10-K 1 wage-2018x10k.htm 10-K Document


 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 10-K
 
 
(Mark One)
x
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018
OR 
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from      to 
Commission File Number: 001-35232
 
WAGEWORKS, INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
 
 
Delaware
 
94-3351864
 
 
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
 
1100 Park Place, 4th Floor
 
San Mateo, California
94403
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (650) 577-5200
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 
Title of each class
Trading Symbol(s)
Name of each exchange on which registered
 
 
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share
WAGE
The New York Stock Exchange
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None.
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  x    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes  ☐    No  x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☐   No  x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  ☐    No  x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
x
Accelerated filer
☐
Non-accelerated filer
☐
Smaller reporting company
☐
 
 
 
Emerging growth company
☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  ☐    No  x
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share, held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2018, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $1,992,642,850 (based on the closing sales price of the registrant’s common stock on that date). This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
As of May 23, 2019, there were 39,869,857 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.
 


WAGEWORKS, INC.
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018
Table of Contents
 
PART I
 
Forward-Looking Statements
 
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 1B.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
 
PART II
 
Item 5.
Item 6.
Item 7.
Item 7A.
Item 8.
Item 9.
Item 9A.
Item 9B.
 
PART III
 
Item 10.
Item 11.
Item 12.
Item 13.
Item 14.
 
PART IV
 
Item 15.
Item 16.
 
 



Forward Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Statements that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning tax-advantaged consumer-directed benefits, market opportunity, our future financial and operating results, investment strategy, sales and marketing strategy, management’s plans, beliefs and objectives for future operations, technology and development, economic and industry trends or trend analysis, expectations about seasonality, opportunity for acquisitions and portfolio purchases, carrier relationships, channel partnerships, private exchanges, operating expenses, anticipated income tax rates, capital expenditures, cash flows and liquidity. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available to us. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such events.


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PART I
 

Item 1. Business 
Available Information
WageWorks, Inc. was incorporated as a Delaware corporation in 2000. Our website address is www.wageworks.com. We make available on our website, free of charge, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Our SEC reports can be accessed through the Investor Relations section of our website. The information found on our website is not part of this or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC. The SEC maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers, such as WageWorks, that file electronically with the SEC.
As used herein, “WageWorks,” “we,” “us” and “our” and similar terms include WageWorks, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise.
Overview
We are a leader in administering Consumer-Directed Benefits (“CDBs”) which empower employees to lower their tax expense and provide healthcare related tools for employers to provide to their employees. We lead by providing companies with the technology, tools and a comprehensive understanding of current regulations, and we are dedicated to administering CDBs. These include pre-tax spending accounts, such as Health Savings Accounts (“HSAs”), health and dependent care Flexible Spending Accounts, (“FSAs”), Health Reimbursement Arrangements, (“HRAs”), plus commuter benefit services, including transit and parking programs, wellness programs, Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, (“COBRA”), and other employee benefits.
Our CDB programs assist employees and their families in saving money by using pre-tax dollars to pay for certain expenses related to their healthcare, dependent care and commuter expenses. Employers financially benefit from our programs through reduced payroll taxes. Under our FSA, HSA and commuter programs, employee participants contribute funds from their pre-tax income to pay for qualified out-of-pocket healthcare expenses not fully covered by insurance, such as co-pays, deductibles and over-the-counter medical products or for commuting costs.
We price our services based on a number of variables including but not limited to the estimated number and types of claims, whether payment processing and client support activities will be provided within or outside of the United States, the estimated number of calls to our customer support center and any specific client requirements. In addition, we derive a portion of our revenues from interchange fees from financial institutions that we receive when employee participants use the prepaid debit cards we provide to them for healthcare and commuter expenses as well as interest income or fee income associated with HSA related balances deposited with the financial institutions.
At January 31, 2019, we had approximately 7.9 million participant accounts from approximately 75,000 employer clients. In 2018, employee participants used approximately 5.9 million WageWorks prepaid debit cards. Our participant counts do not include our TransitChek Basic program participants, as that fare media is shipped directly to employers who then distribute the products to their employees based on demand. We believe that January 31 is the most appropriate point-in-time measurement date for annual plan metrics. Although plan changes and the entry and exit of employers and participants from our programs are usually decided late in the calendar year during open enrollment to be effective on January 1, it is not unusual for employers to submit updated participant files in early January. While updates can be delayed past January, any changes from such late updates are usually minimal. Consequently, we believe the January 31 point-in-time measurement date is the most appropriate date to use as a baseline to report these metrics. 





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Our Services
Health Savings Accounts (HSAs)
We administer HSAs for employers that allow employee participants to invest funds to be used for qualified healthcare expenses at any time without federal tax liability or penalty. In order to be eligible for an HSA, an employee must be enrolled in a qualified High Deductible Health Plan (“HDHP”) that is HSA-compatible and not have any other impermissible coverage. The funds in the HSAs are exempt from payroll taxes for employers and both employees and employers can make contributions to an HSA. Withdrawals for non-medical expenses are treated similarly to those in an individual retirement account, specifically, such withdrawals may provide tax advantages if taken after retirement age, and may incur penalties if taken earlier. HSA funds are held by a custodian, which accumulate year-to-year if not spent and are portable if a participant leaves his or her employer. Our HSA programs are designed to offer employers a choice of third-party custodian as well as a variety of investment options within each custodial offering that enables employers the opportunity to explore a broader assortment of funds to offer their employees. At January 31, 2019, we administered approximately 0.7 million HSA accounts holding $1.4 billion in assets with multiple custodians. Effective December 2017, we became a non-bank custodian and therefore can be another option for our clients for HSA custodian services. We do not hold any accounts as a non-bank custodian as of January 31, 2019.
Flexible Spending Accounts (FSAs)
Healthcare 
We also offer FSAs, which are employer-sponsored CDBs that enable employees to set aside pre-tax dollars to pay for eligible healthcare expenses that are not generally covered by insurance, such as co-pays, deductibles and over-the-counter medical products, as well as vision expenses, orthodontia, medical devices and autism treatments. Employers benefit from payroll tax savings on the pre-tax FSA contributions made by employees. As an example, based on our average employee participant’s annual FSA contribution of approximately $1,430 and an assumed personal combined federal and state income tax rate of 35%, an employee participant will reduce his or her taxes by approximately $501 per year by participating in an FSA. Our employer clients also realize payroll tax (i.e., FICA and Medicare) savings on the pre-tax contributions made by their employees. In the above FSA example, an employer client would save approximately $59 per participant per year, even after the payment of our fees.
The IRS imposes a limit, indexed to inflation, on pre-tax dollar employee contributions made to a healthcare FSAs. The IRS also allows a carryover of up to $500 that does not count against or otherwise affect the indexed salary reduction limit applicable to each plan year. Employers are able to contribute additional amounts in excess of this statutory limit, and may choose to do so in an effort to mitigate the impact of rising healthcare costs on their employees. 
Dependent Care
We also administer FSA programs for dependent care plans. These plans allow employees to set aside pre-tax dollars to pay for eligible dependent care expenses, which typically include child care or day care expenses but may also include expenses incurred from adult and elder care. Current laws and regulations impose a statutory limit on the amount of pre-tax dollars employees can contribute to dependent care FSAs with no carryover allowed. Like healthcare FSAs, employers can also contribute funds to employees’ dependent care FSAs, subject to the statutory annual limit on total contributions. As with healthcare FSAs, employers realize payroll tax savings on the pre-tax dependent care FSA contributions made by their employees. 
Health Reimbursement Arrangements (HRAs)
We offer employer-funded HRAs. Under HRAs, employers provide their employees with a specified amount of reimbursement funds that are available to help employees defray their out-of-pocket healthcare expenses, such as deductibles, co-insurance and co-payments. HRAs may only be funded by employers and, while there is no limitation on how much employers may contribute, employers are required to establish the programs in such a way as to prevent discrimination in favor of highly compensated employees. HRAs must either be considered an excepted benefit (for example, a dental-only HRA or a vision-only HRA), a retiree HRA or be integrated with another group health plan. HRAs can be customized by employers so employers have the freedom to determine what expenses are eligible for reimbursement under these arrangements. At the end of the plan year, employers have the option to allow all or a portion of the unused funds to roll over and accumulate year-to-year if not spent. All amounts paid by employers into HRAs are deductible for tax purposes by the employer and tax-free to the employee. 



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COBRA
We offer COBRA continuation services to employer clients to meet the employer’s obligation to make available continuation of coverage for participants who are no longer eligible for the employer’s COBRA covered benefits, which include medical, dental, vision, HRAs and certain healthcare FSAs. COBRA requires employers to make health coverage available for terminated employees for a period of up to 36 months post-termination. As part of our COBRA program, we offer a direct billing service where former employee participants pay WageWorks directly versus to their employers for coverage they elect to continue. We handle the accounting and customer services for such terminated employees, as well as interfacing with the carrier regarding the employees’ eligibility for participation in the COBRA program.
Commuter Programs
We administer pre-tax commuter benefit programs. In 2018, employers were permitted to provide employees with commuter benefits including qualified parking, transit passes and vanpooling. The maximum monthly federal (and sometimes state) tax free exclusion is adjusted for inflation. The maximum pre-tax monthly limit for transit passes, vanpooling and qualified parking was $260 for 2018. On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) that eliminated the bicycle commuting reimbursement effective January 1, 2018.
Non-Bank Custodian
The Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 created HSAs a tax-exempt trust or custodial account managed by a custodian that is a bank, an insurance company, or a non-bank custodian specifically authorized by the U.S. Department of the Treasury as meeting certain ownership, capitalization, expertise and governance requirements. Effective December 2017, we received approval from the Internal Revenue Services (“IRS”) to become an approved non-bank custodian of our members’ HSAs.
Our Clients
As of January 31, 2019, we had approximately 75,000 employer clients across a broad range of industries with approximately 7.9 million participant accounts in all 50 states. Our employer clients include many of the Fortune 100 and Fortune 500 companies. 

In addition, in March 2016 we were selected by the United States Office of Personnel Management (“OPM”) to administer its Federal Flexible Spending Account Program (“FSAFEDS”). This relationship provides eligible federal government employees access to our advanced technology platform and premium service capabilities. FSAFEDS had started and transition of all participants was completed during the third quarter of 2016. In addition, the United States Postal Service became a member of the OPM contract during the first quarter of 2017.
Our Technology Platforms
We run our services primarily on a number of platforms which have been designed to be highly scalable based on an on-demand delivery model that employer clients and their employee participants may access through a standard web browser on any internet-enabled device, including computers, smart phones, and other mobile devices such as tablet computers. Our on-demand delivery model eliminates the need for our employer clients to install and maintain hardware and software in order to support CDB programs and enables us to rapidly implement product enhancements across our entire user base. We closely monitor utilization of all aspects of our platforms for capacity planning purposes. Our existing infrastructure has been designed with sufficient capacity to meet our current and planned future needs. 
The majority of our accounts run on our proprietary platform, which we call our Enterprise platform. We generally use our Enterprise platform for medium-sized and enterprise clients to administer a wide range of CDB programs (FSA, Limited FSA, HRA, Limited HRA, HSA, Commuter, and other programs). Our Enterprise platform supports all account administrative functions and provides integration with the systems used by employer clients, payment networks, health plans and key suppliers. Our Enterprise platform features a flexible, rules-based engine that includes multi-wallet functionality and is highly configurable to accommodate custom client plan designs and service requests. This multi-wallet functionality allows us to include more than one type of healthcare account (FSA, HRA and HSA) on one participant's card, and helps ensure that funds that are otherwise subject to forfeiture at the end of a plan year are used first to pay for eligible expenses. 
We also operate a technology platform known as WinFlexOne, which has been specifically designed and enhanced to address the needs of small-and medium-sized business (“SMBs”). While the overall features and capabilities of WinFlexOne are comparable to Enterprise, WinFlexOne utilizes a simpler set of interfaces and product configurations that better accommodate the more limited administrative capabilities and needs of small employers. 

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Our third primary technology platform, known as CSAM, is used to provide a full suite of CDB programs to our enterprise clients. CSAM is integrated with Automatic Data Processing Inc.'s (“ADP”) Health and Welfare (“H/W”) and ADP payroll platforms and is designed to support large and small market clients. CSAM supports the overall features and capabilities of the Enterprise platform.
Our fourth technology platform, known as Complink, is used to provide COBRA and direct bill services to our SMB and enterprise clients. This integrated platform automates COBRA and direct bill administration activities and operations, and helps to ensure the administration of these programs is in compliance with applicable laws.
Our last primary technology platform, known as CASPro, is used to provide COBRA services to our enterprise clients. CASPro is integrated with ADP H/W and ADP payroll platforms and helps to ensure that the administration of these programs is in compliance with applicable laws.  
In 2018, we continued to develop and implement new features to enhance the participant and client user experience on our enterprise platform. These efforts touched several areas, including the participant website, mobile application, or mobile app, client website, reporting, plan design and administration.
Operations
Operation Support Services
We provide operational support services to our clients and our cross-functional teams including customer support and claims processing. We believe our strict quality standards differentiate us from our competitors and enable us to attract and maintain a broad base of loyal customers. Our client support groups include: customer support, claims servicing, operations support and professional services teams.
Our customer support team handles all incoming interactions from our employee participants and is responsible for resolving any issues they may encounter. The team serviced approximately 6.2 million calls in 2018. Our claims servicing team works directly with providers or participants and reviews, adjudicates and processes claims for payment or reimbursement. In 2018, the claims servicing team handled more than 17.1 million claims and card use verification forms.
Our operations support team processes and coordinates activities, delivers healthcare and commuter cards to participants and ensures that prepaid funds and reimbursement payments are accurate. In 2018, our operations team serviced approximately 5.9 million healthcare and commuter prepaid debit cards and fulfilled over 14.5 million commuter orders during the calendar year.
Lastly, our professional services team is responsible for coordinating all activities related to the implementation, transition and on-boarding of new employer clients, assisting our existing clients with the addition of new services to their accounts and transitioning clients that we acquire from portfolio purchases to our platforms.
Employer Relationship Management
Each employer client, based on size and complexity, is assigned to an account team with an experienced relationship manager. Our relationship managers act as a client’s single point of contact and are trained on all of our account offerings, working closely with our internal partners and subject matter experts to understand how regulatory or operational changes may impact a particular program or procedure.
We enhance the employer client enrollment process by providing tools such as educational information, webinars and onsite support to help facilitate open enrollment and drive employee participation. We also provide consultation services to employer clients which include providing robust data regarding spend patterns, participation and service utilization, online claims submissions and participant feedback. 
Our Employer Relationship Management team also ensures that any platform or product changes, such as website or service enhancements, online claims processing, or the launch of our mobile application are properly communicated and adopted by our clients. The team also works to keep our commuter clients’ employee participants well informed about any rate changes, new pricing schemes or new technologies as we have relationships with a significant number of regional transit authorities. 



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Sales and Business Development
We grow our employer client base through our various sales channels and through other business development efforts. 
Sales
We sell our CDB programs to our employer clients through direct and indirect sales channels. Each of these approaches targets a distinct group of clients. Our average sales cycle ranges from approximately two months for smaller opportunities to over a year for large institutional clients and significant new indirect business.
Our direct sales force targets Fortune 1000 companies, which we refer to as enterprise clients, and generates new large account relationships through employer prospecting. Our indirect sales channel consists of carriers, channel partnerships, private exchange partners, institutional brokers and other third parties who refer or resell our CDB programs. 
Our channel partnerships usually involve an existing provider agreeing to transition its CDB clients to us over a defined period of time for an agreed upon purchase price. These channel partnerships also have a resale and referral component to them so we stand to derive additional opportunities from these arrangements. The private exchange marketplace offers another opportunity for us to sell our CDB programs to companies of all sizes that participate in such exchanges. Our broker relationships provide another avenue for us to market and sell our CDB programs.
Business Development
In addition to our sales channels, we utilize portfolio purchases as a business development strategy to broaden our employer client base and to acquire new employer clients. Since 2007, we have purchased CDB portfolios of eight third-party administrators (“TPAs”), and completed three acquisitions. In connection with these portfolio purchases, we have leveraged the ease of integration and efficiencies afforded by our on-demand software platforms and cross-sold additional CDB products and services to many acquired employer clients. There are many regional TPA portfolios that we continually monitor and evaluate in order to maintain a robust pipeline of potential candidates for purchase.
Government Regulation
Our business is subject to extensive, complex and rapidly changing federal and state laws and regulations. We have implemented and continue to enhance compliance programs and policies to monitor and address the legal and regulatory requirements applicable to our operations, including dedicated compliance personnel and training programs. For additional information regarding laws and regulations impacting our business, refer to Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Competition 
The market for CDBs, as well as COBRA and direct bill services is highly competitive, rapidly evolving and fragmented. Key categories of competitors include national CDB specialists, health insurance carriers, human resource consulting firms, payroll providers, small regional TPAs, and commercial banks.
We believe our focus on CDB and benefit continuation programs, our high quality service and our highly scalable delivery model are our key competitive advantages in the market. 
Intellectual Property
Our success depends in part on our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. To accomplish this, we rely on a combination of patent laws, trade secrets, including know-how, employee and third-party nondisclosure agreements, copyright laws, trademarks, intellectual property licenses and other contractual rights to establish and protect our proprietary rights in our technology. We have two issued patents which expire in 2023 and 2030. 
Despite our efforts to preserve and protect our proprietary and intellectual property rights, unauthorized third parties may attempt to copy, reverse engineer, or otherwise obtain portions of our products. Competitors may attempt to develop similar products that could compete in the same market as our products. Unauthorized disclosure of our confidential information by our employees or third parties could occur. 

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Third-party infringement claims are also possible in our industry, especially as software functionality and features expand, evolve, and overlap with other industry segments. Current and future competitors, as well as non-practicing patent holders, could claim at any time that some or all of our products infringe on patents they now hold or might obtain, or be issued in the future. 
Employees 
On December 31, 2018, we had 2,204 employees, including 1,955 full-time employees, 6 part-time employees and 243 temporary or seasonal employees. There are 108 employees located in our Northern California headquarters and the remainder are located in our various other offices throughout the U.S. or work remotely from various locations. We also have meaningful office locations in Irving, TX, Milwaukee, WI, Tempe, AZ, Louisville, KY and Alpharetta, GA. None of our employees are currently represented by labor unions or are covered by a collective bargaining agreement with respect to his or her employment. To date, we have not experienced any work stoppages, and we consider our relationship with our employees to be good.
  
Item 1A. Risk Factors
RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks described below together with the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which could materially affect our business, financial condition and future results. The risks described below are not the only risks facing our company. Risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. If any of the following risks is realized, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our common stock could decline.
The restatement of our previously issued financial statements has been time-consuming and expensive and could expose us to additional risks that could materially adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
As discussed in the Explanatory Note to the 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K and in Note 2, “Restatement” to the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2017 Annual Report, we have restated our previously issued financial statements for (i) the quarterly and year-to-date periods ended June 30 and September 30, 2016, (ii) the year ended December 31, 2016 and (iii) the quarterly and year-to-date periods ended March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2017. These restatements, and the remediation efforts we have undertaken and are continuing to undertake, have been time-consuming and expensive and could expose us to a number of additional risks that could materially adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In particular, we have incurred significant expenses, including audit, legal, consulting and other professional fees and lender and noteholder consent fees, in connection with the restatement of our previously issued financial statements and the ongoing remediation of material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. We have taken a number of steps, including adding significant internal resources and implementing a number of additional procedures, in order to strengthen our accounting function and attempt to reduce the risk of additional misstatements in our financial statements. To the extent these steps are not successful, we could be forced to incur additional time and expense. Our management’s attention has also been diverted from the operation of our business in connection with the restatements and ongoing remediation of material weaknesses in our internal controls.
We are also subject to a securities class action and shareholder derivative suits and investigations arising out of the misstatements in our financial statements, including investigations by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of California (the “USAO”). For additional discussion see Item 3. Legal Proceedings and “Legal Matters” in Note 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
The restatement of our previously issued financial results has resulted in securities class action and shareholder litigation, as well as government investigations that could result in government enforcement actions that could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows.
We are subject to securities class action and shareholder litigation relating to our previous public disclosures. In addition, we are subject to government investigations arising out of the misstatements in our previously issued financial statements. For additional discussion see Item 3. Legal Proceedings and “Legal Matters” in Note 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
On March 9, 2018, a putative class action - captioned Government Employees’ Retirement System of the Virgin Islands v. WageWorks, Inc., et al., No. 4:18-cv-01523-JSW - was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California

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(the “Securities Class Action”) against the Company, our former Chief Executive Officer, and our former Chief Financial Officer. The complaint asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, on behalf of persons and entities that acquired WageWorks securities between May 6, 2016 and March 1, 2018, and alleges, among other things, that the defendants issued false and misleading financial statements.
On June 22, 2018 and September 6, 2018, two derivative lawsuits were filed against certain of our officers and directors and the Company (as nominal defendant) in the Superior Court of the State of California, County of San Mateo. Pursuant to the parties’ stipulation, which was approved by the Superior Court, the actions were consolidated. On July 23, 2018, a similar derivative lawsuit was filed against certain of our officers and directors and the Company (as nominal defendant) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (together, the “Derivative Suits”).
Furthermore, the Company voluntarily contacted the San Francisco office of the SEC Division of Enforcement regarding the restatement and independent investigation, is providing information and documents to the SEC and will continue to cooperate with the SEC’s investigation into these matters. The U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of California also opened an investigation. The Company has provided documents and information to the U.S. Attorney’s Office and will continue to cooperate with any inquiries by the U.S. Attorney’s Office regarding the matter. For additional discussion of these matters, see Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies,” in the Notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We could become subject to additional private litigation or investigations, or one or more government enforcement actions, arising out of the misstatements in our previously issued financial statements. Our management may be required to devote significant time and attention to these matters, and these and any additional matters that arise could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows. While we cannot estimate our potential exposure to these matters at this time, we have already expended significant amounts investigating the claims underlying and defending this litigation and expect to continue to need to expend significant amounts to defend this litigation.
We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting which could, if not remediated, adversely affect our ability to report our financial condition and results of operations in a timely and accurate manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our common stock.
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. In Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures” of this Annual Report, management identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.
As a result of the material weaknesses, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The assessment was based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. We are actively engaged in developing a remediation plan designed to address the material weaknesses, but our remediation efforts are not complete and are ongoing. If our remedial measures are insufficient to address the material weaknesses, or if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control are discovered or occur in the future, it may materially adversely affect our ability to report our financial condition and results of operations in a timely and accurate manner. If we are unable to report our results in a timely and accurate manner, we may not be able to comply with the applicable covenants in our financing arrangements, and may be required to seek additional waivers or repay amounts under these financing arrangements earlier than anticipated, which could adversely impact our liquidity and financial condition. Although we continually review and evaluate internal control systems to allow management to report on the sufficiency of our internal controls over financial reporting, we cannot assure you that we will not discover additional weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. The next time we evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, if we identify one or more new material weaknesses or are unable to timely remediate our existing material weaknesses, we may be unable to assert that our internal controls are effective. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an unqualified opinion or expresses an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which would have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock and possibly impact our ability to obtain future financing on acceptable terms. We may also lose assets if we do not maintain adequate internal controls.
If our internal controls are not effective, there may be errors in our financial information that could require a restatement or delay our SEC filings. Such material weaknesses could materially and adversely affect our operations, financial condition, reputation and stock price.

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We have, in the past, experienced issues with our internal control over financial reporting related to managing change and assessing risk in the areas of non-routine and complex transactions, tone at the top, and commitment to competencies in the areas of non-routine and complex transactions. It is possible that we may discover significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. Any failure to maintain or implement required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we encounter in their implementation, could cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations, or result in material misstatements in our financial information. If we are unable to effectively remediate and adequately manage our internal control over financial reporting in the future, we may be unable to produce accurate or timely financial information. As a result, we may be unable to meet our ongoing reporting obligations or comply with applicable legal requirements, which could lead to the imposition of sanctions or further investigation by regulatory authorities. Any such action or other negative results caused by our inability to meet our reporting requirements or comply with legal and regulatory requirements could lead investors and others to lose confidence in our financial data and could adversely affect our business and our stock price. Significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting could also reduce our ability to obtain financing or could increase the cost of available financing. Internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.
Internal control over financial reporting may not achieve, and in some cases have not achieved, their intended objectives. Control processes that involve human diligence and compliance, such as our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, are subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Controls can also be circumvented by collusion or improper management override of such controls. Because of such limitations, there are risks that material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected, and that information may not be reported on a timely basis. The failure of our controls to be effective could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and market for our common stock, and could subject us to regulatory scrutiny and penalties.
Matters relating to or arising from our Special Committee and Audit Committee investigations, including regulatory investigations and proceedings, litigation matters and potential additional expenses, may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We have incurred, and may continue to incur, significant expenses related to legal, accounting, and other professional services in connection with the Special Committee and Audit Committee investigations and related legal matters, as previously disclosed in our public filings, including the review of our accounting, the audit of our financial statements and the ongoing remediation of deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. As described in Item 9A., “Controls and Procedures,” of this report, we have taken a number of steps in order to strengthen our accounting function and attempt to reduce the risk of future recurrence and errors in accounting determinations. The validation of the efficacy of these remedial steps will result in us incurring near term expenses, and to the extent these steps are not successful, we could be forced to incur significant additional time and expense. The incurrence of significant additional expense, or the requirement that management devote significant time that could reduce the time available to execute on our business strategies, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. These expenses, the delay in timely filing our periodic reports, and the diversion of the attention of the management team that has occurred, and is expected to continue, has adversely affected, and could continue to adversely affect, our business and financial condition. As a result, we are exposed to greater risks associated with litigation, regulatory proceedings and government enforcement actions. Any future investigations or additional lawsuits may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We have not been in compliance with NYSE’s requirements for continued listing and as a result our common stock may be delisted from trading on the NYSE, which would have a material effect on us and our stockholders.
We are currently delinquent in the filing of certain of our periodic reports with the SEC, and have been delinquent in our filings in the past. We have also not convened an Annual Meeting of Stockholders since 2017. As a result, we are not in compliance with listing requirements of Section 802.01E of the NYSE Listed Company Manual which requires timely filing of periodic financial reports with the SEC. The NYSE informed the Company that, under the NYSE’s rules, the Company will have six months from March 1, 2019 to regain compliance. If the Company fails to meet the NYSE’s six-month compliance deadline, the NYSE may grant, at its sole discretion, an extension of up to six additional months for the Company to regain compliance, depending on the specific circumstances.
Our failure to file our periodic reports with the SEC in a timely manner or within any extension periods prescribed by the NYSE, may subject our common stock to delisting by the NYSE. If our common stock is delisted, there can be no assurance whether or when it would again be listed for trading on NYSE or any other exchange. If our common stock is delisted, the market price of our shares will likely decline and become more volatile, and our stockholders may find that their ability to trade in our stock will be adversely affected. Furthermore, institutions whose charters do not allow them to hold securities in unlisted companies might sell our shares, which could have a further adverse effect on the price of our stock. In addition, our ability to hire and retain

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key personnel and employees may be adversely affected by volatility or reductions in the price of our common stock, since these employees are generally granted equity-based awards. We have previously experienced and may continue to experience employee attrition and difficulty attracting talent as a result of these issues. We may not be successful in attracting, integrating, or retaining qualified personnel to fulfill our current or future needs, nor may we be successful in keeping the qualified personnel we currently have.
The delayed filing of some of our periodic SEC reports has made us currently ineligible to use a registration statement on Form S-3 to register the offer and sale of securities, which could adversely affect our ability to raise future capital or complete acquisitions.
As a result of the delayed filing of some of our periodic reports with the SEC, we will not be eligible to register the offer and sale of our securities using a registration statement on Form S-3 until one year from the date we regained and maintain status as a current filer. Should we wish to register the offer and sale of our securities to the public prior to the time we are eligible to use Form S-3, both our transaction costs and the amount of time required to complete the transaction could increase, making it more difficult to execute any such transaction successfully and potentially harming our financial condition.
Furthermore, the Company has several employee and director equity plans that are registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to Form S-8. Under SEC regulations, the Company’s failure to timely file its periodic and annual reports with the SEC resulted in the suspension of the availability of these insider equity plans, including the Company’s Profit Sharing Plan. For that reason, employees and directors have not been permitted to liquidate any preexisting holdings of the Company’s common stock, nor has the Company been able to issue equity retention or incentive awards since early 2018.
Our business operations are dependent upon our new senior management team and the ability of our other new employees to learn their new roles.
Within the past two years, we have substantially changed our senior management team and have replaced many of the other employees performing key functions at our corporate headquarters. Our Chief Executive Officer is new to that role and we have a new Executive Chairman, Chief Financial Officer, General Counsel and other members of our senior management team. As new employees gain experience in their roles, we could experience inefficiencies or a lack of business continuity due to loss of historical knowledge and a lack of familiarity of new employees with business processes, operating requirements, policies and procedures, some of which are new, and key information technologies and related infrastructure used in our day-to-day operations and financial reporting and we may experience additional costs as new employees learn their roles and gain necessary experience. It is important to our success that these key employees quickly adapt to and excel in their new roles. If they are unable to do so, our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected. In addition, if we were to lose the services of any one or more key employees, whether due to death, disability or termination of employment, our ability to successfully implement our business strategy, financial plans, marketing and other objectives, could be significantly impaired.
Our business is dependent upon the availability of tax-advantaged Consumer-Directed Benefits to employers and employees and any diminution in, elimination of, or change in the availability of these benefits would materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects.
Our business fundamentally depends on employer and employee demand for tax-advantaged CDBs. Any diminution in or elimination of the availability of CDBs for employees would materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. In addition, incentives for employers to offer CDBs may also be reduced or eliminated by changes in laws that result in employers no longer realizing financial gain from the implementation of these benefits. If employers cease to offer CDB programs or reduce the number of programs they offer to their employees, our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects would also be materially adversely affected. We are not aware of any reliable statistics on the growth of CDB programs and cannot assure you that participation in CDB programs will grow.
The Tax Act generally disallows a deduction for expenses with respect to Qualified Transportation Fringe Benefits (“QTF(s)”) provided by employer taxpayers to their employees, and generally provides that a tax-exempt organization’s Unrelated Business Tax Income is increased by the amount of the QTF expense that is nondeductible. This means our revenue may decline and our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects may be materially adversely affected.
In addition, if the payroll tax savings employers currently realized from their employees’ utilization of CDBs become reduced or unavailable, employers may be less inclined to offer these programs to their employees. If the tax savings currently realized by employee participants by utilizing CDBs were reduced or unavailable, we expect employees would correspondingly reduce or eliminate their participation in such CDB plans. Any such reduction in employer or employee incentives would materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects.

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Future acquisitions are an important aspect of our growth strategy, and any failure to successfully identify, acquire or integrate acquisitions could materially adversely affect our ability to grow our business. In addition, costs of integrating acquisitions may adversely affect our results of operations in the short term.
Our recent growth has been, and our future growth will be, substantially dependent on our ability to continue to make and integrate acquisitions in order to expand our employer client base and service offerings. Since 2007, we have completed eleven significant transactions that involved the acquisition of client relationships, contracts and revenues. These acquisitions varied significantly in type and structure and were designed to accommodate each seller’s circumstances and to optimize our potential financial returns and manage risks. We expect our future acquisitions (with their attendant risks) will vary similarly as opportunities warrant.
Our successful integration of these acquisitions into our operations on a cost-effective basis is critical to our future financial performance, especially as it relates to our acquisition of ADP’s Consumer Health Spending Account (“CHSA”), COBRA, and direct bill businesses (together defined as the “ADP CHSA/COBRA Business”). Our inability to successfully continue and maintain the integration of the ADP CHSA/COBRA Business has resulted in the attrition of ADP’s clients, which may continue to occur. As a result, our revenue may decline and our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects may be materially adversely affected. While we believe that there are numerous potential acquisitions that would add to our employer client base and service offerings, we cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully make a sufficient number of such acquisitions in a timely and effective manner in order to support our growth objectives. In addition, the process of integrating acquisitions may create unforeseen difficulties and expenditures. We face various risks in making any acquisitions and entering into strategic relationships, including:
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our ability to retain acquired employer clients and their associated revenues;
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diversion of management’s time and focus from operating our business to address integration challenges;
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our ability to retain or replace key employees that come to us from acquisitions we acquire;
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our ability to integrate the combined products, services and technology;
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our ability to cross-sell additional CDB programs to acquired employer clients;
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our ability to realize expected synergies;
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the need to implement or improve internal controls, procedures and policies appropriate for a public company at businesses that, prior to the acquisition, may have lacked effective controls, procedures and policies, including, but not limited to, processes required for the effective and timely reporting of the financial condition and results of operations of the acquired business, both for historical periods prior to the acquisition and on a forward-looking basis following the acquisition;
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possible write-offs or impairment charges that result from acquisitions;
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unanticipated or unknown liabilities that relate to purchased businesses;
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the potential need to implement or improve internal controls relating to privacy, security and data protection;
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the need to integrate purchased businesses’ accounting, management information, human resources, and other administrative systems to permit effective management; and
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any change in one of the many complex international, federal or state laws or regulations that govern any aspect of the financial or business operations of our business and businesses we acquire, such as state escheatment laws.
Acquisitions may also have a short-term material adverse impact on our results of operations, including a potential material adverse impact on our cost of revenues, as we seek to migrate acquired employer clients to our proprietary technology platforms, typically 12 to 24 months after transaction close, in order to achieve additional operating efficiencies. Additionally, from time to time, we may incur material costs and charges related to consolidating our operations following our acquisitions.
If we are unable to retain and expand our employer client base, establish new partnerships and exchange relationships, our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects would be materially adversely affected.
Most of our revenue is derived from the long term, multi-year agreements that we typically enter into with our employer clients. The initial subscription period is typically three years for our enterprise clients and one to three years for our SMB and mid-market clients. We also derive revenue from our partner agreements with Aflac Incorporated, Ceridian Corporation (“Ceridian”), the referral and reseller agreements with ADP, and we anticipate in the future establishing new partnerships with other companies. Our employer clients, however, have no obligation to renew their agreements with us after the initial term and we cannot assure you that these employer clients will continue to renew their agreements at the same rate, if at all. In addition,

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employer clients transitioning to us from a partner have no obligation to enter into agreements with us and, if they do, there is no guarantee that they will renew their agreements with us after the initial transition period.
Moreover, most of our employer clients have the right to cancel their agreements for convenience, including the OPM, subject to certain notice requirements. While few employer clients have terminated their agreements with us for convenience, some of our employer clients have elected not to renew their agreements with us. Our employer clients’ renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including the prices of competing products or services, reductions in our employer clients’ spending levels, disruptions in connection with the migration of accounts from one platform to another and in-house development of CDB services by our employer clients. Our employer client retention rate may further decline as a result of the audit and restatement.
Another important aspect of our growth strategy depends upon our ability to maintain our existing carrier, partner, and exchange relationships and develop new relationships. No assurance can be given that new carrier, partners, or exchange opportunities will be found, that any such new relationships will be successful when they are in place, or that business with our current partners or exchange opportunities will increase at the level necessary to support our growth objectives. If our employer clients do not renew their agreements with us, and we are unable to attract new employer clients or partners, our revenue may decline and our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects may be materially adversely affected.
The market for our services and our business may not grow if our marketing efforts do not successfully raise awareness among employers and employees about the advantages of adopting and participating in CDB programs.
Our revenue model is substantially based on the number of employee participants enrolled in the CDB programs that we administer. We devote significant resources to educating both employers and their employees on the potential cost savings and other financial benefits available to them from utilizing CDB programs. We have created various marketing, educational and awareness tools to inform employers about the benefits of offering CDB programs to their employees and how our services allow them to offer these benefits in an efficient and cost effective manner. We also provide marketing information to employees that inform them about the potential tax savings they can achieve by utilizing CDB programs to pay for their healthcare, commuter and other benefit needs. However, if more employers and employees do not become aware of or understand these potential cost savings and other financial benefits and do not choose to adopt CDB programs, our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects may be materially adversely affected.
In addition, there is no guarantee that the market for our services will grow as we expect. For example, the value of our services is directly related to the complexity of administering CDB programs. Government action that significantly reduces or simplifies these requirements could reduce demand or pricing for our services. Further, employees may not participate in CDB programs because they have insufficient funds to set aside into such programs, find the rules regarding the use of such programs too complex, or otherwise. If the market for our services declines or develops more slowly than we expect, or the number of employer clients that select us to provide CDB programs to their employee participants declines or fails to increase as we expect, our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects could be materially adversely affected.
Our business and prospects may be materially adversely affected if we are unable to cross-sell our products and services.
One component of our growth strategy is the increased cross-selling of products and services to current and future employer clients. In particular, many of our employer clients use only one of our products so we expect our ability to cross-sell our commuter programs to our healthcare program clients and our healthcare programs to our commuter employer clients to be an important part of this strategy. We may not be successful in cross-selling our products and services if our employer clients find our additional products and services to be unnecessary or unattractive. Any failure to sell additional products and services to current and future clients could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects.
The misuse or theft of information we possess, including as a result of cyber security breaches, could harm our brand, reputation or competitive position and give rise to material liabilities.
We regularly possess, store and handle non-public information about millions of individuals and businesses, including both credit and debit card information and other sensitive and confidential personal information. In addition, our customers regularly transmit confidential information to us via the internet and through other electronic means. Despite the security measures we currently have in place, our facilities and systems and those of our third-party service providers may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise information security. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to gain access to our systems or facilities, or those of third parties with whom we do business, through fraud, trickery, or other forms of deception of our employees or contractors. Many of the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, including viruses, worms and other malicious software programs, are difficult to anticipate until launched against a target and we may be unable to

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implement adequate preventative measures. Our failure to maintain the security of that data, whether as the result of our own error or the malfeasance or errors of others, could harm our reputation, interrupt our operations, result in governmental investigations and give rise to a host of civil or criminal liabilities. Any such failure could lead to lower revenues, increased remediation, prevention and other costs and other material adverse effects on our results of operations.
Failure to ensure and protect the confidentiality and security of participant data could lead to legal liability, adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, business or financial condition.
We must collect, store and use employee participants’ confidential information and transmit that data to third parties, to provide our services. For example, we collect names, addresses, and other personally identifiable information from employee participants which may include social security numbers (i.e., partial or, in some cases, full). We also collected personal health information (“PHI”), including information about employee participants’ health plans and insurance coverage. In addition, we facilitate the issuance and funding of prepaid debit cards and, in some cases, collect bank routing information, account numbers and personal credit card information for purposes of funding an account or issuing a reimbursement. Because of the types of data we collect, we are subject to numerous state data breach laws as well as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, and other legal and contractual obligations.
We utilize a number of third-party platforms and outsource a portion of customer support center services and claims processing services to third-party service providers to whom we transmit certain confidential information of our employee participants. We have security measures in place with each of these service providers to help protect this confidential information, including written agreements that outline how protected health information will be handled and shared. We cannot, however, verify the security procedures and protections of these third-party platforms or vendors are adequate. Furthermore, there are no assurances that the security measures and agreements we have in place with these service providers, or any additional security measures that our service providers may have in place, will be sufficient to protect this outsourced confidential information from unauthorized security breaches.
We have taken numerous measures to secure the data we collect; however, we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to a security incident or other data breach or that this data will not be compromised. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches, or to pay penalties as a result of such breaches. Despite our implementation of security measures, techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently. As a result, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures to protect this data. In addition, security breaches can also occur as a result of non-technical issues, including intentional or inadvertent breaches by our employees or service providers or by other persons or entities with whom we have commercial relationships. Any compromise or perceived compromise of our security could damage our reputation with our clients, brokers and partners, and could subject us to significant liability, as well as regulatory action, including financial penalties, which would materially adversely affect our brand, results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects.
We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, significant costs to protect against and respond to security breaches. We may incur significant additional costs in the future to address problems caused by any actual or perceived security breaches.
Breaches of our security measures or those of our third-party service providers could result in unauthorized access to our sites, networks and systems; unauthorized access to, misuse or misappropriation of employer client or employee participants’ information, including personally identifiable information, or other confidential or proprietary information of ourselves or third parties; viruses, worms, spyware or other malware being served from our sites, networks or systems; deletion or modification of content or the display of unauthorized content on our sites; interruption, disruption or malfunction of operations or destruction of data, such as through ransomware; fraud; costs relating to notification of individuals, or other forms of breach remediation; deployment of additional personnel and protection technologies; response to governmental investigations and media inquiries and coverage; engagement of third-party experts and consultants; litigation, regulatory investigations, prosecutions, and other actions, and other potential liabilities. If any of these events occurs, or is believed to have occurred, our reputation and brand could be damaged, our business may suffer, we could be required to expend significant capital and other resources to alleviate problems caused by such actual or perceived breaches, we could be exposed to a risk of loss, litigation or regulatory action and possible liability, and our ability to operate our business, including our ability to provide access, usage or maintenance and support services to our customers, may be impaired. If current or prospective employer clients or employee participants believe that our systems and solutions do not provide adequate security for the storage of personal or other sensitive information or its transmission over the internet, our business and our financial results could be harmed. Additionally, actual, potential or anticipated attacks may cause us to incur increasing costs, including costs to deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees and engage third-party experts and consultants.

