-----BEGIN PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE----- Proc-Type: 2001,MIC-CLEAR Originator-Name: webmaster@www.sec.gov Originator-Key-Asymmetric: MFgwCgYEVQgBAQICAf8DSgAwRwJAW2sNKK9AVtBzYZmr6aGjlWyK3XmZv3dTINen TWSM7vrzLADbmYQaionwg5sDW3P6oaM5D3tdezXMm7z1T+B+twIDAQAB MIC-Info: RSA-MD5,RSA, Pr54pbpNmPt3HYiT5obdyC104wSg9caNnIufqhGh2juqsO0eDvH/9jCZRbcrqQck bp/LFd+D34IjWTRLtOuJfQ== 0001017062-97-001089.txt : 19970602 0001017062-97-001089.hdr.sgml : 19970602 ACCESSION NUMBER: 0001017062-97-001089 CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE: S-1 PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT: 9 FILED AS OF DATE: 19970529 SROS: NASD FILER: COMPANY DATA: COMPANY CONFORMED NAME: LIFE FINANCIAL CORP CENTRAL INDEX KEY: 0001028918 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION: SAVINGS INSTITUTION, FEDERALLY CHARTERED [6035] STATE OF INCORPORATION: DE FISCAL YEAR END: 1231 FILING VALUES: FORM TYPE: S-1 SEC ACT: 1933 Act SEC FILE NUMBER: 333-28035 FILM NUMBER: 97616391 BUSINESS ADDRESS: STREET 1: 4110 TIGRIS WAY CITY: RIVERSIDE STATE: CA ZIP: 92503 BUSINESS PHONE: 9098869751 MAIL ADDRESS: STREET 1: 1598 EAST HIGHLAND AVENUE CITY: SAN BERNADINO STATE: CA ZIP: 92404 S-1 1 ORIGINAL FILING OF FORM S-1 COMMON STOCK AS FILED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION ON MAY 29, 1997 REGISTRATION NO. 333- - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 ---------------- FORM S-1 REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 ---------------- LIFE FINANCIAL CORP. (EXACT NAME OF REGISTRANT AS SPECIFIED IN ITS CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION) ---------------- DELAWARE 6035 APPLIED FOR (STATE OR OTHER JURISDICTION (PRIMARY STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION (IRS EMPLOYER OF INCORPORATION OR ORGANIZATION) CODE NUMBER) IDENTIFICATION NO.)
4115 TIGRIS WAY RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA 92503 (800) 448-2265 (ADDRESS, INCLUDING ZIP CODE, AND TELEPHONE NUMBER, INCLUDING AREA CODE, OF REGISTRANT'S PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICES) ---------------- DANIEL L. PERL PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER LIFE FINANCIAL CORP. 4115 TIGRIS WAY RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA 92503 (800) 448-2265 (NAME, ADDRESS, INCLUDING ZIP CODE, AND TELEPHONE NUMBER, INCLUDING AREA CODE, OF AGENT FOR SERVICE) COPIES TO: MARY M. SJOQUIST, ESQUIRE ROGER M. COHEN, ESQUIRE GEOFFREY W. RYAN, ESQUIRE BROBECK PHLEGER & HARRISON LLP MULDOON, MURPHY & FAUCETTE 4675 MACARTHUR COURT, SUITE 1000 5101 WISCONSIN AVENUE, N.W. NEWPORT BEACH, CALIFORNIA 92660 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20016 (714) 752-7532 (202) 362-0840 ---------------- APPROXIMATE DATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF PROPOSED SALE TO THE PUBLIC: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement. If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. [_] If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [_] If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [_] If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434, please check the following box. [_] CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PROPOSED PROPOSED TITLE OF EACH CLASS OF AMOUNT MAXIMUM MAXIMUM SECURITIES TO BE TO BE OFFERING PRICE AGGREGATE REGISTRATION REGISTERED REGISTERED (1) PER SHARE OFFERING PRICE FEE - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Common Stock $.01 par value................. 2,875,000 Shares $12.00 $34,500,000 $10,455(1)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1)The registration fee of $10,454 was previously paid upon the payment of $16,601 at the time of the filing of the Registrant's Form S-1 on January 27, 1997 (SEC File No. 333-20497) and the additional payment of $5,533 at the time of filing of Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Form S-1 filed on March 27, 1997 for an aggregate amount paid of $22,134. ---------------- THE REGISTRANT HEREBY AMENDS THIS REGISTRATION STATEMENT ON SUCH DATE OR DATES AS MAY BE NECESSARY TO DELAY ITS EFFECTIVE DATE UNTIL THE REGISTRANT SHALL FILE A FURTHER AMENDMENT WHICH SPECIFICALLY STATES THAT THIS REGISTRATION STATEMENT SHALL THEREAFTER BECOME EFFECTIVE IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 8(a) OF THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 OR UNTIL THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT SHALL BECOME EFFECTIVE ON SUCH DATE AS THE COMMISSION, ACTING PURSUANT TO SAID SECTION 8(a), MAY DETERMINE. - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS SUBJECT TO COMPLETION OR AMENDMENT. A + +REGISTRATION STATEMENT RELATING TO THESE SECURITIES HAS BEEN FILED WITH THE + +SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION. THESE SECURITIES MAY NOT BE SOLD NOR MAY + +OFFERS TO BUY BE ACCEPTED PRIOR TO THE TIME THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT + +BECOMES EFFECTIVE. THIS PROSPECTUS SHALL NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFER TO SELL OR + +THE SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO BUY NOR SHALL THERE BE ANY SALE OF THESE + +SECURITIES IN ANY STATE IN WHICH SUCH OFFER, SOLICITATION OR SALE WOULD BE + +UNLAWFUL PRIOR TO REGISTRATION OR QUALIFICATION UNDER THE SECURITIES LAWS OF + +ANY SUCH STATE. + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED MAY , 1997 2,500,000 SHARES LOGO OF LIFE FINANCIAL CORP. COMMON STOCK Life Financial Corp. (the "Company" ), a Delaware corporation, is hereby offering (the "Public Offering") 2,500,000 shares of its common stock, par value $.01 per share (the "Common Stock"). The Company has received conditional approval to have its Common Stock quoted on the National Market System of the Nasdaq Stock Market, subject to notice of issuance, under the symbol "LFCO." It is currently estimated that the price of the Common Stock to be sold in the Public Offering will be between $ and $ per share. The sale of Common Stock is subject to the approval by the stockholders of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank (the "Bank"), of the "Reorganization" pursuant to which (i) each outstanding share of the Bank's common stock will be converted into the right to receive three shares of the Common Stock of the Company and (ii) the Bank will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. ----------- THE COMMON STOCK OFFERED HEREBY INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK. SEE "RISK FACTORS" AT PAGES 13 TO 20 FOR A DISCUSSION OF CERTAIN FACTORS THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED BY EACH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR. ----------- THE SHARES OF COMMON STOCK OFFERED HEREBY ARE NOT SAVINGS ACCOUNTS OR DEPOSITS AND ARE NOT FEDERALLY INSURED OR GUARANTEED. THESE SECURITIES HAVE NOT BEEN APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED BY THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (THE "COMMISSION"), THE OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION ("OTS"), OR ANY OTHER FEDERAL AGENCY OR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION, NOR HAS THE COMMISSION, THE OTS OR ANY OTHER AGENCY OR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION PASSED UPON THE ACCURACY OR ADEQUACY OF THIS PROSPECTUS. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE. ================================================================================
UNDERWRITING DISCOUNTS PROCEEDS TO THE PRICE TO PUBLIC AND COMMISSIONS(1) COMPANY(2) - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Per Share............... $ $ $ - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total(3)................ $ $ $
================================================================================ (1) See "Underwriting" for information concerning indemnification of the Underwriters and other matters. (2) Before deducting expenses of the Public Offering payable by the Company estimated to be $ . (3) The Company has granted the Underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to 375,000 additional shares of Common Stock solely to cover overallotments, if any. To the extent that the option is exercised, the Underwriters will offer the additional shares of Common Stock at the Price to Public shown above. If the option is exercised in full, the total Price to Public, Underwriting Discounts and Commissions and Proceeds to the Company will be $ , $ , and $ , respectively. See "Underwriting." The Common Stock offered by the Underwriters in the Public Offering is subject to prior sale, when, as and if delivered to and accepted by the Underwriters, and subject to their right to withdraw, modify, correct and reject orders in whole or in part. It is expected that delivery of the certificates representing such shares of Common Stock will be made against payment therefor at the offices of Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc., or in book entry form through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company, on or about , 1997. KEEFE, BRUYETTE & WOODS, INC. THE DATE OF THIS PROSPECTUS IS , 1997 CERTAIN PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN THIS OFFERING MAY ENGAGE IN TRANSACTIONS THAT STABILIZE, MAINTAIN OR OTHERWISE AFFECT THE PRICE OF THE COMMON STOCK. SUCH TRANSACTIONS MAY INCLUDE STABILIZING BIDS AND PURCHASES, SYNDICATE SHORT COVERING TRANSACTIONS AND PENALTY BIDS. FOR A DESCRIPTION OF THESE ACTIVITIES, SEE "UNDERWRITING." PROSPECTUS SUMMARY THE FOLLOWING SUMMARY IS QUALIFIED IN ITS ENTIRETY BY THE MORE DETAILED INFORMATION AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND NOTES THERETO APPEARING ELSEWHERE IN THIS PROSPECTUS. EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, ALL INFORMATION IN THIS PROSPECTUS ASSUMES NO EXERCISE OF THE UNDERWRITERS' OVER-ALLOTMENT OPTION OR OF OUTSTANDING OPTIONS UNDER THE COMPANY'S 1996 STOCK OPTION PLAN OR THE BANK'S 1996 STOCK OPTION PLAN. SEE "UNDERWRITING." UNLESS THE CONTEXT OTHERWISE REQUIRES, (I) THE INFORMATION IN THIS PROSPECTUS GIVES EFFECT TO THE REORGANIZATION DESCRIBED ELSEWHERE HEREIN AND (II) ALL REFERENCES TO THE COMPANY SHALL BE DEEMED TO INCLUDE THE COMPANY AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES, INCLUDING THE BANK. THIS PROSPECTUS CONTAINS CERTAIN STATEMENTS OF A FORWARD-LOOKING NATURE RELATING TO FUTURE EVENTS OR THE FUTURE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF THE COMPANY. THESE FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS INVOLVE RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES AND ACTUAL RESULTS MAY DIFFER MATERIALLY FROM THOSE PROJECTED OR IMPLIED IN THE FORWARD- LOOKING STATEMENTS. FACTORS THAT COULD CAUSE OR CONTRIBUTE TO SUCH DIFFERENCES INCLUDE, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO, THOSE DISCUSSED UNDER "RISK FACTORS," "MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS" AND "BUSINESS." FURTHER, CERTAIN FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS ARE BASED UPON ASSUMPTIONS AS TO FUTURE EVENTS THAT MAY NOT PROVE TO BE ACCURATE. THE BANK BACKGROUND The Bank is a federally chartered stock savings bank whose primary business is the origination and sale of sub-prime one- to four-family residential mortgage loans and, to a much lesser extent, multi-family residential and commercial mortgage loans. The Bank was originally chartered in 1983 as a stock savings and loan association under the laws of the State of California and became a federally chartered stock savings bank in 1991. The Bank conducts its business from four locations: the Bank's headquarters in San Bernardino, California, and three regional lending centers, one in Riverside, California, one in Jacksonville, Florida and one recently established in the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area. At March 31, 1997, the Bank had total assets of $157.7 million, total deposits of $130.8 million and total equity of $11.5 million. During the three months ended March 31, 1997, the Bank originated or purchased, through a network of approved correspondents and independent mortgage brokers (the "Originators") $92.2 million of mortgage products, and sold or securitized $83.2 million of such products. The Bank's deposits are insured up to the maximum allowable amount by the Savings Association Insurance Fund ("SAIF") of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"). The Bank's headquarters are located at 1598 East Highland Avenue, San Bernardino, California 92404, and its telephone number is (909) 886-9751. During the early 1990's, as a result of reduced employment levels and corporate relocations in Southern California and the general weakness of the national economy, the Bank's market area experienced a weakening of real estate values and a reduction in home sales and construction. When confronted with increased competition and nominal growth during this same period, the Bank's results of operations were adversely impacted and the Bank began to experience increases in total non-performing loans held for investment. In response, in 1994, the Bank retained new management experienced in sub-prime lending to redirect its business focus, revise its underwriting policies and procedures and enhance its related servicing capabilities. A plan was developed pursuant to which the Bank reorganized its lending operations from that of a thrift emphasizing traditional mortgage banking and portfolio lending to that of a diversified financial services operation focusing on the origination for sale or securitization, with servicing retained, of various loan products. These loan products include: (i) loans for the purchasing or refinancing of residential real property by borrowers who may have had prior credit problems or who do not have an adequate credit history, are considered "sub-prime borrowers" ("Liberator Series"); (ii) debt consolidation loans for up to 125% of the appraised value of such loans for borrowers whose credit history qualifies for Federal National Mortgage Association ("FNMA") and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("FHLMC") loans ("Agency Qualified Borrowers") ("Portfolio Series"); 3 and (iii) to a much lesser extent, commercial and multi-family real estate loans. Liberator Series loans and Portfolio Series loans are the Bank's "core products." The Bank also adopted revised underwriting policies and instituted more aggressive procedures for resolving problem loans and for reducing the level of non-performing assets. In 1994, the Bank began to implement its plan which resulted in: . An increase in total purchases and originations of loans by 171.5% from $82.0 million for the year ended December 31, 1993 to $222.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. For the three month period ended March 31, 1997, loans originated and purchased totalled $92.2 million. . An increase in loan sales and securitizations by 191.0% from $71.0 million for the year ended December 31, 1993 to $206.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. For the three month period ended March 31, 1997, loan sales and securitizations totalled $83.2 million. . An increase in net income of 1,518.3% from $93,000 for the year ended December 31, 1993, to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. For the three month period ended March 31, 1997, net income was $2.2 million. . An increase in net gains from mortgage financing operations by 663.6% from $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1993, to $8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. For the three month period ended March 31, 1997, net gains from mortgage financing operations totalled $5.9 million. . A decrease in non-performing assets by 25.0% from $4.0 million at December 31, 1993, to $3.0 million at December 31, 1996. As a percent of total assets, non-performing assets decreased by 43.4% from 5.05% at December 31, 1993 to 2.86% at December 31, 1996. At March 31, 1997, non- performing assets totalled $2.9 million and, as a percentage of total assets, were 1.85%. . An increase in the allowance for estimated loan losses as a percent of gross loans receivable by 263.1% from 0.65% at December 31, 1993 to 2.36% at December 31, 1996. At March 31, 1997, the allowance for estimated loan losses as a percent of gross loans receivable was 2.42%. COMPETITIVE STRENGTHS Management believes that it enjoys a competitive advantage when compared to most other finance companies competing in its product areas as a result of the following factors: Expertise of Management. The change in direction of the Bank's business focus commenced with the hiring in 1994 of Daniel L. Perl, the Bank's President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Perl has more than twenty years of experience in the financial services industry, including the areas of sub-prime lending, commercial real estate lending, mortgage banking and investment banking. See "Business--Competitive Strengths--Expertise of Management." Efficiency of Operations. Management believes that the efficiency of its operations allows the Bank to offer to its Originators very competitively priced products. Management believes that this competitive pricing will increase the volume of loans originated. See "Business--Competitive Strengths-- Efficiency of Operations." Internal Controls. Management believes that it has established significant internal controls which will help preserve and assure the overall quality of loans originated by the Bank. See "Business--Competitive Strengths-- Internal Controls." Flexible Funding Sources and Structure. As a federally-chartered savings bank, the Bank has access to funds at a lower cost than its non-regulated finance company competitors. The Bank's flexible funding structure will be further enhanced by the Reorganization of the Bank into the holding company structure. See "Business--Competitive Strengths--Flexible Funding Sources and Structure." 4 Diversification Opportunities. Upon the Reorganization, the Company will become a unitary savings and loan holding company which generally will not be restricted in the types of business activities it may conduct provided that the Bank continues to be a qualified thrift lender. See "Business--Competitive Strengths-- Diversification Opportunities." GROWTH AND OPERATING STRATEGIES Management believes that, as a result of its competitive strengths, the Bank and the Company will be able to implement the following growth and operating strategies: . Expanding Core Products Through a National Originator Network. The Bank will continue to emphasize and to expand upon the origination of its core products, Liberator Series loans and Portfolio Series loans, for sale through securitizations and in the secondary market. Continued growth of core products will result primarily from geographic expansion and greater penetration in existing markets. In particular, since the beginning of 1997, the Bank has widely advertised its no income, no asset ("NINA") loan product, which is a limited documentation, lower loan-to-value loan program within the Liberator Series. NINA loans constituted $7.3 million of the $80.1 million of loans in the Bank's 1997-1 securitization during the first quarter of 1997. In order to improve its ability to service its expanding network of Originators, the Bank has established strategically located, low cost regional lending centers in Riverside, California, Jacksonville, Florida and in the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area. Over the next twelve months, the Bank intends to open two additional regional lending centers which are likely to be strategically located in the Northeast and Midwest sectors of the United States to better serve its Originators. . Expanding Retail Lending Production. The Bank's retail lending operations focus on retail loans located in the Bank's primary market area of Southern California. To the extent that these loans meet the criteria for Liberator Series loans or Portfolio Series loans, the Bank's retail lending operation acts as an origination source for the Life Financial Services Division of the Bank while loans not meeting these criteria are sold to investors ("Loan Purchasers"). The Bank intends to gradually and selectively expand its retail lending operations beyond Southern California. As part of this process, the Bank also plans to establish low cost retail offices selectively throughout the country. In order to reduce the possibility that its borrowers will refinance their loans with other lenders, the Bank is seeking to refinance such loans through its own retail lending operation. . Expanding Multi-Family and Commercial Lending. In continuing with its tradition as a niche market lender and in an effort to diversify product offerings, the Bank, through its Life Income Capital Division, has recently begun to focus its efforts on the origination and purchase of multi-family and commercial real estate loans in the range of $50,000 to $750,000 both in its primary market area and throughout the United States through a selected group of originators. The Bank is currently purchasing such loans at a discount and, although there can be no assurances, expects to be able to continue to purchase such loans at a discount or low premium. The Bank employs underwriters who specialize in commercial and multi-family real estate lending and utilizes a select group of appraisers experienced in these products. In addition, two members of senior management have considerable expertise in multi-family and commercial real estate lending. The Bank has been limited in its ability to originate multi-family and commercial real estate loans by its level of available capital. The Bank plans to gradually expand such originations as its available capital increases. The Bank believes that it has the infrastructure in place to accommodate this expansion. It is anticipated that all multi-family and commercial real estate loans will be originated for sale in the secondary market and may also be sold through securitizations in the future. See "Business--Commercial Real Estate and Multi-Family Real Estate Lending." . Consistently Refining Operating Procedures. The Bank intends to maintain loan quality by continuing to refine its underwriting criteria. A meeting of the Bank's underwriting personnel is held each week 5 in part to discuss operational issues as well as refinements to the Bank's underwriting policies. In addition, the Bank conducts a weekly loan delinquency meeting to discuss problem areas in the Bank's servicing portfolio in order to reduce the likelihood of the recurrence of such problems in future loans. As necessary, the Bank adds personnel to its loan processing staff and continues to utilize advances in computer technology to provide prompt turnaround on loans, efficient underwriting procedures and accurate credit verification. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 1996, the Bank hired a senior underwriter with corporate responsibility (the "Quality Control Underwriter") who: is dedicated to maintaining quality control; reviews loan files to assure that each complies with the Bank's underwriting policies; reviews all loans upon first payment default and loans sixty days delinquent; provides feedback and training to the underwriters to minimize future defaults and delinquencies; and investigates all fraudulent loans. . Enhancing Servicing Capabilities. As the Bank has transitioned from a traditional thrift to a diversified financial services operation, it has expanded its servicing department from a total of four persons at December 31, 1994 to 16 persons at March 31, 1997. In December 1996, the Bank hired a department head with 24 years of experience in loan servicing and collections including responsibility for a $10.0 billion portfolio of approximately 255,000 loans and a staff of 70 people. In anticipation of its future servicing needs, the Bank has dedicated substantial space in its current Riverside facility to house loan servicing operations and is in the process of implementing new technology including computer imaging and power dialing. See "Business--Loan Servicing." . Diversifying Funding Sources. In addition to its traditional thrift funding sources of deposits and loans from the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco ("FHLB"), the Bank has diversified its funding sources in recent periods. During the fourth quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1997, net cash received from the Bank's securitizations provided a significant source of funding to the Bank, aggregating $128.1 million for those two quarters. The Bank recently has also entered into a retail mortgage warehouse line of credit with a national investment banking firm in the amount of $35.0 million and may enter into additional lines of credit in the future. Following the Reorganization, the Company may further diversify the current sources of funding through greater access to capital markets. 6 RESTRUCTURING Historically, all operations have been conducted through the Bank and its internal divisions, Life Financial Services Division, Life Income Capital Division, Life Asset Management Division, Retail Lending Division and Banking Depository Division. In order to increase operating flexibility and provide a broader range of services to its customers, management has determined (i) to reorganize into the holding company form of organization, (ii) to form separate holding company subsidiaries, and (iii) to restructure the Bank by forming separate operating subsidiaries in order to realize possible future values from such subsidiaries, as follows: - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LIFE FINANCIAL CORP. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------- LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK LIFE WAREHOUSE (RETAIL LENDING DIVISION AND BANKING INVESTMENT FINANCING DEPOSITORY DIVISION) HOLDINGS, SUBSIDIARY INC. - -------------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------- - -------------- ---------------- ------------ LIFE LIFE INCOME LIFE ASSET FINANCIAL CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, SERVICES, INC. SERVICES, INC. INC. - -------------- ---------------- ------------
. Life Financial Services, Inc. ("Life Financial Services") will continue to focus on the Bank's core products. See "Business--Core Lending Products." . Life Income Capital Services, Inc. ("Life Income Capital") expects to expand the nationwide origination of multi-family and commercial real estate loans in the $50,000 to $750,000 range previously conducted by the Bank. Although there can be no assurances in this regard, management expects the operations of this subsidiary to create an increased source of revenue for the Company, because of the perceived demand for and higher yield on such loans. See "Business--Commercial Real Estate and Multi-Family Real Estate Lending." . Life Asset Management, Inc. ("Life Asset Management") is being established as a direct subsidiary of the Bank to continue to service loans and real estate owned ("REO") for both the Bank and for Loan Purchasers. At March 31, 1997, the Bank's mortgage servicing portfolio totalled $316.6 million, including $242.3 million of loans serviced for others. . The Bank will continue to operate the Retail Lending Division and the Banking Depository Division. In addition, as part of its liquidity and investment portfolios, the Bank will continue to hold investments in U.S. government and agency securities. . Life Investment Holdings, Inc. ("Life Investment") will hold residuals and other related assets resulting from the Bank's securitization activities. The Bank currently utilizes an independent third party trustee for this purpose. Immediately following the completion of the Public Offering, Life Investment will acquire from the Bank residual assets of approximately $12.5 million and $6.9 million in restricted cash resulting from the securitizations completed by the Bank in the fourth quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1997. It is intended that any future residuals and restricted cash retained by the Company will be held by this subsidiary. . Upon the completion of this Public Offering, the Company intends to acquire or establish a subsidiary to provide warehouse lines of credit to meet the cash flow needs of smaller loan originators on a short-term basis, which it expects will in turn create additional sources of loans for the Company to originate and securitize. 7 THE COMPANY The Company was incorporated in Delaware in 1996. The Company has received the approval of the OTS to become a savings and loan holding company to acquire all of the issued and outstanding common stock of the Bank in the Reorganization. Such approval is subject to the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Bank's common stock eligible to be cast at the annual meeting of stockholders which is scheduled to be held on June 20, 1997. The Company's principal executive offices are located at 4110 Tigris Way, Riverside, California 92503 and its telephone number at that location is (909) 280-4100. In addition to its executive offices, the Company conducts its business from the Bank's home office in San Bernardino, California, and three regional lending centers located in Riverside, California, Jacksonville, Florida, and a recently established lending center in the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area. THE PUBLIC OFFERING Common Stock offered in the Public Offering............................ 2,500,000 shares Common Stock to be outstanding after the Public Offering and the Reorganization...................... 5,711,716 shares Dividend Policy...................... The Company intends to retain its earnings to support its future growth strategy and does not anticipate paying cash dividends on the Common Stock in the foreseeable future. See "Dividend Policy." Use of Proceeds...................... Net proceeds will be used to (i) acquire residual assets of approximately $12.5 million and $6.9 million in the Reserve Account from the Bank (which, when netted against the net subordinated debt of $9.6 million expected to be transferred to the Company following the Public Offering, would total $9.8 million), see "Business-- Sources of Funds--Borrowings"; (ii) downstream proceeds to the Bank if necessary to fund additional purchases of loans; (iii) acquire an interest in or establish a subsidiary for the purpose of providing short term warehouse lines of credit; and (iv) fund general business activities, including possible acquisitions of related businesses as opportunities arise. No determination has been made as to the amount of proceeds that will be allocated to each use, with the exception of the acquisition of the residual assets and the Reserve Account. See "Use of Proceeds." Dilution............................. Upon completion of the Public Offering, there will be an immediate dilution of the net tangible book value per share of Common Stock of $ per share based on an assumed offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the range of the proposed Public Offering. See "Risk Factors--Dilution" and "Dilution." Reserved Nasdaq National Market Symbol.............................. "LFCO"
8 SELECTED FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA OF THE BANK The selected financial and other data of the Bank, the primary operating subsidiary of the Company from and after the effective date of the Reorganization, at or for the years ended December 31, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993 and 1992 and at or for the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996, set forth below is derived in part from, and should be read in conjunction with, the Financial Statements of the Bank and Notes thereto as of December 31, 1996 and 1995 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1996 presented elsewhere in this Prospectus. Financial information at March 31, 1997, and for the three month periods ended March 31, 1997 and 1996 is derived from unaudited financial data, but in the opinion of management, reflects all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) which are necessary to present fairly the results for such interim periods. Interim results at and for the three months ended March 31, 1997 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 1997. The Bank did not pay any cash dividends in any of the periods set forth.
AT AT DECEMBER 31, MARCH 31, ------------------------------------------------- 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE AND SHARE DATA) SELECTED BALANCE SHEET DATA: Total assets............ $ 157,707 $ 104,010 $ 74,136 $ 71,402 $ 78,256 $ 78,788 Securities held-to- maturity and FHLB stock.................. 9,021 8,837 2,700 2,860 3,883 4,829 Loans held for sale..... 38,296 31,018 21,688 17,070 2,348 4,499 Loans held for investment............. 36,472 38,520 42,870 47,939 64,817 61,181 Allowance for estimated loan losses............ 1,801 1,625 1,177 832 436 308 Deposit accounts........ 130,808 85,711 67,535 65,689 72,008 71,719 FHLB advances........... -- -- -- 1,250 1,200 2,000 Stockholders' equity.... 11,515 9,273 4,268 3,748 4,419 4,326 Book value per share (pro forma)(1)......... $ 3.59 $ 2.89 $ 2.29 $ 2.01 $ 2.37 $ 2.55 Shares outstanding (pro forma)(1).............. 3,211,716 3,211,716 1,866,216 1,866,216 1,866,216 1,696,410
FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, MARCH 31, -------------------------------------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE AND SHARE DATA) SELECTED OPERATING DATA: Interest income......... $ 2,304 $ 1,662 $ 6,929 $ 5,825 $ 4,824 $ 5,445 $ 6,143 Interest expense........ 1,561 929 3,766 3,448 2,721 3,045 3,687 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- Net interest income... 743 733 3,163 2,377 2,103 2,400 2,456 Provision for estimated loan losses............ 500 68 963 1,194 1,306 404 129 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- Net interest income after provision for estimated loan losses............... 243 665 2,200 1,183 797 1,996 2,327 Net gains from mortgage financing operations... 5,877 887 8,352 3,575 1,428 1,144 1,380 Other non-interest in- come................... 208 153 760 445 260 253 352 Non-interest expense: Compensation and benefits............. 1,582 814 5,233 2,544 1,575 1,403 1,426 Net loss on foreclosed real estate.......... 63 91 158 53 280 228 78 SAIF special assessment........... -- -- 448 -- -- -- -- Other expense......... 847 616 2,842 1,792 1,601 1,562 2,045 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- Total non-interest expense.............. 2,492 1,521 8,681 4,389 3,456 3,193 3,549 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- Income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit).............. 3,836 184 2,631 814 (971) 200 510 Income tax provision (benefit).............. 1,594 79 1,126 294 (300) 107 148 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- Net income (loss)....... $ 2,242 $ 105 $ 1,505 $ 520 $ (671) $ 93 $ 362 ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= Earnings (loss) per share (pro forma)(2)... $ 0.70 $ 0.06 $ 0.63 $ 0.28 $ (0.36) $ 0.05 $ 0.22 ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= Weighted average shares outstanding (pro forma)(2)......... 3,211,716 1,866,216 2,370,779 1,866,216 1,866,216 1,823,765 1,644,886 ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= =========
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AT OR FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, AT OR FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, ---------------- ---------------------------------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 ------- ------- -------- -------- ------- ------- ------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) SELECTED FINANCIAL RATIOS AND OTHER DATA(3): PERFORMANCE RATIOS: Return on average assets............... 6.32% 0.48% 1.74% 0.69% (0.89)% 0.12% 0.46% Return on average equity............... 90.48 9.73 24.99 13.64 (17.01) 2.11 8.92 Average equity to average assets....... 6.99 4.95 6.98 5.04 5.22 5.51 5.17 Equity to total assets at end of period..... 7.30 5.04 8.92 5.76 5.25 5.65 5.49 Average interest rate spread(4)............ 2.32 3.52 3.76 3.09 2.79 3.02 3.04 Net interest margin(5)............ 2.44 3.71 3.94 3.25 2.88 3.14 4.29 Average interest- earning assets to average interest- bearing liabilities.. 102.43 104.12 103.90 103.50 102.27 103.08 103.64 Efficiency Ratio(6)... 35.57 80.65 69.43 67.78 83.78 78.09 82.88 LOAN ORIGINATIONS AND PURCHASES.............. $92,190 $50,928 $222,553 $134,772 $72,815 $82,015 $90,870 REGULATORY CAPITAL RATIOS(7): Tangible capital...... 7.19% 4.99% 8.90% 5.68% 5.25% 5.65% 5.49% Core capital.......... 7.19 4.99 8.90 5.68 5.25 5.65 5.49 Risk-based capital.... 10.51 8.91 9.43 10.17 10.00 10.87 10.56 ASSET QUALITY RATIOS: Non-performing assets as a percent of total assets(8)............ 1.85 3.69 2.86 3.00 3.42 5.05 4.15 Allowance for estimated loan losses as a percent of non- performing loans..... 103.62 52.65 67.26 84.25 44.04 20.02 16.29
- ------- (1) Book value per share is based upon the shares outstanding at the end of each period, adjusted for a 100% stock dividend which occurred during 1996. Book value per share (pro forma) is then adjusted for the exchange of three shares of Company Common Stock for one share of Bank common stock in the Reorganization. (2) Earnings per share is based upon the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for a 100% stock dividend which occurred during 1996. Earnings per share (pro forma) is then adjusted for the exchange of three shares of Company Common Stock for one share of Bank common stock in the Reorganization. (3) Asset Quality Ratios and Regulatory Capital Ratios are end of period ratios. With the exception of end of period ratios, all ratios are based on average daily or average month-end balances during the indicated periods. (4) The average interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities. (5) The net interest margin represents net interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets. (6) The efficiency ratio represents noninterest expense less (gain) loss on foreclosed real estate divided by noninterest income plus net interest income before provision for estimated loan losses. (7) For definitions and further information relating to the Bank's regulatory capital requirements, see "Regulation--Federal Savings Institution Regulation--Capital Requirements." See "Capitalization" for the Company's pro forma capital levels as a result of the Offerings. (8) Non-performing assets consist of non-performing loans and REO. See "Business--Lending Activities--Non-Accrual and Past-Due Loans" and "--REO." 10 QUARTERLY OPERATING AND OTHER DATA OF THE BANK Financial information of the Bank at March 31, 1997 and December 31, September 30, June 30 and March 31, 1996 and for the quarters ended March 31, 1997, and December 31, September 30, June 30 and March 31, 1996 is derived from unaudited financial data, but in the opinion of management, reflects all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) which are necessary to present fairly the results of such interim periods. Interim results at or for the three months ended March 31, 1997 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 1997.
AT OR FOR THE QUARTER ENDED -------------------------------------------------------- MARCH 31, DECEMBER 31, SEPTEMBER 30, JUNE 30, MARCH 31, 1997 1996 1996 1996 1996 --------- ------------ ------------- -------- --------- SELECTED OPERATING DATA: Interest income......... $ 2,304 $ 2,007 $ 1,569 $ 1,691 $ 1,662 Interest expense........ 1,561 1,067 844 926 929 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Net interest income... 743 940 725 765 733 Provision for estimated loan losses............ 500 604 251 40 68 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Net interest income after provision for estimated loan losses............... 243 336 474 725 665 Net gains from mortgage financing operations... 5,877 4,593 1,599 1,273 887 Other non-interest in- come................... 208 256 192 159 153 Non-interest expense: Compensation and benefits............. 1,582 2,026 1,056 1,337 814 Net loss (gain) on foreclosed real estate............... 63 (13) 71 9 91 SAIF Special Assessment........... -- -- 448 -- -- Other expense......... 847 851 671 704 616 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Total non-interest expense............ 2,492 2,864 2,246 2,050 1,521 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Income before income tax provision.............. 3,836 2,321 19 107 184 Income tax provision.... 1,594 984 17 46 79 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Net income.............. $ 2,242 $ 1,337 $ 2 $ 61 $ 105 ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= Earnings per share (pro forma)(1).............. $ 0.70 $ 0.42 $ 0.00 $ 0.03 $ 0.06 ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= SELECTED FINANCIAL RATIOS AND OTHER DATA(2): PERFORMANCE RATIOS: Return on average assets............... 6.32% 5.56% 0.01% 0.30% 0.48% Return on average equity............... 90.48 61.35 0.12 5.44 9.73 Average equity to average assets....... 6.99 8.77 8.42 5.56 4.95 Equity to total assets at end of period..... 7.30 8.92 9.40 5.62 5.04 Average interest rate spread(3)............ 2.32 4.09 3.93 3.71 3.52 Net interest margin(4)............ 2.44 4.22 3.95 3.85 3.71 Average interest- earning assets to average interest- bearing liabilities.. 102.43 104.64 103.25 103.10 104.12 Efficiency Ratio(5)... 35.57 49.70 86.45 92.90 80.65 LOAN ORIGINATIONS AND PURCHASES.............. $92,190 $74,164 $44,536 $52,925 $50,928 REGULATORY CAPITAL RATIOS(6): Tangible capital...... 7.19% 8.90% 9.40% 5.62% 4.99% Core capital.......... 7.19 8.90 9.40 5.62 4.99 Risk-based capital.... 10.51 9.43 16.06 9.82 8.91 ASSET QUALITY RATIOS: Non-performing assets as a percent of total assets(7)............ 1.85 2.86 3.36 3.59 3.69 Allowance for estimated loan losses as a percent of non- performing loans..... 103.62 67.26 55.66 66.06 52.65
(footnotes on following page) 11 - -------- (1) Earnings per share is based on the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for a 100% stock dividend which occurred during 1996. Earnings per share (pro forma) is then adjusted for the exchange of three shares of Company Common Stock for one share of Bank common stock in the Reorganization. (2) Asset Quality Ratios and Regulatory Capital Ratios are end of period ratios. With the exception of end of period ratios, all ratios are based on average closing or average month-end balances during the indicated periods and are annualized where appropriate. (3) The average interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities. (4) The net interest margin represents net interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets. (5) The efficiency ratio represents noninterest expense less (gain) loss on foreclosed real estate divided by noninterest income plus net interest income before provision for estimated loan losses. (6) For definitions and further information relating to the Bank's regulatory capital requirements, see "Regulation--Federal Savings Institution Regulation--Capital Requirements." See "Capitalization" for the Company's pro forma capital levels as a result of the Offerings. (7) Non-performing assets consist of non-performing loans and REO. See "Business--Lending Activities--Non-Accrual and Past-Due Loans" and "--REO." 12 RISK FACTORS The following risk factors, in addition to those discussed elsewhere in this Prospectus, should be considered by investors in deciding whether to purchase the Common Stock offered hereby. ABILITY OF THE BANK TO IMPLEMENT ITS BUSINESS STRATEGY The Bank's business strategy is dependent upon its ability to increase its loan volume through the nationwide growth of its network of Originators, while maintaining its existing levels of origination costs, interest rate spreads and underwriting criteria. Implementation of this strategy will depend in large part on the Bank's ability to: (i) expand its network of Originators in markets with a sufficient concentration of borrowers meeting the Bank's underwriting criteria; (ii) obtain adequate financing on favorable terms to fund its growth strategy; (iii) profitably sell its loans through securitizations or in the secondary market on a regular basis; (iv) attract and retain skilled employees; and (v) continue to expand in the face of increasing competition from other mortgage lenders. The Bank's failure with respect to any of these factors could impair its ability to successfully implement its business strategy, which would have a material adverse effect on the Bank's results of operations and financial condition. In addition, there can be no assurance that the Company will achieve its planned expansion in a timely and cost-effective manner or, if achieved, that the expansion will result in profitable operations. Although the Bank has no current plans to modify its current strategy, because of the dynamic changes occurring in the financial services industry, the Bank may revise its business plan by developing new consumer or commercial loan products or expanding into new markets. There can be no assurance that any such revised strategy would be as profitable or successful as the existing strategy has been historically. See "Business." RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH MORTGAGE ORIGINATION, PURCHASE AND SALE ACTIVITIES The Bank has been actively involved in the origination, purchase and sale to Loan Purchasers and, more recently, in securitizations of real estate secured loans. Generally, the profitability of such mortgage financing operations depends on maintaining a sufficient volume of loans for sale and the availability of Loan Purchasers. Changes in the level of interest rates and economic factors may affect the amount of loans originated or available for purchase by the Bank, and thus the availability of net gains from mortgage financing operations and servicing fee income. Changes in the purchasing policies of Loan Purchasers or increases in defaults after funding could substantially reduce the amount of loans sold to such Loan Purchasers or through asset securitizations. Any such changes could have a material adverse effect on the Bank's results of operations and financial condition. Therefore, between the time the Bank originates loans and purchase commitments are issued or securitizations are completed, the Bank is exposed to downward movements in the market price of such loans due to upward movements in interest rates. In order to reduce these risks, the Bank has recently adopted a hedging policy. There can be no assurances, however, that the Bank's exposure to such risks will be reduced by pursuing this policy. See "Business--Core Lending Products-- Origination and Purchase of Loans" and "--Loan Sales and Asset Securitizations" and "--Sources of Funds." In addition to its lending activity in California, the Bank has originated or purchased a significant number of one- to four-family residential mortgage loans on a nationwide basis through its network of Originators. Management believes that originating and purchasing loans secured by properties located across the country results in a geographically diversified lending operation which reduces certain risks associated with loan concentrations in a single area. However, there are certain other risks involved in nationwide lending. The Bank may not have the same depth of experience or knowledge about particular markets in which it lends as other lenders with staff physically located in such market areas. Some of the properties may be located in states which are experiencing adverse economic conditions, including a general softening in real estate markets and the local economies, which may result in increased loan delinquencies and loan losses. Additionally, regulations and practices regarding the liquidation of properties (e.g., foreclosure) and the rights of mortgagors in default vary greatly from state to state, and these restrictions may limit the Bank's ability to foreclose on a property or seek other recovery. See "Business--Geographic Distribution" and "--Lending Overview--Delinquencies and Classified Assets." 13 DEPENDENCE ON ASSET SECURITIZATIONS AND IMPACT ON QUARTERLY OPERATING RESULTS During the fourth quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1997, the Bank, through its Financial Services Division, completed its first and second securitizations, which involved $51.9 million and $83.2 million of loans, respectively, which generated net gains from securitizations of approximately $4.3 million and $5.9 million, respectively. Although the Bank will not complete a securitization in the second quarter of 1997, a significant component of the management's business strategy is to generate revenue and net income and provide funding for future originations and purchases of loans through securitizations on a regular basis. There can be no assurance, however, that the Bank will be able to successfully implement this strategy. Several factors will affect the Bank's ability to complete securitizations, including conditions in the securities markets generally and in the asset- backed securities markets specifically, the credit quality of the Bank's loan portfolio and the Bank's ability to obtain credit enhancements. In addition, although the Bank has tracked the performance of its portfolio of loans, it did not, prior to the fourth quarter of 1996, have the ability to track loans by core products. As a result, if loans do not perform up to original expectations, the Bank may not be able to securitize loans on economic terms as favorable as those conducted to date. Although the Bank obtained a credit enhancement in the securitizations completed during the fourth quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1997 which facilitated a "AAA" rating for the securitization interests in both instances, there can be no assurance that the Bank will be able to obtain future credit enhancements on acceptable terms or that future securitizations will be similarly rated. Any substantial reduction in the ability of the Bank to complete securitizations could have a material adverse effect on the Bank's results of operations and financial condition. The Bank records net gains from mortgage financing operations through securitizations based in part on the fair value of the residuals received by the Bank related to such loans, which are classified as trading securities. The fair values of such residuals are in turn based in part on market interest rates and projected loan prepayment and credit loss rates. Increases in interest rates or higher than anticipated rates of loan prepayments or credit losses of these or similar securities may require the Bank to write down the value of such residuals and result in a material adverse effect on the Bank's results of operations and financial condition. The Bank is not aware of an active market for the residuals. No assurance can be given that the residuals could in fact be sold at their carrying value, if at all. The Bank's future revenues and net income are expected to fluctuate in large part as a result of the timing and size of its future securitizations. A delay in closing a scheduled securitization during a particular quarter would postpone recognition of net gains from mortgage financing operations. In addition, unanticipated delays in closing a securitization could also increase the Bank's exposure to credit risks and interest rate fluctuations by increasing the period during which the Bank holds its loans. If the Bank were unable to profitably securitize a sufficient number of its loans in a particular reporting period, the Bank's revenues for such period would decline and would result in lower net income and possibly a net loss for such period, and could have a material adverse effect on the Bank's results of operations, financial condition and capital ratios. In addition, the Bank projects the expected cash flows over the life of the residual interests, using prepayment and default assumptions that market participants would use for similar financial instruments that are subject to prepayment, credit and interest rate risks. The Bank then determines the present value of these cash flows using an interest rate commensurate with the risks involved. If the Bank's actual experience differs materially from the assumptions used in the determination of the present value of the residual interests, future cash flows and earnings could be negatively impacted. See "Business--Lending Activities--Loan Sales and Asset Securitizations." Although the Bank has typically maintained the delinquency, loss and prepayment experience in its total loan portfolio, prior to its first securitization in December 1996, the Bank did not separately track the delinquency, loss and prepayment experience of core product loans in any meaningful fashion. Consequently, the Bank does not have representative historical delinquency, bankruptcy, foreclosure, default or prepayment experience that may be referred to for purposes of estimating the future delinquency, loss and prepayment experience of its core product loans. In view of the Bank's lack of core product loan performance data, the Bank relied on a third party evaluation of its core product loan portfolio and therefore it is extremely difficult to validate the Bank's loss or prepayment assumptions used to calculate its gain on sale in connection with its 14 securitizations or with future securitizations. Any material difference between these assumptions and actual performance could have a material adverse impact on the timing and/or receipt of the Bank's future revenues, the value of the residual interests held on the Bank's balance sheet and the Bank's cash flow. RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH SUB-PRIME LENDING Through its Liberator Series program, the Bank has developed a lending niche for the origination and purchase of mortgage loans to sub-prime borrowers (e.g., borrowers who do not qualify for credit under FHLMC, FNMA or Government National Mortgage Association ("GNMA") guidelines). Loans to sub-prime borrowers present a higher level of risk of default than conforming loans because of the increased potential for default by borrowers who may have had previous credit problems or who do not have an adequate credit history. Loans to sub-prime borrowers also involve additional liquidity risks, as these loans generally have a more limited secondary market than conventional loans. The actual rates of delinquencies, foreclosures and losses on loans to sub-prime borrowers could be higher under adverse economic conditions than those currently experienced in the mortgage lending industry in general. The FDIC has recently issued a letter to all FDIC-insured institutions highlighting the special risks associated with sub-prime lending and the need for management controls. While the Bank believes that the underwriting procedures and appraisal processes it employs enable it to somewhat mitigate the higher risks inherent in loans made to these borrowers, no assurance can be given that such procedures or processes will afford adequate protection against such risks. See "Business--Core Lending Products--Origination and Purchase of Loans" and "--Underwriting." HIGH LOAN TO VALUE RATIOS OF PORTFOLIO SERIES LOANS Through its Portfolio Series program, the Bank originates debt consolidation loans for Agency Qualified Borrowers. Portfolio Series loans are primarily home equity lines of credit and second deeds of trust up to 125% of the appraised value of the real estate underlying the loans. In the event of a default on a Portfolio Series loan by a borrower, there generally would be insufficient collateral to pay off the balance of such loan and the Bank, as holder of a second position on the property, would likely lose a substantial portion, if not all, of its investment. While the Bank believes that the underwriting procedures it employs enable it to mitigate somewhat the higher risks inherent in such loans, no assurance can be given that such procedures will afford adequate protection against such risks. During the fourth quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1997, of the core product loans originated by the Bank, 42.9% and 55.3%, respectively, consisted of Portfolio Series loans. See "Business--Core Lending Products--Origination and Purchase of Loans," "-- Underwriting," and "--Loan Sales and Asset Securitizations." CONTINGENT RISKS Although the Bank sells without recourse substantially all of the mortgage loans it originates or purchases, the Bank retains some degree of credit risk on substantially all of the loans it sells. In addition, during the period of time that the loans are held for sale, the Bank is subject to various business risks associated with the lending business, including borrower default, foreclosure and the risk that a rapid increase in interest rates would result in a decline of the value of loans held for sale to potential purchasers. In connection with its securitizations, the Bank is required to repurchase or substitute loans in the event of a breach of a representation or warranty made by the Bank. While the Bank may have recourse to the sellers of loans it purchased, there can be no assurance of the sellers' abilities to honor their respective obligations to the Bank. Likewise, in connection with its whole loan sales, the Bank enters agreements which generally require the Bank to repurchase or substitute loans in the event of a breach of a representation or warranty made by the Bank to the Loan Purchaser, any misrepresentation during the mortgage loan origination process or, in some cases, upon any fraud or early default on such mortgage loans. The remedies available to a Loan Purchaser from the Bank are generally broader than those available to the Bank against the sellers of such loans, and if a Loan Purchaser enforces its remedies against the Bank, the Bank may not be able to enforce whatever remedies the Bank may have against such sellers. If the loans were originated directly by the Bank, the Bank will be solely responsible for any breaches of representations or warranties. 15 In addition, borrowers, Loan Purchasers, monoline insurance carriers and trustees in the Bank's securitizations may make claims against the Bank arising from alleged breaches of fiduciary obligations, misrepresentations, errors and omissions of employees, officers and agents of the Bank, including appraisers, incomplete documentation and failure by the Bank to comply with various laws and regulations applicable to its business. Any claims asserted in the future may result in liabilities or legal expenses that could have a material adverse effect on the Bank's results of operations, financial condition and business prospects. DEPENDENCE ON KEY PERSONNEL The Bank depends to a considerable degree on the contributions of a limited number of key management personnel who have had, and will continue to have, a significant role in the development and management of the Bank's mortgage financing operations. The continued development of the Bank's business strategy depends to a large extent upon the continued employment of Daniel L. Perl, President and Chief Executive Officer of both the Company and the Bank. In addition, many members of senior management have had working relationships with Mr. Perl prior to joining the Bank. The loss of such personnel, Mr. Perl or other key personnel could materially adversely affect the Bank's and the Company's business. The Bank has entered into an interim employment agreement with Mr. Perl and concurrently with the closing of this Public Offering, the Company and the Bank will each enter into a three year employment agreement with Mr. Perl. See "The Board of Directors and Management of the Bank--Letter Agreement" and "--Employment Agreements." RISKS RELATED TO DEBENTURES In March 1997, the Bank issued $10.0 million of subordinated debentures ("the Debentures") through a private placement and pursuant to a Debenture Purchase Agreement (the "Debenture Offering"). In the event that the Company and the Bank elect to substitute the Company as obligor on the Debentures (the "Substitution") following the Public Offering, the holders of the Debentures will have the option, at September 15, 1998 or at such later time as the Substitution occurs, to require the Company to purchase all or part of their Debentures. In the event that all of the holders of the Debentures opt to require the Company to purchase their Debentures at September 15, 1998, the Company would be required to fund $10.0 million plus accrued interest to holders of the Debentures. Such an event would have a material adverse effect on the Company's liquidity. Furthermore, in the event that the Company has insufficient funds available to repurchase the Debentures, the Company may be required to borrow funds at more expensive rates than the interest rate on the Debentures, which would have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations. See "Business--Sources of Funds--Borrowings." RISKS RELATED TO MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS To determine the fair value of its mortgage servicing rights, the Bank projects net cash flows expected to be received over the life of the underlying loans. Such projections assume certain servicing costs, prepayment rates and delinquencies. As of March 31, 1997, the carrying value of the Bank's mortgage servicing rights totalled $4.1 million, up from $683,000 at December 31, 1995. In addition, the pooling and servicing agreements relating to the Bank's securitizations contain provisions with respect to the maximum permitted loan delinquency rates and loan default rates, which, if exceeded, would allow the termination of the Bank's right to service the related loans. The mortgage servicing rights on the loans securitized during the fourth quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1997 totalled approximately $2.3 million. There can be no assurance that the Bank's estimates used to determine the fair value of mortgage servicing rights will remain appropriate for the life of the loans sold or the securitizations. If actual loan prepayments or delinquencies exceed the Bank's estimates, the carrying value of the Bank's mortgage servicing rights may have to be written down through a charge against earnings. The Bank cannot write up such assets to reflect slower than expected prepayments, although slower prepayments may increase future earnings as the Bank will receive cash flows in excess of those anticipated. Fluctuations in interest rates may also result in a write-down of the Bank's mortgage servicing rights in subsequent periods. 16 COMPETITION As a purchaser and originator of mortgage loans, the Bank faces intense competition, primarily from mortgage banking companies, commercial banks, credit unions, thrift institutions, credit card issuers and finance companies. Many of these competitors in the financial services business are substantially larger and have more capital and other resources than the Bank. Furthermore, certain large national finance companies and conforming mortgage originators have announced their intention to adapt their conforming origination programs and allocate resources to the origination of non-conforming loans. In addition, certain of these larger mortgage companies and commercial banks have begun to offer products similar to those offered by the Bank, targeting customers similar to those of the Bank. The offering by these competitors of products similar to those of the Bank's could have a material adverse effect on the Bank's results of operations and financial condition. The Bank depends largely on Originators with whom the Bank's competitors also seek to establish relationships. The Bank's future results may become increasingly sensitive to fluctuations in the volume and cost of its wholesale loan purchases resulting from competition from other purchasers for such loans. In addition, as the Bank expands into new geographic markets, it will face competition from lenders with established positions in these locations. There can be no assurance that the Bank will be able to continue to compete successfully in the markets it serves. See "Business--Competition." AVAILABILITY OF FUNDING SOURCES The Bank funds substantially all of the loans which it originates or purchases through deposits, internally generated funds or FHLB advances. The Bank competes for deposits primarily on the basis of rates, and as a consequence the Bank could experience difficulties in attracting deposits to fund its operations if it does not continue to offer deposit rates at levels that are competitive with other financial institutions. Certificate of deposit accounts constituted $113.5 million or 86.7% of total deposits at March 31, 1997, of which $103.5 million mature in one year or less. Further increases in short-term certificate accounts, which tend to be more sensitive to movements in market interest rates than core deposits, may result in the Bank's deposit base being less stable than if it had a large amount of core deposits which, in turn, may result in further increases in the Bank's cost of deposits. The Bank also uses the cash proceeds generated by the Bank in selling loans in the secondary market or pools of loans in asset securitizations to fund subsequent originations or purchases. On an ongoing basis, the Bank explores opportunities to access credit lines as an additional source of funds and recently entered into a line of credit with a national investment banking firm in the amount of $35.0 million to fund loan originations. See "Business-- Sources of Funds--Borrowings." To the extent that the Bank is not able to maintain its currently available funding sources or to access new funding sources, it would have to curtail its loan production activities or sell loans earlier than is optimal. Any such event would have a material adverse effect on the Bank's results of operations and financial condition. See "Business-- Sources of Funds." MULTI-FAMILY AND COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE RISKS As part of its lending strategy, the Bank has targeted borrowers seeking loans secured by multi-family properties or properties used for commercial business purposes such as small office buildings or light industrial or retail facilities. Although such loans are generally originated for sale, the Bank anticipates that its multi-family and commercial real estate portfolios will increase as a percentage of total assets in future periods. Multi-family and commercial real estate loans are generally considered to involve a higher degree of credit risk, be more vulnerable to deteriorating economic conditions and involve higher loan principal amounts than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. Income producing property values are also subject to greater volatility than owner-occupied residential property values. Economic events and government regulations, which are outside the control of the borrower or lender, could impact the value of the security for such loans or the future cash flows of the affected properties. Further, any material decline in real estate values, such as the declines experienced in southern California in recent years, generally reduces the ability of borrowers to use home equity to support borrowings and increases the loan-to-value ratios of loans previously made, thereby weakening collateral coverage and increasing the possibility of a loss in the event of a borrower default. 17 POTENTIAL IMPACT OF CHANGES IN INTEREST RATES The Bank's profitability is dependent to a certain extent upon its net interest income, which is the difference between its interest income on interest-earning assets, such as loans and investments, and its interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. The Bank's ability to originate, purchase and sell loans through its mortgage financing operations is significantly impacted by changes in interest rates. Increases in interest rates may also reduce the amount of loan and commitment fees received by the Bank. A significant decline in interest rates could also decrease the size of the Bank's servicing portfolio and the related servicing income by increasing the level of loan prepayments. Additionally, the interest rate adjustments with respect to the Bank's investment securities lag rate adjustments to the Bank's deposit accounts. Accordingly, the yield on the Bank's investment securities may adjust more slowly than the cost of the Bank's interest-bearing liabilities in a rising interest rate environment. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations--Management of Interest Rate Risk." ABSENCE OF MARKET FOR COMMON STOCK The Company, as a newly organized company, has never issued common stock. Consequently, the initial public offering price will be determined through negotiations between the Company and the representative of the Underwriter. See "Underwriting" for factors to be considered in determining the initial public offering price. The Company has received conditional approval to have its Common Stock quoted on the National Market System of the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol "LFCO" upon completion of the Public Offering. However, there can be no assurance that an active and liquid trading market for the Common Stock will develop, or, once developed, will continue, nor can there be any assurances that holders of the Common Stock will be able to sell their shares at or above the price per share in the Public Offering. The absence or discontinuance of a market for the Common Stock may have an adverse effect on both the price and liquidity of the Common Stock. In addition, the stock market has on occasion experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price for the Company's Common Stock. See "Market for the Common Stock of the Company." CERTAIN ANTI-TAKEOVER PROVISIONS Provisions in the Company's Governing Instruments. Certain provisions of the Company's Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws, particularly a provision limiting voting rights, as well as certain federal regulations, assist the Company in maintaining its status as an independent publicly owned corporation. These provisions provide for, among other things, supermajority voting on certain matters, staggered elections of the board of directors, non- cumulative voting for directors, limits on the calling of special meetings, limits on voting shares in excess of 10% of the outstanding shares, and certain uniform price provisions for certain business combinations. These provisions in the Company's governing instruments may discourage potential proxy contests and other potential takeover attempts, particularly those which have not been negotiated with the Board of Directors, and thus, generally may serve to perpetuate current management. For a more detailed discussion of these provisions, see "Restrictions on Acquisition of the Company." Voting Control of Officers and Directors. Directors and executive officers of the Company are expected to own approximately 14.2% of the shares of common stock of the Company following the Reorganization, including shares of Company Common Stock exchanged for shares of Bank common stock in the Reorganization and shares purchased by directors and executive officers in the Public Offering. Options for an additional 434,840 shares of Common Stock, or 7.1% of the shares of Common Stock to be issued and outstanding after the Reorganization and the Public Offering and the exercise of such options, may be attributable to directors and executive officers through the Option Plans. Accordingly, management's potential voting control could, together with additional stockholder support, defeat stockholder proposals requiring 80% approval of stockholders and will continue to have a significant influence over the affairs of the Company and the Bank. Such concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing takeover attempts that certain stockholders deem to be in their best interest and may tend to perpetuate existing management. See "Restrictions on 18 Acquisition of the Company--Restrictions in the Company's Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws" and "The Board of Directors and Management of the Bank--Stock Option Plans." Employment Agreement. Daniel L. Perl, the President and Chief Executive Officer, is subject to a letter agreement with the Bank from January 1, 1997 until the consummation of the Reorganization (the "Letter Agreement"). At such time, the Bank and the Company intend to enter into written employment agreements with Mr. Perl. Such employment agreements provide for benefits and cash payments in the event of a change in control of the Company or the Bank. These provisions may have the effect of increasing the cost of acquiring the Company, thereby discouraging future attempts to take over the Company or the Bank. See "The Board of Directors and Management of the Bank--Employment Agreements." Based on current salary and cash bonus, payments to be paid in the event of a change in control pursuant to the Employment Agreements would be approximately $3.0 million. However, the actual amount to be paid in the event of a change in control of the Company or the Bank cannot be estimated at this time because the actual amount is based on the average salary of the employee and other factors existing at the time of the change in control which cannot be determined at this time. FINANCIAL INSTITUTION REGULATION AND POSSIBLE LEGISLATION The Company, as a savings and loan holding company, will be, and the Bank, as a federal savings association, is subject to extensive federal law, regulations and supervision. Such law and regulations, which affect operations on a daily basis, may be changed at any time, and the interpretation of the relevant existing law and regulations is also subject to change by the federal regulatory authorities. Any failure of the Bank to comply with any of the laws and regulations to which it is subject or any change in the regulatory structure or the applicable statutes, regulations or interpretations, whether by the OTS, the FDIC or the Congress, could have a material adverse impact on the Company, the Bank, their respective operations or the Reorganization. See "Regulation." Recently enacted legislation provides that the Bank Insurance Fund ("BIF") and the SAIF will merge on January 1, 1999 if there are no more savings associations as of that date. Such legislation also requires that the Department of Treasury submit a report to Congress that makes recommendations regarding a common financial institutions charter, including whether the separate charters for thrifts and banks should be abolished. Various proposals to eliminate the federal thrift charter and create a uniform financial institutions charter were introduced in the 105th Congress. Such legislative proposals would also abolish the OTS and transfer its functions to three federal bank regulators and to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the "Federal Reserve Board") with respect to the regulation of holding companies which could limit the activities permissible for the Company to activities that are financial in nature. While such legislation was not acted upon by the past session of Congress, no assurances can be made that similar legislation will not be enacted by the current session of Congress. The Bank is unable to determine the extent to which such legislation, if enacted, would affect its business. Recent federal legislation known as the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act (the "Riegle Act"), imposed additional regulatory requirements on mortgage loans having relatively higher origination fees and interest rates, such as those made by the Bank, and the Bank expects its business to be the focus of additional federal and state legislation, and regulation in the future. IMPACT OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS AFFECTING CERTAIN LENDING OPERATIONS In addition to federal regulations on its banking operations, the Bank's consumer lending activities are subject to consumer protection and other statutes including the Federal Truth-in-Lending Act and Regulation Z (including the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994), the Federal Equal Credit Opportunity Act and Regulation B, as amended, the Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the Federal Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974, as amended ("RESPA"), and Regulation X, the Fair Housing Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and Regulation C and the Federal Debt Collection Practices Act. These rules and regulations, among other things, establish eligibility criteria for mortgage loans, prohibit discrimination, provide for inspections and appraisals of properties, require credit reports on loan applicants, 19 regulate assessment, collection, foreclosure and claims handling, investment and interest payments on escrow balances and payment features, mandate certain disclosures and notices to borrowers and, in some cases, fix maximum interest rates, fees and mortgage loan amounts. Failure to comply with these requirements can lead to loss of approved status, termination or suspension of servicing contracts without compensation to the servicer, demands for indemnifications or mortgage loan repurchases, certain rights of rescission for borrowers, class action lawsuits and administrative enforcement actions. Although the Company believes that it has systems and procedures to facilitate compliance with these requirements and believes that it is in compliance in all material respects with applicable local, state and federal laws, rules and regulations, in the future more restrictive laws, rules and regulations or the judicial interpretation of existing laws, rules and regulations could make compliance more difficult or expensive. See "Regulation." ELIMINATION OF LENDER PAYMENTS TO BROKERS COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Lawsuits have been filed against several mortgage lenders alleging that such lenders have made certain payments to independent mortgage brokers in violation of RESPA. These lawsuits have generally been filed on behalf of a purported nationwide class of borrowers alleging that payments made by a lender to a broker in addition to payments made by the borrower to a broker are prohibited by RESPA and are therefore illegal. If these cases are resolved against the lenders, it may cause an industry-wide change in the way independent mortgage brokers are compensated. The Bank's broker compensation programs permit such payments. Although the Bank believes that its broker compensation programs comply with all applicable laws and are consistent with long-standing industry practice and regulatory interpretations, in the future new regulatory interpretations or judicial decisions may require the Bank to change its broker compensation practices. Such a change may have a material adverse effect on the Bank and the entire mortgage lending industry. DILUTION Upon completion of the Public Offering, there will be an immediate dilution to investors in the Public Offering of the net tangible book value per share of Common Stock of $ per share based on the mid-point of the range of offering prices of $ per share. On an as adjusted basis, the offering price is substantially greater than the effective price at which the existing stockholders purchased their shares and the effective exercise price of the outstanding stock options. See "Dilution." NO CASH DIVIDENDS Following the Reorganization and the Public Offering, the Company intends to retain its earnings, if any, for use in its business and does not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations--Liquidity and Capital Resources" and "Dividend Policy." In addition, the Company's ability to pay dividends at any time may be limited by the Bank's ability to pay dividends to its sole stockholder, the Company. See "Regulation-- Federal Savings Institution Regulation--Limitation on Capital Distributions." ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS In the course of its business, the Bank has acquired, and may acquire in the future, properties securing loans that are in default. There is a risk that hazardous substances or waste, contaminants, pollutants or sources thereof could be discovered on such properties after acquisition by the Bank. In such event, the Bank may be required by law to remove such substances from the affected properties at its sole cost and expense. There can be no assurance that (i) the cost of such removal would not substantially exceed the value of the affected properties or the loans secured by the properties, (ii) the Bank would have adequate remedies against the prior owner or other responsible parties or (iii) the Bank would not find it difficult or impossible to sell the affected properties either prior to or following such removal. 20 USE OF PROCEEDS The net proceeds to be received by the Company from the sale of 2,500,000 shares of Common Stock offered in the Public Offering based on an assumed offering price of $ per share (after deducting estimated expenses and fees to ) are estimated to be $ million ($ million, if the Underwriters' overallotment option is exercised in full). Such net proceeds will be used to (i) acquire residual assets of approximately $12.5 million and restricted cash of $6.9 million resulting from the Bank's securitizations (which, when netted against the net subordinated debt of $9.6 million expected to be transferred to the Company following the Public Offering, would total $9.8 million), see "Business--Sources of Funds--Borrowings"; (ii) downstream proceeds to the Bank if necessary to fund additional purchases of loans; (iii) acquire an interest in or pay the startup costs to establish a subsidiary for the purpose of providing short term warehouse lines of credit; and (iv) fund general business activities, including expansion of existing mortgage financing operations, possible acquisitions or development costs of related businesses as opportunities arise. However, the Company has not entered into any arrangement, agreement or understanding with respect to future acquisitions and there can be no assurance that it will do so in the future. No determination has been made as to the amount of proceeds that will be allocated to each use, with the exception of the acquisition of the residual assets and Reserve Account. The Company, upon the Reorganization, will be a unitary savings and loan holding company, which under existing laws would generally not be restricted as to the types of business activities in which it may engage, provided that the Bank continues to be a qualified thrift lender ("QTL"). See "Regulation--Holding Company Regulation" for a description of certain regulations and proposed regulations applicable to the Company. DIVIDEND POLICY The Company presently intends to retain all future earnings, if any, for use in its business and does not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on its Common Stock in the foreseeable future. In the event that the Board of Directors does determine to pay dividends in the future, any such payment will depend upon a number of factors, including investment opportunities available to the Company or the Bank, capital requirements, regulatory limitations, the Company's or the Bank's financial condition and results of operations, tax considerations and general economic conditions. For information concerning federal regulations regarding the Bank's ability to make capital distributions to the Company, see "Regulation--Federal Savings Institution Regulation-- Limitation on Capital Distributions." The Company is subject to the requirements of Delaware law, which generally limit dividends to an amount equal to the excess of the net assets of the Company (the amount by which total assets exceed total liabilities) over its statutory capital, or if there is no such excess, to its net profits for the current and/or immediately preceding fiscal year. For a discussion of certain circumstances under which the Company may become subject to certain provisions of the California Corporation Code, see "Restrictions on Acquisition of the Company-- General." MARKET FOR THE COMMON STOCK OF THE COMPANY The Company was recently formed and has never issued capital stock. The Company has received conditional approval to have its Common Stock quoted on the National Market System of the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol "LFCO" subject to the completion of the Reorganization and the Public Offering and compliance with certain conditions including the presence of at least two registered and active market makers. Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc. ("KBW") has indicated its intention to make a market in the Company's Common Stock. KBW is not obligated, however, to make a market in the Common Stock and any market making may be discontinued at any time. Upon completion of the Public Offering, the Company will have at least two market makers making a market in its Common Stock. Making a market involves maintaining bid and ask quotations and being able, as principal, to effect transactions in reasonable quantities at those quoted prices, subject to various securities laws and other regulatory requirements. There can be no assurance that the Common 21 Stock will be able to meet the applicable listing criteria in order to maintain its quotation on the Nasdaq Stock Market or that an active and liquid trading market will develop or, if developed, will be maintained. A public market having the desirable characteristics of depth, liquidity and orderliness, however, depends upon the presence in the marketplace of both willing buyers and sellers of Common Stock at any given time, which is not within the control of the Company. No assurance can be given that an investor will be able to resell the Common Stock at or above the price to the public of the Common Stock after the Public Offering. See "Risk Factors-- Absence of Market for Common Stock." MARKET FOR THE COMMON STOCK OF THE BANK There is no established market for the common stock of the Bank. As of April 22, 1997, the Bank's common stock was held by approximately 406 holders of record. The Bank has not paid cash dividends on its common stock. The Board of Directors declared a 100% stock dividend to stockholders of record as of February 28, 1996, payable as of March 31, 1996. For a description of regulatory restrictions on the payment of cash dividends and other capital distributions by the Bank, see "Regulation--Federal Savings Institution Regulation--Limitation on Capital Distributions." DILUTION The pro forma net tangible book value of the Common Stock of the Bank at March 31, 1997, was $3.59 per share. Net tangible book value per share represents the amount of total tangible assets less total liabilities, divided by the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding. After giving effect to the Public Offering and the application of the net proceeds therefrom, assuming an initial public offering price of $ per share, the mid-point of the range of the proposed Public Offering, the net tangible book value of the Company at March 31, 1997 would have been $ million, or $ per share of Common Stock. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $ per share to the existing stockholders of the Bank and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of $ per share to new investors at the assumed initial public offering price. The following illustrates this dilution per share: Initial public offering price per share............................ $ Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 1997, as adjusted for the Reorganization.............................. Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to new investors....................................................... --- Pro forma net tangible book value after the Public Offering........ --- Dilution per share to new investors................................ $ ===
The following table summarizes, on a pro forma basis, as of March 31, 1997, the relative investments of the existing stockholders of the Bank and new investors in the Company, with respect to the number of shares of Common Stock purchased from the Company, the total consideration paid and the average price per share:
SHARES PURCHASED TOTAL CONSIDERATION ----------------- --------------------- AVERAGE PRICE NUMBER PERCENT AMOUNT PERCENT PER SHARE --------- ------- ---------- ---------- ------------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE AMOUNTS) Existing stockholders... 3,211,716 56.2% $ 9,273 % $ New investors........... 2,500,000 43.8 --------- ----- ---------- --------- Total................. 5,711,716 100.0% $ 100.0% ========= ===== ========== =========
22 CAPITALIZATION The following table sets forth, at March 31, 1997, the actual capitalization of the Bank, the pro forma capitalization of the Company giving effect to the Reorganization, and the pro forma capitalization of the Company as adjusted to give effect to the Reorganization and the sale by the Company of 2,500,000 shares of Common Stock at the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share (net of underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses). The information below should be read in conjunction with the Financial Statements and the Notes thereto which are included elsewhere herein.
