause to believe that his conduct was unlawful.

Section 6.02 POWER TO INDEMNIFY IN ACTIONS, SUITS OR PROCEEDINGS BY OR IN THE RIGHT OF THE CORPORATION. Subject to Section 6.03 of this Article VI, the Corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the Corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that he is or was a director or officer of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise against expenses (including attorneys' fees) actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or suit if he acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation; except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any claim, issue or

matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable to the Corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery or the court in which such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of Chancery or such other court shall deem proper.

Section 6.03 AUTHORIZATION OF INDEMNIFICATION. Any indemnification under this Article VI (unless ordered by a court) shall be made by the Corporation only as authorized in the specific case upon a determination that indemnification of the director or officer is proper in the circumstances because he has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in Section 6.01 or Section 6.02 of this Article VI, as the case may be. Such determination shall be made (i) by the Board of Directors by a majority vote of a quorum consisting of directors who were not parties to such action, suit or proceeding, or (ii) if such a quorum is not obtainable, or, even if obtainable a quorum of disinterested directors so directs, by independent legal counsel in a written opinion, or (iii) by the stockholders who were not parties to such action, suit or proceeding. To the extent, however, that a director or officer of the Corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding described above, or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, reasonably incurred by him in connection therewith, without the necessity of authorization in the specific case.

Section 6.04 GOOD FAITH DEFINED. For purposes of any determination under Section 6.03 of this Article VI, a person shall be deemed to have acted in good faith and in a manner reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, or, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, to have had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful, if his action is based on the records or books of account of the Corporation or another enterprise, or on information supplied to him by the officers of the Corporation or another enterprise in the course of their duties, or on the advice of legal counsel for the Corporation or another enterprise or on information or records given on reports made to the Corporation or another enterprise by an independent certified public accountant or by an appraiser or other expert selected with reasonable care by the Corporation or another enterprise. The term "another enterprise" as used in this Section 6.04 shall mean any other corporation or any partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise of which such person is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent. The provisions of this Section 6.04 shall not be deemed to be exclusive or to limit in any way the circumstances in which a person may be deemed to have met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in Sections 6.01 or 6.02 of this Article VI, as the case may be.

Section 6.05 INDEMNIFICATION BY A COURT. Notwithstanding any contrary determination in the specific case under Section 6.03 of this Article VI, and notwithstanding the absence of any determination thereunder, any director or officer may apply to any court of competent jurisdiction in the State of Delaware for indemnification to the extent otherwise permissible under Sections 6.01 and 6.02 of this Article VI. The basis of such indemnification by a court shall be a determination by such court that indemnification of the director or officer is proper in the circumstances because he has met the applicable standards of conduct set forth in Sections 6.01 or 6.02 of this Article VI, as the case may be. Neither a contrary determination in the specific case under Section 6.03 of this Article VI nor the absence of any determination thereunder shall be a defense to such application or create a presumption that the director or officer seeking indemnification has not met any applicable standard of conduct. Notice of any application for indemnification pursuant to this Section 6.05 shall be given to the Corporation promptly upon the filing of such application. If successful, in whole or in part, the director or officer seeking indemnification shall also be entitled to be paid the expense of prosecuting such application.

Section 6.06 EXPENSES PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. Expenses incurred by a director or officer in defending or investigating a threatened or pending action, suit or proceeding shall be paid by the

Corporation in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of such director or officer to repay such amount if it shall ultimately be determined that he is not entitled to be indemnified by the Corporation as authorized in this Article VI.

Section 6.07 NONEXCLUSIVITY OF INDEMNIFICATION AND ADVANCEMENT OF EXPENSES. The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by or granted pursuant to this Article VI shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled under any By-Law, agreement, contract, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or pursuant to the direction (howsoever embodied) of any court of competent jurisdiction or otherwise, both as to action in his official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office, it being the policy of the Corporation that indemnification of the person specified in Sections 6.01 and 6.02 of this Article VI shall be made to the fullest extent permitted by law. The provisions of this Article VI shall not be deemed to preclude the indemnification of any person who is not specified in Sections 6.01 or 6.02 of this Article VI but whom the Corporation has the power or obligation to indemnify under the provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, or otherwise.