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Although we maintain privacy, data breach and network security liability insurance, we cannot be certain that our coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred or that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all. Any actual or perceived compromise or breach of our security measures, or those of our service providers, or any unauthorized access to, misuse or misappropriation of consumer information or other confidential business information, could violate applicable laws and regulations, contractual obligations or other legal obligations and cause significant legal and financial exposure, adverse publicity and a loss of confidence in our security measures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Our business is subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including those regarding privacy, data protection and information security, and our customers, partners and service providers are subject to regulations related to the handling and transfer of certain types of sensitive and confidential information. Any failure of our infrastructure, our platform, third-party platforms that we utilize, or our solutions to enable us or our customers, partners and service providers to comply with applicable laws and regulations would harm our business, financial condition and operating results.
As part of our business, we collect employee participants’ personal data for the purpose of processing their benefits. Our services and solutions are subject to privacy- and data protection-related laws and regulations that impose obligations in connection with the collection, processing and use of personally identifiable information, financial data, health data or other similar data. Among other things, we have access to, and our employer clients and employee participants are able to use our solutions to handle and transfer, personally identifiable information and other data of our current and prospective employee participants and others. The U.S. federal and various state and other jurisdictional governments have adopted or proposed limitations on, or requirements regarding, the collection, distribution, use, security and storage of personally identifiable information and other data, and the Federal Trade Commission and numerous state attorneys general are applying federal and state consumer protection laws to impose standards on the online collection, use and dissemination of data, and to the security measures applied to such data. In addition, we may find it necessary or desirable to join industry or other self-regulatory bodies or other privacy- or data protection-related organizations that require compliance with their rules pertaining to privacy, data protection, and data security, or may find it necessary or desirable to align our practices with, or certify under, other industry standards. We also are and routinely become bound by contractual obligations relating to our collection, use and disclosure of personal, financial and other data. Although we work to comply with applicable laws, regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations that apply to us, these are constantly evolving and may be modified, may be interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another, other requirements or legal obligations or our practices.
In addition, various federal, state and other legislative or regulatory bodies have in place and may enact new or additional laws and regulations mandating certain disclosures, including disclosures of personally identifiable information, to domestic enforcement bodies, which could adversely impact our business, our brand or our reputation with employer clients and employee participants. Despite our efforts to protect customer data, perceptions that the privacy of personal information is not satisfactorily protected in connection with our products or services could inhibit sales of our products or services, could limit adoption of our services by consumers, businesses, and government entities, and could expose us to claims or litigation. Additional privacy- or data security-related measures we may take to address such customer concerns, constraints on our flexibility to determine how to respond to customer expectations or governmental rules or actions, or costs associated with compliance with law enforcement or other regulatory authority demands or requests may adversely affect our business and operating results.
Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations relating to privacy or data security, or any actual or perceived security incident resulting in unauthorized access to, or acquisition, release or transfer of, personally identifiable information or other customer data may result in governmental or regulatory investigations, inquiries, enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity and could cause our employer clients, employee participants, and others to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our services and solutions are subject to numerous laws and regulations related to the privacy and security of personal health information, including those promulgated pursuant to HIPAA, as well as HITECH, which was enacted as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which require the implementation of administrative, physical and technological safeguards to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of individually identifiable health information in electronic form. Further, our services and solutions are subject to Payment Card Industry, or (“PCI”), data security standards that impose requirements regarding the storage and processing of payment card information. If we cannot comply with, or if we incur a violation of, any of these obligations, we could incur significant liability or our growth could be adversely impacted, either of which could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and operating results.
We expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other obligations concerning privacy, data protection and information security and we cannot yet determine the impact of such

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future laws, regulations, standards and obligations may have on our business. Future laws, regulations, standards and other obligations, or changed interpretations of the foregoing, could, for example, impair our ability to collect, use or store information that we utilize to provide our services, thereby impairing our ability to maintain and grow our total customer base and increase revenues. New laws, amendments to or re-interpretations of existing laws and regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other obligations may impact our business and practices. We may be required to expend significant resources to modify our solutions and otherwise adapt to these changes, which we may be unable to do on commercially reasonable terms or at all, and our ability to develop new solutions and features could be limited. These developments could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any such new laws, regulations, industry standards, or other legal obligations or any changed interpretation of existing laws, regulations, industry standards, or other obligations may require us to incur additional costs and restrict our business operations.
The European General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) took effect in May 2018. We have conducted an analysis regarding whether and how the GDPR may impact our organization and we have determined that we and our services are not subject to the GDPR at this time. Notwithstanding, we are aware that the scope of the GDPR may implicate certain organizations in the U.S., including some of our clients, partners and other entities with which we do business. We continue to monitor this regulation, and as necessary, will update any necessary processes, policies and systems.
California recently enacted legislation, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which will become effective January 1, 2020. The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. As required by the CCPA, the Attorney General must adopt certain regulations on or before July 1, 2020. It remains unclear the extent of the modifications that will be made to the CCPA, or how such modifications will be interpreted. The effects of the CCPA potentially are significant and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply.
If our privacy or data security measures fail or are perceived to fail to comply with current or future laws, regulations, policies, legal obligations or industry standards, or any changed interpretations of the foregoing, we may be subject to litigation, regulatory investigations, enforcement actions, inquiries, prosecutions, fines or other liabilities, as well as negative publicity and a potential loss of business. Moreover, if future laws, regulations, industry standards, or other legal obligations, or any changed interpretations of the foregoing, limit the ability of our customers, partners or service providers to use and share personally identifiable information or other data or our ability to store, process and share personally identifiable information or other data, demand for our solutions could decrease, our costs could increase and our business, financial condition and operating results could be harmed. Even the perception of privacy or data protection concerns, whether or not valid, may inhibit market adoption, effectiveness or use of our applications.
A breach of our IT security, loss of customer data or system disruption could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, business or financial condition and reputation.
Our business is dependent on our transaction, financial, accounting and other data processing systems, as well as instances of third-party service provider systems that we use to provide our services. We rely on these systems to process, on a daily basis, a large number of complicated transactions. Any security breach in our business processes and/or systems, or those third-party systems that we use, has the potential to impact our customer information and our financial reporting capabilities which could result in the potential loss of business and our ability to accurately report information. If any of these systems fail to operate properly or become disabled even for a brief period of time, we could potentially lose control of customer data and we could suffer financial loss, a disruption of our businesses, liability to clients, regulatory intervention or damage to our reputation. In addition, any issue of data privacy as it relates to unauthorized access to or loss of employer client and/or employee participant information could result in the potential loss of business, damage to our market reputation, litigation and regulatory investigation and penalties. Our continued investment in the security of our IT systems, continued efforts to improve the controls within our IT systems and those of any service providers that we use to provide our services, business processes improvements, and the enhancements to our culture of information security may not successfully prevent attempts to breach our security or unauthorized access to confidential, sensitive or proprietary information.
In addition, we depend on information technology networks and systems to collect, process, transmit and store electronic information and to communicate among our locations and with our partners, service providers, employer clients and employee participants. Security breaches could lead to shutdowns or disruptions of our systems and potential unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. We also are required at times to manage, utilize and store sensitive or confidential employer client and

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employee participant data, as well as our own employee data in the regular course of business. As a result, we are subject to numerous laws and regulations designed to protect this information, including various U.S. federal and state laws governing the protection of health or other individually identifiable information. If any person, including any of our personnel, fails to comply with, disregards or intentionally breaches our established controls with respect to such data or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates that data, we could be subject to monetary damages, fines or criminal prosecution. Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential data, whether through systems failure, accident, employee negligence, fraud or misappropriation, could damage our reputation and cause us to lose customers. Similarly, unauthorized access to or through our information systems or those we develop or utilize in connection with our provision of services, whether by our personnel or third parties, could result in significant additional expenses (including expenses relating to notification of data security breaches and costs of credit monitoring services), negative publicity, legal liability and damage to our reputation, as well as require substantial resources and effort of management, thereby diverting management’s focus and resources from business operations.
We may be unable to compete effectively against our current and future competitors.
The market for our products and services is highly competitive, rapidly evolving and fragmented. We have numerous competitors, including health insurance carriers, human resources consultants and outsourcers, payroll providers, national CDB specialists, regional third party administrators and commercial banks. Many of our competitors, including health insurance carriers, have longer operating histories and significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we have. As a result, some of these competitors may be in a position to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, sale and support of their products and services.
For example, we may face increased competition in the FSA and HSA markets, which could result in a lower rate of account growth, service fees paid by our employer clients, and interchange fees paid by financial institutions related to transaction fees on debit cards used by employee participants. In addition, we may face competition between our internal product offerings to the extent that our employer clients choose to discontinue participation in our FSA program and instead enroll in our HSA program or otherwise. We are also challenged to maintain and increase the employee participation rates in all our CDB programs, and if we fail to successfully do so, our results of operations, business and prospects could be materially adversely affected.
In addition, if one or more of our competitors were to merge or partner with another of our competitors, the change in the competitive landscape could materially adversely affect our ability to compete effectively. Our competitors may also establish or strengthen cooperative relationships with our current or future strategic brokers, insurance carriers, payroll services companies, private exchanges, third-party advisors or other parties with which we have relationships, thereby limiting our ability to promote our CDB programs with these parties and limiting the number of brokers available to sell or market our programs. This competitive environment is further magnified by relatively low customer switching costs between providers. If we are unable to compete effectively with our competitors for any of the foregoing or other reasons, our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects could be materially adversely affected.
Changes in healthcare, security and privacy laws and other regulations applicable to our business may constrain our ability to offer our products and services.
Changes in healthcare or other laws and regulations applicable to our business may occur that could increase our compliance and other costs of doing business, require significant systems enhancement, or render our products or services less profitable or obsolete, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. We may also be subject to additional obligations relating to personal data by contract that industry standards apply to our practices.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“PPACA”) signed into law on March 23, 2010 and related regulations or regulatory actions could adversely affect our ability to offer certain of our CDBs in the manner that we do today or may make CDBs less attractive to some employers. For example, any new laws that increase reporting and compliance burdens on employers may make them less likely to offer CDBs to their employees and instead offer employees benefit coverage through public exchanges. In addition, it is unclear whether the “Cadillac Tax”, now delayed until 2022, will be modified so that employee contributions to FSAs and HSAs are excluded from the calculation or if the entire tax will be repealed. If employers are less incentivized to offer our CDB programs to employees because of the Cadillac Tax, the resulting increased regulatory burdens, costs or other impacts, could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, business and prospects.
In addition, the numerous federal and state laws and regulations related to the privacy and security of personal health information, in particular those promulgated pursuant to HIPAA require the implementation of administrative, physical and technological safeguards to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of individually identifiable health information in electronic form. We are required to enter into written agreements with all of our employer clients known as Business Associate Agreements. Pursuant to these agreements, and as our employer client’s “Business Associate” thereunder, we are required to safeguard all

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individually identifiable health information of their participating employees and are restricted in how we use and disclose such information. These agreements also contain data security breach notification requirements which, in some circumstances, may be more stringent than HIPAA requirements. As we are unable to predict what changes to HIPAA or other privacy and security laws or regulations might be made in the future, we can’t be certain how those changes could affect our business or the costs of compliance.
We plan to extend and expand our products and services and introduce new products and services, and we may not accurately estimate the impact of developing and introducing these products and services on our business.
We intend to continue to invest in technology and development to create new and enhanced products and services to offer our employer clients and their participating employees. Scalability of our platforms remains an on-going focus as our platform volume increases. We continue to make investments in technology upgrades to ensure stability and performance of our applications for our clients and participants. Despite quality testing of technology prior to use, it may contain errors that impact its function and performance and this may result in negative consequences. We may not be able to anticipate or manage new risks and obligations or legal, compliance or other requirements that may arise. The anticipated benefits of such new and improved products and services may not outweigh the costs and resources associated with their development.
Our ability to attract and retain new employer clients and increase revenue from existing employer clients will depend in large part on our ability to enhance and improve our existing products and services and to introduce new products and services. The success of any enhancement or new product or service depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of the enhancement or new product or service. Any new product or service we develop or acquire may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner and may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. If we are unable to successfully develop or acquire new products or services or enhance our existing products or services to meet client requirements, our results of operations, financial condition, business or prospects may be materially adversely affected.
Our future results will depend on our ability to continue to focus our resources and manage costs effectively.
We are continually implementing productivity measures and focusing on measures intended to further improve cost efficiency. We may be unable to realize all expected cost savings in connection with these efforts within the expected time frame, or at all and we may incur additional and/or unexpected costs to realize them. Further, we may not be able to sustain any achieved savings in the future. Future results will depend on the success of these efforts.
If we are unable to control costs, we may incur losses, which could decrease our operating margins and significantly reduce or eliminate our profits. Our future profitability will depend on our ability to manage costs or increase productivity. An inability to effectively manage costs could adversely impact our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
If we fail to manage future growth effectively, we may not be able to market and sell our products and services successfully.
We have expanded our operations significantly in recent years and anticipate that further expansion will be required in order for us to grow our business. If we do not effectively manage our growth, the quality of our services could suffer, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects, and damage our brand and reputation among existing and prospective clients. In order to manage our future growth, we will need to hire, integrate and retain highly skilled and motivated employees. We will also be required to continue to improve our existing systems for operational and financial information management, including our reporting systems, procedures, controls, and regulatory compliance processes. These improvements may require significant capital expenditures and will place increasing demands on our management. We may not be successful in managing or expanding our operations, or in maintaining adequate operating and financial information systems and controls. If we are not successful in implementing improvements in these areas, our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects would be materially adversely affected.
General economic and other conditions may adversely affect trends in employment and hiring patterns, which could result in lower employee participation in CDB programs, which would materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects.
Our revenue is attributable to the number of employee participants at each of our employer clients, which in turn is influenced by the employment and hiring patterns of our employer clients. To the extent our employer clients freeze or reduce their headcount or wages paid because of general economic or other conditions, demand for our programs may decrease, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects.

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A decline in interest rate levels may reduce our ability to generate income from custodial cash assets that we administer, which would adversely affect our profitability.
We partner with our FDIC-insured custodial depository bank partners to hold and invest custodial cash assets of participants. A decline in prevailing interest rates may negatively affect our business by reducing the commissions we earn from bank partners’ custodial cash assets and such scenario could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We rely on our FDIC-insured custodial depository bank partners for certain custodial account services from which we generate interest income and fees. A business failure in any FDIC-insured custodial depository bank partner would materially and adversely affect our business.
We rely on our FDIC-insured custodial bank partners to hold and invest our custodial cash assets. If any material adverse event affected one of our FDIC-insured custodial depository bank partners, including a significant decline in its financial condition, a decline in the quality of its service, loss of deposits, its inability to comply with applicable banking and financial services regulatory requirements, systems failure, or any sort of cybersecurity incident, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. If we were required to change custodial depository banking partners, we could not accurately predict the success of such change or that the terms of our agreement with a new banking partner would be as favorable to us as those in our current agreements.
Restrictive covenants in our Credit Agreement may restrict our ability to pursue our business strategies.  
Our existing Credit Agreement contains a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us, and may limit our ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term best interests. These include covenants restricting, among other things, our (and our subsidiaries’) ability:
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to incur additional indebtedness;
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to grant liens;
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to enter into burdensome agreements with negative pledge clauses or restrictions on subsidiary distributions;
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to pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of equity;
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to make investments, including acquisitions, loans, and advances;
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to consolidate, to merge, to liquidate, or to dissolve;
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to sell, to transfer, or to otherwise dispose of assets;
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to engage in certain transactions with affiliates; and
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to materially alter the business that we conduct.
Our Credit Agreement also requires that we maintain compliance with a maximum leverage ratio and a minimum interest coverage ratio. The terms of these covenants may limit our ability to obtain, or increase the costs of obtaining, additional financing to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or general corporate requirements. This in turn may have the impact of reducing our flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions, thereby placing us at a relative disadvantage compared to competitors that have less indebtedness, or fewer or less onerous covenants associated with such indebtedness, and making us more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions.
The financing incurred under our Second Amended Credit Agreement could adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition.
As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding revolving loans of $247.0 million under our Second Amended Credit Agreement and $150.2 million of undrawn letters of credit. Our ability to meet our payment obligations and satisfy the covenants under the Second Amended Credit Agreement, including the financial ratios, depends on our ability to generate sufficient cash flow and can be affected by events beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet these ratios and our other obligations under the Second Amended Credit Agreement. If we are not able to generate sufficient cash flow from operations to service our obligations under our Second Amended Credit Agreement, we may have to take actions such as selling assets, seeking additional equity or reducing or delaying capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions, investments and alliances, any of which could impede the implementation of our business strategy or prevent us from entering into transactions that would otherwise benefit our business. Additionally, we may not be able to effect such actions or refinance any of our debt, if necessary, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

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A breach of any covenant or restriction contained in the Second Amended Credit Agreement could result in a default under the Second Amended Credit Agreement. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, the lenders could elect to declare some or all outstanding borrowings, together with accrued and unpaid interest and other amounts payable thereunder, to be immediately due and payable and to terminate any commitments they have to provide further borrowings. Further, following an event of default, the lenders will have the right to proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that debt, including substantially all of our assets. If the debt under the Second Amended Credit Agreement was to be accelerated, we may not have sufficient funds to repay our existing debt and our assets may not be sufficient to repay in full that debt or any other debt that may become due as a result of that acceleration. Any such default could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition.
Failure to effectively develop and expand our direct and indirect sales channels may materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects and reduce our growth.
We will need to continue to expand our sales and marketing infrastructure in order to grow our employer client base and our business. We rely on our enterprise sales force to target new Fortune 1000 client accounts and sell into carriers, partnership, and private exchanges, as well as to cross-sell additional products and services to our existing enterprise clients. Effectively training our sales personnel requires significant time, expense and attention. In addition, we utilize various partners, brokers, insurance agents, benefits consultants, regional and national insurance carriers, health plans, payroll companies, banks and regional third party administrators, to sell and market our programs to employers. Furthermore, we are investing more marketing and advertising spend to increase our HSA accounts. If we are unable to develop and expand our direct sales team, our indirect sales channels, or become a partner to more carriers and private exchanges, our ability to attract new employer clients may be negatively impacted and our growth opportunities will be reduced, each of which would materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects.
We may incur significant expenses in connection with the development and expansion of our sales and marketing efforts. If our efforts to develop and expand our direct and indirect sales channels do not generate a corresponding increase in revenue, our business may be materially adversely affected. In particular, if we are unable to effectively train our sales personnel or if our direct sales personnel are unable to achieve expected productivity levels in a reasonable period of time, we may not be able to increase our revenue and grow our business.
Long sales cycles make the timing of our long-term revenues difficult to predict.
Our average sales cycle ranges from approximately two months for small opportunities to over a year for large and significant new indirect business. Factors that may influence the length of our sales cycle include:
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the need to educate potential employer clients about the uses and benefits of our CDB programs;
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the relatively long duration of the commitment clients make in their agreements;
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the discretionary nature of potential employer clients’ purchasing and budget cycles and decisions;
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the competitive nature of potential employer clients’ evaluation and purchasing processes;
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fluctuations in the CDB program needs of potential employer clients; and
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lengthy purchasing approval processes of potential employer clients.
If we are unable to close an expected significant transaction with one or more of these potential clients in the anticipated period, our operating results for that period, and for any future periods in which revenue from such transaction would otherwise have been recognized, would be harmed.
Our business and operational results are subject to seasonality as a result of open enrollment for CDB programs and decreased use of commuter program offerings during typical vacation months.
Typically, our revenue is greatest during our first calendar quarter. This is primarily due to two factors. First, new employer clients and their employee participants typically begin service on January 1. Second, during the first calendar quarter, we are also servicing the end of plan year activity for existing clients, including assisting our clients with initiating the deduction of healthcare premiums on a tax deferred basis, and employee participants who do not continue participation into the next plan year.
Generally, in comparison to other quarters, our SMB revenue is highest in the first quarter and lowest in the second and third quarters. Thereafter, our SMB revenue generally grows gradually in the fourth quarter as our employer clients hire new employees who then elect to participate in our programs, thereby increasing our monthly minimum billing amount. The minimum billing amount is not, however, generally subject to downward revision when employees leave their employers because we continue

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to administer those former employee participants’ accounts for the remainder of the plan year while there is an available balance. Revenue from commuter programs may vary from month-to-month because employees may elect to participate in our commuter programs at any time during the year and may change their election to participate or the amount of their contribution on a monthly basis; however, participation rates in our commuter business typically slow during the summer as people take vacations and do not purchase transit passes or parking passes during that time.
Our operating expenses increase during the fourth quarter because of increased debit card production and because we increase our customer support center capacity to answer questions from employee participants during the open enrollment periods related to their CDB participation decisions. The cost of providing services peaks in the first quarter as new employee participants contact us for information about their CDBs, and as terminating employee participants submit their final claims for reimbursement.
Our revenue growth rate in recent periods may not be indicative of our future performance.
Our revenue growth rate in recent periods may not be indicative of our future performance. Factors that may contribute to declines in our growth rates include challenges in the selling environment and a mid-year phase-out of a partner that migrated to their own platform. You should not rely on our revenue for any prior quarterly or annual period as an indication of our future revenue or revenue growth. If we are unable to maintain consistent revenue or revenue growth, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially adversely affected and our stock price could be volatile.
Our operating results can fluctuate from period to period, which could cause our share price to fluctuate.
Fluctuations in our quarterly operating results could cause our stock price to decline rapidly, may lead analysts to change their long-term models for valuing our common stock, could cause short-term liquidity issues, may impact our ability to retain or attract key personnel or cause other unanticipated issues. If our quarterly operating results or guidance fall below the expectations of research analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Our quarterly operating expenses and operating results may vary significantly in the future and period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful. You should not rely on the results of one quarter as an indication of future performance.
If employee participants do not continue to utilize our prepaid debit cards or choose another payment method other than signature enabled prepaid debit cards, our results of operations, business and prospects could be materially adversely affected.
We derive a portion of our revenue from interchange fees that are paid to us when employee participants utilize our prepaid debit cards to pay for certain healthcare and commuter expenses under our CDB programs. These fees represent a percentage of the expenses transacted on each debit card and are paid to the Company by the financial institutions that issue the cards and hold the associated participant funds. If our employer clients do not adopt these prepaid debit cards as part of the benefits programs they offer, if the employee participants do not use them at the rate we expect, if employee participants choose to process their transactions over PIN networks rather than signature networks or if other alternatives to prepaid tax-advantaged benefit cards develop, our results of operations, business and prospects could be materially adversely affected.
If we are unable to maintain and enhance our brand and reputation, our ability to sustain and grow our business may be materially adversely affected.
Maintaining and strengthening our brand is critical to attracting new clients and growing our business. Our ability to maintain and strengthen our brand and reputation will depend heavily on our capacity to continue to provide high levels of customer service to our employer clients and their employee participants at cost effective and competitive prices, which we may not do successfully. In addition, our continued success depends, in part, on our reputation as an industry leader in promoting awareness and understanding of the positive impact of CDBs among employers and employees. If we fail to successfully maintain and strengthen our brand, our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects will be materially adversely affected.
If our customers are not satisfied with the implementation and professional services provided by us or our partners, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.  
Our business depends on our ability to implement our solutions on a timely, accurate, and cost-efficient basis and to provide professional services demanded by our customers. Implementation and other professional services may be performed by our own staff, by a third party, or by a combination of the two. Although we perform the majority of our implementations and other professional services with our staff, in some instances we work with third parties to increase the breadth of capability and depth of capacity for delivery of certain services to our customers. If a customer is not satisfied with the quality of work performed by us or a third party or with the implementation or type of professional services or applications delivered, or there are inaccuracies or errors in the work delivered by the third party, then we could incur additional costs to address the situation, the profitability of

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that work might be impaired, and the customer’s dissatisfaction with such services could damage our ability to expand the number of applications subscribed to by that customer or we could be liable for loss or damage suffered by the customer as a result of such third party’s actions or omissions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. If a new customer is dissatisfied with professional services, either performed by us or a third party, the customer could refuse to go-live, which could result in a delay in our collection of revenue or could result in a customer seeking repayment of its implementation fees or suing us for damages, or could force us to enforce the termination provisions in our customer contracts in order to collect revenue. In addition, negative publicity related to our customer relationships, regardless of its accuracy, may affect our ability to compete for new business with current and prospective customers, which could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Some plan providers with which we have relationships also provide, or may provide, competing services.
We face competitive risks in situations where some of our strategic partners are also current or potential competitors. For example, certain of the banks we utilize as custodians of the funds for our HSA employee participants also offer their own HSA products. To the extent that these partners choose to offer competing products and services that they have developed or in which they have an interest to attract our current or potential clients, our results of operations, business and prospects could be materially adversely affected to a material degree.
We are subject to complex regulation, and any compliance failures or regulatory action could materially adversely affect our business.
The plans we administer and, as a result, our business are subject to extensive, complex and continually changing federal and state laws and regulations, including IRS, Health and Human Services (“HHS”), and Department of Labor (“DOL”) regulations; ERISA, HIPAA, HITECH and other privacy and data security regulations; and the PPACA. If we fail to comply with any applicable law, rule or regulation, we could be subject to fines and penalties, indemnification claims by our clients, or become the subject of a regulatory enforcement action, each of which would materially adversely affect our business and reputation.
We may also become subject to additional regulatory and compliance requirements as a result of changes in laws or regulations, or as a result of any expansion or enhancement of our existing products and services or the development of any new products or services in the future. For example, if we expand our product and service offerings into the health insurance market in the future, we would become subject to state Department of Insurance regulations. Compliance with any new regulatory requirements may divert internal resources and take significant time and effort.
Any claims of noncompliance brought against us, regardless of merit or ultimate outcome, could subject us to investigation by the Department of Labor, the IRS, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the U.S. Department of the Treasury or other federal and state regulatory authorities, which could result in substantial costs to us and divert management’s attention and other resources away from our operations. In addition, investor perceptions of us may suffer and could cause a decline in the market price of our common stock. Our compliance processes may not be sufficient to prevent assertions that we failed to comply with any applicable law, rule or regulation.
The occurrence of natural or man-made disasters could result in declines in business and increases in claims that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We are exposed to various risks arising out of natural disasters, including earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, floods, tornadoes, climate events or weather patterns, and pandemic health events, as well as man-made disasters, including acts of terrorism, military actions and cyber-terrorism. The continued threat of terrorism and ongoing military actions may cause significant volatility in global financial markets, and a natural or man-made disaster could trigger an economic downturn in the areas directly or indirectly affected by the disaster. These consequences could, among other things, result in a decline in business in the area affected by the event. Disasters also could disrupt public and private infrastructure, including communications and financial services, which could disrupt our normal business operations.
Our inability to successfully recover should we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem could cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, breach of confidential information, regulatory actions, reputational harm or legal liability.
Should we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem, either natural or man-made, our ability to protect our infrastructure, including customer data, and maintain ongoing operations will depend, in part, on the availability of our personnel, our office facilities, and the proper functioning of our computer, telecommunication and other related systems and operations. In such an event, we could experience near-term operational challenges with regard to particular areas of our operations.

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In particular, our ability to recover from any disaster or other business continuity problem will depend on our ability to protect our technology infrastructure against damage from business continuity events that could have a significant disruptive effect on our operations. Our business continuity plan may not be successful in mitigating the effects of a disaster or other business continuity problem. We could potentially lose client data, experience a breach of security or confidential information, or experience material adverse interruptions to our operations or delivery of services to our clients in a disaster.
We will continue to regularly assess and take steps to improve upon our business continuity plans. However, a disaster on a significant scale or affecting certain of our key operating areas within or across regions, or our inability to successfully recover should we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem, could materially interrupt our business operations and cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, breach of confidential information, regulatory actions, reputational harm, damaged client relationships and legal liability.
A disruption of our data centers could have a materially adverse effect on our business.
We host our applications and serve our clients from data centers that we operate and from data centers operated by third-party vendors. If any of our or our third-party vendors’ data centers fail or become disabled, even for a limited period of time, our businesses could be disrupted and we could suffer financial loss, liability to clients, loss of clients, regulatory intervention, or damage to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operation or financial condition. In addition, our third-party vendors may cease providing data center facilities or services, elect to not renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms or at all, breach their agreements with us or fail to satisfy our expectations, which could disrupt our operations and require us to incur costs which could materially adversely affect our results of operation, financial condition or cash flow.
If our applications fail to perform properly, our reputation could be adversely affected, our market share could decline, and we could be subject to liability claims.
Our applications are inherently complex and may contain material defects or errors. Any defects in functionality or that cause interruptions in the availability of our applications could result in:
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loss or delayed market acceptance and sales;
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legal claims, including breach of warranty claims;
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issuance of refunds or service credits to customers for prepaid and unused subscription services;
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loss of customers;
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diversion of development and customer service resources; and
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injury to our reputation.
The costs incurred in correcting any material defects or errors might be substantial and could adversely affect our operating results.
Because of the large amount of data that we collect and process, it is possible that hardware failures or errors in our systems could result in data loss or corruption, or cause the information that we collect to be incomplete or contain inaccuracies that our clients and their employee participants regard as significant. Furthermore, the availability or performance of our applications could be adversely affected by a number of factors, including our clients and their employee participants’ inability to access the Internet, the failure of our network or software systems, security breaches, or variability in user traffic for our services. For example, our clients and their employee participants access our applications through their Internet service providers. If a service provider fails to provide sufficient capacity to support our applications or otherwise experiences service outages, such failure could interrupt access to our applications, which could adversely affect our clients and their participants’ perception of our applications’ reliability and our revenues. We may be required to issue credits or refunds to our clients or otherwise be liable to our clients and/or their employee participants for damages they may incur resulting from certain of these events. In addition to potential liability, if we experience interruptions in the availability of our applications, our reputation could be adversely affected and we could lose customers.
Our errors and omissions insurance may be inadequate or may not be available in the future on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, our policy may not cover all claims made against us and defending a suit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and divert management’s attention.

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If we fail to upgrade, enhance and expand our technology and services to meet client needs and preferences, the demand for our solutions and services may diminish.
Our businesses operate in industries that are subject to rapid technological advances and changing client needs and preferences. In order to remain competitive and responsive to client demands, we continually upgrade, enhance, and expand our existing solutions and services. If we fail to respond successfully to technology challenges and client needs and preferences, the demand for our solutions and services may diminish.
We employ third party software for use in or with both our applications and our internal operations, and the inability to maintain these licenses or errors in the software we license could result in increased costs, or reduced service levels, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our applications incorporate certain third party software obtained under licenses from other companies. Additionally, we are reliant on third party software licenses for our internal operational applications. We anticipate that we will continue to rely on such third party software and development tools from third parties in the future. Although we believe that there are commercially reasonable alternatives to the third party software we currently license, this may not always be the case, or it may be difficult or costly to replace, and our failure to migrate off end of life software may significantly impact our customer’s ability to operate. In addition, integration of the software used in our applications and in our operations with new third party software may require significant work and require substantial investment of our time and resources. Also, our use of additional or alternative third party software would require us to enter into license agreements with third parties.
Additionally, if the quality of our third party software declines, the overall quality of our products may be negatively impacted. To the extent that our applications depend upon the successful operation of third party software in conjunction with our software, any undetected errors or defects in this third party software could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our applications, delay new application introductions, and result in a failure of our applications, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Any failure to offer high-quality technical support services may adversely affect our relationships with our customers and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.  
Once our applications are deployed, our customers depend on our support organization to resolve technical issues relating to our applications. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in customer demand for support services. We also may be unable to modify the format of our support services to compete with changes in support services provided by our competitors. Increased customer demand for these services, without corresponding revenues, could increase costs and have an adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, our sales process is highly dependent on our applications and business reputation and on positive recommendations from our existing customers. Any failure to maintain high-quality technical support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality support, could adversely affect our reputation and our ability to sell our applications to existing and prospective customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our future success depends on our ability to recruit and retain qualified employees, including our executive officers and directors.
Our success is substantially dependent upon the performance of our senior management, such as our Chief Executive Officer. Our management and employees may terminate their employment at any time, and the loss of the services of any of our executive officers could materially adversely affect our business. Our success is also substantially dependent upon our ability to attract additional personnel for all areas of our organization. Competition for qualified personnel is increasingly intense, and we may not be successful in attracting and retaining such personnel on a timely basis, on competitive terms or at all. Additionally, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve on our Board or as our executive officers due to potential liability concerns related to serving on a public company. If we are unable to attract and retain the necessary personnel, our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects would be materially adversely affected.
Changes in credit card association or other network rules or standards set by Visa or MasterCard, or changes in card association and debit network fees or products or interchange rates, could materially adversely affect our results of operations, business and financial position.
We, and the banks that issue our prepaid debit cards, are subject to Visa and MasterCard association rules that could subject us to a variety of fines or penalties that may be levied by the card associations or networks for acts or omissions by us or businesses that work with us, including card processors, such as Alegeus. The termination of the card association registrations held by us or

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any of the banks that issue our cards, or any changes in card association or other debit network rules or standards, including interpretation and implementation of existing rules, participants deciding to use PIN networks, standards or guidance that increase the cost of doing business or limit our ability to provide our products and services, or limit our ability to receive interchange fees, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. In addition, from time-to-time, card associations increase the organization or processing fees that they charge, which could increase our operating expenses, reduce our profit margin and materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects.
We have entered into outsourcing and other agreements with third parties related to certain of our business operations, and any difficulties experienced in these arrangements could result in additional expense, loss of revenue or an interruption of our services.
We have entered into outsourcing agreements with third parties to provide certain customer service and related support functions to our employer clients and their employee participants. As a result, we rely on third parties over which we have limited control. If these third parties are unable to perform to our requirements or to provide the level of service required or expected by our employer clients, including ensuring the privacy and integrity of individually identifiable health information that they may be privy to as a result of the services they perform for our employer clients and their employee participants, our operating results, financial condition, business, prospects and reputation may be materially harmed. In addition, we may be forced to pursue alternative strategies to provide these services, which could result in delays, interruptions, additional expenses and loss of clients and related revenues.
If our intellectual property and technology are not adequately protected to prevent use or appropriation by our competitors, our business and competitive position could be materially adversely affected.
We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions, to establish and protect our intellectual property rights in the United States.
The efforts we have taken to protect our intellectual property may not be sufficient or effective, and our patents, trademarks and copyrights may be held invalid or unenforceable. We may not be effective in policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property, and even if we do detect violations, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights. Any enforcement efforts we undertake, including litigation, could be time consuming and expensive, could divert our management’s attention and may result in a court determining that our intellectual property rights are unenforceable. If we are not successful in cost-effectively protecting our intellectual property rights, our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects could be materially adversely affected.
We may be required to record goodwill or other long-lived asset impairment charges, which could result in a significant charge to earnings, which could have a material adverse non-cash impact on our results of operations.
Under U.S. GAAP, we review our long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Goodwill is assessed for impairment at least annually. Factors that may be considered in assessing whether goodwill or other long-lived assets may not be recoverable include a decline in our share price or market capitalization, reduced estimates of future cash flows and slower growth rates in our industry. We may experience unforeseen circumstances that adversely affect the value of our goodwill or other long-lived assets and trigger an evaluation of the recoverability of the recorded goodwill and other long-lived intangible assets. Future goodwill or other long-lived asset impairment charges could have a material adverse non-cash impact on our results of operations.
Changes in our accounting estimates and assumptions could negatively affect our financial position and results of operations.
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These accounting principles require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements. We are also required to make certain judgments that affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each reporting period. We periodically evaluate our estimates and assumptions including, but not limited to, those relating to revenue recognition, restructuring, recoverability of assets including customer receivables, valuation of goodwill and intangibles, contingencies, share-based payments, and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience and various assumptions that we believe to be reasonable based on specific circumstances. These assumptions and estimates involve the exercise of judgment and discretion, which may evolve over time in light of operational experience, regulatory direction, developments in accounting principles, and other factors. Actual results could differ from these estimates, or changes in assumptions, estimates, policies, or developments in the business may change our initial estimates, which could materially

24

affect our financial position, the Consolidated Statements of Income, Comprehensive Income, Stockholders’ Equity and Cash Flows.
Our ability to use net operating losses and income tax credits carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be limited.
As of December 31, 2018, we had $6.5 million of state net operating loss carryforwards available to offset future taxable income. The state net operating loss carryforwards have been prepared on a post-apportionment basis. These net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in the year 2018 through 2033 for state income tax purposes, if not fully utilized. In addition, we have federal and state research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $0.7 million and $4.4 million, respectively. The federal research credit carryforwards expire beginning in 2038, if not fully utilized. The California state research credit carries forward indefinitely and other states begin to expire in years 2029 through 2034. Our ability to utilize net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards are subject to restrictions, including limitations in the event of past or future ownership changes as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, or IRC, of 1986, as amended (“IRC”), and similar state tax laws. In general, an ownership change occurs if the aggregate stock ownership of certain stockholders increases by more than 50 percentage points over such stockholders’ lowest percentage ownership during the testing period (generally three years). We have considered Section 382 of the IRC and concluded that any ownership change would not diminish our utilization of our net operating loss carryforwards or our research and development credits during the carryover periods.
If one or more jurisdictions successfully assert that we should have collected or in the future should collect additional sales and use taxes on our fees, we could be subject to additional liability with respect to past or future sales and the results of our operations could be adversely affected.
Sales and use tax laws and rates vary by jurisdiction and such laws are subject to interpretation. In those jurisdictions where we believe sales taxes are applicable, we collect and file timely sales tax returns. Currently, such taxes are minimal. Jurisdictions in which we do not collect sales and use taxes may assert that such taxes are applicable, which could result in the assessment of such taxes, interest and penalties, and we could be required to collect such taxes in the future. This additional sales and use tax liability could adversely affect our results of operations.
Some of our applications may link to or utilize open source software, and any failure to comply with the terms of one or more of these open source licenses could negatively affect our business.
Some of our applications may incorporate software covered by open source licenses. The terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by United States courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unfavorable conditions on us. For example, by the terms of certain open source licenses, we could be required to offer our platforms that incorporate the open source software for no cost, that we make publicly-available source code for modifications or derivative works that we created based upon, incorporating or using the open source software, and/or that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of the particular open source license.  If portions of our proprietary software are determined to be subject to an open source license, then the value of our technologies and services could be reduced. In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software may be riskier than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Many of the risks associated with usage of open source software cannot be eliminated and could negatively affect our business.
Third parties may assert intellectual property infringement claims against us, or our services may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may subject us to legal liability and materially adversely affect our reputation.
Assertion of intellectual property infringement claims against us could result in litigation. We might not prevail in any such litigation or be able to obtain a license for the use of any infringed intellectual property from a third party on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Even if obtained, we may be unable to protect such licenses from infringement or misuse, or prevent infringement claims against us in connection with our licensing efforts. Any such claims, regardless of their merit or ultimate outcome, could result in substantial cost to us, divert management’s attention and our resources away from our operations and otherwise adversely affect our reputation. Our process for controlling our own employees’ use of third-party proprietary information may not be sufficient to prevent assertions of intellectual property infringement claims against us.
We rely on insurance to mitigate some risks of our business and, to the extent the cost of insurance increases or we maintain insufficient coverage, our results of operations, business and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
We contract for insurance to cover a portion of our potential business risks and liabilities. In the current environment, insurance companies are increasingly specific about what they will and will not insure. It is possible that we may not be able to obtain sufficient insurance to meet our needs, may have to pay very high prices for the coverage we do obtain or may not acquire

25

any insurance for certain types of business risk. This could leave us exposed, and to the extent we incur liabilities and expenses for which we are not adequately insured, our results of operations, cash flow, business and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Also, to the extent the cost of maintaining insurance increases, our operating expenses will rise, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects.
Substantial sales of our common stock by our stockholders could depress the market price of our common stock regardless of our operating results.
Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through offerings of our common stock. Under SEC regulations, the failure to file with the SEC our required annual report on Form 10-K for 2017 and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for 2018 resulted in the suspension of the availability of our employee and director stock benefit plans, including the Company’s 401(k) and Profit Sharing Plan, to allow our employees to exercise any Company stock options that they hold or to choose to invest in our common stock under the 401(k) and Profit Sharing Plan. However, once we become current with our SEC reporting requirements, substantially all of our outstanding common stock will be eligible for sale, subject to Rule 144 volume limitations for holders affected by such limitations, as will be common stock issuable under vested and exercisable options. Rule 144 allows public resale of restricted and control securities if certain conditions are met. If our existing stockholders sell a large number of common stock or the public market perceives that existing stockholders might sell our common stock, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly. These sales might also make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities at a time and price that we deem appropriate.
Our business could be negatively impacted by unsolicited takeover proposals, by shareholder activism or by proxy contests relating to a potential change of control of us.
The Company’s business could be negatively affected as a result of an unsolicited takeover proposal or a proxy contest. In April 2019, the Company received an unsolicited, non-binding proposal to acquire all of the outstanding shares of the Company. The Company’s business could be adversely affected by any such unsolicited proposal, and by any shareholder activism or proxy contests related to or resulting from such proposal, for a number of factors including but not limited to:
•
responding to unsolicited takeover proposals and other related actions can be costly (resulting in significant professional fees and proxy solicitation expenses) and time-consuming, disrupting operations and diverting the attention of our Board, management and employees which could interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan;
•
perceived uncertainties as to the Company’s future direction may result in the loss of potential business opportunities and may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel and business partners; and
•
if completed, a takeover may result in a change-in-control under certain of the Company’s long-term indebtedness agreements, and may require it to repurchase certain outstanding debt securities or result in an acceleration of certain indebtedness.
Our stock price has fluctuated and may continue to do so and may even decline regardless of our financial performance.
The market price of our common stock has fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:
•
actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial results;
•
a takeover proposal;
•
changes in the financial projections we provide to the public or our failure to meet these projections;
•
failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of our company, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;
•
ratings change by any securities analysts who follow our company;
•
announcements by us or our competitors of significant technical innovations, acquisitions, strategic relationships, partnerships or capital commitments;
•
changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other newly public companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;
•
changes brought about by health care reform and the emergence of federal, state and private exchanges;
•
price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of trends in the global economy;

26

•
any major change in our Board or management;
•
government investigations and lawsuits threatened or filed against us; and
•
other events or factors, including those resulting from a data security breach, war, incidents of terrorism or responses to these events.
In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against such a company. A Securities Class Action as well as Derivative Suits have been filed against us and a number of our current and former officers and directors. See Item 3. Legal Proceedings and “Legal Matters” in Note 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. That litigation, or future securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources from our business. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
Anti-takeover provisions contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could have the effect of delaying, preventing or rendering more difficult an acquisition of us if such acquisition is deemed undesirable by our Board. Our corporate governance documents include provisions that:
•
create a classified Board whose members serve staggered three-year terms;
•
authorize “blank check” preferred stock, which could be issued by the Board without stockholder approval and may contain voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to our common stock;
•
limit the ability of our stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings;
•
require advance notice of stockholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our stockholders and for nominations of candidates for election to our Board;
•
control the procedures for the conduct and scheduling of Board and stockholder meetings; and
•
provide the Board with the express power to postpone previously scheduled annual meetings and to cancel previously scheduled special meetings.
These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent unsolicited takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management.
As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prevents some stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations without approval of the holders of substantially all of our outstanding common stock.
Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.
While we have adopted a stock repurchase program to repurchase shares of our common stock, any future decisions to reduce or discontinue repurchasing our common stock pursuant to our previously announced repurchase program could cause the market price for our common stock to decline.
Although the Company’s Board of Directors has authorized a share repurchase program, any determination to execute our stock repurchase program will be subject to, among other things, our financial position and results of operations, available cash and cash flow, capital requirements, and other factors, as well as the Company’s Board of Director’s continuing determination that the repurchase program is in the best interests of our stockholders and is in compliance with all laws and agreements applicable to the repurchase program. Our stock repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any common stock. If we fail to meet any expectations related to stock repurchases, the market price of our common stock could decline, and could have a material adverse impact on investor confidence. Additionally, price volatility of our common stock over a given period may cause the average price at which we repurchase our common stock to exceed the stock’s market price at a given point in time.
We may further increase or decrease the amount of repurchases of our common stock in the future. Any reduction or discontinuance by us of repurchases of our common stock pursuant to our current share repurchase authorization program could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. Moreover, in the event repurchases of our common stock are reduced or

27

discontinued, our failure or inability to resume repurchasing common stock at historical levels could result in a lower market valuation of our common stock.
We do not expect to declare any dividends in the foreseeable future.
We do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any future financing agreements may prohibit us from paying any type of dividends. Consequently, investors may need to rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

Item 2. Properties
Facilities
We do not currently own any of our facilities. Our corporate headquarters are located in San Mateo, California where we occupy approximately 37,937 square feet of space under a lease that expires in May 2022. We have additional facilities in Arizona, Georgia, Kentucky, New York, Texas, Vermont and Wisconsin under various leases that will expire between October 2019 and July 2028. We believe that our facilities are adequate for our current needs and that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed to accommodate planned expansion of our operations.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Legal Proceedings
The Company is pursuing affirmative claims against the OPM to obtain payment for services provided by the Company between March 1, 2016 and August 31, 2016 pursuant to our contract with OPM for the Government’s Federal Flexible Account Program (“FSAFEDS”). The Company initially issued its invoice for these services in February 2017. On December 22, 2017, the Company received the Contracting Officer’s “final decision” refusing payment of the invoiced amount and otherwise denying the Company’s Certified Claim. As a result of this decision, and a related Certified Claim that OPM subsequently denied, on February 8, 2018, we filed an appeal to the Civilian Board of Contract Appeals (“CBCA”) against OPM for services provided by the Company between March 1, 2016 and August 31, 2016. On August 3, 2018, we also filed an appeal to the CBCA of OPM’s June 21, 2018 denial of a Request for Equitable Adjustment for extra work associated with a contract modification imposing new security and other requirements not part of the original scope of FSAFED’s contract work. In connection with the Company’s claims against OPM, OPM has also claimed that an erroneous statement in a certificate signed by a former executive officer constituted a violation of the False Claims Act and moved to dismiss part of our claim against OPM as a result. In March 2019, the Company filed a Motion for Summary Judgement with CBCA on the December 22nd denial by the OPM. OPM has moved to defer consideration of the Summary Judgment Motion to permit it further discovery. That Motion has been briefed and the case is on hold pending a ruling by the CBCA which could be handed down any day. In order to accelerate resolution of all matters before the CBCA, the Company’s appeal of the June 21st denial by the OPM was withdrawn on April 9, 2019. The remaining

28


claim related to the OPM’s December 22nd denial, valued at approximately $6.2 million, is scheduled to go to trial in July 2019 if the pending Summary Judgment is denied by the CBCA. As with all legal proceedings, no assurance can be provided as to the outcome of these matters or if we will be successful in recovering the full claimed amount.
On March 9, 2018, a putative class action was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (the “Securities Class Action”). On May 16, 2019, a consolidated amended complaint was filed by the lead plaintiffs asserting claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, against the Company, our former Chief Executive Officer and our former Chief Financial Officer on behalf of purchasers of WageWorks common stock between May 6, 2016 and March 1, 2018. The complaint also alleges claims under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, arising from our June 19, 2017 common stock offering against those same defendants, as well as the members of our Board of Directors at the time of that offering and the underwriters of the offering.
On June 22, 2018 and September 6, 2018, two derivative lawsuits were filed against certain of our officers and directors and the Company (as nominal defendant) in the Superior Court of the State of California, County of San Mateo. The actions were consolidated. On July 23, 2018, a similar derivative lawsuit was filed against certain of our officers and directors and the Company (as nominal defendant) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (together, the “Derivative Suits”). The Derivative Suits purport to allege claims related to breaches of fiduciary duties, waste of corporate assets, and unjust enrichment. In addition, the complaint in District Court includes a claim for abuse of control, and the complaint in Superior Court includes a claim to require the Company to hold an annual shareholder meeting. The allegations in the Derivative Suits relate to substantially the same facts as those underlying the Securities Class Action described above. The plaintiffs seek unspecified damages and fees and costs. In addition, the complaint in the Superior Court seeks for us to provide past operational reports and financial statements, to publish timely and accurate operational reports and financial statements going forward, to hold an annual shareholder meeting, and to take steps to improve its corporate governance and internal procedures.
Plaintiffs in the Superior Court action filed a Consolidated Complaint on May 2, 2019. As stipulated by the parties, and approved by the District Court, the District Court action is stayed. The parties in the District Court action are to notify the District Court within 15 days of (1) the dismissal of the Securities Class Action, (2) the denial of defendants’ motion(s) to dismiss, or (3) a party giving notice that they no longer consent to the voluntary stay.
The Company voluntarily contacted the San Francisco office of the SEC Division of Enforcement regarding the restatement and independent investigation. The Company is providing information and documents to the SEC and will continue to cooperate with the SEC’s investigation into these matters. The U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of California also opened an investigation. The Company has provided documents and information to the U.S. Attorney’s Office and will continue to cooperate with any inquiries by the U.S. Attorney’s Office regarding the matter.
The Company records a provision for contingent losses when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Based on currently available information, the Company does not believe that any additional liabilities relating to other unresolved matters are probable or that the amount of any resulting loss is estimable. In addition, in accordance with the relevant authoritative guidance, for matters which the likelihood of material loss is at least reasonably possible, the Company provides disclosure of the possible loss or range of loss. If a reasonable estimate cannot be made, the Company will provide disclosure to that effect. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and the Company’s view of these matters may change in the future. Were an unfavorable outcome to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows for the period in which the unfavorable outcome occurs, and potentially in future periods.
The Company is involved in various other litigation, governmental proceedings and claims, not described above, that arise in the normal course of business. While it is not possible to determine the ultimate outcome or the duration of such litigation, governmental proceedings or claims, the Company believes, based on current knowledge and the advice of counsel, that such litigation, proceedings and claims will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
Information with respect to this Item may be found under the heading “Legal Matters” in Note 15 Commitments and Contingencies, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated into this Item 3 by reference.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.


29


PART II
 
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our common stock has traded on the New York Stock Exchange, (the “NYSE”), under the symbol “WAGE” since May 2012. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our common stock. The closing price of our common stock as reported by the NYSE on May 23, 2019 was $49.21. 
Stockholders
As of May 23, 2019, according to the records of our transfer agent, there were 21 holders of record of our common stock. The number of beneficial stockholders is substantially greater than the number of holders of record because a large portion of our common stock is held through brokerage firms.
Dividends
We have never declared nor paid any cash dividend on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not currently plan to pay any dividends in the immediate future. The payment of future dividends on the common stock and the rate of such dividends, if any and when not restricted, will be determined by our Board in light of our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements, and any other relevant factors.
Stock Performance Graph
This performance graph shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of our filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.
 The following graph compares the cumulative total return of our common stock with the total return for the New York Stock Exchange Composite Index (the “NYSE Composite”) and the Russell 3000 Index (the “Russell 3000”) from May 10, 2012 (the date our common stock commenced trading on the NYSE) through December 31, 2018. The chart assumes $100 was invested on May 10, 2012, in the common stock of WageWorks, Inc., the NYSE Composite and the Russell 3000, and assumes reinvestment of any dividends. The stock price performance on the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.


30

chart-ecf0806eca18545780b.jpg
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
None.
Public Stock Offering
On June 20, 2017, we closed a public stock offering and sold 1,954,852 shares of our common stock at $69.25 per share, for proceeds of approximately $130.8 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering costs. Certain selling stockholders sold 545,148 shares of common stock in the offering for which we did not receive any proceeds. Selling stockholders received proceeds net of their proportionate share of the total underwriting discounts and commissions. We also granted the underwriters a 30-day overallotment option to purchase up to an additional 375,000 shares of our common stock at $69.25 per share. The overallotment option expired unexercised.
Share Repurchase Program
On August 6, 2015, our Board authorized a $100.0 million stock repurchase program which commenced on November 5, 2015 and expired on November 4, 2018. There were no shares of common stock repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2018. In 2017, we repurchased 134,900 shares of our common stock for a total cost of $7.9 million, or an average price of $58.82 per share.
On March 11, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a $150 million stock repurchase program for 3 years which commenced on March 13, 2019 and expires on March 12, 2022. Stock repurchases may be made from time-to-time in open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, through accelerated share repurchase programs, or by any combination of such methods. The timing of any repurchases and the actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including our stock price, corporate and regulatory requirements, restrictions under our debt obligations and other market and economic conditions. No shares of common stock have been repurchased under this program to date.