AT MARCH 31, 1997 ---------------------------------- PRO FORMA PRO FORMA COMPANY AS BANK ACTUAL COMPANY ADJUSTED(1) ----------- --------- ----------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Deposits..................................... $130,808 $130,808 $130,808 Subordinated debt............................ 10,000 10,000 10,000 -------- -------- -------- Total deposits and borrowed funds.......... $140,808 $140,808 $140,808 ======== ======== ======== Common Stock of the Bank, $8.00 stated value (10,000,000 shares authorized, 1,070,572 shares issued and outstanding).............. 8,565 -- -- Common stock of the Company, $0.01 par value (25,000,000 shares authorized, 3,211,716 shares issued and outstanding, as adjusted to reflect the Reorganization, and 5,711,716 shares issued and outstanding, as adjusted to reflect the Reorganization and the Public Offering)................................... -- 32 57 Additional paid-in capital................... 825 9,358 Retained earnings............................ 2,125 2,125 2,125 -------- -------- -------- Total stockholders' equity................. $ 11,515 $ 11,515 ======== ======== ======== Bank Regulatory Capital Ratios: Tangible Capital........................... 7.19% 7.19% Core (leverage) capital.................... 7.19 7.19 Total risk-based capital................... 10.51 10.51 Stockholders' equity to total assets......... 7.30 7.30
- -------- (1) Adjustment also reflects the transfer of the residuals, restricted cash and subordinated debt to the Company. 23 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The condensed operating data presented below is derived in part from, and should be read in conjunction with, the Financial Statements and related notes of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank, presented elsewhere in this Prospectus. The condensed operating data for the three-month periods ended March 31, 1997 and 1996 is derived from unaudited financial data, but, in the opinion of management reflects all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) which are necessary to present fairly the results for such interim periods. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 1997 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 1997.
THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, --------------- ----------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA) Interest income: Loans............................... $ 1,872 $ 1,598 $ 6,542 $ 5,433 $ 4,530 Securities held to maturity......... 106 25 56 159 138 Other interest-earning assets....... 326 39 331 233 156 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Total interest income............. 2,304 1,662 6,929 5,825 4,824 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Interest expense: Deposit accounts.................... 1,317 826 3,514 3,192 2,534 FHLB advances and other borrowings.. 173 103 252 256 187 Subordinated debentures............. 71 -- -- -- -- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Total interest expense............ 1,561 929 3,766 3,448 2,721 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Net interest income before provision for estimated loan losses......................... 743 733 3,163 2,377 2,103 Provision for estimated loan losses... 500 68 963 1,194 1,306 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Net interest income after provision for estimated loan losses......................... 243 665 2,200 1,183 797 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Non-interest income: Loan servicing and other fees....... 120 101 496 231 164 Service charges on deposit accounts........................... 30 33 128 111 84 Net gains from mortgage financing operations......................... 5,877 887 8,352 3,575 1,428 Other income........................ 58 19 136 103 12 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Total non-interest income......... 6,085 1,040 9,112 4,020 1,688 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Non-interest expense: Compensation and benefits........... 1,582 814 5,233 2,544 1,575 Premises and occupancy.............. 223 166 746 471 418 Data processing..................... 135 87 390 208 167 Net loss on foreclosed real estate.. 63 91 158 53 280 FDIC insurance premiums............. 18 44 174 184 186 SAIF special assessment............. -- -- 448 -- -- Marketing........................... 68 39 189 65 55 Telephone........................... 85 40 246 143 128 Professional services............... 58 27 218 92 86 Other expense....................... 260 213 879 629 561 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Total non-interest expense........ 2,492 1,521 8,681 4,389 3,456 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit).................. 3,836 184 2,631 814 (971) Income tax provision (benefit)........ 1,594 79 1,126 294 (300) ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Net income (loss)................... $ 2,242 $ 105 $ 1,505 $ 520 $ (671) ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= Earnings (loss) per share (pro forma)(1)............................. $ 0.70 $ 0.06 $ 0.63 $ 0.28 $ (0.36) ======= ======= ======= ======= =======
- ------- (1) Earnings per share is based on the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for a 100% stock dividend which occurred during 1996. Earnings per share (pro forma) is then adjusted for the exchange of three shares of Company Common Stock for one share of Bank common stock in the Reorganization. 24 AVERAGE BALANCE SHEETS The following tables set forth certain information relating to the Bank at March 31, 1997, and for the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996 and for the years ended December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994. The yields and costs are derived by dividing income or expense by the average balance of assets or liabilities, respectively, for the periods shown. Unless otherwise noted, average balances are measured on a daily basis. The yields and costs include fees which are considered adjustments to yields.
THREE MONTHS ENDED THREE MONTHS ENDED AT MARCH 31, 1997 MARCH 31, 1997 MARCH 31, 1996 ------------------- ---------------------------- --------------------------- AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE BALANCE YIELD/COST BALANCE INTEREST YIELD/COST BALANCE INTEREST YIELD/COST -------- ---------- -------- -------- ---------- ------- -------- ---------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) ASSETS: Interest-earning assets: Interest-earning deposits and short- term investments...... $ 43,551 5.29% $ 8,914 $ 139 6.24% $ 3,318 $ 34 4.10% Investment securities(1)......... 9,012 5.65 8,628 120 5.56 2,689 30 4.46 Loans receivable, net(2)................ 72,967 10.04 98,890 1,872 7.57 72,916 1,598 8.77 Mortgage-backed securities(1)......... 9 6.88 10 -- -- 11 -- -- Residual assets........ 12,519 13.50 5,131 173 13.49 -- -- -- -------- -------- ----- ------- ----- Total interest-earning assets................ 138,058 8.57 121,573 2,304 7.58 78,934 1,662 8.42 ----- ----- Non-interest-earning assets(3).............. 19,649 20,317 8,365 -------- -------- ------- Total assets(3)...... $157,707 $141,890 $87,299 ======== ======== ======= LIABILITIES AND EQUITY: Interest-bearing liabilities: Passbook accounts...... $ 4,115 2.10 $ 3,959 20 2.02 $ 4,640 24 2.07 Money market accounts.............. 3,032 2.98 3,025 23 3.04 3,871 29 3.00 Checking accounts...... 10,209 2.63 10,006 61 2.44 6,980 24 1.38 Certificate accounts... 113,452 5.83 86,348 1,213 5.62 53,434 749 5.61 -------- -------- ----- ------- ----- Total deposit accounts............ 130,808 5.39 103,338 1,317 5.10 68,925 826 4.79 Borrowings............. 10,000 13.50 15,350 244 6.36 6,889 103 5.98 -------- -------- ----- ------- ----- Total interest- bearing liabilities......... 140,808 5.97 118,688 1,561 5.26 75,814 929 4.90 ----- ----- Non-interest-bearing liabilities(3)......... 5,384 13,290 7,168 -------- -------- ------- Total liabilities(3)...... 146,192 131,978 82,982 Equity(3)............... 11,515 9,912 4,317 -------- -------- ------- Total liabilities and equity(3)........... $157,707 $141,890 $87,299 ======== ======== ======= Net interest income before provision for estimated loan losses.. $ 743 $ 733 ===== ===== Net interest rate spread(4).............. 2.60 2.32 3.52 Net interest margin(5).. 2.44 3.71 Ratio of interest- earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities............ 98.05 102.43 104.12
- ------- (1) Includes unamortized discounts and premiums and certificates of deposit. (2) Amount is net of deferred loan origination fees, unamortized discounts, premiums and allowance for estimated loan losses and includes loans held for sale and non-performing loans. See "Business--Lending Activities." (3) Average balances are measured on a month-end basis. (4) Net interest rate spread represents the difference between the yield on interest-earning assets and the cost of interest-bearing liabilities. (5) Net interest margin represents net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets. 25
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1996 1995 1994 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE YIELD/ AVERAGE YIELD/ AVERAGE YIELD/ BALANCE INTEREST COST BALANCE INTEREST COST BALANCE INTEREST COST ------- -------- ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- -------- ------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) ASSETS: Interest-earning assets: Interest-earning deposits and short- term investments...... $ 5,618 $ 257 4.57% $ 4,225 $ 203 4.80% $ 3,736 $ 124 3.32% Investment securities(1)......... 1,912 100 5.23 3,458 188 5.44 3,763 169 4.49 Loans receivable, net(2)................ 72,556 6,542 9.02 65,521 5,433 8.29 65,566 4,530 6.91 Mortgage-backed securities(1)......... 11 1 9.09 12 1 8.33 14 1 7.14 Residual assets........ 199 29 14.57 -- -- -- -- -- -- ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ Total interest- earning assets...... 80,296 6,929 8.63 73,216 5,825 7.96 73,079 4,824 6.60 ------ ------ ------ Non-interest-earning assets(3)............. 6,035 2,465 2,517 ------- ------- ------- Total assets(3)...... $86,331 $75,681 $75,596 ======= ======= ======= LIABILITIES AND EQUITY: Interest-bearing liabilities: Passbook accounts...... $ 4,401 92 2.09 $ 5,090 127 2.50 $ 7,048 157 2.23 Money market accounts.............. 4,233 118 2.79 5,493 144 2.62 6,512 163 2.50 Checking accounts...... 7,048 112 1.59 6,434 92 1.43 6,180 95 1.54 Certificate accounts... 57,333 3,192 5.57 50,608 2,829 5.59 49,851 2,119 4.25 ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ Total deposit accounts............ 73,015 3,514 4.81 67,625 3,192 4.72 69,591 2,534 3.64 Borrowings(4).......... 4,268 252 5.90 3,112 256 8.23 1,863 187 10.04 ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ Total interest- bearing liabilities......... 77,283 3,766 4.87 70,737 3,448 4.87 71,454 2,721 3.81 ------ ------ ------ Non-interest-bearing liabilities(3)........ 3,026 1,131 197 ------- ------- ------- Total liabilities(3)...... 80,309 71,868 71,651 Equity(3).............. 6,022 3,813 3,945 ------- ------- ------- Total liabilities and equity(3)........... $86,331 $75,681 $75,596 ======= ======= ======= Net interest income before provision for estimated loan losses................ $3,163 $2,377 $2,103 ====== ====== ====== Net interest rate spread(5)............. 3.76 3.09 2.79 Net interest margin(6)............. 3.94 3.25 2.88 Ratio of interest- earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities........... 103.90 103.50 102.27
- ------- (1) Includes unamortized discounts and premiums and certificates of deposit. (2) Amount is net of deferred loan origination fees, unamortized discounts, premiums and allowance for estimated loan losses and includes loans held for sale and non-performing loans. See "Business--Lending Activities." (3) Average balances are measured on a month-end basis. (4) The average yield on borrowings for the years ending December 31, 1995 and 1994 included the effects of $52,000 and $96,000, respectively, in interest expense on swap transactions with a notional principal balance of $2.0 million in 1995 and 1994. Without this added expense, the average yield on borrowings for the years ending December 31, 1995 and 1994 would have been 6.56% and 4.88%, respectively. The yield on total interest- bearing liabilities for the years ending December 31, 1995 and 1994 would have been 4.80% and 3.67%, respectively. The $2.0 million in swap contracts matured on November 7, 1995. (5) Net interest rate spread represents the difference between the yield on interest-earning assets and the cost of interest-bearing liabilities. (6) Net interest margin represents net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets. 26 Rate/Volume Analysis. The following table presents the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities have affected the Bank's interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. Information is provided in each category with respect to: (i) changes attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate); (ii) changes attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume); and (iii) the net change. The changes attributable to the combined impact of volume and rate have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to rate.
THREE MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 DECEMBER 31, 1996 DECEMBER 31, 1995 COMPARED TO COMPARED TO COMPARED TO THREE MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, 1996 DECEMBER 31, 1995 DECEMBER 31, 1994 ---------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- INCREASE (DECREASE) INCREASE (DECREASE) INCREASE (DECREASE) DUE TO DUE TO DUE TO ---------------------- --------------------- --------------------- VOLUME RATE NET VOLUME RATE NET VOLUME RATE NET ---------- ---------- ---- ---------- --------- ------ ---------- --------- ------ (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS: Interest-earning deposits and short- term investments...... $ 80 $ 25 $105 $ 64 $ (10) $ 54 $ 18 $ 60 $ 78 Investment securities, net................... 81 9 90 (81) (7) (88) (14) 34 20 Loans receivable, net(1)................ 513 (239) 274 609 500 1,109 (2) 905 903 Residual assets........ 173 -- 173 29 -- 29 -- -- -- Mortgage-backed securities............ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --------- ---------- ---- --------- --------- ------ --------- --------- ------ Total interest-earning assets............... 847 (205) 642 621 483 1,104 2 999 1,001 INTEREST-BEARING LIABILITIES: Money market accounts.. (7) 1 (6) (35) 9 (26) $ (27) 8 (19) Passbook accounts...... (3) (1) (4) (16) (19) (35) (47) 17 (30) Checking accounts...... 13 24 37 9 11 20 4 (7) (3) Certificate accounts... 462 2 464 374 (11) 363 33 677 710 Borrowings............. 134 7 141 80 (84) (4) 108 (39) 69 --------- ---------- ---- --------- --------- ------ --------- --------- ------ Total interest-bearing liabilities.......... 599 33 632 412 (94) 318 71 656 727 --------- ---------- ---- --------- --------- ------ --------- --------- ------ Change in net interest income................. $ 248 $ (238) $ 10 $ 209 $ 577 $ 786 $ (69) $ 343 $ 274 ========= ========== ==== ========= ========= ====== ========= ========= ======
- -------- (1) Includes interest on loans held for sale. SUMMARY The Bank is involved in the origination, purchase, sale and servicing of non-conventional mortgage loans principally secured by first and second mortgage loans on one- to four-family residences. The Bank has focused on Liberator Series loans which are for the purchase or refinance of residential real property by borrowers who may have had prior credit problems or who do not have an adequate credit history, are considered "sub-prime borrowers," or loans which have other non-conforming features. In addition, the Bank has originated a substantial number of Portfolio Series loans which are debt consolidation loans for Agency Qualified Borrowers. The Bank purchases and originates mortgage loans and other real estate secured loans through a network of Originators throughout the country. The Bank funds substantially all of the loans which it originates or purchases through deposits, internally generated funds and FHLB advances. In the immediate and foreseeable future, the Bank will also fund loans from the cash proceeds, if any, received from securitizations. Deposit flows and cost of funds are influenced by prevailing market rates of interest primarily on competing investments, account maturities and the levels of savings in the Bank's market area. The Bank's ability to purchase or sell loans is influenced by the general level of product available from its correspondent relationships and the willingness of investors to purchase the loans at an acceptable price to the Bank. Due to substantial activity in the purchase and sale of loans in recent years, the net gain on mortgage financing operations has been significant. The Company 27 anticipates utilizing a portion of the net proceeds from the Public Offering to continue to expand the Bank's mortgage financing operations. See "Business" and "Use of Proceeds." The Bank's results of operations are also affected by the Bank's provision for loan losses and the level of operating expenses. The Bank's operating expenses primarily consist of employee compensation and benefits, premises and occupancy expenses, and other general expenses. The Bank's results of operations are also affected by prevailing economic conditions, competition, government policies and actions of regulatory agencies. See "Regulation." COMPARISON OF OPERATING RESULTS FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND MARCH 31, 1996 GENERAL Net income increased from $105,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997. The increase was due to the expansion of the mortgage financing operations and the increase in gains with respect to such operations. The increase was partially offset by an increase in non-interest expense, which was also a result of the expansion of the mortgage financing operations. Net gains from mortgage financing operations for the three months ended March 31, 1996 totalled $887,000, compared to $5.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997, due to the expansion of the mortgage financing operations and increased marketing effort therefrom, along with the securitization of $83.2 million in loans which occurred during the three months ended March 31, 1997. The expansion of the mortgage financing operations resulted in an increase in loan originations and purchases from $50.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $92.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997. The related sales and securitization of loans increased from $37.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $83.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997. See "Business-- Loan Sales and Asset Securitizations." Although the Bank will not complete a securitization in the second quarter of 1997, the Company currently intends to conduct securitizations on a regular basis either through private placements or public offerings. There can be no assurance, however, that the Company will be able to successfully implement this strategy. See "Risk Factors--Dependence on Asset Securitizations and Impact on Quarterly Operating Results." INTEREST INCOME Interest income increased from $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997 due primarily to an increase in the average balance of interest earning assets offset in part by a decrease in the average yield on such assets. Average interest earning assets increased from $78.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $121.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997. The yield on interest earning assets decreased from 8.42% for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to 7.58% for the three months ended March 31, 1997. The largest single component of interest earning assets was loans receivable, net, which increased from $72.9 million with a yield of 8.77% for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $98.9 million with a yield of 7.57% for the three months ended March 31, 1997. The decline in yield is a result of the securitization of assets which occurred at the end of the three months ended December 31, 1996. The loans securitized at the end of December 1996 had a weighted average interest rate of 13.32%, which led to an immediate decline in the yield on loans receivable, net, following the sale of these assets. The increase in loans receivable was a result of an increase in loans held for sale, which increased from $32.8 million as of March 31, 1996 to $37.8 million as of March 31, 1997. Loans held for investment decreased from $41.9 million as of March 31, 1996 to $36.5 million as of March 31, 1997. Generally, all loans are originated or purchased for sale in the secondary market or through securitizations. See "Business--Core Lending Products" and "--Loan Sales and Asset Securitizations." Other components of interest earning assets increased as well. Interest earning deposits and short term investments increased from $3.3 million with a yield of 4.10% for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $8.9 million with a yield of 6.24% for the three months ended March 31, 1997. Investment securities increased from $2.7 million with a yield of 4.46% for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $8.6 million with a yield 28 of 5.56% for the three months ended March 31, 1997. Finally, the residual asset of $5.1 million resulting from the Bank's securitization activities during the three months ended March 31, 1997 yielded 13.49% for the three months. The Bank held no residual assets for the three months ended March 31, 1996. INTEREST EXPENSE Interest expense increased from $929,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997 due to an increase in the average total interest bearing liabilities and the composition of the liabilities. Average total interest bearing liabilities increased from $75.8 million with a yield of 4.90% for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $118.7 million with a yield of 5.26% for the three months ended March 31, 1997. The largest component of average interest bearing liabilities was certificate accounts, which increased from an average balance of $53.4 million with a yield of 5.61% for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to an average balance of $86.3 million with a yield of 5.62% for the three months ended March 31, 1997. This increase in yield reflects the increased use of wholesale deposits to fund the mortgage financing operations. The second largest component of average interest bearing liabilities is borrowings, which increased from an average balance of $6.9 million with a yield of 5.98% for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to an average balance of $15.4 million with a yield of 6.36% for the three months ended March 31, 1997. In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 1997, the Bank issued Subordinated Debentures totalling $10.0 million with a coupon of 13.5%. No Subordinated Debentures were outstanding for the three months ended March 31, 1996. See "Risk Factors--Risks Related to Debentures" and "Business-- Sources of Funds--Borrowings." NET INTEREST INCOME BEFORE PROVISION FOR ESTIMATED LOAN LOSSES Net interest income before provision for estimated loan losses for the three months ended March 31, 1996 was $733,000, compared to $743,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1997. This increase is the net effect of an increase in average interest earning assets and average interest bearing liabilities, offset by a decline in the net interest margin and a decrease in the ratio of interest earning assets to interest bearing liabilities. Average interest earnings assets increased from $78.9 million with a yield of 8.42% for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $121.6 million with a yield of 7.58% for the three months ended March 31, 1997. The ratio of interest earning assets to interest bearing liabilities decreased from 104.12% for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to 102.43% for the three months ended March 31, 1997. PROVISION FOR ESTIMATED LOAN LOSSES Provision for estimated loan losses increased from $68,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $500,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1997 due to an increase in the size of the Bank's loan portfolio, a change in the composition of loans receivable from December 31, 1996 to March 31, 1997 and an increase in charge-offs. The increase in the provision resulted from the Bank's quarterly analysis of its loan portfolio and the change in the composition of the loan portfolio during the three months ended March 31, 1997. During the three months ended March 31, 1997, the Bank purchased consumer loans totalling $3.3 million, which increased the Bank's investment in consumer loans from $65,000 as of December 31, 1996 to $3.3 million as of March 31, 1997. In addition, multi-family real estate loans increased from $4.8 million as of December 31, 1996 to $9.9 million as of March 31, 1997, and commercial real estate and land loans increased from $9.7 million as of December 31, 1996 to $10.3 million as of March 31, 1997. Non-performing loans declined from $2.2 million, or 2.98% of gross loans receivable, as of March 31, 1996 to $1.7 million, or 2.34% of gross loans receivable, as of March 31, 1997. Allowance for estimated loan losses as a percent of gross loans receivable increased from 2.36% as of December 31, 1996 to 2.42% as of March 31, 1997. Loan charge-offs increased from $73,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $332,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1997 as $876,000 of loans were transferred to REO and written down to fair 29 value at the time of transfer during this period. In addition, the ratio of net charge-offs to average net loans outstanding increased from 0.10% for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to 0.33% for the three months ended March 31, 1997. While management believes it has adequately provided for losses and does not expect any material loss on its loans in excess of allowances already recorded, no assurance can be given that additional loans will not become delinquent or that the collateral for such loans will be sufficient to prevent losses in the event of foreclosure. Management believes that the allowance for loan losses at March 31, 1997 was adequate to absorb known and inherent risks in the Bank's loan portfolio. No assurance can be given, however, that economic conditions which may adversely affect the Company's or the Bank's service areas or other circumstances will not be reflected in increased losses in the loan portfolio. In addition, regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Bank's allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Bank to recognize additions to the allowance or to take charge-offs resulting in reductions in the allowance in anticipation of losses. See "Business--Lending Overview--Delinquencies and Classified Assets" and "--Lending Overview--Allowance for Loan Losses." NON-INTEREST INCOME Net gains from mortgage financing operations for the three months ended March 31, 1996 were $887,000 compared to $5.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997. This increase was attributable to the increase in the level of mortgage financing operations, with loans sold and securitized totalling $37.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 1996 compared to $83.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997, combined with the effect of the securitization of assets as compared to whole loans sales of assets. Net gains from mortgage financing operations as a percent of loans sold increased from 2.34% for the three months ended March 31, 1996, compared to 7.07% for the three months ended March 31, 1997. All loans sold during the three months ended March 31, 1996 were sold as whole loans, generally with servicing retained, while all loans sold during the three months ended March 31, 1997 were sold through securitization. Loans originated and purchased totalled $50.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 1996 compared to $92.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997, which also resulted in an increase in loan servicing and other fees from $101,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $120,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1997. Consistent with management's business strategy, it is anticipated that mortgage financing operations will constitute an even greater portion of the Company's business in future periods. The inability of the Company to implement its business strategy would have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. See "Risk Factors--Ability of the Company to Implement its Business Strategy," "Business--Background of the Bank" and "--Growth and Operation Strategies." NON-INTEREST EXPENSE Non-interest expense was $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 1996, compared to $2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997. The increase was due primarily to the expansion of the mortgage financing operations. New loans originated and purchased increased from $50.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $92.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997, which resulted in increased compensation and benefits and other operating expenses. Compensation and benefits increased from $814,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997. These costs are directly related to the expansion of the mortgage financing operations and the corresponding increase in personnel, from an average of 87 for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to 161 for the three months ended March 31, 1997. Premises and occupancy expense increased from $166,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $223,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1997, due to the expansion of the mortgage financing operations. During the three months ended March 31, 1997, the Company opened its regional operating center in the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area, and also leased temporary space on a month to month basis in Corona, California. The Corona facility lease will be terminated upon completion of the new executive offices. As a result of leasing 30 office space for the Company's and the Bank's executive offices and the western regional office of Life Financial Services, premises and occupancy expenses are expected to increase to approximately $400,000 per quarter. See "Business--Properties." As a result of the expansion of the mortgage financing operations, other operating expenses increased as well. Data processing increased from $87,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $135,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1997. Marketing, telephone, professional services and other expense increased from $39,000, $40,000, $27,000 and $213,000, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $68,000, $85,000, $58,000 and $260,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1997. FDIC insurance premiums declined from $44,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $18,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1997. During the three months ended September 30, 1996, the FDIC assessed a one time special assessment in order to recapitalize the SAIF insurance fund. As a result of this recapitalization, the FDIC reduced the insurance premiums to most SAIF insured institutions, including the Bank. INCOME TAXES The provision for income taxes increased from $79,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997 due to an increase in income before income tax provision. Income before income tax provision increased from $184,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to $3.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997. The effective tax rate decreased from 42.9% for the three months ended March 31, 1996 to 41.6% for the three months ended March 31, 1997. COMPARISON OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AT MARCH 31, 1997 AND DECEMBER 31, 1996 Total assets increased from $104.0 million as of December 31, 1996 to $157.7 million as of March 31, 1997. Cash and cash equivalents increased from $13.3 million as of December 31, 1996 to $46.0 million as of March 31, 1997 due to an increase in deposit accounts used to fund loans during the quarter which were sold immediately prior to the end of the quarter. Loans held for sale increased from $31.0 million as of December 31, 1996 to $38.3 million as of March 31, 1997. During the three months ended March 31, 1997, the Bank funded $92.2 million in loans, which was offset by securitizations of $83.2 million, and to a lesser extent principal repayments and foreclosures. As a result of the securitization, residual assets and the Reserve Account increased from $5.7 million and $1.6 million, respectively, as of December 31, 1996 to $12.5 million and $6.9 million as of March 31, 1997. Mortgage servicing rights increased from $2.6 million as of December 31, 1996 to $4.1 million as of March 31, 1997 due to the securitization of loans during the three months ended March 31, 1997. See "Business--Loan Sales and Securitizations" and "Risk Factors--Dependence on Asset Securitizations and Impact on Quarterly Operating Results" and "--Risks Related to Mortgage Servicing Rights." Foreclosed real estate, net increased from $561,000 as of December 31, 1996 to $1.2 million as of March 31, 1997 due to the transfer to REO of $876,000 in mortgage loans during the three months ended March 31, 1997. As a result of this transfer, non-accrual loans decreased from $2.4 million as of December 31, 1996 to $1.7 million as of March 31, 1997. Non-performing loans as a percent of gross loans receivable decreased from 3.50% as of December 31, 1996 to 2.34% as of March 31, 1997. Allowance for estimated loan losses increased from $1.6 million, or 2.36% of gross loans receivable, as of December 31, 1996 to $1.8 million, or 2.42% of gross loans receivable, as of March 31, 1997. Allowance for estimated loan losses as a percent of total non-performing loans increased from 67.3% as of December 31, 1996 to 103.6% as of March 31, 1997. Classified assets, gross, increased from $4.8 million as of December 31, 1996 to $5.1 million as of March 31, 1997. During the three months ended March 31, 1997, the Bank issued $10.0 million in Subordinated Debentures in order to increase its risk based capital. The additional funds, net of debt issuance costs, were used to fund loans during the three months ended March 31, 1997. In addition, the Bank increased its liabilities by increasing 31 deposit accounts from $85.7 million as of December 31, 1996 to $130.8 million as of March 31, 1997. The major component of the increase in deposits was certificate accounts, which increased from $69.4 million as of December 31, 1996 to $113.5 million as of March 31, 1997. In addition, checking accounts increased from $8.9 million as of December 31, 1996 to $10.2 million as of March 31, 1997. Stockholder's equity increased from $9.3 million as of December 31, 1996 to $11.5 million as of March 31, 1997 due to an increase in retained earnings. COMPARISON OF OPERATING RESULTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996 AND DECEMBER 31, 1995 GENERAL Net income increased by $985,000 from $520,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. Net income for the year ended December 31, 1996 was adversely impacted by a non-recurring expense for compensation and benefits of $354,000 which was incurred during the quarter ended June 30, 1996, and a non-recurring SAIF special assessment of $448,000 which was incurred during the quarter ended September 30, 1996. The non-recurring expense for compensation and benefits is an accrual of the present value of a portion of the future payments due pursuant to a consulting agreement entered into with a former officer of the Bank. See "The Board of Directors and Management of the Bank--Consultation Agreement." Net income for the year ended December 31, 1996 would have been $2.0 million if these charges had not been incurred. Net gains from mortgage financing operations for the year ended December 31, 1995 totaled $3.6 million compared to $8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1996 due to the expansion of the mortgage financing operations and increased marketing effort therefrom, along with the completion of the Bank's first securitization during the quarter ended December 31, 1996. The expansion of the mortgage financing operations resulted in an increase in loan originations and purchases from $134.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $222.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. The related sales of loans increased from $126.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $206.6 million (including $51.9 million sold through the fourth quarter securitization) for the year ended December 31, 1996. As a result of this securitization, the Bank recognized a gain on sale of $4.3 million. See "Business--Loan Sales and Asset Securitizations." The Company currently intends to conduct securitizations on a regular basis either through private placements or public offerings. There can be no assurance, however, that the Company will be able to successfully implement this strategy. See "Risk Factors--Dependence on Asset Securitizations and Impact on Quarterly Operating Results." In addition, during the year ended December 31, 1996, the Bank acquired the Riverside, California property it had been leasing by exercising its lease option at a price of $375,000. The Bank also increase its personnel from an average of 50 for the year ended December 31, 1995 to an average of 97 for the year ended December 31, 1996. The additional staff allowed for increased marketing, processing and underwriting efforts and the ability to increase the number of broker and correspondent relationships, but also added to non- interest expense for the period. INTEREST INCOME Interest income increased from $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $6.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1996, due to an increase in the yield on interest-earning assets as well as in the average balances of those assets. The Bank's yield on average interest-earning assets increased from 7.96% for the year ended December 31, 1995 to 8.63% for the year ended December 31, 1996. Total average interest-earning assets increased from $73.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $80.3 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. The largest single component of interest-earning assets was loans receivable, net, which increased from an average of $65.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $72.6 million for the year 32 ended December 31, 1996. The increase in average loans receivable, net was due to an increase in loans held for sale from the expansion of the mortgage financing operations. Loans held for sale increased from $21.7 million at December 31, 1995 to $31.0 million at December 31, 1996, while loans held for investment, net decreased from $41.7 million at December 31, 1995 compared to $36.9 million at December 31, 1996. Generally, all loans are originated or purchased for sale in the secondary market or through securitizations. See "Business--Core Lending Products" and "--Loan Sales and Asset Securitizations." The yield on loans receivable increased from 8.29% for the year ended December 31, 1995 to 9.02% for the year ended December 31, 1996. INTEREST EXPENSE Interest expense increased from $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1996 due to an increase in average interest-bearing liabilities. Average interest-bearing liabilities increased from $70.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $77.3 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 1995 was adversely impacted by the effects of an interest rate swap which matured on November 7, 1995 which resulted in an increase in interest expense on borrowings of $52,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995. Without this expense, average yield on borrowings for the year ended December 31, 1995 would have been 6.56%, and the average yield on total interest-bearing liabilities would have been 4.80%. The increase in interest expense also reflects a change in the composition of interest-bearing liabilities. Average certificate accounts increased from $50.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $57.3 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. Average borrowings increased from $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. NET INTEREST INCOME BEFORE PROVISION FOR ESTIMATED LOAN LOSSES Net interest income before provision for estimated loan losses for the year ended December 31, 1995 was $2.4 million compared to $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. This increase was primarily due to the increase in the net interest margin from 3.25% for the year ended December 31, 1995 to 3.94% for the year ended December 31, 1996, and an increase in the ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities from 103.50% for the year ended December 31, 1995 to 103.90% for the year ended December 31, 1996. PROVISION FOR ESTIMATED LOAN LOSSES The provision for estimated loan losses was $963,000 for the year ended December 31, 1996 compared to $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1995. The decrease in the provision resulted from the Bank's quarterly analysis of its loan portfolio, the decrease in charge-offs of loans and the increase in recoveries and management's belief that property values in the southern California market had stopped deteriorating. Charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 1995 were $914,000 compared to $734,000 for the year ended December 31, 1996. For the year ended December 31, 1995, the ratio of net charge-offs to average loans outstanding was 1.30% compared to 0.71% for the year ended December 31, 1996. Recoveries increased from $65,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $219,000 for the year ended December 31, 1996. Non-performing assets as a percent of total assets decreased from 3.0% at December 31, 1995 to 2.86% at December 31, 1996. At December 31, 1995 the allowance for estimated loan losses was $1.2 million compared to $1.6 million at December 31, 1996. The allowance for estimated loan losses as a percent of non-performing loans was 84.25% at December 31, 1995 compared to 67.26% at December 31, 1996. While management believes it has adequately provided for losses and does not expect any material loss on its loans in excess of allowances already recorded, no assurance can be given that additional loans will not become delinquent or that the collateral for such loans will be sufficient to prevent losses in the event of foreclosure. Management believes that the allowance for loan losses at December 31, 1996 was adequate to absorb known and inherent risks in the Bank's loan portfolio. No assurance can be given, however, that economic conditions which may adversely affect the Company's or the Bank's service areas or other circumstances will not be reflected in increased losses in the loan portfolio. In addition, regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically 33 review the Bank's allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Bank to recognize additions to the allowance or to take charge-offs (reductions in the allowance) in anticipation of losses. See "Business-- Lending Overview--Delinquencies and Classified Assets" and "--Lending Overview--Allowance for Loan Losses." NON-INTEREST INCOME Gains from mortgage financing operations for the year ended December 31, 1995 were $3.6 million compared to $8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. This increase was attributable to the increase in the level of mortgage financing operations, with loans sold totaling $126.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to $206.6 million (including $51.9 million sold through the securitization completed in the quarter ended December 31, 1996) for the year ended December 31, 1996. Loans originated and purchased totalled $134.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to $222.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1996, which also resulted in an increase in loan servicing and other fees from $231,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $496,000 for the year ended December 31, 1996. Gains from mortgage financing operations as a percent of loans sold and securitized increased from 2.82% for the year ended December 31, 1995 to 4.04% for the year ended December 31, 1996. This increase is a direct result of the Bank's securitization during the quarter ended December 31, 1996. As a result of this securitization, the Bank generated a gain on sale of $4.3 million. Consistent with management's business strategy, it is anticipated that mortgage financing operations will constitute an even greater portion of the Company's business in future periods. The inability of the Company to implement its business strategy would have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. See "Risk Factors-- Ability of the Company to Implement its Business Strategy" and "Business-- Background of the Bank" and "--Growth and Operation Strategies." NON-INTEREST EXPENSE Non-interest expense was $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. The increase was due primarily to the expansion of the mortgage financing operations, a non-recurring increase in compensation and benefits and the non-recurring SAIF special assessment. New loans originated and purchased increased from $134.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $222.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1996, which resulted in increased employee commissions and bonuses. Compensation and benefits increased from $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. These costs are directly related to the expansion of the mortgage financing operations and the corresponding increase in personnel, from an average of 50 for the year ended December 31, 1995 to 97 for the year ended December 31, 1996, combined with a non-recurring expense for compensation and benefits of $354,000 during the quarter ended June 30, 1996. The non-recurring expense for compensation and benefits is an accrual of the present value of a portion of the future payments due pursuant to a consulting agreement entered into with a former officer of the Bank. See "The Board of Directors and Management of the Bank--Consultation Agreement." Premises and occupancy increased from $471,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $746,000 for the year ended December 31, 1996 due to the addition of the Riverside, California mortgage financing office. The financing office is approximately 7,500 square feet, with additional space being utilized for the increase in personnel and the expansion of the mortgage financing operations. With the increase in loans originated and purchased, combined with the increase in personnel, data processing expense increased from $208,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $390,000 for the year ended December 31, 1996. As a result of the expansion of the mortgage financing operations, marketing expense increased from $65,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $189,000 for the year ended December 31, 1996. In addition, telephone expense increased from $143,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $246,000 for the year 34 ended December 31, 1996, and professional services increased from $92,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $218,000 for the year ended December 31, 1996. The Bank incurred a charge of $448,000 due to the non-recurring SAIF special assessment during the year ended December 31, 1996. No similar charge was assessed for the year ended December 31, 1995. In addition, other expenses also increased due to the expansion of the mortgage financing operations, although no single item exceeded 1.0% of gross income. INCOME TAXES The provision for income taxes increased from $294,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. The increase in income taxes is the result of the increase in income before tax, which increased from $814,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995 to $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. The effective tax rate increased from 36.1% for the year ended December 31, 1995 to 42.8% for the year ended December 31, 1996. The change in effective tax rate is due to a reduction in the deferred tax valuation allowance for state tax purposes in 1995. COMPARISON OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AT DECEMBER 31, 1996 AND DECEMBER 31, 1995 Total assets increased from $74.1 million as of December 31, 1995 to $104.0 million as of December 31, 1996, which was attributable to an increase in loans held for sale, an increase in cash and cash equivalents, an increase in securities held-to-maturity and FHLB stock and an investment in residuals and restricted cash created as a result of the securitization completed in the quarter ended December 31, 1996. Loans held for sale, net, increased from $21.7 million as of December 31, 1995 to $31.0 million as of December 31, 1996, which was partially offset by a decrease in loans held for investment from $41.7 million as of December 31, 1995 to $36.9 million as of December 31, 1996. During the year ended December 31, 1996, the Bank originated and purchased $222.6 million in loans, which were offset by prepayments, sales and securitizations totaling $206.6 million. Cash and cash equivalents were $3.9 million at December 31, 1995, compared to $13.3 million at December 31, 1996 due to an increase in deposits from $67.5 million at December 31, 1995 to $85.7 million at December 31, 1996. Securities held-to-maturity and FHLB stock increased from $2.7 million at December 31, 1995 to $8.8 million at December 31, 1996. Securities held-to-maturity consist of U.S. Treasury bills and U.S. Treasury notes with staggered maturities ranging from three months to 24 months. During the quarter ended December 31, 1996, the Bank securitized $51.9 million in loans. This was the first loan securitization completed by the Bank, which recorded a gain on sale of $4.3 million. Deposit accounts increased from $67.5 million as of December 31, 1995 to $85.7 million as of December 31, 1996 due to an increased use of wholesale deposits to fund lending activity. While core deposits remained fairly stable, certificates of deposits increased from $51.8 million at December 31, 1995 to $69.4 million at December 31, 1996. Stockholders' equity increased from $4.3 million at December 31, 1995 to $9.3 million at December 31, 1996 due to net income of $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1996 and due to proceeds from the issuance of common stock in a private placement offering (the "Private Placement") during the third quarter of 1996 totaling $3.5 million. COMPARISON OF OPERATING RESULTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1995 AND DECEMBER 31, 1994 GENERAL The Bank reported net income of $520,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995, which represented a $1.2 million increase from the net loss of $671,000 for the year ended December 31, 1994. The increase in net income for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to the year ended December 31, 1994 was attributable to the increase in mortgage financing operations and an increase in net interest income. Loans originated and 35 purchased totalled $134.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to $72.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1994. The increase in loans originated and purchased is due to the restructuring and expansion of the mortgage financing operations during 1994 and 1995. During 1994, the Bank hired new management to restructure the mortgage financing operations, changing the lending strategy from traditional mortgage banking and portfolio lending to focusing on sub-prime mortgage financing. During the period of restructuring in the first half of 1994, loan originations and purchases declined as new lending products were being developed and new personnel skilled in originating, processing underwriting and servicing the new products were being hired. Loan originations and purchases increased during the latter half of 1994 and 1995 as a result of the restructuring. Gains from mortgage financing operations were $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1994 due to the expansion of the mortgage financing operations and the increase in sales of loans which were generated as a result of this expansion. Loan sales were $126.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to $65.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1994. In addition, based on the change in the loans generated and therefore the change in the market demand for these loans, gains on sale as a percentage of loans sold increased from 2.17% for the year ended December 31, 1994 to 2.82% for the year ended December 31, 1995. In addition, interest income increased due to the types of loans being generated. Net interest income before provision for estimated loan losses for the year ended December 31, 1995 was $2.4 million compared to $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1994. The Bank's net interest margin increased to 3.25% for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to 2.88% for the year ended December 31, 1994. The Bank's yield on loans receivable, the single largest component of interest-earning assets, increased from 6.91% for the year ending December 31, 1994 to 8.29% for the year ending December 31, 1995. As a result of these events, the Bank's return on average assets and return on average equity increased to 0.69% and 13.64%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 1995, compared to (0.89%) and (17.01%), respectively, for the year ended December 31, 1994. INTEREST INCOME Interest income increased from $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1994 to $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 due to an increase in the yield on interest earning assets as well as the average balances of those assets. The Bank's yield on average interest earning assets increased to 7.96% for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to 6.60% for the year ended December 31, 1994 due to the increase in loans held for sale from $17.1 million at December 31, 1994 to $21.7 million at December 31, 1995 as compared to loans held for investment which decreased from $47.1 million at December 31, 1994 to $41.7 million at December 31, 1995. The total average interest earning assets increased from $73.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1994 to $73.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1995. The largest single component of interest-earning assets was loans receivable, net. The yield on loans receivable increased from 6.91% for the year ended December 31, 1994 to 8.29% for the year ended December 31, 1995. Except for loans specifically originated to be held for investment, all loans are originated or purchased for sale in the secondary market or through securitizations. INTEREST EXPENSE Interest expense increased from $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1994 to $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1995. Total average interest-bearing liabilities decreased from $71.5 million with an average yield of 3.81% for the year ended December 31, 1994 to $70.7 million with an average yield of 4.87% for the year ended December 31, 1995. The yield on certificate accounts increased from 4.25% for the year ended December 31, 1994 to 5.59% for the year ended December 31, 1995. The level of certificate accounts averaged $50.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to $49.9 million for the year ended December 31, 36 1994. The interest expense increase also reflects the rise in average borrowings, which were $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1995, compared to $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1994. The yield on borrowings was adversely affected by interest rate swaps which matured on November 7, 1995. During the years ended December 31, 1995 and December 31, 1994, the interest on swaps totalled $52,000 and $96,000, respectively, which increased the yield on borrowings for the years ended December 31, 1995 and December 31, 1994 to 8.23% and 10.04%, respectively. Without the interest on the swaps, the yield on borrowings would have been 6.56% for the year ended December 31, 1995 and 4.88% for the year ended December 31, 1994. Furthermore, the yield on total interest-bearing liabilities for the years ended December 31, 1995 and December 31, 1994 would have been 4.80% and 3.67% without the interest on the swaps. NET INTEREST INCOME BEFORE PROVISION FOR ESTIMATED LOAN LOSSES Net interest income before provision for estimated loan losses for the year ended December 31, 1995 was $2.4 million compared to $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1994. The Bank's net interest margin increased to 3.25% for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to 2.88% for the year ended December 31, 1994. Average interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities increased from 102.27% at December 31, 1994 to 103.50% at December 31, 1995. PROVISION FOR ESTIMATED LOAN LOSSES The provision for estimated loan losses was $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 1994. The decrease in the provision resulted from the Bank's analysis of its loan portfolio and an increase in the recoveries of the loans previously charged off. Recoveries for the year ended December 31, 1995 were $65,000 compared to $3,000 for the year ended December 31, 1994. Charge-offs for the 1995 and 1994 periods remained relatively constant as management continued to charge-off problem assets and improve its collection procedures pursuant to its strategy which was revised during the year ended December 31, 1994. See "Business--Background of the Bank." Charge-offs net of recoveries, however, totalled $849,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995 exceeding the Bank's allowance for estimated loan losses of $832,000 established at December 31, 1994, which reflected management's loss expectation for the year ended December 31, 1995. Non-performing assets as a percent of total assets declined from 3.42% at December 31, 1994 to 3.00% at December 31, 1995. The Bank's allowance for estimated loan losses increased from $832,000 at December 31, 1994 to $1.2 million at December 31, 1995. The allowance for estimated loan losses as a percent of non-performing loans increased to 84.25% at December 31, 1995 compared to 44.04% at December 31, 1994. NON-INTEREST INCOME Gains from mortgage financing operations for the year ended December 31, 1995 were $3.6 million compared to $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1994. This increase was attributable to the increase in the level of mortgage financing operations, with loans sold totaling $126.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to $65.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1994. Loans originated and purchased totaled $134.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to $72.