Section 6.08 INSURANCE. The Corporation may purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director or officer of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise against any liability asserted against him and incurred by him, in any such capacity, or arising out of his status as such, whether or not the Corporation would have the power or the obligation to indemnify him against such liability under the provisions of this Article VI.

Section 6.09 CERTAIN DEFINITIONS. For purposes of this Article VI, references to "the Corporation" shall include, in addition to the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its directors or officers, so that any person who is or was a director or officer of such constituent corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under the provisions of this Article VI with respect to the resulting or surviving corporation as he would have with respect to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had continued. For purposes of this Article VI, references to "fines" shall include any excise taxes assessed on a person with respect to an employee benefit plan; and references to "serving at the request of the Corporation" shall include any service as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director or officer with respect to an employee benefit plan, its participants or beneficiaries; and a person who acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to have acted in a manner "not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation" as referred to in this Article VI.

Section 6.10 SURVIVAL OF INDEMNIFICATION AND ADVANCEMENT OF EXPENSES. The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article VI shall, unless otherwise provided when authorized or ratified, continues as to a person who has ceased to be a director or officer and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person.

Section 6.11 LIMITATION ON INDEMNIFICATION. Notwithstanding anything contained in this Article VI to the contrary, except for proceedings to enforce rights to indemnification (which shall be governed by Section 6.05 hereof), the Corporation shall not be obligated to indemnify any director or

officer in connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such person unless such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized or consented to by the Board of Directors of the Corporation.

Section 6.12 INDEMNIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND AGENTS. The Corporation may, to the extent authorized from time to time by the Board of Directors, provide rights to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses to employees and agents of the Corporation similar to those conferred in this Article VI to directors and officers of the Corporation.

ARTICLE VII

MISCELLANEOUS

Section 7.01 SEAL. The Board shall provide a corporate seal, which shall be in the form of a circle and shall bear the name of the Corporation and words and figures showing that the Corporation was incorporated in the State of Delaware and showing the year of incorporation.

Section 7.02 WAIVER OF NOTICES. Whenever notice is required to be given under any provision of these bylaws, the Certificate of Incorporation or expressly required by law, a written waiver, signed by the person entitled to notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when a person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the stockholders, directors, or members of a committee of directors need be specified in any written waiver of notice unless required by the Certificate of Incorporation.

Section 7.03 LOANS AND GUARANTIES. The Corporation may lend money to, or guarantee any obligation of, and otherwise assist any officer or other employee of the Corporation or of its subsidiaries, including any officer who is a director, whenever, in the judgment of the Board, such loan, guaranty or assistance may reasonably be expected to benefit the Corporation. The loan, guaranty, or other assistance may be with or without interest, and may be unsecured or secured in such manner as the Board shall approve, including, without limitation, a pledge of shares of stock of the Corporation.

Section 7.04 GENDER. All personal pronouns used in these Bylaws shall include the other genders, whether used in the masculine, feminine or neuter gender, and the singular shall include the plural, and vice versa, whenever and as often as may be appropriate.

Section 7.05 AMENDMENTS. These Bylaws, or any of them, may be rescinded, altered, amended or repealed, and new Bylaws may be made (i) by the Board, by vote of a majority of the number of directors then in office as directors, acting at any meeting of the Board or (ii) by the stockholders, by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of voting stock of the Corporation, at an annual meeting of stockholders, without previous notice, or at any special meeting of stockholders, provided that notice of such proposed amendment, modification, repeal or adoption is given in the notice of special meeting; provided, however, that these Bylaws may not be amended in a manner that would conflict with the Corporation's Certificate of Incorporation. Any Bylaw made or altered by the stockholders may be altered or repealed by the Board or may be altered or repealed by the stockholders.