31

Item 6. Selected Financial Data
 
The following selected consolidated financial data (presented in thousands, except per share amounts) is derived from our consolidated financial statements. As our operating results are not necessarily indicative of future operating results, this data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto in Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”, and with Item 7 of Part II, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”.
 
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
 
(in thousands, except per share data)
Consolidated Statements of Income Data:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenues (3) (4)
 
$
472,184

 
$
476,095

 
$
355,561

 
$
334,316

 
$
267,832

Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost of revenues (excluding amortization of internal use software)
 
154,804

 
173,661

 
129,046

 
117,170

 
100,226

Technology and development, sales and marketing, general and administrative, and employee termination and other charges
 
231,540

 
194,112

 
163,273

 
149,587

 
115,565

Amortization
 
41,456

 
37,890

 
37,175

 
27,618

 
20,992

Total operating expenses
 
427,800

 
405,663

 
329,494

 
294,375

 
236,783

Income from operations
 
44,384

 
70,432

 
26,067

 
39,941

 
31,049

Other income (expense):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest income
 
5,849

 
1,147

 
406

 
153

 
5

Interest expense
 
(10,087
)
 
(7,293
)
 
(2,717
)
 
(1,925
)
 
(1,612
)
Other income (expense)
 
(31
)
 
(316
)
 
1,075

 
(182
)
 
743

Income before income taxes
 
40,115

 
63,970

 
24,831

 
37,987

 
30,185

Income tax provision (1)
 
(14,145
)
 
(9,583
)
 
(8,929
)
 
(15,037
)
 
(11,943
)
Net income (1)
 
$
25,970

 
$
54,387

 
$
15,902

 
$
22,950

 
$
18,242

Net income per share:
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic (1)
 
$
0.65

 
$
1.41

 
$
0.44

 
$
0.64

 
$
0.52

Diluted (1)
 
$
0.64

 
$
1.38

 
$
0.43

 
$
0.63

 
$
0.50

Shares used in computing net income per share:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Basic
 
39,846

 
38,447

 
36,404

 
35,784

 
35,145

Diluted  (1)
 
40,434

 
39,415

 
37,210

 
36,595

 
36,595

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As of December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
 
(in thousands)
Consolidated Balance Sheets Data:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash (5)
 
$
898,759

 
$
779,677

 
$
672,609

 
$
500,918

 
$
413,301

Short-term investments
 
222,205

 
195,534

 
—

 
—

 
—

Working capital (2)
 
382,212

 
326,056

 
104,826

 
121,781

 
61,467

Total assets (1) (4)
 
1,785,153

 
1,651,983

 
1,335,781

 
888,739

 
794,715

Long-term debt
 
244,693

 
244,915

 
248,848

 
78,996

 
79,219

Total liabilities
 
1,120,012

 
1,039,733

 
938,139

 
551,770

 
515,291

Total stockholders' equity (1) (4)
 
$
665,141

 
$
612,250

 
$
397,642

 
$
336,969

 
$
279,424

1.
For fiscal 2016 and prior years, the amounts do not include the effects of the adoption of Accounting Standard Update No. 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment (“ASU 2016-09”).
2.
For fiscal 2015 and prior years, our working capital does not include the effects of the adoption of Accounting Standard Update No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes (“ASU 2015-07”), which required all deferred tax assets and liabilities and any related valuation allowance to be classified as non-current on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as the new standard was adopted prospectively starting fiscal 2016.
3.
On November 28, 2016, the Company completed the Asset Purchase Agreement (“APA”) with ADP to acquire ADP’s COBRA, and direct bill businesses (together defined as the “ADP CHSA/COBRA Business”) for approximately $235.0 million in cash. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the impact on total revenue was approximately $80.0 million, $90.0 million and $9.0 million, respectively.
4.
For fiscal 2017 and prior years, the amounts do not include the effects of the adoption of Accounting Standard Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC 606“).
5.
For fiscal 2016 and prior years, the amounts do not include the effects of the adoption of Accounting Standard Update No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash ("ASU No. 2016-18").


32


Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Statements that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.  Forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning market opportunity, our future financial and operating results, investment strategy, sales and marketing strategy, management’s plans, beliefs and objectives for future operations, technology and development, economic and industry trends or trend analysis, expectations about seasonality, opportunity for portfolio purchases, use of non-GAAP financial measures, operating expenses, anticipated income tax rates, capital expenditures, cash flows and liquidity. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available to us. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included under Part I, Item 1A above. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such events.
 
Overview
 
Our Business
We are a leader in administering CDBs which empower employees to save money on taxes while also providing corporate tax advantages for employers. We are solely dedicated to administering CDBs, including pre-tax spending accounts such as HSAs, health and dependent care FSAs, HRAs, as well as commuter benefit services, including transit and parking programs, wellness programs, COBRA and other employee benefits in the United States.
In September 2015, we entered into our second partner arrangement with Ceridian to transition their COBRA and direct bill portfolio to WageWorks. This relationship also allows Ceridian to resell the Company’s COBRA and direct bill services to their new and existing clients, in addition to the full suite of healthcare and commuter products they have been selling. Pursuant to the arrangement, transition of the portfolio was completed by the second quarter of 2016.
In March 2016, we were selected by the OPM to administer its FSAFEDS. This relationship provides eligible federal employees access to our advanced technology platform and premium service capabilities.
On November 28, 2016, we completed the transaction with ADP, a leading global provider of Human Capital Management solutions, to acquire the “the ADP CHSA/COBRA Business” for approximately $235.0 million in cash.
 
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Management Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. In many instances, we could have reasonably used different accounting estimates, and in other instances, changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period-to-period. Accordingly, actual results could differ significantly from the estimates made by our management. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected.
In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by GAAP and does not require management’s judgment in its application, while in other cases, management’s judgment is required in selecting among available alternative accounting standards that allow different accounting treatment for similar transactions. We believe that there are several accounting policies that are critical to understanding our business and prospects for future performance, as these policies affect the reported amounts of revenues and other significant areas that involve management’s judgment and estimates. These significant policies and our procedures related to these policies are described in detail below. In addition, please refer to Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Annual Report Form 10-K for further discussion of our accounting policies.
Revenue Recognition
On January 1, 2018, we adopted the requirements of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC 606”) as discussed further in Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements below. ASC 606 establishes a principle for recognizing revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the expected consideration received in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 also includes Subtopic 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs-Contracts with Customers, which requires the deferral of incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Collectively, references to ASC 606 used herein refer to both ASC 606 and Subtopic 340-40.
We account for revenue contracts with customers by applying the requirements of ASC 606, which include the following steps:

•
Identification of the contract, or contracts, with the customer;
•
Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;
•
Determination of the transaction price;
•
Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and
•
Recognition of the revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
Our revenues are derived primarily from benefit service administration, interchange fees, commissions revenue, and other revenue. Other revenue includes services related to enrollment and eligibility, non-healthcare, and employee account administration (i.e., tuition and health club reimbursements) and project-related professional services. We account for individual products and services separately if they are distinct-that is, if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items in the contract and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer.
We account for a contract with a customer when there is approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. We measure revenue based on the consideration specified in the contract with each customer, net of any sales incentives and taxes collected on behalf of government authorities. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, and we are unable to apply the variable consideration allocation exception, we estimate the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing the expected value method based on term of billing arrangements and historical data. We recognize revenue in a manner that best depicts the transfer of promised goods or services to the customer, when control of the product or service is transferred to a customer. We make significant judgments when determining the appropriate timing of revenue recognition.
Based upon similar operational and economic characteristics, the Company’s revenues are disaggregated into Healthcare, Commuter, COBRA and Other revenue. The Company believes these revenue categories depict how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.
•
Healthcare and commuter programs include revenues generated from the monthly administration services based on employee participant levels and interchange and other commission revenues.
•
COBRA revenue is generated from the administration of continuation of coverage services for participants who are no longer eligible for the employer’s health benefits, such as medical, dental, vision and for the continued administration of employee participants’ Health Reimbursement Arrangements (“HRAs”), and certain healthcare Flexible Spending Accounts (“FSAs”).
•
Other revenue includes services related to enrollment and eligibility, non-healthcare, employee account administration (i.e., tuition and health club reimbursements).
Within our Healthcare and Commuter service lines, we have determined that our administration services are a single continuous service comprised of a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer (i.e. distinct days of service). These services are consumed as they are received and the Company recognizes service revenue over time on a monthly basis as it satisfies its performance obligations. As such, the Company recognizes revenue in each month for the administration services provided in that month using the variable consideration allocation exception.  The Company applies this exception because it concluded that the nature of its obligations and the variable payment terms are aligned and the uncertainty related to the consideration is resolved on a monthly basis as the Company satisfies its obligations. The administration services are typically billed in the period in which services are performed.

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COBRA requires employers to make health coverage available for terminated employees for a period of up to 36 months post-termination. Similar to our Healthcare and Commuter service lines, our COBRA administration services are a single continuous service. These services are consumed as they are received and the Company recognizes service revenue over time on a monthly basis as it satisfies its performance obligations. As such, the Company recognizes revenue in each month for the COBRA administration services provided in that month using the variable consideration allocation exception. The administration services are typically billed in the period in which services are performed.
We also recognize revenues that are generated from the use of debit cards used by employee participants related to the distribution, management and monitoring of such cards which are used by participants in connection with our benefits administration services for Healthcare and Commuter service lines. These related fees are known as interchange fees and are based upon a percentage of the amounts transacted on each card. We have determined that our performance obligation for interchange is a single continuous service, which is satisfied over time each month. Therefore, we recognize interchange revenue on a monthly basis based on the services provided and use the variable consideration allocation exception. The interchange revenues are typically billed in the period in which services are performed.
Professional services revenue consists of fees related to services provided to the Company’s employer clients to accommodate their reporting or administrative requirements. We recognize revenue from professional services as the services are performed or upon written acceptance from customers, if applicable, or acceptance provisions have lapsed assuming all other conditions for revenue recognition noted above have been met.
Contract Assets Contract assets include amounts related to our enforceable right to consideration for completed performance obligations not yet invoiced. The contract assets are transferred to the receivables balance when the rights become unconditional.
Contract Liabilities Contract liabilities are recorded as deferred revenues and include payments received in advance of performance under the contract. We generally invoice our customers for services as they are provided on a monthly basis, however in limited instances we may invoice in advance of services to be provided. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue when the services are provided to the customer. Contract liabilities that are anticipated to be recognized during the succeeding twelve-month period are recorded as current deferred revenue and the remaining portion is recorded as noncurrent.
Contract Costs ASC 606 requires the recognition of an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if the entity expects to recover such costs. Incremental costs are costs that would not have been incurred if the contract had not been obtained. Examples of contract costs are commissions paid to sales personnel. Sales commissions earned by the Company’s sales force are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Sales commissions for initial contracts are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit that has been determined to be six years which approximates the transfer of benefits to customers. The Company determined the period of benefit by taking into consideration the length of customer contracts, useful life of developed technology, regulatory oversight the Company is subject to, and other factors. Amortization expense is included in sales and marketing expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Stock-based Compensation
Stock-based compensation expense is estimated at the grant date based on the award’s fair value as calculated by the Black-Scholes or Monte Carlo option pricing model or the market value of our stock on the grant date and is recognized as an expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. The determination of the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant using an option pricing model is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include the estimated volatility over the expected term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rates, estimated forfeitures and expected dividends.
RSUs and Performance-contingent Stock Units (“PSUs”) are measured based on the fair market values of the underlying stock on the dates of grant. The vesting of PSUs awarded is conditioned upon the attainment of performance objectives over a specified period and upon continued employment through the applicable vesting date. At the end of the performance period, shares of stock subject to PSUs vest based upon both the level of achievement of performance objectives within the performance period and continued employment through the applicable vesting date.
Stock-based compensation expense is calculated based on awards ultimately expected to vest and is reduced for estimated forfeitures at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The estimated annual forfeiture rates for stock options, RSUs, and PSUs are based on historical forfeiture experience.
The estimated fair value of stock options and RSUs are expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting term of the grant and the estimated fair value of PSUs are expensed using an accelerated method over the term of the award once management has

34

determined that it is probable that the performance objective will be achieved. Compensation expense is recorded over the requisite service period based on management’s best estimate as to whether it is probable that the shares awarded are expected to vest. Management assesses the probability of the performance milestones being met on a continuous basis.
We estimate expected volatility based on the historical volatility of comparable companies from a representative peer-group as well as our own historical volatility. We estimate expected term based on historical experience, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the stock-based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee behavior such as exercises and forfeitures. We based the risk-free interest rate on zero-coupon yields implied from U.S. Treasury issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term on the options. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and therefore, used an expected dividend yield of zero in the option pricing model. We estimate forfeitures at the time of grant and revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The estimated attainment of performance-based awards and related expense is based on the expectations of revenue and earnings before interest, tax and depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) target achievement over a specified three year performance period. If we use different assumptions for estimating stock-based compensation expense in future periods, or if actual forfeitures differ materially from our estimated forfeitures, future stock-based compensation expense may differ significantly from what we have recorded in the current period and could materially affect our income from operations, net income and net income per share.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents, consist of cash on deposit with banks and money market funds, stated at cost, as well as commercial paper with an original maturity of less than 90 days as further described under Marketable Securities below. To the extent the Company’s contracts do not provide for any restrictions on the Company’s use of cash that it receives from clients, the cash is recorded as cash and cash equivalents.
The majority of the Company’s cash represents funding and pre-funding balances received from customers for which the Company has a corresponding current obligation. In all cases where we have collected cash from a customer but not fulfilled services (the payment of participant healthcare claims or commuter benefits), the Company recognizes a related liability to its customers, classified as customer obligations in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Restricted cash represents cash used to collateralize standby letters of credit which were issued to the benefit of a third party to secure a contract with the Company.
Marketable Securities
The Company determines the classification of its investments in marketable securities at the time of purchase and accounts for them as available-for-sale. Marketable securities of highly liquid investments with stated maturities of three months or less when purchased are classified as cash equivalents and those with stated maturities of between three months and one year as short-term investments. Marketable securities with maturities beyond twelve months are also included in short-term investments within current assets as the Company intends for its investments to support current operations and other strategic initiatives. These securities are reported at fair value, which includes the accrued interest of interest-bearing securities. Unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a component of stockholders’ equity, except for unrealized losses determined to be other-than-temporary which will be recorded within other income (expense). Realized gains and losses on the sale of marketable securities are recorded in other income (expense).
Receivables
Receivables represent both trade receivables from customers in relation to fees for the Company’s services and unpaid amounts for benefit services provided by third-party vendors, such as transit agencies and healthcare providers for which the Company records a receivable for funding and a corresponding customer obligations liability until the Company disburses the balances to the vendors.  The Company provides for an allowance for doubtful accounts by specifically identifying accounts with a risk of collectability and providing an estimate of the loss exposure. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts on a quarterly basis.  Account balances are written off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.
The Company offsets on a customer by customer basis unpaid amounts for benefit services and customer obligation balances for financial reporting presentation. Additionally, the Company offsets outstanding trade and non-trade receivables, including any debit or credit memos, against any prefund balances after plan year close or upon termination of services both based on the completion of a full reconciliation with the customer.

35

Impairment of Long-lived Assets
The Company reviews long-lived assets for indicators of impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such assets may not be recoverable. An impairment of long-lived assets exists when the carrying amount of a long-lived asset group, exceeds its fair value. Impairment losses are recorded when the carrying amount of the impaired asset group is not recoverable. Recoverability is determined by comparing the carrying amount of the asset or asset group to the undiscounted cash flows which are expected to be generated from its use. If the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset or asset group exceeds its fair value.
Acquisitions, Goodwill and Definite lived Intangible Assets
The cost of an acquisition is allocated to the tangible assets and definite lived intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair value at the date of acquisition. Goodwill represents the excess cost over the fair value of net assets acquired in the acquisition and is not amortized, but rather is tested for impairment.
Definite lived intangible assets, consisting of client/broker contracts and relationships, trade names, technology, noncompete agreements and favorable lease arrangements, are stated at cost less accumulated amortization. All definite lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated remaining economic lives, generally ranging from one to ten years. Amortization expense related to these intangible assets is included in amortization expense on the consolidated statements of income.
The Company performs a goodwill impairment test at least annually and more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. In 2018, we changed the date of our annual impairment test from December 31 to October 1. The change was made to more closely align the impairment testing date with our long-range planning and forecasting process, and does not represent a material change to a method of applying an accounting principle. The change in accounting
principle related to changing our annual impairment testing date did not delay, accelerate, or avoid an impairment charge.
The following are examples of triggering events that could indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit has fallen below the unit’s carrying amount: 
•
A significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate
•
An adverse action or assessment by a regulator
•
Unanticipated competition
•
A loss of key personnel
•
A more-likely than-not expectation that a reporting unit or a significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or otherwise disposed of
An impairment loss is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. When reviewing goodwill for impairment, the Company assesses whether goodwill should be allocated to operating levels lower than the Company’s single operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and reviewed for decision-making purposes. These lower levels are referred to as reporting units. The Company’s chief operating decision maker, the Chief Executive Officer, does not allocate resources or assess performance at the individual healthcare, commuter, COBRA or other revenue stream level, but rather at the operating segment level. Discrete financial information is therefore not maintained at the revenue stream level. The Company’s one reporting unit was determined to be the Company’s one operating segment.
The goodwill impairment analysis is a two-step process: first, the reporting unit’s estimated fair value is compared to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the Company determines that the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the Company moves to the second step to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, an impairment loss is recognized for any excess of the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill over the implied fair value of the reporting unit in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation.
Whenever events or circumstances change, entities have the option to first make a qualitative evaluation about the likelihood of goodwill impairment. If impairment is deemed more likely than not, management would perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. Otherwise, the two-step goodwill impairment test is not required. In assessing the qualitative factors, the Company assesses relevant events and circumstances that may impact the fair value and the carrying amount of the reporting unit. The identification of relevant events and circumstances and how these may impact a reporting unit’s fair value or carrying amount

36

involve significant judgments and assumptions. The judgment and assumptions include the identification of macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall financial performance, Company specific events and share price trends and making the assessment on whether each relevant factor will impact the impairment test positively or negatively and the magnitude of any such impact.

Customer Obligations Liability
Many of our customer agreements include provisions whereby our customer remit funds to us which represent prefunds of employer / client and employee participant contributions related to FSA, HRA and commuter programs. The agreements do not represent restricted cash and accordingly the amounts received are included in cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheets with a corresponding liability recorded as customer obligations. Our customers generally provide us with prefunds for their FSA and HRA programs based on a percentage of projected spending by the employee participants for the plan year and other factors. In the case of our commuter program, at the beginning of each month we receive prefunds based on the employee participants’ monthly elections. These prefunds are typically replenished throughout the year by our FSA, HRA and commuter clients as customers are provided benefits under these programs.
The Company offsets on a customer by customer basis unpaid amounts for benefit services and customer obligation balances for financial reporting presentation. Additionally, the Company offsets outstanding trade and non-trade receivables, including any debit or credit memos, against any prefund balances after plan year close or upon termination of services both based on the completion of a full reconciliation with the customer.
Business Combination
We record acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting. All of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, are recognized at their fair value as of the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net tangible and net intangible assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. The application of the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations requires management to make significant judgments, estimates and assumptions in the determination of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in order to allocate purchase price consideration. Our estimates are based on historical experience, information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and, assistance from independent third-party appraisal firms. Our significant assumptions and estimates include, but are not limited to, the cash flows for customer relationships, developed technology, the estimated cost of capital, and the cost savings expected to be derived from acquiring an asset. These estimates are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. In addition, unanticipated events and circumstances may occur which may affect the accuracy or validity of such estimates. See Note 4, Acquisitions and Channel Partner Arrangements in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1, Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the impact of certain recent accounting pronouncements on our consolidated financial statements.
  
Results of Operations
Revenues 
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
Change from prior year
 
2018
 
% of Revenue
 
2017
 
% of Revenue
 
2016
 
% of Revenue
 
2018
 
2017
Revenues:
(in thousands)
 
 
 
 
Healthcare
$
274,861

 
58
%
 
$
274,815

 
58
%
 
$
195,108

 
55
%
 
$
46

 
$
79,707

COBRA
106,161

 
23
%
 
111,607

 
23
%
 
73,765

 
21
%
 
(5,446
)
 
37,842

Commuter
75,936

 
16
%
 
72,874

 
15
%
 
70,215

 
20
%
 
3,062

 
2,659

Other
15,226

 
3
%
 
16,799

 
4
%
 
16,473

 
4
%
 
(1,573
)
 
326

Total revenues
$
472,184

 
100
%
 
$
476,095

 
100
%
 
$
355,561

 
100
%
 
$
(3,911
)
 
$
120,534

Healthcare Revenue

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We derive our healthcare revenue primarily from the service fees paid by our employer clients for the administration services we provide in connection with their employee participants’ FSAs, HRAs and HSAs. We also earn interchange revenue paid by financial institutions related to transaction fees on debit cards used by employee participants in connection with all of our healthcare programs and through our wholesale card program, and revenue from self-service plan kits called Premium Only Plan kits.
The increase in healthcare revenue from 2017 to 2018 was driven by an increase in HSA clients and custodial interest, partially offset by a reduction in FSA clients.
The $79.7 million, or 41% increase in healthcare revenue from 2016 to 2017 was driven by an increase in FSA and HSA revenue due to the addition of new clients, including FSAFEDS, and growth in employee participation in the programs. The increase in healthcare revenue was also driven by the ADP CHSA Business acquired in November 2016 which includes interchange services. The acquired ADP business contributed approximately $55.8 million of additional revenue during the year ended December 31, 2017.
COBRA Revenue
COBRA revenue is derived from administration services we provide to employer clients for continuation of coverage for participants who are no longer eligible for the employer’s health benefits, such as medical, dental and vision, and for the continued administration of the employee participants’ HRAs and certain healthcare FSAs.
The $5.4 million, or 5% decrease in COBRA revenue from 2017 to 2018 was driven by a decrease in clients due to a combination of partnership termination and ADP platform losses, partially offset by an increase in annual notice fees.
The $37.8 million, or 51% increase in COBRA revenue from 2016 to 2017 was driven primarily by the ADP COBRA Business acquired in November 2016. Additionally, COBRA revenue increased as a result of revenue generated from our Ceridian business with customers joining throughout the first half of 2016. The acquired ADP business contributed approximately $33.4 million of additional revenue during the year ended December 31, 2017.
Commuter Revenue
We derive our commuter revenue from monthly service fees paid by our employer clients, interchange revenue paid by financial institutions related to transaction fees on debit cards used by employee participants in connection with our commuter solutions and commissions from the sale of transit passes used in our commuter solutions which we purchase from various transit agencies on behalf of employee participants.
The $3.1 million, or 4% increase in commuter revenue from 2017 to 2018 was primarily due to the addition of clients, growth in the number of employee participants and an increase in interchange fee revenue.
The $2.7 million, or 4% increase in commuter revenue from 2016 to 2017 was primarily due to the addition of clients, growth in the number of employee participants and an increase in interchange fee revenue.
Other Revenue
Other revenue includes enrollment and eligibility services, employee account administration (i.e., tuition and health club reimbursements) and project-related professional fees.
The $1.6 million, or 9% decrease in other revenue from 2017 to 2018 was driven by a decrease in enrollment and eligibility services.
The $0.3 million, or 2% increase in other revenue from 2016 to 2017 is not significant.





38

Cost of Revenues
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
Change from prior year
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands)
 
 
 
 
Cost of revenues (excluding amortization of internal use software)
$
154,804

 
$
173,661

 
$
129,046

 
$
(18,857
)
 
$
44,615

Percentage of revenue
33
%
 
36
%
 
36
%
 
 
 
 
Cost of revenues consist of direct expenses for claims processing, product support and customer service personnel, outsourced and temporary labor, check/ACH payment processing services, debit card processing services, shipping and handling, passes and employee participant communications. 
The $18.9 million, or 11% decrease in cost of revenues from 2017 to 2018 was driven by lower outside service provider costs due to lower transitional costs and lower employee and office/facilities costs, partially offset by higher technology  costs.
The $44.6 million or 35% increase in cost of revenues from 2016 to 2017 was primarily due to increases in outsourced services and compensation costs for headcount to support the ADP CHSA/COBRA Business acquired in November 2016. We also incurred additional compensation costs to administer FSAFEDS.
Cost of revenues will continue to be affected by our portfolio purchases, acquisitions and channel partner arrangements. Prior to migrating to our proprietary technology platforms, these new portfolios often operate with higher service delivery costs that result in increased cost of revenues until we are able to complete the migration process, which typically occurs over the 12 to 24 month period following closing of the portfolio purchase or acquisition.
Technology and Development
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
Change from prior year
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands)
 
 
 
 
Technology and development
$
53,079

 
$
56,362

 
$
44,719

 
$
(3,283
)
 
$
11,643

Percent of revenue
11
%
 
12
%
 
13
%
 
 
 
 
 
Technology and development expenses consist of personnel and related expenses, outsourced programming services, on-demand technology infrastructure, and expenses associated with equipment and software development.
The $3.3 million, or 6% decrease in technology and development expenses from 2017 to 2018 was driven by a decrease in outside service provider costs, partially offset by increased software expenses and depreciation.
The $11.6 million, or 26% increase in technology and development expenses from 2016 to 2017 was primarily due to an increase in compensation costs to support the ADP CHSA/COBRA Business and to administer FSAFEDS. We also incurred additional compensation costs to service clients acquired from Ceridian. Additionally, our outsourced service costs also increased to support the ADP CHSA Business acquired in November 2016.
We intend to continue enhancing the functionality of our software platform and increase investment in research and development as part of our continuous effort to improve our employer client and employee participant experience and to maintain and enhance our control and compliance environment. The timing of development and enhancement projects, including the nature of expenditures as well as the phase of the project that could require capitalization or expense treatment, will significantly affect our technology and development expense both in dollar amount and as a percentage of revenues.




39


Sales and Marketing
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
Change from prior year
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands)
 
 
 
 
Sales and marketing
$
73,092

 
$
64,111

 
$
57,083

 
$
8,981

 
$
7,028

Percent of revenue
15
%
 
13
%
 
16
%
 
 
 
 
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related benefit costs for our sales, client services and marketing staff, including sales commissions for our direct sales force and external agents and brokers, as well as communication, promotional, public relations and other marketing expenses.
The $9.0 million or 14% increase in sales and marketing expense from 2017 to 2018 was driven by increased employee costs, partially offset by decreased outside service provider costs.
The $7.0 million or 12% increase in sales and marketing expense from 2016 to 2017 was primarily due to an increase in compensation and related benefit costs to support client relationships, attributed primarily to increased costs after the ADP acquisition.
We continue to invest in sales, client services and marketing by hiring additional personnel and continuing to build our broker and channel relationships. We also promote our brand through a variety of marketing and public relations activities. As a result, we expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase in dollar amounts in future periods.
General and Administrative
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
Change from prior year
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands)
 
 
 
 
General and administrative
$
101,577

 
$
72,150

 
$
60,324

 
$
29,427

 
$
11,826

Percent of revenue
22
%
 
15
%
 
17
%
 
 

 
 

General and administrative expenses include personnel and related expenses and professional fees incurred by our executive, finance, legal, human resources and facilities departments.
The $29.4 million, or 41% increase in general and administrative expenses from 2017 to 2018 was driven by an increase in professional fees attributed to the restatement and audit committee investigations, partially offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation expense due to executive departures and a decline in stock price.
The $11.8 million, or 20% increase in general and administrative expenses from 2016 to 2017 was primarily due to an increase in headcount and related benefit costs including stock-based compensation expense. As a result of our growth, we increased headcount, incurred additional client costs and increased various outsourced administrative services. Additionally, our facility costs increased as we expanded our operations.
  As we continue to grow, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we expand general and administrative headcount to support our continued growth. In addition, we expect the expenses to remain at the elevated levels in the future as a result of professional fees in connection with our restatement and control remediation activities.
Amortization and Impairment
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
Change from prior year
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands)
 
 
 
 
Amortization and impairment
$
41,456

 
$
37,890

 
$
37,175

 
$
3,566

 
$
715

Percent of revenue
9
%
 
8
%
 
10
%
 
 
 
 

40

Our amortization consists of two components: amortization of internal use software and amortization of acquired intangible assets. We capitalize our software development costs related to the development and enhancement of our business solution. When the technology is available for its intended use, the capitalized costs are amortized over the technology’s estimated useful life, which is generally four years. Acquisition-related intangible assets are also amortized over their estimated useful lives.
The $3.6 million or 9% increase in amortization from 2017 to 2018 was driven by an increase in amortization of internal use software due to increased investment in software development projects.
The $0.7 million or 2% increase in amortization from 2016 to 2017 was driven primarily by the amortization of intangible assets acquired in November 2016 in connection with the ADP CHSA/COBRA Business combination, partially offset by a decrease in amortization expense related to two one-time events that occurred in 2016. In 2016, we terminated a significant customer relationship in our health insurance exchange business resulting in a $3.8 million acceleration of amortization expense. Additionally, in 2016, we recorded a $3.7 million impairment charge for KP Connector, as discussed in Note 7 Property and Equipment.
Employee Termination and Other Charges 
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
Change from prior year
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands)
 
 
 
 
Employee termination and other charges
$
3,792

 
$
1,489

 
$
1,147

 
$
2,303

 
$
342

The $2.3 million or 155% increase from 2017 to 2018 was driven by executive departures in 2018.
The $0.3 million or 30% increase from 2016 to 2017 is not significant.
Other Income (Expense)
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
Change from prior year
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands)
 
 
 
 
Interest income
$
5,849

 
$
1,147

 
$
406

 
$
4,702

 
$
741

Interest expense
(10,087
)
 
(7,293
)
 
(2,717
)
 
(2,794
)
 
(4,576
)
Other income (expense)
(31
)
 
(316
)
 
1,075

 
285

 
(1,391
)
The $4.7 million, or 410% increase in interest income from 2017 to 2018 was driven by a full year of investing activity during 2018 as we commenced our investment program during the third quarter of 2017. Additionally, during 2018, we continued to add to the size of our investment portfolio.
The $0.7 million, or 183% increase in interest income from 2016 to 2017 was driven by an increase in interest rates in 2017.
The $2.8 million, or 38% increase in interest expense from 2017 to 2018 was driven by increased borrowings on our revolving credit facility in 2017.
The $4.6 million, or 168% increase in interest expense from 2016 to 2017 was due to a significant increase in our debt at the end of 2016 that remained outstanding throughout 2017. In November 2016, we borrowed approximately $169.9 million to acquire the ADP CHSA/COBRA Business. This debt remained outstanding in 2017 resulting in an increase in interest expense.
The $0.3 million, or 90% change in other income (expense) from 2017 to 2018 was not significant.
The $1.4 million or 129% change in other income (expense) from 2016 to 2017 was driven by insurance settlement proceeds received in 2016 related to an insurance claim in 2015.
Income Taxes
We are subject to income taxes in the United States. Significant judgments are required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions and determining our provision for income taxes.

41

We use the asset and liability method to account for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and net operating loss carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to an amount whose realization is more likely than not.
Management periodically evaluates if it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. In making such determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial performance. In order to support a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not needed, positive evidence of sufficient quantity and quality (objective compared to subjective) is necessary to overcome negative evidence. 
During the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. As a result, we recognize tax liabilities based on estimates of whether additional taxes and interest will be due. These tax liabilities are recognized when, despite the belief that our tax return positions are supportable, we believe that certain positions may not be more likely than not of being sustained upon review by tax authorities. As of December 31, 2018, our unrecognized tax benefits approximated $5.6 million and we have no uncertain tax positions that would be reduced as a result of a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations. We believe that our accruals for tax liabilities are adequate for all open audit years based on our assessment of many factors, including past experience and interpretations of tax law. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of complex judgments about future events. We do not anticipate any adjustments would result in a material change to our financial position. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will impact income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made. We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.
In the future, if there is a significant negative change in our operating results or the other factors that were considered in making this determination, we could be required to record a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. Any subsequent increases in the valuation allowance will be recognized as an increase in deferred tax expense. Any decreases in the valuation allowance will be recorded as a reduction of the income tax provision.
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
Change from prior year
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands)
 
 
 
 
Income before income taxes
$
40,115

 
$
63,970

 
$
24,831

 

 

Income taxes provision
(14,145
)
 
(9,583
)
 
(8,929
)
 
$
(4,562
)
 
$
(654
)
Effective tax rate
35.26
%
 
14.98
%
 
35.96
%
 
 
 
 
On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted the Tax Act. The Tax Act introduces tax reform that reduces the current corporate federal income tax rate from 35% to 21%, among other changes. The rate reduction is effective January 1, 2018. We have determined that the Tax Act requires a revaluation of our net deferred tax asset upon its enactment during the quarter ended December 31, 2017 and recorded a charge to income tax expense of $0.3 million.
The $4.6 million or 48% increase in the provision for income taxes from 2017 to 2018 was primarily driven by the effect of the covered employee compensation limitation pursuant to the Tax Act, State tax expense and stock based compensation.
The $0.7 million or 7% increase in the provision for income taxes from 2016 to 2017 was primarily due to the recognition of excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation pursuant to the adoption of ASU 2016-09 offset by the increase in provisional income tax expense related to the revaluation of net deferred tax assets as a result of the Tax Act and increase in income before taxes.
 
Liquidity and Capital Resources
At December 31, 2018, our principal sources of liquidity were cash and cash equivalents totaling $898.4 million and short-term investments totaling $222.2 million comprised primarily of funding by clients of amounts to be paid on behalf of employee participants as well as other cash flows from operating activities. For the year ended December 31, 2018, our cash flow from operating activities provided $178.7 million.

42

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, available credit from our revolving credit facility and expected cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital, debt, capital expenditures and stock repurchase needs, as well as anticipated cash requirements for potential future portfolio purchases, over at least the next 12 months. We have historically been able to fulfill our obligations as incurred and expect to continue to fulfill our obligations in the future. Our expectation is based on our current and anticipated client retention rates and our continuing funding model in which the vast majority of our enterprise clients provide us with prefunds as more fully described below under “—Prefunds.” To the extent these current and anticipated future sources of liquidity are insufficient to fund our future business activities and requirements, including any potential portfolio purchases, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private equity or debt financing. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to raise additional funds on favorable terms, if at all.
Prefunds
Under our contracts with the vast majority of our employer clients, we receive prefunds that have been and are expected to continue to be a significant source of cash flows from operating activities. Our client contracts do not contain restrictions on our use of client prefunds and, as a result, each prefund is reflected in cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheets with an equivalent customer obligation recorded as a liability as the prefund is received. Changes in these prefunds and the corresponding customer obligations are reflected in our cash flows from operating activities. The timing of when employer clients make their prefunds as well as the timing of when we make payments on behalf of employee participants can significantly affect our cash flows.
The operation of these prefunds for our employer clients throughout the year typically is as follows: at the beginning of a plan year, these employer clients provide us with prefunds for their FSA and HRA programs based on a percentage of projected spending by the employee participants for the plan year and other factors. In the case of our commuter program, at the beginning of each month we receive prefunds based on the employee participants’ monthly elections. These prefunds are typically replenished on a weekly basis by our FSA and HRA employer clients and on a monthly basis by our commuter employer clients, in each case, after we have advanced the funds necessary to process employee participants’ FSA and HRA claims as they are submitted to us and to pay vendors relating to our commuter programs. As a result, our cash balances can vary significantly depending upon the timing of invoicing, the date payment is received from our employer clients of reimbursement for payments we have made on behalf of employee participants. This prefunding activity covers our estimate of approximately one week of spending on behalf of the employer client’s employee participants. We do not require a prefund to administer any of our HSA programs because employee participants in these programs only have access to funds they have previously contributed.
Revolving Credit Facility (Credit Agreement)
On August 1, 2016, we entered into a First Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Amended Credit Agreement”) with MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (“Agent”) to increase the revolving credit facility credit limit from $150.0 million to $250.0 million. The Amended Credit Agreement did not change our $15.0 million subfacility limit or our option to increase our commitments up to $100.0 million. The credit facility’s maturity date, June 5, 2020, and interest rate, London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 1.75%, also remained unchanged. Subsequent to entering the Amended Credit Agreement, we borrowed additional funds in the amount of $169.9 million from the revolving credit facility in connection with the acquisition of the ADP CHSA/COBRA Business. In connection with the Amended Credit Agreement, we incurred fees of approximately $0.2 million, which are being amortized over the term of the amendment.
On April 4, 2017, we entered into a Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Second Amended Credit Agreement”) with the Agent. The Second Amended Credit Agreement amended and restated our existing Amended Credit Agreement, and increased our borrowing capacity under the revolving credit facility to $400.0 million, with a $15.0 million letter of credit subfacility. The Second Amended Credit Agreement contains an increase option permitting us, subject to certain conditions and requirements, to arrange with existing lenders and/or new lenders to provide up to an aggregate of $100.0 million in additional commitments. Loan proceeds may be used for general corporate purposes, including acquisitions permitted under the Second Amended Credit Agreement. We may prepay loans under the Second Amended Credit Agreement in whole or in part at any time without premium or penalty. In connection with this Second Amended Credit Agreement, we incurred fees of approximately $1.9 million, which are being amortized over the term of the Second Amended Credit Agreement. The fees incurred are presented as a direct deduction from long-term debt in the consolidated balance sheets.
The loans bear interest, at our option, at either (i) LIBOR determined in accordance with the Second Amended Credit Agreement, plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 2.25%, or (ii) a base rate determined in accordance with the Second Amended Credit Agreement, plus a margin ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%, in either case with such margin determined based on our consolidated leverage ratio for the preceding fourth fiscal quarter period. Interest is due and payable in arrears quarterly for base rate loans and at the end of an interest period for LIBOR rate loans. Principal, together with all accrued and unpaid interest, is due and payable

43

on April 4, 2022. Our obligations under the Second Amended Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of our assets, and our existing and future material subsidiaries are also required to guarantee our obligations under the Second Amended Credit Agreement. We elected option (i) and, as of December 31, 2018, the interest rate applicable to the revolving credit facility was 3.89%. As of December 31, 2018, we had $247.0 million outstanding under the revolving credit facility and $150.2 million unused revolving credit facility still available to borrow under the Second Amended Credit Agreement. We are currently in compliance with all financial and non-financial covenants under the credit facility after considering the reporting extension agreement described below.
Reporting Extension Agreements
On April 5, 2018, our Board concluded the previously issued financial statements for (i) the quarterly periods ended September 30, June 30 and March 31, 2017, (ii) the annual period ended December 31, 2016 and (iii) the quarterly periods ended September 30 and June 30, 2016 should be restated and should no longer be relied upon. Consequently, we did not meet our obligation to provide our financial statements to the Agent by the contractual delivery date. In March 2018, we entered into a Reporting Extension Agreement (the “Extension Agreement”), by and among the Company, the lenders party thereto and MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as administrative agent to extend the time period for delivery to Agent and the lenders our delinquent financial statements to June 30, 2018. In June 2018, we entered into a Second Reporting Extension Agreement and paid the Agent $0.8 million to extend the delivery date of our delinquent financial statements to March 16, 2019. In March 2019, the Company entered into a Third Reporting Extension Agreement and paid the Agent $0.1 million to extend the delivery date of any remaining delinquent financial statements to May 10, 2019. In May 2019, the Company entered into a Fourth Reporting Extension Agreement and paid the Agent $0.1 million to extend the delivery date of the 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K to May 31, 2019.
Public Stock Offering
On June 20, 2017, we closed a public stock offering and sold 1,954,852 shares of our common stock at $69.25 per share, for proceeds of approximately $130.8 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering costs. Certain selling stockholders sold 545,148 shares of common stock in the offering for which we did not receive any proceeds. Selling stockholders received proceeds net of their proportionate share of the total underwriting discounts and commissions. We also granted the underwriters a 30-day overallotment option to purchase up to an additional 375,000 shares of our common stock at $69.25 per share prior to the underwriting discount. The overallotment option expired unexercised.
Share Repurchase Program
On August 6, 2015, our Board authorized a $100.0 million stock repurchase program for 3 years which commenced on November 5, 2015 and expired on November 4, 2018. There were no shares of common stock repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2018.  In 2017, we repurchased 134,900 shares of our common stock for a total cost of $7.9 million, or an average price of $58.82 per share.
On March 11, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a $150 million stock repurchase program for 3 years which commenced on March 13, 2019 and expires on March 12, 2022. Stock repurchases may be made from time-to-time in open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, through accelerated share repurchase programs, or by any combination of such methods. The timing of any repurchases and the actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including our stock price, corporate and regulatory requirements, restrictions under our debt obligations and other market and economic conditions. No shares of common stock have been repurchased under this program to date.
Cash Flows
The following table presents information regarding our cash flows:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities
$
178,655

 
$
217,809

 
$
268,942

Net cash used in investing activities
(60,457
)
 
(237,203
)
 
(283,404
)
Net cash provided by financing activities
884

 
126,130

 
186,153

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents
$
119,082

 
$
106,736

 
$
171,691



44

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities decreased in 2018 as compared to 2017 by $39.2 million. Cash provided by operating activities in 2018 is comprised of net income of $26.0 million, adjusted upward for non-cash items related to depreciation, amortization and impairment of $56.0 million, stock-based compensation expense of $18.1 million, amortization of deferred sales commissions of $2.8 million and other non-cash items of $7.3 million in aggregate, and changes in operating assets and liabilities providing a net increase of $68.5 million.
Net cash provided by operating activities decreased in 2017 as compared to 2016 by $51.1 million. Cash provided by operating activities in 2017 was composed of net income of $54.4 million, adjusted upward for non-cash items related to depreciation, amortization and impairment of $49.7 million, stock-based compensation of $25.6 million, deferred taxes of $9.3 million and other non-cash upward adjustments of $0.4 million in aggregate, and changes in operating assets and liabilities providing a net increase of $78.3 million.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities decreased by $176.7 million from 2017 to 2018. Cash used in investing activities in 2018 was composed of net purchases of investments of $26.7 million, capital expenditures of $33.5 million, and purchases of intangible assets of $0.2 million.
Net cash used in investing activities decreased by $46.2 million from 2016 to 2017. Cash used in investing activities in 2016 was composed of net purchases of investments of $195.8 million, capital expenditures of $36.8 million, and purchases of intangible assets of $4.7 million.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities decreased by $125.2 million from 2017 to 2018. Cash used in financing activities in 2018 was composed of proceeds from common stock exercises and issuances under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan of $2.3 million, payments of debt issuance costs related to the Reporting Extension Agreement of $0.8 million, and other financing cash outflows of $0.6 million in aggregate.
Net cash provided by financing activities decreased by $60.0 million from 2016 to 2017 as we received $130.8 million in proceeds from our public stock offering in 2017 as compared to 2016 when we received $169.9 million in net proceeds from our debt issuance.
 
Contractual Obligations
The following table describes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018:
 
Total
 
Less than
1 year
 
1-3
years
 
3-5
years
 
More than
5 years
 
(in thousands)
Long-term debt obligations (1)
$
247,000

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
247,000

 
$
—

Interest on long-term debt obligations (2)
31,682

 
9,601

 
19,201

 
2,880

 
—

Operating lease obligations (3)
43,332

 
9,479

 
19,346

 
8,844

 
5,663

Other contractual obligations (4)
175

 
175

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total
$
322,189

 
$
19,255

 
$
38,547

 
$
258,724

 
$
5,663

 
(1)
As of December 31, 2018, maximum total borrowings under the revolving credit facility is $400.0 million with a base interest rate determined in accordance with the Second Amended Credit Agreement terms: LIBOR plus a spread of 1.25% to 2.25% per annum. The debt maturity date is April 4, 2022. As of December 31, 2018, our outstanding principal of $247.0 million is presented net of debt issuance costs on our consolidated balance sheets. The debt issuance costs are not included in the table above.
(2)
Estimated interest payments assume the interest rate applicable as of December 31, 2018 of 3.89% per annum on a $247.0 million outstanding principal amount.
(3)
We lease facilities under non-cancelable operating leases expiring at various dates through 2028.
(4)
Other contractual obligations consist of vendor obligations related to our data centers.

45


Future minimum lease payments under capital lease obligations are not included in the table above. As of December 31, 2018, there were $0.4 million of future capital lease obligation payments.  The Company has no future minimum lease payments under capital leases obligations extending beyond 2020.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Other than outstanding letters of credit issued under our revolving credit facility, we do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements. The majority of the standby letters of credit mature in one year. However, in the ordinary course of business, we will continue to renew or modify the terms of the letters of credit to support business requirements. The letters of credit are contingent liabilities, supported by our revolving credit facility, and are not reflected on our consolidated balance sheets.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk represents the risk of loss that may affect our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. We are exposed to market risks related to changes in interest rates.
As of December 31, 2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of $898.4 million and short-term investments totaling $222.2 million. These amounts consist of cash on deposit with banks, money market funds, commercial paper and U.S. government and corporate securities. The cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments are held for working capital purposes. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Due to the short-term nature of these investments, we do not believe that changes in interest rates would have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations. However, declines in interest rates and cash balances will reduce future investment income.
The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing yields without significantly increasing risk. This objective is accomplished by making diversified investments, consisting only of investment grade securities. The decrease in interest income from the effect of a hypothetical decrease in short-term interest rates of 10% would not have a material impact on our net income and cash flows.
Our exposure to market risk also relates to the increase or decrease in the amount of interest expense we must pay on our outstanding debt instruments. As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding principal of $247.0 million under our credit facility. Each loan under the credit facility bears interest at a base rate determined in accordance with the credit agreement, LIBOR rate plus a spread of 1.25% to 2.25%. The increase in interest expense from the effect of a hypothetical change in interest rates of 1% would not have a material impact on our net income and cash flows.


46

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
 
WageWorks, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
 
 
Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms
Consolidated Balance Sheets 
Consolidated Statements of Income 
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 


47

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Shareholders and Board of Directors
WageWorks, Inc.
San Mateo, California
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of WageWorks, Inc. (the “Company”) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company and subsidiaries at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated May 29, 2019 expressed an adverse opinion thereon.
Change in Accounting Principles
As discussed in Notes 1 and 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its accounting method for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers in fiscal year 2018 due to the adoption of Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.
As discussed in Notes 1 and 14 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its accounting method for recording excess tax benefits from employee share-based payments in fiscal year 2017 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-09, Improvement to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.