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1994. During 1994, the Bank hired new management to restructure the mortgage financing operations, changing the lending strategy from a traditional mortgage banking and portfolio lending operation to a strategy of a sub-prime mortgage financing operations. During the period of restructuring in the first six months of 1994, loan originations and purchases declined as new lending products were being developed and new personnel skilled in originating, processing, underwriting and servicing the new products were being hired. Loan originations and purchases increased during the latter half of 1994 and 1995 as a result of the restructuring. Loan servicing and other fees were $231,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to $164,000 for the year ended December 31, 1994 due to the expansion of the mortgage financing operations and the increase 37 in the loan servicing portfolio. With the adoption of SFAS No. 122 in July of 1995, the Bank retained a greater portion of its servicing, which resulted in an increase in servicing for other investors from $48.2 million as of December 31, 1994 to $189.5 million as of December 31, 1995. See "--Impact of New Accounting Standards." NON-INTEREST EXPENSE Total non-interest expense totalled $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1994. This increase is primarily attributable to the expenses related to compensation and benefits increasing from $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1994 to $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1995. These costs are directly related to the expansion of the mortgage financing operations and the corresponding increase in personnel. Loans originated and purchased increased from $72.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1994 to $134.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1995, which resulted in increased employee commissions. Premises and occupancy, data processing and other expense increased as a result of the addition of the Riverside loan center in November 1995 and the increased loan activity during the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to the year ended December 31, 1994. INCOME TAXES The provision for income taxes increased from a benefit of $300,000 for the year ended December 31, 1994 to an expense of $294,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995. This increase is a result of income before income taxes of $814,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995 compared to a loss before income taxes of $971,000 for the year ended December 31, 1994 and the resulting increase in the Bank's effective rate from 30.9% to 36.1% for the year ended December 31, 1995. COMPARISON OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AT DECEMBER 31, 1995 AND DECEMBER 31, 1994 Total assets increased from $71.4 million as of December 31, 1994 to $74.1 million as of December 31, 1995, which was directly attributable to loans held for sale. Loans held for sale increased to $21.7 million at December 31, 1995 compared to $17.1 million at December 31, 1994, which was offset by a decrease in loans held for investment from $47.1 million at December 31, 1994 to $41.7 million at December 31, 1995. During the year ended December 31, 1995 the Bank originated and purchased $134.8 million in loans, which were offset by sales totalling $126.9 million. Cash and cash equivalents also increased during the year ended December 31, 1995 to $3.9 million from $1.5 million at December 31, 1994 due to the increase in deposits from $65.7 million at December 31, 1994 to $67.5 million at December 31, 1995. The increase in assets were funded by an increase in deposits and other liabilities. Borrowings totalled $1.3 million as of December 31, 1994 compared to zero at December 31, 1995. Deposits slightly increased from $65.7 million at December 31, 1994 to $67.5 million at December 31, 1995. Other liabilities increased as a result of an increase in loans serviced for others and the corresponding impounds thereon. With earnings of $520,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995, total stockholders' equity increased from $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1994 to $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 1995. Tangible, core and risk based capital ratios increased from 5.25%, 5.25% and 10.00% as of December 31, 1994, to 5.68%, 5.68% and 10.17% as of December 31, 1995, respectively. During the same period, non-performing loans as a percent of gross loans decreased from 2.90% as of December 31, 1994 to 2.17% as of December 31, 1995. Non-performing assets as a percent of total assets decreased from 3.42% to 3.00% as of December 31, 1994 and December 31, 1995, respectively. See "Business--Lending Overview--Delinquencies and Classified Assets." 38 MANAGEMENT OF INTEREST RATE RISK The principal objective of the Bank's interest rate risk management function is to evaluate the interest rate risk included in certain balance sheet accounts, determine the level of appropriate risk given the Bank's business focus, operating environment, capital and liquidity requirements and performance objectives and manage the risk consistent with Board approved guidelines through the establishment of prudent asset concentration guidelines. Through such management, management of the Bank seeks to reduce the vulnerability of the Bank's operations to changes in interest rates. Management of the Bank monitors its interest rate risk as such risk relates to its operational strategies. The Bank's Board of Directors reviews on a quarterly basis the Bank's asset/liability position, including simulations of the effect on the Bank's capital of various interest rate scenarios. The extent of the movement of interest rates, higher or lower, is an uncertainty that could have a negative impact on the earnings of the Bank. Between the time the Bank originates loans and purchase commitments are issued, the Bank is exposed to both upward and downward movements in interest rates which may have a material adverse effect on the Bank. The Board of Directors of the Bank recently implemented a hedge management policy primarily for the purpose of hedging the risks associated with loans held for sale in the Bank's mortgage pipeline. In a flat or rising interest rate environment, this policy enables management to utilize mandatory forward commitments to sell fixed rate assets as the primary hedging vehicles to shorten the maturity of such assets. In a declining interest rate environment, the policy enables management to utilize put options. The hedge management policy also permits management to extend the maturity of its liabilities through the use of short financial futures positions, purchase of put options, interest rate caps or collars, and entering into "long" interest rate swap agreements. Management may also utilize "short" interest rate swaps to shorten the maturity of long- term liabilities when the net cost of funds raised by using such a strategy is attractive, relative to short-term CD's or borrowings. Since this policy was implemented after March 31, 1997, the Bank has little historical experience to determine whether or not its hedging policies will act to reduce the risks associated with loans held for sale. See "Risk Factors--Risks Associated with Mortgage Originations, Repurchase and Sales Activities." Net Portfolio Value. The Bank's interest rate sensitivity is monitored by management through the use of a model which estimates the change in net portfolio value ("NPV") over a range of interest rate scenarios. NPV is the present value of expected cash flows from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet contracts. An NPV Ratio, in any interest rate scenario, is defined as the NPV in that scenario divided by the market value of assets in the same scenario. The sensitivity measure is the decline in the NPV Ratio, in basis points, caused by a 2% increase or decrease in rates, whichever produces a larger decline (the "Sensitivity Measure"). The higher an institution's Sensitivity Measure is, the greater its exposure to interest rate risk is considered to be. The Bank utilizes a market value model prepared by the OTS (the "OTS NPV model"), which is prepared quarterly, based on the Bank's quarterly Thrift Financial Reports filed with the OTS. The OTS NPV model measures the Bank's interest rate risk by approximating the Bank's NPV, which is the net present value of expected cash flows from assets, liabilities and any off-balance sheet contracts, under various market interest rate scenarios which range from a 400 basis point increase to a 400 basis point decrease in market interest rates. The interest rate risk policy of the Bank provides that the maximum permissible change at a 400 basis point increase or decrease in market interest rates is a 45% change in the net portfolio value. The OTS has incorporated an interest rate risk component into its regulatory capital rule. Under the rule, an institution whose Sensitivity Measure in the event of a 200 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates exceeds 2% would be required to deduct an interest rate risk component in calculating its total capital for purpose of the risk-based capital requirement. See "Regulation-- Federal Savings Institution Regulation." As of December 31, 1996, the most recent date for which the relevant data is available, the Bank's Sensitivity Measure, as measured by the OTS, resulting from a 200 basis point decrease in interest rates was 96 basis points and would result in a $1.0 million reduction in the NPV of the Bank. As of December 31, 1996, the Bank's Sensitivity Measure is below the threshold at which the Bank could be required to hold additional risk-based capital under OTS regulations. The OTS has postponed the date the component will first be deducted from an institution's total capital to provide the OTS with an opportunity to review the interest rate risk approaches taken by the other federal banking agencies. See "Regulation--Federal Savings Institution Regulation." 39 Certain shortcomings are inherent in the methodology used in the above interest rate risk measurements. Modeling changes in NPV requires the making of certain assumptions that may tend to oversimplify the manner in which actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. First, the models assume that the composition of the Bank's interest sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the beginning of a period remains constant over the period being measured. Second, the models assume that a particular change in interest rates is reflected uniformly across the yield curve regardless of the duration to maturity or repricing of specific assets and liabilities. Third, the model does not take into account the impact of the Bank's business or strategic plans on the structure of interest-earning assets and interest- bearing liabilities. In particular, the Bank's core products and residual assets which are directly related to the Bank's core products do not behave in a manner which the OTS model projects. Borrowers of Portfolio Series loans are less likely to refinance or prepay such loans because of the high cost of obtaining a high loan to value loan. In addition, management believes that borrowers of Liberator Series loans are less likely to refinance or prepay such loans because of their lack of an adequate credit rating or possible prior credit problems. Accordingly, although the NPV measurement provides an indication of the Bank's interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such measurement is not intended to and does not provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates on the Bank's net interest income and will differ from actual results. The results of this modeling are monitored by management and presented to the Board of Directors, quarterly. The following table shows the NPV and projected change in the NPV of the Bank at December 31, 1996 assuming an instantaneous and sustained change in market interest rates of 100, 200, 300 and 400 basis points ("bp"). INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY OF NET PORTFOLIO VALUE (NPV)
NPV AS % OF PORTFOLIO NET PORTFOLIO VALUE VALUE OF ASSETS -------------------------- ------------------ CHANGE IN RATES $ AMOUNT $ CHANGE % CHANGE NPV RATIO % CHANGE --------------- -------- -------- -------- --------- -------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) +400 bp....................... $12,688 (1,393) (10)% 11.99% -97 bp +300 bp....................... 13,629 (451) (3) 12.73 -23 bp +200 bp....................... 14,282 201 1 13.22 +26 bp +100 bp....................... 14,185 104 1 13.10 +14 bp Static........................ 14,080 12.96 -100 bp....................... 13,613 (468) (3) 12.52 -44 bp -200 bp....................... 13,038 (1,042) (7) 12.00 -96 bp -300 bp....................... 12,282 (1,799) (13) 11.33 -163 bp -400 bp....................... 11,748 (2,332) (17) 10.83 -213 bp
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES The Bank's primary sources of funds are deposits, FHLB advances, principal and interest payments on loans, cash proceeds from the sale of loans and securitizations, and to a lesser extent, interest payments on investment securities and proceeds from the maturation of investment securities. See "Risk Factors--Availability of Funding Sources" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans are a predictable source of funds, deposit flows and mortgage prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition. However, the Bank has continued to maintain the required minimum levels of liquid assets as defined by OTS regulations. This requirement, which may be varied at the direction of the OTS depending upon economic conditions and deposit flows, is based upon a percentage of deposits and short-term borrowings. The required ratio is currently 5%. The Bank's average liquidity ratios were 8.5%, 9.4% and 8.9% for the years ended December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994, respectively, and 12.6% and 5.6% for the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively. Management currently attempts to maintain a minimum liquidity ratio of 5.0%. The Bank's cash flows are comprised of three primary classifications: cash flows from operating activities, investing activities and financing activities. Cash flows used in operating activities were $24.1 million and 40 $13.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively, and were $18.7 million, $5.3 million and $6.9 million for the years ended December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994, respectively. Such cash flows primarily consisted of loans originated and purchased for sale (net of loan fees) of $93.9 million, $51.9 million, $227.2 million, $135.6 million and $72.6 million, net of proceeds from the sale and securitization of loans held for sale of $80.0 million, $39.3 million, $212.2 million, $130.1 million and $66.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996 and the years ended December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994, respectively. Net cash provided by investing activities consisted primarily of investment purchases offset by principal collections on loans and proceeds from maturation of investment purchases. Proceeds from the maturation of investment securities were $1.0 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively, and $2.0 million, $9.2 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994, respectively. Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities consisted primarily of net activity in deposit accounts and FHLB advances. The net increase (decrease) in deposits and advances was $45.1 million and $12.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively, and $18.2 million, $596,000 and $(6.3) million for the years ended December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994, respectively. The Bank also received proceeds from the issuance of common stock in the Private Placement of $3.5 million in August 1996 and $10.0 million from the sale of the Debentures in March 1997. At March 31, 1997, the Bank exceeded all of its regulatory capital requirements with a tangible capital level of $11.5 million, or 7.19% of total adjusted assets, which is above the required level of $2.4 million, or 1.50%; core capital of $11.5 million, or 7.19% of total adjusted assets, which is above the required level of $4.8 million, or 3.0%, and risk-based capital of $21.5 million, or 10.51% of risk-weighted assets, which is above the required level of $16.4 million, or 8.0%. See "Capitalization" and "Regulation--Federal Savings Institution Regulation--Capital Requirements." The Bank's most liquid assets are cash and short-term investments. The levels of these assets are dependent on the Company's operating, financing, lending and investing activities during any given period. At March 31, 1997, cash and short-term investments totalled $46.0 million. The Company has other sources of liquidity if a need for additional funds arises, including the utilization of FHLB advances. At March 31, 1997, the Bank had no advances outstanding from the FHLB. Other sources of liquidity include investment securities maturing within one year. On an on-going basis, the Company explores opportunities to access credit lines as an additional source of funds for its mortgage financing operations and recently entered into a mortgage warehousing line of credit with a national investment banking firm in the amount of $35.0 million to fund loan originations. See "Risk Factors-- Availability of Funding Sources." The Bank had no material contractual obligations or commitments for capital expenditures at March 31, 1997. However, the Bank is in the process of developing an office to house the Company's and the Bank's executive offices and the western regional offices of Life Financial Services at a cost of approximately $1.0 million for leasehold improvements. In addition, the Bank has entered into an agreement for an upgrade of the Bank's telephone services in the amount of $930,000 and expects to spend an additional $500,000 for furniture, fixtures and equipment. At March 31, 1997 the Bank had outstanding commitments to originate mortgage loans and to purchase mortgage loans of $13.7 million and $6.2 million, respectively, compared to $5.0 million and $4.2 million, respectively, at December 31, 1996. The Bank anticipates that it will have sufficient funds available to meet its current loan origination commitments. See "Business--Background of the Bank." Certificates of deposit which are scheduled to mature one year or less from March 31, 1997, totalled $103.5 million. The Bank expects that a substantial portion of the maturing certificates of deposit will be retained by the Bank at maturity. IMPACT OF INFLATION AND CHANGING PRICES The Financial Statements and Notes thereto presented herein have been prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP"), which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollar amounts without considering the changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. The impact of inflation is reflected in the increased cost of the Bank's operations. Unlike industrial companies, nearly all of the assets and liabilities of the Bank are monetary in nature. 41 As a result, interest rates have a greater impact on the Bank's performance than do the effects of general levels of inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or to the same extent as the price of goods and services. IMPACT OF NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS In March 1995, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards ("SFAS") No. 121, "Accounting for the Impairment of Long Lived Assets and for Long Lived Assets to be Disposed Of" ("SFAS No. 121"). SFAS No. 121 requires that long lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles be reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. However, SFAS No. 121 does not apply to financial instruments, core deposit intangibles, mortgage and other servicing rights or deferred tax assets. The adoption of SFAS No. 121 in 1996 did not have a material effect on the Bank's results of operations or financial condition. Effective July 1, 1995, the Bank adopted SFAS No. 122, "Accounting for Mortgage Servicing Rights" ("SFAS No. 122"), which amended SFAS No. 65, "Accounting for Certain Mortgage Banking Activities." SFAS No. 122 requires an institution that purchases or originates mortgage loans and sells or securitizes those loans with servicing rights retained to allocate the total cost of the mortgage loans to the mortgage servicing rights and the loans (without the mortgage servicing rights) based on their relative fair values. The impact of adopting SFAS No. 122 was an increase in pretax earnings of $594,000, net income of $438,000 and earnings per share of $0.23, as adjusted for the Reorganization, for the year ended December 31, 1995. In 1995, the FASB issued SFAS No. 123, "Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation" ("SFAS No. 123"), which encourages companies to account for stock compensation awards based on their fair value at the date the awards are granted. SFAS No. 123 does not require the application of the fair value method and allows for the continuance of current accounting methods, which require accounting for stock compensation awards based on their intrinsic value as of the grant date. However, SFAS No. 123 requires proforma disclosure of net income and, if presented, earnings per share, as if the fair value based method of accounting defined in this Statement had been applied. The accounting and disclosure requirements of this Statement are effective for financial statements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 1995. The Bank did not adopt the recognition provisions of SFAS No. 123 with respect to the Stock Option Plan. In June 1996 the FASB issued SFAS No. 125, "Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities" ("SFAS No. 125"), which was amended by SFAS No. 127. This Statement provides accounting and reporting standards for transfers and servicing of financial assets and extinguishments of liabilities based on consistent application of a financial- components approach that focuses on control. It distinguishes transfers of financial assets that are sales from transfers that are secured borrowings. Under the financial-components approach, after a transfer of financial assets, an entity recognizes all financial and servicing assets it controls and liabilities it has incurred and derecognizes financial assets it no longer controls and liabilities that have been extinguished. The financial-components approach focuses on the assets and liabilities that exist after the transfer. Many of these assets and liabilities are components of financial assets that existed prior to the transfer. If a transfer does not meet the criteria for a sale, the transfer is accounted for as a secured borrowing with pledge of collateral. The Statement is effective for transfers and servicing of financial assets and extinguishments of liabilities occurring after December 31, 1996. Retroactive application of this Statement is not permitted. The adoption of SFAS No. 125 did not have a material impact on the Bank's results of operations or financial condition. In February 1997, the FASB issued SFAS No. 128 "Earnings Per Share" which is effective for financial statements issued of periods ending after December 15, 1997. It replaces the presentation of primary earnings per share with a presentation of basic earnings per share. It also requires the presentation of diluted earnings per share for entities with complex capital structures. Diluted earnings per share takes into account the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock, such as options, were exercised or converted into common stock. The Bank does not believe that SFAS No. 128 will have a material impact on its financial statements. 42 LIFE FINANCIAL CORP. Life Financial Corp. is a Delaware corporation recently organized by the Bank as a financial services holding company. The Company will own all of the capital stock of the Bank upon completion of the Reorganization. Immediately following the Reorganization, the only significant assets of the Company will be the capital stock of the Bank. Net proceeds received by the Company will be used to (i) acquire approximately $12.5 million of residuals and restricted cash of $6.9 million resulting from the Bank's securitizations completed during the fourth quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1997 (which, when netted against the net subordinated debt of $9.6 million expected to be transferred to the Company following the Reorganization, would total $9.8 million), see "Business--Sources of Funds--Borrowings"; (ii) downstream proceeds to the Bank if necessary to fund additional purchases and sales of loans; (iii) acquire an interest in or pay the startup costs to establish a subsidiary for the purpose of providing short term warehouse lines of credit; and (iv) fund general business activities including expansion of existing mortgage financing operations, possible acquisitions or development costs of related businesses as opportunities arise. However, the Company has not entered into any arrangement, agreement or understanding with respect to future acquisitions and there can be no assurance that it will do so in the future. No determination has been made as to the amount of proceeds that will be allocated to each use, with the exception of the acquisition of the residuals and restricted cash. On an interim basis, the net proceeds are expected to be invested in short to intermediate-term investment securities and mortgage-backed securities. See "Use of Proceeds" and "Business." 43 BUSINESS BACKGROUND OF THE BANK The Bank is a federally chartered stock savings bank whose primary business is the origination and sale of sub-prime one- to four-family residential mortgage loans and, to a much lesser extent, multi-family residential and commercial mortgage loans. The Bank was originally chartered in 1983 as a stock savings and loan association under the laws of the State of California and became a federally chartered stock savings bank in 1991. The Bank conducts its business from four locations: the Bank's headquarters in San Bernardino, California, and three regional lending centers, one in Riverside, California, one in Jacksonville, Florida and one recently established in the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area. At March 31, 1997, the Bank had total assets of $157.7 million, total deposits of $130.8 million and total equity of $11.5 million. During the three months ended March 31, 1997, the Bank originated or purchased, through its Originators, $92.2 million of sub-prime mortgage products and sold or securitized $83.2 million of such products. The Bank's deposits are insured up to the maximum allowable amount by the SAIF of the FDIC. During the early 1990's, as a result of reduced employment levels and corporate relocations in Southern California and the general weakness of the national economy, the Bank's market area experienced a weakening of real estate values and a reduction in home sales and construction. When confronted with increased competition and nominal growth during this same period, the Bank's results of operations were adversely impacted and the Bank began to experience increases in total non-performing loans held for investment. In response, in 1994, the Bank retained new management experienced in sub-prime lending to redirect its business focus, revise its underwriting policies and procedures and enhance its related servicing capabilities. A plan was developed pursuant to which the Bank reorganized its lending operations from that of a thrift emphasizing traditional mortgage banking and portfolio lending to that of a diversified financial services operation focusing on the origination for sale or securitization, with servicing retained, of various loan products to include Liberator Series loans, Portfolio Series loans, and, to a much lesser extent, commercial and multi-family real estate loans. The Bank also adopted revised underwriting policies and instituted more aggressive procedures for resolving problem loans and for reducing the level of non- performing assets. As a result of these steps, the Bank improved its profitability. As part of the Bank's strategic plan, the Bank developed an internal structure of operating divisions, each with distinct objectives and management focus. The five divisions include (i) the Financial Services Division which emphasizes the wholesale origination of the Bank's core products; (ii) the Income Capital Services Division which originates and sells commercial and multi-family mortgage loans; (iii) the Retail Loan Division which concentrates on offering loan products directly to the public primarily in the Bank's primary market area; (iv) the Asset Management Division which services loans and REO for both the Bank and for Loan Purchasers; and (v) the Banking Division which offers depository services to the public. In 1994, the Bank began to implement its plan which resulted in: . An increase in total purchases and originations of loans by 171.5% from $82.0 million for the year ended December 31, 1993 to $222.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. For the three month period ended March 31, 1997, loans originated and purchased totalled $92.2 million. . An increase in loan sales and securitizations by 191.0% from $71.0 million for the year ended December 31, 1993 to $206.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. For the three month period ended March 31, 1997, loan sales and securitizations totalled $83.2 million. . An increase in net income of 1518.3% from $93,000 for the year ended December 31, 1993, to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. For the three month period ended March 31, 1997, net income was $2.2 million. 44 . An increase in net gains from mortgage financing operations by 663.6% from $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1993, to $8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. For the three month period ended March 31, 1997, net gains from mortgage financing operations totalled $5.9 million. . A decrease in non-performing assets by 25.0% from $4.0 million at December 31, 1993, to $3.0 million at December 31, 1996. As a percent of total assets, non-performing assets decreased by 43.4% from 5.05% at December 31, 1994 to 2.86% at December 31, 1996. At March 31, 1997, non- performing assets totalled $2.9 million and, as a percentage of total assets, were 1.85%. . An increase in the allowance for estimated loan losses as a percent of gross loans receivable by 263.1% from 0.65% at December 31, 1993 to 2.36% at December 31, 1996. At March 31, 1997, the allowance for estimated loan losses as a percent of gross loans receivable was 2.42%. COMPETITIVE STRENGTHS Management believes that it enjoys a competitive advantage when compared to most other finance companies competing in its product areas as a result of the following factors: Expertise of Management. The change in direction of the Bank's business focus commenced with the hiring in 1994 of Daniel L. Perl, the Bank's President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Perl has more than twenty years of experience in the financial services industry, including the areas of sub-prime lending, commercial real estate lending, mortgage banking and investment banking. Additional management expertise includes: . Mr. Bruce Mills has more than 15 years in banking and regulatory experience including service at the Federal Home Loan Bank, the predecessor of the OTS and ten years as chief financial officer of the Bank. . Ms. Mary Darter has more than 13 years of lending experience including sub-prime, bulk acquisition and warehouse lending. She joined the Bank in March of 1994 having previously worked with Mr. Perl from 1988 to 1991. . Mr. Joseph R. L. Passerino has been in the financial services industry for more than 20 years. His areas of expertise have included conventional and sub-prime residential loans as well as commercial lending. Mr. Passerino previously worked with Mr. Perl from 1985 to 1988. . Mr. Stephen Sandoval has more than 24 years of extensive experience in the servicing and collection of mortgage and consumer loans with a primary focus on loss mitigation including workout alternatives, bankruptcy and foreclosure processing in addition to traditional day to day loan servicing functions. The Board has implemented competitive management incentives to attract and retain qualified executives. See "The Board of Directors and Management of the Bank--Benefits--Cash Bonus Plan" and "--Stock Option Plans." Efficiency of Operations. Management believes that the efficiency of its operations allows the Bank to offer to its Originators very competitively priced products. Management believes that this competitive pricing will increase the volume of loans originated. The efficiency of the Bank's operations results from: . Providing Originators with clear, concise and consistent underwriting standards; . Well defined core products; . Low cost, strategically located loan facilities; . Rapid turnaround time on loan applications; . Limited number of strong and productive relationships with Originators; and . Originations of loans at low premiums or at a discount from par. 45 Internal Controls. Management believes that the significant internal controls that have been established help preserve and assure the overall quality of loans originated by the Bank. These internal controls include: . Dual signatures on all loan originations; . Unanimous approval by a committee of three persons, including a member of senior management, of any exceptions to the Bank's underwriting policies; . Exceptions to the Bank's underwriting policies are kept to a minimum; . A limited number of Board-approved appraisers perform or review appraisals on all loans originated or purchased by the Bank; . For all loans on first payment default or 60 days overdue, a quality control review is completed by the Quality Control Underwriter; . Third party underwriting review of approximately 15.0% of all loans originated; and . Weekly underwriting and delinquency meetings are held to review and update procedures and controls. Flexible Funding Sources and Structure. As a federally-chartered savings bank, the Bank has access to funds at a lower cost than its non-regulated finance company competitors. This advantage is derived from the Bank's ability to: . Access a long-term stable funding base through the Bank's deposits which are insured by the FDIC; . Increase its deposit base through competitive pricing and possible branch acquisitions or acquisitions of other depository institutions; and . Access funding through the FHLB of San Francisco. This flexible funding structure will be further enhanced by the Reorganization of the Bank into the holding company structure because: . Upon the Reorganization, the Bank may sell its residual assets and restricted cash to the Company, thereby reducing constraints on its risk-based capital; and . Following the Reorganization, subject to certain limitations, the Bank may pay dividends to the Company, thereby increasing the Company's cash flow and potentially reducing the Company's need to raise additional equity capital. Diversification Opportunities. Upon the Reorganization, the Company will become a unitary savings and loan holding company which generally will not be restricted in the types of business activities which it may conduct provided that the Bank continues to be a qualified thrift lender. See "Regulation--Federal Savings Institution Regulation--QTL Test." The Reorganization will provide the Company with: . The opportunity to expand its current product line and enter into possible new product areas; . Broader investment opportunities than the Bank; and . Alternative access, if necessary, to the capital markets than merely financing at the Bank. GROWTH AND OPERATING STRATEGIES Management believes that, as a result of its competitive strengths, the Bank and the Company will be able to implement the following growth and operating strategies: . Expanding Core Products Through a National Originator Network. The Bank will continue to emphasize and to expand upon the origination of its core products, Liberator Series loans and Portfolio Series loans, for sale through securitizations and in the secondary market. Continued growth of core 46 products will result primarily from geographic expansion and greater penetration in existing markets. In particular, since the beginning of 1997, the Bank has widely advertised its NINA loan product, which is a limited documentation, lower loan-to-value loan program within the Liberator Series. NINA loans constituted $7.3 million of the $80.1 million of loans in the Bank's 1997-1 securitization during the first quarter of 1997. In order to improve its ability to service its expanding network of Originators, the Bank has established strategically located, low cost regional lending centers in Riverside, California, Jacksonville, Florida and in the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area. Over the next twelve months, the Bank intends to open two additional regional lending centers which are likely to be strategically located in the Northeast and Midwest sectors of the United States to better serve its Originators. . Expanding Retail Lending Production. The Bank's retail lending operations focus on retail loans located in the Bank's primary market area of Southern California. To the extent that these loans meet the criteria for Liberator Series loans or Portfolio Series loans, the Bank's retail lending operation acts as an origination source for the Life Financial Services Division of the Bank while loans not meeting these criteria are sold to Loan Purchasers. The Bank intends to gradually and selectively expand its retail lending operations beyond Southern California. As part of this process, the Bank also plans to establish low cost retail offices selectively throughout the country. In order to reduce the possibility that its borrowers will refinance their loans with other lenders, the Bank is seeking to refinance such loans through its own retail lending operation. . Expanding Multi-Family and Commercial Lending. In continuing with its tradition as a niche market lender and in an effort to diversify product offerings, the Bank, through its Life Income Capital Division, has recently begun to focus its efforts on the origination and purchase of multi-family and commercial real estate loans in the range of $50,000 to $750,000 both in its primary market area and throughout the United States through a selected group of originators. The Bank is currently purchasing such loans at a discount and, although there can be no assurances, expects to be able to continue to purchase such loans at a discount or low premium. The Bank employs underwriters who specialize in commercial and multi-family real estate lending and utilizes a select group of appraisers experienced in these products. In addition, two members of senior management have considerable expertise in multi-family and commercial real estate lending. The Bank has been limited in its ability to originate multi-family and commercial real estate loans by its level of available capital. The Bank plans to gradually expand such originations as its available capital increases. The Bank believes that it has the infrastructure in place to accommodate this expansion. It is anticipated that all multi-family and commercial real estate loans will be originated for sale in the secondary market and may also be sold through securitizations in the future. . Consistently Refining Operating Procedures. The Bank intends to maintain loan quality by continuing to refine its underwriting criteria. A meeting of the Bank's underwriting personnel is held each week in part to discuss operational issues as well as refinements to the Bank's underwriting policies. In addition, the Bank conducts a weekly loan delinquency meeting to discuss problem areas in the Bank's servicing portfolio in order to reduce the likelihood of the recurrence of such problems in future loans. As necessary, the Bank adds personnel to its loan processing staff and continues to utilize advancements in computer technology to provide prompt turnaround on loans, efficient underwriting procedures and accurate credit verification. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 1996, the Bank hired a Quality Control Underwriter who: is dedicated to maintaining quality control; reviews loan files to assure that each complies with the Bank's underwriting policies; reviews all loans upon first payment default and loans sixty days delinquent; provides feedback and training to the underwriters to minimize future defaults and delinquencies; and investigates all fraudulent loans. . Enhancing Servicing Capabilities. As the Bank has transitioned from a traditional thrift to a diversified financial services operation, it has expanded its servicing department from a total of four persons at December 31, 1994 to 16 persons at March 31, 1997. In December 1996, the Bank hired a department head with 24 years of experience in loan servicing and collections including responsibility for a 47 $10.0 billion portfolio of approximately 255,000 loans and a staff of 70 people. In anticipation of its future servicing needs, the Bank has dedicated substantial space in its current Riverside facility to house loan servicing operations and is in the process of implementing new technology including computer imaging and power dialing. . Diversifying Funding Sources. In addition to its traditional thrift funding sources of deposits and loans from the FHLB, the Bank has diversified its funding sources in recent periods. During the fourth quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1997, net cash received from the Bank's securitizations provided a significant source of funding to the Bank, aggregating $128.1 million for those two quarters. The Bank recently has also entered into a retail mortgage warehouse line of credit with a national investment banking firm in the amount of $35.0 million and may enter into additional lines of credit in the future. Following the Reorganization, the Company may further diversify the current sources of funding through greater access to capital markets. RESTRUCTURING General. In order to increase operating flexibility and provide a broader range of services to its customers, Management has determined (i) to reorganize into the holding company form of organization, (ii) to form separate holding company subsidiaries, (iii) to restructure the Bank by forming separate operating subsidiaries in order to realize possible future values from such subsidiaries, and (iv) to raise additional capital to fund operations and expansion. The Reorganization. The Boards of Directors of the Company and the Bank unanimously approved and entered into the Plan of Reorganization pursuant to which the Bank will be reorganized into a holding company structure and become a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, subject to the approval of the Bank's stockholders. See "The Reorganization." The Reorganization is subject to the approval of the Bank's stockholders at a meeting to be held on June 20, 1997. Management believes that the holding company form of organization will provide the Company with more flexibility and a greater ability to compete with other financial services companies in the market place. Formation of Company Subsidiary. Prior to the completion of the Public Offering, the Company will establish Life Investment Holdings for the purpose of holding residual assets created by its asset securitizations. The Bank currently utilizes an independent third party trustee for this purpose. Immediately upon the completion of the Public Offering, the Company will acquire from the Bank $12.5 million of residuals and restricted cash of $6.9 million resulting from the Bank's securitizations. Due to regulatory restrictions, the Bank is limited in the amount of investment in residuals and related assets that it can retain. It is intended that any future residuals and restricted cash will be purchased by this subsidiary, as a result of such regulatory limitations. See "--Investment Activities." In addition to the foregoing, upon the completion of the Public Offering, the Company may acquire or establish a subsidiary to provide warehouse lines of credit to meet the cash flow needs of smaller loan originators on a short- term basis. It is expected that this financing relationship will in turn create additional sources of loans for the Company to purchase and securitize. See "Use of Proceeds." Formation of Bank Operating Subsidiaries. Applications have been filed by the Bank with the appropriate regulatory agencies to form several operating subsidiaries. Although there can be no assurances, the Bank expects to receive the necessary approvals from the OTS to form these subsidiaries. . Life Financial Services will assume the functions of the Life Financial Services Division of the Bank. This subsidiary will continue to focus on Liberator Series loans and Portfolio Series loans, which are the Bank's core products. Although the Bank will not complete an asset securitization during the second quarter of 1997, it is management's intention to regularly conduct asset securitizations through this subsidiary. There can be no assurance, however, that any asset securitizations will be completed in the future. In addition, management intends to expand the activities of this subsidiary and expects its operations to create a major source of revenue for the Bank, although there can be no assurances in this regard. 48 . Life Income Capital is being established for the purpose of originating and selling multi-family and commercial real estate loans in the $50,000 to $750,000 range. Prior to the third quarter of 1996, the Bank was substantially limited in its ability to originate such loans by its level of available capital. At March 31, 1997, multi-family and commercial real estate and land loans totalled $20.2 million, or 27.2%, of the Bank's gross loan portfolio. Although there can be no assurances in this regard, management intends to expand the operations of this subsidiary and expects the operations of this subsidiary to create an increased source of revenue for the Bank because of the perceived demand for and higher yields on such loans. See "Risk Factors--Real Estate Secured Risks" for a discussion of the risks associated with multi- family and commercial real estate lending. . Life Asset Management is being established as a direct subsidiary of the Bank to service loans and REO for both the Bank and for its Loan Purchasers. The Retail Lending Division and the Banking Depository Division will remain within the Bank. In addition, as part of its liquidity and investment portfolios, the Bank will continue to hold investments in U.S. government and agency securities. As part of the Bank's Community Reinvestment Act commitment to the Southern California area and more specifically to the Inland Empire region, which consists of the counties of San Bernardino and Riverside, the Bank will lend to and invest in community development programs. As of March 31, 1997, the Bank had committed to lend or invest $2.5 million in such projects during 1997. See "--Historical and Local Lending Portfolio." Capital Raising. In order to fund the acquisition of the residuals and the Reserve Account currently in the Bank's portfolio, to acquire or form a subsidiary to provide warehouse lines of credit and for general corporate purposes, including the origination and purchase of loans to be securitized or sold in the secondary market and to grow and expand operations through the establishment of retail lending and mortgage banking offices, the Company is conducting the Public Offering to raise approximately $ million in net proceeds. CORE LENDING PRODUCTS General. The Bank originates, purchases, sells and services primarily non- conventional mortgage loans principally secured by first and second mortgages on one- to four-family residences. The Bank has focused on Liberator Series loans which are for the purchase or refinance of residential real property by borrowers who may have had prior credit problems or who do not have an adequate credit history, are considered "sub-prime borrowers." In addition, the Bank has originated a substantial number of Portfolio Series loans which are debt consolidation loans for Agency Qualified Borrowers with loan-to-value ratios of up to 125%. The Bank purchases and originates mortgage loans and other real estate secured loans through a network of Originators on a nationwide basis. Except for a limited number of loans specifically originated for retention in the Bank's portfolio as loans held for investment, loans originated or purchased since 1994 through the Bank's regional lending centers are generally originated for sale in the secondary mortgage market and, more recently, in asset securitizations with servicing retained by the Bank. Marketing. The Bank's primary means of marketing its products is direct contact between its account executives and Originators. Each of the Bank's 27 account executives is responsible for maintaining and expanding existing Originator relationships within the account executive's assigned territory through personal contact and promotional materials. Each account executive is typically responsible for approximately 20 key Originators and is expected to have weekly contact with each of these Originators. In addition, each account executive is responsible for up to 30 additional Originators with whom the account executive will have frequent contact. Each account executive also works to develop Originator relationships through "cold calls" and following up on inquiries made by Originators to the Bank's toll-free number. Each account executive works as part of a team with one of the Bank's six loan coordinators and seven assistant coordinators. Each loan coordinator and assistant loan coordinator works with three or four account executives. The loan coordinators and their assistants are responsible for inputting the new loans into the Bank's data systems and for shepherding 49 the loans from the point of origination through funding. After origination, the loan coordinators and their assistants are available to talk to Originators on a daily basis. Loan coordinators and their assistants are located in each of the Bank's regional lending centers. The Bank believes that the key element in developing, maintaining and expanding its relationships with Originators is to provide the highest possible level of product knowledge and customer service. Each account executive receives comprehensive training prior to being assigned to a territory. In most cases, training includes experience in the loan production department so that the account executive will be familiar with all phases of loan origination and production and will also become acquainted with the whole loan coordination team. This training enables the account executive to quickly review a loan application in order to identify the borrower's probable risk classification and then assist the Originator in identifying the appropriate product for the borrower, thereby enhancing the likelihood that the loan will be approved at the rate and on the terms anticipated by the borrower. After a loan package is submitted to the Bank, the loan coordination team provides assistance to the Originator throughout the process to complete the loan transaction. Account executives and loan coordinators and assistant coordinators are compensated based on the number and the dollar volume of loans funded. A significant portion of the regional manager's compensation is tied to the profitability of his or her regional lending center and includes a component based on loan performance. Origination and Purchase of Loans. Loans are originated both through the Bank's wholesale network of Originators and on a retail basis through the Bank's Retail Lending Division. The Bank has also made bulk purchases of loans from time to time and has recently hired a senior management employee experienced in bulk purchases to gradually expand the Bank's loan purchases. The Bank's mortgage financing and servicing operations are conducted primarily through regional lending centers located in Riverside, California, Jacksonville, Florida and the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area. Over the next twelve months, the Bank intends to open two additional low cost regional lending centers which are likely to be strategically located in the Northeast and Midwest sectors of the United States to better serve its Originators. From its present locations, the Bank is able to originate or purchase its core products in the District of Columbia and all 50 states with the exception of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alaska. The following table sets forth aggregate dollar amounts and the percentage of core products originated or purchased by the Bank in each state where 5.0% or more of the loans were originated or purchased, in either the fourth quarter of 1996 or the first quarter of 1997, and for all other states as a group for the periods shown:
FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED ---------------------------- DECEMBER 31, MARCH 31, 1996 1997 ------------- ------------- $ % $ % ------- ----- ------- ----- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) California..................................... $20,434 29.5% $26,421 29.8% Utah........................................... 6,208 9.0 7,958 9.0 Virginia....................................... 5,810 8.4 5,884 6.6 Florida........................................ 4,897 7.1 3,405 3.8 Maryland....................................... 4,881 7.1 4,492 5.1 North Carolina................................. 3,932 5.7 5,240 5.9 Other.......................................... 22,998 33.2 35,239 39.8 ------- ----- ------- ----- Total........................................ $69,160 100.0% $88,639 100.0% ======= ===== ======= =====
The Bank's geographic markets are currently divided into three regions, with a completely self-contained mortgage banking team assigned to each region. Each team is headed up by a regional manager and includes dedicated account executives, loan cordinators and assistant coordinators, underwriters, appraisers and other production personnel so that the team can originate and produce loans in that region. This concept of regional processing teams, which the Bank believes is efficient but quite rare in the industry, enables the Bank to more effectively anticipate and respond to Originator and borrower needs in each region. Management believes that 50 the concept also appeals to independent brokers who may be reluctant to deal with a larger, more remote lender. Each regional team is connected to senior management in Riverside, California by a computer link that enables senior management to monitor all regional functions on a real time basis. Personnel staffing a regional lending center are trained in the Bank's Riverside office. For a period of six to twelve months after the establishment of a regional lending center all loans originated through that office are reunderwritten by staff at the Riverside office to assure quality control. In addition, the Quality Control Underwriter and the Bank's internal auditor periodically visit the regional lending centers for quality control purposes. In recent years, the Bank has focused on Liberator Series loans, which are loans for the purchase or refinance of one- to four-family residential real property by borrowers who may have had prior credit problems or who do not have an adequate credit history are considered "sub-prime borrowers," and loans which otherwise do not conform to FHLMC or FNMA guidelines ("conforming loans"). Loans to sub-prime borrowers are perceived by management as being advantageous to the Bank because they generally have higher interest rates and origination and servicing fees and generally lower loan-to-value ratios than conforming loans. In addition, management believes the Bank has the resources to adequately service loans acquired pursuant to this program as well as the experience to resolve loans that become non-performing. The Bank has established specific underwriting policies and procedures, invested in facilities and systems and developed correspondent relationships with Originators throughout the country enabling it to develop its niche as an originator and purchaser of one-to four-family residential loans to sub-prime borrowers. Since the beginning of 1997, the Bank has widely advertised its NINA loan product, which is a limited documentation, lower loan-to-value loan product within the Liberator Series loan portfolio. The Bank intends to continue to expand the volume of Liberator Series loans which it originates, to market areas throughout the country, to sub-prime borrowers who meet its niche lending criteria. See "Risk Factors--Risks Associated with Sub-Prime Lending." The following table sets forth selected information relating to originations of Liberator Series loans during the periods shown:
FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED ---------------------- DECEMBER 31, MARCH 31, 1996 1997 ------------ --------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Principal balance................................... $39,465 $39,629 Average principal balance per loan.................. 85 100 Combined weighted average initial loan-to-value ratio.............................................. 73.4% 72.8% Percent of first mortgage loans..................... 85.4 91.8 Property securing loans: Owner occupied..................................... 86.4 77.3 Non-owner occupied................................. 13.6 22.7 Weighted average interest rate: Fixed-rate......................................... 11.3 10.8 ARMs............................................... 9.6 9.1
The Bank has originated a substantial number of Portfolio Series loans, which are debt consolidation loans for Agency Qualified Borrowers, both on a wholesale basis, through its Life Financial Services Division, and through its Retail Lending Division. These loans are consumer-oriented loans secured by real estate, primarily home equity lines of credit and second deeds of trust, for up to 125% of the appraised value of the real estate underlying the aggregate loans on the property. Although the loan-to-value ratio on Portfolio Series loans is higher than that offered by other mortgage products, management believes that the higher yield and the low level of credit risk of the borrowers offset the risks involved. See "--Underwriting" and "Risk Factors--High Loan to Value Ratios of Portfolio Series Loans." 51 The following table sets forth selected information relating to originations of Portfolio Series loans during the periods shown:
FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED ---------------------- DECEMBER 31, MARCH 31, 1996 1997 ------------ --------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Principal balance................................... $29,695 $49,010 Average principal balance per loan.................. 31 32 Combined weighted average initial loan-to-value ratio.............................................. 108.4% 107.7% Percent of first mortgage loans..................... 0.1 0.5 Property securing loans: Owner occupied..................................... 99.5 99.8 Non-owner occupied................................. 0.5 0.2 Weighted average interest rate: Fixed-rate......................................... 14.1 13.8 ARMs............................................... 11.2 10.3
Use and Qualifications of Originators. The Bank purchases loans from select Originators throughout the country. Such Originators must be approved by the Bank prior to submitting loans to the Bank. Pursuant to the Bank's approval process, each Originator is generally required to have a specified minimum level of experience in originating non-conforming loans, and provide representations, warranties, and buy-back provisions to the Bank. The Bank provides clear and concise criteria regarding its well-defined core products to Originators with whom it may do business. If, following a period of training and relationship building, Originators consistently fail to present a high level of loans meeting the Bank's underwriting criteria, the Bank will cease to do business with them. As a result, the Bank has developed, since 1994, a core group of Originators who form its nationwide network of Originators. The Bank generally classifies the Originators with which it does business into four classes with descending priority with regard to the terms and the pricing of the loans the Bank purchases from such Originators.