/s/ BDO USA, LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.
San Jose, California
May 29, 2019

48


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Shareholders and Board of Directors
WageWorks, Inc.
San Mateo, California
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited WageWorks, Inc.’s (the “Company’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Company did not maintain, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.  
We do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on management’s statements referring to any corrective actions taken by the Company after the date of management’s assessment.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as “the financial statements”) and our report dated May 29, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Item 9A, Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Several material weaknesses regarding management’s failure to design and maintain controls have been identified and described in management’s assessment. The material weaknesses related to 1) the control environment, due to material weaknesses related to a) an inadequate or ineffective senior accounting leadership, b) an insufficient complement of qualified resources with an appropriate level of knowledge, experience and training important to the Company’s financial reporting requirements, c) inadequate mechanisms and oversight to ensure accountability for the performance of controls; 2) risk assessment, as the Company did not have an adequate assessment of changes in risks by management that could significantly impact internal control over financial reporting and did not effectively design controls in response to the risks of material misstatement; 3) control activities and information and communication, specifically between the accounting department and other operating departments necessary to support the proper functioning of internal controls; and 4) monitoring controls, as the Company did not maintain an internal audit function sufficient to monitor control activities. The control environment material weaknesses contributed to additional material weaknesses in the control activities of the Company as the Company did not design and maintain effective controls over a) accounting close and financial reporting; b) contract to cash process, c) risk assessment and management of change, as well as the review, approval, and documentation related to the application of generally accepted accounting principles, d) review of new, unusual or significant transactions and contracts, e) manual reconciliations of high-volume standard transactions, and f) information technology general controls (ITGCs) in the areas of logical access and change management. The risk assessment material weakness contributed to an additional material weakness as the Company did not design effective controls over certain business processes, including controls over the preparation, analysis, and review of closing adjustments required to assess the appropriateness of certain account balances at period end.

49

These material weaknesses were considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2018 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated May 29, 2019 on those consolidated financial statements.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
/s/ BDO USA, LLP
San Jose, California
May 29, 2019

50




Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To The Board of Directors and Stockholders
WageWorks, Inc.
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows of WageWorks, Inc. (the “Company”) and subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2016, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations of the Company and subsidiaries and their cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. We were not engaged to perform an audit of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we were required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Macias, Gini & O’Connell, LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.
Newport Beach, California
March 18, 2019

51



WAGEWORKS, INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except per share amount) 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Assets
 
 
 
Current assets:
 

 
 

Cash and cash equivalents
$
898,426

 
$
779,345

Restricted cash
333

 
332

Short-term investments
222,205

 
195,534

Receivables, net
101,297

 
107,547

Prepaid expenses and other current assets
23,662

 
29,271

Total current assets
1,245,923

 
1,112,029

Property and equipment, net
76,920

 
68,742

Goodwill
297,409

 
297,409

Acquired intangible assets, net
130,095

 
155,369

Deferred tax assets, net
1,482

 
10,143

Other assets
33,324

 
8,291

Total assets
$
1,785,153

 
$
1,651,983

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
 
 
 
Current liabilities:
 
 
 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
$
99,854

 
$
89,977

Customer obligations
762,100

 
695,368

Other current liabilities
1,757

 
628

Total current liabilities
863,711

 
785,973

Long-term debt, net of financing costs
244,693

 
244,915

Other non-current liabilities
11,608

 
8,845

Total liabilities
1,120,012

 
1,039,733

Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)

 

Stockholders’ Equity:
 
 
 
Common stock, $0.001 par value (authorized 1,000,000 shares; 40,333 shares issued and 39,853 shares outstanding at December 31, 2018; 40,251 shares issued and 39,771 shares outstanding at December 31, 2017)
41

 
41

Additional paid-in capital
582,521

 
562,131

Treasury stock at cost (480 shares at December 31, 2018 and 2017)
(22,309
)
 
(22,309
)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(754
)
 
(354
)
Retained earnings
105,642

 
72,741

Total stockholders’ equity
665,141

 
612,250

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
$
1,785,153

 
$
1,651,983

 
See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.


52

WAGEWORKS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Income
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
 
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Healthcare
 
$
274,861

 
$
274,815

 
$
195,108

COBRA
 
106,161

 
111,607

 
73,765

Commuter
 
75,936

 
72,874

 
70,215

Other
 
15,226

 
16,799

 
16,473

Total revenues
 
472,184

 
476,095

 
355,561

Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost of revenues (excluding amortization of internal use software)
 
154,804

 
173,661

 
129,046

Technology and development 
 
53,079

 
56,362

 
44,719

Sales and marketing 
 
73,092

 
64,111

 
57,083

General and administrative 
 
101,577

 
72,150

 
60,324

Amortization and impairment
 
41,456

 
37,890

 
37,175

Employee termination and other charges
 
3,792

 
1,489

 
1,147

Total operating expenses
 
427,800

 
405,663

 
329,494

Income from operations
 
44,384

 
70,432

 
26,067

Other income (expense):
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest income
 
5,849

 
1,147

 
406

Interest expense
 
(10,087
)
 
(7,293
)
 
(2,717
)
Other income (expense), net
 
(31
)
 
(316
)
 
1,075

Income before income taxes
 
40,115

 
63,970

 
24,831

Income tax provision
 
(14,145
)
 
(9,583
)
 
(8,929
)
Net income
 
$
25,970

 
$
54,387

 
$
15,902

Net income per share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
 
$
0.65

 
$
1.41

 
$
0.44

Diluted
 
$
0.64

 
$
1.38

 
$
0.43

Shares used in computing net income per share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
 
39,846

 
38,447

 
36,404

Diluted
 
40,434

 
39,415

 
37,210

 
See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

53

WAGEWORKS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(In thousands)


 
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Net income
 
$
25,970

 
$
54,387

 
$
15,902

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net unrealized loss on investments, net of tax
 
(400
)
 
(354
)
 
—

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
 
(400
)
 
(354
)
 
—

Total comprehensive income
 
$
25,570

 
$
54,033

 
$
15,902


See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.



54

WAGEWORKS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(In thousands)
 
 
Common stock
 
Additional paid-in capital
 
Treasury stock at cost
 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)
 
Total
stockholders’ equity
 
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at Balance at December 31, 2015
 
35,936

 
$
36

 
$
343,166

 
$
(5,003
)
 
$
—

 
$
(1,230
)
 
$
336,969

Exercise of stock options
 
926

 
1

 
16,069

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
16,070

Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 
53

 
—

 
2,194

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,194

Issuance of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for employee taxes
 
213

 
—

 
(6,108
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(6,108
)
Tax benefit from the exercise of stock options
 
—

 
—

 
14,806

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
14,806

Treasury stock acquired
 
(226
)
 
—

 
—

 
(9,371
)
 
—

 
—

 
(9,371
)
Stock-based compensation
 
—

 
—

 
27,180

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
27,180

Net income
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
15,902

 
15,902

Balance at December 31, 2016
 
36,902

 
$
37

 
$
397,307

 
$
(14,374
)
 
$
—

 
$
14,672

 
$
397,642

Exercise of stock options
 
810

 
2

 
14,267

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
14,269

Public stock offering, net of issuance costs
 
1,955

 
2

 
130,787

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
130,789

Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 
48

 
—

 
2,681

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,681

Issuance of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for employee taxes
 
191

 
—

 
(9,019
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(9,019
)
Treasury stock acquired
 
(135
)
 
 
 
—

 
(7,935
)
 
—

 
—

 
(7,935
)
Stock-based compensation
 
—

 
—

 
25,649

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
25,649

Capitalized stock-based compensation
 
—

 
—

 
459

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
459

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(354
)
 
—

 
(354
)
Excess tax benefit cumulative-effect adjustment - adoption ASU 2016-09
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3,682

 
3,682

Net income
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
54,387

 
54,387

Balance at December 31, 2017
 
39,771

 
$
41

 
$
562,131

 
$
(22,309
)
 
$
(354
)
 
$
72,741

 
$
612,250

Exercise of stock options
 
54

 
—

 
1,395

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,395

Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 
18

 
—

 
869

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
869

Issuance of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for employee taxes
 
10

 
—

 
(281
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(281
)
Stock-based compensation
 
—

 
—

 
18,088

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
18,088

Capitalized stock-based compensation
 
—

 
—

 
319

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
319

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(400
)
 
—

 
(400
)
ASC 606 cumulative-effect adjustment (Note 2)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
6,931

 
6,931

Net income
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
25,970

 
25,970

Balance at December 31, 2018
 
39,853

 
$
41

 
$
582,521

 
$
(22,309
)
 
$
(754
)
 
$
105,642

 
$
665,141

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

55

WAGEWORKS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
 
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
 
$
25,970

 
$
54,387

 
$
15,902

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Depreciation
 
14,011

 
11,384

 
8,696

Amortization and impairment
 
41,456

 
37,889

 
37,175

Amortization of debt issuance costs
 
578

 
418

 
159

Amortization of contract costs
 
2,844

 
—

 
—

Provision for doubtful accounts
 
1,034

 
558

 
947

Stock-based compensation expense
 
18,088

 
25,649

 
27,180

Loss on disposal of fixed assets
 
306

 
123

 
273

Accrued interest on debt securities
 
(493
)
 
(237
)
 
—

Deferred taxes
 
6,408

 
9,336

 
(5,853
)
Excess tax benefit related to stock-based compensation arrangements
 
—

 
—

 
(14,806
)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accounts receivable
 
5,216

 
(14,692
)
 
(22,088
)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 
5,609

 
(9,514
)
 
7,901

Other assets
 
(18,558
)
 
(3,145
)
 
(699
)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 
8,276

 
17,387

 
9,488

Customer obligations
 
66,732

 
86,988

 
207,559

Other liabilities
 
1,178

 
1,278

 
(2,892
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
 
178,655

 
217,809

 
268,942

Cash flows from investing activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Purchases of property and equipment
 
(33,535
)
 
(36,787
)
 
(28,319
)
Purchases of short-term investments
 
(157,672
)
 
(208,656
)
 
—

Proceeds from sales of short-term investments
 
16,049

 
5,398

 
—

Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments
 
114,910

 
7,500

 
—

Cash consideration for business acquisitions, net of cash acquired
 
—

 
—

 
(233,965
)
Purchases of intangible assets
 
(209
)
 
(4,658
)
 
(21,120
)
Net cash used in investing activities
 
(60,457
)
 
(237,203
)
 
(283,404
)
Cash flows from financing activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proceeds from long-term debt
 
—

 
—

 
169,900

Proceeds from public stock offering
 
—

 
135,387

 
—

Payment of underwriting discounts, commissions and other costs associate with the public offering
 
—

 
(4,598
)
 
—

Proceeds from exercise of common stock options
 
1,395

 
14,267

 
16,070

Proceeds from issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 
869

 
2,681

 
2,194

Payment of debt issuance / amendment costs
 
(800
)
 
(1,851
)
 
(207
)
Payments of debt principal
 
—

 
(2,500
)
 
—

Payment of contingent consideration
 
—

 
—

 
(750
)
Payment for treasury stock acquired
 
—

 
(7,935
)
 
(9,371
)
Payment of capital lease obligations
 
(299
)
 
(302
)
 
(381
)
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of stock-based compensation arrangements
 
(281
)
 
(9,019
)
 
(6,108
)
Excess tax benefit related to stock-based compensation arrangements
 
—

 
—

 
14,806

Net cash provided by financing activities
 
884

 
126,130

 
186,153

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents, unrestricted and restricted
 
119,082

 
106,736

 
171,691

Cash and cash equivalents, unrestricted and restricted, at beginning of the year
 
779,677

 
672,941

 
501,250

Cash and cash equivalents, unrestricted and restricted, at end of the year
 
$
898,759

 
$
779,677

 
$
672,941

Supplemental cash flow disclosure:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash paid during the year for:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest
 
$
8,859

 
$
6,462

 
$
1,825

Taxes
 
$
2,412

 
$
2,958

 
$
5,534

Noncash financing and investing activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property and equipment, accrued but not paid
 
$
4,472

 
$
2,325

 
$
2,412

Property and equipment purchased under capital lease obligations
 
$
142

 
$
263

 
$
835

Capitalized stock-based compensation
 
$
319

 
$
459

 
$
—

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

56
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 
Note 1.     Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies
Business
WageWorks, Inc., (together with its subsidiaries, “WageWorks” or the “Company”) was incorporated in the state of Delaware in 2000. The Company is a leader in administering Consumer-Directed Benefits (“CDBs”), which empower employees to save money on taxes while also providing corporate tax advantages for employers.
The Company operates as a single reportable segment on an entity level basis, and considers itself to operate under one operating and reporting segment with healthcare, transit and other employer sponsored programs representing a group of similar products lines. The Company believes that it engages in a single business activity and operates in a single economic environment.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of WageWorks, Inc., and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
In preparing the consolidated financial statements and related disclosure in conformity with United States (“U.S.”) generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), including all adjustments as a result of the Company’s restatement, and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the Company must make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are used for, but not limited to allocation of purchase consideration to acquired assets and liabilities from business combinations, revenue recognition, allowances for doubtful accounts, useful lives for depreciation and amortization, loss contingencies, income taxes, the assumptions used for stock-based compensation including attainment of performance-based awards, the assumptions used for software and web site development cost classification, and recoverability and impairments of goodwill and long-lived assets. Actual results may be materially different from those estimates. In making its estimates, the Company considers the current economic and legislative environment.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on deposit with banks and money market funds, stated at cost, as well as commercial paper with an original maturity of less than 90 days as further described under Marketable Securities below. To the extent the Company’s contracts do not provide for any restrictions on the Company’s use of cash that it receives from clients, the cash is recorded as cash and cash equivalents.
The majority of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents represent funding and pre-funding balances received from customers for which the Company has a corresponding current obligation. In all cases where we have collected cash from a customer but not fulfilled services (primarily the payment of participant healthcare claims and commuter benefits), the Company recognizes a related liability to its customers, classified as customer obligations in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Restricted cash represents cash used to collateralize standby letters of credit which were issued to the benefit of a third party to secure a contract with the Company.
The following table summarizes the Company’s cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents, unrestricted
 
$
898,426

 
$
779,345

Cash and cash equivalents, restricted
 
333

 
332

Total unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents
 
$
898,759

 
$
779,677


57
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Marketable Securities
The Company determines the classification of its investments in marketable securities at the time of purchase and accounts for them as available-for-sale. Marketable securities of highly liquid investments with stated maturities of three months or less when purchased are classified as cash equivalents and those with stated maturities of between three months and one year as short-term investments. Marketable securities with maturities beyond twelve months are also included in short-term investments within current assets as the Company intends for its investments to support current operations and other strategic initiatives. These securities are reported at fair value, which includes the accrued interest of interest-bearing securities. Unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a component of stockholders’ equity, except for unrealized losses determined to be other-than-temporary which will be recorded within other income (expense). Realized gains and losses on the sale of marketable securities are recorded in other income (expense).
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, we utilize valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible and we consider counterparty credit risk in our assessment of fair value. Carrying amounts of financial instruments, including cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities, approximate their fair values as of the balance sheet dates because of their short maturities. The carrying value of the Company’s debt under the credit facility is estimated to approximate fair value as the variable interest rate approximates the market rate for debt securities with similar terms and risk characteristics. The determination of the fair value of the Company’s marketable securities is further explained in Note 5 Investments and Fair Value Measurements.
The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:
•
Level 1 Inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date. 
•
Level 2 Inputs: Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
•
Level 3 Inputs: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at measurement date.
Receivables
Receivables represent both trade receivables from customers in relation to fees for the Company’s services and unpaid amounts for benefit services provided by third-party vendors, such as transit agencies and healthcare providers for which the Company records a receivable for funding until the payment is received from the customer and a corresponding customer obligations liability until the Company disburses the balances to the vendors. The Company provides for an allowance for doubtful accounts by specifically identifying accounts with a risk of collectability and providing an estimate of the loss exposure. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts on a quarterly basis. Account balances are written off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. Write-offs for 2018, 2017 and 2016 were not significant.
The Company offsets on a customer by customer basis unpaid amounts for benefit services and customer obligation balances for financial reporting presentation. Additionally, the Company offsets outstanding trade and non-trade receivables, including any debit or credit memos, against any prefund balances after plan year close or upon termination of services both based on the completion of a full reconciliation with the customer.

58
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation on computer and equipment and furniture and fixtures is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of those assets, ranging from three to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful life or the lease term. When events or circumstances suggest an asset’s life is different than initially estimated, management reassesses the useful life of the asset and recognizes future depreciation prospectively over the revised life.
When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation / amortization are removed from their respective accounts, and any gain or loss on such sale or disposal is reflected in operating expenses.
Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Expenditures that substantially increase an asset’s useful life are capitalized.
Software and Website Development Costs
Costs incurred to develop software for internal use are capitalized and amortized over the technology’s estimated useful life, generally four years. When events or circumstances suggest an asset’s life is different than initially estimated, management reassesses the useful life of the asset and recognizes future amortization prospectively over the revised life. Costs incurred related to the planning and post implementation phases of development are expensed as incurred. Costs associated with the platform content or the repair or maintenance, including transfer of data between existing platforms are expensed as incurred.
Impairment of Long-lived Assets
The Company reviews long-lived assets for indicators of impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such assets may not be recoverable. An impairment of long-lived assets exists when the carrying amount of a long-lived asset group, exceeds its fair value. Such impairment arises in circumstances when such assets are assessed and determined to have no continuing or future benefit. Impairment losses are recorded when the carrying amount of the impaired asset group is not recoverable. Recoverability is determined by comparing the carrying amount of the asset or asset group to the undiscounted cash flows which are expected to be generated from its use. If the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset or asset group exceeds its fair value. The Company did not record impairment losses related to long-lived assets in the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The company recorded impairment of $3.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2016. See Note 7 Property and Equipment for more details.
Acquisitions, Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The cost of an acquisition is allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values at the date of acquisition. Goodwill represents the excess cost over the fair value of net assets acquired in the acquisition and is not amortized, but rather is tested for impairment.
Definite lived intangible assets, consisting of client/broker contracts and relationships, trade names, technology, noncompete agreements and favorable lease arrangements, are stated at cost less accumulated amortization. All definite lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated remaining economic lives, ranging generally from one to ten years. Amortization expense related to these intangible assets is included in amortization and impairment expense on the consolidated statements of income.
The Company performs a goodwill impairment test annually, and more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. In 2018, we changed the date of our annual impairment test from December 31 to October 1. The change was made to more closely align the impairment testing date with our long-range planning and forecasting process, and does not represent a material change to a method of applying an accounting principle. The change in accounting principle related to changing our annual impairment testing date did not delay, accelerate, or avoid an impairment charge.
The following are examples of triggering events that could indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit has fallen below the unit’s carrying amount: 
•
A significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate

59
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

•
An adverse action or assessment by a regulator
•
Unanticipated competition
•
A loss of key personnel
•
A more likely than-not expectation that a reporting unit or a significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or otherwise disposed of
An impairment loss is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. When reviewing goodwill for impairment, the Company assesses whether goodwill should be allocated to operating levels lower than the Company’s single operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and reviewed for decision-making purposes. These lower levels are referred to as reporting units. The Company’s chief operating decision maker, the Chief Executive Officer, does not allocate resources or assess performance at the individual healthcare, commuter, COBRA or other revenue stream level, but rather at the operating segment level. The Company’s one reporting unit was determined to be the Company’s one operating segment.
Whenever events or circumstances change, entities have the option to first make a qualitative evaluation about the likelihood of goodwill impairment. In assessing the qualitative factors, the Company assesses relevant events and circumstances that may impact the fair value and the carrying amount of the reporting unit. The identification of relevant events and circumstances and how these may impact a reporting unit’s fair value or carrying amount involve significant judgments and assumptions. The judgment and assumptions include the identification of macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall financial performance, Company specific events and share price trends and making the assessment on whether each relevant factor will impact the impairment test positively or negatively and the magnitude of any such impact.
The goodwill impairment analysis is a two-step process: first, the reporting unit’s estimated fair value is compared to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the Company determines that the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the Company moves to the second step to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, an impairment loss is recognized for any excess of the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill over the implied fair value of the reporting unit.
If impairment is deemed more likely than not, management would perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. Otherwise, the two-step goodwill impairment test is not required. At October 1, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company completed its annual goodwill impairment assessments and management concluded that goodwill is not impaired. There were no events or changes in circumstances during the three months ended December 31, 2018 that caused the Company to perform an interim impairment assessment.
Income Taxes
The Company reports income taxes using an asset and liability approach. Deferred tax assets and liabilities arise from the differences between the tax basis of an asset or liability and its reported amount in the consolidated financial statements, as well as from net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax amounts are determined by using the tax rates expected to be in effect when the taxes will actually be paid or refunds received, as provided under current enacted tax law. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance reduces the deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized.
The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount that the Company believes is more likely than not to be realized based on its judgment of all available positive and negative evidence. The weight given to the potential effect of negative and positive evidence is commensurate with the extent to which the strength of the evidence can be objectively verified. This assessment, which is completed on a taxing jurisdiction basis, takes into account a number of types of evidence, including the following:
•
The nature and history of current or cumulative financial reporting income or losses;
•
Sources of future taxable income;
•
The anticipated reversal or expiration dates of the deferred tax assets; and
•
Tax planning strategies.

60
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company takes a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring the financial statement benefit of uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining whether the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement of the audit. The Company classifies interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense or benefit.
Customer Obligations Liability
Many of our customer agreements include provisions whereby our customer remit funds to us which represent prefunds of employer / client and employee participant contributions related to FSA, HRA and commuter programs. The agreements do not represent restricted cash and accordingly the amounts received are included in cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheets with a corresponding liability recorded as customer obligations. Our customers generally provide us with prefunds for their FSA and HRA programs based on a percentage of projected spending by the employee participants for the plan year and other factors. In the case of our commuter program, at the beginning of each month we receive prefunds based on the employee participants’ monthly elections. These prefunds are typically replenished throughout the year by our FSA, HRA and commuter clients as benefits are provided under these programs.
The Company offsets on a customer by customer basis non-trade accounts receivable and customer obligation balances for financial reporting presentation. Additionally, the Company offsets outstanding trade and non-trade receivables, including any debit or credit memos, against any prefund balances after plan year close or upon termination of services both based on the completion of a full reconciliation with the customer.
Revenue Recognition
Policy from January 1, 2018
On January 1, 2018, we adopted the requirements of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC 606”) as discussed further in Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements below. ASC 606 establishes a principle for recognizing revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the expected consideration received in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 also includes Subtopic 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs-Contracts with Customers, which requires the deferral of incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Collectively, references to ASC 606 used herein refer to both ASC 606 and Subtopic 340-40.
We account for revenue contracts with customers by applying the requirements of ASC 606, which include the following steps:

•
Identification of the contract, or contracts, with the customer;
•
Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;
•
Determination of the transaction price;
•
Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and
•
Recognition of the revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
Our revenues are derived primarily from benefit service administration, interchange fees, commissions revenue, and other revenue. Other revenue includes services related to enrollment and eligibility, non-healthcare, and employee account administration (i.e., tuition and health club reimbursements) and project-related professional services. We account for individual products and services separately if they are distinct-that is, if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items in the contract and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer.
We account for a contract with a customer when there is approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. We measure revenue based on the consideration specified in the contract with each customer, net of any sales incentives and taxes collected on behalf of government authorities. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, and we are unable to apply the variable consideration allocation exception, we estimate the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing the expected value method based on term of billing arrangements and historical data. We recognize re

61
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

venue in a manner that best depicts the transfer of promised goods or services to the customer, when control of the product or service is transferred to a customer. We make significant judgments when determining the appropriate timing of revenue recognition.
Based upon similar operational and economic characteristics, the Company’s revenues are disaggregated into Healthcare, Commuter, COBRA and Other revenue. The Company believes these revenue categories depict how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.
•
Healthcare and commuter programs include revenues generated from the monthly administration services based on employee participant levels and interchange and other commission revenues.
•
COBRA revenue is generated from the administration of continuation of coverage services for participants who are no longer eligible for the employer’s health benefits, such as medical, dental, vision and for the continued administration of employee participants’ Health Reimbursement Arrangements (“HRAs”), and certain healthcare Flexible Spending Accounts (“FSAs”).
•
Other revenue includes services related to enrollment and eligibility, non-healthcare, employee account administration (i.e., tuition and health club reimbursements).
Within our Healthcare and Commuter service lines, we have determined that our administration services are a single continuous service comprised of a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer (i.e. distinct days of service). These services are consumed as they are received and the Company recognizes service revenue over time on a monthly basis as it satisfies its performance obligations. As such, the Company recognizes revenue in each month for the administration services provided in that month using the variable consideration allocation exception.  The Company applies this exception because it concluded that the nature of its obligations and the variable payment terms are aligned and the uncertainty related to the consideration is resolved on a monthly basis as the Company satisfies its obligations. The administration services are typically billed in the period in which services are performed.
COBRA requires employers to make health coverage available for terminated employees for a period of up to 36 months post-termination. Similar to our Healthcare and Commuter service lines, our COBRA administration services are a single continuous service. These services are consumed as they are received and the Company recognizes service revenue over time on a monthly basis as it satisfies its performance obligations. As such, the Company recognizes revenue in each month for the COBRA administration services provided in that month using the variable consideration allocation exception. The administration services are typically billed in the period in which services are performed.
We also recognize revenues that are generated from the use of debit cards used by employee participants related to the distribution, management and monitoring of such cards which are used by participants in connection with our benefits administration services for Healthcare and Commuter service lines. These related fees are known as interchange fees and are based upon a percentage of the amounts transacted on each card. We have determined that our performance obligation for interchange is a single continuous service, which is satisfied over time each month. Therefore, we recognize interchange revenue on a monthly basis based on the services provided and use the variable consideration allocation exception. The interchange revenues are typically billed in the period in which services are performed.
Professional services revenue consists of fees related to services provided to the Company’s employer clients to accommodate their reporting or administrative requirements. We recognize revenue from professional services as the services are performed or upon written acceptance from customers, if applicable, or acceptance provisions have lapsed assuming all other conditions for revenue recognition noted above have been met.
Contract Assets Contract assets include amounts related to our enforceable right to consideration for completed performance obligations not yet invoiced. The contract assets are transferred to the receivables balance when the rights become unconditional.
Contract Liabilities Contract liabilities are recorded as deferred revenues and include payments received in advance of performance under the contract. We generally invoice our customers for services as they are provided on a monthly basis, however in limited instances we may invoice in advance of services to be provided. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue when the services are provided to the customer. Contract liabilities that are anticipated to be recognized during the succeeding twelve-month period are recorded as current deferred revenue and the remaining portion is recorded as noncurrent.
Contract Costs ASC 606 requires the recognition of an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if the entity expects to recover such costs. Incremental costs are costs that would not have been incurred if the contract had not

62
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

been obtained. Examples of contract costs are commissions paid to sales personnel. Sales commissions earned by the Company’s sales force are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Sales commissions for initial contracts are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit that has been determined to be six years which approximates the transfer of benefits to customers. The Company determined the period of benefit by taking into consideration the length of customer contracts, useful life of developed technology, regulatory oversight the Company is subject to, and other factors. Amortization expense is included in sales and marketing expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Revenue Recognition Policy before January 1, 2018

The Company recognizes revenue when collectability is reasonably assured, service has been performed, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, and there is a fixed or determinable fee.
 
Benefit service fees are recognized on a monthly basis as services are rendered and earned under service arrangements where fees and commissions are fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Benefit service fees are based on a fee for service model (e.g., monthly fee per participant) in which revenue is recognized on a monthly basis as services are rendered under price quotations or service agreements having stipulated terms and conditions, which do not require management to make any significant judgments or assumptions regarding any potential uncertainties.
 
Vendor and bank interchange revenues are attributed to revenue sharing arrangements the Company enters into with certain banks and card associations, whereby the Company shares a portion of the transaction fees earned by these financial institutions on debit cards the Company issues to its employee participants based on a percentage of total dollars transacted as reported on third-party reports.

Cost of revenue is presented on an aggregate basis because the Company provides for services at the client level and not by product.
Stock-based Compensation
Stock-based compensation expense is estimated at the grant date based on the award’s fair value as calculated by the Black-Scholes or Monte Carlo option pricing model or the market value of the Company’s stock on the grant date and is recognized as an expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. The determination of the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant using an option pricing model is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include the estimated volatility over the expected term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rates, estimated forfeitures, and expected dividends.
Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”), Market-based performance RSUs, and Performance-based Stock Units (“PSUs”) are measured based on the fair market values of the underlying stock on the dates of grant. The vesting of PSUs awarded is conditioned upon the attainment of performance objectives over a specified period and upon continued employment through the applicable vesting date. At the end of the performance period, shares of stock subject to PSUs vest based upon both the level of achievement of performance objectives within the performance period and continued employment through the applicable vesting date.
Stock-based compensation expense is calculated based on awards ultimately expected to vest and is reduced for estimated forfeitures at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The estimated annual forfeiture rates for stock options, RSUs, and PSUs are based on historical forfeiture experience.
The estimated fair value of stock options and RSUs are expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting term of the grant and the estimated fair value of PSUs are expensed using an accelerated method over the term of the award once management has determined that it is probable that the performance objective will be achieved. Compensation expense is recorded over the requisite service period based on management’s best estimate as to whether it is probable that the shares awarded are expected to vest. Management assesses the probability of the performance milestones being met on a continuous basis.
We estimate expected volatility based on the historical volatility of comparable companies from a representative peer-group as well as our own historical volatility. We estimate the expected term based on historical experience, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the stock-based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee behavior such as exercises and forfeitures. We base the risk-free interest rate on zero-coupon yields implied from U.S. Treasury issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the options. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and therefore, used an expected dividend yield of zero in the option pricing model. We estimate forfeitures at the time of grant and revise those

63
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The estimated attainment of performance-based awards and related expense is based on the expectations of revenue and earnings before interest, tax and depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) target achievement over a specified three year performance period. If we use different assumptions for estimating stock-based compensation expense in future periods, or if actual forfeitures differ materially from our estimated forfeitures, future stock-based compensation expense may differ significantly from what we have recorded in the current period and could materially affect our income from operations, net income and net income per share.
Other Comprehensive Loss
Other comprehensive loss includes certain changes in equity that are excluded from net income. As of December 31, 2018, accumulated other comprehensive loss includes a $1.0 million unrealized loss, net of $0.2 million of income taxes, related to unrealized gains/losses on marketable securities.     
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance
In March 2016, the FASB Issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The new guidance requires excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies to be recorded in the income statement when an award vests or are settled. In addition, cash flows related to excess tax benefits will no longer be separately classified as financing activity but should be classified as operating activities. The standard also increases the amount of shares an employer can withhold for tax purposes without triggering liability accounting, clarifies that all cash payments made on employee's behalf for withheld shares should be presented as a financing activity in the statements of cash flows, and provides an entity-wide accounting policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur.
The Company adopted this standard during the first quarter of 2017. As required by the standard, excess tax benefits recognized on stock-based compensation expense were reflected in our consolidated statements of income as a component of the provision for income taxes rather than additional paid-in capital on a prospective basis. The cumulative effect of this accounting change resulted in an increase of $3.7 million to deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2017 and an increase to the opening retained earnings of $3.7 million as of January 1, 2017. The Company recorded excess tax benefits in the amount of $0.4 million and $15.8 million within our provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of income during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
For presentation requirements, the Company elected to prospectively apply the change in the presentation of excess tax benefits wherein excess tax benefits recognized on stock-based compensation expense were classified in operating activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows. Prior period classification of cash flows related to excess tax benefits were not adjusted.
The Company elected to retrospectively apply the ASU 2016-09 presentation requirements for cash flows related to employee taxes paid for withheld shares to be presented as financing activities. Consequently, on the consolidated statements of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company reclassified $6.1 million, to increase net cash provided by operating activities and decrease net cash provided by financing activities.
In May 2014, the Financial and Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”, amending revenue recognition guidance and requiring more detailed disclosures to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. ASC 606 is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted for public companies effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We adopted ASC 606 on January 1, 2018 by applying the modified retrospective approach to all contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for the reporting period beginning January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior periods are not adjusted and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for the prior period. We recorded an increase in total assets of $9.3 million and an increase in retained earnings of $6.9 million (net of tax effect) as of January 1, 2018 attributed to the deferral of commission cost. The tax impact resulted in an increase in deferred tax liabilities in the amount of $2.4 million with an offset to retained earnings upon adoption. See Note 2 Revenue for more details.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. ASU No. 2016-18 addresses diversity in practice from entities classifying and presenting transfers between cash and restricted cash as operating, investing or financing activities or as a combination of those activities in the statement of cash flows. The ASU requires

64
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

entities to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the Statement of Cash Flows. As a result, transfers between such categories are no longer be presented in the Statement of Cash Flows. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 using the retrospective method. This amendment did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Financial Instruments-Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” This guidance principally affects accounting standards for equity investments, financial liabilities where the fair value option has been elected, and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. Upon the effective date of the new guidance, all equity investments in unconsolidated entities, other than those accounted for using the equity method of accounting, will generally be measured at fair value through earnings. There will no longer be an available-for-sale classification and therefore, no changes in fair value will be reported in other comprehensive income (loss) for equity securities with readily determinable fair values. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. This amendment did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update No. 2016-04, Recognition of Breakage for Certain Prepaid Stored-Value Products (“ASU 2016-04”). The new guidance creates an exception under ASC 405-20, Liabilities-Extinguishments of Liabilities, to derecognize financial liabilities related to certain prepaid stored-value products using a revenue-like breakage model. The Company adopted this update on January 1, 2018. This amendment did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The update provides specific guidance on a number of cash flow classification issues including contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from settlement of insurance claims, proceeds from settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies, distributions received from equity method investees and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The Company adopted this update on January 1, 2018. This amendment did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation: Scope of Modification Accounting (“ASU 2017-09”). The update amends the scope of modification accounting for shared-based payment arrangements to specify that modification accounting would not be applicable if the fair value, vesting conditions and classification of the shared-based awards are the same immediately before and after the modification. The Company adopted this update on January 1, 2018. This update did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2016, the FASB, issued ASU, No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less will be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases.
The Company will adopt the standard effective in the first quarter of 2019 and will not restate comparative periods upon adoption under the effective date method. The Company will elect a package of practical expedients for leases that commenced prior to January 1, 2019 and will not reassess: (i) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases; (ii) lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and (iii) initial direct costs capitalization for any existing leases. The Company will make an accounting policy election to keep leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off of the balance sheet. The Company will recognize those lease payments in the consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company currently expects that our operating lease commitments will be subject to the new standard and recognized as operating lease liabilities and right-of-use assets upon adoption of Topic 842, which will increase the total assets and total liabilities that were reported relative to such amounts prior to adoption. The Company expects to record a range from $25 million to $40 million of right of use assets and lease liabilities for operating and finance leases in the balance sheet in the first quarter of 2019. Refer to Note 15 for further information on operating lease commitments. The Company plans to adopt Topic 842 using the alternative modified retrospective approach with the cumulative effect of adoption recognized to retained earnings on January 1, 2019. The Company does not believe the new standard will have a material impact on the consolidated statements of income, nor

65
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

will it have a notable impact on liquidity. The standard will also have no material impact on debt-covenant compliance under our current agreements.

 In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which amends the FASB’s guidance on the impairment of financial instruments. The ASU adds to GAAP an impairment model (known as the “current expected credit loss model”) that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the timing and impact of adoption on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” The amendments eliminate Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. The annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairment charge should be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. In addition, income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit should be considered when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. The amendments also eliminate the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment and, if it fails that qualitative test, to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. The new standard is expected to be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the timing and impact of adoption on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) - Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income”. This standard allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and requires certain disclosures about stranded tax effects and will be effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2019 and should be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the timing and impact of adoption on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” The primary focus of ASU 2018-13 is to improve the effectiveness of the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The changes affect all companies that are required to include fair value measurement disclosures. In general, the amendments in this standard are effective for all entities for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the timing and impact of adoption on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses.” ASU 2018-19 clarifies that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of the credit losses standard, but rather, should be accounted for in accordance with the leases standard. In general, the amendments in this standard are effective for public business entities that meet the definition of a SEC filer for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the timing and impact of adoption on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note 2     Revenue

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606, applying the modified retrospective method to all contracts that were not completed as of that date. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior period results are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with Topic 605, Revenue Recognition. We generally invoice our customers at the beginning of the term on a monthly basis with a term of net 30-60 days. We applied the practical expedient provided by ASC 606 and did not evaluate contracts of one year or less for the existence of a significant financing component. Our policy is to exclude sales and other indirect taxes when measuring the transaction price. The primary impact of adopting ASC 606 relates to the deferral of incremental costs of obtaining customer contracts and the amortization of those costs over the period of benefit. We recorded an increase in total assets of $9.3 million and an increase in retained earnings of $6.9 million (net of tax effect) as of January 1, 2018. The tax impact resulted in an increase in deferred tax liabilities in the amount of $2.4 million with

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

an offset to retained earnings upon adoption. The adoption of the preceding standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Disaggregation of Revenue
The Company’s primary categories of revenue are Healthcare, Commuter, COBRA and Other revenue and are disclosed in the consolidated statements of income. The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue from contracts with customers by the nature of the products and services (in thousands):
 
 
Year ended December 31,
(in thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
Benefit Administration Service and COBRA
 
$
401,340

 
$
407,476

Interchange
 
50,907

 
50,229

Other revenue
 
19,937

 
18,390

Total
 
$
472,184

 
$
476,095

Contract Balances
We generally do not recognize revenue in advance of invoicing our customers, however, we record a receivable when revenue is recognized prior to payment and we have unconditional right to payment. Alternatively, when payment precedes the related services, we record a contract liability, or deferred revenue, until our performance obligations are satisfied. Our deferred revenue as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $3.9 million and $3.4 million, respectively. The balances related to cash received in advance for a certain interchange revenue arrangement, other up-front fees and other commuter deferred revenue. The Company expects to satisfy its remaining obligations for these arrangements.
Contract Costs
Contract costs relate to incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Contract costs, which primarily consist of deferred sales commissions, were $8.8 million and $9.3 million as of December 31, 2018 and January 1, 2018, respectively and are included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Amortization expense for the deferred costs was $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. There was no impairment loss in relation to the costs capitalized for the periods presented. Deferred contract costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the period of benefit, which is consistent with the pattern of transfer of the good or service to which the asset relates.
Performance Obligations
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recognized the following revenues (in thousands):
Revenue recognized in the period for:
 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
Amounts included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period:
 
 
Performance obligations satisfied
 
$
571

Changes in the period:
 
 
Changes in the estimated transaction price allocated to performance obligations satisfied in prior periods
 
(1,100
)
Performance obligations satisfied from new activities in the period - contract revenue
 
472,713

Total revenue
 
$
472,184

The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied at the end of the reporting period, in thousands. The Company applies the practical expedient to not disclose information about contracts with original expected durations of one year or less, amounts of variable consideration attributable to the variable consideration allocation exception, or contract renewals that are unexercised as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

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WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 
 
As of December 31, 2018
2019
 
$
571

2020
 
571

2021
 
571

2022 and thereafter
 
1,143

Total
 
$
2,856

Impact on Financial Statements
In accordance with ASC 606, the disclosure of the impact of adoption to our consolidated statements of income and balance sheets was as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 
 
As reported
 
Adjustments
 
Balance without adoption of ASC 606
Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 

Sales and marketing
 
$
73,092

 
$
(543
)
 
$
72,549

Total operating expenses
 
427,800

 
(543
)
 
427,257

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income from operations
 
44,384

 
543

 
44,927

Income before income taxes
 
40,115

 
543

 
40,658

Income tax provision
 
(14,145
)
 
(190
)
 
(14,335
)
Net income
 
25,970

 
353

 
26,323

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income per share:
 
 
 
 
 

Basic
 
$
0.65

 
$
0.01

 
$
0.66

Diluted
 
$
0.64

 
$
0.01

 
$
0.65

 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
As reported
 
Adjustments
 
Balance without adoption of ASC 606
Assets
 
 
 
 
 

Other assets
 
$
33,324

 
$
(8,776
)
 
$
24,548

Total assets
 
1,785,153

 
(8,776
)
 
1,776,377

Deferred tax assets, net
 
1,482

 
2,198

 
3,680

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
 
 
 
 
 
—

Retained earnings
 
105,642

 
6,578

 
99,064

Total stockholders’ equity
 
$
665,141

 
$
6,578

 
$
658,563




68
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 3.     Net Income per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share (in thousands, except per share amounts):
 
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Numerator for basic net income per share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
 
$
25,970

 
$
54,387

 
$
15,902

Denominator for basic net income per share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding
 
39,846

 
38,447

 
36,404

Basic net income per share
 
$
0.65

 
$
1.41

 
$
0.44

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Numerator for diluted net income per share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
 
$
25,970

 
$
54,387

 
$
15,902

Denominator for diluted net income per share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding
 
39,846

 
38,447

 
36,404

Dilutive stock options, restricted stock and performance restricted stock units and employee stock purchase plan shares
 
588

 
968

 
806

Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding
 
40,434

 
39,415

 
37,210

Diluted net income per share
 
$
0.64

 
$
1.38

 
$
0.43

Stock options and restricted stock units to purchase common stock are not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share if their effect would be anti-dilutive. There were 1.7 million, 0.8 million, and 0.9 million anti-dilutive shares for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Note 4.    Acquisitions and Channel Partner Arrangements
Acquisition of the ADP CHSA/COBRA Business
On November 28, 2016, the Company completed the Asset Purchase Agreement (“APA”) with ADP, a leading global provider of Human Capital Management solutions, to acquire ADP’s CHSA, COBRA, and direct bill businesses (together the “ADP CHSA/COBRA Business”) for approximately $235.0 million in cash. In connection with the APA, the Company borrowed $169.9 million against its then $250.0 million revolving credit facility which had a maturity date of June 5, 2020. See Note 10 Long-term Debt for updated credit facility terms.
Purchase Price Consideration and Allocation for the ADP CHSA/COBRA Business
In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”), the acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase consideration, assets acquired and the liabilities assumed are measured at fair value as of the date of acquisition when control is obtained. The fair value of the consideration transferred, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed was determined by the Company and in doing so estimated the fair value of the identifiable intangible assets acquired. The following table summarizes the fair value of total consideration transferred for the acquisition, the total fair value of net identifiable assets acquired and the goodwill recorded (in thousands):
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the underlying net assets acquired and liabilities assumed (amounts in thousands):
Cash consideration
$
235,000

Less: Fair value of net identifiable assets acquired
(94,700
)
Goodwill
$
140,300


69
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition is based on management’s best estimates and valuation assumptions. The following table summarizes the estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of November 28, 2016:
 
Weighted
 
 
 
Average
 
 
 
Useful Life
 
Amount
 
(in years)
 
(in thousands)
Cash
 
 
$
1,035

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 
 
(1,035
)
Intangible assets subject to amortization:
 
 
 
Customer relationships
10
 
93,900

Existing technology - CHSA
3
 
500

Existing technology - COBRA
3
 
300

Total fair value of net identifiable assets acquired
 
 
$
94,700

Unaudited Pro Forma Information
The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of income of the Company and the ADP CHSA/COBRA Business for the year ended December 31, 2016 is presented below as if the acquisition had closed on January 1, 2016. The pro forma information was prepared based on the historical financial statements and related notes of the ADP CHSA/COBRA Business and the Company, as adjusted for the pro forma impact of applying the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of income was prepared using the acquisition method of accounting with the Company treated as the acquiring entity.
The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statement has been presented for informational purposes only. The pro forma data does not purport to represent what the combined Company’s results of operations actually would have been had the acquisition been completed as of the date indicated, nor is it indicative of future operating results of the combined Company.
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2016
 
(In thousands, except per share data) (Unaudited)
Total revenue
$
469,119

Net income
$
28,543

Net income per share:
 
  Basic
$
0.78

  Diluted
$
0.77

Ceridian Channel Partner Arrangement
In July 2013, the Company entered into a channel partner arrangement with Ceridian, a global product and services company. Pursuant to the arrangement, Ceridian’s CDB account administration business for FSA and HRA was fully transitioned to the Company as of January 2015 with a final purchase price of $13.5 million. The Company accounted for this client acquisition as an asset purchase. In conjunction with the transition, the Company also entered into a separate reseller arrangement with Ceridian.
In September 2015, the Company entered into another agreement with Ceridian to transition its COBRA and direct bill portfolio to the Company. In April 2016, the Company completed the transition of this portfolio. The total cash consideration paid in 2016 and 2015 was $21.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, and was recorded as acquired intangible assets. This relationship also allows Ceridian as a channel partner to resell the Company’s COBRA and direct bill services to their new and existing clients in addition to their full suite of healthcare and commuter products.

70
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Tango Acquisition
In September 2017, the Company and Tango Health, Inc. (“Tango”) entered into an Asset Purchase and Transition Agreement to acquire and transfer certain assets held by Tango related to benefits administration services for Health Savings Accounts for $4.1 million. The Company accounted for the Tango transaction as an asset purchase because it did not qualify as a business combination. The agreement contains a holdback obligation of $2.1 million which was paid in December 2017 upon completion of the transition of the intangible asset portfolio. Total cash consideration paid was recorded as acquired intangible assets which are amortized over seven years.


71
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 5. Investments and Fair Value Measurements
The following table summarizes the Company’s investments in marketable securities and fair value measurements by investment category reported as cash equivalents and short-term investments at December 31, 2018 (in thousands):
 
 
Amortized Cost
 
Gross Unrealized Gain
 
Gross Unrealized Loss
 
Fair Value
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
Cash equivalents:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds
 
$
41,027

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
41,027

 
$
41,027

 
$
—

Commercial paper
 
10,436

 
1

 
—

 
10,437

 
—

 
10,437

Municipal bonds
 
7,781

 
—

 
—

 
7,781

 
—

 
7,781

Total cash equivalents
 
$
59,244

 
$
1

 
$
—

 
$
59,245

 
$
41,027

 
$
18,218

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Short-term investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government securities
 
$
22,534

 
$
—

 
$
(94
)
 
$
22,440

 
$
22,440

 
$
—

U.S. government agency securities
 
14,346

 
—

 
(56
)
 
14,290

 
—

 
14,290

Municipal bonds
 
3,548

 
—

 
(4
)
 
3,544

 
—

 
3,544

Foreign government securities
 
2,504

 
—

 
(6
)
 
2,498

 
—

 
2,498

Corporate debt securities
 
134,003

 
37

 
(685
)
 
133,355

 
—

 
133,355

Commercial paper
 
12,954

 
—

 
(4
)
 
12,950

 
—

 
12,950

Certificates of deposit
 
1,258

 
—

 
—

 
1,258

 
—

 
1,258

Asset-backed securities
 
32,054

 
—

 
(184
)
 
31,870

 
—

 
31,870

Total short-term investments
 
$
223,201

 
$
37

 
$
(1,033
)
 
$
222,205

 
$
22,440

 
$
199,765

Total cash equivalents and short-term investments
 
$
282,445

 
$
38

 
$
(1,033
)
 
$
281,450

 
$
63,467

 
$
217,983

The following table summarizes the Company’s investments in marketable securities and fair value measurements by investment category reported as cash equivalents and short-term investments at December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
 
 
Carrying Amount
 
Gross Unrealized Gain
 
Gross Unrealized Loss
 
Fair Value
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
Cash equivalents:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds
 
$
58,953

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
58,953

 
$
58,953

 
$
—

Commercial paper
 
21,930

 
—

 
(3
)
 
21,927

 
—

 
21,927

Total cash equivalents
 
$
80,883

 
$
—

 
$
(3
)
 
$
80,880

 
$
58,953

 
$
21,927

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Short-term investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government securities
 
$
17,472

 
$
—

 
$
(41
)
 
$
17,431

 
$
17,431

 
$
—

U.S. government agency securities
 
11,540

 
—

 
(30
)
 
11,510

 
—

 
11,510

Municipal bonds
 
6,974

 
2

 
(8
)
 
6,968

 
—

 
6,968

Foreign government securities
 
7,499

 
—

 
(27
)
 
7,472

 
—

 
7,472

Corporate debt securities
 
105,144

 
3

 
(273
)
 
104,874

 
—

 
104,874

Commercial paper
 
30,798

 
1

 
(9
)
 
30,790

 
—

 
30,790

Certificates of deposit
 
1,255

 
—

 
—

 
1,255

 
—

 
1,255

Asset-backed securities
 
15,310

 
—

 
(76
)
 
15,234

 
—

 
15,234

Total short-term investments
 
$
195,992

 
$
6

 
$
(464
)
 
$
195,534

 
$
17,431

 
$
178,103

Total cash equivalents and short-term investments
 
$
276,875

 
$
6

 
$
(467
)
 
$
276,414

 
$
76,384

 
$
200,030


72
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

As of December 31, 2018, the Company had no investments that were in an unrealized loss position for a period of twelve months or greater. The Company conducts a regular assessment of its debt securities with unrealized losses to determine whether securities have other-than-temporary impairment considering, among other factors, the nature of the securities, credit rating or financial condition of the issuer, the extent and duration of the unrealized loss, expected cash flows of underlying collateral, market conditions and whether the Company intends to sell or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the debt securities. The Company did not have any other-than-temporary impairment in its available-for-sale securities at December 31, 2018.
The following table summarizes the gross unrealized losses and fair values of investments in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2018, aggregated by investment category. No securities were in an unrealized loss position for a period of twelve months or greater.
(In thousands)
 
Fair Value
 
Gross Unrealized Loss
Short-term investments:
 
 
 
 
U.S. government securities
 
$
22,440

 
$
(94
)
U.S. government agency securities
 
14,290

 
(56
)
Municipal bonds
 
3,544

 
(4
)
Foreign government securities
 
2,498

 
(6
)
Corporate debt securities
 
125,192

 
(685
)
Commercial paper
 
12,950

 
(4
)
Asset-backed securities
 
31,870

 
(184
)
Total short-term investments in unrealized loss position
 
$
212,784

 
$
(1,033
)
The following table summarizes the gross unrealized losses and fair values of investments in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2017, aggregated by investment category. No securities were in an unrealized loss position for a period of twelve months or greater.
(In thousands)
 
Fair Value
 
Gross Unrealized Loss
Cash equivalents:
 
 
 
 
Commercial paper
 
$
19,982

 
$
(3
)
Total cash equivalents in unrealized loss position
 
$
19,982

 
$
(3
)
 
 
 
 
 
Short-term investments:
 
 
 
 
U.S. government securities
 
$
17,431

 
$
(41
)
U.S. government agency securities
 
11,510

 
(30
)
Municipal bonds
 
5,767

 
(8
)
Foreign government securities
 
7,472

 
(27
)
Corporate debt securities
 
103,869

 
(273
)
Commercial paper
 
27,930

 
(9
)
Asset-backed securities
 
15,234

 
(76
)
Total short-term investments in unrealized loss position
 
$
189,213

 
$
(464
)
Total cash equivalents and short-term investments in unrealized loss position
 
$
209,195

 
$
(467
)
Realized gains and losses on marketable securities are included in other income (expense), net on the Company’s consolidated statements of income. Gross realized gains and losses on marketable securities for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were not significant.
The Company had no investments in marketable securities prior to 2017.

73
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company uses inputs such as actual trade data, benchmark yields, quoted market prices from dealers or brokers, and other similar sources to determine the fair value of its investments. Accordingly, the Company classifies money market funds and U.S. treasury securities as Level 1 investments and other securities as Level 2. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value categories during the periods presented.
The following table summarizes the estimated amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s marketable securities by the contractual maturity date (in thousands):
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
Amortized Cost
 
Fair Value
 
Amortized Cost
 
Fair Value
Due less than one year
 
$
219,057

 
$
218,394

 
$
157,651

 
$
157,573

Due in one to five years
 
63,388

 
63,056

 
119,224

 
118,841

Total
 
$
282,445

 
$
281,450

 
$
276,875

 
$
276,414


Note 6.    Receivables
 
Receivables at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was comprised of the following (in thousands):
 
 
December 31,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
Trade receivables
 
$
52,525

 
$
58,067

Unpaid amounts for benefit services
 
52,380

 
52,054

Receivables, gross
 
104,905

 
110,121

Less: allowance for doubtful accounts
 
(3,608
)
 
(2,574
)
Receivables, net
 
$
101,297

 
$
107,547

 
The allowance for doubtful accounts roll forward is comprised of the following (in thousands):
 
 
Balance at
Beginning of
Fiscal Year
 
Charged to
Operations
 
Recoveries
(Deductions)
 
Balance at
End of
Fiscal Year
Year ended December 31, 2018
 
$
2,574

 
$
1,034

 
$
—

 
$
3,608

Year ended December 31, 2017
 
$
2,016

 
$
558

 
$
—

 
$
2,574

Year ended December 31, 2016
 
$
1,071

 
$
947

 
$
(2
)
 
$
2,016


Note 7.    Property and Equipment
Property and equipment at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was comprised of the following (in thousands):

74
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Computers and equipment
 
$
27,519

 
$
22,702

Software and software development costs
 
144,260

 
120,278

Furniture and fixtures
 
8,123

 
7,754

Leasehold improvements
 
28,883

 
25,097

Property and equipment, gross
 
208,785

 
175,831

Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization
 
(131,865
)
 
(107,089
)
Property and equipment, net
 
$
76,920

 
$
68,742

During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company capitalized software development costs of $21.9 million, $20.5 million, and $14.8 million, respectively. Amortization expense related to capitalized software development costs was $16.0 million, $12.1 million and $15.2 million for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These costs are included in amortization and impairment expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. At December 31, 2018, the unamortized capitalized software development costs included in property and equipment in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets was $40.3 million.
Total depreciation expense plus amortization of software and internally developed software for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $30.0 million, $23.5 million, and $23.9 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, property and equipment acquired under capital lease obligations was $1.2 million and $1.7 million, respectively, and was classified as computers and equipment. Accumulated depreciation for assets acquired under capital lease obligations was $0.8 million and $1.1 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
In 2016, the Company re-assessed the fair value of KP Connector which is an internal use software developed by the Company based on the specifications outlined in a client agreement. In the second quarter of 2016, the client notified the Company that it no longer required the services provided by the Company. Accordingly, the Company determined that KP Connector’s carrying value was considered unrecoverable as of June 30, 2016, and recorded a $3.7 million impairment charge to amortization and impairment expense in the consolidated statements of income and a corresponding reduction of property and equipment, net, in the consolidated balance sheets.

Note 8.    Goodwill and Intangible Assets
There was no change in the carrying amount of goodwill during the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Acquired intangible assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were comprised of the following (in thousands):
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
Gross
carrying
amount
 
Accumulated
amortization
 
Net
 
Gross
carrying
amount
 
Accumulated
amortization
 
Net
Amortizable intangible assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Client/broker contracts & relations
$
237,430

 
$
(108,834
)
 
$
128,596

 
$
237,221

 
$
(84,581
)
 
$
152,640

Trade names
3,880

 
(3,587
)
 
293

 
3,880

 
(3,492
)
 
388

Technology
14,646

 
(14,009
)
 
637

 
14,646

 
(13,047
)
 
1,599

Noncompete agreements
2,232

 
(2,084
)
 
148

 
2,232

 
(2,013
)
 
219

Favorable lease arrangements
1,134

 
(713
)
 
421

 
1,134

 
(611
)
 
523

Total
$
259,322

 
$
(129,227
)
 
$
130,095

 
$
259,113

 
$
(103,744
)
 
$
155,369

In September 2017, the Company acquired certain intangible assets from Tango related to Tango’s HSA product (see Note 4). This transaction was accounted for as an asset purchase.

75
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Amortization expense of intangible assets totaled $25.5 million, $25.8 million and $21.9 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Acquired intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis generally over one to ten years.
The Company accelerated amortization of intangible assets for client contracts and broker relationships of $3.8 million, triggered in the second quarter of 2016, related to the termination of a significant customer relationship in the health insurance exchange business.
As of December 31, 2018, the expected future amortization expense for acquired intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):
2019
$
24,914

2020
22,749

2021
19,945

2022
17,509

2023
14,721

Thereafter
30,257

Total
$
130,095

  
Note 9.    Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
Accounts payable and accrued expenses at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were comprised of the following (in thousands):
 
December 31,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
$
32,771

 
$
23,788

Payable to benefit providers and transit agencies
30,148

 
32,469

Accrued compensation and related benefits
28,594

 
25,921

Other accrued expenses
5,834

 
5,275

Deferred revenue
2,507

 
2,524

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
$
99,854

 
$
89,977

 
Note 10. Long-term Debt
On August 1, 2016, the Company entered into a First Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Amended Credit Agreement”) with MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (the “Agent”) to increase the revolving credit facility credit limit from $150.0 million to $250.0 million. The Amended Credit Agreement did not change the Company’s $15.0 million subfacility limit or its option to increase its commitments up to $100.0 million. The credit facility’s maturity date, June 5, 2020, and interest rate, London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 1.75%, also remained unchanged. Subsequent to entering into the Amended Credit Agreement, the Company borrowed additional funds in the amount of $169.9 million from the revolving credit facility in connection with the acquisition of the ADP CHSA/COBRA Business. In connection with the Amended Credit Agreement, the Company incurred fees of approximately $0.2 million, which are being amortized over the term of the Amended Credit Agreement.
On April 4, 2017, the Company entered into a Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Second Amended Credit Agreement”) with (the “Agent”). The Second Amended Credit Agreement amends and restates the Company’s existing Amended Credit Agreement, and increases the Company’s borrowing capacity under the revolving credit facility to $400.0 million, with a $15.0 million letter of credit subfacility. The Second Amended Credit Agreement contains an increase option permitting the Company, subject to certain conditions and requirements, to arrange with existing lenders and/or new lenders to provide up to an aggregate of $100.0 million in additional commitments. Loan proceeds may be used for general corporate purposes, including acquisitions as permitted under the Second Amended Credit Agreement. The Company may prepay loans under the Second Amended Credit Agreement in whole or in part at any time without premium or penalty. In connection with this Second Amended Credit Agreement, the Company incurred fees of approximately $1.9 million, which are being amortized over the term of the Second Amended Credit Agreement. The fees incurred are presented as a direct deduction from long-term debt in the consolidated balance sheets.

76
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The loans bear interest, at the Company’s option, at either (i) a LIBOR determined in accordance with the Second Amended Credit Agreement, plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 2.25%, or (ii) a base rate determined in accordance with the Second Amended Credit Agreement, plus a margin ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%, in either case with such margin determined based on the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio for the preceding four fiscal quarter period. Interest is due and payable in arrears quarterly for base rate loans and at the end of an interest period for LIBOR rate loans. Principal, together with all accrued and unpaid interest, is due and payable on April 4, 2022. The Company elected option (i) and, as of December 31, 2018, the interest rate applicable to the revolving credit facility was 3.89% per annum.
Amounts borrowed and outstanding letters of credit were as follows (in thousands):
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Revolving credit facility used
$
249,830

 
$
249,830

Less: Outstanding letters of credit
(2,830
)
 
(2,830
)
Outstanding revolving credit facility
247,000

 
247,000

Unamortized debt financing fees
(2,307
)
 
(2,085
)
Long-term debt
$
244,693

 
$
244,915

The Company’s obligations under the Second Amended Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets. All of the Company’s existing and future material subsidiaries are required to guarantee its obligations under the Second Amended Credit Agreement. The guarantees by future material subsidiaries are and will be secured by substantially all of the assets of such subsidiaries.
The Second Amended Credit Agreement contains financial and non-financial covenants including debt ratio and interest coverage ratio requirements. The Company is currently in compliance with all the covenants under the credit facility.
In 2017, the Company increased its outstanding letter of credit balance by $2.3 million as a result of growth in its business operations. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had $247.0 million outstanding under the revolving credit facility and $150.2 million unused revolving credit facility still available to borrow under the Second Amended Credit Agreement. The Company pays fees on the unused revolving credit balance.
The credit facility contains customary events of default including, among others, payment defaults, covenant defaults, inaccuracy of representations and warranties, cross-defaults to other material indebtedness, judgment defaults, a change of control default and bankruptcy, and insolvency defaults.  Under certain circumstances, a default interest rate will apply on all obligations during the existence of an event of default under the loan agreement at a per annum rate of interest equal to 2.00% above the applicable interest rate. Upon an event of default, the lenders may terminate the commitments, declare the outstanding obligations payable by the Company to be immediately due and payable, and exercise other rights and remedies provided for under the credit facility.
On April 5, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors concluded the previously issued financial statements for (i) the quarterly periods ended September 30, June 30 and March 31, 2017, (ii) the annual period ended December 31, 2016 and (iii) the quarterly periods ended September 30 and June 30, 2016 should be restated and should no longer be relied upon. Consequently, the Company did not meet its obligation to provide its restated and delinquent financial statements to the Agent by the contractual delivery date. In March 2018, the Company entered into a Reporting Extension Agreement (the “Extension Agreement”), by and among the Company, the lenders party thereto and MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as administrative agent to extend the time period for delivery to Agent and the lenders of our delinquent financial statements to June 30, 2018. In June 2018, the Company entered into a Second Reporting Extension Agreement and paid the Agent $0.8 million to extend the delivery date of our delinquent financial statements to March 16, 2019. The fees incurred were added to loan financing fees to be amortized to interest expense over the remaining life of the loan.
In March 2019, the Company entered into a Third Reporting Extension Agreement and paid the Agent $0.1 million to extend the delivery date of any remaining delinquent financial statements to May 10, 2019. In May 2019, the Company entered into a Fourth Reporting Extension Agreement and paid the Agent $0.1 million to extend the delivery date of the 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K to May 31, 2019.
 


77
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 11.     Common Stock
Public Stock Offering
On June 20, 2017, the Company closed a public stock offering and sold 1,954,852 shares of its common stock at $69.25 per share, for proceeds of approximately $130.8 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering costs. Additionally, certain selling stockholders sold 545,148 shares of common stock in the offering for which the Company did not receive any proceeds. Selling stockholders received proceeds net of their proportionate share of the total underwriting discounts and commissions. The Company also granted the underwriters a 30-day overallotment option to purchase up to an additional 375,000 shares of its common stock at $69.25 per share prior to the underwriting discount. The overallotment option expired unexercised.
Share Repurchase Program
On August 6, 2015, the Company’s Board authorized a $100.0 million stock repurchase program for 3 years which commenced on November 5, 2015 and expired on November 4, 2018. There were no shares of common stock repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2018. In 2017, the Company repurchased 134,900 shares of its common stock for a total cost of $7.9 million, or an average price of $58.82 per share.
On March 11, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a $150 million stock repurchase program for 3 years which commenced on March 13, 2019 and expires on March 12, 2022. Stock repurchases may be made from time-to-time in open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, through accelerated share repurchase programs, or by any combination of such methods. The timing of any repurchases and the actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including our stock price, corporate and regulatory requirements, restrictions under our debt obligations and other market and economic conditions. No shares of common stock have been repurchased under this program to date.
 
Note 12.     Employee Benefit Plans
Stock-based compensation is classified in the consolidated statements of income in the same expense line items as cash compensation. Amounts recorded as expense in the consolidated statements of income are as follows (in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Cost of revenue
$
3,270

 
$
7,686

 
$
6,213

Technology and development
2,185

 
2,391

 
2,448

Sales and marketing
3,000

 
2,936

 
3,004

General and administrative
9,633

 
12,636

 
15,515

Total
$
18,088

 
$
25,649

 
$
27,180

In 2018 and 2017 the Company capitalized $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in stock-based compensation cost in connection with its capitalization of software development costs. No stock-based compensation cost was capitalized in 2016.
(a) Employee Stock Option Plan
On May 26, 2010, the Company adopted the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (“2010 Plan”). Under the 2010 Plan, the Company can grant share-based awards to all employees, including executive officers, outside consultants and non-employee directors. As of December 31, 2018, the 2010 Plan has a total of 5.4 million common stock shares available for issuance.
The Company’s 2000 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan adopted in June 2000, as amended and restated, (“2000 Plan”), provides for the issuance of options and other stock-based awards. As of December 31, 2018, the 2000 Plan has a total of 53,000 options outstanding. Any forfeitures or shares remaining under the plan are canceled and not available for reissuance. No further grants will be made under the 2000 Plan.
Options under the 2000 Plan and the 2010 Plan (together “the Plans”) expire 10 years after the date of grant and generally vest over 4 years with 25% of the options vesting after one year and the balance vesting monthly over the remaining period. The Company issues new shares upon the exercise of stock options.

78
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

As of December 31, 2018, there was $7.7 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, related to non-vested stock-based awards which will be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1 year. Total unrecognized compensation cost will be adjusted for future changes in estimated forfeitures.
On April 25, 2018, the Compensation Committee approved a modification to the 2010 Plan which extended the post-termination option exercise period for holders of Company stock options whose employment with the Company terminated between March 19, 2018 and the date on which the Company next files a registration statement on Form S-8 with the SEC until 30 days following the S-8 filing date. This modification resulted in $0.1 million of additional stock-based compensation expense in 2018 for non-executive employees due to the extension of the exercise period. In addition, the Compensation Committee approved accelerated vesting of stock options which had been granted but did not vest as of the termination date for certain executive officers who terminated in 2018. This resulted in the recognition of additional stock-based compensation expense of $1.2 million in 2018.
 The following table summarizes the weighted-average fair value of stock options granted. There were no stock options granted in 2018.
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2017
 
2016
Stock options granted (in thousands)
632

 
825

Weighted-average fair value at date of grant
$
26.22

 
$
18.38

 
Stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows (shares in thousands):
 
Shares
 
Weighted-average
exercise price
 
Remaining
contractual term
(years)
 
Aggregate intrinsic
value (dollars in
thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2017
2,478

 
$
47.24

 
7.22
 
$
42,324

Granted
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(54
)
 
26.10

 
 
 
 
Forfeited
(205
)
 
60.70

 
 
 
 
Outstanding as of December 31, 2018
2,219

 
$
46.50

 
5.11
 
$
4,321

Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2018
2,187

 
$
46.30

 
5.08
 
$
4,323

Exercisable at December 31, 2018
1,849

 
$
43.74

 
4.61
 
$
4,323

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, was $1.8 million, $41.6 million and $37.0 million, respectively. Cash received from option exercises was $1.4 million, $14.3 million and $16.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options was $12.0 million, $11.8 million and $9.8 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Valuation Assumptions
The Company calculated the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions. There were no stock options granted during 2018.
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2017
 
2016
Expected volatility
39.79
%
 
42.63
%
Risk-free interest rate
1.86
%
 
1.17
%
Expected term (in years)
4.74

 
4.87

Dividend yield
—
%
 
—
%

79
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Stock-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. The determination of the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant using an option pricing model is affected by the Company’s stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. Expected volatility is determined using weighted-average volatility of peer publicly traded companies as well as the Company’s own historical volatility. The Company has increased weighting of its own historical data and intends to continue in future periods as that history grows over time. The risk-free interest rate is determined by using published zero coupon rates on treasury notes for each grant date given the expected term on the options. The dividend yield of zero is based on the fact that the Company expects to invest cash in operations and has not paid cash dividends on its common stock. The Company estimates the expected term based on historical experience, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the stock-based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee behavior such as exercises and forfeitures.  
Stock-based compensation expense is recognized in the consolidated statements of income based on awards ultimately expected to vest, and is reduced for estimated pre-vest forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and are revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The estimate for pre-vest forfeitures is based on weighted average historical forfeiture rates.  
(b) Restricted Stock Units
The Company grants restricted stock units ("RSU") to certain employees, officers, and directors under the 2010 Plan. RSUs vest upon either performance-based, market-based or service-based criteria.
Performance-based RSUs vest based on the satisfaction of specific performance criteria. At each vesting date, the holder of the award is issued shares of the Company’s common stock. Compensation expense from these awards is equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and is recognized over the remaining service period based on the probable outcome of achievement of the financial metrics used in the specific grant's performance criteria. Management’s estimate of the number of shares expected to vest is based on the anticipated achievement of the specified performance criteria.
Market-based performance RSUs are granted such that they vest upon the achievement of certain per share price targets of the Company’s common stock during a specified performance period. The fair market values of market-based performance RSUs are determined using the Monte Carlo simulation method. The Monte Carlo simulation method is subject to variability as several factors utilized must be estimated including the future daily stock price of the Company’s common stock over the specified performance period, the Company’s stock price volatility and risk-free interest rate. The amount of compensation expense is equal to the per share fair value calculated under the Monte Carlo simulation multiplied by the number of market-based performance RSUs granted, recognized over the specified performance period.
Generally, service-based RSUs vest over a four year period in equal annual installments commencing upon the first anniversary date of the grant date.
The company granted no performance-based RSUs in 2018. In the first quarter of 2017, and 2016, the Company granted a total of 343,000, and 263,000, respectively, of performance-based RSUs to certain executive officers. Performance-based RSUs are typically granted such that they vest upon the achievement of certain revenue growth rates and other financial metrics during a specified three year performance period. Participants have the ability to receive a percentage of the targeted number of shares originally granted which is up to a maximum of 200%, for 2017 and 2016, and 150%, for 2015.
On April 5, 2018, the Company's Board of Directors concluded that the previously issued financial statements for (i) the quarterly periods ended September 30, June 30 and March 31, 2017, (ii) the annual period ended December 31, 2016 and (iii) the quarterly periods ended September 30 and June 30, 2016 should be restated and should no longer be relied upon. As a result, the previously issued financial statements for the aforementioned reporting periods are considered not issued. The Company updates the stock-based compensation expense based on the number of performance-based RSUs it expects to vest as of each period end. During the Non-Reliance Period, the expected achievement for performance-based RSUs granted in 2017 and 2016 was reassessed based on the restated financial statement resulting in their expected achievement percentage being reduced from 130% to 81% for 2016 grants and from 130% to 56% for 2017 grants. In 2018, the expected achievement for performance-based RSUs granted in 2016 was adjusted to 72% based on the current period's financial results. No adjustments to the achievement percentage were necessary for awards granted in 2015 and 2017.

80
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs was $6.2 million, $13.6 million and $16.8 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Total unrecorded stock-based compensation expense at December 31, 2018 associated with RSUs was $9.5 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1 year.
In May 2019, each of our executive officers (other than our Executive Chairman and CEO) entered into a change in control and severance agreement with us which entitles the executive to 100% vesting acceleration in the event of the executive’s disability under the Prior Severance Agreement. Other material terms relating to equity compensation upon termination remained unchanged.
The following table summarizes information about RSUs issued to officers, directors, and employees under the 2010 Plan:
 
 
 
 
Weighted-average grant date fair value
 
Service-based RSUs
Performance-based RSUs
 
Service-based RSUs
Performance-based RSUs
 
(shares in thousands)
 
 
 
Unvested at December 31, 2017
304

725

 
$
61.61

$
60.21

Granted
—

—

 
—

—

Vested
(105
)
(257
)
 
60.40

58.98

Forfeitures
(35
)
(268
)
 
64.38

61.57

Unvested at December 31, 2018
164

200

 
$
61.79

$
59.76


(c) Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In May 2012, the Company established the 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) which is intended to qualify under Section 423 of the IRC.  The Company issued 18,037 and 48,443 common stock shares for which it received $0.9 million and $2.7 million from employee contributions during 2018 and 2017, respectively. At December 31, 2018, a total of 2,234,942 shares of the Company’s common stock are available for sale under the ESPP. In addition, the ESPP provides for annual increases in the number of shares available for issuance under the ESPP on the first day of each fiscal year, equal to the least of:
•500,000 shares of common stock;
•
1% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock as of the last day of its immediately preceding fiscal year; or
•
such other amount as may be determined by the board of directors.
Under the ESPP, employees are eligible to purchase common stock through payroll deductions of up to 25% of their eligible compensation, subject to any plan limitations. The ESPP has four consecutive offering periods of approximately three months in length during the year and the purchase price of the shares is 85% of the lower of the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the first trading day of the offering period or on the last day of the offering period. Stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP was $0.2 million in 2018 and $0.6 million in each of 2017 and 2016.
(d) 401(k) Plan
The Company participates in the WageWorks 401(k) Plan (“401(k) Plan”), a tax-deferred savings plan covering all of its employees working more than 1,000 hours per year. Employees become participants in the 401(k) Plan on the first day of any month following the first day of employment. Eligible employees may contribute up to 85% of their compensation to the 401(k) Plan, limited to the maximum allowed under the IRC. The Company, at its discretion, may match up to 40% of the first 6% of employees’ contributions and may make additional contributions to the 401(k) Plan. The Company contributed approximately $2.8 million, $2.5 million, and $1.8 million in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.
 
Note 13.     Organizational Efficiency Plan and Executive Severance
Starting in 2015, the Company initiated a plan ("2015 Plan") to integrate ancillary operations and consolidate certain positions resulting in employee headcount reduction and facility closures. As a result, the Company incurred employee termination and other charges consisting of severance and other employee termination costs, facility closure costs and other operational costs. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company incurred employee termination and other charges under the 2015 Plan totaling $1.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The Company continually evaluates ways to improve business processes to ensure that its operations align with its strategy and vision for the future.
Changes in the Company’s accrued liabilities for workforce reduction costs are as follows (dollars in thousands):
 
Amount
Beginning balance as of January 1, 2016
$
183

Employee termination and other charges
1,147

Releases
(1,330
)
Ending balance as of December 31, 2016
$
—

Employee termination and other charges
1,489

Releases
(1,489
)
Ending balance as of December 31, 2017
$
—

During 2018, the Company entered into transition agreements with certain executives as a result of changes to its management team. Total severance charges related to the transition agreements recorded in 2018 were $2.0 million, which are included in employee termination and other charges in the consolidated statements of income, of which $1.1 million was accrued at December 31, 2018.

Note 14.     Income Taxes
The Company reports income taxes using an asset and liability approach, under which deferred income taxes are provided based upon enacted tax laws and rates applicable to periods in which the taxes become payable. The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. federal and various state jurisdictions. Presently, there are no income tax examinations on-going in the jurisdictions where the Company operates.
The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows (in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Current:
 
 
 
 
 
Federal
$
(4,791
)
 
$
(159
)
 
$
(13,290
)
State
(2,946
)
 
(925
)
 
(1,501
)
 
(7,737
)
 
(1,084
)
 
(14,791
)
Deferred:
 
 
 
 
 
Federal
(6,437
)
 
(8,389
)
 
5,175

State
29

 
(110
)
 
687

 
(6,408
)
 
(8,499
)
 
5,862

Total provision for income taxes
$
(14,145
)
 
$
(9,583
)
 
$
(8,929
)

81
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Tax provision at U.S. statutory rate
21
 %
 
35
 %
 
35
 %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit
6

 
2

 
2

Permanent items - other
1

 
1

 
2

Research and development credits
(2
)
 
(1
)
 
(3
)
Stock-based compensation
9

 
(22
)
 
1

Other
(1
)
 
(1
)
 
(1
)
Change in tax rate
1

 
1

 
—

Provision for tax
35
 %
 
15
 %
 
36
 %
Deferred tax assets (liabilities) consist of the following (in thousands):
 
December 31,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
Deferred tax assets:
 
 
 
Net operating loss carryforwards
$
443

 
$
1,716

Stock-based compensation
12,092

 
11,778

Research and development and other credits
2,170

 
6,961

Reserves
6,952

 
5,417

Intangible assets
2,141

 
947

Gross deferred tax assets
23,798

 
26,819

Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
Property and equipment
(4,644
)
 
(3,874
)
Goodwill
(17,672
)
 
(12,802
)
Gross deferred tax liabilities
(22,316
)
 
(16,676
)
Net deferred tax assets
$
1,482

 
$
10,143

The income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, includes tax benefits of $0.4 million and $15.8 million, respectively, primarily due to the current year excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation pursuant to the adoption of ASU 2016-09.
On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Tax Act”). The Tax Act introduces tax reform that reduces the current corporate federal income tax rate from 35% to 21%, among other changes. The rate reduction is effective January 1, 2018. The Company has determined that the Tax Act requires a revaluation of its net deferred tax asset upon its enactment during the current quarter. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, like the Tax Act, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through income tax expense. As a result of the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate, the Company has recorded a non-cash charge to income tax expense of $0.3 million related to the revaluation of its net deferred tax assets.
The SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118"), which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act. SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the Tax Act enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under Accounting Standards Codification 740 ("ASC 740"). In accordance with SAB 118, a company must reflect the income tax effects of those aspects of the Act for which the accounting under ASC 740 is complete. To the extent that a company’s accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act is incomplete but it is able to determine a reasonable estimate, it must record a provision estimate in the financial statements. If a company cannot determine a provision estimate to be included in the financial statements, it should continue to apply ASC 740 on the basis of the provisions of the tax laws that were in effect immediately before the enactment of the Tax Act. The Company completed its analysis of the impacts of the Tax Act in the fourth quarter of 2018 and determined there were no significant adjustments to the provisional tax amounts recorded in the fourth quarter of 2017.

82
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company’s accounting for deferred taxes involves the evaluation of a number of factors concerning the realizability of the Company’s deferred tax assets. Assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets is dependent upon several factors, including the likelihood and amount, if any, of future taxable income in relevant jurisdictions during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company’s management forecasts taxable income by considering all available positive and negative evidence including its history of operating income or losses and its financial plans and estimates which are used to manage the business. The Company has concluded there was sufficient positive evidence at the end of 2018 and 2017 to continue to support the position that the Company does not need to maintain a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets. These assumptions require significant judgment about future taxable income. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable is subject to adjustment in future periods if estimates of future taxable income are reduced.
At December 31, 2018, unrecognized tax benefits were approximately $5.6 million, which would impact income tax expense if recognized. The Company does not anticipate that any adjustments would result in a material change to its financial position within the next twelve months. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company did not recognize any interest or penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the total amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Balance, beginning of year
$
5,078

 
$
4,765

 
$
4,429

Increase in tax positions for prior years
130

 
—

 
201

Increase in tax positions for current year
370

 
313

 
271

Other decreases
—

 
—

 
(136
)
Balance, end of year
$
5,578

 
$
5,078

 
$
4,765

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states jurisdictions. As a result of the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards, the 2002 through 2018 tax years are open and may be subject to potential examination in one or more jurisdictions.
At December 31, 2018, the Company has state operating loss carryforwards of approximately $6.5 million available to offset future taxable income. The Company’s state net operating loss carryforward is on a post-apportionment basis. The Company’s state net operating loss carryforwards expire in the years 2018 through 2033.
In addition, the Company had federal and California and other state research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $0.7 million and $4.4 million, respectively. The federal research credit carryforwards expire beginning in 2038, if not fully utilized. The California state research credit carries forward indefinitely and other states begin to expire in years 2029 through 2034.
The Company’s ability to utilize the net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards are subject to limitations in the event of an ownership change as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) of 1986, as amended, and similar state tax law. In general, an ownership change occurs if the aggregate stock ownership of certain stockholders increases by more than 50 percentage points over such stockholders’ lowest percentage ownership during the testing period (generally three years). The Company has considered Section 382 of the IRC and concluded that any ownership change would not diminish the Company’s utilization of its net operating loss or its research and development credits during the carryover periods.


83
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 15.     Commitments and Contingencies
(a) Operating Leases
The Company leases office space and equipment under non-cancelable operating leases with various expiration dates through 2028. Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases, excluding the contractual sublease income of $8.3 million which is expected to be received through February 2023, are as follows (in thousands):
 
 
As of
December 31, 2018
2019
 
$
9,479

2020
 
9,685

2021
 
9,661

2022
 
6,536

2023
 
2,308

Thereafter
 
5,663

Total future minimum lease payments
 
$
43,332

Rent expense was $7.7 million, $7.6 million, and $7.1 million for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Sublease income was $1.9 million, $1.7 million, and $0.7 million for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has $0.4 million in future minimum lease payments under capital leases.
(b) Legal Matters
The Company is pursuing affirmative claims against the OPM to obtain payment for services provided by the Company between March 1, 2016 and August 31, 2016 pursuant to our contract with OPM for the Government’s Federal Flexible Account Program (“FSAFEDS”). The Company initially issued its invoice for these services in February 2017. On December 22, 2017, the Company received the Contracting Officer’s “final decision” refusing payment of the invoiced amount and otherwise denying the Company’s Certified Claim. As a result of this decision, and a related Certified Claim that OPM subsequently denied, on February 8, 2018, we filed an appeal to the Civilian Board of Contract Appeals (“CBCA”) against OPM for services provided by the Company between March 1, 2016 and August 31, 2016. On August 3, 2018, we also filed an appeal to the CBCA of OPM’s June 21, 2018 denial of a Request for Equitable Adjustment for extra work associated with a contract modification imposing new security and other requirements not part of the original scope of FSAFED’s contract work. In connection with the Company’s claims against OPM, OPM has also claimed that an erroneous statement in a certificate signed by a former executive officer constituted a violation of the False Claims Act and moved to dismiss part of our claim against OPM as a result. In March 2019, the Company filed a Motion for Summary Judgement with CBCA on the December 22nd denial by the OPM. OPM has moved to defer consideration of the Summary Judgment Motion to permit it further discovery. That Motion has been briefed and the case is on hold pending a ruling by the CBCA which could be handed down any day. In order to accelerate resolution of all matters before the CBCA, the Company’s appeal of the June 21st denial by the OPM was withdrawn on April 9, 2019. The remaining claim related to the OPM’s December 22nd denial, valued at approximately $6.2 million, is scheduled to go to trial in July 2019 if the pending Summary Judgment is denied by the CBCA. As with all legal proceedings, no assurance can be provided as to the outcome of these matters or if we will be successful in recovering the full claimed amount.
On March 9, 2018, a putative class action was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (the “Securities Class Action”). On May 16, 2019, a consolidated amended complaint was filed by the lead plaintiffs asserting claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, against the Company, our former Chief Executive Officer and our former Chief Financial Officer on behalf of purchasers of WageWorks common stock between May 6, 2016 and March 1, 2018. The complaint also alleges claims under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, arising from our June 19, 2017 common stock offering against those same defendants, as well as the members of our Board of Directors at the time of that offering and the underwriters of the offering.
On June 22, 2018 and September 6, 2018, two derivative lawsuits were filed against certain of our officers and directors and the Company (as nominal defendant) in the Superior Court of the State of California, County of San Mateo. The actions were consolidated. On July 23, 2018, a similar derivative lawsuit was filed against certain of our officers and directors and the Company (as nominal defendant) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (together, the “Derivative Suits”). The Derivative Suits purport to allege claims related to breaches of fiduciary duties, waste of corporate assets, and unjust enrichment.

84
WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

In addition, the complaint in District Court includes a claim for abuse of control, and the complaint in Superior Court includes a claim to require the Company to hold an annual shareholder meeting. The allegations in the Derivative Suits relate to substantially the same facts as those underlying the Securities Class Action described above. The plaintiffs seek unspecified damages and fees and costs. In addition, the complaint in the Superior Court seeks for us to provide past operational reports and financial statements, to publish timely and accurate operational reports and financial statements going forward, to hold an annual shareholder meeting, and to take steps to improve its corporate governance and internal procedures.
Plaintiffs in the Superior Court action filed a Consolidated Complaint on May 2, 2019. As stipulated by the parties, and approved by the District Court, the District Court action is stayed. The parties in the District Court action are to notify the District Court within 15 days of (1) the dismissal of the Securities Class Action, (2) the denial of defendants’ motion(s) to dismiss, or (3) a party giving notice that they no longer consent to the voluntary stay.
The Company voluntarily contacted the San Francisco office of the SEC Division of Enforcement regarding the restatement and independent investigation. The Company is providing information and documents to the SEC and will continue to cooperate with the SEC’s investigation into these matters. The U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of California also opened an investigation. The Company has provided documents and information to the U.S. Attorney’s Office and will continue to cooperate with any inquiries by the U.S. Attorney’s Office regarding the matter.
The Company records a provision for contingent losses when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Based on currently available information, the Company does not believe that any additional liabilities relating to other unresolved matters are probable or that the amount of any resulting loss is estimable. In addition, in accordance with the relevant authoritative guidance, for matters which the likelihood of material loss is at least reasonably possible, the Company provides disclosure of the possible loss or range of loss. If a reasonable estimate cannot be made, the Company will provide disclosure to that effect. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and the Company’s view of these matters may change in the future. Were an unfavorable outcome to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows for the period in which the unfavorable outcome occurs, and potentially in future periods.
The Company is involved in various other litigation, governmental proceedings and claims, not described above, that arise in the normal course of business. While it is not possible to determine the ultimate outcome or the duration of such litigation, governmental proceedings or claims, the Company believes, based on current knowledge and the advice of counsel, that such litigation, proceedings and claims will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

Note 16.     Related Party
The National Flex Trust (“the Trust”), established by one of the previously acquired entities of the Company, is to provide reimbursement of qualified expenses to plan participants under certain employer plans that have contracted with the Company to provide the plan services using a custodial account (“the Trust Account”). The client is responsible for maintaining the employer plan for their participants, including the establishment of eligibility and paying all eligible claim amounts owed to their participants. The Company is an independent contractor engaged to perform administration services.
The Company has a long-term receivable due from the Trust totaling $1.0 million which the Trust holds with its banks, as a security deposit for the settlement of participant claims. The Company has recorded this receivable within other assets on its consolidated balance sheets.
 

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WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 17.     Selected Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)
 
 
Fiscal Quarter Ended
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
September 30, 2018
 
June 30, 2018
 
March 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
September 30, 2017
 
June 30, 2017
 
March 31, 2017
 
 
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Healthcare
 
$
65,376

 
$
66,125

 
$
68,104

 
$
75,256

 
$
66,046

 
$
65,893

 
$
68,202

 
$
74,674

COBRA
 
26,045

 
25,081

 
26,200

 
28,835

 
29,142

 
26,897

 
27,018

 
28,550

Commuter
 
19,426

 
18,785

 
18,847

 
18,878

 
18,508

 
17,987

 
17,836

 
18,543

Other
 
4,218

 
3,980

 
3,357

 
3,671

 
4,384

 
4,069

 
4,076

 
4,270

Total revenues
 
115,065

 
113,971

 
116,508

 
126,640

 
118,080

 
114,846

 
117,132

 
126,037

Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost of revenues (excluding amortization of internal use software)
 
39,533

 
33,886

 
36,143

 
45,242

 
43,223

 
39,031

 
43,319

 
48,088

Technology and development, sales and marketing, general and administrative, and employee termination and other charges
 
59,802

 
61,454

 
53,664

 
56,620

 
49,547

 
50,365

 
48,619

 
45,581

Amortization
 
10,772

 
10,502

 
10,191

 
9,991

 
9,858

 
9,402

 
9,393

 
9,237

Total operating expenses
 
110,107

 
105,842

 
99,998

 
111,853

 
102,628

 
98,798

 
101,331

 
102,906

Income from operations
 
4,958

 
8,129

 
16,510

 
14,787

 
15,452

 
16,048

 
15,801

 
23,131

Other, net
 
(1,317
)
 
(1,071
)
 
(965
)
 
(916
)
 
(1,443
)
 
(1,749
)
 
(1,680
)
 
(1,590
)
Income before income taxes
 
3,641

 
7,058

 
15,545

 
13,871

 
14,009

 
14,299

 
14,121

 
21,541

Income tax (provision) benefit
 
(1,738
)
 
(4,934
)
 
(4,621
)
 
(2,852
)
 
(5,020
)
 
(5,236
)
 
6,157

 
(5,484
)
Net income
 
$
1,903

 
$
2,124

 
$
10,924

 
$
11,019

 
$
8,989

 
$
9,063

 
$
20,278

 
$
16,057

Net income per share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
 
$
0.05

 
$
0.05

 
$
0.27

 
$
0.28

 
$
0.23

 
$
0.23

 
$
0.54

 
$
0.43

Diluted
 
$
0.05

 
$
0.05

 
$
0.27

 
$
0.27

 
$
0.23

 
$
0.23

 
$
0.53

 
$
0.42

Shares used in computing net income per share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
 
39,853

 
39,853

 
39,853

 
39,823

 
38,447

 
39,641

 
37,419

 
37,025

Diluted
 
40,340

 
40,492

 
40,412

 
40,480

 
39,415

 
40,264

 
38,613

 
38,441



Note 18.     Subsequent Events
On March 29, 2019, the Company reduced the long-term debt principal with a $60.0 million payment.
On March 11, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program. All the material terms of this program are disclosed in Note 11 Stockholders’ Equity.
On March 19, 2019, WageWorks, Inc. (the “Company”) received a notice from the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) indicating that the Company is not in compliance with the NYSE’s continued listing requirements under the timely filing criteria outlined in Section 802.01E of the NYSE Listed Company Manual as a result of the Company’s failure to timely file its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 (the “Form 10-K”). The NYSE informed the Company that, under the NYSE’s rules, the Company will have six months from March 1, 2019 to file the Form 10-K with the SEC. The Company can regain compliance with the NYSE continued listing requirements at any time before that date by filing the Form 10-K with the SEC. If the Company fails to file the Form 10-K before the NYSE’s six-month compliance deadline, the NYSE may grant, at its sole discretion, an extension of up to six additional months for the Company to regain compliance, depending on the specific circumstances.
On April 29, 2019, the Company received an unsolicited, non-binding proposal from HealthEquity, Inc. (NASDAQ: HQY) to acquire all of the outstanding shares of the Company. The Company's Board, in consultation with its financial and legal advisors, will continue to carefully review the proposal in order to pursue the course of action that is in the best interests of all of the Company's shareholders.

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WAGEWORKS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

On May 23, 2019, each of our executive officers (other than our Executive Chairman and CEO) entered into a change in control and severance agreement.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None
 
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), as of December 31, 2018. The term “disclosure controls and procedures” means our controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based on the foregoing evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, due to the existence of unremediated material weaknesses in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as described below, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were not effective.
Notwithstanding the existence of the material weaknesses described below, management believes that the consolidated financial statements and related financial information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K fairly present, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows as of and for the periods presented, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Management’s belief is based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to:
a)
the completion of the Audit Committee’s investigation and the substantial resources expended (including the use of external consultants and experts) to respond to the findings and the resulting restatement of certain of our previously issued financial statements; the Audit Committee engaged independent professionals to assist its investigation throughout the process and, the Audit Committee has concluded its investigation;
b)
the completion of the Special Committee’s investigation. The Board had formed a Special Committee of directors independent from the Audit Committee to carry out an independent investigation and review the procedures, scope and findings of the Audit Committee’s investigation as well as the additional allegations, and the Special Committee has concluded its investigation.
c)
our internal review that identified certain accounting errors and control deficiencies, leading to the restatement of certain of our previously issued financial statements for the quarterly periods ended June 30, 2016, September 30, 2016, financial year ended December 31, 2016, and the quarterly periods ended March 31, 2017, June 30, 2017, and September 30, 2017;
d)
based on the efforts above, we have updated, and in some cases corrected, our accounting policies and have applied these to our previously issued financial results and to our fiscal year 2018 financial results; and
e)
certain remediation actions we have undertaken to address the identified material weaknesses, as discussed below.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and overseen by our Board of Directors (the “Board”), management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions

87

are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures included in such controls may deteriorate.
Our management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, management used the criteria established by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Based on the results of that evaluation, which included information identified during the Audit Committee investigation and the work undertaken by management and the Company’s advisors, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 was not effective due to the existence of the following material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described below.
Control Environment, Risk Assessment, Control Activities and Monitoring
Based on the investigations conducted under the direction of the Audit Committee of the Board, it was concluded that there was an inadequate open flow, transparency, communication and dissemination of relevant and pertinent information from former senior management concerning a complex transaction with the federal government that contributed to an ineffective control environment driven by the tone at the top. Management’s failure to timely communicate all pertinent information resulted in an environment which led to errors in the financial statements.
Based on the assessment of control environment it was noted that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting related to the following areas: control environment, risk assessment, control activities and monitoring:
•
We did not have processes and controls to ensure there were adequate mechanisms and oversight to ensure accountability for the performance of internal control over financial reporting responsibilities and to ensure corrective actions were appropriately prioritized and implemented in a timely manner.
•
We did not effectively execute a strategy to attract, develop and retain a sufficient complement of qualified resources with an appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training in certain areas important to financial reporting.
•
There was not an adequate assessment of changes in risks by management that could significantly impact internal control over financial reporting or an adequate determination and prioritization of how those risks should be managed.
•
We did not have adequate management oversight of accounting and financial reporting activities in implementing certain accounting practices to conform to the Company’s policies and GAAP.
•
We did not have adequate management oversight around completeness and accuracy of data material to financial reporting.
•
There was a lack of robust, established and documented accounting policies and insufficiently detailed Company procedures to put these policies into effective action.
•
We were not focused on a commitment to competency as it relates to creating priorities, allocating adequate resources and establishing cross functional procedures around managing complex contracts and non-routine transactions as well as managing change and attracting, developing and retaining qualified resources.
These deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting contributed to the following identified material weaknesses.
A.
Accounting Close and Financial Reporting
We had inadequate or ineffective senior accounting leadership and corresponding process level and monitoring controls in the area of accounting close and financial reporting specifically, but not exclusively, around the review of account reconciliations, account estimates and related cut-off, and monitoring of the accounting close cycle and some areas of related sub-processes such as equity. We also did not have effective business processes and controls to conduct an effective review of manual data feeds into journal entries for platforms which were not integrated with the main ERP system.