JUNIOR THIRD PARTY MORTGAGE CORRESPONDENTS CORRESPONDENTS ORIGINATORS BROKERS(1) -------------- -------------- ----------- ---------- Net Worth(2).............. $ 250,000 $100,000 $50,000 N/A Years in Business......... 2 2 2 N/A Warehouse Credit Facility................. Yes Yes No No Errors and Omissions Insurance................ $1.0 million $300,000 No No Number Doing Business With the Bank at March 31, 1997........... 81 30 91 613
- -------- (1) Mortgage brokers are those persons who do not meet the specific foregoing criteria but have demonstrated to the Bank, or have a reputation for, the ability to originate real estate secured loans and have acceptable credit and finance industry references. (2) The net worth of Correspondents is provided by audited financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. Net worth of Junior Correspondents and Third Party Originators is provided through unaudited financial information. The Bank purchases substantially all loans on an individual basis from qualified Originators. No single Originator accounted for more than 4.5% of the loans originated by the Bank for the quarter ended March 31, 1997. It is the Bank's general policy to limit the percentage of loans closed by any single Originator to approximately 5.0% of loans closed in any given period. Underwriting. The underwriting and quality control functions are managed through the Bank's regional lending center in Riverside, California. The Bank believes that its underwriting process begins with the 52 experience of its staff, the education of its network of Originators, the quality of its correspondent relationships and its loan approval procedures. As an integral part of its lending operation, the Bank ensures that its underwriters assess each loan application and subject property against the Bank's underwriting guidelines. Personnel in the Bank's regional lending centers review in the entirety each loan application submitted by the Bank, Originators or through bulk purchases for approval. The Bank conducts its own underwriting review of each loan, including those loans originated for or purchased by it from its Originators. Loan files are reviewed for completeness, accuracy and compliance with the Bank's underwriting criteria and applicable governmental regulations. This underwriting process is intended to assess both the prospective borrower's ability to repay the loan and the adequacy of the real property security as collateral for the loan granted, tailored to the general nature of the Portfolio Series and the Liberator Series loans, respectively. Based on the initial review, the personnel in the regional lending center will inform the Originators of additional requirements that must be fulfilled to complete the loan file. The Bank strives to process each loan application received from its network of Originators as quickly as possible in accordance with the Bank's loan application approval procedures. Accordingly, most loan applications receive decisions within 48 hours of receipt and generally are funded within one day following satisfaction of all conditions for approval of the loan which is typically seven business days after the initial approval. Each prospective borrower is required to complete a mortgage loan application that may include (depending on the program requirement) information detailing the applicant's liabilities, income, credit history, employment history and personal information. Since most of the loan applications are presented through the Bank's network of Originators, the Bank completes an additional credit report on all applications received. Such report typically contains information relating to such matters as credit history with local and national merchants and lenders, installment debt payments and any record of defaults, bankruptcies, repossessions or judgments. This credit report is obtained through a sophisticated computer program that accesses what management believes to be the most appropriate credit bureau in a particular zip code and combines that information with the Bank's own credit risk score. This application and review procedure is used by the Bank to analyze the applicant's creditworthiness (i.e., a determination of the applicant's ability to repay the loan). Creditworthiness is assessed by examination of a number of factors, including calculating a debt-to-income ratio obtained by dividing a borrower's fixed monthly debt by the borrower's gross monthly income. Fixed monthly debt generally includes (i) the monthly payment under any related prior mortgages which will include calculations for insurance and real estate taxes, (ii) the monthly payment on the loan applied for and (iii) other installment debt, including, for revolving debt, the required monthly payment thereon, or, if no such payment is specified, 3% of the balance as of the date of calculation. Fixed monthly debt does not include any debt (other than revolving credit debt) described above that matures within less than 10 months of the date of calculation. Prior to funding a loan, several procedures are used to verify information obtained from an applicant. The applicant's outstanding balance and payment history on any senior mortgage may be verified by calling the senior mortgage lender. If the senior mortgage lender cannot be reached by telephone to verify this information, the Originators may rely upon information provided by the applicant, such as a recent statement from the senior lender and verification of payment, such as cancelled checks, or upon information provided by national credit bureaus. In order to verify an applicant's employment status, the Originators may obtain from the applicant recent tax returns or other tax forms (e.g., W-2 forms) or current pay stubs or may telephone the applicant's employer or obtain written verification from the employer. As in the case of the senior mortgage lender verification procedures, if the employer will not verify employment history over the telephone, the Bank or other Originators may rely solely on the other information provided by the applicant. However, the Bank does offer NINA loans at reduced loan-to-value ratios in lieu of documenting cash flow and assets of the borrower. See "--Liberator Series (NINA)" for further information on NINA loans. Debt to income ratios for Portfolio Series mortgage loans generally do not exceed 45%, but in certain instances where deemed appropriate by the Bank, the ratio may go as high as 50%. For Liberator Series mortgage loans, debt to income ratios may vary depending upon a number of other factors used to ascertain the creditworthiness of the borrower. 53 The general criteria currently used by the Bank in classifying prospective borrowers of its core loan products are summarized in the charts below. LIBERATOR SERIES (FULL DOCUMENTATION)(1)
"AX" RISK "A-" RISK "B" RISK "C" RISK ----------------------- ----------------------- -------------------- ------------------------ Maximum Loan-to-Value Ratio: Primary residence...... 95% 95% 80% 75% Secondary residence...... 90% 90% 70% 70% Investor property....... 90% 85% 65% 65% Home equity line of credit(1)... 90% 90% 80% -- Debt Service to Income Ratio.... 42-50% 42-50% 50% 50% Mortgage Credit.. Maximum one 30-day Maximum two 30-day Maximum four 30-day Maximum six 30-day late payment in the late payments in the late payments late payments, two last 12 months last 12 months or one 60-day late 60-day late payments payment in the last or one 90-day late 12 months payment in last 12 months Major Consumer Credit(2)....... Maximum one 30-day Maximum one 30-day No more than 60 days No more than 90 days late payment in the late payment in last late on any account late on any account in last 12 months; 12 months; overall in last 12 months; last 12 months; overall maximum two 30-day good credit; overall average fair credit late payments in maximum 25% credit the last 24 months of credit accounts delinquent in last 24 months Minor Consumer Credit(3)....... Maximum two 30-day Maximum one 30-day No more than 60 days No more than 90 days late payments in the late payment in last late on any account late on any account in last 12 months; 12 months; isolated in last 12 months; last 12 months; isolated maximum three 60-day late payment isolated minor late payment over 90 30-day late allowed with 90-day late payment days allowed with payments in last compensating factors; allowed with compensating factors 24 months maximum 25% of compensating factors credit accounts delinquent in last 24 months Bankruptcy No bankruptcy in last No bankruptcy in last No bankruptcy in No bankruptcy in last Filings......... 36 months, except under 24 months, except under last 24 months, 12 months certain circumstances certain circumstances except under certain circumstances Minimum FICO Score........... 650 620 580 540 "CX" RISK ------------------------- Maximum Loan-to-Value Ratio: Primary residence...... 65% Secondary residence...... 60% Investor property....... 60% Home equity line of credit(1)... -- Debt Service to Income Ratio.... 60% Mortgage Credit.. Currently delinquent Major Consumer Credit(2)....... Sporadic payment pattern; apparent disregard toward timely payments or credit standing Minor Consumer Credit(3)....... Sporadic payment pattern; apparent disregard toward timely payments or credit standing Bankruptcy Discharged within Filings......... 12 months preceding application; current Chapter 13 or foreclosure acceptable when paid in full or cured from loan proceeds Minimum FICO Score........... (greater than) 540
- ------- (1) Also includes Portfolio Series home equity lines of credit which are fully collateralized by the underlying property and which have a loan-to-value ratio of 90% or less. (2) Any nationally recognized credit cards and any installment debt. (3) Department store credit cards, regional credit cards or oil company credit cards. 54 LIBERATOR SERIES (NINA)
"AX" RISK "A-" RISK "B" RISK "C" RISK "CX" RISK -------------------- ------------------- -------------------- --------------- -------------------- Loan-to-Value Ratio: Primary residence...... 80% 75% 70% 70% 65% Secondary residence.... 75% 70% 65% 65% 60% Investor property...... 75% 70% 65% 65% 60% Mortgage Credit......... Maximum one Maximum two Maximum four Maximum six Currently delinquent 30-day late 30-day late 30-day late 30-day late payment in the payments in the payments or one payments, two last 12 months last 12 months 60-day late 60-day late payment in the payments or last 12 months one 90-day late payment in last 12 months Major Consumer Credit(1).............. Maximum one Maximum one No more than No more than Sporadic payment 30-day late 30-day late 60 days late on 90 days late patterns; apparent payment in the payment in last any account on any account disregard toward last 12 months; 12 months; overall within last in last 12 timely payments maximum two 30- good credit; 12 months; overall months; overall or credit standing day late payments maximum 25% average credit fair credit in the last 24 of credit accounts months delinquent in last 24 months Minor Consumer Credit(2).............. Maximum two Maximum one No more than No more than Sporadic payment 30-day late 30-day late 60 days late 90 days late on patterns; apparent payments in the last payment in last on any account any account in disregard toward 12 months; 12 months, isolated in last 12 last 12 months; timely payments or maximum three 60-day late months; isolated isolated late credit standing 30-day late payment allowed minor 90-day payment over payments in with compensating late payment 90 days allowed last 24 months factors; maximum allowed with with 25% of credit compensating factors compensating accounts delinquent factors in last 24 months Bankruptcy Filings...... No bankruptcy No bankruptcy No bankruptcy No bankruptcy Discharged within in last 36 in last 24 within last 24 in last 12 12 months months, except months, except months, except months preceding under certain under certain under certain application; current circumstances circumstances circumstances Chapter 13 or foreclosure acceptable when paid in full or cured from loan proceeds Minimum FICO Score...... 650 620 580 540 (greater than) 540
- -------- (1) Any nationally recognized credit cards and any installment debt. (2) Department store credit cards, regional credit cards or oil company credit cards. 55 PORTFOLIO SERIES(1)
"A+" RISK "AX" RISK "A-" RISK "B+" RISK -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- Loan-to-Value Ratio: 100% Second Mortgage... 100% 100% 100% 100% 125% Second Mortgage... 125% 125% 125% 125% 100% Home Equity Line of Credit........ 100% 100% 100% 100% Debt Service to Income Ratio: 100% Second Mortgage... 45-50% 45-50% 45-50% 45% 125% Second Mortgage... 45-50% 45-50% 45-50% 45% 100% Home Equity Line of Credit........ 45-50% 45-50% 45-50% 45% Mortgage History: 100% Second Mortgage... No 30-day late No 30-day late No 30-day late One 30-day late payments in last payments in last payments in last payment in last 36 months 36 months 12 months; one 12 months or two 30-day late 30-day late payment in payments in last 24 months last 24 months 125% Second Mortgage... No 30-day late No 30-day late No 30-day late One 30-day late payments in last payments in last payments in last payment in last 36 months 36 months 24 months 24 months 100% Home Equity Line of Credit........ No 30-day late No 30-day late No 30-day late One 30-day late payments in last payments in last payments in last payment in last 36 months 36 months 12 months; one 12 months or two 30-day late 30-day late payment in payments in last last 24 months 24 months Bankruptcy Filings: 100% Second Mortgage... None in last 5 years None in last 5 years None in last 3 years None in last 3 years 125% Second Mortgage... None in last 5 years None in last 5 years None in last 3 years None in last 3 years 100% Home Equity Line of Credit........ None in last 5 years None in last 5 years None in last 3 years None in last 3 years Minimum FICO Score: 100% Second Mortgage... 700 670 640 620 125% Second Mortgage... 700 670 640 620 100% Home Equity Line of Credit............. 700 670 640 620
- -------- (1) Excludes Portfolio Series home equity lines of credit which are fully collateralized by the underlying property and which have a loan-to-value ratio of 90% or less. 56 Loan Production by Borrower Risk Classification. The following table sets forth information concerning the Bank's principal balance of fixed rate and adjustable rate loan production by borrower risk classification for the periods shown:
FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996 MARCH 31, 1997 --------------------------------- --------------------------------- WEIGHTED WEIGHTED AVERAGE WEIGHTED AVERAGE WEIGHTED PRODUCT/RISK % OF INTEREST AVERAGE % OF INTEREST AVERAGE CLASSIFICATIONS(1) VOLUME TOTAL RATE(2) MARGIN(3) VOLUME TOTAL RATE(2) MARGIN(3) - ------------------ ------- ----- -------- --------- ------- ----- -------- --------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Liberator Series (Full documentation) Ax...................... $18,925 48.0% 9.94 5.24 $17,159 43.3% 9.35 5.11 A-...................... 8,790 22.3 10.16 5.52 9,241 23.3 9.85 5.52 B....................... 6,806 17.2 10.26 5.33 7,992 20.2 9.39 4.91 C....................... 2,026 5.1 11.16 5.68 2,555 6.4 10.98 5.77 Cx...................... 2,918 7.4 13.07 7.06 2,682 6.8 11.74 6.62 ------- ----- ------- ----- Totals................ $39,465 100.0% 10.34 5.46 $39,629 100.0% 9.74 5.31 ======= ===== ======= ===== Portfolio Series A+...................... $ 2,669 9.0% 13.58 2.50 $ 9,980 20.4 13.22 1.74 Ax...................... 14,452 48.7 13.87 2.18 18,733 38.2 13.53 1.83 A-...................... 9,866 33.2 14.35 3.24 15,193 31.0 14.05 3.27 B+...................... 2,708 9.1 14.10 3.73 5,104 10.4 14.07 2.70 ------- ----- ------- ----- Totals................ $29,695 100.0% 14.03 2.74 $49,010 100.0% 13.68 2.32 ======= ===== ======= =====
- -------- (1) For the three months ended March 31, 1997, only 3.0% of the core products originated by the Bank were Class Cx loans. (2) Weighted average interest rate includes both ARM loan products and fixed rate loan products. (3) Weighted average margin is based solely on ARM products. Appraisal. All mortgaged properties relating to mortgage loans where collateral assessment is an integral part of the evaluation process are appraised by state licensed or certified appraisers. All of the appraisals are either performed or reviewed by appraisers or appraisal firms approved by the Bank's Board of Directors. These appraisers are screened and actively reviewed on a regular basis. All appraisers are required to assess the valuation of the property pursuant to U.S. Government Property Analysis guidelines and conduct an economic analysis of the geographic region in which the property is located. Each approved appraiser must have a minimum of $2.0 million of errors and omissions insurance. All appraisers are required to assess the valuation of the property pursuant to U.S. Government Property Analysis guidelines and conduct an economic analysis of the geographic region in which the property is located. Once a loan application file is complete, the file is reviewed to determine whether the property securing the loan should undergo a desk or field review. This determination is made based on the loan-to-value ratio of the underlying property and the type of loan or loan program. If after the initial desk review, the underwriter requires additional information with regard to the appraised value of the property, a field review may also be conducted. The Bank requires the appraiser to address neighborhood conditions, site and zoning status and the condition and valuation of improvements. Following each appraisal, the appraiser prepares a report which (when appropriate) includes a reproduction cost analysis based on the current cost of constructing a similar building and a market value analysis based on recent sales of comparable homes in the area. Title insurance policies are required on all first mortgage liens, with a limited judgment lien report required on all second lien loans under $100,000. For Liberator Series loans, because of the sub-prime creditworthiness of the borrowers, the evaluation of the value of the property securing the loans and the ratio of loans secured by such property to its value become of greater importance in the underwriting process. The specific procedures and criteria utilized in the appraisal 57 process range from a desk review, a field review, to a second appraisal, depending on the size of the loan and its loan-to-value ratio. The value of the mortgaged property has lesser importance with respect to the Portfolio Series loans in light of their high loan-to-value ratios. As a result, Portfolio Series loans generally have little or no equity in the mortgaged property available to repay the loan if it is in default. For Portfolio Series loans, the Bank accepts the homeowner/mortgagee's "as stated" value on loans to $35,000. On loans in excess of $35,000 to a maximum of $50,000, the Bank requires a current tax assessment, a written real estate broker price opinion, a statistical appraisal or a HUD-1 conformed closing statement where purchase of the subject property has occurred within the previous 12 months. For loans in excess of $50,000, a drive-by appraisal including comparable analysis on a FHLMC Form 704 is required. Qualified property inspection firms are also utilized for annual property inspections on all properties 45 days or more delinquent. Property inspections are intended to provide updated information concerning occupancy, maintenance and changes in market conditions. Loan Approval Procedures and Authority. The Board of Directors establishes the lending policies of the Bank and delegates authority and responsibility for loan approvals to the Loan Committee and specified officers of the Bank. All real estate loans must be approved by a quorum of the designated committee or by the designated individual or individuals. All loans underwritten by the Bank require the approval and signature of two underwriters. Where there are exceptions to the Bank's underwriting criteria, the loan must be unanimously approved by the underwriter, supervisory underwriter and the Senior Vice President of the Bank or, if not unanimously approved, by the Bank's President and Chief Executive Officer. Since 1994, it has been the Bank's policy to adhere strictly to its underwriting standards, with few exceptions. Additionally, the following committees, groups of officers and individual officers are granted the authority to approve and commit the Bank to the funding of the following categories of loans:
LEVEL OF APPROVAL ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ONE STAFF TWO STAFF LOAN LOAN COMMITTEE AND TYPE OF LOAN UNDERWRITER UNDERWRITERS COMMITTEE BOARD OF DIRECTORS ------------ --------------- ---------------- -------------------- ------------------ Mortgage loans held for sale................... -- $550,000 or less -- $550,000 or more Mortgage loans held for investment............. -- $250,000 or less More than $250,000 $550,000 or more but less than $550,000 Other loans............. Personal loans All other loans All other loans more All other loans in secured by Bank $25,000 or less than $25,000 but excess of $ 50,000 deposits less than $50,000
The Bank will not make loans-to-one borrower that are in excess of regulatory limits. Pursuant to OTS regulations, loans-to-one borrower cannot exceed 15% of the Bank's unimpaired capital and surplus. At March 31, 1997, the Bank's loans-to-one borrower limit equalled $1.9 million. See "Regulation--Federal Savings Institution Regulation--Loans-to-One Borrower." LOAN SALES AND ASSET SECURITIZATIONS Loans are sold by the Bank through securitizations and whole loan sales. With the exception of customary provisions relating to breaches of representations and warranties, loans securitized or sold by the Bank are sold without recourse to the Bank and generally are sold with servicing retained. See "Risk Factors-- Contingent Risks." For the three months ended March 31, 1996 and the years ended December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994, 58 the Bank sold $37.8 million, $154.6 million, $126.9 million and $65.7 million in loans, respectively. No loans were sold during the three months ended March 31, 1997. For the three months ended March 31, 1997 and the year ended December 31, 1996, the Bank securitized $83.2 million and $51.9 million, respectively. No loans were securitized for the three months ended March 31, 1996 or the years ended December 31, 1995 or 1994. In a securitization, the Bank will generally transfer a pool of loans to a trust with the Bank retaining the excess cash flows, known as residuals, from the securitization which consist of the difference between the interest rate of the mortgages and the coupon rate of the securities after adjustment for servicing and other costs such as trustee fees and credit enhancement fees. The cash generally will be used to repay advances on lines of credit used to finance the pool of loans that were acquired by the Bank. Generally, the holders of the securities from the securitization are entitled to receive scheduled principal collected on the pool of securitized loans and interest at the pass-through interest rate on the certificate balance. The residual asset represents the subordinated right to receive cash flows from the pool of securitized loans after payment of the required amounts to the holders of the securities and the costs associated with the securitization. The Bank recognizes gain on sale of the loans in the securitization, which represents the excess of the estimated fair value of the residuals, net of closing and underwriting costs, less the carrying value of the loans sold in the fiscal quarter in which such loans are sold. Management believes that it has made reasonable estimates of the present value of the residual interests on its balance sheets. Concurrent with recognizing such gain on sale, the Bank records the residual interests as assets on its balance sheet. The recorded value of these residual interests are amortized as cash distributions are received from the trust holding the respective loan pool and are marked to market on a quarterly basis. The Bank may arrange for credit enhancement for a transaction to achieve an improved credit rating on the securities issued if this improves the level of profitability or cash flow generated by such transaction. This credit enhancement may take the form of an insurance and indemnity policy, insuring the holders of the securities of timely payment of the scheduled pass-through of interest and principal. In addition, the pooling and servicing agreements that govern the distribution of cash flows from the loan pool included in a transaction typically require over-collateralization as an additional means of credit enhancement. Over-collateralization may in some cases also require an initial deposit, the sale of loans at less than par or retention in the trust of collections from the pool until a specified over-collateralization amount has been attained. In the case of the Bank's securitizations in the fourth quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1997, the over-collateralization was in the form of a cash deposit. The purpose of the over-collateralization is to provide a source of payment to investors in the event of certain shortfalls in amounts due to investors. These amounts are subject to increase up to a reserve level as specified in the related securitization documents. Cash amounts on deposit are invested in certain instruments as permitted by the related securitization documents. To the extent amounts on deposit exceed specified levels, distributions are made to the holder of the residual interest; and, at the termination of the related trust, any remaining amounts on deposit are distributed to the holder of the residual interest. Losses resulting from defaults by borrowers on the payment of principal or interest on the loans in a securitization will reduce the over-collateralization to the extent that funds are available and may result in a reduction in the value of the residual interest. See "Risk Factors--Dependence on Asset Securitizations and Impact on Quarterly Operating Results." 59 The Bank has completed two securitizations, one during the fourth quarter of 1996 and one during the first quarter of 1997. The characteristics and results of these securitizations are as follows:
THREE MONTHS ENDED THREE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996 MARCH 31, 1997 ----------------------- -------------------------------------------- 1996-1 1997-1A 1997-1B ----------------------- ------------------- ------------------------ Type of loan securitized....... Fixed Rate Liberator Adjustable Rate Fixed Rate Liberator Series and Portfolio Liberator Series Series and Portfolio Series Series Weighted average coupon........ 13.32% 9.45% 13.02% Amount of certificates issued.. $55.0 million $38.5 million $61.5 million Pass-through rate.............. 6.95% 1 month LIBOR 7.49% plus 21 bp Amount of loans securitized(1)................ $51.9 million $33.6 million $46.5 million Credit enhancement............. MBIA Insurance MBIA Insurance MBIA Insurance Corporation Corporation Corporation Initial funding of reserve accounts...................... $1.6 million $941,000 $3.1 million Required reserve level to be funded........................ 9.0% of original 5.5% of original 10.6% of original outstanding balance outstanding balance outstanding balance of loans of loans of loans Gain on sale of loans.......... $4.3 million $5.7 million(2) $5.7 million(2) Gain on sale of loans as a percent of loans sold......... 8.29% 7.12%(2) 7.12%(2) Estimated prepayment speed..... 17.0% H.E.P.(3) 25.0% C.P.R.(3) 17.0% H.E.P. Discount factor................ 13.5% 13.5% 13.5% Annual estimated loss assumption.................... 1.5% 0.5% 0.5% of Liberator Series loans; 1.5% of Portfolio Series loans Servicing fees................. 0.50% for the first six 0.65% for the first 1.00% on fixed rate months and 1.00% twelve months and loans sold. thereafter 1.00% thereafter Rating (S&P/Moody's)........... AAA/Aaa AAA/Aaa AAA/Aaa
- -------- (1) For 1996-1, an additional $3.1 million was funded during quarter ended March 31, 1997 which created a gain on sale of loans of $267,000. For 1997-1A, $4.9 million was funded in April 1997. For 1997-1B, $15.0 million was funded in April 1997. All of these prefunded amounts were sold under the same terms and conditions as set forth in the table above. (2) The combined gain on sales of loans for 1997-1A and 1997-1B was $5.7 million. The percentages are based on the combined 1997-1A and 1997-1B securitization. (3) Home Equity Prepayment ("H.E.P.") and Constant Prepayment Rate ("C.P.R.") are methods of estimating prepayment speeds. Although the Bank will continue to sell whole loans, it plans to sell most loans in the future through securitizations. Securitizations are expected to increase the Bank's cash flow thereby allowing the Bank to increase its loan acquisition and origination volume. Securitizations are also expected to reduce the risks associated with interest rate fluctuations and provide access to longer term funding sources. The Bank currently intends to conduct regular securitizations either through private placements or in public offerings. There can be 60 no assurance that the Bank will be able to successfully implement this strategy in the future. See "Risk Factors--Dependence on Asset Securitizations and Impact on Quarterly Operating Results." To the extent that loans are not sold through securitizations, whole loans will be sold pursuant to purchase, sale and servicing agreements negotiated with Loan Purchasers to purchase loans meeting the Bank's underwriting criteria. At March 31, 1997 there were no outstanding commitments to deliver any specific amount of mortgage loans. The Bank retains the servicing rights on the majority of loans sold. However, the Bank also sells loans on a servicing released basis and may continue to subservice the loans for a fee for a period of time. The Bank sells loans to a number of different investors with which it does business. As such, Management believes that no one relationship with a Loan Purchaser constitutes the predominant source of sales for the Bank and the Bank does not rely on any specific entities for sales of its loans. COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE AND MULTI-FAMILY REAL ESTATE LENDING Consistent with its strategy of developing niche lending markets, the Bank has recently begun to focus its efforts on the origination and purchase of multi-family and commercial real estate loans both in its primary market area and throughout the United States. Specifically, the Bank has begun to target the market for borrowers seeking loans in the range of $50,000 to $750,000, subject to the Bank's loans-to-one borrower limit, currently $1.9 million, which are secured by multi-family properties or properties used for commercial business purposes such as small office buildings, light industrial or retail facilities. Since the Bank has been able to acquire such loans at a discount and expects to be able to continue to acquire such loans at a discount or low premium, management believes that the origination and subsequent sale of commercial and multi-family real estate loans will increase the Bank's cash flow. The Bank has streamlined and standardized its processing and commercial and multi-family real estate loans with a view to sale in the secondary market or securitization. Since 1994, substantially all commercial and multi-family real estate loans originated by the Bank have been sold in the secondary market without recourse. Although there can be no assurances in this regard, management intends to gradually expand the operations of this subsidiary, thereby adding a source of revenue for the Bank as well as providing loans for future securitizations. There can be no assurances, however, that any such securitization will be completed in the future. Securitization of commercial and multi-family real estate loans is significantly less standardized and streamlined than securitization of one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. Management believes that it has the infrastructure in place to safely diversify its product line into this niche market. Two of the Bank's senior executive officers, Daniel L. Perl and Joseph R. L. Passerino, have combined experience of approximately 27 years in commercial and multi-family real estate lending and have developed substantial relationships with commercial and multi-family real estate originators throughout the United States. In addition, the Bank works primarily with a select group of approximately 100 mortgage brokers nationwide with specifically delineated credentials. The Bank also works with two correspondents and expects to expand that number of approved correspondents to 15 in the near future. Commercial and multi-family real estate loan correspondents in the Bank's network must have a net worth of at least $1.0 million, a two to three year history of funding and servicing multi-family and commercial real estate loans and errors and omissions insurance of at least $1.0 million. In addition, an on-site inspection of the facilities of each of these correspondents is conducted by Mr. Passerino. Where loans are originated by other than this pre-approved group of correspondents, the Bank will underwrite the loan. The Bank also works with a contract appraiser with nationwide experience in appraising commercial and multi-family real estate loans who appraises or reviews the appraisals on all such properties. The Bank's policy is not to make commercial or multi-family real estate loans to borrowers who are in bankruptcy, foreclosure, have loans more than 30 days delinquent or other combinations of credit weaknesses unacceptable to the Bank. The Bank targets high to medium credit quality borrowers. The Bank's underwriting procedures provide that commercial real estate loans may be made in amounts up to 70% of the appraised value of the property depending on the borrower's creditworthiness. Multi-family real estate loans may be made in amounts up to 75% of the appraised value of the property. Commercial real estate loans and multi-family real estate loans may be either fixed rate or adjustable rate loans. These loans include prepayment penalties if repaid within the first three to five years. When evaluating a commercial or multi- family real estate loan, the Bank considers the net operating income of the property and the borrower's expertise, credit history and personal cash 61 flows. The Bank has generally required that the properties securing commercial real estate and multi-family real estate loans have debt service coverage ratios (the ratio of net operating income to debt service) of at least 120%. The largest commercial real estate loan in the Bank's held for sale portfolio at March 31, 1997 was $558,000 and is secured by a nine unit strip shopping center located in Redlands, California while the largest multi-family real estate loan in the Bank's held for sale portfolio at March 31, 1997 was $713,000 secured by a multi-family property located in Miami, Florida. At March 31, 1997 the Bank's commercial real estate portfolio was $10.3 million, or 13.8% of total gross loans, $3.2 million of which were held for sale. The Bank's multi-family real estate portfolio at that same date was $9.9 million, or 13.4% of total gross loans, $7.8 million of which were held for sale. Repayment of multi-family and commercial real estate loans generally is dependent, in large part, on sufficient income from the property to cover operating expenses and debt service. The Bank attempts to offset the risks associated with multi-family and commercial real estate lending by primarily lending to individuals who will be actively involved in the management of the property and generally to individuals who have proven management experience, and by making such loans with lower loan-to-value ratios than one- to four- family loans. See "Risk Factors--Real Estate Secured Risks." HISTORICAL AND LOCAL LENDING PORTFOLIO The Bank's portfolio of loans held for investment (the "historical loan portfolio") was primarily originated prior to 1994. Such loans generally consist of adjustable rate one- to four-family loans and adjustable rate multi-family and commercial real estate loans. The Bank's gross historical loan portfolio has decreased in size from $47.9 million at December 31, 1994 to $38.5 million at December 31, 1996 and was $36.5 million at March 31, 1997. The largest loan in the Bank's held for investment portfolio at March 31, 1997 was $590,000 secured by a hotel located in San Bernardino, California. At March 31, 1997, substantially all of the Bank's historical loan portfolio was secured by properties located in California. For a discussion of loss experience or the historical and local lending portfolio, see "--Lending Overview--Allowance for Loan Losses and Non-Accrual and Past Due Loans." As part of the Bank's ongoing Community Reinvestment Act commitment to the Southern California area, and more specifically the Inland Empire region, the Bank has committed to lend and invest $2.5 million through December 31, 1997, designated as investments in Community Development. This investment in the local community may be used for (i) lending for home improvement in low to moderate income areas on one- to four-family residential properties, (ii) providing redevelopment loans to facilitate the rehabilitation of residential properties in the low to moderate income areas, (iii) investing in government bonds which are designated for the purpose of redeveloping low to moderate income areas, or (iv) participating in programs that provide housing in low to moderate income areas, including through the Savings Association Mortgage Company, Inc. ("SAMCO") consortium. Similar commitments are expected to be made by the Bank in the future. CONSUMER AND OTHER LENDING The Bank's consumer and other loans generally consist of overdraft lines of credit, commercial business loans and unsecured personal loans. At March 31, 1997, the Bank's consumer and other loan portfolio was $3.5 million or 4.8% of total gross loans. Of this amount, $3.3 million consisted of unsecured home improvement loans purchased from a single originator in March, 1997. These loans were purchased as part of management's evaluation of new product lines for possible future growth. LOAN SERVICING Through December 31, 1993, the Bank's loan servicing portfolio consisted solely of loans originated directly by the Bank and retained for investment or sold, primarily as participations, to others. Commencing in January of 1994 through June of 1995, the Bank purchased servicing rights to FNMA and FHLMC loans in order to expand the size of its loan servicing department and to further develop its loan servicing capabilities. The entire FHLMC servicing portfolio was resold in December 1995. Effective July 1, 1995, with the adoption of SFAS No. 122, which required the Bank to capitalize the value of originated mortgage servicing rights, the Bank began to retain substantially all servicing rights on loans sold. In addition, the Bank intends to retain the servicing 62 rights to the loans it securitizes. The pooling and servicing agreements related to the securitizations completed in the fourth quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1997 contain provisions with respect to the maximum permitted loan delinquency rates and loan default rates which, if exceeded, would allow the termination of the Bank's right to service the related loans. See "Risk Factors--Risks Related to Mortgage Servicing Rights." Servicing rights with an allocated fair value of $722,000 and $1.6 million were retained in the securitizations completed during the fourth quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1997, respectively. At March 31, 1997, the Bank serviced $316.6 million of loans of which $242.3 million were serviced for others. The loan servicing and collections department has increased in size from four persons at December 31, 1994 to 16 persons at March 31, 1997. Within this department, personnel have experience in both sub-prime lending and also in managing the Bank's non-performing loans in its historical local lending portfolio. This experience was gained in part during the economic downturn in Southern California and resulted in a low loss experience for the Bank. See "--Lending Overview--Allowance for Loan Losses." In addition, in December 1996, the Bank hired a department head with more than 24 years of experience in loan servicing and collections, including responsibility for a $10.0 billion portfolio of approximately 255,000 loans and a staff of 70 people. Substantial space in the existing Riverside, California facility will be allocated to the loan servicing and collections operations upon the opening of the additional Riverside facility and the transfer of the origination and administrative functions to these facilities during the third quarter of 1997. In order to provide the infrastructure to increase productivity, the Bank is in the process of enhancing its computer and telephonic systems by adding imaging, which creates an image of each document in a loan file accessible through the Bank's wide area network, and power dialing, respectively. These new systems are expected to be implemented by year end. The Bank's loan servicing activities include (i) the collection and remittance of mortgage loan payments, (ii) accounting for principal and interest and other collections and expenses, (iii) holding and disbursing escrow or impounding funds for real estate taxes and insurance premiums, (iv) inspecting properties when appropriate, (v) contacting delinquent borrowers, and (vi) acting as fiduciary in foreclosing and disposing of collateral properties. The Bank receives a servicing fee for performing these services for others. While most of the Bank's servicing portfolio is generated through its origination and purchase activities, when economically attractive, the Bank has, from time to time, made bulk purchases of mortgage servicing rights from financial institutions. The Bank does not intend to make significant bulk purchases of servicing rights in the near future but may do so depending on market opportunities. The mortgage loans underlying the servicing rights retained by the Bank have been historically underwritten by the Bank. These servicing rights were either originated by mortgage brokers or purchased through various programs from correspondents or junior correspondents. The costs to acquire servicing are based on the present value of the estimated future servicing revenues, net of the expected servicing expenses, for each acquisition. Major factors impacting the value of servicing rights include contractual service fee rates, projected mortgage prepayment speed, projected delinquencies and foreclosures, projected escrow, agency and fiduciary funds to be held in connection with such servicing and the projected benefit to be realized from such funds. See "Risk Factors--Risks Related to Mortgage Servicing Rights." In addition to weekly loan delinquency meetings which are attended by members of senior management, the loan committee of the Board of Directors generally performs a monthly review of all delinquent loans 90 days or more past due. In addition, management reviews on an ongoing basis all delinquent loans. The procedures taken by the Bank with respect to delinquencies vary depending on the nature of the loan and period of delinquency. When a borrower fails to make a required payment on a loan, the Bank takes a number of steps to have the borrower cure the delinquency and restore the loan to current status. The Bank generally sends the borrower a written notice of non-payment within ten days after the loan is first past due. In the event payment is not then received, additional letters and phone calls generally are made. If the loan is still not brought current, the Bank generally sends a notice of the intent to foreclose 25 days after the loan is first past due. If the borrower does not cure the delinquency and it becomes necessary for the Bank to take legal action, which typically occurs after a loan is delinquent at least 30 days or more, the Bank will commence foreclosure proceedings against any real property that secures the loan. If a loan remains delinquent on the 45th day, a property inspection will be 63 made to verify occupancy, determine the condition of the property and as an attempt to contact the borrower in person. If a foreclosure action is instituted and the loan is not brought current, paid in full, or refinanced before the foreclosure sale, the real property securing the loan generally is sold at foreclosure. The Bank's procedures for repossession and sale of consumer collateral are subject to various requirements under state consumer protection laws. Regulation and practices in the United States regarding the liquidation of properties (e.g., foreclosure) and the rights of the mortgagor in default vary greatly from state to state. Loans originated or purchased by the Bank are secured by mortgages, deeds of trust, trust deeds, security deeds or deeds to secure debt, depending upon the prevailing practice in the state in which the property securing the loan is located. Depending on local law, foreclosure is effected by judicial action and/or non-judicial sale, and is subject to various notice and filing requirements. If foreclosure is effected by judicial action, the foreclosure proceedings may take several months. In general, the borrower, or any person having a junior encumbrance on the real estate, may cure a monetary default by paying the entire amount in arrears plus other designated costs and expenses incurred in enforcing the obligation during a statutorily prescribed reinstatement period. Generally, state law controls the amount of foreclosure expenses and costs, including attorneys' fees, which may be recovered by a lender. There are a number of restrictions that may limit the Bank's ability to foreclose on a property. A lender may not foreclose on the property securing a junior mortgage loan unless it forecloses subject to each senior mortgage, in which case the junior lender or purchaser at such a foreclosure sale will take title to the property subject to the lien securing the amount due on the senior mortgage. Moreover, if a borrower has filed for bankruptcy protection, a lender may be stayed from exercising its foreclosure rights. Also, certain states provide a homestead exemption that may restrict the ability of a lender to foreclose on residential property. Credit Quality of Servicing Portfolio. The following table illustrates the Bank's delinquency and charge-off experience with respect to its loan servicing portfolio:
AT MARCH 31, 1997 AT DECEMBER 31, ----------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- 1996 1995 ----------------------------- ----------------------------- NUMBER OF % OF NUMBER OF % OF NUMBER OF % OF LOANS/ LOANS PRINCIPAL LOANS/ LOANS PRINCIPAL LOANS/ LOANS PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES SERVICED BALANCE PROPERTIES SERVICED BALANCE PROPERTIES SERVICED BALANCE ---------- -------- --------- ---------- -------- --------- ---------- -------- --------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Delinquency percentage(1)(2) 30-59 days............ 22 0.35% $1,490 10 0.26% $ 860 22 0.74% $2,118 60-89 days............ 1 0.02 92 -- -- -- 9 0.30 482 90 days and over...... 3 0.05 143 3 0.08 143 10 0.33 762 --- ---- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ---- ------ Total delinquency..... 26 0.42% $1,725 13 0.34% $1,003 41 1.37% $3,362 === ==== ====== === ==== ====== === ==== ====== Default percentage(3) Foreclosure........... 59 0.95% $6,244 56 1.48% $6,279 7 0.23% $ 793 Bankruptcy............ 17 0.27 1,220 9 0.24 778 2 0.07 288 Real estate owned(4).. 13 0.21 1,508 9 0.24 1,197 8 0.27 1,221
- -------- (1) The delinquency percentage represents the number and outstanding principal balance of loans for which payments are contractually past due, exclusive of loans in foreclosure, bankruptcy, real estate owned or forbearance. (2) The past due period is based on the actual number of days that a payment is contractually past due. A loan as to which a monthly payment was due 60-89 days prior to the reporting period is considered 60-89 days past due, etc. (3) The default percentage represents the number and outstanding principal balance of loans in foreclosure, bankruptcy or real estate owned. (4) An "REO Property" is a property acquired and held as a result of foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure. 64 LENDING OVERVIEW Loan Portfolio Composition. At March 31, 1997, the Bank's gross loans outstanding totalled $74.3 million, of which $37.8 million, or 50.9%, were held for sale and $36.5 million, or 49.1%, were held for investment. The types of loans that the Bank may originate are subject to federal and state law and regulations. Interest rates charged by the Bank on loans are affected by the demand for such loans and the supply of money available for lending purposes and the rates offered by competitors. These factors are, in turn, affected by, among other things, economic conditions, monetary policies of the federal government, including the Federal Reserve Board, and legislative tax policies. The following table sets forth the composition of the Bank's loan portfolio in dollar amounts and as a percentage of the portfolio at the dates indicated.
AT DECEMBER 31, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AT MARCH 31, 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT OF OF OF OF OF OF AMOUNT TOTAL AMOUNT TOTAL AMOUNT TOTAL AMOUNT TOTAL AMOUNT TOTAL AMOUNT TOTAL ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Real estate(1): Residential: One- to four- family............. $50,543 68.02% $54,275 78.67% $54,007 84.04% $53,755 82.62% $55,841 83.01% $53,816 81.68% Multi-family....... 9,939 13.37 4,752 6.89 2,412 3.75 2,685 4.12 2,296 3.41 2,338 3.55 Commercial and land............... 10,286 13.84 9,659 14.00 7,522 11.71 8,131 12.50 8,389 12.47 8,930 13.55 Other loans: Loans secured by deposit accounts... 156 0.21 177 0.25 186 0.29 213 0.33 396 0.59 381 0.58 Unsecured commercial loans... 66 0.09 67 0.10 70 0.11 197 0.30 190 0.28 224 0.34 Unsecured consumer loans.............. 3,321 4.47 65 0.09 63 0.10 84 0.13 162 0.24 200 0.30 ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ Total gross loans............ 74,311 100.00% 68,995 100.00% 64,260 100.00% 65,065 100.00% 67,274 100.00% 65,889 100.00% ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ Less (plus): Deferred loan origination (costs) fees and (premiums) discounts.......... (457) (543) (298) 56 109 209 Allowance for estimated loan losses............. 1,801 1,625 1,177 832 436 308 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Loans receivable, net.............. $72,967 $67,913 $63,381 $64,177 $66,729 $65,372 ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= =======
- ---- (1) Includes second trust deeds. 65 Loan Maturity. The following table shows the contractual maturity of the Bank's gross loans at March 31, 1997. There were $38.3 million of loans held for sale at March 31, 1997. The table does not reflect prepayment assumptions.
AT MARCH 31, 1997 ----------------------------------------------- TOTAL ONE- TO MULTI- COMMERCIAL OTHER LOANS FOUR-FAMILY FAMILY AND LAND LOANS RECEIVABLE ----------- ------ ---------- ------ ---------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Amounts due: One year or less.............. $ 611 $ -- $ 917 $ 247 $ 1,775 After one year: More than one year to three years....................... 954 -- 341 293 1,588 More than three years to five years....................... 546 683 2,881 1,641 5,751 More than five years to 10 years....................... 1,110 275 1,775 1,362 4,522 More than 10 years to 20 years....................... 13,979 961 1,088 -- 16,028 More than 20 years........... 33,343 8,020 3,284 -- 44,647 ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- Total amount due........... 50,543 9,939 10,286 3,543 74,311 Less (plus): Unamortized discounts (premiums), net............. (571) -- -- -- (571) Deferred loan origination fees (costs)................ (35) 106 43 -- 114 Allowance for estimated loan losses...................... 1,344 66 150 241 1,801 ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- Total loans, net........... 49,805 9,767 10,093 3,302 72,967 Loans held for sale.......... 24,207 7,723 3,137 3,229 38,296 ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- Loans receivable, net........ $25,598 $2,044 $ 6,956 $ 73 $34,671 ======= ====== ======= ====== =======
The following table sets forth at March 31, 1997, the dollar amount of gross loans receivable contractually due after March 31, 1998, and whether such loans have fixed interest rates or adjustable interest rates. The Bank adjustable-rate mortgage loans require that any payment adjustment resulting from a change in the interest rate be made to both the interest and payment in order to result in full amortization of the loan by the end of the loan term, and thus, do not permit negative amortization.
DUE AFTER MARCH 31, 1998 -------------------------- FIXED ADJUSTABLE TOTAL ------- ---------- ------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Real estate loans: Residential: One- to four-family............................ $19,399 $30,533 $49,932 Multi-family................................... 1,236 8,703 9,939 Commercial and land............................. 593 8,776 9,369 Other loans..................................... 3,296 -- 3,296 ------- ------- ------- Total gross loans receivable................. $24,524 $48,012 $72,536 ======= ======= =======
66 The following tables set forth the Bank's loan originations, purchases, sales and principal repayments for the periods indicated:
FOR THE THREE MONTHS FOR ENDED MARCH 31, THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, --------------------- ----------------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 ---------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Gross loans(1): Beginning balance......... $ 68,995 $ 64,260 $ 64,260 $ 65,065 $ 67,274 Loans originated: One- to four-family(2).. 52,961 16,722 100,745 38,259 34,740 Multi-family............ 5,220 550 2,976 -- 85 Commercial and land..... 779 3,050 7,172 -- 266 Other loans............. 50 40 126 358 452 ---------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- Total loans originated........... 59,010 20,362 111,019 38,617 35,543 Loans purchased(3)....... 33,180 30,566 111,534 96,155 37,272 ---------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- Total................. 161,185 115,188 286,813 199,837 140,089 Less: Principal repayments..... 2,824 1,976 9,184 6,719 7,440 Sales of loans........... -- 37,838 154,620 126,875 65,713 Securitizations of loans................... 83,174 -- 51,944 -- -- Transfer to REO.......... 876 700 2,070 1,983 1,871 ---------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- Total loans........... 74,311 74,674 68,995 64,260 65,065 Loans held for sale...... 37,819 32,761 30,454 21,397 17,146 ---------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- Ending balance loans held for investment........... $ 36,492 $ 41,913 $ 38,541 $ 42,863 $ 47,919 ========== ========== ========= ========= =========
- -------- (1) Gross loans includes loans held for investment and loans held for sale. (2) Includes second trust deeds. (3) Loans purchased consist predominantly of one- to four-family residential Liberator Series and Portfolio Series loans. Delinquencies and Classified Assets. Federal regulations and the Bank's Classification of Assets Policy require that the Bank utilize an internal asset classification system as a means of reporting problem and potential problem assets. The Bank has incorporated the OTS internal asset classifications as a part of its credit monitoring system. The Bank currently classifies problem and potential problem assets as "Substandard," "Doubtful" or "Loss" assets. An asset is considered "Substandard" if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. "Substandard" assets include those characterized by the "distinct possibility" that the insured institution will sustain "some loss" if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as "Doubtful" have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified "Substandard" with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make "collection or liquidation in full," on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, "highly questionable and improbable." Assets classified as "Loss" are those considered "uncollectible" and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss allowance is not warranted. Assets which do not currently expose the insured institution to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but possess weaknesses are required to be designated "Special Mention." When an insured institution classifies one or more assets, or portions thereof, as Substandard or Doubtful, under current OTS policy the Bank is required to consider establishing a general valuation allowance in an amount deemed prudent by management. The general valuation allowance, which is a regulatory term, represents a loss allowance which has been established to recognize the inherent credit risk associated with lending and investing activities, but which, unlike specific allowances, has not been allocated to particular problem assets. 67 When an insured institution classifies one or more assets, or portions thereof, as "Loss," it is required either to establish a specific allowance for losses equal to 100% of the amount of the asset so classified or to charge off such amount. A savings institution's determination as to the classification of its assets and the amount of its valuation allowances is subject to review by the OTS which can order the establishment of additional general or specific loss allowances. The OTS, in conjunction with the other federal banking agencies, adopted an interagency policy statement on the allowance for loan and lease losses. The policy statement provides guidance for financial institutions on both the responsibilities of management for the assessment and establishment of adequate allowances and guidance for banking agency examiners to use in determining the adequacy of general valuation allowances. Generally, the policy statement recommends that institutions have effective systems and controls to identify, monitor and address asset quality problems; that management has analyzed all significant factors that affect the collectibility of the portfolio in a reasonable manner; and that management has established acceptable allowance evaluation processes that meet the objectives set forth in the policy statement. As a result of the declines in local and regional real estate market values and the significant losses experienced by many financial institutions, there has been a greater level of scrutiny by regulatory authorities of the loan portfolios of financial institutions undertaken as part of the examination of institutions by the OTS and the FDIC. While the Bank believes that it has established an adequate allowance for estimated loan losses, there can be no assurance that regulators, in reviewing the Bank's loan portfolio, will not request the Bank to materially increase at that time its allowance for estimated loan losses, thereby negatively affecting the Bank's financial condition and earnings at that time. Although management believes that an adequate allowance for estimated loan losses has been established, actual losses are dependent upon future events and, as such, further additions to the level of allowances for estimated loan losses may become necessary. The Bank's Internal Asset Review Committee reviews and classifies the Bank's assets quarterly and reports the results of its review to the Board of Directors. The Bank classifies assets in accordance with the management guidelines described above. REO is classified as Substandard. The following table sets forth information concerning loans, REO and total assets classified as substandard at March 31, 1997. At March 31, 1997 the Bank had $2.2 million of assets classified as Special Mention, $4.0 million of assets classified as Substandard, no assets classified as Doubtful and $456,000 of assets classified as Loss. As of March 31, 1997, assets classified as Special Mention include 19 loans totalling $1.7 million secured by one- to four-family residential properties. At March 31, 1997, the largest loan classified as Special Mention had a loan balance of $301,000 and is secured by commercial real estate. As set forth below, as of March 31, 1997, assets classified as Substandard, Doubtful and Loss include 43 loans totalling $3.2 million.
AT MARCH 31, 1997 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TOTAL SUBSTANDARD, LOANS REO DOUBTFUL AND LOSS ASSETS ------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------------------- NUMBER NUMBER GROSS NET OF GROSS NET NUMBER OF GROSS NET OF BALANCE BALANCE(1) LOANS BALANCE BALANCE(1) PROPERTIES BALANCE BALANCE(1) ASSETS ------- ---------- ------ ------- ---------- ---------- ------- ---------- ------ (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Residential: One- to four-family.... $3,026 $2,607 40 $1,266 $1,183 10 $4,292 $3,790 50 Multi-family........... 45 45 1 -- -- -- 45 45 1 Commercial and land..... 131 131 1 -- -- -- 131 131 1 Other loans............. 10 -- 1 -- -- -- 10 -- 1 ------ ------ --- ------ ------ --- ------ ------ --- Total loans............ $3,212 $2,783 43 $1,266 $1,183 10 $4,478 $3,966 53 ====== ====== === ====== ====== === ====== ====== ===
- -------- (1) Net balances are reduced for specific loss allowances established against substandard loans and real estate. Non-Accrual and Past-Due Loans. The following table sets forth information regarding non-accrual loans, troubled-debt restructurings and REO in the Bank's loans held for investment. There were no troubled-debt restructured loans within the meaning of SFAS 15, and ten REO properties at March 31, 1997. Until March 31, 1996 it was the policy of the Bank to cease accruing interest on loans at the time foreclosure proceedings 68 commenced, which typically occurred when a loan is 45 days past due or possibly longer depending on the circumstances, which period will not exceed 90 days past due. Subsequent to March 31, 1996, the Bank adopted a policy to cease accruing interest on loans 90 days or more past due. For the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996 and the years ended December 31, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993 and 1992, respectively, the amount of interest income that would have been recognized on nonaccrual loans if such loans had continued to perform in accordance with their contractual terms was $56,000, $41,000, $150,000, $66,000, $106,000, $117,000 and $84,000, none of which was recognized. For the same periods, the amount of interest income recognized on troubled debt restructurings was $0, $3,000, $12,000, $11,000, $10,000, $1,000, and $0.
AT MARCH 31, AT DECEMBER 31, -------------- -------------------------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Non-accrual loans: Residential real estate: One- to four- family............. $1,683 $2,226 $2,361 $1,305 $1,766 $1,919 $1,606 Multi-family........ 45 -- 45 -- -- -- -- Commercial and land... -- -- -- 82 78 197 283 Other loans........... 10 -- 10 10 45 62 2 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Total............... 1,738 2,226 2,416 1,397 1,889 2,178 1,891 REO, net(1)............. 1,183 975 561 827 555 1,772 1,377 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Total non-performing assets............. $2,921 $3,201 $2,977 $2,224 $2,444 $3,950 $3,268 ====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ====== Restructured loans...... $ 131 $ 131 $ 131 $ 131 $ -- $ 15 $ -- Classified assets, gross.................. 4,478 3,923 4,829 3,929 3,951 4,165 4,827 Allowance for estimated loan losses as a percent of gross loans receivable(2).......... 2.42% 1.57% 2.36% 1.83% 1.28% 0.65% 0.47% Allowance for estimated loan losses as a percent of total non- performing loans(3).... 103.62 52.65 67.26 84.25 44.04 20.02 16.29 Non-performing loans as a percent of gross loans receivable(2)(3)....... 2.34 2.98 3.50 2.17 2.90 3.24 2.87 Non-performing assets as a percent of total assets(3).............. 1.85 3.69 2.86 3.00 3.42 5.05 4.15
- -------- (1) REO balances are shown net of related loss allowances. (2) Gross loans includes loans receivable held for investment and loans receivable held for sale. (3) Non-performing assets consist of non-performing loans and REO. Prior to April 1, 1996, non-performing loans consisted of all loans 45 days or more past due and all other non-accrual loans. Following March 31, 1996, non- performing loans consisted of all loans 90 days or more past due and all other non-accrual loans. 69 The following table sets forth delinquencies in the Bank's loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:
AT MARCH 31, 1997 AT DECEMBER 31, 1996 --------------------------------- --------------------------------- 60-89 DAYS 90 DAYS OR MORE 60-89 DAYS 90 DAYS OR MORE ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- NUMBER PRINCIPAL NUMBER PRINCIPAL NUMBER PRINCIPAL NUMBER PRINCIPAL OF BALANCE OF BALANCE OF BALANCE OF BALANCE LOANS OF LOANS LOANS OF LOANS LOANS OF LOANS LOANS OF LOANS ------ --------- ------ --------- ------ --------- ------ --------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) One- to four-family..... 2 $198 21 $1,683 3 $354 21 $2,361 Multi-family............ -- -- 1 45 -- -- 1 45 Commercial and land..... 1 131 -- -- -- -- -- -- Other loans............. -- -- 1 10 -- -- 1 10 --- ---- --- ------ --- ---- --- ------ Total................. 3 $329 23 $1,738 3 $354 23 $2,416 === ==== === ====== === ==== === ====== Delinquent loans to total gross loans...... 0.44% 2.34% 0.51% 3.50% ==== ====== ==== ======
AT DECEMBER 31, 1995 AT DECEMBER 31, 1994 --------------------------------- --------------------------------- 60-89 DAYS 90 DAYS OR MORE 60-89 DAYS 90 DAYS OR MORE ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- NUMBER PRINCIPAL NUMBER PRINCIPAL NUMBER PRINCIPAL NUMBER PRINCIPAL OF BALANCE OF BALANCE OF BALANCE OF BALANCE LOANS OF LOANS LOANS OF LOANS LOANS OF LOANS LOANS OF LOANS ------ --------- ------ --------- ------ --------- ------ --------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) One- to four-family..... 8 $446 13 $1,286 5 $375 8 $1,728 Multi-family............ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Commercial and land..... -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 77 Other loans............. -- -- 1 10 -- -- -- -- --- ---- --- ------ --- ---- --- ------ Total................. 8 $446 14 $1,296 5 $375 9 $1,805 === ==== === ====== === ==== === ====== Delinquent loans to total gross loans...... 0.69% 2.01% 0.58% 2.78% ==== ====== ==== ======
70 Allowance for Loan Losses. The allowance for loan losses is established through a provision for loan losses based on management's evaluation of the risks inherent in its loan portfolio and the general economy. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at an amount management considers adequate to cover estimated losses in loans receivable which are deemed probable and estimable. The allowance is based upon a number of factors, including current economic conditions, actual loss experience and industry trends. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Bank's allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Bank to make additional provisions for loan losses based upon information available at the time of the review. As of March 31, 1997, the Bank's allowance for loan losses was 2.42% of gross loans compared to 2.36% as of December 31, 1996. The Bank had non-accrual loans of $1.7 million and $2.4 million at March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996, respectively. The Bank will continue to monitor and modify its allowances for loan losses as conditions dictate. The following table sets forth activity in the Bank's allowance for loan losses for the periods set forth in the table.
AT OR FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, AT OR FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, ---------------- ------------------------------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Balance at beginning of period................. $ 1,625 $ 1,177 $ 1,177 $ 832 $ 436 $ 308 $ 299 Provision for loan losses................. 500 68 963 1,194 1,306 404 129 Charge-offs: Real Estate: One- to four- family............. 332 63 668 736 771 301 60 Multi-family........ -- -- 45 -- -- -- -- Commercial and land............... -- -- 11 111 47 -- -- Other loans........... -- 10 10 67 95 -- 60 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Total............. 332 73 734 914 913 301 120 Recoveries.............. 8 -- 219 65 3 25 -- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Balance at end of period................. $ 1,801 $ 1,172 $ 1,625 $ 1,177 $ 832 $ 436 $ 308 ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= Average net loans outstanding............ $98,890 $72,916 $72,556 $65,521 $65,566 $68,511 $62,522 Net charge-offs to average net loans outstanding............ 0.33% 0.10% 0.71% 1.30% 1.39% 0.40% 0.19%
71 The following table sets forth the amount of the Bank's allowance for loan losses, the percent of allowance for loan losses to total allowance and the percent of gross loans to total gross loans in each of the categories listed at the dates indicated.