88

We did not have robust, established and documented accounting policies that were implemented effectively, which led to adjustments in areas such as, but not exclusive to Impairment of Internally Developed Software (IDS) and Unclaimed Liability. As a result of these adjustments the accounts related to Amortization of IDS, Fixed Assets, and operating expenses as they relate to interest and penalties were impacted.
We also did not have a robust process around managing change and corresponding assessment and implementation of Accounting Policies. Furthermore, it also resulted in the delayed assessment and design of controls for the timely implementation of controls around Accounting Standard 606 (ASC 606) for Revenue Recognition which was effective January 2018. These gaps resulted in several adjustments in the financial statements as of the end of the period covered by this report.
B.
Contract to Cash Process
We did not have effective controls around our contract-to-cash life cycle. The root cause of these gaps were due to inadequate or ineffective process level controls around billing set-up during customer implementation, managing change to existing customer billing terms and conditions, timely termination of customers, implementing complex and/or non-standard billing arrangements which require manual intervention or manual controls for billing to customers, processing timely adjustments, lack of robust, established and documented policies to assess collectability and reserve for revenue, bad debts and accounts receivable, and availability of customer contracts.
These gaps resulted in several adjustments in Revenue, Accounts Receivable, and Accounts Receivable Reserves in the financial statement as of the end of the period covered by this report.
C.
Risk Assessment and Management of Change
We did not maintain an effective risk assessment and monitoring process to manage the expansion of our existing business. Hence, there were inadequate and ineffective business and financial reporting control activities associated with change and growth in the business. Amongst other areas, the assessment of the control environment and the design of manual controls around financial system implementations was not performed adequately.
As a result, the Company did not properly estimate, reserve and record certain transactions which resulted in errors in the financial statements as of the end of the period covered by this report.
D.
Review of New, Unusual or Significant Transactions and Contracts
We did not have adequate risk assessment controls to continuously formally assess the financial reporting risks associated with executing new, significant or unusual transactions, contracts or business initiatives. As a result, the Company did not adequately identify and analyze changes in the business and hence implement effective process level controls and monitoring controls that were responsive to these changes and aligned with financial reporting objectives. This failure to identify and analyze changes occurred in connection with the integration of acquisitions and the monitoring and recording of certain revenues associated with a complex government contract. As a result, the Company did not properly account for certain transactions including Revenue and Customer Obligation Accounts, which resulted in errors in the financial statements as of the end of the period covered by this report.
E.
Manual Reconciliations of High-Volume Standard Transactions
We did not have effective business processes and controls as well as resources with adequate training and support to conduct an effective review of manual reconciliations including the complex data feeds into the reconciliations of high-volume standard transactions. This resulted in several errors mainly to balance sheet classifications around Accounts Receivable, Customer Obligations and other related accounts as of the end of the period covered by this report.
F.
Information Technology General Controls (ITGC)
We did not have effective controls related to information technology general controls (ITGCs) in the areas of logical access and change-management over certain information technology (IT) systems that support the Company’s financial reporting processes. Our business process controls (automated and manual) that are dependent on the affected ITGCs were also deemed ineffective because they could have been adversely impacted. We believe that these control deficiencies were a result of IT control processes having an inadequate risk-assessment process to identify and assess changes in business environment which would impact IT environments related to internal control over financial reporting. Hence,

89

the control design, implementation, and documentation were not enhanced to adapt to the changing business environment. There was also insufficient training of IT personnel on how to design and implement ITGCs.
In addition to the material weaknesses noted above, management identified several significant deficiencies and deficiencies. These deficiencies relate to several areas that are partially routed in the weaknesses in the internal control environment documented above.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, BDO USA, LLP, which audited the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has expressed an adverse report on the operating effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. BDO USA, LLP’s report appears in Part II Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Remediation Plan and Status for Reported Material Weaknesses
We have been working and are currently working to remediate the material weaknesses described above, including assessing the need for additional remediation steps and implementing additional measures to remediate the underlying causes that gave rise to the material weaknesses. The Company is committed to a strong internal control environment and to ensure that a proper, consistent tone is communicated throughout the organization, including the expectation that previously existing deficiencies will be remediated through implementation of processes and controls to ensure strict compliance with GAAP and the 2013 COSO framework.
To address the material weaknesses in the overall control environment, in addition to the specific remediations noted under each sub-section, the Company has and is in the process of taking the following measures:
•
The Company has undergone a leadership transition, and we have a new CEO, CFO and General Counsel. Clear lines of responsibilities have been drawn in new roles to ensure effective controls.
•
We are establishing regular working group meetings, with appropriate oversight by the Audit Committee and leadership of the Company, to strengthen accountability for performance of internal control over financial reporting responsibilities and prioritization of corrective actions.
•
We will be enhancing our compensation practices to further incorporate risk and operational goals.
•
We will be assessing and enhancing the adequacy and quality of resources in areas impacting financial reporting including, but not limited to conducting additional training programs for our employees to enhance their skill sets which will complement their work.
•
We are augmenting accounting staff with additional technical expertise in GAAP to assist with enhanced financial reporting procedures, controls and remediation efforts.
To address the material weakness in the Accounting Close and Financial Reporting area (Material Weakness A., noted above), the Company has taken the following measures:
•
We are establishing senior level oversight and executive reporting around the accounting close and financial reporting process with an enhanced focus on improving process level controls to strengthen the existing control environment around formalizing and documenting accounting policies as well as implementing a robust accounting close process with enhanced review of financial statements.
•
In addition to enhancing processes and controls over adoption of new accounting standards, we will also be enhancing GAAP expertise within the accounting department.
To address the material weakness in the Contract to Cash Process (Material Weakness B., noted above), the Company has taken the following measures:
•
We are establishing senior level oversight and executive reporting around the contract to cash process with an enhanced focus on improving process level controls to strengthen the existing control environment around the contract to cash process and revenue recognition. This includes but is not limited to enhancing the process for record retention of contracts and agreements, assessment of collectability from customers, analysis of complex contracts as well as automation of select billing processes.
To address the material weakness in the Risk Assessment and Change Management Process (Material Weakness C., noted above), the Company has taken the following measures:

90

•
We are developing a plan to implement a periodic risk assessment process, review of control procedures and documentation around impact of changes on accounting processes.
•
We are developing a plan to enhance documentation and review around accounting estimates, and interpretations with formal approval of the detailed review.
•
We are developing a plan to proactively design manual controls around implementation of new systems impacting financial reporting.
•
We have reallocated Company resources to improve the oversight over operational changes across the business and business trends.
To address the material weakness in the Review of New, Unusual or Significant Transactions and Contracts (Material Weakness D., noted above), the Company is in process of strengthening its processes and controls as follows:
•
We are designing and implementing enhanced internal controls surrounding identification, analysis and governance and monitoring of new, significant or unusual contracts or transactions to ensure that these contracts or transactions are recorded in accordance with Company’s policies and GAAP. This will entail enhanced documentation of analysis, as well as review and cross functional approval of company policies and interpretations.
To address the material weakness in the Manual Reconciliations of High-Volume Standard Transactions (Material Weakness E, noted above), the Company has taken the following measures:
•
We are providing leadership oversight to ensure prioritization of funding and resources for the remediation efforts.
•
We are strengthening the review controls and supporting documentation related to reconciliations of high-volume standard transactions. With an enhanced focus on supporting documentation review, we are implementing a comprehensive review methodology over data, inputs and reports used for the reconciliations.
To address the material weakness in the Information Technology General Controls (ITGC) (Material Weakness F, noted above), the Company has taken the following measures:
•
We are enhancing the expertise in the area of IT control management. In addition, an outside service provider has been engaged to assist with the remediation efforts in the areas of weakness.
•
We are developing a training program addressing ITGCs and policies, including educating control owners concerning the principles and requirements of each control, with a focus on those related to logical access and change-management over IT systems impacting financial reporting.
•
We are developing and maintaining documentation underlying ITGCs to promote knowledge transfer upon personnel and function changes.
•
We are developing enhanced risk assessment procedures and controls related to changes in business and impact on related IT systems.
The material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until the applicable remedial controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. Additional remediation measures may be required, which may require additional implementation time. We will continue to assess the effectiveness of our remediation efforts in connection with our evaluations of internal control over financial reporting.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our remediation efforts were ongoing during the period of the report. During 2019, the Company has filled certain key leadership roles in Accounting and Risk Management and is in the process of enhancing capabilities of that organization. The Company has engaged Senior Leadership across the various departments of the organization to have ownership of areas of controls and remediation. Performance measurement metrics across various levels of the organization have also incorporated controls remediation as a key element. In addition, an outside service provider has been engaged to assist with the remediation efforts in the areas of identified weaknesses.
In order to remediate our existing material weaknesses, we require additional time to complete the implementation of our remediation plans and demonstrate the effectiveness of our remediation efforts. The material weaknesses cannot be considered remediated until the applicable remedial controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively.

91

Except for the material weaknesses described above, no other change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2018, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information
Change in Control and Severance Agreement
On May 23, 2019 each of our executive officers (other than our Executive Chairman and CEO) entered into a change in control and severance agreement with us providing for the payments and benefits described below. The form of the agreement is attached to this filing as Exhibit 10.30. The change in control and severance agreement provide for severance and change in control

92

terms that are substantially similar to the terms set forth on the Form of Amended and Restated Executive Severance Benefit Agreement, which is incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.9 to this filing (the “Prior Severance Agreement”), except that (i) the “change in control period” (as defined below) under the Prior Severance Agreement ends 24 months following a change in control and the executive was entitled to 100% vesting acceleration in the event of the executive’s disability under the Prior Severance Agreement.
The new agreements include reduced benefits such that if the executive officer’s employment is terminated by us other than for “cause,” death, or “disability” or he resigns for “good reason” (as such terms are defined in his change in control and severance agreement), in either case, outside the “change in control period” (as defined below), he will be eligible to receive the following payments and benefits:
•
continued payment for 12 months of his base salary in effect immediately before his termination (or if the termination is due to a resignation for good reason based on a material reduction in base salary, then as of immediately before such reduction); and
•
Company payment of the monthly premium for the executive officer and his eligible dependents to continue health coverage pursuant to COBRA continuation coverage for up to 12 months following his termination date (or monthly taxable payments to him for the same period in lieu of our payment of such premiums).
If, on or after the 12-month period following a change in control (such period, the “change in control period”), the executive officer’s employment is terminated by us other than for cause, death, or disability or he resigns for “good reason”, he will be entitled to the following benefits:
•
a lump-sum payment equal to 100% of his annual base salary as of immediately before his termination (or if the termination is due to a resignation for good reason based on a material reduction in base salary, then as of immediately before such reduction) or, if such amount is greater, as of immediately before the change in control;
•
a lump-sum payment equal to 100% of his target annual bonus (for the year of his termination);
•
company payment of the monthly premium for the executive officer and his eligible dependents to continue health coverage pursuant to COBRA continuation coverage for up to 12 months following his termination date (or monthly taxable payments to him for the same period in lieu of our payment of such premiums); and
•
100% accelerated vesting of all outstanding equity awards, and, with respect to equity awards with performance-based vesting, unless otherwise specified in the award agreements governing such equity awards, all performance goals or other vesting criteria will be deemed achieved at 100% of target levels.
In the event of an executive officer’s termination due to his death, then 100% of the unvested portion of each of his equity awards will become immediately vested and exercisable.
The receipt of the payments and benefits above is conditioned on the executive officer timely signing and not revoking a release of claims, returning all documents and property belonging to us, resigning from all officer and director positions with us, and complying with the restrictive covenants applicable to him.
In addition, if any of the payments or benefits provided for under a change in control and severance agreement or otherwise payable to an executive officer would constitute “parachute payments” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Internal Revenue Code and could be subject to the related excise tax, the executive officer will be entitled to receive either full payment of such payments and benefits or such lesser amount that will result in no portion of the payments and benefits being subject to the excise tax, whichever results in the greater amount of after-tax benefits to him. No change in control and severance agreement requires us to provide any tax gross-up payments to the executive officers.

PART III
 
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Executive Officers
The following table sets forth the name, age and position of each of our executive officers as of December 31, 2018:
Name
Age
Position
Stuart C. Harvey, Jr.
57
Executive Chairman of the Board
Edgar O. Montes
58
President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Ismail “Izzy” Dawood
47
Chief Financial Officer
Scott R. Rose
50
Chief Operating Officer
John G. Saia
46
Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary
Ismail (Izzy) Dawood joined us as our Interim Chief Financial Officer in April 2018. He became Chief Financial Officer in October 2018. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Dawood served as Chief Financial Officer of Santander Consumer USA Holdings Inc. between December 2015 and October 2017. He also served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

93

of the Investment Services division of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (“BNY Mellon”) since April 2013, as Executive Vice President and Director of Investor Relations and Financial Planning and Analysis of BNY Mellon from June 2009 to March 2013 and as Senior Vice President and Global Head of Corporate Development and Strategy of BNY Mellon from November 2006 to May 2009. He also served in various senior roles at Wachovia Corporation, where he was employed from 1994 to 2006, including Managing Director of Structured Treasury Activities and Managing Director of Corporate Development. Mr. Dawood holds a master’s degree in business administration from the Wharton School of Business and a bachelor’s degree in finance from St. John’s University, Jamaica (Queens), New York. Mr. Dawood is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) charterholder.
Scott R. Rose has served as our Chief Operating Officer since March 2019. Mr. Rose has served as the Company’s Senior Vice President, Customer Experience since June 2016. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Rose held the position of Vice President, Customer Care with McKesson Corporation from 2006 to 2016. Prior to McKesson. Mr. Rose held various roles in 401k, Health & Welfare, Payroll and Six Sigma practices with Fidelity Investments. Mr. Rose holds a BA in Economics from the University of Florida and a Master of Business Administration from the M.J. Neeley School of Business at Texas Christian University.
John Saia joined us as our Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary in January 2019. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Saia served as General Counsel and Corporate Secretary for AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. between April 2018 and January 2019, where he led all legal and compliance activities worldwide. Prior to that, he spent more than a decade in numerous leadership roles on the legal team at McKesson Corporation, including Corporate Secretary and Associate General Counsel. In addition to holding positions at several highly respected law firms, Mr. Saia also held roles at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice. Mr. Saia graduated cum laude from Santa Clara University and holds a Juris Doctorate from The George Washington School of Law.
Please see “Directors” below for the biography of Messrs. Harvey and Montes.

Directors

The following table sets forth the name, age and class of each of our directors as of December 31, 2018:
Name
Age
Position
Class
Term Expiration Year
Stuart C. Harvey, Jr.
57
Executive Chairman
Class III
2021
Thomas A. Bevilacqua (2)(3)
62
Lead Independent Director
Class III
2021
Bruce G. Bodaken (1)
67
Director
Class III
2021
Carol A. Goode (2)(3)
65
Director
Class II
2020
Jerome D. Gramaglia (2)(3)
63
Director
Class I
2022
Robert L. Metzger (1)
51
Director
Class I
2022
George P. Scanlon (1)
61
Director
Class II
2020
Edgar O. Montes
58
President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Class I
2022
(1) Member of the Audit Committee
(2) Member of the Compensation Committee
(3) Member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
Directors
Stuart C. Harvey, Jr. has served as Executive Chairman of our Board since September 2018. Mr. Harvey is currently the Non-Executive Chairman of Paysafe Group, a multinational payments company. Previously, Mr. Harvey served as President and Chief Operating Officer of Piper Jaffray Companies where he was responsible for the operations of the company’s global investment banking, equities, public finance, fixed income and asset management businesses. Mr. Harvey was with Elavon Global Acquiring Solutions, Inc. from 2003 to 2010, and in 2010, he became the Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Ceridian Corporation. In 2013, Mr. Harvey became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Comadara, Inc., a subsidiary that was split off by Ceridian that managed fleet and corporate card payments and services, while continuing to serve as Executive Chairman of Ceridian. Mr. Harvey received a bachelor’s degree from Saint John’s University, an M.B.A. from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University and a J.D. from the George Washington University Law School. He also serves on the board of directors of Trustwave Holdings, Inc. and on the board of trustees of Saint John’s University. We believe that Mr. Harvey

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possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our Board, including his past business and operational experience.
Thomas A. Bevilacqua has served as a member of our Board since November 2009, as a member of our Compensation Committee since February 2010, as a member of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee since February 2011, and as Lead Independent Director since October 2018. Mr. Bevilacqua has served as a Managing Director with Vantage Point Capital Partners, a venture capital firm, since November 2007, where he focuses on investments in the Internet and information technology market. Since 2007, Mr. Bevilacqua has also served as a Managing Director of Gain Capital, a global leader in online trading. Prior to joining Vantage Point, Mr. Bevilacqua served as Executive Vice President of E*TRADE Financial from 1997 to 2002, where he served in a variety of operational roles and established E*TRADE’s acquisition and investment strategies. While at E*TRADE, Mr. Bevilacqua founded ArrowPath Venture Partners, an early stage venture capital fund that was later spun out from E*TRADE, and served as the Managing Partner of that firm from 1999 to November 2007. Mr. Bevilacqua was previously a partner at two leading Silicon Valley law firms, Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison LLP and Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP. Mr. Bevilacqua received a J.D. from the University of California, Hastings College of the Law and a B.S. in business administration from the University of California at Berkeley. We believe that Mr. Bevilacqua possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our Board and to serve as a member of our Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, including his knowledge of technology investments and Internet services, his financial literacy and his general business and legal experience.
Bruce G. Bodaken has served as a member of our Board since September 2005, as Chairman of our Audit Committee from May 2009 to November 2014 and as a member of our Audit Committee since February 2006. Mr. Bodaken served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Blue Shield of California from 2000 to 2012, where he was responsible for strategy and management of California’s third largest insurer, with $10 billion in revenue. Prior to that, Mr. Bodaken served as Blue Shield of California’s President and COO from 1996 to 2000. He has been on the board of directors of Rite Aid Corporation since May 2013 and iRhythm Technologies since July 2017. Mr. Bodaken holds a M.A. from the University of Colorado and a B.A. from Colorado State University. We believe that Mr. Bodaken possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our Board and to serve as a member of our Audit Committee, including his extensive business experience as an executive in the health insurance industry.
Carol A. Goode has served as a member of our Board and a member of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Compensation Committee since April 2019. Previously, Ms. Goode served as the Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer of Brocade Communications Systems, Inc., a technology company specializing in data and storage networking products, from May 2013 through January 2018. Prior to joining Brocade, Ms. Goode served as a business consultant and advisor to various companies both in Silicon Valley and nationally since 1987. From 1997 to 2001, Ms. Goode served as the Vice President of Human Resources to Bay Networks, Inc., which was acquired by Nortel Networks Corp in 1998 where Ms. Goode continued in her role. Ms. Goode holds an M.B.A. from Duquesne University and a B.S. from Indiana University of Pennsylvania. We believe Ms. Goode possesses specific attributes that qualify her to serve as a member of our Board, including her significant business experience and expertise in human resources.
Jerome D. Gramaglia has served as a member of our Board since November 2002, as a member of our Compensation Committee since October 2003, as Chairman of our Compensation Committee since July 2005 and as a member of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee since August 2014. Mr. Gramaglia is a private investor/advisor to consumer-oriented technology start-ups. From March 2011 to July 2011, Mr. Gramaglia served as interim Chief Executive Officer and President of Acxiom Corporation (now LiveRamp), a leading provider of marketing data, services and technology. Mr. Gramaglia previously served as Partner for ArrowPath Venture Partners and as President and Chief Operating Officer for E*TRADE Group, Inc., a leading provider of electronic financial services. Mr. Gramaglia has also served on the boards of directors of Coldwater Creek, a national retailer of women’s apparel, from June 2004 to September 2013 and Acxiom (now LiveRamp) since August 2009, where he currently serves as Non-Executive Chairman of the Board. Mr. Gramaglia received a B.A. in Economics from Denison University. We believe Mr. Gramaglia possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our Board and to serve as Chairman of our Compensation Committee, including his experience in various executive roles of a public company, his service on the Board of other public companies and his marketing, financial, technology and management expertise.
Robert L. Metzger has served as a member of our Board since February 2016, as a member of our Audit Committee since February 2016 and as Chairman of our Audit Committee since February 2017. Since 2016, Mr. Metzger has been serving as a Senior Director at William Blair & Company. He previously served as a Partner from 2005-2015 after joining the firm in 1999. He also served as the Head of the Technology and Financial Services Investment Banking Groups from 2011-2015 and 2007-2015, respectively. During his career of over 15 years at William Blair, he completed in excess of 100 transactions and also acted as Chairman of William Blair & Company’s audit committee from 2013-2015. Prior to joining William Blair & Company, he worked from 1990-1994 at Price Waterhouse in Audit and Audit Advisory Services, in the Financial Institutions Group at A.T Kearney,

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Inc. from 1995-1997 and in the Investment Banking Division of ABN AMRO Incorporated from 1997-1999. Currently, Mr. Metzger is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Finance at the University of Illinois. Mr. Metzger has also served on the Board of Directors and as the audit committee chair of USA Technologies since May 2016. Previously, Mr. Metzger served on the Board of Directors and as the chair of the audit committee of Millennium Trust from March 2016 to March 2018 and on the Board of Directors and as the Special Committee Chair of JetPay Corporation from November 2017 to December 2018. Mr. Metzger holds an MBA with concentrations in finance and strategy from J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University and a B.S. in Accountancy from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. We believe Mr. Metzger possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our Board, including his significant experience as an investment banker and his financial and accounting expertise.
George P. Scanlon has served as a member of our Board and Audit Committee since October 2018. He is an accomplished executive and private investor, previously serving as Chief Executive Officer of Fidelity National Financial, Inc. from October 2010 to December 2013. Mr. Scanlon joined FNF as Chief Operating Officer in June 2010 from FIS, where he served as Executive Vice President of Finance. Prior to the acquisition by Fidelity National Information Services of Metavante Corporation in October 2009, Mr. Scanlon served as the Chief Financial Officer for FIS. He also served as the Chief Financial Officer for BFC Financial Corporation and Levitt Corporation. In addition to WageWorks, he currently serves on the boards of Landstar System and Cyndx Holdco Inc. (private financial technology firm). We believe Mr. Scanlon possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our Board and Audit Committee, including his leadership, operational and financial experience at high-growth business services organizations.
Edgar O. Montes has served as our President since December 2016 and as Chief Executive Officer and a member of our Board since April 2018. Prior to his appointment as Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Montes served as our Chief Operating Officer from December 2012 to April 2018. He also held the position of Senior Vice President, Service Delivery Operations from March 2007 to December 2012, and also held the position of Vice President, Operations from November 2006 until March 2007. Prior to joining us, Mr. Montes served in various positions with American Express, most recently as Vice President - Customer Service, where he was responsible for overseeing customer service, from December 1982 until November 2006. Mr. Montes holds an M.B.A., a B.S. in Accounting and a B.S. in Real Estate from Arizona State University. We believe that Mr. Montes possesses specific attributes that qualify him to serve as a member of our Board, including his past business experience and his perspective as our Chief Executive Officer, which brings operational expertise to our Board.
There are no family relationships among any of the directors or executive officers.
Board Meetings and Committees
The Board held 21 meetings during fiscal 2018. The Audit Committee held 22 meetings, the Compensation Committee held 8 meetings and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee did not hold any meetings during fiscal 2018. During 2018, no Board member with the exception of Mr. Jackson, attended fewer than 75% of the aggregate of all meetings of the Board during his or her tenure.
Our Board has established an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee and a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, each of which has the composition and responsibilities described below. The Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee all operate under charters approved by our Board, which charters are available on our website at http://www.WageWorks.com - “About” - “Investor Relations” - “Corporate Governance Documents.”
The non-employee members of the Board also meet in executive session without management present on a regular basis. Mr. Bevilacqua, the current Lead Independent Director, serves as presiding director of these executive sessions.
Audit Committee
Our Audit Committee is comprised of Messrs. Bodaken, Metzger and Scanlon, each of whom is a non-employee member of our Board. Mr. Metzger is Chairman of our Audit Committee as of February 2017. Messrs. Metzger and Scanlon are both financial experts, as that term is defined under the SEC rules implementing Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and possesses financial sophistication as defined in the rules of the NYSE. Our Audit Committee is responsible for, among other things:
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reviewing and approving the selection of our independent registered public accounting firm, and approving the audit and non-audit services to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm;

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•
monitoring the integrity of our financial statements and our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements as they relate to financial statements or accounting matters;
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reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our internal control policies and procedures;
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discussing the scope and results of the audit with the independent auditors and reviewing with management and the independent auditors our interim and year-end operating results; and
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preparing the Audit Committee report that the SEC requires in our annual Proxy Statement.
The Audit Committee held 22 meetings during the last fiscal year.
Compensation Committee
Our Compensation Committee is comprised of Mr. Bevilacqua, Ms. Goode, and Mr. Gramaglia. Mr. Gramaglia is Chairman of our Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee is responsible for, among other things:
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overseeing our compensation policies, plans and benefit programs;
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reviewing and approving for our Chief Executive Officer and executive officers: the annual base salary, the annual incentive bonus, including the specific goals and amount, equity compensation, employment agreements, severance arrangements and change in control arrangements, and any other benefits, compensations or arrangements;
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preparing the Compensation Committee report that the SEC requires to be included in our annual Proxy Statement; and
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administering our equity compensation plans.
The Compensation Committee held 8 meetings during the last fiscal year.
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is comprised of Mr. Bevilacqua, Ms. Goode and Mr. Gramaglia. Mr. Bevilacqua is Chairman of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for, among other things:
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assisting our Board in identifying prospective director nominees and recommending nominees for each Annual Meeting of Stockholders to the Board;
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evaluating director compensation, consulting with outside consultants and/or with our human resources department when appropriate, and making recommendations to our Board regarding director compensation;
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reviewing developments in corporate governance practices and developing and recommending governance principles applicable to our Board;
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reviewing the succession planning for our executive officers;
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overseeing the evaluation of our Board, its committees and management; and
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recommending members for each Board committee to our Board.
The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee did not hold any meetings during the last fiscal year.
Board Role in Risk Oversight
Our Board, as a whole and through its committees, has responsibility for the oversight of risk management. Our senior management is responsible for assessing and managing our risks on a day-to-day basis. Our Audit Committee will discuss with management our policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management and our significant financial risk exposures and the actions management has taken to limit, monitor or control such exposures. Our Compensation Committee will oversee risk related to compensation policies. Both our Audit and Compensation Committees will report to the full Board with respect to these matters, among others.
As part of its oversight of our compensation programs, our Compensation Committee has considered our executive officer and non-executive employee compensation programs as they relate to our risk management and based upon this assessment, we believe that any risks arising from such policies and practices are not reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on us. Our employees’ base salaries are fixed in amount and do not depend on performance. Our cash incentive program takes into account multiple metrics, thus diversifying the risk associated with any single performance metric, and we believe it does not

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incentivize our employees to focus exclusively on short-term outcomes. Our equity awards are limited by the terms of our equity plans to a fixed maximum specified in the plan, and are subject to vesting to align the long-term interests of our employees with those of our stockholders. We do not believe that these equity-based incentives encourage unnecessary or excessive risk taking because their ultimate value is tied to our stock price.
Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance
Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires the Company’s executive officers and directors and persons who beneficially own more than 10% of the Company’s Common Stock (collectively, “Reporting Persons”) to file reports of beneficial ownership and changes in beneficial ownership with the SEC. Reporting Persons are required by SEC regulations to furnish the Company with copies of all Section 16(a) forms that they file.
Based solely on our review of such reports received or written representations from certain Reporting Persons, the Company believes that during fiscal 2018, all Reporting Persons complied with all applicable reporting requirements.
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
The current members of our Compensation Committee are Mr. Bevilacqua, Ms. Goode and Mr. Gramaglia. No interlocking relationship exists between our Board or Compensation Committee and the Board or Compensation Committee of any other entity, nor has any interlocking relationship existed in the past.
Board Leadership Structure
The Company’s Corporate Governance Principles provides that the Board shall fill the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer positions based upon the Board’s view of what is in the best interests of the Company. The Chief Executive Officer and Chairman may, but need not be, the same person. In the event that the Chairman is an executive officer of the Company, the Board will also appoint a Lead Independent Director.
Since April 2018, the Board has determined that having separate individuals serve in the role of Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer is in the best interest of the Company’s stockholders, and that the separation in roles provides the right foundation to pursue strategic and operational objectives while enhancing oversight and objective evaluation of corporate performance. The Chairman directs the operations of the Board and is responsible for the overall management and effective functioning of the Board. Mr. Harvey currently serves as our Executive Chairman of the Board. Mr. Montes, our President and Chief Executive Officer, is responsible for setting the strategic direction for the Company as well as the day to day leadership and performance of the Company.
Though the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer positions are held by different persons, the Board also recognized that having a Lead Independent Director was important for strong independent oversight at this time. The Lead Independent Director communicates with the Chief Executive Officer and raises issues with management on behalf of the outside directors when appropriate. In addition, the Lead Independent Director supports and advises the Executive Chairman with respect to certain operational responsibilities and serves as liaison between the Executive Chairman and the independent directors. Mr. Bevilacqua currently serves as our Lead Independent Director.
Policy for Director Recommendations
It is the policy of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee to consider recommendations for candidates to the Board from stockholders holding at least one percent (1%) of the fully diluted capitalization of the Company continuously for at least 12 months prior to the date of the submission of the recommendation.
A stockholder that wants to recommend a candidate for election to the Board should send the recommendation by letter to WageWorks, Inc., 1100 Park Place, Fourth Floor, San Mateo, California 94403, Attention: General Counsel. The recommendation must include the candidate’s name, home and business contact information, detailed biographical data, relevant qualifications, a signed letter from the candidate confirming willingness to serve, information regarding any relationships between the candidate and the Company and evidence of the recommending stockholder’s ownership of the Company’s stock. Such recommendations must also include a statement from the recommending stockholder in support of the candidate, particularly within the context of the criteria for Board membership, addressing issues of character, integrity, judgment, diversity of experience, diversity of perspective, independence, area of expertise, corporate experience, length of service, potential conflicts of interest, other commitments and the like and personal references.

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The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will use the following procedures to identify and evaluate any individual recommended or offered for nomination to the Board:
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The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will consider candidates recommended by stockholders in the same manner as candidates recommended to the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee from other sources;
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In its evaluation of director candidates, including the members of the Board eligible for re-election, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will consider the following:
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The current size and composition of the Board and the needs of the Board and the respective committees of the Board;
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Without assigning any particular weighting or priority to any of these factors, such factors as character, integrity, judgment, diversity of experience, diversity of perspective, independence, area of expertise, corporate experience, length of service, potential conflicts of interest, other commitments and the like; and
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Other factors that the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may consider appropriate;
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The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee requires the following minimum qualifications, which are the desired qualifications and characteristics for Board membership, to be satisfied by any nominee for a position on the Board:
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The highest personal and professional ethics and integrity;
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Proven achievement and competence in the nominee’s field and the ability to exercise sound business judgment;
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Skills that are complementary to those of the existing Board;
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The ability to assist and support management and make significant contributions to the Company’s success; and
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An understanding of the fiduciary responsibilities that are required of a member of the Board and the commitment of time and energy necessary to diligently carry out those responsibilities;
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If the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee determines that an additional or replacement director is required, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may take such measures that it considers appropriate in connection with its evaluation of a director candidate, including candidate interviews, inquiry of the person or persons making the recommendation or nomination, engagement of an outside search firm to gather additional information, or reliance on the knowledge of the members of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, the Board or management; and
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The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may propose to the Board a candidate recommended or offered for nomination by a stockholder as a nominee for election to the Board.
Policies and Procedures for Communications to Non-Employee or Independent Directors
In cases where stockholders wish to communicate directly with our non-employee directors, messages can be sent to our General Counsel, at corporatesecretary@wageworks.com, or to WageWorks, Inc., 1100 Park Place, Fourth Floor, San Mateo, California 94403, Attention: General Counsel. Our General Counsel or Legal Department shall review all incoming stockholder communications (except for mass mailings, product complaints or inquiries, job inquiries, business solicitations and patently offensive or otherwise inappropriate material) and, if appropriate, route such communications to the appropriate member(s) of the Board or, if none is specified, to the Lead Independent Director. Our General Counsel may decide in the exercise of his judgment whether a response to any stockholder communication is necessary and shall provide a report to the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee on a quarterly basis of any stockholder communications received for which the General Counsel or Legal Department has determined no response is necessary.
These procedures do not apply to communications to non-employee directors from officers or directors of the Company who are stockholders or to stockholder proposals submitted pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act.
Attendance at Annual Meeting of Stockholders
Although we do not have a formal policy regarding attendance by members of the Board at our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, we encourage, but do not require, directors to attend.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
The Board has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our employees, officers, and directors, including our Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and other principal executive and senior

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financial officers. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available on its website at http://www.WageWorks.com - “About” - “Investor Relations” - “Corporate Governance Documents.” The Company will post on our website any amendments or waivers to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that are required to be disclosed by the rules of the SEC or the NYSE.
Corporate Governance Principles
The Board has adopted Corporate Governance Principles that addresses the role and composition of, and policies applicable to, the Board. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will periodically review the policy and report any recommendations to the Board. The Corporate Governance Principles are available on the Company’s website at http://www.WageWorks.com - “About” - “Investor Relations” - “Corporate Governance Documents.”
Whistleblower Policy
The Audit Committee has established a telephone and internet whistleblower hotline available to employees of the Company for the anonymous submission of suspected violations, including accounting, internal controls, or auditing matters, harassment, fraud and policy violations.
Related Person Transaction Policy
The Company has adopted a Related Party Transaction Policy. See “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions - Related Party Transaction Policy.”
Insider Trading Policy and Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans
The Company has an Insider Trading Policy that prohibits, among other things, short sales, hedging of stock ownership positions, and transactions involving derivative securities relating to the Company’s Common Stock.
As of December 31, 2018, none of our executive officers and none of our directors were parties to 10b5-1 trading plans. In accordance with our policy, our officers and directors may also choose to enter into 10b5-1 trading plans in the future. The Company does not undertake any obligation to report Rule 10b5-1 trading plans that may be adopted by any of its officers and directors in the future, or to report any modifications or terminations of any publicly announced plan, except to the extent required by law.

Item 11. Executive Compensation
Compensation Discussion and Analysis
This Compensation Discussion and Analysis provides information about the Company’s executive compensation philosophy, the principles that govern the executive compensation program, the material elements of the 2018 executive compensation program for the Company’s Named Executive Officers (“NEOs”), and how and why the independent Compensation Committee and the independent members of the Board determined the specific compensation elements that comprised the 2018 executive compensation program.
The 2018 NEOs were:
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Edgar O. Montes, our President and Chief Executive Officer, or CEO;
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Stuart C. Harvey, Jr., our Executive Chairman of the Company;
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Ismail (Izzy) Dawood, our Chief Financial Officer, or CFO;
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Joseph L. Jackson, our former Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer and former Executive Chairman of the Company;
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Colm M. Callan, our former Chief Financial Officer; and
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Kimberly L. Wilford, our former Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary.

A summary of the changes to our executive team and board of directors since the beginning of 2018 is included in the “Overview - Executive and Director Changes” section below.


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Overview
The last year has been a period of significant transition for our business, including within our management team. As previously disclosed on April 5, 2018, the Board concluded that our financial statements for (i) the quarterly and year-to-date periods ended June 30 and September 30, 2016, (ii) the year ended December 31, 2016 and (iii) the quarterly and year-to-date periods ended March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2017 (collectively, the “Non-Reliance Periods”) should be restated and should no longer be relied upon (the “Announced Restatement”). The determination was made upon the recommendation of the Audit Committee as a result of the investigation described below and after consultation with our then independent auditors and management team. The investigation included a review of certain issues, including revenue recognition, related to the accounting for a government contract during fiscal 2016 and associated issues with whether there was an open flow of information and appropriate tone at the top for an effective control environment, the timing of revenue recognition under certain contracts and arrangements, and the impairment assessment for KP Connector, our internal use software, among other matters.
On September 12, 2018, in response to concerns raised by KPMG LLP (“KPMG”), the Board formed a Special Committee of members of the Board (the “Special Committee”), independent from the Audit Committee. The Special Committee was tasked with carrying out an independent investigation and review of the procedures, scope and findings of the Audit Committee’s investigation of the concerns raised by KPMG as well as the additional allegations made by former management’s counsel noted in the Company’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 6, 2018, with full authority to take whatever follow-up measures it deemed appropriate. The Special Committee has concluded its investigation. Among its findings, the Special Committee determined: that the Audit Committee’s investigation, conducted with the assistance of two independent professionals, Paul Hastings LLC and Sidley Austin LLP, was adequate; that the Audit Committee had a reasonable basis for its conclusion that no illegal acts had occurred; that Paul Hastings did not see communications or correspondence about KP Connector that they should have followed up on; and that neither the Audit Committee members nor Edgar Montes, then the Company’s President and Chief Operating Officer, knew that information regarding the government contract had not been timely disclosed to KPMG.
These events created significant uncertainty in our business, including in our financial performance for the year, which was below that of prior years, as described in the “2018 Financial and Operational Highlights.” This uncertainty was further enhanced by the restructuring of our management team as described in the “Management Changes” section below.
2018 Financial and Operational Highlights
The Company’s financial and operational results in 2018 are described below:
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A $3.9 million decrease in total revenue year-over-year (from $476.1 million in 2017 to $472.2 million in 2018);
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GAAP net income of $26.0 million or $0.64 (40,434 thousand shares) per diluted share, as compared to GAAP net income in 2017 of $54.4 million or $1.38 (39,415 thousand shares) per diluted share;
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A 16.8% decrease in non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA year-over-year (from $146.6 million in 2017 to $122.0 million in 2018);
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Maintained high customer and participant satisfaction and retention scores; and
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Maintained a greater than 90% annual renewal rate for enterprise clients (based on annual revenue).
2018 Executive and Director Changes
On April 5, 2018, executing on the Company’s long-standing succession plan, and in order to provide a seamless transition of leadership, we announced changes to our management team:
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Mr. Jackson resigned from his position as Chief Executive Officer, and was appointed Executive Chairman of the Company, a position he held until his resignation on September 6, 2018;
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Mr. Montes was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer, and appointed to serve as a member of the Board;
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Mr. Callan resigned from his position as Chief Financial Officer, and continued his employment with us to effect a seamless transition to the incoming interim chief financial officer, followed by the termination of his employment on July 4, 2018; and
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Ms. Wilford resigned from her position as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of the Company, and continued employment with us to effect a seamless transition, followed by the termination of her employment on July 4, 2018.
On April 9, 2018, the Board approved the appointment of Mr. Dawood as Interim Chief Financial Officer and principal financial officer of the Company, effective immediately.

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On September 6, 2018, Mr. Jackson resigned from his positions as Executive Chairman of the Company and member of the Board, effective immediately, the Board appointed Mr. Harvey as Executive Chairman of the Company and member of the Board, effective as of September 10, 2018, and Marianne Byerwalter resigned from the Board due to family reasons.
On October 15, 2018, Mr. Dawood was appointed the full-time CFO.
On October 24, 2018, Mr. Larson resigned from the Board to care for a relative, and the Board appointed George P. Scanlon to the Board and as a member of the Audit Committee of the Board, effective immediately.
On January 11, 2019, the Board approved the appointment of Mr. Saia as our Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary, effective January 14, 2019.
On March 11, 2019, the Board approved the appointment of Mr. Rose as our Chief Operating Officer, effective on March 12, 2019.
On April 4, 2019, the Board approved the appointment of Carol A. Goode to the Board and as a member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and the Compensation Committee, effectively immediately.
2018 NEO Key Compensation Decision Summary
It is against this backdrop that we made the following key compensation decisions in 2018 with respect to our NEOs. In making these decisions, the independent Compensation Committee and the independent members of the Board considered a number factors, including the impact of the Announced Restatement and the related investigations and litigation, our executive compensation philosophy and objectives as described in greater detail below, our business performance, individual past and expected future contributions to our business, including potential contributions to assist with completing the Announced Restatement and cooperating in the related investigations and litigations:
New Employment Arrangements
Edgar Montes
We entered into an at-will employment agreement with Mr. Montes in connection with his promotion in April 2018 that provided him with increases to his base salary and annual performance-based incentive compensation opportunity and severance and change in control benefits, which were market competitive and designed to recognize his increased role and responsibilities in his new position as CEO.

A summary of Mr. Montes’ at-will employment agreement is provided under the “2018 NEO Compensation” below.
Stuart C. Harvey, Jr.
We entered into at-will employment offer letters with Messrs. Harvey and Dawood in September 2018 and October 2018, respectively, in connection with their hiring providing for market-competitive compensation opportunities, including salary, annual performance-based incentive compensation opportunity, equity award opportunities, and limited perquisites and one-time payments that we believe were necessary to have them join us.

A summary of these agreements is provided under the “2018 NEO Compensation” discussion below.
Ismail (Izzy) Dawood
Transition and New Arrangements
Joseph Jackson
We entered into new employment agreement with Mr. Jackson and transition agreements with each of Mr. Callan and Ms. Wilford in April 2018 in connection with our Announced Restatement that honored their contractual severance obligations and provided them with additional cash compensation if they remained with us and assisted with the filings related to our Announced Restatement and the related investigations and litigations, and entered into an effective release of claims with us.

For Mr. Jackson, we also reduced his base salary and annual performance-based incentive compensation opportunities downward to reflect his new role as Executive Chairman.

A summary of these agreements is provided under the “2018 NEO Compensation” discussion below.
Colm Callan
Kimberly Wilford
No Executive Bonus Plan
We did not implement a formal financial-metric-based executive bonus plan in 2018 due to the uncertainties arising from the Announced Restatement, including the unreliability of historical financial performance resulting from the Announced Restatement. Instead, the Compensation Committee, in making its decisions on 2018 bonuses, focused on the new management team's ability to complete the financial restatement and promote operational stability, as described in greater detail below.

Following the end of 2018, we approved bonuses to each of Messrs. Montes, Harvey and Dawood as described under the "2018 NEO Compensation Decisions" discussion below.
Impact of 2018 NEO Compensation Decisions
As a result of the decisions described above and the events surrounding our Announced Restatement, our NEOs (other than Messrs. Harvey and Dawood) received, in certain cases, cash bonuses in furtherance of specific objective and the payment of

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severance benefits pursuant to their contractual rights. However, the opportunity to realize compensation on the prior cash and equity awards granted to these NEOs was significantly reduced, including the following cash and equity items were forfeited:
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Annual cash bonus opportunities under the 2017 bonus plan and for 2018 plan year were forfeited for Messrs. Jackson and Callan and Ms. Wilford;
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Performance-based equity awards for which the performance period had not yet been completed were forfeited in their entirety by Mr. Callan and Ms. Wilford, and in part by Mr. Jackson; and
•
Unvested time-based equity awards were forfeited in their entirety by Mr. Callan (other than with respect to his remaining unvested new hire awards) and Ms. Wilford, and in part by Mr. Jackson.
Due to the performance of our stock price since the Announced Restatement, a substantial portion of each of these NEOs stock options have an exercise price below $43.56, our average weighted trading day price over the last 30 trading days prior to May 13, 2019.
As a result, the compensation that each of these NEOs has realized or that is realizable for the last three fiscal years is substantially less than the NEO’s target compensation opportunities for that year. See table below for additional information.
Realized/Realizable Compensation: Substantial Reduction as a Result of the Announced Restatement
The amounts that have been realized, or could be realized upon the settlement of equity awards, for all these NEOs is substantially below the amounts set forth in the Summary Compensation Table in the Company’s 2017 or 2016 proxy statements.  The reduction reflects the forfeiture of certain equity awards upon the termination of the NEO’s service and/or the decrease the Company’s stock price that impacts all Company equity awards granted in those years. While no equity awards were provided to any director or employee during 2018 as a result of the Announced Restatement, we anticipated making equity awards to our directors and certain employees, including Mr. Montes, for 2018 contributions once we have completed all of our required filings with the SEC. 

Name
Year
Salary
($)
Bonus
($)
Non-equity Incentive Plan Comp
($)
Stock Awards
Option Awards
Realizable Stock / Option Awards
($)(1)
All Other Comp
($)
Total
($)
Total Realized / Realizable Compensation
($)(2)
Joseph Jackson
2018
456,058

300,000

—

—

—

—

276,904

1,032,962

1,032,962

2017
742,308

700,000

—

7,230,000

2,663,560

2,439,360

14,780

11,350,648

3,896,448

2016
689,680

—

875,000

3,272,250

1,661,670

2,907,630

13,509

6,512,109

4,485,819

Edgar Montes
2018
546,924

180,000

—

—

—

—

6,600

733,524

733,524

2017
486,462

—

613,500

5,422,500

2,663,560

3,267,000

13,530

9,199,552

4,380,492

2016
403,926

—

386,250

2,181,500

1,246,253

2,178,000

11,279

4,229,208

2,979,455

Colm Callan
2018
199,500

180,000

—

—

—

—

251,220

630,720

630,720

2017
383,877

—

—

4,338,000

1,997,670

—

6,480

6,726,027

390,357

2016
343,337

—

262,650

2,181,500

1,246,253

—

6,360

4,040,100

612,347

Kimberly Wilford
2018
201,692

160,000

—

—

—

—

253,803

615,495

615,495

2017
373,831

—

—

4,338,000

1,997,670

—

6,480

6,715,981

380,311

2016
333,239

—

254,925

1,745,200

830,835

—

5,679

3,169,878

593,843

(1)
Represents the amount realizable with respect to stock awards (PSUs) and options granted in the year, calculated based on $43.56 per share (and for options reduced by applicable exercise price) multiplied by number of shares vested as of December 31, 2018, except as provided in the last sentence of this footnote. All options are out-of-the-money based on this assumption. For 2016 PSUs and 2017 PSUs, represents the target number of shares and, in the case of Mr. Jackson, pro-rated based on the number of days he was employed during the applicable performance period (89% for 2016 PSUs and 56% for 2017 PSUs)
(2)
Represents sum of cash amounts paid or earned, plus “Realizable Stock/Option Awards” and “All Other Compensation.”