AT MARCH 31, ------------------------------------------------------- 1997 1996 --------------------------- --------------------------- PERCENT OF PERCENT OF GROSS GROSS LOANS IN LOANS IN PERCENT EACH PERCENT EACH OF CATEGORY OF CATEGORY ALLOWANCE TO TOTAL ALLOWANCE TO TOTAL TO TOTAL GROSS TO TOTAL GROSS AMOUNT ALLOWANCE LOANS AMOUNT ALLOWANCE LOANS ------ --------- ---------- ------ --------- ---------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) One- to four-family..... $1,353 75.12% 68.02% $ 967 82.51% 81.54% Multi-family............ 66 3.66 13.37 18 1.54 4.01 Commercial and land..... 150 8.33 13.84 178 15.18 14.04 Other................... 232 12.89 4.77 9 0.77 0.41 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Total allowance for loan losses........... $1,801 100.00% 100.00% $1,172 100.00% 100.00% ====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ======
AT DECEMBER 31, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1996 1995 1994 1993 ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT OF GROSS OF GROSS OF GROSS OF GROSS LOANS IN LOANS IN LOANS IN LOANS IN PERCENT EACH PERCENT EACH PERCENT EACH PERCENT EACH OF CATEGORY OF CATEGORY OF CATEGORY OF CATEGORY ALLOWANCE TO TOTAL ALLOWANCE TO TOTAL ALLOWANCE TO TOTAL ALLOWANCE TO TOTAL TO TOTAL GROSS TO TOTAL GROSS TO TOTAL GROSS TO TOTAL GROSS AMOUNT ALLOWANCE LOANS AMOUNT ALLOWANCE LOANS AMOUNT ALLOWANCE LOANS AMOUNT ALLOWANCE LOANS ------ --------- -------- ------ --------- -------- ------ --------- -------- ------ --------- -------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) One- to four- family........... $1,462 89.97% 78.67% $1,001 85.05% 84.04% $604 72.60% 82.62% $287 65.83% 83.01% Multi-family..... 20 1.23 6.89 14 1.19 3.75 10 1.20 4.12 10 2.29 3.41 Commercial and land............ 124 7.63 14.00 143 12.15 11.71 164 19.71 12.50 98 22.48 12.47 Other............ 19 1.17 0.44 19 1.61 0.50 54 6.49 0.76 41 9.40 1.11 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ---- ------ ------ ---- ------ ------ Total allowance for loan losses. $1,625 100.00% 100.00% $1,177 100.00% 100.00% $832 100.00% 100.00% $436 100.00% 100.00% ====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ==== ====== ====== ==== ====== ====== AT DECEMBER 31, ------------------------ 1992 ------------------------ PERCENT OF GROSS LOANS IN PERCENT EACH OF CATEGORY ALLOWANCE TO TOTAL TO TOTAL GROSS AMOUNT ALLOWANCE LOANS ------ --------- -------- One- to four- family........... $225 73.05% 81.68% Multi-family..... 6 1.95 3.55 Commercial and land............ 57 18.51 13.55 Other............ 20 6.49 1.22 ---- ------ ------ Total allowance for loan losses. $308 100.00% 100.00% ==== ====== ======
72 REO At March 31, 1997, the Bank had $1.2 million of REO, net of allowances. Real estate properties acquired through or in lieu of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at the lower of fair value or the balance of the loan at the date of foreclosure through a charge to the allowance for estimated loan losses. After foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and an allowance for losses is established by a charge to operations if the carrying value of a property exceeds its fair value less estimated cost to sell. It is the policy of the Bank to obtain an appraisal on all REO at the time of possession and every six months thereafter. INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES Federally chartered savings institutions, such as the Bank, have the authority to invest in various types of liquid assets, including United States Treasury obligations, securities of various federal agencies, certificates of deposit of insured banks and savings institutions, bankers' acceptances, and federal funds. Subject to various restrictions, federally chartered savings institutions may also invest their assets in commercial paper, investment- grade corporate debt securities and mutual funds whose assets conform to the investments that a federally chartered savings institution is otherwise authorized to make directly. Additionally, the Bank must maintain minimum levels of investments that qualify as liquid assets under OTS regulations. See "Regulation--Federal Savings Institution Regulation--Liquidity." Historically, the Bank has maintained liquid assets above the minimum OTS requirements and at a level considered to be adequate to meet its normal daily activities. The investment policy of the Bank as established by the Board of Directors attempts to provide and maintain liquidity, generate a favorable return on investments without incurring undue interest rate and credit risk, and complement the Bank's lending activities. Specifically, the Bank's policies generally limit investments to government and federal agency-backed securities and non-government guaranteed securities, including corporate debt obligations, that are investment grade. The Bank's policies provide the authority to invest in marketable equity securities meeting the Bank's guidelines and in mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by the U.S. government and agencies thereof and other financial institutions. At March 31, 1997 the Bank had $9,000 in its mortgage-backed securities portfolio, all of which were insured or guaranteed by the FHLMC and are being held-to-maturity. The Bank may increase its investment in mortgage-backed securities in the future depending on its liquidity needs and market opportunities. Investments in mortgage-backed securities involve a risk that actual prepayments will be greater than estimated prepayments over the life of the security which may require adjustments to the amortization of any premium or accretion of any discount relating to such instruments thereby reducing the net yield on such securities. There is also reinvestment risk associated with the cash flows from such securities. In addition, the market value of such securities may be adversely affected by changes in interest rates. At March 31, 1997, the residual assets, which resulted from the Bank's asset securitizations conducted during the fourth quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1997, of $12.5 million were classified as trading securities. For regulatory reasons, the residual assets and the Reserve Account will be sold to Life Investment Holdings immediately following the Public Offering. Future residuals and related assets generated by asset securitizations will be held by the Bank only until they can be sold to Life Investment Holdings or disposed of in some other transaction. The residual assets and any future residuals generated by future asset securitizations and held by the Company will be marked to market on a quarterly basis with unrealized gains and losses recorded in operations. See "Risk Factors--Dependence on Asset Securitizations and Impact on Quarterly Operating Results" and "--Loan Sales and Asset Securitizations." 73 The following table sets forth certain information regarding the carrying and fair values of the Bank's securities at the dates indicated. There were no securities available-for-sale at the dates indicated:
AT DECEMBER 31, AT MARCH 31, ----------------------------------------------- 1997 1996 1995 1994 --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- CARRYING FAIR CARRYING FAIR CARRYING FAIR CARRYING FAIR VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE -------- ------ -------- ------ -------- ------ -------- ------ (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Securities: Held-to-maturity: U.S. Treasury and other agency securities........ $9,012 $8,980 $8,827 $8,785 $2,689 $2,689 $2,846 $2,838 FHLMC.............. 9 10 10 10 11 11 13 13 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Total securities held-to- maturity........ $9,021 $8,990 $8,837 $8,795 $2,700 $2,700 $2,859 $2,851 ====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ======
The table below sets forth certain information regarding the carrying value, weighted average yields and contractual maturities of the Bank's securities as of March 31, 1997. There were no securities available for sale at March 31, 1997.
AT MARCH 31, 1997 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MORE THAN ONE MORE THAN FIVE YEAR TO FIVE YEARS TO TEN MORE THAN TEN ONE YEAR OR LESS YEARS YEARS YEARS TOTAL ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- WEIGHTED WEIGHTED WEIGHTED WEIGHTED WEIGHTED CARRYING AVERAGE CARRYING AVERAGE CARRYING AVERAGE CARRYING AVERAGE CARRYING AVERAGE VALUE YIELD VALUE YIELD VALUE YIELD VALUE YIELD VALUE YIELD -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Securities: Held-to-maturity: U.S. Treasury and other agency securities............ $4,006 5.78% $4,008 6.06% $-- -- % $-- -- % $8,014 5.92% FHLMC.................. -- -- -- 9 6.88 9 6.88 ------ ------ ---- ---- ------ Total held-to- maturity............ 4,006 5.78 4,008 6.06% -- 9 6.88% 8,023 5.92% FHLB stock............. 998 -- -- -- 998 ------ ------ ---- ---- ------ Total securities held-to-maturity.... $5,004 $4,008 $-- $ 9 $9,021 ====== ====== ==== ==== ======
74 SOURCES OF FUNDS General. Deposits, loan repayments and prepayments, proceeds from sales and securitization of loans, cash flows generated from operations and borrowings are the primary sources of the Bank's funds for use in lending, investing and for other general purposes. Deposits. The Bank offers a variety of deposit accounts with a range of interest rates and terms. The Bank's deposits consist of passbook savings, checking accounts, money market savings accounts and certificates of deposit. For the three months ended March 31, 1997, certificates of deposit constituted 83.6% of total average deposits. The term of the fixed-rate certificates of deposit offered by the Bank vary from 30 days to eighteen years and the offering rates are established by the Bank on a weekly basis. Specific terms of an individual account vary according to the type of account, the minimum balance required, the time period funds must remain on deposit and the interest rate, among other factors. The flow of deposits is influenced significantly by general economic conditions, changes in money market rates, prevailing interest rates and competition. At March 31, 1997, the Bank had $103.5 million of certificate accounts maturing in one year or less. While the Bank does accept out of area deposits, the Bank's deposits are obtained predominantly from the areas surrounding its home office. The Bank relies primarily on customer service and long-standing relationships with customers to attract and retain these deposits; however, market interest rates and rates offered by competing financial institutions significantly affect the Bank's ability to attract and retain deposits. In order to meet its liquidity needs for the purchase of loans, from time to time the Bank offers above market interest rates on short term certificate accounts and may utilize brokered deposits during periods the Bank maintains a well-capitalized status. The Bank is currently "adequately capitalized" and, without the prior approval of the regulators, may not accept brokered deposits. This is not expected to materially impact the Bank as the Bank has other available sources of funds. At March 31, 1997, the Bank had $792,000 in brokered deposits. Although the Bank has a significant portion of its deposits in shorter term certificates of deposit, management monitors activity on the Bank's certificate of deposit accounts and, based on historical experience, and the Bank's current pricing strategy, believes that it will retain a large portion of such accounts upon maturity. Further increases in short-term certificate of deposit accounts, which tend to be more sensitive to movements in market interest rates than core deposits, may result in the Bank's deposit base being less stable than if it had a large amount of core deposits which, in turn, may result in further increases in the Bank's cost of deposits. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Bank believes that it will continue to have access to sufficient amounts of certificate of deposit accounts which, together with other funding sources, will provide it with the necessary level of liquidity to continue to implement its business strategies. The following table presents the deposit activity of the Bank for the periods indicated:
FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, -------------- ------------------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 ------- ------ ---------- ---------- ---------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Net deposits (withdrawals).... $43,797 $2,233 $ 15,700 $ (1,329) $ (8,880) Interest credited on deposit accounts..................... 1,300 830 2,476 3,175 2,561 ------- ------ ---------- ---------- ---------- Total increase (decrease) in deposit accounts...... $45,097 $3,063 $ 18,176 $ 1,846 $ (6,319) ======= ====== ========== ========== ==========
At March 31, 1997, the Bank had $33.1 million in certificate accounts in amounts of $100,000 or more maturing as follows:
WEIGHTED MATURITY PERIOD AMOUNT AVERAGE RATE --------------- ------- ------------ (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Three months or less.................................. $14,573 5.81% Over three through 12 months.......................... 17,230 5.86 Over 12 months........................................ 1,263 5.70 ------- Total............................................. $33,066 5.83 =======
75 The following table sets forth the distribution of the Bank's average deposit accounts for the periods indicated and the weighted average interest rates on each category of deposits presented.
FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, -------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1997 1996 1995 1994 -------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT OF TOTAL WEIGHTED OF TOTAL WEIGHTED OF TOTAL WEIGHTED OF TOTAL WEIGHTED AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE BALANCE DEPOSITS RATE BALANCE DEPOSITS RATE BALANCE DEPOSITS RATE BALANCE DEPOSITS RATE -------- -------- -------- ------- -------- -------- ------- -------- -------- ------- -------- -------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Passbook accounts.......... $ 3,959 3.83% 2.02% $ 4,401 6.03% 2.09% $ 5,090 7.53% 2.50% $ 7,048 10.13% 2.23% Money market accounts.......... 3,025 2.93 3.04 4,233 5.80 2.79 5,493 8.12 2.62 6,512 9.36 2.50 Checking accounts.......... 10,006 9.68 2.44 7,048 9.65 1.59 6,434 9.51 1.43 6,180 8.88 1.54 -------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ Total........... 16,990 16.44 2.45 15,682 21.48 2.05 17,017 25.16 2.13 19,740 28.37 2.10 Certificate accounts: Three months or less............. 35,385 34.24 5.18 3,994 5.47 5.66 11,570 17.11 5.09 16,952 24.36 3.60 Four through 12 months........... 31,021 30.02 6.40 36,519 50.01 5.23 20,762 30.71 5.44 21,768 31.28 4.19 13 through 36 months........... 13,794 13.35 4.97 10,204 13.98 6.25 11,188 16.54 5.93 7,218 10.37 5.11 37 months or greater.......... 6,148 5.95 5.69 6,616 9.06 6.36 7,088 10.48 6.32 3,913 5.62 5.86 -------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ Total certificate accounts........ 86,348 83.56 5.62 57,333 78.52 5.57 50,608 74.84 5.59 49,851 71.63 4.25 -------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ Total average deposits........ $103,338 100.00% 5.10 $73,015 100.00% 4.81 $67,625 100.00% 4.72 $69,591 100.00% 3.64 ======== ====== ======= ====== ======= ====== ======= ======
76 The following table presents, by various rate categories, the amount of certificate accounts outstanding at the dates indicated and the periods to maturity of the certificate accounts outstanding at March 31, 1997.
PERIOD TO MATURITY FROM MARCH 31, 1997 AT DECEMBER 31, -------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- TWO TO LESS THAN ONE TO THREE THREE TO FOUR TO MORE THAN ONE YEAR TWO YEARS YEARS FOUR YEARS FIVE YEARS FIVE YEARS TOTAL 1996 1995 1994 --------- --------- ------ ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------- ------- ------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Certificate accounts: 0 to 4.00%............ $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 477 $ 9,674 4.01 to 5.00%......... 2,251 280 89 1 4 61 2,686 3,504 5,710 16,098 5.01 to 6.00%......... 77,825 5,490 547 180 465 61 84,568 60,145 32,298 15,282 6.01 to 7.00%......... 23,096 567 543 220 19 82 24,527 3,891 10,676 5,481 7.01 to 8.00%......... 178 200 767 79 94 253 1,571 1,890 2,641 1,487 8.01 to 9.00%......... 100 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 22 Over 9.01%............ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -------- ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- -------- ------- ------- ------- Total............... $103,450 $6,537 $1,946 $ 480 $ 582 $ 457 $113,452 $69,430 $51,802 $48,044 ======== ====== ====== ===== ===== ===== ======== ======= ======= =======
Borrowings. From time to time the Bank has obtained advances from the FHLB as an alternative to retail deposit funds and internally generated funds and may do so in the future as part of its operating strategy. FHLB advances may also be used to acquire certain other assets as may be deemed appropriate for investment purposes. These advances are collateralized primarily by certain of the Bank's mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities and secondarily by the Bank's investment in capital stock of the FHLB. See "Regulation--Federal Home Loan Bank System." Such advances are made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities. The maximum amount that the FHLB will advance to member institutions, including the Bank, fluctuates from time-to-time in accordance with the policies of the OTS and the FHLB. At March 31, 1997, the Bank had no outstanding advances from the FHLB. The Bank recently entered into a mortgage warehousing line of credit with a national investment banking firm in the amount of $35.0 million. The line of credit will be used for the origination or purchase of residential mortgage loans. Upon the completion of the Reorganization, and upon the formation of the warehouse financing subsidiary of the Company, it is expected that the line of credit will become a line of credit of the Company. See "Business-- Growth and Operation Strategies". On March 14, 1997, the Bank issued Debentures in the aggregate principal amount of $10.0 million through the Debenture Offering. The Debentures will mature on March 15, 2004 and bear interest at the rate of 13 1/2% per annum, payable semi-annually. The Debentures qualify as supplementary capital under regulations of the OTS which capital may be used to satisfy the risk-based capital requirements in an amount up to 100% of the Bank's core capital. See "Regulation--Federal Savings Institution Regulation--Capital Requirements." By enhancing the Bank's capital position the Debentures provide support for the Bank's current operations. The Debentures are direct, unconditional obligations of the Bank ranking with all other existing and future unsecured and subordinated indebtedness of the Bank. They are subordinated on liquidation, as to principal and interest, and premium, if any, to all claims against the Bank having the same priority as savings account holders or any higher priority. The Debentures are redeemable at the option of the Bank, in whole or in part, at any time after September 15, 1998, at the aggregate principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. Following the Reorganization, the Bank may substitute the Company in its place as obligor on the Debentures. If such Substitution occurs, holders of the Debentures will have the option, at September 15, 1998 or at such later time as the Substitution occurs, to require the Company to purchase all or part of the holder's outstanding Debentures at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount repurchased plus accrued interest through the repurchase date. If the Substitution occurs, upon a change in control of the Company holders of the Debentures will have the option to require the Company to purchase all or part of the holder's outstanding Debenture at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount repurchased plus accrued interest through the repurchase date. Any such repurchase would have a material adverse impact on the Company's liquidity after September 15, 1998. See "Risk Factors--Risks Related to Debentures". 77 The following table sets forth certain information regarding the Bank's borrowed funds at or for the periods ended on the dates indicated:
AT OR FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED AT OR FOR THE YEAR MARCH 31, ENDED DECEMBER 31, -------------------- ---------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 --------- --------- ------ ------ ------ (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) FHLB advances: Average balance outstanding...... $ 11,824 $ 6,889 $4,259 $3,112 $1,863 Maximum amount outstanding at any month-end during the period..... 19,950 13,900 13,900 7,600 7,000 Balance outstanding at end of period.......................... -- 9,800 -- -- 1,250 Weighted average interest rate during the period............... 5.63% 5.98% 5.93% 6.55% 4.87% Debentures: Average balance outstanding...... $ 3,526 -- -- -- -- Maximum amount outstanding at any month-end during the period..... 10,000 -- -- -- -- Balance outstanding at end of period.......................... 10,000 -- -- -- -- Weighted average interest rate during the period............... 13.50% -- -- -- -- Total: Average balance outstanding...... $ 15,350 $ 6,889 $4,259 $3,112 $1,863 Maximum amount outstanding at any month-end during period......... 19,950 13,900 13,900 7,600 7,000 Balance outstanding at end of period.......................... 10,000 9,800 -- -- 1,250 Weighted average interest rate during the period............... 6.36% 5.98% 5.93% 6.55% 4.87%
Asset Securitizations. The Bank completed two asset securitizations, one during the fourth quarter of 1996 and one during the first quarter of 1997. Net cash proceeds to the Bank from these asset securitizations for each of these periods were $50.0 million and $78.1 million, respectively. As the Bank anticipates that it will conduct regular asset securitizations in the future, it is expected that gain on sale of loans securitized will constitute a substantial source of cash flow for the Bank's future loan originations, although there can be no assurance in this regard. See "Risk Factors-- Dependence on Asset Securitizations and Impact on Quarterly Operating Results." COMPETITION As a purchaser and originator of mortgage loans, the Bank faces intense competition, primarily from mortgage banking companies, commercial banks, credit unions, thrift institutions, credit card issuers and finance companies. Many of these competitors in the financial services business are substantially larger and have more capital and other resources than the Bank. Furthermore, certain large national finance companies and conforming mortgage originators have announced their intention to adapt their conforming origination programs and allocate resources to the origination of non-conforming loans. In addition, certain of these larger mortgage companies and commercial banks have begun to offer products similar to those offered by the Bank targeting customers similar to those of the Bank. The entrance of these competitors into the Bank's market could have a material adverse effect on the Bank's results of operations and financial condition. Competition can take many forms, including convenience in obtaining a loan, service, marketing and distribution channels and interest rates. Furthermore, the current level of gains realized by the Bank and its competitors on the sale of the type of loans purchased and originated is attracting additional competitors, including at least one quasi-governmental agency, into this market with the effect of lowering the gains that may 78 be realized by the Bank on future loan sales. Competition may be affected by fluctuations in interest rates and general economic conditions. During periods of rising rates, competitors which have "locked in" low borrowing costs may have a competitive advantage. During periods of declining rates, competitors may solicit the Bank's borrowers to refinance their loans. During economic slowdowns or recessions, the Bank's borrowers may have new financial difficulties and may be receptive to offers by the Bank's competitors. The Bank depends largely on Originators for its purchases and originations of new loans. The Bank's competitors also seek to establish relationships with the Bank's Originators. The Bank's future results may become more exposed to fluctuations in the volume and cost of its wholesale loans resulting from competition from other purchasers of such loans, market conditions and other factors. In addition, the Bank faces increasing competition for deposits and other financial products from non-bank institutions such as brokerage firms and insurance companies in such areas as short-term money market funds, corporate and government securities funds, mutual funds and annuities. In order to compete with these other institutions with respect to deposits and fee services, the Bank relies principally upon local promotional activities, personal relationships established by officers, directors and employees of the Bank and specialized services tailored to meet the individual needs of the Bank's customers. PROPERTIES As of March 31, 1997, the Bank conducted its business through five offices. The Bank has entered into a lease on a property in Riverside, California, which will house, as of the third quarter of 1997, the Company's and the Bank's executive offices and the western regional office of Life Financial Services. Projected leasehold improvements on this property are expected to be approximately $1.0 million. The Bank has also entered into a lease on an additional property located in Riverside in which it intends to open a second branch office of the Bank in the third quarter of 1997.
ORIGINAL NET BOOK VALUE YEAR OF PROPERTY OR LEASED LEASED DATE OF LEASEHOLD OR OR LEASE IMPROVEMENTS AT LOCATION OWNED ACQUIRED EXPIRATION MARCH 31, 1997 -------- ------ -------- ---------- --------------- 1598 E. Highland Avenue San Bernardino, CA................ Leased 1986 2001 $249,000 4110 Tigris Way Riverside, CA..................... Owned 1996 -- 543,000 7751 Belfort Parkway Suite 150 Jacksonville, FL.................. Leased 1996 1997 -- 161 McKinley Street Corona, CA........................ Leased 1996 -- (1) -- Parker Place Aurora, CO........................ Leased 1997 2000 93,000
- -------- (1) The property in Corona is rented on a month-to-month basis. 79 SUBSIDIARIES As of March 31, 1997 the Bank had no subsidiaries. For a discussion of the Company's restructuring plan and establishment of subsidiaries, see "Summary" and "--Growth and Operation Strategies." LEGAL PROCEEDINGS The Company and the Bank are not involved in any pending legal proceedings other than legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of business. Management believes that none of these legal proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse impact on the results of operations or financial condition of the Company and the Bank. PERSONNEL As of March 31, 1997, the Bank had 164 full-time employees and 6 part-time employees. The employees are not represented by a collective bargaining unit and the Bank considers its relationship with its employees to be good. See "Board of Directors and Management of the Bank--Benefits" for a description of certain compensation and benefit programs offered to the Company's and Bank's employees. 80 FEDERAL AND STATE TAXATION General. The Company and the Bank will report their income on a calendar year basis using the accrual method of accounting and will be subject to federal income taxation in the same manner as other corporations with some exceptions, including particularly the Bank's reserve for bad debts discussed below. The following discussion of tax matters is intended only as a summary and does not purport to be a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to the Bank or the Company. The statute of limitations has closed for federal tax purposes through the 1992 tax year and for California Franchise Tax Board purposes through the 1991 tax year. Bad Debt Reserve. Historically, savings institutions such as the Bank which met certain definitional tests primarily related to their assets and the nature of their business ("qualifying thrifts") were permitted to establish a reserve for bad debts and to make annual additions thereto, which may have been deducted in arriving at their taxable income. The Bank's deduction with respect to "qualifying real property loans," which are generally loans secured by certain interests in real property, were computed using an amount based on the Bank's actual loss experience, or a percentage equal to 8% of the Bank's taxable income, computed with certain modifications and reduced by the amount of any permitted addition to the non-qualifying reserve. In August, 1996, the provisions repealing the current thrift bad debt rules were passed by Congress as part of "The Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996." The new rules eliminate the 8% of taxable income method for deducting additions to the tax bad debt reserves for all thrifts for tax years beginning after December 31, 1995. These rules also require that all thrift institutions recapture all or a portion of their bad debt reserves added since the base year (last taxable year beginning before January 1, 1988). The Bank has previously recorded a deferred tax liability equal to the bad debt recapture and as such, the new rules will have no effect on net income or federal income tax expense. For tax years beginning after December 31, 1995, the Bank is permitted to maintain a tax reserve equal to the greater of the base year reserve of the reserve calculated using the experience method available to small (average assets less than $500 million) commercial banks as of the year of the change. Any excess of the reserve as of the year of the change over the allowable reserves must be recaptured into taxable income evenly over a period of six years beginning in the 1996 taxable year subject to the suspension rule described below. As of March 31, 1997, the Bank has an excess amount subject to recapture equal to $330,000. The experience method allows an institution to maintain a bad debt reserve equal to the ratio of the net charge-offs for the last six years divided by total loans for those years multiplied by the total loans outstanding at the end of the current year. However, this method permits the institution to maintain a minimum reserve balance equal to its reserve balance at the end of its base year, adjusted for declines in the loan portfolio for the base year. Although deductions are allowed for the calculated addition to the bad debt reserve, net recoveries are not taken into taxable income. The Bank is currently using the "6-year moving average" method to calculate its bad debt reserve. The Bank anticipates that it will continue this practice. Distributions. To the extent that the Bank makes "non-dividend distributions" to the Company that are considered as made (i) from the reserve for losses on qualifying real property loans, to the extent the reserve for such losses exceeds the amount that would have been allowed under the experience method, or (ii) from the supplemental reserve for losses on loans ("Excess Distributions"), then an amount based on the amount distributed will be included in the Bank's taxable income. Non-dividend distributions include distributions in excess of the Bank's current and accumulated earnings and profits, distributions in redemption of stock, and distributions in partial or complete liquidation. However, dividends paid out of the Bank's current or accumulated earnings and profits, as calculated for federal income tax purposes, will not be considered to result in a distribution from the Bank's bad debt reserve. Thus, any dividends to the Company that would reduce amounts appropriated to the Bank's bad debt reserve and deducted for federal income tax purposes would create a tax liability for the Bank. The amount of additional taxable income created from an Excess Distribution is an amount that, when reduced by the tax attributable to the income, is equal to the amount of the distribution. Thus, if the Bank makes a "non-dividend distribution," then approximately one and one-half times the amount so used 81 would be includable in gross income for federal income tax purposes, assuming a 34% corporate income tax rate (exclusive of state and local taxes). See "Regulation" and "Dividend Policy" for limits on the payment of dividends of the Bank. The Bank does not intend to pay dividends that would result in a recapture of any portion of its bad debt reserve. Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax. The Code imposes a tax on alternative minimum taxable income ("AMTI") at a rate of 20%. Only 90% of AMTI can be offset by net operating loss carryovers of which the Bank currently has none. AMTI is increased by an amount equal to 75% of the amount by which the Bank's adjusted current earnings exceeds its AMTI (determined without regard to this preference and prior to reduction for net operating losses). In addition, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986 and before January 1, 1996, an environmental tax of .12% of the excess of AMTI (with certain modifications) over $2.0 million is imposed on corporations, including the Bank, whether or not an Alternative Minimum Tax ("AMT") is paid. The Bank does not expect to be subject to the AMT. Dividends Received Deduction and Other Matters. The Company may exclude from its income 100% of dividends received from the Bank as a member of the same affiliated group of corporations. The corporate dividends received deduction is generally 70% in the case of dividends received from unaffiliated corporations with which the Company and the Bank will not file a consolidated tax return, except that if the Company or the Bank own more than 20% of the stock of a corporation distributing a dividend then 80% of any dividends received may be deducted. STATE AND LOCAL TAXATION State of California. The California franchise tax rate applicable to the Bank equals the franchise tax rate applicable to corporations generally, plus an "in lieu" rate approximately equal to personal property taxes and business license taxes paid by such corporations (but not generally paid by banks or financial corporations such as the Bank); however, the total tax rate cannot exceed 11.3%. Under California regulations, bad debt deductions are available in computing California franchise taxes using a three or six year weighted average loss experience method. The Company, as a savings and loan holding company commercially domiciled in California, will generally be treated as a financial corporation and subject to the general corporate tax rate plus the "in lieu" rate as discussed previously for the Bank. State of Delaware Taxation. As a Delaware holding company not earning income in Delaware, the Company is exempt from Delaware corporate income tax but is required to file an annual report with and pay an annual franchise tax to the State of Delaware. REGULATION GENERAL The Bank is subject to extensive regulation, examination and supervision by the OTS, as its chartering agency, and the FDIC, as the insurer of the Bank's deposit accounts. The Bank is a member of the FHLB System. The Bank's deposit accounts are insured up to applicable limits by the SAIF managed by the FDIC. The Bank must file reports with the OTS and the FDIC concerning its activities and financial condition in addition to obtaining regulatory approvals prior to entering into certain transactions such as mergers with, or acquisitions of, other financial institutions. There are periodic examinations by the OTS and the FDIC to test the Bank's compliance with various regulatory requirements. This regulation and supervision establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which an institution can engage and is intended primarily for the protection of the insurance fund and depositors. The regulatory structure also gives the regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies with respect to the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes. Any change in such policies, whether by the OTS, the FDIC or the Congress, could have a material adverse impact on the Company, the Bank or their operations. The Company, as a savings and loan holding company, 82 will also be required to file certain reports with, and otherwise comply with the rules and regulations of, the OTS and the SEC under the federal securities laws. Any change in the regulatory structure or the applicable statutes or regulations, whether by the OTS, the FDIC or the Congress, could have a material impact on the Company, the Bank, their operations, or the Reorganization. Congress is expected to consider in 1997 the elimination of the federal thrift charter and the abolition of the OTS. The results of such consideration, including possible enactment of legislation, is uncertain. Therefore, the Bank is unable to determine the extent to which the results of such consideration or possible legislation, if enacted, would affect its business. See "Risk Factors--Financial Institution Regulation and Possible Legislation." Certain of the regulatory requirements applicable to the Bank and to the Company are referred to below or elsewhere herein. The description of statutory provisions and regulations applicable to savings associations set forth in this Prospectus does not purport to be complete descriptions of such statutes and regulations and their effects on the Bank and the Company and is qualified in its entirety by reference to such statutes and regulations. FEDERAL SAVINGS INSTITUTION REGULATION Business Activities. The activities of federal savings institutions are governed by the Home Owners' Loan Act, as amended (the "HOLA") and, in certain respects, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act ("FDI Act") and the regulations issued by the OTS and FDIC to implement these statutes. These laws and regulations delineate the nature and extent of the activities in which federal associations may engage. In particular, many types of lending authority for federal associations, e.g., commercial, non-residential real property loans and consumer loans, are limited to a specified percentage of the institutions's capital or assets. Specifically, commercial loans are limited to 20% of total assets and amounts in excess of 10% of assets may only be used for small business loans. Consumer loans are limited to 35% of assets. Loans-to-One Borrower. Under the HOLA, savings institutions are generally subject to the national bank limit on loans-to-one borrower. Generally, this limit is 15% of the Bank's unimpaired capital and surplus, plus an additional 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus, if such loan is secured by readily- marketable collateral, which is defined to include certain financial instruments and bullion but excludes real estate. At March 31, 1997, the Bank's general limit on loans-to-one borrower was $1.9 million. At March 31, 1997, the Bank's largest aggregate amount of loans-to-one borrower consisted of $713,000. QTL Test. The HOLA requires savings institutions to meet a QTL test. Under the QTL test, a savings association is required to maintain at least 65% of its "portfolio assets" (total assets less: (i) specified liquid assets up to 20% of total assets; (ii) intangibles, including goodwill; and (iii) the value of property used to conduct business) in certain "qualified thrift investments" (primarily residential mortgages and related investments, including certain mortgage-backed and related securities and 50% of the dollar amount of residential mortgages originated by the institution and sold within 90 days) in at least 9 months out of each 12 month period. A savings association that fails the QTL test must either convert to a bank charter or operate under certain restrictions. As of March 31, 1997, the Bank maintained 91.68% of its portfolio assets in qualified thrift investments and, therefore, met the QTL test. Recent legislation has expanded the extent to which education loans, credit card loans and small business loans may be considered as "qualified thrift investments." Limitation on Capital Distributions. OTS regulations impose limitations upon all capital distributions by savings institutions, such as cash dividends, payments to repurchase or otherwise acquire its shares, payments to stockholders of another institution in a cash-out merger and other distributions charged against capital. The rule establishes three tiers of institutions, which are based primarily on an institution's capital level. An institution that exceeds all fully phased-in regulatory capital requirements before and after a proposed capital distribution ("Tier 1 Bank") and has not been advised by the OTS that it is in need of more than normal supervision, could, after prior notice to, but without the approval of the OTS, make capital distributions during a calendar year equal to the greater of: (i) 100% of its net earnings to date during the calendar year plus the amount that would reduce by one-half its "surplus capital ratio" (the excess capital over its fully phased in capital requirements) at the 83 beginning of the calendar year; or (ii) 75% of its net earnings for the previous four quarters. Any additional capital distributions would require prior OTS approval. In the event the Bank's capital fell below its capital requirements or the OTS notified it that it was in need of more than normal supervision, the Bank's ability to make capital distributions could be restricted. In addition, the OTS could prohibit a proposed capital distribution by any institution, which would otherwise be permitted by the regulation, if the OTS determines that such distribution would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice. Liquidity. The Bank is required to maintain an average daily balance of specified liquid assets equal to a monthly average of not less than a specified percentage (currently 5%) of its net withdrawable deposit accounts plus short-term borrowings. OTS regulations also require each savings institution to maintain an average daily balance of short-term liquid assets at a specified percentage (currently 1%) of the total of its net withdrawable deposit accounts and borrowings payable in one year or less. Monetary penalties may be imposed for failure to meet these liquidity requirements. The Bank's average liquidity ratio for the three months ended March 31, 1997 was 12.6%, which exceeded the applicable requirements. The Bank has never been subject to monetary penalties for failure to meet its liquidity requirements. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations--Liquidity and Capital Resources." Assessments. Savings institutions are required by regulation to pay assessments to the OTS to fund the agency's operations and supervision of the Bank. The general assessment, paid on a semi-annual basis, is based upon the savings institution's total assets, including consolidated subsidiaries, as reported in the Bank's latest quarterly Thrift Financial Report. The assessments paid by the Bank for the three months ended March 31, 1997 and the year ended December 31, 1996 totalled $14,000 and $27,000, respectively. Branching. OTS regulations permit federally chartered savings associations to branch nationwide under certain conditions. Generally, federal savings associations may establish interstate networks and geographically diversify their loan portfolios and lines of business. The OTS authority preempts any state law purporting to regulate branching by federal savings associations. For a discussion of the impact of proposed legislation, see "Risk Factors-- Financial Institution Regulation and Possible Legislation." Transactions with Related Parties. The Bank's authority to engage in transactions with related parties or "affiliates" (i.e., any company that controls or is under common control with the Bank, including the Company and any non-savings institution subsidiaries that the Company may establish) is limited by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act ("FRA"). Section 23A restricts the aggregate amount of covered transactions with any individual affiliate to 10% of the capital and surplus of the savings institution and also limits the aggregate amount of covered transactions with all affiliates to 20% of the savings institution's capital and surplus. Certain transactions with affiliates are required to be secured by collateral in an amount and of a type described in Section 23A, and the purchase of low quality assets from affiliates is generally prohibited. Section 23B generally requires that certain transactions with affiliates, including loans and asset purchases, must be on terms and under circumstances, including credit standards, that are substantially the same or at least as favorable to the institution as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with non-affiliated companies. Enforcement. Under the FDI Act, the OTS has primary enforcement responsibility over savings institutions and has the authority to bring action against all "institution-affiliated parties," including stockholders who participate in the conduct of the affairs of the institution, and independent contractors (including attorneys, appraisers and accountants) who knowingly or recklessly participate in a wrongful action likely to have a significant adverse effect on an insured institution. Formal enforcement action may range from the issuance of a capital directive or cease and desist order to removal of officers or directors, receivership, conservatorship or termination of deposit insurance. Civil penalties cover a wide range of violations and can amount to $25,000 per day, or $1 million per day in especially egregious cases. Under the FDI Act, the FDIC has the authority to recommend to the Director of the OTS that enforcement action be taken with respect to a particular savings institution. If action is not taken by the Director, the FDIC has authority to take such action itself under certain circumstances. Federal and state law also establishes criminal penalties for certain violations. 84 Standards for Safety and Soundness. The FDI Act requires each federal banking agency to prescribe for all insured depository institutions standards relating to, among other things, internal controls, information systems and audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, and compensation, fees and benefits and such other operational and managerial standards as the agency deems appropriate. The federal banking agencies have adopted final regulations and Interagency Guidelines Establishing Standards for Safety and Soundness ("Guidelines") to implement these safety and soundness standards. The Guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. The Guidelines address internal controls and information systems; internal audit system; credit underwriting; loan documentation; interest rate risk exposure; asset growth; asset quality; earnings; and compensation, fees and benefits. If the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the Guidelines, the agency may require the institution to submit to the agency an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard, as required by the FDI Act. The final regulations establish deadlines for the submission and review of such safety and soundness compliance plans. Capital Requirements. The OTS capital regulations require savings institutions to meet three capital standards: a 1.5% tangible capital standard, a 3% leverage (core capital) ratio and an 8% risk based capital standard. Core capital is defined as common stockholder's equity (including retained earnings), certain non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock and related surplus and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries less intangibles other than certain mortgage servicing rights and credit card relationships. The OTS regulations require that, in meeting the leverage ratio, tangible and risk-based capital standards institutions generally must deduct investments in and loans to subsidiaries engaged in activities not permissible for a national bank. In addition, the OTS prompt corrective action regulation provides that a savings institution that has a leverage capital ratio of less than 4% (3% for institutions receiving the highest CAMEL examination rating) will be deemed to be "undercapitalized" and will be subject to certain restrictions. See "--Prompt Corrective Regulatory Action." The risk-based capital standard for savings institutions requires the maintenance of a ratio of total capital (which is defined as core capital plus supplementary capital) to risk-weighted assets of 8%. In determining the amount of risk-weighted assets, all assets, including certain off-balance sheet assets, are multiplied by a risk-weight of 0% to 100%, as assigned by the OTS capital regulation based on the risks the OTS believes are inherent in the type of asset. The components of core capital are equivalent to those discussed earlier under the 3% leverage standard. The components of supplementary capital currently include cumulative preferred stock, long-term perpetual preferred stock, mandatory convertible securities, subordinated debt and intermediate term preferred stock and, within specified limits, the general allowance for loan and lease losses. Overall, the amount of supplementary capital included as part of total capital cannot exceed 100% of core capital. The OTS has incorporated an interest rate risk component into its regulatory capital rule. The final interest rate risk rule also adjusts the risk- weighting for certain mortgage derivative securities. Under the rule, savings associations with "above normal" interest rate risk exposure would be subject to a deduction from total capital for purposes of calculating their risk-based capital requirements. A savings association's interest rate risk is measured by the decline in the net portfolio value of its assets (i.e., the difference between incoming and outgoing discounted cash flows from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet contracts) that would result from a hypothetical 200- basis point increase or decrease in market interest rates, divided by the estimated economic value of the association's assets, as calculated in accordance with guidelines set forth by the OTS. A savings association whose measured interest rate risk exposure exceeds 2% must deduct an interest rate component in calculating its total capital under the risk-based capital rule. The interest rate risk component is an amount equal to one-half of the difference between the institution's measured interest rate risk and 2%, multiplied by the estimated economic value of the association's assets. That dollar amount is deducted from an association's total capital in calculating compliance with its risk-based capital requirement. Under the rule, there is a two quarter lag between the reporting date of an institution's financial data and the effective date for the new capital requirement based on that data. A savings association with assets of less than $300 million and risk-based capital 85 ratios in excess of 12% is not subject to the interest rate risk component, unless the OTS determines otherwise. The rule also provides that the Director of the OTS may waive or defer an association's interest rate risk component on a case-by-case basis. The OTS has postponed the date that the component will first be deducted from an institution's total capital to provide it with an opportunity to review the interest rate risk approaches taken by the other federal banking agencies. At March 31, 1997, the Bank met each of its capital requirements. Due to the fluctuations in the Bank's total assets as a result of its mortgage banking operations, the Bank has been required by the OTS since the Bank's examination completed August 9, 1996 to compute its regulatory capital ratios based upon the higher of (1) the average of total assets based on month-end results; or (2) total assets as of the quarter end. Total assets at the end of the quarter ended March 31, 1997 were higher than the month end averages, and therefore the OTS capital averaging requirement did not have an effect on the Bank's regulatory capital ratios. See "Capitalization" for a table which sets forth in terms of dollars and percentages the OTS tangible, leverage and risk-based capital requirements, the Bank's historical amounts and percentages at March 31, 1997 and pro forma capitalization of the Company based upon the issuance of the shares within the Estimated Price Range. PROMPT CORRECTIVE REGULATORY ACTION Under the OTS prompt corrective action regulations, the OTS is required to take certain supervisory actions against undercapitalized institutions, the severity of which depends upon the institution's degree of under- capitalization. Generally, a savings institution that has a total risk-based capital of less than 8.0% or a leverage ratio or a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio that is less than 4.0% is considered to be undercapitalized (Tier 1 Capital is equivalent to core capital). A savings institution that has a total risk-based capital less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 3.0% or a leverage ratio that is less than 3.0% is considered to be "significantly undercapitalized" and a savings institution that has a tangible capital to assets ratio equal to or less than 2.0% is deemed to be "critically undercapitalized." Subject to a narrow exception, the banking regulator is required to appoint a receiver or conservator for an institution that is critically undercapitalized. The regulation also provides that a capital restoration plan must be filed with the OTS within 45 days of the date an association receives notice that it is "undercapitalized," "significantly undercapitalized" or "critically undercapitalized." Compliance with the plan must be guaranteed by each parent holding company, subject to an aggregate limit on liability. In addition, numerous mandatory supervisory actions may become immediately applicable to the institution depending upon its category, including, but not limited to, increased monitoring by regulators, restrictions on growth, and capital distributions and limitations on expansion. The OTS could also take any one of a number of discretionary supervisory actions, including the issuance of a capital directive and the replacement of senior executive officers and directors. INSURANCE OF DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS Deposits of the Bank are presently insured by the SAIF. Both the SAIF and the BIF (the deposit insurance fund that covers most commercial bank deposits) are statutorily required to be recapitalized to a 1.25% of insured reserve deposits ratio. Until recently, members of the SAIF and BIF were paying average deposit insurance premiums of between 24 and 25 basis points. The BIF met the required reserve in 1995, whereas the SAIF was not expected to meet or exceed the required level until 2002 at the earliest. This situation was primarily due to the statutory requirement that SAIF members make payments on bonds issued in the late 1980s by the Financing Corporation ("FICO") to recapitalize the predecessor to the SAIF. In view of the BIF's achieving the 1.25% ratio, the FDIC ultimately adopted a new assessment rate schedule of from 0 to 27 basis points under which 92% of BIF members paid an annual premium of only $2,000. With respect to SAIF member institutions, the FDIC adopted a final rule retaining the previously existing assessment rate schedule applicable to SAIF member institutions of 23 to 31 basis points. As long as the premium differential continued, it could have had adverse consequences for SAIF members, including reduced earnings and an impaired ability to raise funds in the capital markets. In addition, SAIF members such as the Bank could have 86 been placed at a substantial competitive disadvantage to BIF members with respect to pricing of loans and deposits and the ability to achieve lower operating costs. On September 30, 1996, the President signed into law the Deposit Insurance Funds Act of 1996 (the "Funds Act") which, among other things, imposed a special one-time assessment on SAIF member institutions, including the Bank, to recapitalize the SAIF. As required by the Funds Act, the FDIC imposed a special assessment of 65.7 basis points on SAIF assessable deposits held as of March 31, 1995, payable November 27, 1996 (the "SAIF Special Assessment"). The SAIF Special Assessment was recognized by the Bank as an expense in the quarter ended September 30, 1996 and is generally tax deductible. The SAIF Special Assessment recorded by the Bank amounted to $448,000 on a pre-tax basis and $256,000 on an after-tax basis. The Funds Act also spreads the obligations for payment of the FICO bonds across all SAIF and BIF members. Beginning on January 1, 1997, BIF deposits will be assessed for FICO payment at a rate of 1.3 basis points, while SAIF deposits will pay 6.48 basis points. Full pro rata sharing of the FICO payments between BIF and SAIF members will occur on the earlier of January 1, 2000 or the date the BIF and SAIF are merged. The Funds Act specifies that the BIF and SAIF will be merged on January 1, 1999, provided no savings associations remain as of that time. As a result of the Funds Act, the FDIC voted to lower SAIF assessments to 0 to 27 basis points as of January 1, 1997, a range comparable to that of BIF members and recently voted to maintain the same rate range for the second half of 1997. However, SAIF members will continue to make the FICO payments described above. The FDIC also lowered the SAIF assessment schedule for the fourth quarter of 1996 to 18 to 27 basis points. Management cannot predict the level of FDIC insurance assessments on an on-going basis, whether the savings association charter will be eliminated or whether the BIF and SAIF will eventually be merged. The Bank's assessment rate for the three months ended March 31, 1997 and the year ended December 31, 1996 was 9 and 26 basis points, respectively, and the premium paid for these periods was $17,000 and $622,000 (including the SAIF Special Assessment), respectively. A significant increase in SAIF insurance premiums would likely have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of the Bank. Under the FDI Act, insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC or the OTS. The management of the Bank does not know of any practice, condition or violation that might lead to termination of deposit insurance. THRIFT RECHARTERING LEGISLATION The Funds Act provides that the BIF and SAIF will merge on January 1, 1999 if there are no more savings associations as of that date. That legislation also requires that the Department of Treasury submit a report to Congress by March 31, 1999 that makes recommendations regarding a common financial institutions charter, including whether the separate charters for thrifts and banks should be abolished. Various proposals to eliminate the federal thrift charter, create a uniform financial institutions charter and abolish the OTS have been introduced in the Congress. However, the Bank is unable to predict whether such legislation would be enacted and, if so, the extent to which the legislation would restrict the Bank's ability to engage in certain activities or otherwise disrupt its operations. TRUTH IN LENDING The Truth in Lending Act ("TILA") and Regulation Z promulgated thereunder requires lenders, such as the Bank, to provide a disclosure statement to borrowers which explains the terms and cost of credit, including, but not limited to, the amount financed, finance charges, other charges and prepayment terms. Regulation Z 87 applies to a wide variety of lending transactions, including mortgage loans and credit cards. The TILA provides borrowers with a three day right to cancel certain credit transactions, including certain residential mortgage loans and other loans where a customer pledges his or her principal dwelling as security for the loan. Failure to comply with the provisions of the TILA could subject a lender to criminal and civil sanctions. The TILA was amended effective October 1, 1995 to impose new disclosure requirements and substantive limitations on closed-end home equity mortgage loans bearing rates or fees above a certain percentage or amount ("TILA Amendments"). Specifically, the TILA Amendments apply to loans secured by a customer's principal dwelling (other than a residential mortgage loan to acquire or construct a borrower's principal dwelling, a reverse mortgage transaction or home equity lines of credit) with (i) an annual percentage rate which exceeds by more than ten percentage points the yield on U.S. Treasury securities having comparable periods of maturity; or (ii) total loan origination fees and other fees payable by the customer which exceed the greater of 8% of the loan amount or $400 ("Covered Loans"). Additional disclosures are required to be provided to the customer under the TILA Amendments for all Covered Loans not less than three business days prior to the consummation of the transaction. OTHER LENDING LAWS The Bank is also required to comply with the Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974, as amended ("ECOA"), which prohibits creditors from discriminating against applicants on certain prohibited bases, including race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age or marital status. Regulation B promulgated under ECOA restricts creditors from obtaining certain types of information from loan applicants. Among other things, it also requires certain disclosures by the lender regarding consumer rights and requires lenders to advise applicants of the reasons for any credit denial. In instances where the applicant is denied credit or the rate or charge for loans increases as a result of information obtained from a consumer credit agency, another statute, the Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, requires lenders to supply the applicant with the name and address of the reporting agency. In addition, the Bank is subject to the Fair Housing Act and regulations thereunder, which broadly prohibit certain discriminatory practices in connection with the Bank's business. The Bank is also subject to the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974, as amended, and the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act. In addition, the Bank is subject to various other Federal and state laws, rules and regulations governing, among other things, procedures which must be followed by mortgage lenders and servicers, and disclosures which must be made to consumer borrowers. Failure to comply with such laws, as well as with the laws described above, may result in civil and criminal liability. FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK SYSTEM The Bank is a member of the FHLB System, which consists of 12 regional FHLBs. The FHLB provides a central credit facility primarily for member institutions. The Bank, as a member of the FHLB, is required to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the FHLB in an amount at least equal to 1% of the aggregate principal amount of its unpaid residential mortgage loans and similar obligations at the beginning of each year, or 1/20 of its advances (borrowings) from the FHLB, whichever is greater. The Bank was in compliance with this requirement with an investment in FHLB stock at March 31, 1997 of $1.0 million. FHLB advances must be secured by specified types of collateral and all long-term advances may only be obtained for the purpose of providing funds for residential housing finance. At March 31, 1997, the Bank had no outstanding FHLB advances. The FHLBs are required to provide funds for the resolution of insolvent thrifts and to contribute funds for affordable housing programs. These requirements could reduce the amount of dividends that the FHLBs pay to their members and could also result in the FHLBs imposing a higher rate of interest on advances to their members. For the years ended December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994, dividends from the FHLB to the Bank amounted to $34,000, $30,000 and $20,000, respectively. If dividends were reduced, the Bank's net interest income would likely also be reduced. Further, there can be no assurance that the impact of recent or future legislation on the FHLBs will not also cause a decrease in the value of the FHLB stock held by the Bank. 88 FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM The Federal Reserve Board regulations require savings institutions to maintain non-interest-earning reserves against their transaction accounts. The Federal Reserve Board regulations generally require that reserves be maintained against aggregate transaction accounts as follows: for accounts aggregating $52.0 million or less (subject to adjustment by the Federal Reserve Board) the reserve requirement is 3%; and for accounts greater than $52.0 million, the reserve requirement is $1.6 million plus 10% (subject to adjustment by the Federal Reserve Board between 8% and 14%) against that portion of total transaction accounts in excess of $52.0 million. The first $4.3 million of otherwise reservable balances (subject to adjustment by the Federal Reserve Board) are exempted from the reserve requirements. The Bank is in compliance with the foregoing requirements. Because required reserves must be maintained in the form of either vault cash, a non-interest-bearing account at a Federal Reserve Bank or a pass-through account as defined by the Federal Reserve Board, the effect of this reserve requirement is to reduce the Bank's interest-earning assets. FHLB System members are also authorized to borrow from the Federal Reserve "discount window," but Federal Reserve Board regulations require institutions to exhaust all FHLB sources before borrowing from a Federal Reserve Bank. HOLDING COMPANY REGULATION The Company will be a non-diversified unitary savings and loan holding company within the meaning of the HOLA. As such, the Company will be required to register with the OTS and will be subject to OTS regulations, examinations, supervision and reporting requirements. In addition, the OTS has enforcement authority over the Company and its non-savings institution subsidiaries. Among other things, this authority permits the OTS to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a serious risk to the subsidiary savings institution. The Bank must notify the OTS 30 days before declaring any dividend to the Company. As a unitary savings and loan holding company, the Company generally will not be restricted under existing laws as to the types of business activities in which it may engage, provided that the Bank continues to be a QTL. See "-- Federal Savings Institution Regulation--QTL Test" for a discussion of the QTL requirements. Upon any non-supervisory acquisition by the Company of another savings association, the Company would become a multiple savings and loan holding company (if the acquired institution is held as a separate subsidiary) and would be subject to extensive limitations on the types of business activities in which it could engage. The HOLA limits the activities of a multiple savings and loan holding company and its non-insured institution subsidiaries primarily to activities permissible for bank holding companies under Section 4(c)(8) of the Bank Holding Company ("BHC") Act, subject to the prior approval of the OTS, and to other activities authorized by OTS regulation. Previously proposed legislation would have treated all savings and loan holding companies as bank holding companies and limited, with narrow "grandfather" rights for existing savings and loan holding companies, the activities of such companies to those permissible for bank holding companies. See "Risk Factors--Financial Institution Regulation and Possible Legislation." The HOLA prohibits a savings and loan holding company, directly or indirectly, or through one or more subsidiaries, from acquiring more than 5% of the voting stock of another savings institution, or holding company thereof, without prior written approval of the OTS; from acquiring or retaining, with certain exceptions, more than 5% of a non-subsidiary holding company or savings association; or acquiring or retaining control of a depository institution that is not insured by the FDIC. In evaluating applications by holding companies to acquire savings institutions, the OTS must consider the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the company and institution involved, the effect of the acquisition on the risk to the insurance funds, the convenience and needs of the community and competitive factors. The OTS is prohibited from approving any acquisition that would result in a multiple savings and loan holding company controlling savings institutions in more than one state, except: (i) the approval of interstate supervisory acquisitions by savings and loan holding companies, and (ii) the acquisition of a savings institution in another state if the laws of the state of the target savings institution specifically permit such acquisitions. The states vary in the extent to which they permit interstate savings and loan holding company acquisitions. 89 FEDERAL SECURITIES LAWS The Company has filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act for the registration of the Common Stock to be issued in the Public Offering and a registration statement on a Form S-4 under the Securities Act for the registration of the Common Stock to be issued in the Reorganization. Upon the effectiveness of the registration statement the Company's Common Stock will be registered with the SEC under the Exchange Act. The Company will then be subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Exchange Act. The registration under the Securities Act of shares of the Common Stock to be issued in the Reorganization and Public Offering does not cover the resale of such shares. Shares of the Common Stock purchased in the Public Offering by persons who are not affiliates of the Company may be resold without registration. Shares purchased by an affiliate of the Company will be subject to the resale restrictions of Rule 144 under the Securities Act. If the Company meets the current public information requirements of Rule 144 under the Securities Act, each affiliate of the Company who complies with the other conditions of Rule 144 (including those that require the affiliate's sale to be aggregated with those of certain other persons) would be able to sell in the public market, without registration, a number of shares not to exceed, in any three-month period, the greater of (i) 1% of the outstanding shares of the Company or (ii) the average weekly volume of trading in such shares during the preceding four calendar weeks. Provision may be made in the future by the Company to permit affiliates to have their shares registered for sale under the Securities Act under certain circumstances. THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPANY The following table sets forth certain information regarding executive officers and directors of the Company.
NAME AGE(1) POSITION(S) HELD WITH COMPANY ---- ------ ----------------------------- Daniel L. Perl 48 Director, President and Chief Executive Officer L. Bruce Mills, Jr. 40 Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary Ronald G. Skipper 56 Chairman of the Board Richard C. Caldwell 56 Director John D. Goddard 58 Director Milton E. Johnson 59 Director
- -------- (1) As of March 31, 1997. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Daniel L. Perl joined the Bank in 1994 as the Senior Vice President and Chief Loan Officer. Mr. Perl was recently promoted to the position of President and Chief Executive Officer of the Bank. Mr. Perl has over twenty years of continuous experience in real estate finance. Prior to joining the Bank, Mr. Perl served in management positions with various mortgage finance companies and banking institutions. From 1991 to 1993, Mr. Perl was a Senior Vice President with WCP Trading Corporation. L. Bruce Mills, Jr. joined the Bank in 1987 as the Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Mills currently serves as the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Bank. Prior to joining the Bank, Mr. Mills served as an examiner with the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco. Ronald G. Skipper is the Chairman of the Board of the Company and has served as a Director of the Bank since 1983. Mr. Skipper is a self-employed attorney and has been practicing law for 31 years. Richard C. Caldwell is the Chairman of the Board of the Bank. Mr. Caldwell was elected to the Board of Directors of the Bank in 1983 and has served as Chairman of the Board since 1983. Mr. Caldwell has been a partner of Caldwell & Moreland Insurance Brokers since 1995. From 1982 to 1995, Mr. Caldwell has been President and sole owner of Caldwell & Hunt Insurance Brokers. 90 John D. Goddard has served as a Director of the Bank since 1988. Mr. Goddard is a Certified Public Accountant. Mr. Goddard has been President of Goddard Accountancy Corporation since 1962. Milton E. Johnson has served as a Director of the Bank since 1983. Mr. Johnson has been the President of Home Lumber Company, a building materials supplier, since 1960. In addition, Mr. Johnson has been a partner in Central Nevada Hay Company since 1987. In addition to the foregoing, Robert K. Riley has been nominated to become a member of the Board following the Reorganization. Mr. Riley is the co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Millenium Asset Management, L.L.C., an SEC- registered investment advisory firm, and also serves on the Board of Directors of MBIC, an American subsidiary of a large Belgian bank. From 1992 to 1996, Mr. Riley worked for the Millenium Group, a consulting firm focused on designing asset securitization systems and developing risk management programs for European banks. The Board of Directors of the Company is divided into three classes, each of which contains approximately one-third of the Board. The directors shall be elected by the stockholders of the Company for staggered three year terms, or until their successors are elected and qualified. One class of directors, consisting of Messrs. Richard C. Caldwell and Milton E. Johnson, has a term of office expiring at the first annual meeting of stockholders; a second class, consisting of Messrs. Ronald G. Skipper and Daniel L. Perl, has a term of office expiring at the second annual meeting of stockholders; and a third class, consisting of Mr. John D. Goddard, has a term of office expiring at the third annual meeting of stockholders. The officers of the Company are elected annually and hold office until their respective successors have been elected and qualified or until death, resignation or removal by the Board of Directors. Since the formation of the Company, none of the executive officers or other personnel has received remuneration from the Company. COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE COMPANY The Company has established an Audit Committee consisting of Messrs. Skipper, Caldwell and Goddard and a Personnel/Compensation Committee consisting of Messrs. Skipper, Goddard, Johnson and Perl. DIRECTORS' COMPENSATION The directors of the Company who are not also employees of the Company will receive a monthly retainer for acting in such capacity following the Reorganization. The monthly retainer for the Chairman of the Board shall be $2,000 while the fee for other non-employee directors will be $1,500. In addition, upon the Reorganization each non-employee director will receive fees for each month preceding the Reorganization starting with February 1997 for services performed on behalf of the Company. 91 THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND MANAGEMENT OF THE BANK DIRECTORS The following table sets forth certain information regarding the Board of Directors of the Bank.