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Please see “Summary Compensation Table” for a more detailed look at the target compensation of each of these NEOs for the years 2016 through 2018.
In addition, as described in greater detail in the “Compensation Recovery (“Clawback”) Policy” section of this report, we are reviewing our rights with respect to clawing back compensation for 2016. In view of ongoing governmental investigations and shareholder litigation related to the Announced Restatement, we have not yet made a determination to seek recovery, but reserve all rights to do so at such time as our Board deems appropriate. 
Executive Compensation-Related Policies and Practices
We seek to maintain sound governance standards consistent with our executive compensation policies and practices. The Compensation Committee evaluates our compensation governance standards to assess whether they are consistent with best market practices and are appropriate for making compensation decisions that further our executive compensation philosophy and objectives.
In May 2019, the Board, after a review by the Compensation Committee of the compensation practices within the broader market and input from Compensia, Inc., a national compensation consulting firm, approved the following changes to certain governance policies in order to further align our executive interests with those of our stockholders:
•
Adopted a Compensation Recoupment Policy (“Recoupment Policy”) that both expanded and clarified the previous policy that was incorporated into our executive cash incentive compensation plan. The new Recoupment Policy applies to all cash and equity performance-based incentive awards to our executive officers going forward. If we are required under the federal securities law to restate our financials to correct an error and the compensation recognized from any executive officer’s cash or equity performance-based incentive awards covered by the Recoupment Policy is based on a materially inaccurate financial or operating measure, then the Recoupment Policy applies to any compensation recognized from these awards within the three-year period preceding the announced restatement. See “Compensation Recovery (“Clawback”) Policy discussion below for more details.
•
Adopted new stock ownership guidelines that provided more rigorous ownership requirements for directors and executive officers. See “Stock Ownership Guidelines” discussion below for more details.
The following summarizes our executive compensation and related policies and practice.

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What We Do
 
What We Don’t Do
ü
Pay-for-Performance Philosophy. The majority of our executives’ compensation is directly linked to corporate performance; we also structure their target total direct compensation opportunities with a significant long-term equity component, thereby making a substantial portion of each executive’s target total direct compensation aligned with stockholder interests.
û
No “Golden Parachute” Tax Reimbursements. We do not provide any tax reimbursement payments (including “gross-ups”) on any tax liability that the NEOs might owe as a result of the application of Sections 280G or 4999 of the IRC.
ü
Independent Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee is comprised solely of independent directors and has established effective means for communicating with stockholders regarding their executive compensation ideas and concerns.
û
No Special Retirement Plans. We do not offer, nor do we have plans to provide, pension arrangements, retirement plans or nonqualified deferred compensation plans or arrangements exclusively to our executive officers.
ü
Independent Compensation Committee Advisor. The Compensation Committee engaged its own independent compensation consultant to assist with compensation decisions. This consultant performed no other consulting or other services for the Company.
û
No Special Health or Welfare Benefits. Our executive officers participate in the same company-sponsored health and welfare benefits programs as our other full-time, salaried employees.
ü
Annual Executive Compensation Review. The Compensation Committee conducts an annual review and approval of our compensation strategy.
û
No Hedging and Pledging. We prohibit our employees, including our executive officers, and directors from pledging our securities or engaging in hedging transactions with respect to our securities.
ü
Multi-Year Vesting/Performance Requirements. Historically, the equity awards granted to our executive officers vest or are earned over multi-year periods, consistent with market practice and our retention objectives.
û
No Fixed Term Employment Agreements or Guarantees of Employment or Compensation. We do not currently have any fixed term employment agreement with any employees or provide for any guaranteed payments of future compensation.
ü
Compensation At-Risk. Our executive compensation program is designed so a significant portion of compensation is “at risk” based on our performance through our short-term cash and long-term incentive compensation opportunities.
û
No Stock Option Repricing or Exchange. Our 2010 Plan does not permit us to offer an option repricing or exchange program without the prior consent of our stockholders.
ü
Limited Perquisites. We do not provide perquisites or other personal benefits to our executive officers, except where they serve a legitimate business purpose.
û

No Single-Trigger Change in Control Cash Payments or Acceleration of Time-Based Equity Awards. Change in control cash payments and change in control equity acceleration for time-based equity awards require both an involuntary termination and change in control, commonly referred to as a “double-trigger.”  Due to the difficulty in assessing performance against targets through a multi-year performance period that is truncated by occurrence of a change in control, our performance-based equity awards provide that on a change in control they are treated as though they were time-based awards that vested over the multi-year, performance period. The result of this structure is that upon a change in control, there will naturally be some vesting of these awards because of the time-served since grant.
ü
Compensation Recovery Policy. In May 2019, we adopted a compensation recovery (“clawback”) policy that provides that, if we are required to prepare an accounting restatement to correct an error and an executive recognizes compensation from cash or equity performance-based compensation based on a materially inaccurate financial or operating measure, we may recover from the executive officer any such incentive compensation covered by the policy during the three-year period preceding the announced restatement, and generally based on erroneously received amounts. Prior to the adoption of this policy, we maintained similar policy that applied to cash incentive awards erroneously paid or awarded under our executive bonus plan due to an accounting restatement. See “Compensation Recovery (“Clawback”) Policy discussion below for more details.
 
 
ü
Stock Ownership Guidelines. In May 2019, we adopted robust stock ownership guidelines in order to encourage stock ownership among our directors and executive officers. These ownership guidelines replaced the prior ownership and retention guidelines we had in place since 2014. See “Stock Ownership Guidelines” and “Equity Retention Guidelines for Non-Employee Directors” sections below.
 
 
ü
Succession Planning. We review the risks associated with our key executive officer positions to ensure adequate succession plans are in place. In particular, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee reviews the short- and long-term strategies and interests of WageWorks to determine what current and future skills and experience are required of the Board in exercising its oversight function.
 
 
ü
Conduct an Annual “Say-on-Pay” Vote. We conduct an annual “say-on-pay” vote on the compensation of our NEOs at our annual meeting. In April 2017, we conducted a “say-on-pay” vote, at our Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Our stockholders approved on an advisory basis the compensation of the NEOs, with more than 99% of the votes cast in favor of our executive compensation program. We intend to conduct our next “say-on-pay” vote at our annual meeting this year.
 
 
Compensation Philosophy and Objectives
Our past and future success is built on our ability to leverage our expertise, expand the breadth and quality of its solutions, enhance our technology platforms, and manage our operations efficiently and effectively. To support these objectives, our executive compensation program is designed to:

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•
attract and retain talented executives, who possess the proven experience, knowledge, skills, and leadership criteria critical to our success
•
motivate these executives to achieve our business objectives and uphold its core values;
•
reward executives who can directly influence overall performance by linking a greater portion of their target total direct compensation opportunity to short-term and long-term incentives than most other employees;
•
promote teamwork within the executive team, while also recognizing the unique role each executive plays in our success; and
•
ensure alignment of the interests of executives and stockholders to promote the short-term and long-term growth of the business, and increase shareholder value.
In 2018, our executive compensation was designed to achieve these same objectives, and to achieve additional objectives of completing the requisite filings and assisting with the investigations and litigations relating to the Announced Restatement.
Compensation-Setting Process
Role of the Compensation Committee
The Compensation Committee designs and oversees our executive compensation program in accordance with our policies and practices and within in the framework of our executive compensation philosophy and objectives. The Compensation Committee has the final decision-making authority for the compensation of the NEOs, but may, in its discretion, seek the full approval of the independent members of the Board on executive compensation matters if it deems appropriate. All Compensation Committee decisions are reported to the independent members of Board as a corporate governance practice. Each member of the Compensation Committee member qualifies as (i) an “independent director” under the listing standards of the NYSE and (ii) a “non-employee director” under Exchange Act Rule 16b-3.
The Compensation Committee generally reviews the executive compensation program at the beginning of each year, including any incentive compensation plans and arrangements to determine whether they are appropriately aligned with our business strategy and achieving desired objectives. To ensure compensation opportunities are aligned with overall corporate objectives, for any NEOs reporting to the Chief Executive Officer, the Compensation Committee discusses the performance target compensation opportunities with the Chief Executive Officer, and for any NEOs that report to the full Board, including, the CEO and Executive Chairman in 2018, the Compensation Committee discusses their performance and target compensation opportunities with the independent members of the Board. In 2018, due to the Announced Restatement and the uncertainties regarding our historical financial results, the Compensation Committee did not establish formal financial-metric-based cash and equity incentive compensation arrangements, but instead provided target opportunities for retaining and recruiting new management to provide stability to our organization.
As part of its review, the Compensation Committee also considers market trends and changes in competitive compensation practices, as further described below. The Compensation Committee does not “benchmark” the compensation of the NEOs. Rather, it references the competitive data derived from the compensation market reference group for each of element of total target cash compensation (base salary plus annual incentive compensation), long-term incentive compensation, and target total direct compensation (total target cash plus long-term incentive compensation). The Compensation Committee exercises its judgment in determining the compensation of each NEO and may set the level of an individual compensation element or target total direct compensation outside this percentile range when we determine that it is necessary or appropriate to reflect individual and/or Company performance, role scope, and internal equity.
The Compensation Committee does not weight any of these or other factors in any predetermined manner, nor does it apply any formulas in developing our executive compensation. The members of the Compensation Committee consider all of this information in light of their individual experience and knowledge of our company, our executive compensation philosophy and objectives, the competitive market and each NEO’s individual performance.
The Compensation Committee’s authority, duties, and responsibilities are described in our charter, which is reviewed annually and revised and updated as warranted. The charter is available on our corporate website at http://ir.wageworks.com.
Role of Management
The Chief Executive Officer works closely with the Compensation Committee in determining the compensation of the other NEOs who report to him. The Chief Executive Officer reviews the performance of the other NEOs who report to him for the previous year, and shares these evaluations with, and makes recommendations to, the Compensation Committee for each element

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of compensation. These recommendations concern the base salary, annual incentive compensation, and long-term incentive compensation for each NEO (other than himself and our Executive Chairman) based on our results and the individual NEO’s contribution to these results. The Compensation Committee then reviews these recommendations and considers the other factors described above and make decisions as to each individual compensation element for the NEOs. The Chief Executive Officer also historically assists us with the identification of performance objectives for the annual executive bonus plan. As discussed above, we did not have a formal annual executive bonus plan in 2018.
Our executive officers typically attend Compensation Committee meetings, except for executive sessions (unless specifically requested by the Compensation Committee to be present). No NEO attends an executive session at which his or her compensation is considered.
Role of Compensation Consultant
Under its charter, the Compensation Committee is authorized to engage one or more external compensation consultants or other advisors to assist in the discharge of its responsibilities.
In 2018, the Compensation Committee engaged Compensia to assist it in reviewing and analyzing the compensation of the NEOs. The Compensation Committee worked with Compensia to assess the compensation of the NEOs against the compensation of similarly-situated executives at the companies in the Company’s compensation market reference group.
Compensia reported directly to the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee assessed the independence of Compensia taking into account, among other things, the enhanced independence standards and factors set forth in Exchange Act Rule 10C-1 and the applicable listing standards of the NYSE, and concluded that that there is no conflict of interest with respect to the work that Compensia performed for the Compensation Committee.
Competitive Positioning
To assess the competitiveness of the executive compensation program, and individual compensation levels and related policies and practices, the Compensation Committee reviews and analyzes market data drawn from a group of market reference companies and select compensation surveys. The compensation market reference group is derived from an evaluation of companies across multiple relevant industry sectors based on financial and other relevant criteria, including, but not limited to, revenue, market capitalization, and growth rate.
In 2018, the Compensation Committee did not make revisions to the compensation market reference group we used for 2017 compensation decisions. In light of the uncertain impact to our business due to the Announced Restatement and the surrounding events, the Compensation Committee believed it was appropriate to continue to use the existing compensation market reference group for 2018 compensation decisions. This compensation market reference group consisted of:

2018 Market Reference Group

ACI Worldwide
athenahealth
Bottomline Technologies
Cornerstone OnDemand
Envestnet
Fair Isaac
 

Financial Engines
Guidewire Software
HealthEquity, Inc.
MarketAxess Holdings
Medidata Solutions
NIC
 

Paycom Software
The Ultimate Software Group
TriNet Technologies
Tyler Technologies
WEX
This compensation market reference group was comprised of publicly-traded information technology services, internet software and services, professional services, software, and financial technology companies, which generally had revenues between approximately $100 million and $1 billion, had experienced strong year-over-year growth in revenues and profitable operating margins, and had a market capitalization between approximately $1 billion and $7 billion.
We do not “benchmark” any component of our executive compensation program to a market reference or other representative group of companies. The Compensation Committee believes that information regarding the compensation practices at other companies is useful in helping us assess the competitiveness of our compensation policies and practices in the marketplace and the reasonableness and appropriateness of individual executive compensation elements and of the overall executive compensation packages. This information is only one of several factors that we consider, however, in making our decisions with respect to the compensation of the NEOs.

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Compensation Elements
Our executive compensation program generally consists of three principal elements: (1) base salary, (2) annual performance-based incentive compensation in the form of cash bonuses, and (3) long-term incentive compensation in the form of equity. We provided these primary forms of compensation, in addition to others, for the following reasons:
Compensation Element
 
Reason for Providing Element
Base Salary
 
To attract and retain the NEOs and compensate them for their day-to-day contributions based on demonstrated experience, competencies and performance
Annual Cash Incentive Compensation
 
To motivate and reward achievement of annual strategic goals and to better align the NEOs interests with stockholders’ interest by promoting strong, annual financial and business results
Long-Term Equity Incentive Compensation
 
To align the NEOs interests with the long-term interests of stockholders and to achieve our retention objectives through multi-year vesting requirements and through performance-based vesting requirements linked to the Company’s long-term strategic goals
Retirement, Welfare and Health Benefits
 
To provide for the safety and wellness of the NEOs through a competitive benefits package
Post-Employment Compensation
 
To allow the NEOs to focus on their job duties and the Company’s performance
These compensation elements are consistent with other programs in our competitive market and have allowed us to effectively compete for highly-qualified talent. Each element supports achievement of one or more of our compensation objectives, and, collectively, they have been and, we believed, would continue to be effective means for motivating the NEOs. We viewed the three principal compensation elements as related, but distinct, components of the total compensation program. We did not believe that total compensation should be derived from a single element, or that significant compensation from one element should negate or reduce compensation from other elements.
2018 NEO Compensation Decisions
For 2018, all of the NEO compensation decisions were made in connection with either a promotion (Mr. Montes), hiring (Messrs. Harvey and Dawood), or transition (Messrs. Jackson and Callan and Ms. Wilford), and were memorialized in or made pursuant to written agreements with each NEO that are summarized below. In determining the compensation terms, the Compensation Committee and independent members of the Board considered such factors as they believed appropriate, including, where applicable, the NEO’s past and expected future contributions in the new position, market data provided by Compensia for similarly situated companies, internal pay equity, and for our legacy NEOs the value of their existing equity compensation awards. In finalizing the compensation terms of Mr. Jackson’s amended employment agreement and the transition agreements for Mr. Callan and Ms. Wilford, the Compensation Committee and independent members of the Board emphasized incentivizing these NEOs to provide support to us for the filings and investigations related to the Announced Restatement.
Edgar Montes
On April 5, 2018, Mr. Montes entered into an at-will employment agreement for his new role as CEO that provided him with the compensation terms summarized below. Under his employment agreement, Mr. Montes’ annual base salary was increased from $500,000 to an annualized rate of $600,000 and for each year he is employed by us, he is eligible to receive a cash bonus at a target amount and dollar amount determined by the Compensation Committee, but which target amount will not be less than his previous target bonus percentage of 100% of his base salary received during such fiscal year. The actual bonus payable for each fiscal year will be subject to the terms of a written bonus plan (except for 2018) and depend on Mr. Montes’ performance and the extent to which Mr. Montes has achieved the performance goals established for him for that year, and such other considerations determined by the Compensation Committee. No equity awards were granted to Mr. Montes in 2018 and no other changes were made to the terms applicable to Mr. Montes’ currently-outstanding Company equity awards. Under his employment agreement, Mr. Montes is eligible to receive the severance and change in control benefits described in the “Executive Severance Benefit Agreements” section below.
In April 2019, our Board, with input from the Compensation Committee, approved bonus payments to Mr. Montes of $613,500 for 2017 performance and $180,000 for 2018 performance. The 2017 bonus payment is equal to 122.7% of Mr. Montes’ 2017 annual target bonus opportunity, which amount was calculated based on our actual achievements of the pre-established performance goals under the 2017 executive bonus plan, as described in greater detail in the annual report filed on Form 10-K with the SEC on March 19, 2019. The 2018 bonus payment was determined after considering Mr. Montes’ annual 2018 target bonus opportunity, his and the company’s performance in 2018 and his leadership in guiding our company through

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a period of transition and completing the filings related to our Announced Restatement. No pre-established financial bonus metrics or written bonus plans were established for 2018 in light of the uncertainties with respect to our historical financial numbers as generated from our Announced Restatement.
Stuart C. Harvey, Jr.
On September 6, 2018, Mr. Harvey entered into an at-will employment offer letter with us in connection with his appointment as Executive Chairman. Under the employment offer letter, Mr. Harvey is eligible to receive a base salary at the annualized rate of $300,000, a cash bonus at a target amount of 100% of his base salary, subject to a pro-rated amount of $100,000 for 2018. Mr. Harvey also is eligible to receive on a monthly basis the first $2,500 per month for reasonable and substantiated costs for Mr. Harvey’s meals and lodging in Atlanta, GA for the first 12 months of his employment. Mr. Harvey also is eligible to receive an equity award of (i) a one-time grant of an option to purchase 75,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price per share equal to the closing price per share of our common stock on the date the Option is granted (the “Harvey Option”), and (ii) a one-time grant of 15,000 restricted stock units (the “Harvey RSU Award”) (each, an “Harvey Equity Award”). Each Harvey Equity Award was not granted in 2018, but, pursuant to the terms of Mr. Harvey’s offer letter, will be granted on the first trading day following our next filing of a registration statement on Form S-8 (the “S-8 Filing Date”) and shall vest 50% of the Harvey Equity Award on the one-year anniversary of his start date and the remaining 50% of the Harvey Equity Award on the two-year anniversary of the Start Date, subject to Mr. Harvey’s continued service with us through the applicable vesting date. The Harvey Equity Awards are subject to vesting acceleration as described in the “Executive Severance Benefit Agreements” section below.
In April 2019, our Board, with input from the Compensation Committee, approved a bonus payment to Mr. Harvey of $100,000 for 2018 performance after considering the pro-rated target bonus opportunity for Mr. Harvey for 2018 under his offer letter, his and the company’s 2018 performance, including his leadership in stockholder engagement initiatives in connection with the Announced Restatement and the related filings and investigations.
Ismail (Izzy) Dawood
On April 9, 2018, we finalized the terms of Mr. Dawood’s appointment as Interim CFO and entered into an agreement with Tatum, a Randstad Company, where Mr. Dawood was a consultant, providing for the engagement of Mr. Dawood as Interim CFO (the “Tatum Agreement”). Pursuant to the Tatum Agreement, Tatum was paid $23,000 per week as compensation for Mr. Dawood’s services as Interim CFO and was reimbursed for all reasonable and documented travel and out-of-pocket expenses, including a reasonable housing allowance, associated with Mr. Dawood’s relocation and performance of services under the Tatum Agreement. In addition, Mr. Dawood was eligible to receive a completion bonus of $200,000 should certain defined milestones, including completion of the restatement and of the audits for 2016 and 2017, be achieved during his tenure as Interim CFO and as long as he is not appointed our full-time Chief Financial Officer. As described in the next paragraph, Mr. Dawood forfeited that bonus opportunity when he accepted the full-time CFO position.
On October 10, 2018, Mr. Dawood entered into an at-will employment offer letter with us in connection with his appointment as full-time CFO. Under the employment offer letter, Mr. Dawood is eligible to receive a base salary at the annualized rate of $400,000 and is eligible to receive a cash bonus at a target amount of 75% of his base salary, pro-rated based upon the number of months during the year that he is eligible to participate under the terms of the bonus plan to be established by us. Mr. Dawood also received a one-time cash signing bonus of $100,000, payable in a lump sum on his start date. No equity awards were granted to Mr. Dawood in 2018. Following the S-8 Filing Date, Mr. Dawood also will receive equity awards consisting of (1) a grant of an option to purchase 76,878 shares of our common stock (the “Dawood Option”) and (2) a grant of 29,976 restricted stock units covering shares of our common stock (the “Dawood RSU Award”) (each, a “Dawood Equity Award”). The Dawood Option shall vest as to 25% of the shares subject to the Option on the one-year anniversary of his start date and an additional 1/48th of the total shares subject to the Option on each of the 36 succeeding months thereafter. The Dawood RSU Award shall vest in annual installments on each of the four anniversaries of his start date. Vesting of the Dawood Equity Awards is subject to him remaining in service with us.
Further, in connection with Mr. Dawood’s appointment as full-time CFO, the Tatum Agreement terminated. Mr. Dawood forfeited his right to receive a completion bonus of $200,000 pursuant to the Tatum Agreement. This payment was contingent upon Mr. Dawood not being appointed the Company’s full-time CFO.
In April 2019, our Board, with input from the Compensation Committee, approved a bonus payment to Mr. Dawood of $150,000 for 2018 performance after considering the pro-rated target bonus opportunity for Mr. Dawood’s for 2018 under his offer letter, his and the company’s 2018 performance, including his extraordinary leadership in guiding our finance team to completing the filings relating to our Announced Restatement.

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Joseph L. Jackson
On April 5, 2018, Mr. Jackson entered into an amended employment agreement for his new role as Executive Chairman that provided him with the compensation terms summarized below. This amended employment agreement included a term that expired on December 31, 2018, but was renewable by mutual agreement of the parties with 30 days advanced notice. If either party failed to renew, this agreement provided that this failure to renew would have been treated as an “involuntary termination” without “cause” under the amended and restated employment agreement. Under Mr. Jackson’s employment agreement, his annual base salary was decreased from $750,000 to an annualized rate of $575,000 and his annual target bonus amount for 2018 was decreased from $750,000 to $350,000 with the bonus opportunity to be based on Mr. Jackson’s performance and the extent to which Mr. Jackson has achieved the performance goals established for him. We also approved a cash retention bonus opportunity of $300,000 if he remained employed with us as Executive Chairman in good standing on December 31, 2018. We believed it was important to provide him with additional incentives to remain with us following the Announced Restatement and provide support for the related filings and investigations.
In addition, under Mr. Jackson’s amended employment agreement, he remained eligible to receive the same severance and change in control benefits as then in effect and as described below. As described below, on September 6, 2018, Mr. Jackson’s resigned as Executive Chairman and became eligible to receive the “Non-CIC” benefits described immediately below. He forfeited his right to receive the “CIC” benefits described below on his resignation.
CIC: If, during the period beginning on the date we execute a definitive agreement for a “change in control” (as defined in his agreement) and ending on the date that is 24 months following the closing date of such change in control (such period, the “change in control period,”), Mr. Jackson had an “involuntary termination” (as defined therein), then, provided he timely executed and did not revoke a release of claims and complied with his obligations under his proprietary information and inventions assignment agreement (the “PIIA”), and complied with the non-solicitation provision his agreement, then he was eligible to receive the following benefits:
•
Continued payment of his base salary as then in effect for 24 months;
•
Reimbursement of COBRA premiums on a tax-neutral basis for Mr. Jackson and his qualified dependents for 18 months;
•
A lump sum amount equal to 200% of the annual target bonus in effect for him for the year in which his involuntary termination occurs; and
•
Accelerated vesting as to 100% of his unvested equity awards that are outstanding immediately prior to the NEO’s involuntary termination.
Non-CIC: If, outside of the change in control period, Mr. Jackson had an involuntary termination, then, provided he timely executed and did not revoke a release of claims, complied with his obligations under his PIIA, and complied with the non-solicitation provision in his amended employment agreement, he was eligible to receive the following benefits:
•
Continued payment of his base salary as then in effect for 18 months; and
•
Reimbursement of COBRA premiums on a tax-neutral basis for Mr. Jackson and his qualified dependents for 18 months; and
•
Equity acceleration equal to:
◦
An additional 18 months of vesting for all stock options that are outstanding on the date of his involuntary termination that are subject solely to time-based vesting; and
◦
With regard to equity awards that (i) are eligible to vest, in whole or in part, based on the achievement of one or more performance metrics and (ii) were granted more than 12 months before his involuntary termination, Mr. Jackson will be eligible to vest in each award as to (x) the portion of such award that otherwise would be eligible to vest based on actual achievement of the relevant performance metrics during the full performance period multiplied by (y) a fraction where the numerator is the total number of calendar days between the beginning of the applicable performance period and the date of the involuntary termination and the denominator is the total number of days in the performance period.
No new equity awards were granted or promised to Mr. Jackson and no changes were made to the terms applicable to Mr. Jackson’s currently-outstanding Company equity awards, and service-based vesting continued during the employment period. We entered into an amended and restated employment agreement with Mr. Jackson memorializing the terms set forth herein.

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On September 6, 2018, Mr. Jackson resigned as Executive Chairman and executed a release of claims with us, which became effective pursuant to its terms. In connection with his resignation, the independent members of our Board, with input from our Compensation Committee, determined that upon Mr. Jackson executing and not revoking a release of claims with us and continuing to comply with his restrictive covenants, he would receive the severance and other termination benefits otherwise payable to him on December 31, 2018 on a voluntary resignation pursuant to the amended and restated employment agreement described in the “Non-CIC” paragraph above plus the $300,000 bonus payment under his amended and restated employment agreement, and that the exercise period of his then-vested and outstanding stock options shall be extended until the later of (x) ninety (90) days following the termination date or (y) ninety (90) days following the S-8 Filing Date, in all cases, subject to earlier termination in connection with a change in control or similar event in accordance with the applicable equity plan. Mr. Jackson forfeited his right to receive any other compensation from us.
Colm M. Callan
On April 5, 2018, Mr. Callan resigned from his position as chief financial officer, effective as of April 5, 2018, and entered into a transition services agreement and release with Mr. Callan in connection with his resignation and transition memorializing the terms set forth herein. Under the transition agreement, Mr. Callan continued his employment with us to effect a seamless transition to the incoming interim chief financial officer, followed by the termination of his employment on July 4, 2018. During the transition period, Mr. Callan continued to receive his base salary, vest in his Company equity awards in accordance with their terms in effect as of the transition date, and participated in the then-available Company employee benefit programs in accordance with their terms. In addition, by remaining employed through the end of the transition period, he received a lump sum cash payment of $180,000.
In connection with his July 4, 2018 termination date, Mr. Callan signed a supplemental release of claims with us, which became effective pursuant to its terms. Under the supplemental release of claims, he became entitled to: (i) receive the severance and other benefits payable on an involuntary termination to which he was entitled prior to April 5, 2018, which were (A) continued payment of his base salary as then in effect for 12 months and (B) reimbursement of COBRA premiums on a tax-neutral basis for him and his qualified dependents for 12 months; (ii) vesting in the portion of his performance RSU grant dated February 18, 2015, that otherwise became eligible to vest based on actual achievement of the applicable performance metrics as determined by the Compensation Committee, (iii) because the S-8 Filing Date did not occur as of his termination date, the exercise period of his then-vested and outstanding stock options was extended until the later of (x) 90 days following the termination date or (y) 30 days following the S-8 Filing Date, in all cases, subject to earlier termination in connection with a change in control or similar event in accordance with the applicable equity plan, and (iv) 100% of the then-unvested portion of his RSUs granted and stock options, in each case, granted on September 2, 2014, fully vested and, in the case of stock options, became immediately exercisable.
Kimberly L. Wilford
On April 5, 2018, Ms. Wilford resigned from her position as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of the Company, effective as of April 5, 2018, and we entered into a transition services agreement and release with Ms. Wilford in connection with her transition memorializing the terms set forth herein. Under the transition agreement, Ms. Wilford continued her employment with us to effect a seamless transition, followed by the termination of her employment on July 4, 2018. During this transition period, Ms. Wilford continued to receive her base salary, vest in her Company equity awards in accordance with their terms in effect as of the transition date, and participated in the then-available Company employee benefit programs in accordance with their terms. In addition, because Ms. Wilford remained employed through the end of the transition period, she received a lump sum cash payment of $160,000.
In connection with her July 4, 2018 termination date, she signed a supplemental release of claims with us, which became effective pursuant to its terms. Under the supplemental release of claims, she became entitled to: (i) receive the severance and other benefits payable on an involuntary termination to which she was entitled prior to April 5, 2018, which were (A) continued payment of her base salary as then in effect for 12 months and (B) reimbursement of COBRA premiums on a tax-neutral basis for her or her qualified dependents for 12 months; (ii) vesting in the portion of her performance RSU grant dated February 18, 2015, that otherwise became eligible to vest based on actual achievement of the applicable performance metrics as determined by the Compensation Committee, (iii) because the S-8 Filing Date did not occur as of her termination date, the exercise period of her then-vested and outstanding stock options was extended until the later of (x) 90 days following the termination date or (y) 30 days following the S-8 Filing Date, in all cases, subject to earlier termination in connection with a change in control or similar event in accordance with the applicable equity plan.

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Other Employee Benefit Programs
Retirement, Welfare and Health Benefits
We maintain a tax-qualified Section 401(k) retirement plan for all employees who satisfy certain eligibility requirements, including requirements relating to length of service. Under our Section 401(k) plan, employees may elect to defer a portion of their eligible compensation, subject to annual IRC limits. Employees can make contributions to the plan on a before-tax basis, after-tax Roth basis, or a combination of both of up to 85% of their eligible compensation, subject to the maximum amount prescribed by the Internal Revenue Service.
Under the Section 401(k) plan, we provide discretionary matching contributions equal to 50% of the first 8% of an employee’s contributions. We intend for the Section 401(k) plan to qualify under Sections 401(a) and 501(a) of the IRC so before-tax contributions by employees to the plan, and income earned on before-tax contributions and after-tax Roth contributions, are not taxable to employees until withdrawn from the plan. After-tax Roth contributions to the Section 401(k) plan are distributed tax free under certain circumstances.
The NEOs are eligible to participate in the same group insurance and employee benefit plans as our other full-time employees. We provide employee benefits to all eligible employees, including the NEOs, which we believe are reasonable and consistent with our overall objective to better enable us to attract and retain employees. These benefits include medical, dental and vision benefits, medical and dependent care flexible spending accounts, short-term and long-term disability insurance, accidental death and dismemberment insurance, basic life insurance coverage, and business travel accident insurance.
We design our employee benefit plans to be affordable and competitive in relation to the market, and compliant with applicable laws and practices. We adjust our employee benefit plans as needed based upon regular monitoring of applicable laws and practices and the competitive market.
Perquisites and Other Personal Benefits
Currently, we do not view perquisites or other personal benefits as a significant component of the executive compensation program. Accordingly, we do not provide perquisites to the NEOs, except in situations where we believe it is appropriate to assist an individual in the performance of his or her duties, to make him or her more efficient and effective, and for recruitment and retention purposes.
During 2018, we provided the limited perquisites described in the “2018 NEO Compensation Decisions” section above. In the future, we may provide perquisites or other personal benefits in limited circumstances, such as where we believe it is appropriate to assist an individual NEO in the performance of his or her duties, to make him or her more efficient and effective, and for recruitment, motivation, or retention purposes. All future practices with respect to perquisites or other personal benefits will be approved and subject to periodic review by the Compensation Committee.
Post-Employment Compensation
We have entered into agreements with our current NEOs that provide them with certain severance and change in control benefits as described in the “Executive Severance Benefit Agreements” section below. We believe that these agreements will enable these NEOs to maintain their focus and dedication to their responsibilities to help maximize shareholder value by minimizing distractions due to the possibility of an involuntary termination of employment or a termination of employment in connection with a potential change in control of the Company. We also believe that these arrangements further our interest in encouraging retention among our current NEOs.
We entered into agreements with our NEOs that terminated their employment with us in 2018 that provided for certain severance benefits as described under the “2018 NEO Compensation Decisions” section above.
Other Compensation Policies
Stock Ownership Guidelines
In May 2019, we adopted robust stock ownership guidelines for our directors and executive officers, including our NEOs, based on input from Compensia and a review of market analysis. We believe that robust ownership guidelines help to promote a

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strong alignment between the interests of our directors and executive officers and the interests of the Company’s stockholders. Under these guidelines, each director and executive officer is expected to own and hold shares of our Common Stock valued at a multiple of his or her annual cash retainer or annual base salary, as applicable:
Individual Subject to Ownership Policy
Minimum Required Level of Stock Ownership
Director
Five times annual cash retainer
Chief Executive Officer
Five times annual base salary
Other Executive Officers
Two times annual base salary
For purposes of this requirement, shares counted toward these guidelines include any shares of the Company’s Common Stock held by the executive directly or through a broker, and shares underlying vested but unexercised stock options (50% of the in-the-money value of such options is used for this calculation). The value for purposes of satisfying this requirement is the higher of the value on the date of vesting or purchase, as applicable, and the 100-day trailing average of the closing price of our Common Stock as of the last trading day of the fiscal year prior to the compliance date as discussed below.
Our directors and executive officers generally will have until the later of May 2024 or, if applicable, five years after the date a director or executive officer is appointed or elected, as applicable, to comply with the minimum stock ownership requirement.
Between 2014 and the date we adopted the guidelines above, we had stock ownership guidelines in place providing that each NEO is expected to own and hold shares of our Common Stock valued at a multiple of his or her annual base salary:
Executive Officer Subject to Ownership Policy
Minimum Required Level of Stock Ownership
Chief Executive Officer
Three times current annual base salary
Other Executive Officers
One times current annual base salary
Mr. Montes is in compliance with the existing ownership guidelines. Mr. Harvey and Mr. Dawood have not yet received equity awards from us, and are subject to a transition period before they are required to satisfy these guidelines. The other NEOs were no longer required to meet these guidelines once their employment with us terminated.
For the stock ownership guidelines in place between 2014 and May 2019, the value of our Common Stock was based on the 100-day trailing average of the market price of the Company’s Common Stock as of the last trading day of each fiscal year. Shares of our Common Stock that counted towards satisfying the stock ownership guideline included any shares held by the executive directly or through a broker, shares underlying time-vested RSUs, and shares underlying vested but unexercised stock options.
Hedging and Pledging Policies
We maintain an Insider Trading Policy which, among other things, prohibits short sales, engaging in transactions in publicly-traded options (such as puts and calls) and other derivative securities relating to our Common Stock. This prohibition extends to any hedging or similar transaction designed to decrease the risks associated with holding the Company’s securities. In addition, the NEOs are prohibited from pledging any of our securities as collateral for a loan and from holding any of our securities in a margin account.
Equity Award Grant Policy
We grant equity awards to our employees, including the NEOs under the Company’s 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended and restated. Generally, for purposes of this plan, the grant date of all equity awards is the date on which the Compensation Committee approves the award.
The Compensation Committee has not delegated authority to grant equity awards under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan. We do not intend to establish any program, plan, or practice of timing the grant of equity awards in coordination with the release of material non-public information likely to result in any increase or decrease in the value of our Common Stock.


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Compensation Recovery (“Clawback”) Policy
In May 2019, our Board, following a review of market data and input from Compensia, adopted the Recoupment Policy applicable to our executive officers, including our NEOs, for future cash and equity performance-based incentive compensation. Under the Recoupment Policy, we may recover, or “claw back” cash and/or equity performance-based incentive compensation from an executive officer if: (i) there is a financial reporting requirement under the federal securities laws that requires us to file a restatement of our audited financial statements with the SEC to correct an error and (ii) the executive officer’s cash and/or equity performance-based incentive compensation is based on a materially inaccurate financial or operating measure. The Recoupment Policy applies to all or a portion of any incentive compensation received in cash within the three-year period preceding the date we announce the requirement to file a restatement (such period, the “Restatement Period”), and remit to us any compensation received from the vesting, exercise, or settlement of any equity performance-based awards occurring within the Restatement Period. The amount required to be reimbursed or returned to us shall be determined by the Board, Compensation Committee or non-management members of the Board administering the Recoupment Policy, and absent unusual circumstances, will generally equal the amount by which the gross incentive compensation payment(s) exceed the gross incentive compensation payment(s) that would have been made if the original payment had been determined based on the restated financial or operating results.
For compensation awarded prior to the adoption the Recoupment Policy, if our financial statements must be restated due to material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirement or as required under any applicable securities law, any cash award paid to an NEO where the Compensation Committee has determined that the financial restatement has occurred will be deemed not to have been properly earned and we are entitled recover from the NEO the amount by which the award exceeded the amount earned had our statements been accurate and initially filed as restated, as determined by the Compensation Committee.
In light of the Announced Restatement, we have been assessing our rights under our clawback policy in effect during 2016, the year covered by our Announced Restatement, as described in the previous paragraph. The amounts set forth in the Summary Compensation Table include the full amount about of the 2016 cash bonus payments previously paid under our executive bonus plan.  Following the completion of the filings relating to the Announced Restatement, we determined that the relevant financial performance criteria for the payment of such amounts were not satisfied and that under the terms of our 2016 executive bonus plan, such payments are subject to recovery by us from the executives who received such payments.  In view of ongoing governmental investigations and shareholder litigation related to the Announced Restatement, we have not yet made a determination to seek recovery, but reserve all rights to do so at such time as our Board deems appropriate.  Our Board may not make a final determination on whether to seek recovery of the 2016 bonus payments until after the government investigations and any resulting actions have concluded.
Tax and Accounting Considerations
Deductibility of Executive Compensation
IRC Section 162(m), or Section 162(m), limits the amount that we may deduct for compensation paid to the CEO and to certain other current and former highly compensated officers that qualify as “covered employees” within the meaning of Section 162(m) to $1,000,000 per person, unless certain exemption requirements are met. However, compensation that qualifies as “performance-based” under Section 162(m) that is paid in 2017 or payable pursuant to a “written binding contract” entered into prior to November 2, 2017 and not subsequently modified may be excluded from the $1,000,000 limit. In 2013, our stockholders approved our 2010 Equity Incentive Plan and Executive Bonus Plan to, among other things, permit (but not require) the Compensation Committee to award compensation that is “performance-based” and thus fully tax-deductible by us. Prior to 2018, the Compensation Committee awarded certain compensation that is “performance-based” and thus intended to be fully tax-deductible by us. While the Compensation Committee considers the deductibility of compensation as a factor in making compensation decisions, the Compensation Committee retains the flexibility to provide compensation that is consistent with our goals, including maintaining an approach to executive compensation that strongly links pay to performance. We may pay compensation or grant equity awards to our executive officers that have their deductibility limited by Section 162(m) if we believe that such compensation is appropriate. The Compensation Committee is continuing to assess the impact of Section 162(m) of the Code, as amended, on our executive compensation programs and practices.
Taxation of “Parachute” Payments and Deferred Compensation
We do not provide any executive officer, including any NEO, with a “gross-up” or other reimbursement payment for any tax liability that he or she might owe as a result of the application of Sections 280G, 4999, or 409A of the IRC during 2018 and we have not agreed and are not otherwise obligated to provide any NEOs with such a “gross-up.” Sections 280G and 4999 of the IRC provide that executive officers and certain directors who hold significant equity interests and certain other service providers

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may be subject to an excise tax if they receive payments or benefits in connection with a change in control that exceeds certain prescribed limits, and that we, or a successor, may forfeit a deduction on the amounts subject to this additional tax. Section 409A of the IRC also imposes additional significant taxes on the individual in the event that an executive officer, director or other service provider receives “deferred compensation” that does not meet the requirements of Section 409A of the IRC.
Accounting Treatment
We follow Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Stock Compensation “ASC Topic 718”, for our stock-based awards. ASC Topic 718 requires companies to measure the compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees and directors, including stock options and RSU awards, based on the grant date “fair value” of these awards.
Summary Compensation Table
The following table presents information concerning the total compensation of the NEOs, for services rendered to the Company in all capacities during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018.
Summary Compensation Table
Name and Principal Position
Year
Salary
($)
Bonus(1) ($)
Stock
 Awards(2)
($)
Option Awards(2,3)
($)
Non-equity Incentive Plan Compensation (4)
($)
All Other
Compensation
 ($)
Total
($)
Edgar O. Montes
President and
Chief Executive Officer
2018
546,924

180,000

—

—

—

6,600(5)
733,524

2017
486,462

—

5,422,500(6)

2,663,560

613,500

13,530(7)
9,199,552

2016
403,926

—

2,181,500(8)

1,246,253

386,250

11,279(9)
4,229,208

Stuart C. Harvey, Jr. (10)
Executive Chairman
2018
86,538

100,000

—

—

—

2,081(11)
188,619

Ismail (Izzy) Dawood (12)
Chief Financial Officer
2018
76,923

250,000

—

—

—

738(13)
327,661

Joseph L. Jackson (14)
Former Chairman of the Board and
Former Chief Executive Officer
2018
456,058(15)

300,000

—

—

—

276,904(16)
1,032,962

2017
742,308

700,000

7,230,000(17)

2,663,560

—

14,780(18)
11,350,648

2016
689,680

—

3,272,250(19)

1,661,670

875,000

13,509(20)
6,512,109

Colm M. Callan (21)
Former Chief Financial Officer
2018
199,500

180,000

—

—

—

251,220(22)
630,720

2017
383,877

—

4,338,000(23)

1,997,670

—

6,480(24)
6,726,027

2016
343,337

—

2,181,500(25)

1,246,253

262,650

6,360(26)
4,040,100

Kimberly L. Wilford (27)
Former Senior Vice President
General Counsel and Corporate Secretary
2018
201,692

160,000

—

—

—

253,803(28)
615,495

2017
373,831

—

4,338,000(29)

1,997,670

—

6,480(30)
6,715,981

2016
333,239

—

1,745,200(31)

830,835

254,925

5,674(32)
3,169,873

(1)
Amount represents (i) annual performance bonus for 2018 of $180,000 for Mr. Montes, (ii) annual performance bonus for Mr. Harvey of $100,000, (iii) annual performance bonus for 2018 of $150,000 for Mr. Dawood and sign-on bonus for Mr. Dawood of $100,000, (iv) retention bonus for 2018 pursuant to the amended and restated employment with Mr. Jackson (“Jackson Employment Agreement”) entitling Mr. Jackson to a $300,000 retention bonus upon remaining employed with the Company through December 31, 2018 or upon involuntary termination, (v) $700,000 annual performance bonus for 2017 for Mr. Jackson pursuant to the Jackson Employment Agreement, (vi) annual performance bonus for 2018 of $180,000 for Mr. Callan, and (vii) retention bonus for 2018 entitling Ms. Wilford to a $160,000 retention bonus upon remaining employed with the Company through the transition period.
(2)
No long-term incentive equity awards were granted in 2018. In addition, as a result of the Announced Restatement, performance RSUs granted in 2016 and 2017, in each case, for which the performance period had not yet been completed as of an NEO’s termination date were forfeited in part by Mr. Jackson, or in their entirety by Mr. Callan, and Ms. Wilford.
(3)
Amounts represent the aggregate fair market value of options granted in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 to the NEOs calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 718 without regard to estimated forfeitures. See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 for a discussion of assumptions made in determining the grant date fair value and compensation expense of our stock options.
(4)
Amounts represent the total performance-based bonuses earned for services rendered in 2016 and 2017 under our Executive Bonus Plan. A formal executive bonus plan was not implemented in 2018 due to the uncertainties arising from the Announced Restatement. In addition, as a result of the Announced Restatement, performance-based bonus opportunities under the 2017 Executive Bonus Plan and for 2018 plan year were forfeited by Mr. Jackson, Mr. Callan, and Ms. Wilford in connection with their termination of employment in 2018.
(5)
Amount represents $6,600 in 401(k) matching contribution by us.

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(6)
Amount represents the aggregate fair market value of performance RSUs granted in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 and calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 718 assuming that the target performance objectives are met. Performance RSUs will vest based on achievement of performance objectives during the performance period from January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2019. If performance targets are met or exceeded, amounts vested can be increased up to 200% of the initial targeted RSU award, which would result in a grant date aggregate fair market value of $10,845,000.
(7)
Amount represents (i) $6,480 in 401(k) matching contribution and (ii) $7,050 in expenses associated with the use of advisors for financial and tax preparation and planning.
(8)
Amount represents the aggregate fair market value of performance RSUs granted in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 and calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 718 assuming that the target performance objectives are met. Performance RSUs will vest based on achievement of performance objectives during the performance period from January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2018. If performance targets are met or exceeded, amounts vested can be increased up to 200% of the initial targeted RSU award, which would result in a grant date aggregate fair market value of $4,363,000.
(9)
Amount represents (i) $5,674 in 401(k) matching contribution; (ii) $105 in gift card tax gross up and (iii) $5,500 in expenses associated with the use of advisors for financial and tax preparation and planning.
(10)
Mr. Harvey joined us on September 10, 2018 as Executive Chairman and therefore his salary set forth in the table above was prorated for the portion of 2018 in which he was employed with us.
(11)
Amount represents $2,081 in 401(k) matching contribution by us.
(12)
Mr. Dawood joined us on October 15, 2018 as full-time Chief Financial Officer and therefore his salary set forth in the table above was prorated for the portion of 2018 in which he was employed with us. The amount does not include compensation paid to Mr. Dawood for his service as a consultant prior to his appointment as full-time Chief Financial Officer.
(13)
Amount represents $738 in 401(k) matching contribution by us.
(14)
Mr. Jackson served as our Chief Executive Officer until April 5, 2018, and as our Executive Chairman and Chairman of the Board until September 6, 2018 and therefore his salary set forth in the table above was prorated for the portion of 2018 in which he was employed with us.
(15)
Amount represents (i) $201,923 for Mr. Jackson’s role as Chief Executive Officer and (ii) $254,135 for his role as Executive Chairman.
(16)
Amount represents (i) $6,600 in 401(k) matching contribution by us, (ii) $5,472 for reimbursement of COBRA premiums, (iii) $168,077 for severance payments, and (iv) $96,755 for the payout of accrued paid time off.
(17)
Amount represents the aggregate fair market value of performance RSUs granted in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 and calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 718 assuming that the target performance objectives are met. Performance RSUs will vest based on achievement of performance objectives during the performance period from January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2019. If performance targets are met or exceeded, amounts vested can be increased up to 200% of the initial targeted RSU award, which would result in a grant date aggregate fair market value of $14,460,000. In connection with his termination of employment and execution of release of claims, Mr. Jackson will be eligible to receive a pro-rata portion of the achieved award, and the remaining amount is forfeited.
(18)
Amount represents (i) $6,480 in 401(k) matching contribution and (ii) $8,300 in expenses associated with the use of advisors for financial and tax preparation and planning.
(19)
Amount represents the aggregate fair market value of performance RSUs granted in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 and calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 718 assuming that the target performance objectives are met. Performance RSUs will vest based on achievement of performance objectives during the performance period from January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2018. If performance targets are met or exceeded, amounts vested can be increased up to 200% of the initial targeted RSU award, which would result in a grant date aggregate fair market value of $6,544,500. In connection with his termination of employment and execution of release of claims, Mr. Jackson will be eligible to receive a pro-rata portion of the achieved award, and the remaining amount is forfeited.
(20)
Amount represents (i) $5,674 in 401(k) matching contribution and (ii) $7,835 in expenses associated with the use of advisors for financial and tax preparation and planning.
(21)
Mr. Callan served as our Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer until April 5, 2018 and thereafter was employed with us for a three-month transition period, and therefore his salary set forth in the table above was prorated for the portion of 2018 in which he was employed with us.
(22)
Amount represents (i) $6,600 in 401(k) matching contribution by us, (ii) $9,120 for reimbursement of COBRA premiums, (iii) $183,000 for severance payments, and (iv) $52,500 for the payout of accrued paid time off.
(23)
Amount represents the aggregate fair market value of performance RSUs granted in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 and calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 718 assuming that the target performance objectives are met. Performance RSUs will vest based on achievement of performance objectives during the performance period from January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019. If performance targets are met or exceeded, then the amounts vested can be increased up to 200% of initial targeted RSU award, which would result in a grant date aggregate fair market value of $8,676,000. This award was forfeited in in its entirety in connection with his transition and termination of employment.
(24)
Amount represents $6,480 in 401(k) matching contribution.
(25)
Amount represents the aggregate fair market value of price-vested RSUs granted in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 and calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 718. Performance RSUs will vest based on achievement of performance objectives during the performance period from January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2018. If performance targets are met or exceeded, then the amounts vested can be increased up to 200% of initial targeted RSU award, which would result in a grant date aggregate fair market value of $4,363,000. This award was forfeited in in its entirety in connection with his transition and termination of employment.
(26)
Amount represents $6,360 in 401(k) matching contribution.
(27)
Ms. Wilford served as our Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary until April 5, 2018 and thereafter was employed with us for a three-month transition period, and therefore her salary set forth in the table above was prorated for the portion of 2018 in which she was employed with us.