POSITION(S) HELD WITH THE DIRECTOR TERM NAME AGE(1) BANK SINCE EXPIRES ---- ------ ------------------------- -------- ------- Richard C. Caldwell 56 Chairman of the Board 1983 1997 Daniel L. Perl(2) 48 Director, President and Chief 1996 1997 Executive Officer John D. Goddard 58 Director 1988 1999 Milton E. Johnson 59 Director 1983 1997 Edgar C. Keller 76 Director 1983 1999 Ronald G. Skipper 56 Director 1983 1998
- -------- (1) As of March 31, 1997. (2) Mr. Perl was elected by the Board of Directors to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of a director in June 1996. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS WHO ARE NOT DIRECTORS The following table sets forth certain information regarding the executive officers of the Bank who are not also directors.
NAME AGE(1) POSITION(S) HELD WITH THE BANK ---- ------ ------------------------------ L. Bruce Mills, Jr. 40 Executive Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer Joseph R.L. Passerino 42 Senior Vice President Mary E. Darter 36 Senior Vice President
- -------- (1) As of March 31, 1997. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE BANK WHO ARE NOT DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE COMPANY Edgar C. Keller has been a Director of the Bank since 1983. Mr. Keller was a partner with the law firm of Keller & Holt from 1963 until 1994. After such time, Mr. Keller was a partner with the law firm of Keller & Keller until his retirement in 1996. Joseph R. L. Passerino joined the Bank in February 1994. He was named senior vice president in September 1996 and is responsible for all loans originated by the Bank nationally. Prior to that, from 1988 to 1994, Mr. Passerino was in charge of loan production for St. Thomas Capital Corp. Mary E. Darter joined the Bank in March 1994. She was named senior vice president in September 1996. Ms. Darter is primarily responsible for mortgage financing operations. Prior to joining the Bank, Ms. Darter was employed by Imperial Credit Industries/Southern Pacific Thrift and Loan from 1991 to 1994 in charge of the warehouse line of credit division and bulk acquisitions. COMMITTEES AND MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE BANK The Board of Directors meets on a monthly basis and may have additional special meetings upon the request of the Chairman of the Board. During the year ended December 31, 1996, the Board of Directors had 12 regular meetings and 6 special meetings. No director attended fewer than 75% of the total number of Board meetings held during this period. 92 The Board of Directors of the Bank has established the following Board and management committees: The Audit Committee consists of Messrs. Keller and Goddard. The Bank's Internal Auditors report to this committee. The purpose of this committee is to review the audit function and management actions regarding the implementation of audit findings. The committee also maintains a liaison with the outside auditors and reviews the adequacy of internal controls. The committee meets quarterly or as necessary. The Loan Committee consists of Messrs. Skipper, Caldwell, Johnson and Perl. This Committee exercises the authority of the Board pertaining to loan matters and approves or rejects all loans presented by management. This Committee also reviews the workout solutions of problem loans, and approves the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate valuation allowances. The Committee meets monthly. The Executive Committee consists of Messrs. Caldwell, Goddard and Skipper. This committee exercises the authority of the Board of Directors with respect to matters requiring action between meetings of the Board of Directors. Any actions by this committee require subsequent ratification by the Board of Directors at the next regular meeting. The Executive Committee meets as needed. The Investment Committee consists of Messrs. Goddard, Caldwell, Johnson and Mills. The purpose of this committee is to adopt and maintain policies regarding the investment portfolio and to monitor the interest rate and the credit risks of liquidity portfolio investments. This committee meets semi- annually or as needed. The Personnel/Compensation Committee consists of Messrs. Keller, Johnson, Caldwell, Goddard and Perl. This Committee is responsible for all matters regarding compensation and benefits, hiring, termination and affirmative action issues. The committee meets semi-annually or as needed. The Asset Classification Committee consists of Messrs. Mills and Perl. The purpose of this committee is to review the Bank's loan portfolio and monitor the classification of assets. This committee meets quarterly. The Bank also maintains a Budget Committee consisting of Messrs. Caldwell, Goddard and Mills. DIRECTORS' COMPENSATION Directors' Fees. Directors of the Bank who are not also employees of the Bank receive a retainer of $950 per month for serving on the Bank's Board of Directors except the Chairman of the Board who receives $1200 per month. 93 EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE. The following table sets forth, for the year ended December 31, 1996, the cash compensation paid by the Bank, as well as certain other compensation paid or accrued for those years, to the chief executive officer and each of the two other most highly compensated executive officers of the Bank whose compensation exceeded $100,000 in fiscal year 1996 (the "Named Executive Officers").
LONG-TERM COMPENSATION -------------------------------- COMPENSATION AWARDS PAYOUTS --------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------- RESTRICTED SECURITIES NAME AND PRINCIPAL OTHER STOCK UNDERLYING LTIP ALL OTHER POSITIONS(1) YEAR SALARY($) BONUS($) COMPENSATION($) AWARDS($) OPTIONS(#) PAYOUTS($) COMPENSATION($) ------------------ ---- --------- ---------- --------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------------- Daniel L. Perl.......... 1996 $75,000 $1,464,374(2) $-- $-- 192,960 $-- $ 2,370(3) President and Chief Executive Officer Nora Vineyard........... 1996 76,083 -- -- -- -- -- 88,300(4) President and Chief Executive Officer Joseph R.L. Passerino... 1996 29,000 217,199 -- -- 12,540 -- 2,370(3) Senior Vice President
- -------- (1) Ms. Vineyard retired from the position of President and Chief Executive Officer in July 1996 at which time Mr. Perl was elected to fill these positions. (2) Includes $1,079,185 earned by Mr. Perl during 1996 which was paid in 1997. See "--Previous Employment Agreement." (3) Represents amount contributed by the Bank pursuant to the Bank's 401(k) Plan. (4) Includes $500 contributed by the Bank pursuant to the Bank's 401(k) Plan. Also includes a cash payment of $60,000 plus title to a 1996 automobile with a market value of $27,800 pursuant to an agreement reached between Mrs. Vineyard and the Bank upon her retirement from her position with the Bank. See "--Consultation Agreement." PREVIOUS EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT The Bank entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Perl (the "Executive") on December 31, 1993. This employment agreement was intended to ensure that the Bank would be able to maintain a stable and competent loan operation. The continued success of the Bank depends to a significant degree on the skills and competence of Mr. Perl. The employment agreement provided for a one year term which could be extended for an additional three year period. The employment agreement provided that the Executive's base salary was $75,000. In addition to the base salary, the employment agreement provided for Mr. Perl to receive certain incentive compensation. The incentive compensation was determined by a specific formula tied to the performance of the Bank's mortgage financing operations. Mr. Perl earned approximately $1.5 million in incentive compensation and $75,000 in base salary during the year ended December 31, 1996. LETTER AGREEMENT In order to ensure continuity of management during the period prior to the Reorganization, the Company and the Bank and Mr. Perl have entered into the Letter Agreement to replace the previous employment agreement, effective January 1, 1997, through the later of the date of the completion of the Public Offering and the Reorganization. The Letter Agreement also sets forth the basic terms of the employment agreements between Mr. Perl and each of the Bank and the Company upon the completion of the Reorganization. The terms of the proposed agreements are set forth in "--Employment Agreements." The Letter Agreement provides that during the period of its effectiveness, Mr. Perl will serve as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company and the Bank, and will receive a base salary of $400,000 per year ("Base Salary"), plus a bonus equal to 8.0% of the average after tax net income in excess of 10.0% return on 94 average equity, as defined in the letter agreement ("Bonus") which is tax deductible to the Bank as compensation expense subject to applicable law. Such Bonus shall be payable no later than March 15, 1998. Payment of the Base Salary and Bonus are dependent upon the Bank maintaining minimum regulatory capital requirements and there being no OTS supervisory directive in place regarding the Bank and its operations or the services performed by Mr. Perl. The Letter Agreement provides for termination of Mr. Perl's employment by the Bank or the Company for cause as defined in the Letter Agreement at any time. In the event the Bank or the Company chooses to terminate Mr. Perl's employment for reasons other than for cause during the effective period of the Letter Agreement, Mr. Perl, or in the event of death, his beneficiary, would be entitled to receive two times Base Salary plus a Bonus equal to $2.2 million. In the event the Bank is not in compliance with its minimum capital requirements or if such payment would cause the Bank's capital to be reduced below minimum regulatory capital requirements, such payments shall be deferred until such time as the Bank or successor thereto is in capital compliance. Under the Letter Agreement, in the event Mr. Perl voluntarily terminates his employment with the Company or the Bank without the written approval of the Boards of Directors of the Company and the Bank, as the case may be, Mr. Perl has agreed not to compete with the Company or the Bank within the continental United States for a period of one year following termination. Mr. Perl has further agreed, in the event of a breach of the non-compete provision, to pay as liquidated damages an aggregate sum of $500,000 in which event the non- compete provision will expire. EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENTS Upon the consummation of the Reorganization, the Bank and the Company will enter into employment agreements (collectively, the "Employment Agreements") with Mr. Perl. The Employment Agreements are intended to ensure that the Bank and the Company will be able to maintain a stable and competent management base after the Offerings. The continued success of the Bank and the Company depends to a significant degree on the skills and competence of Mr. Perl. The Employment Agreements provide for three-year terms for Mr. Perl. The Bank Employment Agreement, provides that, commencing on the first anniversary date and continuing each anniversary date thereafter, the Board of Directors may extend the agreement for an additional year so that the remaining term shall be three years, unless written notice of non-renewal is given by the Board of Directors after conducting a performance evaluation of Mr. Perl. The term of the Company Employment Agreement shall be extended on a daily basis unless written notice of non-renewal is given by the Board of the Company. The Bank and Company Employment Agreements provide that Mr. Perl's salary will be reviewed annually. The Bank Employment Agreement provides that Mr. Perl will receive a Base Salary of $150,000 per year while the Company Employment Agreement provides that he will receive a Base Salary of $250,000 per year (together, the "Base Salary"), plus a bonus equal to 8.0% of the average of the after tax net income of the Company in excess of 10% return on average equity, as defined in the Employment Agreements ("Bonus"). Such Base Salary is pro rated between the Bank and the Company depending upon the duties performed for and the obligations to each of the Bank and the Company, respectively, while the Bonus shall be paid by the Company. The Bonus for each year shall be payable by the Company no later than March 15 of the following year. In addition to the Base Salary and Bonus, the Employment Agreements provide for, among other things, participation in stock benefits plans and other fringe benefits substantially equivalent to those in which Mr. Perl was participating or otherwise deriving benefit from immediately prior to the beginning of the terms of the Employment Agreements. The Employment Agreements provide for termination by the Bank or the Company for cause as defined in the Employment Agreements at any time. In the event the Bank or the Company chooses to terminate Mr. Perl's employment for reasons other than for cause, or in the event of Mr. Perl's resignation from the Bank or the Company upon: (i) failure to re-elect Mr. Perl to his current offices; (ii) a material change in Mr. Perl's functions, duties or responsibilities; (iii) a relocation of Mr. Perl's principal place of employment by more than 30 miles; (iv) a material reduction in the benefits or perquisites to Mr. Perl from those being provided at the effective date of the Employment Agreement, unless consented to by Mr. Perl or such reduction is part of a nondiscriminatory 95 reduction applicable to all employees; (v) liquidation or dissolution of the Bank or the Company; or (vi) a breach of the Employment Agreement by the Bank or the Company, Mr. Perl or, in the event of death, his beneficiary would be entitled to receive, pursuant to the Bank Employment Agreement, those payments due to Executive for the remaining term of the Employment Agreement or, pursuant to the Company Employment Agreement, an amount equal to three times his Base Salary under that Employment Agreement for the preceding year plus two times his Bonus for the preceding year; provided, however, that in the event that the Boards of Directors determine that such payment would have a material adverse affect on the Company's financial condition or results of operations, then the Company and the Bank shall pay the Executive two times the previous year's Base Salary under that Employment Agreement, Common Stock of the Company having a fair market value equal to one times the previous year's Base Salary under that Employment Agreement and two times the previous year's Bonus. In the event that Executive is terminated without cause during 1997, the Executive will be entitled to two times Base Salary and a Bonus equal to $2.2 million. The Bank and the Company would also continue to pay for Mr. Perl's life, health, dental and disability coverage for the remaining term of the Employment Agreement. Under certain circumstances, upon any termination of the Executive, the Executive is subject to a non-compete and liquidated damages provision and a confidentiality provision relating to information in his possession regarding the Company or the Bank. In the event that the Executive thereafter breaches the non-compete provision, the Employment Agreements provide that the Executive shall pay the Bank and the Company, in the aggregate, $500,000, as liquidated damages, in which event the non-compete provision will expire. Under the Employment Agreements, if voluntary or involuntary termination follows a change in control of the Bank or the Company, Mr. Perl or, in the event of his death, his beneficiary, would be entitled to a severance payment equal to the greater of: (i) the payments due for the remaining terms of the agreement; or (ii) three times the average of the five preceding taxable years' annual compensation. The Bank and the Company would also continue Mr. Perl's life, health, and disability coverage for thirty-six months. Payments to Mr. Perl under the Bank's Employment Agreement will be guaranteed by the Company in the event that payments or benefits are not paid by the Bank. In the event the Bank is not in compliance with its minimum capital requirements or if any payment under the Bank Employment Agreement would cause the Bank's capital to be reduced below minimum regulatory capital requirements, such payments shall be deferred until such time as the Bank or Successor thereto is in capital compliance. Payment under the Company's Employment Agreement would be made by the Company. All reasonable costs and legal fees paid or incurred by Mr. Perl pursuant to any dispute or question of interpretation relating to the Employment Agreements shall be paid by the Bank or Company, respectively, if Mr. Perl is successful on the merits pursuant to a legal judgment, arbitration or settlement. The Employment Agreements also provide that the Bank and Company shall indemnify Mr. Perl to the fullest extent allowable under federal and Delaware law, respectively. In the event of a change in control of the Bank or the Company during 1997, the total amount of payments due under the Agreements, based on Base Salary to be paid to Mr. Perl and Bonus would be $3.0 million. CONSULTATION AGREEMENT The Bank has entered into a five year consulting agreement with Mrs. Nora L. Vineyard commencing on July 15, 1996 (the "Agreement"). Mrs. Vineyard will receive compensation in the amount of $120,000 for a period of three years and $90,000 for the remaining two years of the Agreement. The Agreement provides Mrs. Vineyard with medical insurance during the term of the Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the Agreement, Mrs. Vineyard will be available to provide advisory and consulting services and will give the Company and the Bank the benefit of her special knowledge, skills, contacts and business experience. A portion of the future payments due pursuant to this Agreement were accrued and expensed during the year ended December 31, 1996. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations--Comparison of Operating Results for the Year Ended December 31, 1996 and December 31, 1995." 96 BENEFITS Insurance Plans. All full-time employees are covered as a group for comprehensive hospitalization, including major medical, long-term disability, accidental death and dismemberment insurance and group term life insurance. Cash Bonus Plan. The Bank adopted a cash bonus plan (the "Bonus Plan") effective February 1996. All employees except for commissioned employees and employees with employment contracts are eligible to participate. The Bonus Plan paid an aggregate of approximately $100,000 in 1996. For 1997, the Bonus Plan will pay bonuses in the aggregate of 15% of the after tax profits of the Bank in excess of a 15% return on average equity, as defined in the Bonus Plan. 401(k) Plan. The Bank maintains the Life Savings Bank Employee's Savings Plan ("401(k) Plan"), a tax-qualified cash or deferred arrangement (i.e., 401(k) feature), under Section 401(a) of the Code. The 401(k) Plan provides participants with benefits upon retirement, death, disability or termination of employment with the Bank. Employees are eligible to participate in the plan following the completion of 6 months of service with the Bank and the attainment of age 21. Participants may authorize the Bank to contribute to the 401(k) Plan, on their behalf, from 1% to 15% of their compensation, not to exceed certain legally permissible limits, including an overall dollar limit of $9,500 for 1997. The Bank currently matches 25% of the first 8% of the deferral by a Participant under the 401(k) Plan each year. Each plan year, the Bank may also make an additional contribution to the 401(k) Plan (a "profit sharing contribution"). The profit sharing contribution, if made by the Bank, is allocated to each Participant's account based on the Participant's compensation for the year relative to the compensation of all participants for the year. Participants are always 100% vested in their deferral contributions. Participants become 20% vested in the Bank's matching contributions and profit sharing contributions after the completion of two years of service with the Bank. Their vested interest in the matching contributions and profit sharing contributions increases by 20% for each year of service completed, so that after the completion of 6 years of service, the Participant is 100% vested in the Bank's matching contributions and profit sharing contributions. A Participant's vested portion of his or her 401(k) Plan account is distributable from the 401(k) Plan upon termination of the participant's employment, death, disability or retirement. Participants may also receive hardship distributions and loans from the 401(k) Plan. Any distribution made to a Participant prior to the Participant's attainment of age 59 1/2 is subject to a 10% tax penalty. The Board of Directors may at any time discontinue the Bank's contributions to employee accounts. For the years ended December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994, the Bank's matching contributions to the 401(k) Plan were $21,000, zero and $7,000, respectively. The 401(k) Plan permits Participants to direct the investment of their 401(k) plan account into various investment alternatives. The investment accounts are valued daily and participants are provided with information regarding the market value of the participant's investments and all contributions made on his or her behalf on at least an annual basis. In connection with the Reorganization of the Bank and the Offering, the Bank will amend the 401(k) Plan to permit Participants to invest in an Employer Stock Fund as one of the investment alternatives. The Employer Stock Fund will be invested primarily in shares of Common Stock. Employee Stock Purchase Plan. The Company has adopted, as of January 1997, the Life Financial Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP"), pursuant to which the Company may make available for sale to employees shares of its Common Stock at a price equal to no less than 85% of the fair market value of the Common Stock on the date of purchase. The ESPP is designed to give eligible employees the opportunity to purchase shares of Company Common Stock through payroll deductions of up to a specified percentage of their total compensation. The ESPP will become effective upon the completion of the Offerings. 97 ESOP. Following the Reorganization and Offering, the Company intends to implement an employee stock ownership plan ("ESOP"). The ESOP is a tax- qualified retirement plan under Section 401(a) of the Code designed to invest primarily in the Common Stock. The ESOP will provide eligible employees with the opportunity to receive a Company-funded retirement benefit based on the value of the Common Stock and any other investment held by the plan. Employees of the Company who have completed certain eligibility and minimum service requirements will be eligible to participate in the ESOP. The Company's contributions to the ESOP will be allocated to participants accounts based on the ratio each participant's compensation bears to all participants' compensation. It is expected that a Participant's account under the ESOP will vest at the same rate as employer contributions to the 401(k) Plan vest (i.e. 20% after two years of service with full vesting after six years). It is anticipated that the shares purchased by the ESOP will be funded through contributions from the general funds of the Company on an annual basis and will equal up to two percent (2.0%) of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company at the time of purchase. Any such contributions shall be at the discretion of the Board of Directors of the Company. Borrowed funds will not be used to acquire such shares. STOCK OPTION PLANS The Board of Directors of the Bank adopted the Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank 1996 Stock Option Plan (the "Bank Option Plan"), a stock-based benefit plan which provides for the granting of stock options to eligible officers, employees and directors of the Bank, on November 21, 1996. The Board of Directors of the Bank has reserved 321,600 shares for issuance under the Bank Option Plan. The Bank Option Plan was approved by stockholders of the Bank at an annual meeting held on May 21, 1997. Upon completion of the Reorganization, the Bank Option Plan will, by operation of law and pursuant to the Bank Option Plan, become an option plan of the Company. The Board of Directors of the Company has adopted the Life Financial Corp. 1997 Stock Option Plan (the "Company Option Plan") which will become effective upon the completion of the Public Offering (The Bank Option Plan and the Company Option Plan will sometimes hereinafter be referred to as the "Option Plans"). The Board of Directors of the Company has reserved shares equal to 10% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company giving effect to the Reorganization and the Public Offering, including Company options to be exchanged for Bank options pursuant to the Bank Option Plan for issuance under the Option Plans. Stock options with respect to shares of the Bank's Common Stock granted under the Bank Option Plan and outstanding prior to completion of the Reorganization will automatically become options to purchase three shares of the Company's Common Stock upon identical terms and conditions. The Company will assume all of the Bank's obligations with respect to the Bank Option Plan. Following the completion of the Reorganization, the Option Plans will be available to directors, officers and employees of the Company and to directors, officers and employees of its direct or indirect subsidiaries, including the Bank, as selected pursuant to the Option Plans and all references to the Bank's Common Stock under the Bank Option Plan will be deemed references to the Company's Common Stock. The following description of the Option Plans reflects the Option Plans as they will exist upon consummation of the Reorganization. The stock option benefits provided under the Option Plans are designed to attract and retain qualified directors and personnel in key positions, provide directors, officers and key employees with a proprietary interest in the Company, and as an incentive to contribute to the success of the Bank and the Company and reward key employees for outstanding performance. The Option Plans provides for the grant of: (i) options to purchase the Company's Common Stock intended to qualify as incentive stock options under Section 422 of the Code ("Incentive Stock Options"); (ii) options that do not so qualify ("Non- Statutory Stock Options"); and (iii) Limited Rights. Limited Rights are exercisable only upon a change in control of the Bank or the Company. Upon exercise of "Limited Rights" in the event of a change in control, the employee will be entitled to receive a lump sum cash payment equal to the difference between the exercise price of the related option and the fair market value of the shares of common stock subject to the option on the date of exercise of the right in lieu of purchasing the stock underlying the option. Except for options granted to directors, all options granted contemporaneously with adoption of the Option Plans are intended to be Incentive Stock Options to the extent 98 permitted under Section 422 of the Code. The Option Plans will be in effect for a period of ten years from the dates of adoption by the Boards of Directors of the Bank and the Company, respectively. Under the Option Plans, the Personnel/Compensation Committee determines which officers and employees will be granted options and Limited Rights, whether such options are to be incentive or non-statutory stock options, the number of shares subject to each option, the exercise price of each stock option, whether such options may be exercised by delivering other shares of Common Stock and when such options become exercisable. The per share exercise price of a stock option is required to be at least equal to the fair market value of a share of Common Stock on the date the option is granted under the Option Plan. The Bank Committee has granted options to purchase 192,960, and 12,540 shares respectively to Messrs. Perl and Passerino and has granted options to purchase an aggregate of 25,080 shares to two other executive officers as a group at an exercise price of $3.33, on a pro forma basis as of December 31, 1996. An additional 25,000, 15,000 and 30,000 options have been granted to Messrs. Perl and Passerino and two other executive officers as a group, respectively, under the Company Option Plan at the Offering Price effective as of the Reorganization. An optionee will not be deemed to have received taxable income upon grant or exercise of any Incentive Stock Option, provided that such shares received through the exercise of such option are not disposed of by the employee for at least one year after the date the stock is received in connection with the option exercise and two years after the date of grant of the option. No compensation deduction would be able to be taken by the Company as a result of the grant or exercise of Incentive Stock Options, provided such shares are not disposed of before the expiration of the period described above (a "disqualifying disposition"). In the case of a Non-Statutory Stock Option and in the case of a disqualifying disposition of an Incentive Stock Option, an optionee will be deemed to receive ordinary income upon exercise of the stock option in an amount equal to the amount by which the exercise price is exceeded by the fair market value of the Common Stock purchased by exercising the option on the date of exercise. The amount of any ordinary income deemed to be received by an optionee upon the exercise of a Non-Statutory Stock Option or due to a disqualifying disposition of an Incentive Stock Option would be a deductible expense for tax purposes for the Company. In the case of Limited Rights, upon exercise, the option holder would have to include the amount paid to him or her upon exercise in his gross income for federal income tax purposes in the year in which the payment is made and the Company would be entitled to a deduction for federal income tax purposes of the amount paid. Stock options will become vested and exercisable in the manner specified by the Company. The options granted by the Bank in connection with the adoption of the Bank Option Plan will vest at a rate of 33.3% per year, beginning on November 21, 1999. It is anticipated that options granted by the Company in connection with the Reorganization and the Public Offering under the Company Option Plan will vest at a rate of 33.3% per year beginning on the third anniversary of the date of the Reorganization and Public Offering. Incentive Stock Options granted in connection with the Option Plans could be exercisable for three months following the date on which the employee ceases to perform services for the Bank or the Company, except that in the event of death, disability, retirement or termination of an employee's service following change in control of the Bank or the Company, options accelerate and become fully vested and could be exercisable for up to one year thereafter or such longer period as determined by the Company. However, any Incentive Stock Options exercised more than three months following the date the employee ceases to perform services as an employee would be treated as a Non-Statutory Stock Option as described above. In the event of retirement, if the optionee continues to perform services as a director on behalf of the Bank, the Company or an affiliate, unvested options would continue to vest in accordance with their original vesting schedule until the optionee ceases to serve as a director. Non-Statutory Stock Options granted in connection with the Option Plans could be exercisable for one year following the date on which the employee ceases to perform services for the Bank or the Company, except that in the case of death, disability, retirement or termination of the optionee's service following a change in control, options accelerate and become fully vested and could be exercisable for up to one year thereafter or such longer period as determined by the Committee. All Options granted by the Bank to outside directors under the Bank Option Plan would be Non-Statutory Stock Options and will vest and become exercisable commencing three years after the date of adoption of the 99 Bank Option Plan at the rate of 33.3% per year, and would expire upon the earlier of ten years following the date of grant or one year following the date the optionee ceases to be a director or consulting director. The Committee has granted options to purchase 9,180 shares to each of the outside directors of the Bank at an exercise price of $3.33, on a pro forma basis as of December 31, 1996. It is anticipated that options granted by the Company in connection with the Reorganization and the Public Offering will vest at a rate of 33.3% per year beginning on the third anniversary date of the Reorganization and the Public Offering. The Compensation Committee of the Company has granted options to purchase 17,500 shares to each of the outside directors under the Company Option Plan at an exercise price equal to the Offering Price effective upon the Reorganization. In the event of the death or disability of a participant or termination of a participant's service following a change in control of the Company or the Bank, all previously granted options would immediately vest and become fully exercisable. A change in control is be defined in the Option Plans generally to occur when a person or group of persons acting in concert acquires beneficial ownership of 20% or more of any class of equity security of the Company or the Bank or in the event of a tender or exchange offer, merger or other form of business combination, sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company or the Bank or contested election of directors which resulted in the replacement of a majority of the Board of Directors by persons not nominated by the directors in office prior to the contested election. The following table lists all grants of options and stock appreciation rights ("SARs") under the Option Plan to the Named Executive Officers for fiscal 1996 and contains certain information about the potential value of those options based upon certain assumptions as to the appreciation of the Company's stock over the life of the option. OPTIONS GRANTS IN LAST FISCAL YEAR
POTENTIAL REALIZABLE VALUE AT ASSUMED ANNUAL RATES OF STOCK PRICE APPRECIATION FOR INDIVIDUAL GRANTS OPTIONS(1) ----------------------------------------------- ------------------- NUMBER OF % OF TOTAL EXERCISE SECURITIES OPTION/SARS OR UNDERLYING GRANTED TO BASE OPTIONS/ EMPLOYEES PRICE SARS GRANTED IN PER EXPIRATION NAME (#)(2)(3)(4)(5) FISCAL YEAR SHARE DATE(6) 5% 10% ---- --------------- ----------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- Daniel L. Perl.......... 192,960 60.00% $3.33 11/21/06 $404,811 $1,021,665 Joseph R.L. Passerino... 12,540 3.90 3.33 11/21/06 26,308 66,396
- -------- (1) The amounts represent certain assumed rates of appreciation. Actual gains, if any, on stock option exercises and Common Stock holdings are dependent on the future performance of the Common Stock and overall stock market conditions. There can be no assurance that the amounts reflected in this table will be realized. (2) Options granted pursuant to the Bank Option Plan become exercisable in equal installments at an annual rate of 33.3% beginning November 21, 1999, unless otherwise accelerated. (3) The purchase price may be paid in cash or in Common Stock. (4) Under limited circumstances, such as death or disability of an employee, the employee (or his beneficiary) may request that the Company, in exchange for the employee's surrender of an option, pay to the employee (or beneficiary), the amount by which the fair market value of the Common Stock exceeds the exercise price of the option on the date of the employee's termination of employment. It is within the Company's discretion to accept or reject such a request. (5) To the extent possible, options will be treated as incentive options. (6) The option term is ten years. 100 The following table provides certain information with respect to the number of shares of Common Stock represented by outstanding options held by the Named Executive Officers as of December 31, 1996. Also reported are the values for "in-the-money" options which represent the positive spread between the exercise price of any such existing stock options and the year end price of the Common Stock. FISCAL YEAR-END OPTION/SAR VALUES
VALUE OF NUMBER OF SECURITIES UNEXERCISED UNDERLYING UNEXERCISED IN-THE-MONEY OPTIONS/SARS AT OPTION/SARS AT FISCAL YEAR END(#) FISCAL YEAR END($) ---------------------------- ---------------------------- NAME EXERCISABLE/UNEXERCISABLE(1) EXERCISABLE/UNEXERCISABLE(2) - ---- ---------------------------- ---------------------------- Daniel L. Perl.......... 0/192,960 0/0 Joseph R.L. Passerino... 0/12,540 0/0
- -------- (1) The options in this table have an exercise price of $3.33, and become exercisable at an annual rate of 33.3% beginning November 21, 1999. The options will expire ten years from the date of grant. (2) Based on market value of the underlying stock at January 21, 1997, minus the exercise price. The bid and ask prices for the Bank's common stock on January 21, 1997 was $3.00 and $3.67 per share, respectively. Therefore, using the average of the bid and ask prices, there is no positive spread between the exercise price of the options and the price of the common stock of the Bank. TRANSACTIONS WITH CERTAIN RELATED PERSONS The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 ("FIRREA") requires that all loans or extensions of credit to executive officers and directors must be made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with the general public and must not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features. In addition, loans made to a director or executive officer in excess of the greater of $25,000 or 5% of the Bank's capital and surplus (up to a maximum of $500,000) must be approved in advance by a majority of the disinterested members of the Board of Directors. The Bank's current policy provides that all loans made by the Bank to its directors and officers are made in the ordinary course of business, are made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons and do not involve more than the normal risk of collectibility or present other unfavorable features. During 1996, the law firm of Keller and Keller provided legal representation to the Bank for which it was paid approximately $2,300 for legal fees and related services. Until his retirement in 1996, Mr. Edgar C. Keller, a director of the Bank was a partner with Keller and Keller. In addition, the Bank purchased four policies of insurance from Caldwell & Moreland Insurance Brokers, Inc. for approximately $45,000 which yielded commissions of approximately $5,600. Richard C. Caldwell is a director of the Bank and the Company and a partner of Caldwell & Moreland Insurance Brokers, Inc. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHER BENEFICIAL OWNERS At March 31, 1997, the Bank had 1,070,572 shares of common stock outstanding. In connection with the Reorganization each share of common stock will be exchanged for three shares of the Common Stock of the Company. 101 The following table sets forth, as of March 31, 1997, on a pro forma basis, giving effect to the Reorganization and the sale of 2,500,000 shares in the Public Offering, certain information as to those persons who were known by management to be beneficial owners of more than 5% of the Company's outstanding shares of Common Stock, each director, each Named Executive Officer and the shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by all directors and executive officers of the Company as a group.
PERCENTAGE BENEFICIALLY OWNED ----------------- NUMBER BEFORE AFTER NAME OF OF PUBLIC PUBLIC BENEFICIAL OWNER POSITION(S) WITH THE BANK SHARES OFFERING OFFERING ---------------- -------------------------- ------- -------- -------- Richard C. Caldwell Chairman of the Board 180,678(1) 5.63% 3.16% John D. Goddard Director 169,926(2) 5.29 2.98 Ronald G. Skipper Director 156,000(3) 4.86 2.73 Milton E. Johnson Director 113,526(4) 3.53 1.99 Daniel L. Perl Director, President and Chief 74,922(5) 2.33 1.31 Executive Officer Edgar C. Keller Director 51,522(6) 1.60 0.90 Joseph R.L. Passerino Senior Vice President 4,368 0.14 0.08 L. Bruce Mills Jr. Executive Vice President, 1,098 0.03 0.02 Secretary and Treasurer Bay Pond Investors Bermuda LP(7) 316,500 9.85 5.54 Bay Pond Partners LP(7) One Pierpoint Plaza Brooklyn, New York 11201 Rath Foundation 300,000 9.34 5.25 3140 Box Canyon Road Santa Ynez, California 93460 Maritime Global Subsidiary 1 280,500 8.73 4.91 LTD(8) Pine Boston Partners LP(8) Boston Provident Partners LP (8) BP Institutional Partners LP(8) 2050 Center Avenue Suite 300 Fort Lee, New Jersey 07024 All Executive Officers and 752,040(9)(10) 23.42 13.17 Directors as a Group (9 persons)
- -------- (1)All shares are held through Mr. Caldwell's employee benefit plan. (2) Of these shares, 25,376 are held by Mr. Goddard and his wife as joint tenants and 31,266 are held in the John D. Goddard Corporation Profit Sharing Plan and Trust. (3)These shares are held in the Ronald Skipper Pension Sharing Plan. (4) Of these shares, 4,668 are held by Mr. Johnson and his wife as joint tenants, 27,882 are held in an IRA account for Mr. Johnson and his wife, 3,138 are held in custodial accounts for minors, 1,538 are held in joint tenancy with other family members and 616 are owned of record by two other family members. 102 (5) Of these shares, 7,502 are held in joint tenancy with Mr. Perl's wife and 17,472 are held in the Navieve Financial Corp. Profit Sharing Trust. (6) Of these shares, 15,374 are held as tenants in common with another party. (7) Bay Pond Investors Bermuda LP holds 26,500 shares and Bay Pond Partners LP holds 79,000 shares. (8) Of the 93,500 shares, 12,100 are held by Maritime Global Subsidiary--LTD, 12,200 are held by Pine Boston Partner LP, 60,800 are held by Boston Provident Partners LP and 8,400 are held by BP Institutional Partners LP. (9) Does not include 15,374 shares of Common Stock held by Mrs. Nora L. Vineyard who is currently serving as a consultant to the Bank. (10) Does not include 8,160 shares held by Louis E. Yeager who retired from the Bank's Board of Directors on May 21, 1997. 103 THE REORGANIZATION GENERAL The Boards of Directors of the Bank and the Company unanimously approved and entered into the Plan of Reorganization pursuant to which the Bank will be reorganized into a holding company structure and become the wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and each share of common stock of the Bank outstanding immediately prior to the Reorganization will be converted into three shares of Company Common Stock. The Plan of Reorganization contemplates that the Reorganization will be a tax-free transaction under the Code. The Plan of Reorganization has been approved by the OTS. The Plan of Reorganization is subject to, among other things, the approval of the Reorganization by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Bank's common stock eligible to be cast at the adjourned annual meeting of stockholders scheduled to be held on June 20, 1997. As soon as is practicable following approval by the stockholders of the Bank, the Reorganization will be consummated whether or not the Public Offering has been completed. Until stockholder approval has been obtained, no sales of the Common Stock may be completed. The amount of cash paid to those stockholders who exercise dissenters' rights, which are offered as required by OTS regulations, could impact on whether or not the transaction qualifies as a tax-free transaction. See "Risk Factors--Risks Associated with Dissenters' Rights." TAX CONSEQUENCES OF REORGANIZATION The following discussion of the material federal income tax consequences of the Reorganization is based on the Code, Treasury regulations, Internal Revenue Service rulings, and judicial and administrative decisions in effect as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change at any time, possibly with retroactive effect. The following discussion does not address all of the federal income tax consequences that may be relevant to Bank stockholders in light of such holders' particular circumstances or to holders subject to special rules, such as foreign persons, financial institutions, tax-exempt organizations or insurance companies. The Bank has received an opinion of Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette, with regard to federal income tax matters, and from Deloitte & Touche LLP, with regard to California state income tax matters to the effect that, assuming the Reorganization is consummated under the Plan of Reorganization, a statutory merger under applicable federal law, and provided that in the transaction the stockholders of the Bank will exchange stock possessing control (defined to be at least 80% of the total vote and value) of all classes of the Bank stock, then, in a manner that results in among other things: (1) no gain or loss will be recognized by the Bank upon the receipt of assets of Interim in exchange for Bank common stock; (2) no gain or loss will be recognized by the stockholders of the Bank upon the transfer of their common stock in the Bank to the Company solely for the Company's Common Stock; (3) the total basis of the Company's Common Stock to be received by the stockholders of the Bank in the Reorganization will, in each instance, be the same as the total basis of such common stock of the Bank, exchanged therefor; (4) the holding period of Company Common Stock received by the stockholders of the Bank in the Reorganization will, in each instance, include the period during which the stockholders held the Bank common stock exchanged therefor, provided, that the Bank's common stock is held as a capital asset on the date of the Reorganization; (5) no gain or loss will be recognized by the Bank as a result of the transaction; and (6) no gain or loss will be recognized by the Company upon its receipt of the Bank's common stock solely in exchange for the issuance of Company Common Stock to Bank stockholders. Accordingly, if the Reorganization transaction satisfies the conditions noted above, the Reorganization will have no adverse federal or state income tax effects on the Company, the Bank, or the stockholders of the Bank. There is some risk that the exercise of dissenters' rights could result in cash payments to shareholders which would interfere with satisfaction of the control requirements noted above. While the Bank anticipates that the control requirements for a tax free reorganization will be met, if the exercise of dissenters' rights prevents the satisfaction of the control requirements, the Bank may take the necessary steps to withdraw the offering. 104 RESTRICTIONS ON ACQUISITION OF THE COMPANY GENERAL Certain provisions in the Company's Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws and in its management remuneration, together with provisions of Delaware corporate law, may have anti-takeover effects. Regulatory restrictions may also make it difficult for persons or companies to acquire control of the Company. In addition, under certain circumstances, the Company may be subject to section 2115 of the California General Corporation Law. This may have the effect of superseding certain provisions of the Company's Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws as interpreted by Delaware law, particularly those provisions providing for a staggered board of directors, eliminating cumulative voting, electing and removing directors, calling of special meetings and approval of certain corporate transactions. In addition, California law is more restrictive than Delaware law as to the payment of dividends. However, if its securities remain listed on the National Market System of the Nasdaq Stock Market and there are at least 800 stockholders, or if fewer than 50% of the Company's stockholders have addresses outside California, the Company will be exempt from the provisions of Section 2115. RESTRICTIONS IN THE COMPANY'S CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION AND BYLAWS A number of provisions of the Company's Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws deal with matters of corporate governance and certain rights of stockholders. The following discussion is a general summary of the provisions of the Company's Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws which might be deemed to have a potential "anti-takeover" effect. These provisions may have the effect of discouraging a future takeover attempt which is not approved by the Board of Directors but which individual Company stockholders may deem to be in their best interests or in which stockholders may receive a substantial premium for their shares over then current market prices. As a result, stockholders who might desire to participate in such a transaction may not have an opportunity to do so. Such provisions will also render the removal of the current Board of Directors or management of the Company more difficult. The following description of certain of the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws of the Company is necessarily general and reference should be made in each case to such Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws, which are incorporated herein by reference. See "Additional Information" as to how to obtain a copy of these documents. Limitation on Voting Rights. The Certificate of Incorporation of the Company provides that in no event shall any record owner of any outstanding Common Stock which is beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, by a person who beneficially owns in excess of 10% of the then outstanding shares of Common Stock (the "Limit") be entitled or permitted to any vote in respect of the shares held in excess of the Limit. Beneficial ownership is determined pursuant to Rule 13d-3 of the General Rules and Regulations promulgated pursuant to the Exchange Act, and includes shares beneficially owned by such person or any of his affiliates (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation), shares which such person or his affiliates have the right to acquire upon the exercise of conversion rights or options and shares as to which such person and his affiliates have or share investment or voting power, but shall not include shares beneficially owned by employee benefit plans or directors, officers and employees of the Bank or Company or shares that are subject to a revocable proxy and that are not otherwise beneficially owned, or deemed by the Company to be beneficially owned, by such person and his affiliates. The Certificate of Incorporation also contains provisions authorizing the Board of Directors to construe and apply the Limit and to demand that any person reasonably believed to beneficially own Common Stock in excess of the Limit (or hold of record Common Stock beneficially owned in excess of the Limit) to provide the Company with certain information. No assurance can be given that a court applying Delaware law would enforce such provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation. The Certificate of Incorporation of the Company further provides that this provision limiting voting rights may only be amended upon the vote of 80% of the outstanding shares of voting stock (after giving effect to the limitation on voting rights). Board of Directors. The Board of Directors of the Company is divided into three classes, each of which shall contain approximately one-third of the whole number of members of the Board. Each class shall serve a staggered term, with approximately one-third of the total number of directors being elected each year. The Company's Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws provide that the size of the Board shall be determined by a majority of the directors. The Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws provide that any vacancy occurring in 105 the Board, including a vacancy created by an increase in the number of directors or resulting from death, resignation, retirement, disqualification, removal from office or other cause, may be filled for the remainder of the unexpired term exclusively by a majority vote of the directors then in office. The classified Board is intended to provide for continuity of the Board of Directors and to make it more difficult and time consuming for a stockholder group to fully use its voting power to gain control of the Board of Directors without the consent of the incumbent Board of Directors of the Company. The Certificate of Incorporation of the Company provides that a director may be removed from the Board of Directors prior to the expiration of his term only for cause, upon the vote of 80% of the outstanding shares of voting stock. In the absence of these provisions, the vote of the holders of a majority of the shares could remove the entire Board, with or without cause, and replace it with persons of such holders' choice. Cumulative Voting, Special Meetings and Action by Written Consent. The Certificate of Incorporation does not provide for cumulative voting for any purpose. Moreover, special meetings of stockholders of the Company may be called only by the Board of Directors of the Company. The Certificate of Incorporation also provides that any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the Company may be taken only at an annual or special meeting and prohibits stockholder action by written consent in lieu of a meeting. Authorized Shares. The Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of 25,000,000 shares of Common Stock and 5,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock. The shares of Common Stock and Preferred Stock were authorized in an amount greater than that to be issued in the Reorganization and the Public Offering to provide the Company's Board of Directors with as much flexibility as possible to effect, among other transactions, financings, acquisitions, stock dividends, stock splits and employee stock options. However, these additional authorized shares may also be used by the Board of Directors consistent with its fiduciary duty to deter future attempts to gain control of the Company. The Board of Directors also has sole authority to determine the terms of any one or more series of Preferred Stock, including voting rights, conversion rates, and liquidation preferences. As a result of the ability to fix voting rights for a series of Preferred Stock, the Board has the power, to the extent consistent with its fiduciary duty, to issue a series of Preferred Stock to persons friendly to management in order to attempt to block a post-tender offer merger or other transaction by which a third party seeks control, and thereby assist management to retain its position. The Company's Board of Directors currently has no plans for the issuance of additional shares, other than the issuance of additional shares and upon exercise of stock options to be issued pursuant to the terms of the Incentive Plan. Stockholder Vote Required to Approve Business Combinations with Principal Stockholders. The Certificate of Incorporation requires the approval of the holders of 80% of the Company's outstanding shares of voting stock to approve certain "Business Combinations," as defined therein, and related transactions. Under Delaware law, absent this provision, Business Combinations, including mergers, consolidations and sales of all or substantially all of the assets of a corporation must, subject to certain exceptions, be approved by the vote of the holders of only a majority of the outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company and any other affected class of stock. Under the Certificate of Incorporation, 80% approval of stockholders is required in connection with any transaction involving an Interested Stockholder (as defined below) except (i) in cases where the proposed transaction has been approved in advance by a majority of those members of the Company's Board of Directors who are unaffiliated with the Interested Stockholder and were directors prior to the time when the Interested Stockholder became an Interested Stockholder or (ii) if the proposed transaction meets certain conditions set forth therein which are designed to afford the stockholders a fair price in consideration for their shares in which case, if a stockholder vote is required, approval of only a majority of the outstanding shares of voting stock would be sufficient. The term "Interested Stockholder" is defined to include any individual, corporation, partnership or other entity (other than the Company or its subsidiary) which owns beneficially or controls, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the outstanding shares of voting stock of the Company. This provision of the Certificate of Incorporation applies to any "Business Combination," which is defined to include: (i) any merger or consolidation of the Company or any of its subsidiaries with or into any Interested Stockholder or Affiliate (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation) of an Interested Stockholder; (ii) any sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, transfer, or other disposition to or with any Interested Stockholder or Affiliate of 25% or more of the assets of 106 the Company or combined assets of the Company and its subsidiary; (iii) the issuance or transfer to any Interested Stockholder or its Affiliate by the Company (or any subsidiary) of any securities of the Company in exchange for any assets, cash or securities the value of which equals or exceeds 25% of the fair market value of the Common Stock of the Company; (iv) the adoption of any plan for the liquidation or dissolution of the Company proposed by or on behalf of any Interested Stockholder or Affiliate thereof; and (v) any reclassification of securities, recapitalization, merger or consolidation of the Company which has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of Common Stock or any class of equity or convertible securities of the Company owned directly or indirectly by an Interested Stockholder or Affiliate thereof. Evaluation of Offers. The Certificate of Incorporation of the Company further provides that the Board of Directors of the Company, when evaluating any offer of another "Person" (as defined therein) to: (i) make a tender or exchange offer for any equity security of the Company; (ii) merge or consolidate the Company with another corporation or entity; or (iii) purchase or otherwise acquire all or substantially all of the properties and assets of the Company, may, in connection with the exercise of its judgment in determining what is in the best interest of the Company, the Bank and the stockholders of the Company, give due consideration to all relevant factors, including, without limitation, the social and economic effects of acceptance of such offer on the Company's customers and the Bank's present and future account holders, borrowers and employees; on the communities in which the Company and the Bank operate or are located; and on the ability of the Company to fulfill its corporate objectives as a savings and loan holding company and on the ability of the Bank to fulfill the objectives of a federally chartered stock savings association under applicable statutes and regulations. No assurance can be given that a court applying Delaware law would enforce the foregoing provision of the Certificate of Incorporation. By having these standards in the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, the Board of Directors may be in a stronger position to oppose such a transaction if the Board concludes that the transaction would not be in the best interest of the Company, even if the price offered is significantly greater than the then market price of any equity security of the Company. Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws. Amendments to the Company's Certificate of Incorporation must be approved by a majority vote of its Board of Directors and also by a majority of the outstanding shares of its voting stock; provided, however, that an affirmative vote of at least 80% of the outstanding voting stock entitled to vote (after giving effect to the provision limiting voting rights) is required to amend or repeal certain provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, including the provision limiting voting rights, the provisions relating to approval of certain business combinations, calling special meetings, the number and classification of directors, director and officer indemnification by the Company and amendment of the Company's Bylaws and Certificate of Incorporation. The Company's Bylaws may be amended by its Board of Directors, or by a vote of 80% of the total votes eligible to be voted at a duly constituted meeting of stockholders. Certain Bylaw Provisions. The Bylaws of the Company also require a stockholder who intends to nominate a candidate for election to the Board of Directors, or to raise new business at a stockholder meeting to give at least 90 days advance notice to the Secretary of the Company. The notice provision requires a stockholder who desires to raise new business to provide certain information to the Company concerning the nature of the new business, the stockholder and the stockholder's interest in the business matter. Similarly, a stockholder wishing to nominate any person for election as a director must provide the Company with certain information concerning the nominee and the proposing stockholder. ANTI-TAKEOVER EFFECTS OF THE COMPANY'S CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION AND BYLAWS AND MANAGEMENT REMUNERATION The provisions described above are intended to reduce the Company's vulnerability to takeover attempts and certain other transactions which have not been negotiated with and approved by members of its Board of Directors. The provisions of the employment agreement with Mr. Perl and the Stock Option Plans may also discourage takeover attempts by increasing the costs to be incurred by the Bank and the Company in the event of a takeover. See "The Board of Directors and Management of the Bank--Employment Agreements" and "-- Stock Option Plans." 107 The Company's Board of Directors believes that the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws and management remuneration plans to be established are in the best interest of the Company and its stockholders. An unsolicited non-negotiated proposal can seriously disrupt the business and management of a corporation and cause it great expense. Accordingly, the Board of Directors believes it is in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders to encourage potential acquirors to negotiate directly with management and that these provisions will encourage such negotiations and discourage non-negotiated takeover attempts. It is also the Board of Directors' view that these provisions should not discourage persons from proposing a merger or other transaction at a price that reflects the true value of the Company and that otherwise is in the best interest of all stockholders. DELAWARE CORPORATE LAW The State of Delaware has a statute designed to provide Delaware corporations with additional protection against hostile takeovers. The takeover statute, which is codified in Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporate Law ("Section 203"), is intended to discourage certain takeover practices by impeding the ability of a hostile acquiror to engage in certain transactions with the target company. In general, Section 203 provides that a "Person" (as defined therein) who owns 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of a Delaware corporation (an "Interested Stockholder") may not consummate a merger or other business combination transaction with such corporation at any time during the three- year period following the date such "Person" became an Interested Stockholder. The term "business combination" is defined broadly to cover a wide range of corporate transactions including mergers, sales of assets, issuances of stock, transactions with subsidiaries and the receipt of disproportionate financial benefits. The statute exempts the following transactions from the requirements of Section 203: (i) any business combination if, prior to the date a person became an Interested Stockholder, the Board of Directors approved either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an Interested Stockholder; (ii) any business combination involving a person who acquired at least 85% of the outstanding voting stock in the transaction in which he became an Interested Stockholder, with the number of shares outstanding calculated without regard to those shares owned by the corporation's directors who are also officers and by certain employee stock plans; (iii) any business combination with an Interested Stockholder that is approved by the Board of Directors and by a two-thirds vote of the outstanding voting stock not owned by the Interested Stockholder; and (iv) certain business combinations that are proposed after the corporation had received other acquisition proposals and which are approved or not opposed by a majority of certain continuing members of the Board of Directors. A corporation may exempt itself from the requirements of the statute by adopting an amendment to its Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws electing not to be governed by Section 203. At the present time, the Board of Directors does not intend to propose any such amendment. REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS ON ACQUISITIONS OF THE COMPANY Any proposal to acquire 10% of any class of equity security of the Company generally would be subject to approval by the OTS under the Change in Bank Control Act. The OTS requires all persons seeking control of a savings institution, and, therefore, indirectly its holding company, to obtain regulatory approval prior to offering to obtain control. Federal law generally provides that no "person," acting directly or indirectly or through or in concert with one or more other persons, may acquire directly or indirectly "control," as that term is defined in OTS regulations, of a federally-insured savings institution without giving at least 60 days' written notice to the OTS and providing the OTS an opportunity to disapprove the proposed acquisition. Such acquisitions of control may be disapproved if it is determined, among other things, that: (i) the acquisition would substantially lessen competition; (ii) the financial condition of the acquiring person might jeopardize the financial stability of the savings institution or prejudice the interests of its depositors; or (iii) the competency, experience or integrity of the acquiring person or the proposed management personnel indicates that it would not be in the interest of the depositors or the public to permit the acquisition of control by such person. Such change in control restrictions on the acquisition of holding company stock are not limited to three years after conversion but will apply for as 108 long as the regulations are in effect. Persons holding revocable or irrevocable proxies may be deemed to be beneficial owners of such securities under OTS regulations and therefore prohibited from voting all or the portion of such proxies in excess of the 10% aggregate beneficial ownership limit. Such regulatory restrictions may prevent or inhibit proxy contests for control of the Company or the Bank which have not received prior regulatory approval. DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK OF THE COMPANY GENERAL The Company is authorized to issue 25,000,000 shares of Common Stock having a par value of $.01 per share and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock having a par value of $.01 per share (the "Preferred Stock"). The Company currently expects to issue 3,211,716 shares of Common Stock and no shares of Preferred Stock in the Reorganization and 2,500,000 shares in the Public Offering. Except as discussed above in "Restrictions on Acquisition of the Company," each share of the Company's Common Stock will have the same relative rights as, and will be identical in all respects with, each other share of Common Stock. Upon payment of the Purchase Price for the Common Stock, all such stock will be duly authorized, fully paid and non-assessable. The Common Stock of the Company will represent non-withdrawable capital, will not be an account of an insurable type, and will not be insured by the FDIC or any governmental agency. COMMON STOCK Dividends. The Company can pay dividends out of statutory surplus or from certain net profits if, as and when declared by its Board of Directors. The payment of dividends by the Company is subject to limitations which are imposed by law and applicable regulation. See "Dividend Policy" and "Regulation." The holders of Common Stock of the Company will be entitled to receive and share equally in such dividends as may be declared by the Board of Directors of the Company out of funds legally available therefor. If the Company issues Preferred Stock, the holders thereof may have a priority over the holders of the Common Stock with respect to dividends. Voting Rights. The holders of Common Stock of the Company will possess exclusive voting rights in the Company. They will elect the Company's Board of Directors and act on such other matters as are required to be presented to them under Delaware law or the Company's Certificate of Incorporation or as are otherwise presented to them by the Board of Directors. Except as discussed in "Restrictions on Acquisition of the Company," each holder of Common Stock will be entitled to one vote per share and will not have any right to cumulate votes in the election of directors. If the Company issues Preferred Stock, holders of the Preferred Stock may also possess voting rights. Certain matters require an 80% shareholder vote. See "Restrictions on Acquisition of the Company." As a federal savings bank, corporate powers and control of the Bank are vested in its Board of Directors, who elect the officers of the Bank and who fill any vacancies on the Board of Directors. Subsequent to the Reorganization, voting rights will be vested exclusively in the owners of the shares of capital stock of the Bank, which will be the Company, and voted at the direction of the Company's Board of Directors. Consequently, the holders of the Common Stock will not have direct control of the Bank. Liquidation. In the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Bank, the Company, as holder of the Bank's capital stock, would be entitled to receive, after payment or provision for payment of all debts and liabilities of the Bank (including all deposit accounts and accrued interest thereon) all assets of the Bank available for distribution. In the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the holders of its Common Stock would be entitled to receive, after payment or provision for payment of all its debts and liabilities, all of the assets of the Company available for distribution. If Preferred Stock is issued, the holders thereof may have a priority over the holders of the Common Stock in the event of liquidation or dissolution. 109 Preemptive Rights. Holders of the Common Stock of the Company will not be entitled to preemptive rights with respect to any shares which may be issued. The Common Stock is not subject to redemption. PREFERRED STOCK None of the shares of the Company's authorized Preferred Stock will be issued in the Reorganization or the Public Offering. Such stock may be issued with such preferences and designations as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine. The Board of Directors can, without stockholder approval, issue preferred stock with voting, dividend, liquidation and conversion rights which could dilute the voting strength of the holders of the Common Stock and may assist management in impeding an unfriendly takeover or attempted change in control. DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK OF THE BANK GENERAL The Federal Stock Charter of the Bank authorizes the issuance of capital stock consisting of 10,000,000 shares of common stock, stated value $8.00 per share. Each share of Common Stock of the Bank will have the same relative rights as, and will be identical in all respects with, each other share of common stock. Currently, 1,070,572 shares of Common Stock are issued and outstanding, held of record as of April 22, 1997 by approximately 406 stockholders. COMMON STOCK Dividends. The holders of the Bank's common stock will be entitled to receive and to share equally in such dividends as may be declared by the Board of Directors of the Bank out of funds legally available therefor. See "Dividend Policy" for certain restrictions on the payment of dividends. Voting Rights. Holders of the Bank's common stock will possess exclusive voting rights in the Bank. Each holder of Common Stock will be entitled to one vote for each share held of record on each matter submitted to a vote, subject to the right of stockholders to cumulate their votes for the election of directors. Liquidation. In the event of any liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Bank, the holders of common stock will be entitled to receive, after payment of all debts and liabilities of the Bank (including all deposit accounts and accrued interest thereon), all assets of the Bank available for distribution in cash or in kind. Holders of Common Stock have no conversion, preemptive or other subscription rights, and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions with respect to the Common Stock. TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR Chase Mellon Shareholder Services, Los Angeles, California is the transfer agent and registrar for the Company's Common Stock. 110 SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE The Company's Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of 25,000,000 shares of Common Stock. Upon completion of the Reorganization and the Public Offering, there will be outstanding 5,711,716 shares of Common Stock (6,086,716 shares if the Underwriters' over-allotment option is exercised in full). All shares of Common Stock issued in the Offerings will be available for resale in the public market without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, except for shares purchased by affiliates of the Company (in general, any person who has a control relationship with the Company) or shares exchanged by affiliates in the Reorganization, which shares will be subject to the resale limitations of Rule 144. After the Offerings, shares of Common Stock held by affiliates will be considered to be "control shares" and 571,172 shares of Common Stock (608,672 shares if the Underwriters' over- allotment option is exercised in full) issuable upon the exercise of options that the Company has granted or agreed to grant will be "restricted securities" within the meaning of Rule 144, and are eligible for sale in the public market in compliance with Rule 144. At the first meeting of stockholders of the Company, the Company intends to file a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act registering approximately 571,172 shares of Common Stock (608,672 shares if the Underwriters' over- allotment option is exercised in full) issuable upon the exercise of options granted or to be granted pursuant to the Company's Option Plan. Upon effectiveness of the registration statement, shares issued to nonaffiliates upon the exercise of the options generally will be freely tradeable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. All officers and directors of the Company have agreed, subject to certain exceptions, that they will not offer, sell or otherwise dispose of any shares of Common Stock owned by them for a period of 180 days after the date of this Prospectus without the prior written consent of Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc. The Company has agreed, subject to certain exceptions, that it will not offer, sell or otherwise dispose of any shares of Common Stock for a period of 180 days after the date of this Prospectus without the prior written consent of Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc. In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, a person (or persons whose shares are aggregated), including a person who may be deemed to be an "affiliate" of the Company as that term is defined under the Securities Act, is entitled to sell, within any three-month period, a number of restricted shares as to which at least one year has elapsed from the later of the acquisition of such shares from the Company or an affiliate of the Company in an amount that does not exceed the greater of (i) one percent of the then outstanding shares of Common Stock (57,117 shares based upon 5,711,716 shares to be outstanding immediately after the Offerings), or (ii) if the Common Stock is quoted on the National Market System of the Nasdaq Stock Market or a stock exchange, the average weekly trading volume of the Common Stock during the four calendar weeks preceding such sale. Sales under Rule 144 are also subject to certain requirements as to the manner of sale, notice, and the availability of current public information about the Company. However, a person who is not deemed to have been an affiliate of the Company during the 90 days preceding a sale by such person and who has beneficially owned shares as to which at least two years has elapsed from the later of the acquisition of such shares from the Company or an affiliate of the Company is entitled to sell them without regard to the volume, manner of sale, or notice requirements of Rule 144. 111 UNDERWRITING Subject to the terms and conditions of the underwriting agreement (the "Underwriting Agreement"), the underwriters named below (the "Underwriters"), for whom Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc. is acting as representative (the "Representative"), have severally agreed to purchase from the Company the following respective number of shares of Common Stock at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions set forth on the cover page of the Prospectus.
UNDERWRITER NUMBER OF SHARES ----------- ---------------- Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc.............................. ========= Total................................................. 2,500,000
The Underwriting Agreement provides that the obligations of the Underwriters are subject to certain conditions precedent, and that the Underwriters will purchase all of the Common Stock offered hereby if any of such shares are purchased. The Company has been advised by the Representative that the Underwriters propose initially to offer the Common Stock to the public at the initial public offering price set forth on the cover page of this Prospectus and to certain dealers at such price less a concession not in excess of $ per share. The Underwriters may allow, and such dealer may re-allow, a discount not in excess of $ per share to certain other dealers. After the initial public offering of the Common Stock, the offering price and other selling terms may be changed by the Underwriters. The Underwriters have reserved 86,500 shares of Common Stock offered in the Public Offering for sale at the initial public offering price to directors, officers and employees of the Company and the Bank and to certain other persons. The Company has granted the Underwriters an option, exercisable not later than 30 days after the date of this Prospectus, to purchase up to an aggregate of 375,000 additional shares of Common Stock at the initial public offering price, less the underwriting discounts and commissions, set forth on the cover page of this Prospectus. The Underwriters may exercise such option only to cover over-allotments, if any, made in connection with the sale of shares of Common Stock offered hereby. If purchased, the Underwriters will offer such additional shares of Common Stock on the same terms as the 2,500,000 shares of Common Stock are being offered. To the extent that the Underwriters exercise such option, each of the Underwriters will be obligated, subject to certain conditions, to purchase approximately the same percentage thereof that the number of shares of Common Stock to be purchased by it shown in the above table bears to 2,500,000 shares and the Company will be obligated, pursuant to the option, to sell such shares of Common Stock to the Underwriters. The Company has agreed to indemnify the Underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the federal securities laws, or to contribute to payments the Underwriter may be required to make in respect thereof. The Company, its directors and officers have agreed not to offer, sell or otherwise dispose of any shares of Common Stock or any securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Common Stock of the Company for a period of 180 days after the date of this Prospectus without the prior written consent of the Representative except for: (i) the issuance by the Company of Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of options under the Company's Option Plans disclosed in the Prospectus; (ii) the granting by the Company of stock options after the date of this Prospectus under the Option Plans; or (iii) as a bona fide gift to a third party or as a distribution to the partners or stockholders of a Company stockholder, provided that the recipient(s) thereof agree in writing to be bound by the terms of the Lock-Up Agreement to which such stockholder is bound. In connection with the Public Offering, certain Underwriters and selling group members and their respective affiliates may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the market price of the Common 112 Stock. Such transactions may include stabilization transactions effected in accordance with Rule 104 of Regulation M, pursuant to which such persons may bid for or purchase Common Stock for the purpose of stabilizing its market price. The Underwriters also may create a short position for the account of the Underwriters by selling more Common Stock in connection with the Public Offering than they are committed to purchase from the Company, and in such case may purchase Common Stock in the open market following completion of the Offering to cover all or a portion of such short position. The Underwriters may also cover all or a portion of such short position up to shares of Common Stock, by exercising the Underwriters' over-allotment options referred to above. In addition, Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc., on behalf of the Underwriters, may impose "penalty bids" under contractual arrangements with the Underwriters whereby it may reclaim from an Underwriter (or dealer participating in the Public Offering) for the account of other Underwriters, the selling concession with respect to Common Stock that is distributed in the Public Offering but subsequently purchased for the account of the Underwriters in the open market. Any of the transactions described in this paragraph may result in the maintenance of the price of the Common Stock at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market. None of the transactions described in this paragraph is required, and, if they are undertaken, they may be discontinued at any time. Neither the Company nor any of the Underwriters makes any representation or prediction as to the direction or magnitude of, or any effect that the transactions described above may have on, the price of the Common Stock. In addition, neither the Company nor any of the Underwriters makes any representation that the Representative will engage in such transactions or, once commenced, will not be discontinued without notice. Prior to the Public Offering, there has been no public market for the Common Stock. Consequently, the initial public offering price of the Common Stock was determined by negotiations between the Company and the Representative. Among the factors considered in such negotiations were the history of, and prospects for the Company and the industry in which it competes, an assessment of management, the Company's past and present operations, its past and present earnings and the trend of such earnings, the prospects for future earnings of the Company, the general condition of the securities markets at the time of the Public Offering and the market prices of publicly-traded common stocks of comparable companies in recent periods. The Underwriters do not intend to confirm sales to any accounts over which they exercise discretionary authority. EXPERTS The financial statements of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank as of December 31, 1996 and for the year then ended included in this Prospectus, have been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, independent auditors, as stated in their report appearing herein, and are included in reliance upon the report of such firm given upon their authority as experts in accounting and auditing. The financial statements of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank as of December 31, 1995 and for the year ended December 31, 1995 included in this Prospectus have been audited by Grant Thornton LLP, independent auditors, as stated in their report appearing herein, and are included in reliance upon such report given the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing. The financial statements of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank for the year ended December 31, 1994 included in this Prospectus, have been audited by Price Waterhouse LLP, independent accountants, as stated in their report appearing herein, and are included in reliance upon such report given upon the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing. 113 LEGAL MATTERS The legality of the Common Stock will be passed upon for the Bank and the Company by Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette, Washington, D.C., special counsel to the Bank and the Company. Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette will rely as to certain matters of Delaware law on the opinion of Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell. Certain legal matters will be passed upon for the Underwriters by Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison LLP, Newport Beach, California. CHANGES IN ACCOUNTANTS Prior to the year ended December 31, 1996 the Bank's financial statements were audited by Grant Thornton LLP. Grant Thornton LLP was replaced on October 24, 1996 and Deloitte & Touche LLP was engaged and continues as the independent auditors of the Bank. The decision to change auditors was recommended by the Audit Committee and was approved by the Board of Directors. Accordingly, the statement of financial condition as of December 31, 1995 and related statements of operations, stockholders' equity and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 1995, and included in this Prospectus, were audited by Grant Thornton LLP. For the year ended December 31, 1995 and up to the date of replacement of Grant Thornton LLP, there were no disagreements with Grant Thornton LLP on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure or auditing scope or procedure which, if not resolved to the satisfaction of Grant Thornton LLP, would have caused it to make reference to the subject matter of the disagreement in connection with its report. The independent auditors' report on the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 1995 did not contain an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion, and was not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principles. Prior to the year ended December 31, 1995 the Bank's financial statements were audited by Price Waterhouse LLP. Price Waterhouse LLP was replaced on October 26, 1995 and Grant Thornton LLP was engaged as independent auditors of the Bank for the year ended December 31, 1995. The decision to change auditors was recommended by the Audit Committee and was approved by the Board of Directors. Accordingly, the Bank's statements of operations, stockholders' equity and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 1994, included in this Prospectus, were audited by Price Waterhouse LLP. For the year ended December 31, 1994 and up to the date of the replacement of Price Waterhouse LLP, there were no disagreements with Price Waterhouse LLP on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure or auditing scope or procedure which, if not resolved to the satisfaction of Price Waterhouse LLP, would have caused it to make a reference to the subject matter of the disagreement in connection with its reports. The independent accountants' report on the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 1994 did not contain an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion, and was not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principles. 114 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION The Company has filed with the SEC a registration statement under the Securities Act with respect to the Common Stock offered hereby. As permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC, this Prospectus does not contain all the information set forth in the registration statement. This Prospectus contains a description of the material terms and features of all material contracts, reports or exhibits to the registration statement required to be described; however, the statements contained in this Prospectus as to the contents of any contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement are, of necessity, brief descriptions thereof and are not necessarily complete; each such statement is qualified by reference to such contract or document. Such information and all exhibits to the Registration Statement can be examined without charge at the public reference facilities of the SEC located at 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549; and at the Pacific Regional Office of the Commission at 5670 Wilshire Blvd., 11th Floor, Los Angeles, California 90036-3648, and copies of such material can be obtained from the SEC at prescribed rates. In addition, the SEC maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC, including the Company. The Company will register its Common Stock with the SEC under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act, and, upon such registration, the Company and the holders of its stock will become subject to the proxy solicitation rules, reporting requirements and restrictions on stock purchases and sales by directors, officers and greater than 10% stockholders, the annual and periodic reporting and certain other requirements of the Exchange Act. 115 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Accountants for the year ended December 31, 1994.... F-1 Independent Auditors' Report as of and for the year ended December 31, 1995..................................................................... F-2 Independent Auditors' Report as of and for the year ended December 31, 1996..................................................................... F-3 Statements of Financial Condition as of March 31, 1997 (unaudited) and De- cember 31, 1996 and 1995................................................. F-4 Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996 (unaudited) and for each of the three years in the period ended De- cember 31, 1996.......................................................... F-5 Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three months ended March 31, 1997 (unaudited) and for each of the three years in the period ended De- cember 31, 1996.......................................................... F-6 Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996 (unaudited) and for each of the three years in the period ended De- cember 31, 1996.......................................................... F-7 Notes to Financial Statements............................................. F-8
All schedules are omitted because they are not required or applicable, or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto. The financial statements of Life Financial Corp. have been omitted because Life Financial Corp. has not yet issued any stock, has no assets and no liabilities, and has not conducted any business other than of an organizational nature. REPORT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank In our opinion, the accompanying statements of operations, of cash flows and of stockholders' equity present fairly, in all material respects the results of operations and cash flows of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank for the year ended December 31, 1994, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Bank's management; our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards which require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statements presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for the opinion expressed above. We have not audited the financial statements of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank for any period subsequent to December 31, 1994. /s/ PRICE WATERHOUSE LLP PRICE WATERHOUSE LLP Los Angeles, California January 31, 1995 F-1 INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT Board of Directors Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank We have audited the accompanying statement of financial condition of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank as of December 31, 1995, and the related statements of operations, stockholders' equity and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Bank's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the 1995 financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank as of December 31, 1995, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, in 1995 the Bank changed its method of accounting for mortgage servicing rights to conform with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 122. /s/ Grant Thornton LLP Grant Thornton LLP Irvine, California February 8, 1996 (except for the "Earnings Per Share" paragraph of Note 1, as to which the date is March 29, 1996) F-2 INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT Board of Directors Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank We have audited the accompanying statement of financial condition of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank as of December 31, 1996, and the related statements of operations, stockholders' equity and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Bank's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, such 1996 financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank as of December 31, 1996, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, in 1995, the Bank changed its method of accounting for mortgage servicing rights to conform with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 122, Accounting for Mortgage Servicing Rights. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP Deloitte & Touche LLP Costa Mesa, California February 7, 1997 (March 14, 1997 as to Note 16) F-3 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
DECEMBER 31, MARCH 31, ----------------- 1997 1996 1995 ----------- -------- ------- (UNAUDITED) ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents........................ $ 45,987 $ 13,265 $ 3,932 Restricted cash.................................. 6,898 1,636 Securities held to maturity, estimated fair value of $7,992 (1997), $7,981 (1996) and $1,985 (1995).......................................... 8,023 8,023 1,985 Residual assets, at fair value................... 12,519 5,700 Loans held for sale.............................. 38,296 31,018 21,688 Loans held for investment, net of allowance for estimated loan losses of $1,801 (1997), $1,625 (1996) and $1,177 (1995)........................ 34,671 36,895 41,693 Mortgage servicing rights........................ 4,071 2,645 683 Accrued interest receivable...................... 666 537 507 Foreclosed real estate, net...................... 1,183 561 827 Premises and equipment, net...................... 1,660 1,579 976 Federal Home Loan Bank stock..................... 998 814 715 Deferred income taxes............................ 387 397 138 Other assets..................................... 2,348 940 992 -------- -------- ------- TOTAL ASSETS................................. $157,707 $104,010 $74,136 ======== ======== ======= LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY LIABILITIES: Deposit accounts............................... $130,808 $ 85,711 $67,535 Other borrowings............................... 3,278 Subordinated debentures........................ 10,000 Accounts payable and other liabilities......... 5,384 5,748 2,333 -------- -------- ------- Total liabilities............................ 146,192 94,737 69,868 COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY: Common stock, $8 stated value; 10,000,000 shares authorized; 1,070,572 (1997 and 1996) and 311,036 (1995) shares issued and outstanding................................... 8,565 8,565 2,488 Additional paid-in capital..................... 825 825 914 Retained earnings (deficit), partially restricted.................................... 2,125 (117) 866 -------- -------- ------- Total stockholders' equity................... 11,515 9,273 4,268 -------- -------- ------- TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY... $157,707 $104,010 $74,136 ======== ======== =======
See notes to financial statements. F-4 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, ----------------- ----------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 --------- ------- ------- ------- ------- (UNAUDITED) INTEREST INCOME: Loans............................ $ 1,872 $ 1,598 $ 6,542 $ 5,433 $ 4,530 Securities held to maturity...... 106 25 56 159 138 Other interest-earning assets.... 326 39 331 233 156 --------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Total interest income.......... 2,304 1,662 6,929 5,825 4,824 --------- ------- ------- ------- ------- INTEREST EXPENSE: Deposit accounts................. 1,317 826 3,514 3,192 2,534 Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other borrowings............ 173 103 252 256 187 Subordinated debentures.......... 71 --------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Total interest expense......... 1,561 929 3,766 3,448 2,721 --------- ------- ------- ------- ------- NET INTEREST INCOME BEFORE PROVISION FOR ESTIMATED LOAN LOSSES............................ 743 733 3,163 2,377 2,103 PROVISION FOR ESTIMATED LOAN LOSSES............................ 500 68 963 1,194 1,306 --------- ------- ------- ------- ------- NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION FOR ESTIMATED LOAN LOSSES......... 243 665 2,200 1,183 797 NONINTEREST INCOME: Loan servicing and other fees.... 120 101 496 231 164 Service charges on deposit accounts........................ 30 33 128 111 84 Net gains from mortgage financing operations...................... 5,877 887 8,352 3,575 1,428 Other income..................... 58 19 136 103 12 --------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Total noninterest income....... 6,085 1,040 9,112 4,020 1,688 NONINTEREST EXPENSE: Compensation and benefits........ 1,582 814 5,233 2,544 1,575 Premises and occupancy........... 223 166 746 471 418 Data processing.................. 135 87 390 208 167 Net loss on foreclosed real estate.......................... 63 91 158 53 280 FDIC insurance premiums.......... 18 44 174 184 186 SAIF special assessment.......... 448 Marketing........................ 68 39 189 65 55 Telephone........................ 85 40 246 143 128 Professional services............ 58 27 218 92 86 Other expense.................... 260 213 879 629 561 --------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Total noninterest expense...... 2,492 1,521 8,681 4,389 3,456 --------- ------- ------- ------- ------- INCOME (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAX PROVISION (BENEFIT)............... 3,836 184 2,631 814 (971) INCOME TAX PROVISION (BENEFIT)..... 1,594 79 1,126 294 (300) --------- ------- ------- ------- ------- NET INCOME (LOSS).................. $ 2,242 $ 105 $ 1,505 $ 520 $ (671) ========= ======= ======= ======= ======= EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE.......... $ 2.09 $ 0.17 $ 1.90 $ 0.84 $ (1.08) ========= ======= ======= ======= ======= WEIGHTED AVERAGE SHARES OUTSTANDING....................... 1,070,572 622,072 790,260 622,072 622,072 ========= ======= ======= ======= =======
See notes to financial statements. F-5 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
COMMON STOCK ADDITIONAL RETAINED TOTAL ---------------- PAID-IN EARNINGS STOCKHOLDERS' SHARES AMOUNT CAPITAL (DEFICIT) EQUITY --------- ------ ---------- --------- ------------- BALANCE, January 1, 1994.. 311,036 $2,488 $914 $ 1,017 $ 4,419 Net loss.................. (671) (671) --------- ------ ---- ------- ------- BALANCE, December 31, 1994..................... 311,036 2,488 914 346 3,748 Net income................ 520 520 --------- ------ ---- ------- ------- BALANCE, December 31, 1995..................... 311,036 2,488 914 866 4,268 Stock split effected in the form of a dividend... 311,036 2,488 (2,488) Net proceeds from issuance of common stock.......... 448,500 3,589 (89) 3,500 Net income................ 1,505 1,505 --------- ------ ---- ------- ------- BALANCE, December 31, 1996..................... 1,070,572 8,565 825 (117) 9,273 Net income (unaudited).... 2,242 2,242 --------- ------ ---- ------- ------- BALANCE, March 31, 1997 (unaudited).............. 1,070,572 $8,565 $825 $ 2,125 $11,515 ========= ====== ==== ======= =======
See notes to financial statements. F-6 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, ------------------ ------------------------------ 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 -------- -------- --------- --------- -------- (UNAUDITED) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income (loss).......... $ 2,242 $ 105 $ 1,505 $ 520 $ (671) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization............. 100 65 301 166 179 Provision for estimated loan losses.............. 500 68 963 1,194 1,306 Accretion of deferred fees..................... (1) (2) (41) (11) (20) Provision for estimated losses on foreclosed real estate................... 26 72 145 104 187 Gain on sale of foreclosed real estate, net......... (3) (1) (41) (137) (39) Gain on sale and securitization of loans held for sale............ (5,358) (887) (7,868) (3,549) (1,014) Gain on bulk sale of mortgage servicing rights................... (26) (414) Unrealized gain on residual asset........... (519) (484) Net accretion of residual asset.................... (202) (29) Valuation allowance on mortgage servicing rights................... 3 (12) 13 Amortization of mortgage servicing rights......... 172 39 320 268 20 Purchase and origination of loans held for sale, net of loan fees......... (93,866) (51,929) (227,156) (135,552) (72,613) Proceeds from sales and securitization of loans held for sale............ 80,025 39,323 212,226 130,086 66,408 Increase in restricted cash..................... (5,262) (1,636) Increase in accrued interest receivable...... (129) (9) (30) (76) (2) Deferred income taxes..... 10 (118) (259) (81) 51 Decrease (increase) in income taxes receivable.. 479 (64) Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and other liabilities........ (364) (262) 3,415 1,618 86 Federal Home Loan Bank stock dividend........... (13) (8) (34) (30) (20) Decrease (increase) in other assets............. (1,408) (112) 52 (315) (271) -------- -------- --------- --------- -------- Net cash used in operating activities.... (24,050) (13,653) (18,663) (5,329) (6,891) CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Net decrease in loans...... 4,440 2,060 8,578 6,428 8,133 Proceeds from sale of foreclosed real estate.... 65 318 1,471 1,097 1,424 Purchase of securities held to maturity............... (1,000) (996) (8,013) (8,969) (991) Proceeds from maturities of securities held to maturity.................. 1,000 1,000 1,975 9,241 2,042 Purchase of mortgage servicing rights.......... (706) (128) Proceeds from bulk sales of servicing rights.......... 632 522 Additions to premises and equipment, net............ (181) (88) (904) (523) (33) Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank stock........... (171) (17) (65) (82) (8) Cash received on residual assets.................... 800 -------- -------- --------- --------- -------- Net cash provided by investing activities.... 4,953 2,277 3,042 7,118 10,961 CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Net increase (decrease) in deposit accounts.......... 45,097 3,063 18,176 1,846 (6,319) (Decrease) increase in Federal Home Loan Bank advances.................. 9,800 (1,250) 50 Proceeds from (repayments of) other borrowings...... (3,278) 3,278 Net proceeds from issuance of common stock........... 3,500 Issuance of subordinated debentures............... 10,000 -------- -------- --------- --------- -------- Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities.............. 51,819 12,863 24,954 596 (6,269) -------- -------- --------- --------- -------- NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS............... 32,722 1,487 9,333 2,385 (2,199) CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of period....... 13,265 3,932 3,932 1,547 3,746 -------- -------- --------- --------- -------- CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of period............. $ 45,987 $ 5,419 $ 13,265 $ 3,932 $ 1,547 ======== ======== ========= ========= ======== SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW DISCLOSURES: Interest paid.............. $ 1,507 $ 930 $ 3,773 $ 3,418 $ 2,729 ======== ======== ========= ========= ======== Income taxes paid (refunded)................ $ 1,240 $ 208 $ 267 $ 191 $ (290) ======== ======== ========= ========= ======== NONCASH INVESTING ACTIVITIES DURING THE PERIOD: Transfers from loans held for sale to loans held for investment................ $ -- $ -- $ 856 $ -- $ -- ======== ======== ========= ========= ======== Transfers from loans held for investment to loans held for sale............. $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 10,090 ======== ======== ========= ========= ======== Transfers from loans to foreclosed real estate.... $ 876 $ 700 $ 2,070 $ 1,983 $ 1,871 ======== ======== ========= ========= ======== Loans to facilitate sales of foreclosed real estate.................... $ 166 $ 163 $ 761 $ 647 $ 1,516 ======== ======== ========= ========= ======== NONCASH FINANCING ACTIVITIES DURING THE PERIOD-- Stock dividends paid...... $ -- $ 2,488 $ 2,488 $ -- $ -- ======== ======== ========= ========= ========
See notes to financial statements. F-7 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 Insofar as these financial statements and notes relate to information at March 31, 1997 and for the three month periods ended March 31, 1997 and 1996, they are unaudited. In the opinion of management, such unaudited financial statements and notes thereto reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flows for such periods. The financial position at March 31, 1997 and results of operations for the three months then ended are not necessarily indicative of the financial position that may be expected at December 31, 1997 or results of operations that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 1997. 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Description of Business--Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank (the Bank) is a federally chartered savings bank which commenced operations in 1983. The Bank has one branch in San Bernardino County and its deposit accounts are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). The Bank originates, purchases, sells and services nonconventional mortgage loans principally secured by first and second mortgages on one- to four-family residences. The Bank focuses on loans for the purchase or refinance of residential real property by borrowers who, because of prior credit problems or the absence of a credit history, are considered "subprime borrowers." The Bank also originates debt consolidation loans for up to 125% of the loan to value ratio of such loans for borrowers whose credit history qualifies for loans under federal agency programs. The Bank purchases and originates mortgage loans and other real estate secured loans through a network of approved correspondents and mortgage brokers on a nationwide basis, as well as through the Bank's retail lending division. Except for a limited number of loans specifically originated for retention in the Bank's portfolio as loans held for investment, since 1994, loans originated or purchased are generally originated for sale in the secondary mortgage market or in asset securitizations. The Bank generally retains the majority of the servicing rights to the loans sold or securitized and may sell servicing rights at a later date depending on market opportunities. In addition, the Bank purchases and originates for resale in the secondary market, smaller commercial real estate and multi-family loans. The Bank funds substantially all of the loans which it purchases or originates through deposits from customers concentrated in the communities surrounding its home office in San Bernardino County, internally generated funds and advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank. The Bank has recently begun to focus efforts on the origination of multi- family and commercial real estate as well as consumer-oriented loans secured by real estate, primarily home equity lines of credit and second trust deeds. Specifically, the Bank has targeted borrowers seeking loans secured by multi- family properties or properties used for commercial business purposes such as small office buildings or light industrial or retail facilities. Such loans are generally originated for sale. Securities Held to Maturity--Investments in debt securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are reported at cost, adjusted for premiums and discounts that are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the period to maturity. Loans--The Bank's real estate loan portfolio consists primarily of long-term loans secured by first trust deeds on single-family residences. The adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) is the Bank's primary loan investment. The Bank originates mortgage loans for both portfolio investment and sale in the secondary market. At origination or purchase, mortgage loans are designated as held for sale or held for investment. Loans held for F-8 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 sale are carried at the lower of cost or estimated market value determined on an aggregate basis by outstanding investor commitments or current investor requirements and include related loan origination costs and fees, as well as premiums or discounts for purchased loans. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized in a valuation allowance by charges to operations. Any transfers of loans held for sale to the investment portfolio are recorded at the lower of cost or estimated market value on the transfer date. At March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996, respectively, the principal balance of loans held for sale consist of $23,581,000 and $25,414,000 in single family residential mortgage loans, $7,829,000 and $2,628,000 in multi-family residential mortgage loans, $3,180,000 and $2,412,000 in commercial mortgage loans and $3,229,000 and $0 in other loans. At December 31, 1995, all loans held for sale are single family residential mortgage loans. Loans held for investment are carried at amortized cost and net of deferred loan origination fees and costs and allowance for estimated loan losses. Net deferred loan origination fees and costs on loans are amortized or accreted using the interest method over the expected lives of the loans. Amortization of deferred loan fees is discontinued for nonperforming loans. Loans held for investment are not adjusted to the lower of cost or estimated market value because it is management's intention, and the Bank has the ability to, hold these loans to maturity. Interest on loans is credited to income as earned. Interest receivable is accrued only if deemed collectible. Generally, allowances are established for uncollected interest on loans on which payments are more than 90 days past due. On January 1, 1995, the Bank adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 114, Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan, as amended by SFAS No. 118, Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan-- Income Recognition and Disclosures. SFAS No. 114 generally requires all creditors to account for impaired loans, except those loans that are accounted for at fair value or at the lower of cost or fair value, at the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate or, as a practical expedient, at the loan's observable market price or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. SFAS No. 114 indicates that a creditor should evaluate the collectibility of both contractual interest and contractual principal when assessing the need for a loss accrual. The adoption of these statements did not have a material impact on the results of operations or the financial position of the Bank, taken as a whole. The Bank considers a loan impaired when it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect all contractual principal and interest payments under the terms of the original loan agreement. Loans are evaluated for impairment as part of the Bank's normal internal asset review process. However, in determining when a loan is impaired, management also considers the loan documentation, current loan to value ratios, and the borrower's current financial position. Included as impaired loans are all loans delinquent 90 days or more and all loans that have a specific loss allowance applied to adjust the loan to fair value. The accrual of interest on impaired loans is discontinued after a 90-day delinquent period or when, in management's opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payments as they become due. When the interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received. Where impairment is considered other than temporary, a charge- off is recorded; where impairment is considered temporary, an allowance is established. Impaired loans which are performing under the contractual terms are reported as performing loans, and cash payments are allocated to principal and interest in accordance with the terms of the loans. The Bank uses the fair value of collateral method for measuring impaired loans. The Bank applies such measurement provision to all loans in its portfolio except for one- to four- family residential mortgage loans and unsecured consumer loans, which are collectively evaluated for impairment. F-9 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 Allowances for Estimated Loan and Real Estate Losses--It is the policy of the Bank to maintain allowances for estimated loan and real estate losses at levels deemed appropriate by management to provide for known or inherent risks in the portfolio. Specific loss allowances are established for loans that are deemed impaired if the fair value of the loan or the collateral is estimated to be less than the gross carrying value of the loan. In estimating losses, management considers the estimated sales price, cost of refurbishment, payment of delinquent taxes, cost of holding the property (if an extended period is anticipated) and cost of disposal. Additionally, general valuation allowances for loan and real estate losses have been established. Management's determination of the adequacy of the loan and real estate loss allowances is based on an evaluation of the composition of the portfolio, actual loss experience, current and prospective economic conditions, industry trends and other relevant factors, such as the recent adverse economic conditions experienced (including declining real estate values) in the area in which the Bank's lending and real estate activities are based, which may affect the borrower's ability to pay and the value of the underlying collateral. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Bank's allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Bank to recognize additions to the allowance based on judgments different from those of management. Although management uses the best information available to make these estimates, future adjustments to the allowances may be necessary due to economic, operating, regulatory and other conditions that may be beyond the Bank's control. Mortgage Financing Operations--The Bank sells and securitizes the majority of loans held for sale with servicing retained. Under the servicing agreements, the investor is paid its share of the principal collections together with interest at an agreed-upon rate, which generally differs from the loans' contractual interest rate. Such differences result in a "loan servicing spread." Effective July 1, 1995, the Bank adopted SFAS No. 122, Accounting for Mortgage Servicing Rights, which amended SFAS No. 65, Accounting for Certain Mortgage Banking Activities. SFAS No. 122 requires an institution that purchases or originates mortgage loans and sells or securitizes those loans with servicing rights retained to allocate the total cost of the mortgage loans to the mortgage servicing rights and the loans (without the mortgage servicing rights) based on their relative fair values. The impact of adopting SFAS No. 122 was an increase in pretax income of $594,000, net income of $438,000 and earnings per share of $.70 for the year ended December 31, 1995. In addition, SFAS No. 122 requires that all capitalized mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) be evaluated for impairment based on the fair value of those rights. The Bank's periodic evaluation is performed on a disaggregated basis whereby MSRs are stratified based upon type of interest rate (variable or fixed), loan type and original loan term. Impairment is recognized in a valuation allowance for each pool in the period of impairment. The Bank determines fair value based on the present value of estimated net future cash flows related to servicing income. In estimating fair values at December 31, 1996, the Bank utilized a weighted average prepayment assumption of 23% and a weighted average discount rate of 16.5%. The cost allocated to servicing rights is amortized in proportion to and over the period of estimated net future servicing fee income. Prior to adoption of SFAS No. 122, the Bank used the methodology set forth in Emerging Issues Task Force No. 88-11, Allocation of Recorded Investment When a Loan or Part of a Loan is Sold, in accounting for loan sales. Gains on bulk sales of mortgage loan servicing rights are recognized when title and all risks and rewards have irrevocably passed to the buyer and there are no significant unresolved contingencies. F-10 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 Residual Asset--In March 1997 and December 1996, the Bank completed the securitization and sale of approximately $83,200,000 and $51,900,000, respectively, in loans held for sale in the form of mortgage pass-through certificates and recognized gains of approximately $5,900,000 and $4,300,000, respectively. These certificates are held in a trust independent of the Bank. The Bank will act as servicer for the trust and receive a stated servicing fee. The Bank has also retained a beneficial interest in the form of an interest-only strip which represents the subordinated right to receive cash flows from the pool of securitized loans after payment of the required amounts to the holders of the securities and the costs associated with the securitization. This interest-only strip receivable is classified as a trading security and recorded at fair value with any unrealized gains or losses recorded in the results of operations in the period of the change in fair value. For the three months ended March 31, 1997 and the year ended December 31, 1996, a net unrealized gain of $519,000 and $484,000, respectively, resulting from changes in fair value is included in results of operations. Valuations at origination and at each reporting period are based on discounted cash flow analyses. The cash flows are estimated as the excess of the weighted average coupon on each pool of loans sold over the sum of the pass-through interest rate, a servicing fee, a trustee fee, an insurance fee and an estimate of annual future credit losses related to the prepayment, default, loss, and interest rate assumptions that market participants would use for similar financial instruments subject to prepayment, credit and interest rate risk and are discounted using an interest rate that a purchaser unrelated to the seller of such a financial instrument would demand. At origination, the Bank utilized a prepayment assumption ranging from 17.0% to 25.0%, an estimated loss factor assumption ranging from 0.5% to 1.5% and a weighted average discount rate of 13.5% to value the residual assets. The valuation includes consideration of characteristics of the loans including loan type and size, interest rate, origination date, term and geographic location. The Bank also uses other available information such as externally prepared reports on prepayment rates, collateral value, economic forecasts and historical default and prepayment rates of the portfolio under review. To the Bank's knowledge, there is no active market for the sale of residual assets. The range of values attributable to the factors used in determining fair value is broad. Accordingly, the Bank's estimate of fair value is subjective. In connection with its securitization transactions, the Bank initially deposited cash with a trustee and will subsequently deposit a portion of the servicing spread collected on the related loans. Such amounts serve as credit enhancement for the related trust. The amount set aside is available for distribution to investors in the event of certain shortfalls in amounts due to investors. These amounts are subject to increase up to a reserve level as specified in the related securitization documents. Cash amounts on deposit are invested in certain instruments as permitted by the related securitization documents. To the extent amounts on deposit exceed specified levels, distributions are made to the Bank; and, at the termination of the related trust, any remaining amounts on deposit are distributed to the Bank. The amount on deposit at March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 is classified as restricted cash in the accompanying statement of financial condition. Foreclosed Real Estate--Real estate properties acquired through or in lieu of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at the lower of fair value or the balance of the loan at the date of foreclosure through a charge to the allowance for estimated loan losses. After foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and an allowance for losses is established by a charge to operations if the carrying value of a property exceeds its fair value less estimated cost to sell. Revenue and expenses from operations and changes in the valuation allowance are included in net gain (loss) on foreclosed real estate in the statement of operations. Premises and Equipment--Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using both the straight-line and accelerated methods over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from 15 years for leasehold improvements, 7 years for furniture, fixtures and equipment, and 3 years for computer equipment. F-11 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 Income Taxes--The Bank accounts for income taxes under SFAS No. 109, Accounting for Income Taxes. SFAS No. 109 requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Bank's financial statements or tax returns. In estimating future tax consequences, all expected future events other than enactments of changes in the tax law or rates are considered. If necessary, a valuation allowance is established based on management's determination of the likelihood of realization of deferred tax assets. Derivative Financial Instruments--The Bank has entered into various interest rate exchange agreements (swaps) to manage exposure to changes in interest rates. Net interest income (expense) on the swaps resulting from the differential between exchanging floating and fixed rate interest payments is recorded using the accrual method. No interest rate exchange agreements were outstanding as of March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 and 1995 (Note 13). In the ordinary course of business, the Bank has entered into other off- balance sheet financial instruments consisting of commitments to extend credit. Such financial instruments are recorded in the financial statements when they are funded or related fees are incurred or received. Earnings Per Share--Earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding adjusted retroactively to reflect the stock split effected in the form of a dividend during 1996. The 1995 and 1994 per share amounts and weighted average shares outstanding included in the accompanying financial statements have been restated to reflect such stock split. Presentation of Cash Flows--For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash and federal funds sold. Generally, federal funds are sold for one-day periods. At March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 and 1995, federal funds sold approximated $35,500,000, $10,335,000 and $1,600,000, respectively. Use of Estimates--In preparing the Bank's financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Stock-Based Compensation--In 1995, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation, which encourages companies to account for stock compensation awards based on their fair value at the date the awards are granted. SFAS No. 123 does not require the application of the fair value method and allows for the continuance of current accounting methods, which require accounting for stock compensation awards based on their intrinsic value as of the grant date. However, SFAS No. 123 requires pro forma disclosure of net income and, if presented, earnings per share, as if the fair value based method of accounting defined in this Statement had been applied. The accounting and disclosure requirements of this Statement are effective for financial statements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 1995. The Bank did not adopt the accounting method in SFAS No. 123 with respect to its stock option plan and will account for such plan in accordance with Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25. Recent Accounting Developments--In June 1996, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued SFAS No. 125, Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities, which was amended by SFAS No. 127. This statement provides accounting and reporting standards for transfers and servicing of financial assets and extinguishments of liabilities based on consistent application of a financial-components approach that focuses on control. It distinguishes transfers of financial assets that are sales from transfers that are secured borrowings. Under the financial- components approach, after a transfer of financial F-12 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 assets, an entity recognizes all financial and servicing assets it controls and liabilities it has incurred and derecognizes financial assets it no longer controls and liabilities that have been extinguished. The financial-components approach focuses on the assets and liabilities that exist after the transfer. Many of these assets and liabilities are components of financial assets that existed prior to the transfer. If a transfer does not meet the criteria for a sale, the transfer is accounted for as a secured borrowing with pledge of collateral. The statement is effective for transfers and servicing of financial assets and extinguishments of liabilities occurring after December 31, 1996. Retroactive application of this statement is not permitted. Implementation of SFAS No. 125 did not have a material impact on the Bank's results of operations or financial condition. In February 1997, the FASB issued SFAS No. 128, "Earnings Per Share" which is effective for financial statements issued for periods ending after December 15, 1997. It replaces the presentation of primary earnings per share with a presentation of basic earnings per share. It also requires the presentation of diluted earnings per share for entities with complex capital structures. Diluted earnings per share takes into account the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock, such as options, were exercised or converted into common stock. The Bank does not believe that SFAS No. 128 will have a material impact on its financial statements. Reclassifications--Certain reclassifications have been made to the 1995 and 1994 financial statements to conform to the 1996 presentation. 2. REGULATORY CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS AND OTHER REGULATORY MATTERS The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Bank's financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank's assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank's capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Management believes, as of March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996, that the Bank meets all capital adequacy requirements to which it is subject. Qualitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total and Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined), and of Tier 1 capital (as defined) to average assets (as defined). As of March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996, management believes that the Bank is considered as adequately capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. As of December 31, 1995, the most recent notification from the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) categorized the Bank as well-capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well-capitalized or adequately capitalized, the Bank must maintain minimum total risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the table. There are no conditions or events since March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 that management believes have changed the Bank's category. F-13 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 The Bank's actual capital amounts and ratios are also presented in the table:
TO BE ADEQUATELY TO BE WELL CAPITALIZED UNDER CAPITALIZED UNDER PROMPT CORRECTIVE PROMPT CORRECTIVE ACTUAL ACTION PROVISIONS: ACTION PROVISIONS: ------------- ------------------- ------------------- AMOUNT RATIO AMOUNT RATIO AMOUNT RATIO ------- ----- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) AS OF MARCH 31, 1997 (UNAUDITED): Total capital (to risk- weighted assets)....... $21,487 10.51% $ 16,361 8.00% $ 20,451 10.00% Tier 1 capital (to risk- weighted assets)....... 11,515 5.63% 8,180 4.00% 12,271 6.00% Tier 1 capital (to average assets)........ 11,515 7.83% 5,881 4.00% 7,352 5.00% TO BE ADEQUATELY TO BE WELL CAPITALIZED UNDER CAPITALIZED UNDER PROMPT CORRECTIVE PROMPT CORRECTIVE ACTUAL ACTION PROVISIONS: ACTION PROVISIONS: ------------- ------------------- ------------------- AMOUNT RATIO AMOUNT RATIO AMOUNT RATIO ------- ----- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1996: Total capital (to risk- weighted assets)....... $10,446 9.43% $ 8,865 8.0% $ 11,081 10.0% Tier 1 capital (to risk- weighted assets)....... 9,273 8.37% 4,432 4.0% 6,649 6.0% Tier 1 capital (to average assets)........ 9,273 8.90% 4,169 4.0% 5,211 5.0% TO BE ADEQUATELY TO BE WELL CAPITALIZED UNDER CAPITALIZED UNDER PROMPT CORRECTIVE PROMPT CORRECTIVE ACTUAL ACTION PROVISIONS: ACTION PROVISIONS: ------------- ------------------- ------------------- AMOUNT RATIO AMOUNT RATIO AMOUNT RATIO ------- ----- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1995: Total capital (to risk- weighted assets)....... $ 4,871 10.17% $ 3,832 8.0% $ 4,789 10.0% Tier 1 capital (to risk- weighted assets)....... 4,268 8.91% 1,916 4.0% 2,874 6.0% Tier 1 capital (to average assets)........ 4,268 5.69% 3,003 4.0% 3,753 5.0%
The Bank has been required by the OTS since the Bank's examination completed August 9, 1996 to compute its regulatory capital ratios based upon the higher of (1) the average of total assets based on month-end results or (2) total assets as of the quarter-end. Under the framework, the Bank's capital levels at March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 do not allow the Bank to accept brokered deposits without prior approval from the regulators. The Bank had approximately $792,000 and $2,200,000 of brokered deposits at March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996, respectively. This is not expected to materially impact the Bank as it has other sources of funds. In accordance with the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA), the OTS established regulations requiring the Bank to maintain (i) tangible capital equal to 1.5% of adjusted total assets, (ii) core capital equal to 3% of adjusted total assets, and (iii) risk-based capital equal to 8% of risk-weighted assets. F-14 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 The following table summarizes the OTS regulatory capital requirements under FIRREA for the Bank at March 31, 1997 (unaudited) and December 31, 1996. As indicated in the table, the Bank's capital levels exceed all three of the currently applicable minimum capital requirements.