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(28)
Amount represents (i) $6,600 in 401(k) matching contribution by us, (ii) $4,953 for reimbursement of COBRA premiums, (iii) $178,308 for severance payments, and (iv) $63,942 for the payout of accrued paid time off.
(29)
Amount represents the aggregate fair market value of performance RSUs granted in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 and calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 718 assuming that the target performance objectives are met. Performance RSUs will vest based on achievement of performance objectives during the performance period from January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019. If performance targets are met or exceeded, then the amounts vested can be increased up to 200% of initial targeted RSU award, which would result in a grant date aggregate fair market value of $8,676,000. This award was forfeited in in its entirety in connection with his transition and termination of employment.
(30)
Amount represents $6,480 in 401(k) matching contribution.
(31)
Amount represents the aggregate fair market value of performance RSUs granted in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 and calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 718 assuming that the target performance objectives are met. Performance RSUs will vest based on achievement of performance objectives during the performance period from January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2018. If performance targets are met or exceeded, amounts vested can be increased up to 200% of the initial targeted RSU award, which would result in a grant date aggregate fair market value of $3,490,400.
(32)
Amount represents $5,674 in 401(k) matching contribution by us.
Plan-Based Awards for Fiscal 2018
We did not make any grants of plan-based awards to any of the NEOs during fiscal 2018.

Outstanding Equity Awards at 2018 Fiscal Year-End
The following table presents information concerning all outstanding equity awards held by each of the NEOs as of December 31, 2018.

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Option Awards
 
Stock Awards
Name
Grant Date
Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options:
(#)
Exercisable
Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options:
(#) Unexercisable
Equity Incentive Plan Awards:
Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Unearned Options
(#)
Option Exercise Price
($/Sh)
Option Expiration Date
 
Equity Incentive Plan Awards:
Number of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested
(#)
Equity Incentive Plan Awards:
Market or Payout Value of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested
($)
Joseph L. Jackson
3/6/2013(1)(2)
125,000

—

—

23.76

3/6/2023

 
 
 
 
2/24/2014(1)(2)
62,500

—

—

57.10

2/24/2024

 
 
 
 
2/18/2015(3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
60,000

$
1,629,600

 
2/11/2016(1)(2)(4)
100,000

—

—

43.63

2/11/2026

 
75,000

$
2,037,000

 
2/17/2017 (1)(2)(5)
100,000

—

—

72.30

2/17/2027

 
100,000

$
2,716,000

Edgar O. Montes
2/9/2012(2)
40,000

—

—

9.59

2/9/2022

 
 
 
 
3/6/2013(1)(2)
50,000

—

—

23.76

3/6/2023

 
 
 
 
2/24/2014(1)(2)
25,000

—

—

57.10

2/24/2024

 
 
 
 
2/18/2015(3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
40,000

$
1,086,400

 
2/11/2016(1)(4)
53,124

21,876

—

43.63

2/11/2026

 
50,000

$
1,358,000

 
2/17/2017(1)(5)
45,833

54,167

—

72.30

2/17/2027

 
75,000

$
2,037,000

Ismail (Izzy) Dawood
—

—

—

—

—

—

 
 
 
Colm M. Callan
9/2/2014(1)(2)(6)
50,000

—

—

40.80

9/2/2024

 
8,544

$
232,055

 
2/18/2015(3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
20,000

$
543,200

 
2/11/2016(1)(2)
43,749

—

—

43.63

2/11/2026

 
 
 
 
2/17/2017(1)(2)
24,999

—

—

72.30

2/17/2027

 
 
 
Kimberly L. Wilford
2/24/2014(1)(2)
25,000

—

—

57.10

2/24/2024

 
 
 
 
2/18/2015(3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
20,000

$
543,200

 
2/11/2016(1)(2)
29,166

—

—

43.63

2/11/2026

 
 
 
 
2/17/2017(1)(2)
24,999

—

—

72.30

2/17/2027

 
 
 
(1)
Twenty-five percent of the shares vest on the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date, and an additional 1/48th of the shares vest on each of the 36 succeeding monthly anniversaries of the vesting commencement date, subject to the respective NEO’s continued status as our service provider through the applicable vesting date.
(2)
This option is fully vested.
(3)
The performance RSUs reported are the target number of shares subject to the grant. The market value for these shares was calculated using $27.16 per share, the closing price of the Company’s common stock on December 31, 2018. The performance RSUs are vested based on the Company’s achievements against its (A) average annual EBITDA margin target for the performance period and (B) compound revenue growth target for the performance period January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2017 and will be exercisable following the S-8 Filing Date.
(4)
The performance RSUs reported are the target number of shares subject to the grant. The market value for these shares was calculated using $27.16 per share, the closing price of the Company’s common stock on December 31, 2018. The performance RSUs are vested based on the Company’s achievements against its (A) average annual EBITDA margin target for the performance period and (B) compound revenue growth target for the performance period January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2018 and will be exercisable following the S-8 Filing Date. In general, the vesting of the performance RSUs is contingent on the NEO’s continued status as our service provider through the applicable vesting date.
(5)
The performance RSUs reported are the target number of shares subject to the grant. The market value for these shares was calculated using $27.16 per share, the closing price of the Company’s common stock on December 31, 2018. The performance RSUs are scheduled to vest on a determination date in 2020 based on the Company’s achievements against its (A) average annual EBITDA margin target for the performance period and (B) compound revenue growth target for the performance period January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2019. In general, the vesting of the performance RSUs is contingent on the NEO’s continued status as our service provider through the applicable vesting date.
(6)
RSUs will vest in four equal annual installments on each of the four anniversaries of the vesting commencement date of September 2, 2014. These RSUs vested in connection with the effective release of claims upon his termination of employment and will be exercisable upon the S-8 Filing Date.

118


Option Exercises and Stock Vested During Fiscal 2018
None of the NEOs exercised options nor were any shares subject to stock awards released to any of our NEOs in 2018.
Pension Benefits & Nonqualified Deferred Compensation
The Company does not provide a pension plan for its employees and no NEOs participated in a nonqualified deferred compensation plan during fiscal 2018.
Executive Severance Benefit Agreements
Edgar Montes. On April 5, 2018, we entered into an at-will employment agreement with Mr. Montes, which provided for the severance and change in control benefits described below.
Under Mr. Montes’ employment agreement, if, during the change in control period, he has an “involuntary termination” (as defined therein), then, provided he timely executes and does not revoke a release of claims and complies with his obligations under his proprietary information and inventions assignment agreement, and complies with the non-solicitation provision in his employment agreement, Mr. Montes will receive the following benefits:
•
Continued payment of his or her base salary as then in effect for 15 months
•
Reimbursement of COBRA premiums on a tax-neutral basis for Mr. Montes and his qualified dependents for 15 months;
•
A lump sum amount equal to 100% of the annual target bonus in effect for Mr. Montes for the year in which his involuntary termination occurs; and
•
Accelerated vesting as to 100% of Mr. Montes’ unvested equity awards that are outstanding immediately prior to his involuntary termination.
Under Mr. Montes’ employment agreement, if, outside of the change in control period, Mr. Montes has an involuntary termination, then, provided he timely executes and does not revoke a release of claims, complies with his obligations under his proprietary information and inventions assignment agreement, and complies with the non-solicitation provision in his employment agreement, Mr. Montes will receive the following benefits:
•
Continued payment of his or her base salary as then in effect for 15 months for Mr. Montes; and
•
Reimbursement of COBRA premiums on a tax-neutral basis for Mr. Montes and his qualified dependents for 15 months.
•
Equity acceleration equal to:
◦
An additional 12 months of vesting for all stock options that are outstanding on the date of his involuntary termination that are subject solely to time-based vesting; and
◦
With regard to equity awards that (i) are eligible to vest, in whole or in part, based on the achievement of one or more performance metrics and (ii) were granted more than 12 months before his involuntary termination, Mr. Montes will be eligible to vest in each award as to (x) the portion of such award that otherwise would be eligible to vest based on actual achievement of the relevant performance metrics during the full performance period multiplied by (y) a fraction where the numerator is the total number of calendar days between the beginning of the applicable performance period and the date of the involuntary termination and the denominator is the total number of days in the performance period.
or
•
In the event his involuntary termination is due to his death or “incapacity” (as defined in his employment agreement), then 100% of the unvested portion of each of his equity awards will become immediately vested and exercisable.
Mr. Montes’ employment agreement also provides that, if, outside of the change in control period, Mr. Montes has an involuntary termination, then, provided such he timely executes and does not revoke a release of claims and complies with his obligations under his proprietary information inventions assignment agreement, he will receive the following benefits:
•
Continued payment of his base salary as then in effect for one month; and

119

•
Reimbursement of COBRA premiums on a tax-neutral basis for Mr. Montes and his qualified dependents for one month.
If Mr. Montes’ employment with us terminates due to his death or “incapacity,” then he will receive the severance benefits described above, subject to complying with the terms and conditions described above.
If the employment of Mr. Montes terminates with us due to his or her death or “incapacity” (as defined in his employment agreement) and he holds one or more unvested equity awards immediately prior to such termination, then 100% of the unvested portion of each of his equity award will become immediately vested and exercisable. In addition, he will receive the COBRA reimbursements and corresponding tax gross-up payments described above, subject to compliance with the terms and conditions described above.
If any of the severance and other benefits provided for in his employment agreement or otherwise payable to Mr. Montes (“280G Payments”) constitute “parachute payments” within the meaning of Section 280G of the IRC and could be subject to excise tax under Section 4999 of the IRC, then the 280G Payments will be delivered in full or delivered as to such lesser extent which would result in no portion of such benefits being subject to excise tax, whichever results in the greater amount of after-tax benefits to him. Mr. Montes is not entitled to any gross up on any 280G Payments.
Stuart C. Harvey, Jr. Under his at-will employment offer letter, Mr. Harvey is entitled to the following vesting acceleration benefit: if, during the change in control period, Mr. Harvey has an “involuntary termination” (as defined therein), then subject to an effective release of claims and his continued compliance with his restrictive covenants, 100% of each Harvey Equity Award shall vest pursuant to an accelerated vesting provision. If, outside of the change in control period, Mr. Harvey has an “involuntary termination,” then subject to an effective release of claims and his continued compliance with his restrictive covenants, he is entitled to accelerated vesting of (i) the portion of his Harvey Option that otherwise would vest had he completed an additional 12 months of continued employment and (ii) the portion of his Harvey RSU Award that otherwise would vest had he been vesting monthly in the Harvey RSU Award over the full 24-month vesting period, less any restricted stock units that previously vested under the Harvey RSU Award.
Because Mr. Harvey’s grants were not made as of December 31, 2018, we did not quantify his acceleration benefits under the table below.
Ismail (Izzy) Dawood. Under his at-will employment offer letter, Mr. Dawood will be eligible to receive severance and change of control benefits upon certain qualifying terminations of his employment on the terms and conditions to be approved by the Compensation Committee. As of December 31, 2018, Mr. Dawood did not have an agreement providing him any severance or change in control benefits.
In May 2019, Mr. Dawood entered into a change in control and severance agreement with us providing for the payments and benefits described below. The form of the agreement is attached to this filing as Exhibit 10.X. The change in control and severance agreement provide for severance and change in control terms that are substantially similar to the terms set forth on the Form of Amended and Restated Executive Severance Benefit Agreement, which is incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.9 to this filing (the “Prior Severance Agreement”), except that (i) the “change in control period” (as defined below) under the Prior Severance Agreement ends 24 months following a change in control and the executive was entitled to 100% vesting acceleration in the event of the executive’s disability under the Prior Severance Agreement.
If the executive officer’s employment is terminated by us other than for “cause,” death, or “disability” or he resigns for “good reason” (as such terms are defined in his change in control and severance agreement), in either case, outside the “change in control period” (as defined below), he will be eligible to receive the following payments and benefits:
•
continued payment for 12 months of his base salary in effect immediately before his termination (or if the termination is due to a resignation for good reason based on a material reduction in base salary, then as of immediately before such reduction); and
•
Company payment of the monthly premium for the executive officer and his eligible dependents to continue health coverage pursuant to COBRA continuation coverage for up to 12 months following his termination date (or monthly taxable payments to him for the same period in lieu of our payment of such premiums).
If, on or after the 12-month period following a change in control (such period, the “change in control period”), the executive officer’s employment is terminated by us other than for cause, death, or disability or he resigns for “good reason”, he will be entitled to the following benefits:

120

•
a lump-sum payment equal to 100% of his annual base salary as of immediately before his termination (or if the termination is due to a resignation for good reason based on a material reduction in base salary, then as of immediately before such reduction) or, if such amount is greater, as of immediately before the change in control;
•
a lump-sum payment equal to 100% of his target annual bonus (for the year of his termination);
•
company payment of the monthly premium for the executive officer and his eligible dependents to continue health coverage pursuant to COBRA continuation coverage for up to 12 months following his termination date (or monthly taxable payments to him for the same period in lieu of our payment of such premiums); and
•
100% accelerated vesting of all outstanding equity awards, and, with respect to equity awards with performance-based vesting, unless otherwise specified in the award agreements governing such equity awards, all performance goals or other vesting criteria will be deemed achieved at 100% of target levels.
In the event of an executive officer’s termination due to his death, then 100% of the unvested portion of each of his equity awards will become immediately vested and exercisable.
The receipt of the payments and benefits above is conditioned on the executive officer timely signing and not revoking a release of claims, returning all documents and property belonging to us, resigning from all officer and director positions with us, and complying with the restrictive covenants applicable to him.
In addition, if any of the payments or benefits provided for under a change in control and severance agreement or otherwise payable to an executive officer would constitute “parachute payments” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Internal Revenue Code and could be subject to the related excise tax, the executive officer will be entitled to receive either full payment of such payments and benefits or such lesser amount that will result in no portion of the payments and benefits being subject to the excise tax, whichever results in the greater amount of after-tax benefits to him. No change in control and severance agreement requires us to provide any tax gross-up payments to the executive officers.
Because this agreement was not in effect as of December 31, 2018, we did not quantify Mr. Dawood’s severance payments and benefits in the table below.

Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control
Triggering Event
Salary
($)
Bonus
 ($)
Accelerated
Stock
Options (1)
($)
Accelerated
RSUs (2)
($)
Health
Care
Benefits
($)
Total
($)
Edgar O. Montes
 
 
 
 
 
 
Termination Without Cause Not in Connection with a Change in Control
750,000(3)

—

—

1,358,000

27,362(4)

2,135,362

Termination Without Cause or Constructive Termination after a Change in Control
750,000(3)

600,000(5)

—

2,037,000

27,362(4)

3,414,362

Change in Control Only
—

—

—

1,358,000(7)

—

1,358,000

(1)
Amount reflects the difference between the closing sales price of a share of our common stock on December 31, 2018 ($27.16) and the per share exercise price for the option.
(2)
Amount reflects the closing sales price of a share of our common stock on December 31, 2018 ($27.16).
(3)
Upon an involuntary termination, Mr. Montes would receive payment of his salary over a period of 15 months, provided Mr. Montes executes a general release of claims and complies with the restrictive covenants under his employment agreement.
(4)
Upon an involuntary termination, Mr. Montes would receive reimbursement, and tax gross-up payments for such reimbursement (if applicable), for the cost of medical care coverage through our benefit plans for Mr. Jackson, his spouse and his eligible dependents for a period of 15 months, provided Mr. Montes executes a general release of claims and complies with the restrictive covenants under his employment agreement. The amount shown is exclusive of the tax gross-up payment.
(5)
Upon an involuntary termination within the “change in control period”, Mr. Montes will be entitled to a payment equal to 100% of the annual target bonus in effect for Mr. Montes for the year in which the his involuntary termination occurs, provided Mr. Montes executes a general release of claims and complies with the restrictive covenants under his employment agreement. The amount shown is 100% of Mr. Montes’ target annual bonus for 2018.
(6)
As of December 31, 2018, the following shares of common stock would accelerate if upon an involuntary termination within the “change in control period”: 76,042 option awards and 50,000 performance RSUs. This calculation includes RSUs that could vest on a change in control, as reported in the “Change in Control only column” and described under footnote 7. None of the options that would accelerate were in-the-money as of December 31, 2018, and therefore there is no value included in the table for them.
(7)
Amount is based on vesting in the number of target RSUs that would have vested upon a change in control on December 31, 2018 had the award of RSUs been subject to a three-year monthly time-based vesting schedule as of the grant date.

121

Chief Executive Officer Pay Ratio Disclosure
Under SEC rules, we are required to provide information regarding the relationship between the total annual compensation of Mr. Montes, our Chief Executive Officer for 2018, and the total annual compensation of our median employee (excluding Mr. Montes). For our last completed fiscal year, which ended December 31, 2018:
•
The median of the total annual compensation of all employees (excluding Mr. Montes) (including our consolidated subsidiaries) was $56,994.
•
Mr. Montes’ total annual compensation, as reported in the Summary Compensation Table included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, was $733,524.
•
Based on the above, for fiscal 2018, the ratio of Mr. Montes’ total annual compensation to the median of the total annual compensation of all other employees was approximately 13 to 1.
This pay ratio is a reasonable estimate calculated in a manner consistent with Item 402(u) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and based upon our reasonable judgment and assumptions. The SEC rules do not specify a single methodology for identification of the median employee or calculation of the pay ratio, and other companies may use assumptions and methodologies that are different from those used by us in calculating their pay ratio. Accordingly, the pay ratio disclosed by other companies may not be comparable to our pay ratio as disclosed above. In addition, unlike in prior years, we did not grant equity awards to our Chief Executive Officer or other employees in 2018. As a result, we expect that the pay ratio disclosed above will be significantly lower than in future years when we expect to grant equity awards to our Chief Executive Officer and other employees.
The methodology we used to calculate the pay ratio is described below.
•
We determined the median of the total annual compensation of our employees as of December 31, 2018, at which time we (including our consolidated subsidiaries) had approximately 2,207 full-time, part-time and temporary employees, approximately 2,207 (or 100% of our total employee population) of whom are U.S. employees.
•
We then compared the sum of the total annual cash compensation earned by each of these employees for fiscal 2018 as reflected in our payroll records to determine the median employee, annualizing the compensation of approximately full-time employees who started their employment with us in fiscal 2018 but did not work for us or our consolidated subsidiaries for the entire year.
Once we identified our median employee, we estimated the median employee’s total annual compensation in accordance with the requirements of Item 402(c)(2)(x) of Regulation S-K, yielding the median total annual compensation disclosed above. With respect to Mr. Montes’ total annual compensation, we used the amount reported in the “Total” column of our fiscal 2018 Summary Compensation Table included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Compensation Committee Report
The Compensation Committee has reviewed and discussed the section titled “Executive Compensation” with management. Based on such review and discussion, the Compensation Committee has recommended to the board of directors that the section titled “Executive Compensation” be included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Respectfully submitted by the members of the Compensation Committee of the board of directors:
Jerome D. Gramaglia (Chair)
Thomas A. Bevilacqua
Carol A. Goode
Compensation of Directors
The following table provides information concerning the compensation paid by the Company to each non-employee directors for fiscal 2018. Messrs. Montes, Harvey, and Jackson did not receive additional compensation for their services as a director and, consequently, are not included in the table. Ms. Goode joined the Board in April 2019 and, consequently is also not included in the table. The compensation received by Messrs. Jackson and Montes as an employee is presented in the “Summary Compensation Table,” which appears above in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

122

Name
 
Fees Earned or Paid in cash
($)
 
Stock Awards (1) ($)
 
Total
($)
Thomas A. Bevilacqua (2)
 
55,500

 
—

 
55,500

Bruce G. Bodaken (3)
 
47,500

 
—

 
47,500

Jerome D. Gramaglia (4)
 
58,000

 
—

 
58,000

George P. Scanlon (5)
 
11,875

 
—

 
11,875

Robert Metzger (6)
 
60,000

 
—

 
60,000

Mariann Byerwalter (7)
 
35,625

 
—

 
35,625

John W. Larson (8)
 
55,000

 
—

 
55,000

(1)
We did not grant equity awards to our directors in 2018 but intend to do so following the S-8 Filing Date in order to compensate our non-employee directors who remain on our Board for their services to us in 2018.
(2)
As of December 31, 2018, Mr. Bevilacqua held options to purchase 15,500 shares of Common Stock and 2,500 RSUs which have vested but have not been released.
(3)
As of December 31, 2018, Mr. Bodaken held no options to purchase shares of Common Stock and 2,500 RSUs which have vested but have not been released.
(4)
As of December 31, 2018, Mr. Gramaglia held 23,000 options to purchase shares of Common Stock and 2,500 RSUs which have vested but have not been released.
(5)
As of December 31, 2018, Mr. Scanlon held no options to purchase shares of Common Stock and no unvested RSUs.
(6)
As of December 31, 2018, Mr. Metzger held 15,000 options to purchase shares of Common Stock and 5,834 RSUs which have vested but have not been released].
(7)
As of December 31, 2018, Ms. Byerwalter held no options to purchase shares of Common Stock and 2,500 RSUs which have vested but have not been released.
(8)
As of December 31, 2018, Mr. Larson held no options to purchase shares of Common Stock and 2,500 RSUs which have vested but have not been released.
Standard Compensation Arrangements for Non-Employee Directors
Cash Compensation:
Pursuant to the Company’s non-employee director compensation program, the Non-Executive Chairman of the Board receives an annual retainer of $70,000 and each of the remaining non-employee directors receives an annual retainer of $40,000, payable quarterly. If a non-employee director serves for only a portion of a year, such non-employee director’s retainer is pro-rated for that portion of the year. The Chairman of the Audit Committee receives an additional annual retainer of $20,000, the Chairman of the compensation committee receives an additional annual retainer of $15,000 and the Chairman of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee receives an additional annual retainer of $10,000. The Non-Executive Chairman of the Board will not be paid an additional committee chair retainer if he or she also serves as a committee chair. Committee members receive the following additional annual retainer: $7,500 (Audit Committee), $5,000 (Compensation Committee) and $3,000 (Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee). The Lead Independent Director also receives an additional annual retainer of $30,000.
Equity Compensation:
Pursuant to the non-employee director compensation program, as amended in February 2017, each non-employee director is automatically granted equity, which may be in the form of a stock option to purchase a specified number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock, a specified number of RSUs or some other grant, as determined in the discretion of the Board on the date such person first becomes a non-employee director, under the equity incentive plan in place at that time. Additionally, annually, each non-employee director is automatically granted RSUs equal in value to $185,000 under the equity incentive plan in place at that time. The grant of these annual retainers will be made as of the annual meetings of the stockholders. In 2018, we did not hold an annual meeting of the stockholders, and therefore no non-employee director received an annual grant of RSUs. We intend to provide a fully vested grant of RSUs of an equivalent dollar value on or shortly following the S-8 Filing Date in order to compensate our non-employee directors who remain on our Board.
Pursuant to the amended non-employee director compensation program, and subject to the adjustment provisions of the Company’s equity incentive plans, any initial grants shall vest according to the schedule determined in the discretion of the Board.

123

The exercise price of all stock options granted pursuant to the non-employee director program is equal to the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant. The term of all stock options will be 10 years.
Each vested stock option granted under the non-employee director compensation program is exercisable by the grantee for three years following separation from the Board.
In the event of a “change in control,” as defined in the appropriate equity incentive plan, with respect to awards granted under the non-employee director compensation program, the participant non-employee director will fully vest in and have the right to exercise awards as to all shares underlying such awards.
Equity Retention Guidelines for Non-Employee Directors
In 2014, we adopted equity retention guidelines for non-employee directors to promote an alignment between their interests and the interests of our stockholders. Under this policy, each non-employee director is encouraged, over time, to retain equity in the Company in the value of $300,000. To facilitate this policy, each director who receives an RSU award is required to retain 50% of the value of the RSU award at the date of vesting. This 50% retention requirement terminates once the director has at least $300,000 of equity in the Company on the date the RSU award vests.
For these equity retention guidelines, the value of the Company’s Common Stock is based on the 100-day trailing average of the market price of the Company’s Common Stock as of the last trading day of each fiscal year. Equity holdings that count towards satisfying this policy include all shares of Company Common Stock, the net value of stock options and vested RSUs retained, directly or beneficially, by the director and by his or her family (spouse and dependent children).
In May 2019, we adopted new stock ownership guidelines that replaced the equity retention guidelines described above. See “Stock Ownership Guidelines” discussion above.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The following table sets forth certain information, as of December 31, 2018, as to shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by: (i) each person who is known by the Company to own beneficially more than 5% of our Common Stock, (ii) all of our directors and executive officers and (iii) all of our directors and executive officers as a group. The information provided in the table is based on our records, information filed with the SEC and information furnished by the respective individuals or entities, as the case may be.
Applicable percentage ownership is based on 36,901,695 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of December 31, 2018. In computing the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we deemed outstanding all shares of Common Stock subject to options, warrants or other convertible securities held by that person or entity that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2018. We did not deem these shares outstanding, however, for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Beneficial ownership representing less than one percent is denoted with an “*.”
Unless otherwise indicated below, the address of each beneficial owner listed on the table is c/o WageWorks, Inc., 1100 Park Place, Fourth Floor, San Mateo, California 94403.
We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the SEC. Except as indicated by the footnotes below, we believe, based on the information available or furnished to us, that the persons and entities named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of Common Stock that they beneficially own, subject to applicable community property laws.


124

 
 
Number of  Shares
Beneficially Owned
 
Percentage of  Shares
Beneficially Owned
Executive Officers and Directors:
 
 
Edgar O. Montes (1)
 
263,183
 
*
Ismail (Izzy) Dawood
 
0
 
*
Stuart C. Harvey, Jr.
 
0
 
*
Scott R. Rose (2)
 
3,712
 
*
John Saia
 
0
 
*
Thomas A. Bevilacqua (3)
 
40,041
 
*
Bruce G. Bodaken (4)
 
11,941
 
*
Jerome D. Gramaglia (5)
 
36,041
 
*
George P. Scanlon
 
0
 
*
Carol Goode
 
0
 
*
Robert L. Metzger (6)
 
18,333
 
*
John W. Larson (7)
 
35,680
 
*
All Executive Officers and Directors as a group (13 persons) (8)
 
411,431
 
1.02%
5% Stockholders:
 
 
BlackRock, Inc. (19)
 
5,928,102
 
15.0%
The Vanguard Group (10)
 
4,011,606
 
10.1%
FMR, LLC (11)
 
3,213,210
 
8.1%
Conestoga Capital Advisors, LLC (12)
 
2,380,804
 
6.0%
TimesSquare Capital Management, LLC (13)
 
2,000,393
 
5.0%
*
Represent beneficial ownership of less than 1%
(1)
Includes 221,248 shares that Mr. Montes has the right to acquire by exercise of stock options.
(2)
Includes 3,174 shares that Mr. Rose has the right to acquire through the vesting of restricted stock units.
(3)
Includes 29,500 shares that Mr. Bevilacqua has the right to acquire by exercise of stock options and 2,500 shares that Mr. Bevilacqua has the right to acquire through the vesting of restricted stock units.
(4)
Includes 2,500 shares that Mr. Bodaken has the right to acquire through the vesting of restricted stock units.
(5)
Includes 23,000 shares that Mr. Gramaglia has the right to acquire by exercise of stock options and 2,500 shares that Mr. Gramaglia has the right to acquire through the vesting of restricted stock units.
(6)
Includes 15,000 shares that Mr. Metzger has the right to acquire by exercise of stock options.
(7)
Includes 2,500 shares that Mr. Larson has the right to acquire through the vesting of restricted stock units.
(8)
Includes 288,748 shares that the listed individuals have the right to acquire by exercise of stock options and 13,174 shares that these same individuals have the right to acquire through the vesting of RSUs.
(9)
Based solely on a Schedule 13GA filed with the SEC by BlackRock, Inc. on January 31, 2019. Entities affiliated with BlackRock have sole voting power with respect to 5,749,112 shares of our common stock and sole dispositive power with respect to 5,928,102 shares of our common stock. The principal business address for BlackRock, Inc. is 55 East 52nd Street, New York, NY 10055.
(10)
Based solely on a Schedule 13GA filed with the SEC by The Vanguard Group - 23-1945930 (“Vanguard”) on February 11, 2019. Vanguard, in its capacity as investment adviser, has sole voting power with respect to 82,496 shares of our common stock, shared voting power with respect to 7,800 shares of our common stock, sole dispositive power with respect to 3,925,392 shares of our common stock, and shared dispositive power with respect to 86,214 shares of our common stock. The principal business address for Vanguard is 100 Vanguard Blvd., Malvern, PA 19355.
(11)
Based solely on a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC by FMR LLC (“FMR”) on February 13, 2019. Entities affiliated with FMR have sole voting power with respect to 1,200,055 shares of our common stock and sole dispositive power with respect to 3,213,210 shares of our common stock. The principal business address for FMR is 245 Summer Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02210.
(12)
Based solely on a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC by Conestoga Capital Advisors, LLC (“Conestoga”) on January 9, 2019. Entities affiliated with Conestoga have sole voting power with respect to 2,132,729 shares of our common stock and sole dispositive power with respect to 2,380,804 shares of our common stock. The principal business address of Conestoga is 550 E. Swedesford Rd. Ste 120, Wayne, PA 19087.
(13)
Based solely on a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC by TimesSquare Capital Management, LLC (“TimesSquare”) on February 14, 2019. Entities affiliated with TimesSquare have sole voting power with respect to 1,840,463 shares of our common stock and sole dispositive power with respect to 2,000,393 shares of our common stock. The principal business address for TimesSquare is 7 Times Square, 42nd Floor, New York, NY 10036.


125

Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table sets forth information regarding outstanding stock options and the shares of the Company’s Common Stock reserved for future issuance under the Company’s equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2018.


Plan Category
 
Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (#)
 
Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights ($)
 
Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
(#)
 
 
(a)
 
(b)
 
(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
 
2,927,255 (1)

 
$
46.59

 
5,410,194 (2)

Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
 
—

 
—

 
—

Total
 
2,927,255

 
 
 
5,410,194


(1)
Consists of the 2000 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan, the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. The 2000 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan terminated in 2010 and as a result, no additional awards will be granted under the 2000 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan. However, the 2000 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan will continue to govern the terms and conditions of the outstanding awards previously granted thereunder. Our 2010 Equity Incentive Plan provides for annual increases in the number of shares available for issuance thereunder on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning with the 2011 fiscal year, equal to the least of (i) 1,500,000 shares of our Common Stock, (ii) four percent (4%) of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, or (iii) such lesser amount as our Board may determine. Our 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan provides for annual increases in the number of shares available for issuance thereunder on the first day of each fiscal year equal to the least of (i) 500,000 shares of our Common Stock, (ii) one percent (1%) of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock on the first day of the fiscal year, or (iii) such lesser amount as our Board or a designated committee acting as administrator of the plan may determine.

(2)
The amount reported includes 2,234,942 shares available for purchase under the 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan at the end of fiscal 2018.


Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Related Party Transaction Policy
We have adopted a formal written policy that our executive officers, directors, holders of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities, and any member of the immediate family of and any entity affiliated with any of the foregoing persons, are not permitted to enter into a related party transaction with us without the prior consent of our Audit Committee, or other independent members of our Board in the case it is inappropriate for our Audit Committee to review such transaction due to a conflict of interest. Any request for us to enter into a transaction with an executive officer, director, principal stockholder, or any of their immediate family members or affiliates, in which the amount involved exceeds $120,000 must first be presented to our Audit Committee for review, consideration and approval. In approving or rejecting any such proposal, our Audit Committee is to consider the relevant facts and circumstances available and deemed relevant to the Audit Committee, including, but not limited to, whether the transaction is on terms no less favorable than terms generally available to an unaffiliated third party under the same or similar circumstances and the extent of the related party’s interest in the transaction.
Related Party Transactions
There were no transactions since the beginning of fiscal 2018 to which we were or are a party in which the amount involved exceeds $120,000 and in which any of our directors, nominees for director, executive officers, holders of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities or any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, other than compensation arrangements with directors and executive officers, which are described where required under the “Executive Compensation” section of this report.



126

Indemnification Agreements
We have entered into an indemnification agreement with each of our directors and officers. The indemnification agreements and our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws require us to indemnify our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law.
Board Independence
Our common stock is listed on the NYSE. Under NYSE rules, independent directors must comprise a majority of a listed company’s board of directors within a specified period of time following the completion of a listed company’s initial public offering. In addition, NYSE rules require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company’s audit, compensation and Nominating Committees be independent. Audit Committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Under NYSE rules, a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of that company’s board of directors, that person does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. In order to be considered independent for purposes of Rule 10A-3, a member of an Audit Committee of a listed company may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the Audit Committee, the board of directors, or any other board committee: (1) accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the listed company or any of its subsidiaries; or (2) be an affiliated person of the listed company or any of its subsidiaries.
Our Board has undertaken a review of its composition, the composition of its committees and the independence of each director. Based upon information requested from and provided by each director concerning his or her background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our Board has determined that none of Ms. Byerwalter and Messrs. Bevilacqua, Bodaken, Gramaglia, Larson and Metzger, representing six of our eight directors, has a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and that each of these directors is “independent” as that term is defined under NYSE rules.
Our Board also determined that Ms. Byerwalter and Messrs. Bodaken and Metzger, who comprised our Audit Committee in 2018, Messrs. Bevilacqua, Gramaglia and Larson, who comprise our Compensation Committee, and Messrs. Bevilacqua, Gramaglia and Larson, who comprised our Nominating Committee in 2018, satisfy the independence standards for those committees established by applicable SEC rules and NYSE rules. In making this determination, our Board considered the relationships that each non-employee director has with our company and all other facts and circumstances our Board deemed relevant in determining their independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each non-employee director.
 
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
As reported in the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the SEC on November 6, 2018, on October 31, 2018, the Audit Committee of the Board terminated the engagement of KPMG LLP as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, effective immediately. KPMG LLP has not previously issued an audit report or provided an audit opinion for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, including the restatement of certain financial statements for periods in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016. The Company’s decision to change its independent registered public accounting firm was driven by a desire to accelerate the audit process.
As previously reported, the Audit Committee conducted an independent investigation of the Company’s accounting practices, financial statement reporting and internal control over financial reporting for fiscal 2016 and 2017. Among other matters, the investigation included a review of the accounting for a government contract during fiscal 2016 and associated issues with whether there was an open flow of information and appropriate tone at the top for an effective control environment. The Audit Committee engaged independent professionals to assist its investigation throughout the process, concluded its investigation in April 2018, concluded its follow-on procedures in June 2018 and, among its other findings, determined that no illegal acts occurred. As previously reported, in April 2018, the Board concluded that the Company’s financial statements for the Non-Reliance Periods should be restated and should no longer be relied upon. Further, the Company’s disclosures related to such financial statements and related communications issued by or on behalf of the Company with respect to the Non-Reliance Periods, including management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, should also no longer be relied upon. The determination was made upon the recommendation of the Audit Committee, as a result of the investigation described above and after consultation with KPMG LLP and the Company’s management team. Also in connection with the investigation KPMG LLP notified the Company that (i) they could no longer rely on the representations of the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, or general counsel, (ii) they disagreed with the prior accounting for revenue for the government contract referenced above, (iii) they disagreed with the methodology for determining the allowance for doubtful accounts, and (iv

127

) that the scope of the fiscal 2016 and 2017 audits would need to be increased due to the impact of the misstatements identified and an inability to rely on the Company’s system of internal controls over financial reporting.
In August 2018, KPMG LLP raised certain concerns, primarily relating to the Audit Committee’s lack of communication with respect to (i) allegations from April through May of 2018 made by former management’s counsel following the completion of the Audit Committee’s investigation (described above) that the Audit Committee, the Company’s corporate counsel, and the Company’s former COO were aware that information was withheld from the auditors during 2017, and (ii) the response to those allegations. Counsel to the Audit Committee reviewed such allegations at the time they were made and concluded that they were without merit. KPMG LLP brought these concerns to the attention of our Lead Independent Director.
In August, KPMG LLP recommended the following actions to the Company and the Board, including, among other matters:
•
Forming a special committee of independent directors, excluding any current Audit Committee members, to carry out an independent investigation which would review the initial Audit Committee investigation with full authority to take whatever follow-up measures it deems appropriate, with a view to providing an overall conclusion on all matters within the scope of the initial Audit Committee investigation, inclusive of the allegations made by counsel representing certain members of the Company’s former management from April through May 2018;
•
Having such special committee engage an independent law firm to carry out this investigation;
•
Having the investigation specifically address the knowledge and role of the Company’s current CEO and each of the audit committee members with regard to the matters that were the subject of the initial Audit Committee investigation, including the allegations made by counsel to certain members of the Company’s former management from April through May 2018. In addition, the Special Committee of independent directors was asked to consider the suitability of each of these individuals in their roles as CEO and audit committee members, respectively, based on the results of the investigation, and provide an affirmative conclusion in this regard as to whether or not each individual should be exonerated, as well as any other remedial actions deemed necessary by the Special Committee;
•
Having the investigation specifically address other instances of potential management override of controls, such as the impairment assessment of the Company’s KP connector internal use software, which were not identified in the initial Audit Committee investigation but have subsequently been raised in the performance of the 2016 re-audit and completion of the 2017 audit;
•
Replacing the current Chairman of the Audit Committee; and
•
Removing Joseph L. Jackson as Executive Chairman of the Company.
 
KPMG LLP has advised the Company that, other than with respect to the accounting for the government contract referenced above and the resignation of Mr. Jackson as the Company’s Executive Chairman, the disagreements and reportable events disclosed above have not been resolved to their satisfaction as of the time the Audit Committee determined not to continue to engage KPMG LLP.
On October 31, 2018, the Audit Committee approved the engagement of BDO USA, LLP as the Company’s new independent registered public accounting firm, effective immediately.
BDO USA, LLP served as the Company’s auditor with respect to the preparation of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, including the restatement of the Company’s financial statements for the quarterly and year-to-date periods ended March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2017. BDO USA, LLP also served as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018. Due to prior services provided to the Company by BDO USA, LLP in relation to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, BDO did not serve as the Company’s auditor with respect to the restatement of the Company’s financial statements for the quarterly and year-to-date periods ended June 30 and September 30, 2016 and the year ended December 31, 2016. The Audit Committee further approved the engagement of Macias, Gini & O’Connell LLP on October 31, 2018 to serve as the Company’s auditor with respect to the restatement of the Company’s financial statements for these quarterly and year-to-date periods for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.
The following table sets forth the aggregate fees billed or expected to be billed by BDO USA, LLP for audit and other services rendered.

128

 
 
Fiscal Year
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
($)
 
($)
Audit Fees (1)
 
3,562,807

 
2,613,903

Audit-Related Fees
 
—

 
—

Tax Fees
 
—

 
—

All Other Fees
 
—

 
—

Total
 
3,562,807

 
2,613,903

(1)
Audit fees consist of fees incurred or expected to be incurred for professional services rendered for the audit of our annual consolidated financial statements and review of our quarterly consolidated financial statements.
When necessary, the Audit Committee considers whether the provision of services other than audit services is compatible with maintaining BDO USA, LLP’s independence.
Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
The Audit Committee has adopted a policy for pre-approving audit and non-audit services and associated fees of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm. Under this policy, the Audit Committee must pre-approve all services and associated fees provided to the Company by its independent registered public accounting firm, with certain exceptions described in the policy.

PART IV
 
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
Documents filed as part of this report are as follows:
1.
Consolidated Financial Statements:
Our Consolidated Financial Statements are listed in the “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

129

 
2.
Exhibits:
The documents listed in the Exhibit Index of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated by reference or are filed with this report, in each case as indicated therein (numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K).
 
All other financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are either inapplicable or the information required is provided in the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None

Exhibit Index
 
 
 
 
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit
Number 
Exhibit Description 
Form  
 
File No.  
 
Exhibit  
 
Filing Date  
3.1
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
3.2
 
7/19/2011
3.2
 
 
8-K
 
001-35232
 
3.1
 
10/28/2016
4.1
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
4.1
 
7/19/2011
4.5
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
4.5
 
7/19/2011
4.9*
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10.1†
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.1
 
7/19/2011
10.2†
 
 
8-K
 
001-35232
 
10.1
 
4/17/2013
10.3†
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.3
 
7/19/2011
10.4†
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.4
 
4/25/2011
10.5†
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.5
 
4/25/2011
10.6†
 
 
10-K
 
001-35232
 
10.6
 
2/27/2013
10.6A
 
 
S-8
 
333-204219
 
10.6A
 
5/15/2015
10.7†
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.7
 
3/7/2012
10.8†
 
 
8-K
 
001-35232
 
10.1
 
4/21/2017
10.9†
 
 
8-K
 
001-35232
 
10.2
 
4/21/2017
10.10
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.10
 
4/25/2011
10.10A
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.10A
 
3/7/2012
10.10B
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.10B
 
3/7/2012
10.10C
 
 
8-K
 
001-35232
 
10.1
 
9/24/2012
10.10D
 
 
10-K
 
001-35232
 
10.10D
 
2/27/2013
10.10E
 
 
10-K
 
001-35232
 
10.10E
 
2/26/2015

130

10.10F
 
 
10-K
 
001-35232
 
10.10F
 
2/25/2016
10.10G
 
 
10-Q
 
001-35232
 
10.10G
 
11/9/2016
10.10H
 
 
10-Q
 
001-35232
 
10.10H
 
8/1/2017
10.11
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.11
 
4/25/2011
10.12
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.12
 
4/25/2011
10.13
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.13
 
4/25/2011
10.14
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.14
 
4/25/2011
10.15
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.15
 
4/25/2011
10.16
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.16
 
4/25/2011
10.17
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.17
 
4/25/2011
10.18
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.18
 
4/25/2011
10.25
 
 
S-1
 
333-173709
 
10.25
 
6/8/2011
10.26
 
 
10-K
 
001-35232
 
10.26
 
2/26/2015
10.27
 
 
10-K
 
001-35232
 
10.27
 
2/26/2015
10.27A
 
 
10-K
 
001-35232
 
10.27A
 
2/26/2015
10.27B
 
 
10-K
 
001-35232
 
10.27B
 
2/26/2015

131

10.27C
 
Third Amendment to Office Lease Agreement by and among NNN Las Colinas Highlands, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 1, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 2, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 3, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 4, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 5, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 6, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 7, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 8, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 9, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 10, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 11, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 12, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 13, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 14, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 15, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 16, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 17, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 18, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 19, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 20, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 21, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 22, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 23, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 24, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 25, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 26, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 27, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 28, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 29, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 30, LLC, NNN Las Colinas Highlands 31, LLC, Triple Net Properties Realty, Inc. and CONEXIS Benefit Administrators, LP, dated January 14, 2009
 
10-K
 
001-35232
 
10.27C
 
2/26/2015
10.27D
 
 
10-K
 
001-35232
 
10.27D
 
2/26/2015
10.28
 
 
10-Q
 
001-35232
 
10.1
 
5/5/2015
10.28A
 
 
10-Q
 
001-35232
 
10.2
 
5/5/2015
10.28B
 
 
10-Q
 
001-35232
 
10.3
 
5/5/2015
10.29†
 
 
8-K
 
001-35232
 
10.2
 
4/17/2013
10.30†*
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10.31
 
 
8-K
 
001-35232
 
10.1
 
3/23/2018
10.32
 
 
8-K
 
001-35232
 
10.1
 
6/28/2018
10.33
 
 
8-K
 
001-35232
 
10.1
 
3/18/2019
10.34
 
 
8-K
 
001-35232
 
10.1
 
5/10/2019
21.1*
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
23.1*
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
23.2*
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24.1*
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
31.1*
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

132

31.2*
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
32.1**
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
101.INS
 
XBRL Instance Document
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
101.SCH
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
101.CAL
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
101.DEF
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
101.LAB
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
101.PRE
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
†     Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
*
Filed herewith.
**   The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of WageWorks, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Form 10-K, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing. 

133



SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirement of Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
 
WAGEWORKS, INC.
 
 
 
 
Date: May 29, 2019
By:
 
/s/ ISMAIL DAWOOD
 
 
 
Ismail Dawood
 
 
 
Chief Financial Officer
 
 
 
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
 
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Edgar O. Montes and Ismail Dawood, and each or any one of them, his or her lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
 
SIGNATURE
 
TITLE
 
DATE
/ S / EDGAR O MONTES
 
President, Chief Executive Officer
 
May 29, 2019
Edgar O. Montes
 
and Director (Principal Executive Officer)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/ S / ISMAIL DAWOOD
 
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
 
May 29, 2019
Ismail Dawood
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/ S / STUART C HARVEY, JR.
 
Executive Chairman and Director
 
May 29, 2019
Stuart C. Harvey, Jr.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/ S / THOMAS A BEVILACQUA
 
Lead Independent Director
 
May 29, 2019
Thomas A. Bevilacqua
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/ S / BRUCE G BODAKEN
 
Director
 
May 29, 2019
Bruce G. Bodaken
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/ S / JEROME D GRAMAGLIA
 
Director
 
May 29, 2019
Jerome D. Gramaglia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/ S / ROBERT L METZGER
 
Director
 
May 29, 2019
Robert L. Metzger
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/ S / GEORGE P SCANLON
 
Director
 
May 29, 2019
George P. Scanlon
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/ S / CAROL A. GOODE
 
Director
 
May 29, 2019
Carol A. Goode
 
 
 
 

134