MARCH 31, 1997 (UNAUDITED) --------------------------------------------- TOTAL RISK- TANGIBLE CAPITAL CORE CAPITAL BASED CAPITAL ---------------- ------------ ------------- AMOUNT % AMOUNT % AMOUNT % --------- ------ ------- ---- ------- ----- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Balance at end of period: Equity per Bank financial statements................... $ 11,515 $11,515 $11,515 Adjustments for regulatory capital purposes: Qualifying subordinated debentures.................. 8,600 General valuation allowance.. 1,372 --------- ------ ------- ---- ------- ----- Regulatory capital.............. 11,515 7.19% 11,515 7.19% 21,487 10.51% Minimum capital requirement..... 2,403 1.50 4,805 3.00 16,361 8.00 --------- ------ ------- ---- ------- ----- Excess regulatory capital....... $ 9,112 5.69% $ 6,710 4.19% $ 5,126 2.51% ========= ====== ======= ==== ======= =====
DECEMBER 31, 1996 ------------------------------------------------ TOTAL RISK- TANGIBLE CAPITAL CORE CAPITAL BASED CAPITAL ----------------- ------------- -------------- AMOUNT % AMOUNT % AMOUNT % --------- ------- ------- ----- -------- ----- (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS) Balance at end of year: Equity per Bank financial statements................ $ 9,273 $ 9,273 $ 9,273 Adjustments for regulatory capital purposes--general valuation allowance....... 1,173 --------- ------- ------- ----- -------- ----- Regulatory capital........... 9,273 8.90% 9,273 8.90% 10,446 9.43% Minimum capital requirement.. 1,563 1.50 3,127 3.00 8,865 8.00 --------- ------- ------- ----- -------- ----- Excess regulatory capital.... $ 7,710 7.40% $ 6,146 5.90% $ 1,581 1.43% ========= ======= ======= ===== ======== =====
The OTS issued regulations which set forth the methodology for calculating an interest rate risk component that is being incorporated into the OTS regulatory capital rules. Under the new regulations, only savings institutions with above normal interest rate risk exposure are required to maintain additional capital. This additional capital would increase the amount of a savings institution's otherwise required risk-based capital requirement. The final rule became effective January 1, 1994, and implementation will not begin until the Bank has been notified by the OTS. Management believes that, under current regulations, the Bank will continue to meet its minimum capital requirements in the foreseeable future. However, events beyond the control of the Bank, such as changing interest rates or a further downturn in the economy in areas where the Bank has most of its loans, could adversely affect future earnings and, consequently, the ability of the Bank to meet its future minimum capital requirements. At periodic intervals, both the OTS and the FDIC routinely examine the Bank's financial statements as part of their legally prescribed oversight of the savings and loan industry. Based on these examinations, the regulators can direct that the Bank's financial statements be adjusted in accordance with their findings. F-15 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 The OTS concluded an examination of the Bank in June 1996. Examination results have been reflected in the financial statements presented herein. Future examinations by the OTS or FDIC could include a review of certain transactions or other amounts reported in the 1997 and 1996 financial statements. Adjustments, if any, cannot presently be determined. On September 30, 1996, the President signed into law the Deposit Insurance Funds Act of 1996 (the Funds Act), which, among other things, imposes a special one-time assessment on Savings Association Insurance Fund (SAIF) member institutions, including the Bank, to recapitalize the SAIF. As required by the Funds Act, the FDIC imposed a special assessment of 65.7 basis points on SAIF-assessable deposits held as of March 31, 1995, payable November 27, 1996. The special assessment was recognized as an expense in the third quarter of 1996 and is tax deductible. The Bank took a pretax charge of $448,000 as a result of the SAIF special assessment. The Funds Act also spreads the obligations for payment of the Financing Corporation (FICO) bonds across all SAIF and Bank Insurance Fund (BIF) members. Beginning on January 1, 1997, BIF deposits will be assessed for FICO payments at a rate of 20% of the rate assessed on SAIF deposits. Based on current estimates by the FDIC, BIF deposits will be assessed a FICO payment of 1.3 basis points, while SAIF deposits will pay an estimated 6.5 basis points on the FICO bonds. Full pro rata sharing of the FICO payments between BIF and SAIF members will occur on the earlier of January 1, 2000 or the date the BIF and SAIF are merged. The Funds Act specifies that the BIF and SAIF will be merged on January 1, 1999 provided no savings associations remain as of that time. As a result of the Funds Act, the FDIC recently proposed to lower SAIF assessments to 0 to 27 basis points effective January 1, 1997, a range comparable to that of BIF members. However, SAIF members will continue to make the higher FICO payments described above. Management cannot predict the level of FDIC insurance assessments on an ongoing basis, whether the savings association charter will be eliminated or whether the BIF and SAIF will eventually be merged. F-16 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 3. SECURITIES HELD TO MATURITY The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities held to maturity are summarized as follows (in thousands):
MARCH 31, 1997 ----------------------------------------- GROSS UNREALIZED AMORTIZED ------------------- ESTIMATED COST GAINS LOSSES FAIR VALUE --------- -------- --------- ---------- (UNAUDITED) U.S. Treasury and other agency securities..................... $8,014 $ -- $ (32) $7,982 Mortgage-backed securities...... 9 1 10 ------ -------- -------- ------ $8,023 $ 1 $ (32) $7,992 ====== ======== ======== ======
DECEMBER 31, 1996 ----------------------------------------- GROSS UNREALIZED AMORTIZED ------------------- ESTIMATED COST GAINS LOSSES FAIR VALUE --------- -------- --------- ---------- U.S. Treasury and other agency securities..................... $8,013 $ -- $(42) $7,971 Mortgage-backed securities...... 10 10 ------ -------- -------- ------ $8,023 $ -- $(42) $7,981 ====== ======== ======== ======
DECEMBER 31, 1995 ---------------------------------------- GROSS UNREALIZED AMORTIZED ------------------ ESTIMATED COST GAINS LOSSES FAIR VALUE --------- -------- -------- ---------- U.S. Treasury and other agency securities...................... $1,974 $ -- $ -- $1,974 Mortgage-backed securities....... 11 11 ------ -------- -------- ------ $1,985 $ -- $ -- $1,985 ====== ======== ======== ======
The maturity distribution of securities held to maturity is as follows (in thousands):
MARCH 31, 1997 ------------------- ESTIMATED AMORTIZED FAIR COST VALUE --------- --------- (UNAUDITED) Due in one year or less.................................. $4,006 $3,999 Due from one to five years............................... 4,008 3,983 Mortgage-backed securities............................... 9 10 ------ ------ $8,023 $7,992 ====== ======
DECEMBER 31, 1996 ------------------- ESTIMATED AMORTIZED FAIR COST VALUE --------- --------- Due in one year or less.................................. $5,000 $4,976 Due from one to five years............................... 3,013 2,995 Mortgage-backed securities............................... 10 10 ------ ------ $8,023 $7,981 ====== ======
F-17 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 The weighted average yield on securities held to maturity was 5.92%, 5.47% and 5.41% at March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 and 1995, respectively. 4. LOANS HELD FOR INVESTMENT Loans held for investment consisted of the following (in thousands):
DECEMBER 31, MARCH 31, ---------------- 1997 1996 1995 ----------- ------- ------- (UNAUDITED) Mortgage loans: Residential: One- to four-family..... $26,962 $28,861 $32,517 Multi-family............ 2,110 2,124 2,412 Commercial and land...... 7,106 7,247 7,615 ------- ------- ------- 36,178 38,232 42,544 Other loans: Loans secured by deposit accounts................ 156 177 186 Unsecured commercial loans................... 66 67 70 Unsecured consumer loans................... 92 65 63 ------- ------- ------- 314 309 319 ------- ------- ------- 36,492 38,541 42,863 Less: Deferred loan origination fees (costs)............ 20 21 (7) Allowance for estimated loan losses............. 1,801 1,625 1,177 ------- ------- ------- 1,821 1,646 1,170 ------- ------- ------- $34,671 $36,895 $41,693 ======= ======= ======= Weighted average interest rate at end of period.... 7.72% 8.06% 8.91% ======= ======= =======
The Bank grants residential and commercial loans held for investment to customers located primarily in Southern California. Consequently, a borrower's ability to repay may be impacted by economic factors in the region. At March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996, included in loans held for investment and loans held for sale are adjustable rate loans with principal balances of $49,125,000 and $58,648,000, respectively. Adjustable rate loans are indexed primarily to COFI. F-18 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 The following summarizes activity in the allowance for estimated loan losses (in thousands):
THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, -------------------- ------------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 --------- --------- ------- ------- ------- (UNAUDITED) Balance, beginning of period...................... $ 1,625 $ 1,177 $ 1,177 $ 832 $ 436 Provision for estimated loan losses...................... 500 68 963 1,194 1,306 Recoveries................... 8 219 65 3 Charge offs.................. (332) (73) (734) (914) (913) --------- --------- ------- ------- ------- Balance, end of period....... $ 1,801 $ 1,172 $ 1,625 $ 1,177 $ 832 ========= ========= ======= ======= =======
The Bank had nonaccrual loans at March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994 of $1,738,000, $2,416,000, $1,397,000 and $1,889,000, respectively. If nonaccrual loans had been performing in accordance with their original terms, the Bank would have recorded interest income of $1,928,000, $1,639,000, $6,692,000, $5,500,000 and $4,637,000, respectively, instead of interest income actually recognized of $1,872,000, $1,598,000, $6,542,000, $5,434,000, and $4,531,000, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996 and for the years ended December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994. At March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 and 1995, the Bank had impaired loans totaling $1,845,000, $2,878,000 and $1,397,000, respectively, with specific reserves of $456,000, $452,000 and $382,000, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996 and the years ended December 31, 1996 and 1995, the average recorded investment in impaired loans was $3,373,000, $2,570,000, $2,300,000 and $1,980,000, respectively. Total cash collected on impaired loans during the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996 and the years ended December 31, 1996 and 1995 was $210,000, $491,000, $1,339,000 and $1,079,000, respectively, of which $163,000, $452,000, $1,249,000 and $960,000, respectively, was credited to principal. Interest income of $47,000, $39,000, $90,000 and $119,000 on impaired loans was recognized for cash payments received in the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996 and the years ended December 31, 1996 and 1995, respectively. At March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 and 1995, troubled debt restructured loans amounted to $131,000. There were no troubled debt restructurings effected during the three months ended March 31, 1997 and the year ended December 31, 1996. The Bank is not committed to lend additional funds to debtors whose loans have been modified. The Bank is subject to numerous lending-related regulations. Under FIRREA, the Bank may not make real estate loans to one borrower in excess of 15% of its unimpaired capital and surplus except for loans not to exceed $500,000. This 15% limitation results in a dollar limitation of approximately $1,941,000 and $1,567,000 at March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996, respectively. During 1996, the Bank originated a loan for $154,500 to an executive officer. Immediately subsequent to origination, the loan was sold servicing released. 5. MORTGAGE FINANCING OPERATIONS Loans serviced for others at March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994 totaled $242,263,000, $168,963,000, $189,451,000 and $48,204,000, respectively. F-19 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 In connection with mortgage servicing activities, the Bank held funds in trust for others totaling approximately $1,201,000, $957,000, and $934,000 at March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 and 1995, respectively. At March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 and 1995, $37,000, $266,000 and $19,000, respectively, of these funds are included in deposit accounts of the Bank (subject to FDIC insurance limits). For the three months ended March 31, 1997 and the year ended December 31, 1996, 26.2% and 34.0%, respectively, of the properties securing loans funded by the Bank were located in California, 9.2% and 11.9%, respectively, were located in Utah, 2.8% and 7.6%, respectively, were located in Colorado, 4.2% and 6.8% were located in Florida and the remainder were dispersed throughout the country. At March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996, 40% of the loan servicing portfolio was collateralized by real estate properties located in California. No other state accounted for more than 10%. Although the Bank sells without recourse, substantially all of the mortgage loans it originates or purchases the Bank retains some degree of risk on substantially all of the loans it sells. In addition, during the period of time that the loans are held for sale, the Bank is subject to various business risks associated with the lending business, including borrower default, foreclosure and the risk that a rapid increase in interest rates would result in a decline of the value of loans held for sale to potential purchasers. In connection with its securitizations, the Bank is required to repurchase or substitute loans in the event of a breach of a representation or warranty made by the Bank. While the Bank may have recourse to the sellers of loans it purchased, there can be no assurance of the seller's abilities to honor their respective obligations to the Bank. Likewise, in connection with its whole loan sales, the Bank enters agreements which generally require the Bank to repurchase or substitute loans in the event of a breach of a representation or warranty made by the Bank to the loan purchaser, any misrepresentation during the mortgage loan origination process or, in some cases, upon any fraud or early default on such mortgage loans. The remedies available to a purchaser of mortgage loans from the Bank are generally broader than those available to the Bank against the sellers of such loans, and if a loan purchaser enforces its remedies against the Bank, the Bank may not be able to enforce whatever remedies the Bank may have against such sellers. If the loans were originated directly by the Bank, the Bank will be solely responsible for any breaches of representations or warranties. In addition, borrowers, loan purchasers, monoline insurance carriers and trustees in the Bank's securitizations may make claims against the Bank arising from alleged breaches of fiduciary obligations, misrepresentations, errors and omissions of employees, officers and agents of the Bank, including appraisers, incomplete documentation and failure by the Bank to comply with various laws and regulations applicable to its business. Any claims asserted in the future may result in liabilities or legal expenses that could have a material adverse effect on the Bank's results of operations, financial condition and business prospects. The following is a summary of activity in mortgage servicing rights (in thousands):
THREE MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, DECEMBER 31, --------------------- ----------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 ---------- --------- ------- ------ ------ (UNAUDITED) Balance, beginning of period... $ 2,645 $ 683 $ 683 $ -- $ -- Additions through originations.................. 1,598 179 2,270 864 Additions through purchase of servicing rights.............. 706 128 Amortization................... (172) (39) (320) (268) (20) Sales.......................... (606) (108) Change in valuation allowance.. (3) 12 (13) ---------- -------- ------- ------ ------ Balance, end of period......... $ 4,071 $ 820 $ 2,645 $ 683 $ -- ========== ======== ======= ====== ======
F-20 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 At March 31, 1997, the valuation allowance on mortgage servicing rights is $1,000, unchanged from December 31, 1996. The valuation allowance on mortgage servicing rights decreased by $12,000 from $13,000 at December 31, 1995 to $1,000 at December 31, 1996. There were no direct write-downs charged against the allowance for the three months ended March 31, 1997 and the years ended December 31, 1996 and 1995. Net gains from mortgage financing operations consisted of the following (in thousands):
THREE MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, DECEMBER 31, ------------------- -------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 ---------- -------- ------ ------ ------ (UNAUDITED) Gains on sale and securitization of loans held for sale................. $ 5,358 $ 887 $7,868 $3,549 $1,014 Unrealized gain on residual assets... 519 484 Gains on bulk sale of mortgage servicing rights.................... 26 414 ---------- -------- ------ ------ ------ $ 5,877 $ 887 $8,352 $3,575 $1,428 ========== ======== ====== ====== ======
6. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT Premises and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):
DECEMBER 31, MARCH 31, ---------------- 1997 1996 1995 ----------- ------- ------- (UNAUDITED) Premises.................................... $ 569 $ 569 $ -- Leasehold improvements...................... 530 530 614 Furniture, fixtures and equipment........... 1,930 1,787 1,430 ------- ------- ------- 3,029 2,886 2,044 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization............................... (1,369) (1,307) (1,068) ------- ------- ------- $ 1,660 $ 1,579 $ 976 ======= ======= =======
The adoption of SFAS No. 121, Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and for Long-Lived Assets to be Disposed Of, did not have a material impact on the results of operations or the financial condition of the Bank. F-21 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 7. FORECLOSED REAL ESTATE Activity in the allowance for estimated real estate losses is as follows (in thousands):
THREE MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, DECEMBER 31, -------------- ------------------ 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 ------ ------ ----- ---- ----- (UNAUDITED) Balance, beginning of period.............. $65 $ 44 $ 44 $ 29 $ 94 Provision for estimated real estate losses................................... 26 72 145 104 187 Recoveries................................ 2 Charge offs............................... (8) (65) (126) (89) (252) ----- ------ ----- ---- ----- Balance, end of period.................... $83 $ 51 $ 65 $ 44 $ 29 ===== ====== ===== ==== =====
Net loss on foreclosed real estate is summarized as follows (in thousands):
THREE MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, DECEMBER 31, --------------- ----------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 ------ ------ ---- ----- ---- Net gain on sales of foreclosed real estate.................................... $ (3) $ (1) $(41) $(137) $(39) Other expenses, net........................ 40 20 54 86 132 Provision for estimated real estate losses.................................... 26 72 145 104 187 ------ ------ ---- ----- ---- Net loss on foreclosed real estate......... $63 $ 91 $158 $ 53 $280 ====== ====== ==== ===== ====
8. DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS Deposit accounts are summarized as follows (in thousands):
DECEMBER 31, ------------------------------------------- MARCH 31, 1997 1996 1995 ---------------------- --------------------- --------------------- WEIGHTED WEIGHTED WEIGHTED AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE INTEREST RATE AMOUNT INTEREST RATE AMOUNT INTEREST RATE AMOUNT ------------- -------- ------------- ------- ------------- ------- (UNAUDITED) Checking accounts....... 2.63% $ 10,209 2.22% $ 8,947 1.37% $ 6,735 Passbook accounts....... 2.10 4,115 2.10 4,117 2.10 4,842 Money market accounts... 2.98 3,032 2.99 3,217 2.76 4,156 Certificate accounts: Under $100,000........ 5.83 80,386 5.66 49,437 5.70 39,989 $100,000 and over..... 5.83 33,066 5.63 19,993 5.80 11,813 -------- ------- ------- 5.39% $130,808 5.02% $85,711 4.84% $67,535 ======== ======= =======
F-22 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 The aggregate annual maturities of certificate accounts are approximately as follows (in thousands):
MARCH 31, DECEMBER 31, 1997 1996 ----------- ------------ (UNAUDITED) Within one year..................................... $103,450 $59,438 One to two years.................................... 6,537 6,197 Two to three years.................................. 1,946 1,700 Three to four years................................. 480 925 Four to five years.................................. 582 613 Thereafter.......................................... 457 557 -------- ------- $113,452 $69,430 ======== =======
Interest expense is summarized as follows (in thousands):
THREE MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, DECEMBER 31, ------------- ----------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 ------- ----- ------- ------- ------- (UNAUDITED) Checking accounts.................. $ 61 $ 24 $ 112 $ 92 $ 95 Passbook accounts.................. 20 24 92 127 157 Money market accounts.............. 23 29 118 144 163 Certificate accounts............... 1,213 749 3,192 2,829 2,119 ------- ----- ------- ------- ------- $ 1,317 $ 826 $ 3,514 $ 3,192 $2,534 ======= ===== ======= ======= =======
9. ADVANCES FROM FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK AND OTHER BORROWINGS As of March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996, the Bank had an available line of credit with the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco (FHLB) of $14,219,000 and $17,346,000, respectively, which is contingent upon continued compliance with the Advances and Security Agreement and other eligibility requirements established by the FHLB. Advances and/or the line of credit are collateralized by pledges of certain real estate loans with an aggregate principal balance of $19,434,000, $20,474,000 and $24,426,000 at March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 and 1995, respectively. There were no FHLB advances outstanding at March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 and 1995. F-23 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 The following summarizes activities in advances from the FHLB (dollars in thousands):
THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, -------------------- -------------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 --------- --------- -------- ------- ------- (UNAUDITED) Average balance outstanding............ $11,824 $ 6,889 $ 4,259 $ 3,112 $ 1,863 Maximum amount outstanding at any month-end during the period................. 19,950 13,900 13,900 7,600 7,000 Balance outstanding at end of period.......... -- 9,800 -- -- 1,250 Weighted average interest rate during the period............. 5.63% 5.98% 5.93% 6.55% 4.87%
At December 31, 1996, the Bank had a borrowing of $3,278,000 with an interest rate of 8.43% from a financial institution. The borrowing was collateralized by certain real estate loans with an aggregate principal balance of $3,278,000. The borrowing was repaid on January 17, 1997. 10. INCOME TAXES Income taxes are summarized as follows (in thousands):
THREE MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, DECEMBER 31, ------------- ---------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 ------- ----- ------- ------ ------ (UNAUDITED) Current provision (benefit): Federal............................. $ 1,304 $ 62 $ 1,073 $ 374 $ (352) State............................... 280 17 312 1 1 ------- ---- ------- ----- ------ 1,584 79 1,385 375 (351) ------- ---- ------- ----- ------ Deferred (benefit) provision: Federal............................. 8 (235) (81) 10 State............................... 2 (24) 41 ------- ---- ------- ----- ------ 10 (259) (81) 51 ------- ---- ------- ----- ------ Total income tax provision (benefit)......................... $ 1,594 $ 79 $ 1,126 $ 294 $ (300) ======= ==== ======= ===== ======
A reconciliation from the statutory federal income tax rate to the Bank's effective income tax rate is as follows:
THREE MONTHS YEAR ENDED ENDED MARCH 31, DECEMBER 31, ---------------- ----------------------- 1997 1996 1996 1995 1994 ------- ------- ------ ------ ------- (UNAUDITED) Statutory federal income tax rate.......................... 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% (35.0)% State taxes, net of federal income tax benefit............ 7.0 7.0 7.2 3.1 Other.......................... (0.4) 0.9 0.6 1.1 1.0 ------- ------- ------ ------ ------- 41.6% 42.9% 42.8% 36.1% (30.9)% ======= ======= ====== ====== =======
F-24 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 Deferred tax assets (liabilities) were comprised of the following (in thousands):
DECEMBER 31, MARCH 31, -------------- 1997 1996 1995 ----------- ------ ------ (UNAUDITED) Deferred tax assets: Allowance for loan losses....................... $ 465 $ 479 $ 258 Capital loss carryforward....................... 63 63 63 Loans held for sale............................. 167 115 201 Other........................................... 273 301 23 ----- ------ ------ 968 958 545 ----- ------ ------ Deferred tax liabilities: Depreciation.................................... (61) (61) (82) Purchased servicing rights...................... (14) Originated servicing rights..................... (378) (358) (179) Federal Home Loan Bank dividends................ (106) (106) (85) ----- ------ ------ (545) (525) (360) ----- ------ ------ 423 433 185 Less valuation allowance......................... (36) (36) (47) ----- ------ ------ Net deferred tax asset........................... $ 387 $ 397 $ 138 ===== ====== ======
Gross deferred tax assets are expected to be realized during 1997 through 2001. At December 31, 1996, the Bank has approximately $555,000 of net capital loss carryforwards available to offset future capital gains for state tax purposes. If not utilized, the losses would expire in 1998. A valuation allowance has been placed against the portion of this capital loss carryforward for which realization is not assured. The Bank's financial statement equity includes tax bad debt deductions for which no provision for federal income taxes has been made. If distributions to shareholders are made in excess of current or accumulated earnings and profits or if stock of the Bank is partially redeemed, this tax bad debt reserve, which approximates $330,000 at December 31, 1996, will be recaptured into income at the then prevailing federal income tax rate. The related unrecognized deferred tax liability is approximately $116,000. It is not contemplated that the Bank will make any disqualifying distributions that would result in the recapture of these reserves. 11. COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENCIES AND CONCENTRATIONS OF RISK The Bank is involved in various legal proceedings associated with normal operations. In the opinion of management, based on the advice of legal counsel, such litigation and claims are expected to be resolved without material effect on the financial position of the Bank. F-25 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 The Bank leases a portion of its facilities from nonaffiliates under operating leases expiring at various dates through 2001. The following schedule shows the minimum annual lease payments, excluding property taxes and other operating expenses, due under these agreements (in thousands): 1997................................................................. $215 1998................................................................. 185 1999................................................................. 179 2000................................................................. 116 2001................................................................. 82 Thereafter........................................................... ---- $777 ====
Rental expense under all operating leases totaled $48,000, $39,000, $232,000, $124,000, and $118,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1997 and 1996, and for the years ended December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994, respectively. The Bank has negotiated an employment agreement with its chief executive officer. This agreement provides for the payment of a base salary, a bonus based upon performance of the Bank and the payment of severance benefits upon termination. Lending Activities--Loans to subprime borrowers present a higher level of risk of default than conforming loans because of the increased potential for default by borrowers who may have had previous credit problems or who do not have any credit history. Loans to subprime borrowers also involve additional liquidity risks, as these loans generally have a more limited secondary market than conventional loans. The actual rates of delinquencies, foreclosures and losses on loans to subprime borrowers could be higher under adverse economic conditions than those currently experienced in the mortgage lending industry in general. While the Bank believes that the underwriting procedures and appraisal processes it employs enable it to somewhat mitigate the higher risks inherent in loans made to these borrowers, no assurance can be given that such procedures or processes will afford adequate protection against such risks. The debt consolidation loans the Bank originates for agency qualified borrowers are primarily home equity lines of credit and second deeds of trust generally up to 125% of the appraised value of the real estate underlying the loans. In the event of a default on such a loan by a borrower, there generally would be insufficient collateral to pay off the balance of such loan and the Bank, as holder of a second position on the property, would likely lose a substantial portion, if not all, of its investment. While the Bank believes that the underwriting procedures it employs enable it to somewhat mitigate the higher risks inherent in such loans, no assurance can be given that such procedures will afford adequate protection against such risks. Approximately 65% of the loans included in the securitization transaction completed in 1996 consisted of this type of loan. The Bank has been actively involved in the origination, purchase and sale to institutional investors of real estate secured loans and, more recently, in asset securitizations. Generally, the profitability of such mortgage financing operations depends on maintaining a sufficient volume of loans for sale and the availability of purchasers. Changes in the level of interest rates and economic factors affect the amount of loans originated or available for purchase by the Bank, and thus the amount of gains on sale of loans and servicing fee income. Changes in the purchasing policies of institutional investors or increases in defaults after funding could substantially reduce the amount of loans sold to such investors or sold through asset securitizations. Any such changes could have a material adverse effect on the Bank's results of operations and financial condition. F-26 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 The Bank's ability to originate, purchase and sell loans through its mortgage financing operations is also significantly impacted by changes in interest rates. Increases in interest rates may also reduce the amount of loan and commitment fees received by the Bank. A significant decline in interest rates could also decrease the size of the Bank's servicing portfolio and the related servicing income by increasing the level of prepayments. The Bank does not currently utilize any specific hedging instruments to minimize exposure to fluctuations in the market price of loans and interest rates with regard to loans held for sale in the secondary mortgage market. Therefore, between the time the Bank originates the loans or purchase commitments are issued or asset securitizations are completed, the Bank is exposed to downward movements in the market price of such loans due to upward movements in interest rates. The Bank depends largely on mortgage brokers and correspondents for its purchases and originations of new loans. The Bank's competitors also seek to establish relationships with the Bank's mortgage brokers and correspondents. The Bank's future results may become increasingly exposed to fluctuations in the volume and cost of its wholesale loans resulting from competition from other purchasers of such loans. Availability of Funding Sources--The Bank funds substantially all of the loans which it originates or purchases through deposits, internally generated funds or FHLB advances. The Bank competes for deposits primarily on the basis of rates, and, as a consequence, the Bank could experience difficulties in attracting deposits to fund its operations if the Bank does not continue to offer deposit rates at levels that are competitive with other financial institutions. The Bank also uses the proceeds generated by the Bank in selling loans in the secondary market or pools of loans in asset securitizations to fund subsequent originations or purchases. On an ongoing basis, the Bank explores opportunities to access credit lines as an additional source of funds. To the extent that the Bank is not able to maintain its currently available funding sources or to access new funding sources, it would have to curtail its loan production activities or sell loans earlier than is optimal. Any such event would have a material adverse effect on the Bank's results of operations and financial condition. Dependence on Securitizations--In December 1996, the Bank completed its first sale of loans through securitization. The Bank derived a significant portion of its income in 1996 by recognizing such gain on sale. The Bank's ability to complete securitizations is affected by several factors, including conditions in the securities markets generally and in the asset-backed securities markets specifically, the credit quality of the Bank's loan portfolio and the Bank's ability to obtain credit enhancements. Although the Bank obtained a credit enhancement in its first securitization which facilitated a "AAA" rating for the securitization interests, there can be no assurance that the Bank will be able to obtain future credit enhancements on acceptable terms or that future securitizations will be similarly rated. Any substantial reduction in the ability of the Bank to complete asset securitizations could have a material adverse effect on the Bank's results of operations and financial condition. 12. BENEFIT PLANS 401(k) Plan--The Bank maintains an Employee Savings Plan (the Plan) which qualifies under section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Under the Plan, employees may contribute from 1% to 15% of their compensation. The Bank will match, at its discretion, 25% of the amount contributed by the employee up to a maximum of 8% of the employee's salary. The amount of contributions made to the Plan by the Bank were not material for the years ended December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994. Cash Bonus Plan--The Bank adopted a cash bonus plan (the Bonus Plan) effective February 1996. All employees except for commissioned employees and employees with employment contracts are eligible to participate. Approximately $201,000 and $100,000 was accrued pursuant to the Bonus Plan at March 31, 1997 F-27 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 and December 31, 1996, respectively. For 1997, the Bonus Plan will pay bonuses in the aggregate of 15% of the after tax profits of the Bank in excess of a 15% return on average equity, as defined in the Bonus Plan. Stock Option Plan--On November 21, 1996, the Board of Directors of the Bank adopted the Life Savings Bank 1996 Stock Option Plan (the Option Plan). The Option Plan authorizes the granting of options equal to 107,200 shares of common stock for issuance to executives, key employees, officers and directors. The Option Plan will be in effect for a period of ten years from the adoption by the Board of Directors. Options granted under the Option Plan will be made at an exercise price equal to the fair market value on the date of grant. Awards granted to officers and employees may include incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options and limited rights which are exercisable only upon change in control of the Bank. Awards granted to nonemployee directors are nonstatutory options. All 1996 options were granted at an exercise price of $10.00 per share. Stock options will become vested and exercisable in the manner specified by the Bank. The options granted by the Bank will vest at a rate of 33.3% per year, beginning on November 21, 1999. No options were exercisable at December 31, 1996. The following is a summary of activity in the Option Plan during 1996:
WEIGHTED AVERAGE SHARES EXERCISE PRICE ------- ---------------- Options granted.................................. 107,180 $10.00 ======= ====== Options outstanding at December 31, 1996......... 107,180 $10.00 ======= ======
There was no activity in the Option Plan during the three months ended March 31, 1997. All options granted have a remaining contractual life of 10 years. The estimated fair value of the options granted during 1996 was $4.97 per share. The Bank applies Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25 and related interpretations in accounting for its Option Plan. No compensation cost has been recognized for its Option Plan. Had compensation cost for the Option Plan been determined based on the fair value at the grant date for awards under the plan consistent with the method of SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation, the Bank's net income and earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 1996 would have been reduced to the pro forma amounts indicated below: Net income to common stockholders: As reported............................................... $1,505,000 Pro forma................................................. $1,489,000 Net income per common share: As reported............................................... $1.90 Pro forma................................................. $1.88
The fair value of options granted under the Option Plan during 1996 was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions used: no dividend yield, no volatility, risk-free interest rate of 7% and expected lives of 10 years. F-28 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 13. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISK The Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit in the form of originating loans or providing funds under existing lines of credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the accompanying statement of financial condition. During 1988 the Bank entered into agreements to pay fixed-rate interest payments in exchange for the receipt of variable market-indexed interest payments (interest rate swaps). The notional principal amount of interest rate swaps outstanding at December 31, 1994 was $2,000,000, all of which matured in 1995. The weighted average fixed payment rate on such swap was 9.23%. At December 31, 1994, the weighted average variable market-indexed interest rate was 5.75%, which is based on LIBOR. The intent of these agreements was to match the maturities of certain liabilities and convert variable rate liabilities into fixed rate. The notional amount of interest rate swaps does not represent exposure to credit loss. No new interest rate swap transactions were entered into during the three months ended March 31, 1997 and the years ended December 31, 1996 and 1995. The Bank's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit is represented by the contractual or notional amount of those instruments. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates and may require payment of a fee. Since many commitments are expected to expire, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Bank evaluates each customer's credit worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The Bank's commitments to extend credit at March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 and 1995 totaled $19,872,000, $9,217,000 and $9,933,000, respectively. The Bank regularly enters into commitments to sell certain dollar amounts of loans to third parties under specific, negotiated terms. The terms include the minimum maturity of the loans, yield to purchaser, servicing spread to the Bank, and the maximum principal amount of the individual loans. The Bank typically satisfies these commitments from its current production of loans. These commitments have fixed expiration dates and may require a fee. At March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 and 1995, the Bank had outstanding commitments to sell loans of $20,075,000, $3,072,000 and $250,000, respectively. F-29 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 14. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS The following disclosures of the estimated fair value of financial instruments is made in accordance with the requirements of SFAS No. 107, Disclosures About Fair Value of Financial Instruments. The estimated fair value amounts have been determined by the Bank using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is necessarily required to interpret market data to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Bank could realize in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.
MARCH 31, 1997 ------------------- CARRYING ESTIMATED AMOUNT FAIR VALUE -------- ---------- (IN THOUSANDS) (UNAUDITED) Assets: Cash and cash equivalents............................... $45,987 $45,987 Restricted cash......................................... 6,898 6,898 Securities held to maturity............................. 8,023 7,992 Residual assets......................................... 12,519 12,519 Loans held for sale..................................... 38,296 38,632 Loans held for investment, net.......................... 34,671 35,200 Mortgage servicing rights............................... 4,071 4,486 FHLB stock.............................................. 998 998 Liabilities: Deposit accounts........................................ 130,808 130,879 Subordinated debentures................................. 10,000 10,000
DECEMBER 31, 1996 ------------------- CARRYING ESTIMATED AMOUNT FAIR VALUE -------- ---------- (IN THOUSANDS) Assets: Cash and cash equivalents............................... $13,265 $13,265 Restricted cash......................................... 1,636 1,636 Securities held to maturity............................. 8,023 7,981 Residual asset.......................................... 5,700 5,700 Loans held for sale..................................... 31,018 31,288 Loans held for investment, net.......................... 36,895 37,475 Mortgage servicing rights............................... 2,645 2,984 FHLB stock.............................................. 814 814 Liabilities: Deposit accounts........................................ 85,711 86,278 Other borrowings........................................ 3,278 3,278
F-30 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994
DECEMBER 31, 1995 ------------------- CARRYING ESTIMATED AMOUNT FAIR VALUE -------- ---------- (IN THOUSANDS) Assets: Cash and cash equivalents............................... $ 3,932 $ 3,932 Securities held to maturity............................. 1,985 1,985 Loans held for sale..................................... 21,688 22,125 Loans held for investment, net.......................... 41,693 41,902 Mortgage servicing rights............................... 683 784 FHLB stock.............................................. 715 715 Liabilities: Deposit accounts........................................ 67,535 67,688
The Bank utilized the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value: Cash and Cash Equivalents--The carrying amount approximates fair value. Restricted Cash--The carrying amount approximates fair value. Securities Held to Maturity--Fair values are based on quoted market prices. Loans Held for Sale--Fair values are based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes. Loans Held for Investment--The fair value of gross loans receivable has been estimated using the present value of cash flow method, discounted using the current rate at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same maturities, and giving consideration to estimated prepayment risk and credit loss factors. Residual Assets and Mortgage Servicing Rights--Fair values are estimated using discounted cash flows based on current market values. FHLB Stock--The fair value is based on its redemption value. Deposit Accounts--The fair value of checking, passbook and money market accounts is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair value of certificate accounts is estimated using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities. Subordinated Debentures and Other Borrowings--The carrying amount approximates fair value as the interest rate currently approximates market. Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk--No fair value is ascribed to the Bank's outstanding commitments to fund loans since commitment fees are not significant and predominantly all such commitments are variable-rate loan commitments. There were no significant unrealized gains and losses on commitments to sell loans. The fair value estimates presented herein are based on pertinent information available to management as of March 31, 1997 and December 31, 1996 and 1995. Although management is not aware of any factors that would significantly affect the estimated fair value amounts, such amounts have not been comprehensively revalued for purposes of these financial statements since that date; and, therefore, current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein. F-31 LIFE SAVINGS BANK, FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 1997 AND 1996 (UNAUDITED) AND THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996, 1995 AND 1994 15. SEGMENT INFORMATION The Bank's operations within the financial services industry principally focus on banking and mortgage financing activities. Information about these segments as of or for the years ended December 31, 1996 and 1995 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
DECEMBER 31, 1996 --------------------------- MORTGAGE BANKING FINANCING TOTAL ------- --------- -------- Revenue for the year............................ $ 3,898 $12,143 $ 16,041 Pre-tax operating income (loss) for the year.... (2,325) 4,956 2,631 Assets employed at year-end..................... 59,943 44,067 104,010 Depreciation and amortization for the year...... 120 501 621 Capital expenditures for the year............... 276 628 904 DECEMBER 31, 1995 --------------------------- MORTGAGE BANKING FINANCING TOTAL ------- --------- -------- Revenue for the year............................ $ 4,207 $ 5,638 $ 9,845 Pre-tax operating income (loss) for the year.... (1,128) 1,942 814 Assets employed at year-end..................... 49,201 24,935 74,136 Depreciation and amortization for the year...... 92 342 434 Capital expenditures for the year............... 56 467 523
16. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS Life Financial Corporation (LFC), a Delaware corporation, has been formed to become the holding company for the Bank. LFC is contemplating an initial public offering of 2,500,000 shares of its common stock and is also offering 3,211,716 shares of its common stock in connection with the reorganization of the Bank as a result of which (i) the Bank will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of LFC, and (ii) all of the outstanding shares of the Bank's common stock will be converted on the basis of one share of the Bank's common stock for three shares of common stock of LFC (the Reorganization). On March 14, 1997, the Bank issued subordinated debentures (Debentures) in the aggregate principal amount of $10 million through a private placement and pursuant to a Debenture Purchase Agreement. The Debentures will mature on March 15, 2004 and bear interest at the rate of 13.5% per annum, payable semi- annually. The Debentures qualify as supplementary capital under regulations of the OTS which capital may be used to satisfy the risk-based capital requirements in an amount up to 100% of the Bank's core capital. The Debentures are direct, unconditional obligations of the Bank ranking with all other existing and future unsecured and subordinated indebtedness of the Bank. They are subordinated on liquidation, as to principal and interest, and premium, if any, to all claims against the Bank having the same priority as savings account holders or any higher priority. The Debentures are redeemable at the option of the Bank, in whole or in part, at any time after September 15, 1998, at the aggregate principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. Following the Reorganization, the Bank may substitute LFC in its place as obligor on the Debentures (the Substitution). If such Substitution occurs, holders of the Debentures will have the option at September 15, 1998 or at such later time as the Substitution occurs to require LFC to purchase all or part of the holder's outstanding Debentures at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount repurchased plus accrued interest through the repurchase date. If the Substitution occurs, upon a change in control of LFC, holders of the Debentures will have the option to require LFC to purchase all or part of the holder's outstanding Debentures at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount repurchased plus accrued interest through the repurchase date. F-32 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NO DEALER, SALESMAN OR ANY OTHER PERSON HAS BEEN AUTHORIZED TO GIVE ANY IN- FORMATION OR TO MAKE ANY REPRESENTATION OTHER THAN AS CONTAINED IN THIS PRO- SPECTUS IN CONNECTION WITH THE OFFERING MADE HEREBY, AND, IF GIVEN OR MADE, SUCH OTHER INFORMATION OR REPRESENTATION MUST NOT BE RELIED UPON AS HAVING BEEN AUTHORIZED BY LIFE FINANCIAL CORP., THE BANK OR KEEFE, BRUYETTE & WOODS, INC. THIS PROSPECTUS DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFER TO SELL OR A SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO BUY ANY OF THE SECURITIES OFFERED HEREBY TO ANY PERSON IN ANY JU- RISDICTION IN WHICH SUCH OFFER OR SOLICITATION IS NOT AUTHORIZED OR IN WHICH THE PERSON MAKING SUCH OFFER OR SOLICITATION IS NOT QUALIFIED TO DO SO, OR TO ANY PERSON TO WHOM IT IS UNLAWFUL TO MAKE SUCH OFFER OR SOLICITATION IN SUCH JURISDICTION. NEITHER THE DELIVERY OF THIS PROSPECTUS NOR ANY SALE HEREUNDER SHALL UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES CREATE ANY IMPLICATION THAT THERE HAS BEEN NO CHANGE IN THE AFFAIRS OF LIFE FINANCIAL CORP. OR THE BANK SINCE ANY OF THE DATES AS OF WHICH INFORMATION IS FURNISHED HEREIN OR SINCE THE DATE HEREOF. ----------- TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE ---- Prospectus Summary....................................................... 3 Selected Financial and Other Data of the Bank............................ 9 Quarterly Operating and Other Data of the Bank........................... 11 Risk Factors............................................................. 13 Use of Proceeds.......................................................... 21 Dividend Policy.......................................................... 21 Market for the Common Stock of the Company............................... 21 Market for the Common Stock of the Bank.................................. 22 Dilution................................................................. 22 Capitalization........................................................... 23 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations........................................................... 24 Life Financial Corp. .................................................... 43 Business................................................................. 44 Federal and State Taxation............................................... 81 Regulation............................................................... 82 The Board of Directors and Management of the Company..................... 90 The Board of Directors and Management of the Bank........................ 92 The Reorganization....................................................... 104 Restrictions on Acquisition of the Company............................... 105 Description of Capital Stock of the Company.............................. 109 Description of Capital Stock of the Bank................................. 110 Transfer Agent and Registrar............................................. 110 Shares Eligible for Future Sale.......................................... 111 Underwriting............................................................. 112 Experts.................................................................. 113 Legal Matters............................................................ 114 Changes in Accountants................................................... 114 Additional Information................................................... 115 Financial Statements..................................................... F-1
----------- UNTIL , 1997 OR 25 DAYS AFTER COMMENCEMENT OF THE OFFERING, IF ANY, WHICH- EVER IS LATER, ALL DEALERS EFFECTING TRANSACTIONS IN THE REGISTERED SECURI- TIES, WHETHER OR NOT PARTICIPATING IN THIS DISTRIBUTION, MAY BE REQUIRED TO DELIVER A PROSPECTUS. THIS IS IN ADDITION TO THE OBLIGATION OF DEALERS TO DE- LIVER A PROSPECTUS WHEN ACTING AS UNDERWRITERS AND WITH RESPECT TO THEIR UN- SOLD ALLOTMENTS OR SUBSCRIPTIONS. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2,500,000 SHARES LOGO OF LIFE FINANCIAL CORP. (Proposed Holding Company for Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank) COMMON STOCK ----------- PROSPECTUS ----------- KEEFE, BRUYETTE & WOODS, INC. , 1997 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PART II INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS ITEM 13. OTHER EXPENSES OF ISSUANCE AND DISTRIBUTION.(1) The following table sets forth the costs and expenses, other than the underwriting discounts and commissions, payable by the Company in connection with the shares of Common Stock being registered. SEC registration fee(1)........................................... $ 10,454 NASD filing fee(1)................................................ 5,978 OTS Filing fee(1)................................................. 2,000 Nasdaq Listing Fee(1)............................................. 32,700 Blue Sky qualification fees and expenses.......................... 15,000 Legal fees and expenses........................................... 220,000 Accounting fees and expenses...................................... 100,000 Marketing fees, selling commissions, and underwriter's expenses (including counsel fees)......................................... 35,000 Transfer agent fees and expenses.................................. 10,000 Printing, postage and mailing..................................... 95,000 Certificate printing.............................................. 5,000 Telephone, temporary help and other equipment..................... 10,000 Miscellaneous..................................................... 11,481 -------- Total........................................................... $552,613 ========
- -------- (1) Actual expenses. SEC registration fees are based upon the registration of 2,875,000 shares at $12.00 per share. NASD filing fees, OTS filing fees and Nasdaq listing fees are based on the registration of the aggregate of 6,086,716 shares offered both hereby and pursuant to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed in connection with the holding company reorganization of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank. All other expenses are estimated. ITEM 14. INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS. In accordance with the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (being Chapter 1 of Title 8 of the Delaware Code), Articles 10 and 11 of the Registrant's Certificate of Incorporation provide as follows: Tenth: A. Each person who was or is made a party or is threatened to be made a party to or is otherwise involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (hereinafter a "proceeding"), by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a Director or an Officer of the Corporation or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a Director, Officer, employee or agent of another corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, including service with respect to an employee benefit plan (hereinafter an "indemnitee"), whether the basis of such proceeding is alleged action in an official capacity as a Director, Officer, employee or agent or in any other capacity while serving as a Director, Officer, employee or agent, shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation to the fullest extent authorized by the Delaware General Corporation Law, as the same exists or may hereafter be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent that such amendment permits the Corporation to provide broader indemnification rights than such law permitted the Corporation to provide prior to such amendment), against all expense, liability and loss (including attorneys' fees, judgments, fines, ERISA excise taxes or penalties and amounts paid in settlement) reasonably incurred or suffered by such indemnitee in connection therewith; provided, however, that, except as provided in Section C hereof with respect to proceedings to enforce rights to indemnification, the Corporation shall indemnify any such indemnitee in connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such indemnitee only if such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the Board of Directors of the Corporation. II-1 B. The right to indemnification conferred in Section A of this Article TENTH shall include the right to be paid by the Corporation the expenses incurred in defending any such proceeding in advance of its final disposition (hereinafter an "advancement of expenses"); provided, however, that, if the Delaware General Corporation Law requires, an advancement of expenses incurred by an indemnitee in his or her capacity as a Director or Officer (and not in any other capacity in which service was or is rendered by such indemnitee, including, without limitation, services to an employee benefit plan) shall be made only upon delivery to the Corporation of an undertaking (hereinafter an "undertaking"), by or on behalf of such indemnitee, to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision from which there is no further right to appeal (hereinafter a "final adjudication") that such indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified for such expenses under this Section or otherwise. The rights to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses conferred in Sections A and B of this Article TENTH shall be contract rights and such rights shall continue as to an indemnitee who has ceased to be a Director, Officer, employee or agent and shall inure to the benefit of the indemnitee's heirs, executors and administrators. C. If a claim under Section A or B of this Article TENTH is not paid in full by the Corporation within sixty days after a written claim has been received by the Corporation, except in the case of a claim for an advancement of expenses, in which case the applicable period shall be twenty days, the indemnitee may at any time thereafter bring suit against the Corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim. If successful in whole or in part in any such suit, or in a suit brought by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the indemnitee shall be entitled to be paid also the expenses of prosecuting or defending such suit. In (i) any suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right to indemnification hereunder (but not in a suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right to an advancement of expenses) it shall be a defense that, and (ii) in any suit by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking the Corporation shall be entitled to recover such expenses upon a final adjudication that, the indemnitee has not met any applicable standard for indemnification set forth in the Delaware General Corporation Law. Neither the failure of the Corporation (including its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel, or its stockholders) to have made a determination prior to the commencement of such suit that indemnification of the indemnitee is proper in the circumstances because the indemnitee has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the Delaware General Corporation Law, nor an actual determination by the Corporation (including its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel, or its stockholders) that the indemnitee has not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall create a presumption that the indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of conduct or, in the case of such a suit brought by the indemnitee, be a defense to such suit. In any suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right to indemnification or to an advancement of expenses hereunder, or by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the burden of proving that the indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified, or to such advancement of expenses, under this Article TENTH or otherwise shall be on the Corporation. D. The rights to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses conferred in this Article TENTH shall not be exclusive of any other right which any person may have or hereafter acquire under any statute, the Corporation's Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws, agreement, vote of stockholders or Disinterested Directors or otherwise. E. The Corporation may maintain insurance, at its expense, to protect itself and any Director, Officer, employee or agent of the Corporation or subsidiary or Affiliate or another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any expense, liability or loss, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such expense, liability or loss under the Delaware General Corporation Law. F. The Corporation may, to the extent authorized from time to time by the Board of Directors, grant rights to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses to any employee or agent of the Corporation to the fullest extent of the provisions of this Article TENTH with respect to the indemnification and advancement of expenses of Directors and Officers of the Corporation. II-2 Eleventh: A Director of this Corporation shall not be personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a Director, except for liability (i) for any breach of the Director's duty of loyalty to the Corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under Section 174 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or (iv) for any transaction from which the Director derived an improper personal benefit. If the Delaware General Corporation Law is amended to authorize corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of Directors, then the liability of a Director of the Corporation shall be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, as so amended. Any repeal or modification of the foregoing paragraph by the stockholders of the Corporation shall not adversely affect any right or protection of a Director of the Corporation existing at the time of such repeal or modification. ITEM 15. RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES. Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank (the "Bank") sold in a private placement completed on August 13, 1996 448,500 shares of common stock, $8.00 stated value (the "Private Placement"). Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc. was the placement agent for the Private Placement. The aggregate offering price was $4,036,000, with aggregate placement fees of $282,520. The securities were offered and sold without registration pursuant to exemptions from the registration requirements set forth in Sections 3(a)(5) and/or 4(2) of the Securities Act, and Rule 506 of Regulation D of the Rules and Regulations promulgated thereunder. In addition, the Private Placement was exempt as a non-public offering from the offering circular delivery requirements set forth in Part 563g of the Rules and Regulations of the Office of Thrift Supervision ("OTS") based on incorporation in such OTS Rules and Regulations of the private offering exemption in Section 4(2) of the Securities Act. The issuer, Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank, is a federally-chartered savings bank. Further, the securities were sold to 21 accredited investors. No securities were sold to non-accredited investors. The Bank sold in a private placement completed March 14, 1997 subordinated debentures (the "Debentures") in the aggregate principal amount of $10 million pursuant to a Debenture Purchase Agreement. The Debentures will mature on March 15, 2004 and bear interest at a rate of 132% per annum, payable semi- annually. Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc. was the placement agent for the private placement of the Debentures, and received placement fees of $325,000. The Debentures were offered and sold without registration pursuant to exemptions from the registration requirements set forth in Section 3(a)(5) and/or 4(2) of the Securities Act, and Rule 506 of Regulation D of the Rules and Regulations promulgated thereunder. In addition, the private placement of the Debentures is exempt as a non-public offering from the offering circular delivery requirements set forth in Part 563g of the Rules and Regulations of the OTS based on incorporation in such OTS Rules and Regulations of the private offering exemption in Section 4(2) of the Securities Act. The issuer, Life Savings Bank Federal, Savings Bank is a federally-chartered savings bank. Further, the Debentures were sold to 12 accredited investors. No Debentures were sold to non-accredited investors. Ten shares of Common Stock of the Company were sold to the Bank at a cost of $1.00 per share to facilitate the Reorganization of the Bank into a holding company structure. The shares were sold on the condition that such shares will be cancelled upon the effectiveness of the Reorganization and at that time will no longer be deemed to be issued or outstanding for any purpose. II-3 ITEM 16. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES The exhibits and financial statement schedules filed as a part of this Registration Statement are as follows: (a) List of Exhibits (filed herewith unless otherwise noted) 1.1 Form of Underwriting Agreement+ 2.1 Agreement and Plan of Reorganization* 3.1 Certificate of Incorporation of Life Financial Corp.* 3.2 Bylaws of Life Financial Corp.* 4.0 Specimen Stock Certificate of Life Financial Corp.* 4.1 Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank Debenture Purchase Agreement* 5.0 Opinion of Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette regarding legality of the securities to be registered 5.1 Opinion of Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell regarding certain matters of Delaware law 8.0 Opinion of Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette regarding Federal Tax Matters* 8.1 Opinion of Deloitte & Touche LLP regarding State Tax Matters* 10.1 Letter Agreement between Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank and Daniel L. Perl* 10.2 Form of Employment Agreement between Life Financial Corp. and Daniel L. Perl* 10.3 Form of Employment Agreement between Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank and Daniel L. Perl* 10.4 Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank 1996 Stock Option Plan* 10.5 Form of Life Financial Corp. 1997 Stock Option Plan* 10.6 Form of Life Financial Corp. Employee Stock Ownership Plan* 10.7 Form of Life Financial Corp. Employee Stock Purchase Plan* 10.8 Master Loan and Security Agreement between Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank and Morgan Stanley Mortgage Capital, Inc. 16.1 Letter from Grant Thornton LLP regarding change in certifying accountant* 16.2 Letter from Price Waterhouse LLP regarding change in certifying accountant* 23.1 Consent of Grant Thornton LLP 23.2 Consent of Price Waterhouse LLP 23.3 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP 23.4 Consent of Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette 23.5 Consent of Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell 24.1 Powers of Attorney
- -------- * Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibits of the same number from the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4 (filed initially as Form S-1), filed on January 27, 1997, as amended on March 27, 1997, and as further amended on May 29, 1997 (SEC File No. 333-20497). + To be filed by amendment. (b) Financial Statement Schedules All schedules have been omitted as not applicable or not required under the rules of Regulation S-X. ITEM 17. UNDERTAKINGS. The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes: Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the II-4 matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue. The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that: (1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective. (2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. II-5 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Riverside, State of California, on May 29, 1997. LIFE FINANCIAL CORP. By /s/ Daniel L. Perl ----------------------------------------------------- Daniel L. Perl President, Chief Executive Officer and Director Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
NAME TITLE DATE President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (principal /s/ Daniel L. Perl executive officer) May 29, 1997 - ------------------------------------------- Daniel L. Perl Executive Vice President--Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary (principal financial and /s/ L. Bruce Mills, Jr. accounting officer) May 29, 1997 - ------------------------------------------- L. Bruce Mills, Jr. Chairman of the /s/ Ronald G. Skipper Board of Directors May 29, 1997 - ------------------------------------------- Ronald G. Skipper /s/ Richard C. Caldwell Director May 29, 1997 - ------------------------------------------- Richard C. Caldwell /s/ John D. Goddard Director May 29, 1997 - ------------------------------------------- John D. Goddard /s/ Milton E. Johnson Director May 29, 1997 - ------------------------------------------- Milton E. Johnson
II-6 EXHIBIT INDEX LIST OF EXHIBITS (FILED HEREWITH UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED)
EXHIBIT NO. DESCRIPTION ------- ----------- 1.1 Form of Underwriting Agreement+ 2.1 Agreement and Plan of Reorganization* 3.1 Certificate of Incorporation of Life Financial Corp.* 3.2 Bylaws of Life Financial Corp.* 4.0 Specimen Stock Certificate of Life Financial Corp.* 4.1 Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank Debenture Purchase Agreement* 5.0 Opinion of Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette regarding legality of the securities to be registered 5.1 Opinion of Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell regarding certain matters of Delaware law 8.0 Opinion of Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette regarding Federal Tax Matters* 8.1 Opinion of Deloitte & Touche LLP regarding State Tax Matters* 10.1 Letter Agreement between Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank and Daniel L. Perl* 10.2 Form of Employment Agreement between Life Financial Corp. and Daniel L. Perl* 10.3 Form of Employment Agreement between Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank and Daniel L. Perl* 10.4 Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank 1996 Stock Option Plan* 10.5 Form of Life Financial Corp. 1997 Stock Option Plan* 10.6 Form of Life Financial Corp. Employee Stock Ownership Plan* 10.7 Form of Life Financial Corp. Employee Stock Purchase Plan* 10.8 Master Loan and Security Agreement between Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank and Morgan Stanley Mortgage Capital, Inc.+ 16.1 Letter from Grant Thornton LLP regarding change in certifying accountant* 16.2 Letter from Price Waterhouse LLP regarding change in certifying accountant* 23.1 Consent of Grant Thornton LLP 23.2 Consent of Price Waterhouse LLP 23.3 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP 23.4 Consent of Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette 23.5 Consent of Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell 24.1 Powers of Attorney
- -------- * Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibits of the same number from the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4 (filed initially as Form S-1), filed on January 27, 1997, as amended on March 27, 1997, and as further amended on May 29, 1997 (SEC File No. 333-20497). + To be filed by amendment. EX-5.0 2 OPINION OF MULDOON, MURPHY RE LEGALITY EXHIBIT 5.0 [LETTERHEAD OF MULDOON, MURPHY & FAUCETTE] May 29, 1997 The Board of Directors Life Financial Corp. 4115 Tigris Way Riverside, California 92503 Re: The offering of up to 2,875,000 shares of Life Financial Corp. Common Stock Gentlemen: You have requested our opinion concerning certain matters of Delaware law in connection with the offering (the "Public Offering") by Life Financial Corp., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), of up to 2,500,000 shares of its common stock, par value $.01 per share, ("Common Stock") (2,875,000 shares in the event that the underwriters' over-allotment option is exercised) in an initial public offering. In connection with your request for our opinion, you have provided us and we have reviewed the Company's certificate of incorporation filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on December 6, 1996 and amended on January 21, 1997 (the "Certificate of Incorporation"); the Company's Bylaws; the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission initially on May 29, 1997 (the "Registration Statement"); resolutions of the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board") concerning the organization of the Company, the Public Offering, the issuance of shares in the Public Offering and designation of the Pricing Committee, and the form of stock certificate approved by the Board to represent shares of common stock to be issued in the Public Offering. We have also been furnished a certificate of the Delaware Secretary of State certifying the Company's good standing as a Delaware corporation. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meaning given them in the Certificate of Incorporation. In rendering this opinion, we have relied upon the opinion of Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell as to matters of Delaware law, upon which opinion we believe you are justified in relying. We have examined the opinion of Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell, which opinion is in form satisfactory to us. Based upon and subject to the foregoing, and limited in all respects to matters of Delaware law, it is our opinion that: 1. The Company has been duly organized and is validly existing in good standing as a corporation under the laws of the State of Delaware. 2. Upon the due adoption by the Pricing Committee or Board of Directors of a resolution fixing the number of shares of Common Stock to be sold in the Public Offering which number is in accordance with the terms set forth in the Prospectus, the Common Stock to be issued in the Public Offering will be duly authorized and, when such shares are sold and paid for in accordance with the terms set forth in the Prospectus and such resolution of the Pricing Committee or Board of Directors, and certificates representing such shares in the form provided to us are duly and properly issued, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. The following provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation may not be given effect by a court applying Delaware law, but in our opinion the failure to give effect to such provisions will not affect the duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable status of the Common Stock: 1. (a) Subsections C.3 and C.6 of Article FOURTH and Section D of Article EIGHTH, which grant the Board the authority to construe and apply the provisions of those Articles, subsection C.4 of Article FOURTH, to the extent that subsection obligates any person to provide to the Board the information such subsection authorizes the Board to demand, and the provision of Subsection C.7 of Article EIGHTH empowering the Board to determine the Fair Market Value of property offered or paid for the Company's stock by an Interested Stockholder, in each case to the extent, if any, that a court applying Delaware law were to impose equitable limitations upon the authority of the directors of the Company under such provisions; and (b) Article NINTH of the Certificate of Incorporation, which authorizes the Board to consider the effect of any offer to acquire the Company on constituencies other than stockholders in evaluating any such offer. We consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 and to the use of the name of our firm where it appears in the Registration Statement and in the Prospectus. Very truly yours, /s/ MULDOON, MURPHY & FAUCETTE MULDOON, MURPHY & FAUCETTE GWR/ssa EX-5.1 3 OPINION OF MORRIS, NICHOLS RE LEGALITY EXHIBIT 5.1 [LETTERHEAD OF MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT & TUNNELL] May 29, 1997 Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette 5101 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20016 Ladies and Gentlemen: You have requested our opinion concerning certain matters of Delaware law in connection with the issuance and sale by Life Financial Corp., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), of up to 2,500,000 shares of its common stock, par value $.01 per share ("Common Stock"), (2,875,000 shares in the event that the ------ ----- underwriters' over-allotment option is exercised) in an initial public offering (the "Public Offering"). ------ -------- In connection with your request for our opinion, you have provided to us, and we have reviewed, the Company's certificate of incorporation, as amended (the "Certificate of Incorporation"), its by-laws, the Company's Registration ----------- -- ------------- Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the Public Offering (the "Registration Statement"), including ------------ --------- the prospectus constituting a part thereof (the "Prospectus"), a consent of the ---------- sole incorporator of the Company, resolutions of the Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette May 29, 1997 Page 2 Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board") concerning, inter alia, the ----- ----- ---- organization of the Company, the Public Offering, the issuance of shares of Common Stock in the Public Offering and the designation of a Pricing Committee of the Board (the "Pricing Committee"), and the form of stock certificate ------- --------- approved by the Board to represent shares of Common Stock. We have also obtained a certificate of the Delaware Secretary of State as to the Company's good standing as a Delaware corporation. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings given them in the Certificate of Incorporation. We call your attention to the fact that the opinions expressed herein are limited in all respects to matters of Delaware corporate law. We express no opinion concerning the requirements of any other law, rule or regulation, state or federal, applicable to the Company or the Public Offering, including, without limitation, those applicable to federally chartered savings banks or their holding companies. Based upon and subject to the foregoing, it is our opinion that: 1. The Company has been duly organized and is validly existing in good standing as a corporation under the laws of the State of Delaware, with the corporate power and authority to own its property and conduct its business as now conducted as described in the Prospectus. Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette May 29, 1997 Page 2 2. Upon the due adoption by the Pricing Committee or the Board of a resolution fixing the number of shares of Common Stock to be sold in the Public Offering, the Common Stock to be issued in the Public Offering will be duly authorized and, when such shares are sold and paid for in accordance with the terms set forth in the Prospectus and such resolution of the Pricing Committee or the Board, and certificates representing such shares in the form provided to us are duly and properly issued, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, with no personal liability for the payment of the Company's debts arising solely by virtue of the ownership thereof; such issuance and sale will not be in violation of or subject to any preemptive rights provided for by Delaware law or by the Certificate of Incorporation. The following provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation may not be given effect by a court applying Delaware law, but in our opinion the failure to give effect to such provisions will not affect the duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable status of the Common Stock: (a) Subsections C.3 and C.6 of Article FOURTH and Section D of Article EIGHTH, which grant the Board the authority to construe and apply the provisions of those Articles, subsection C.4 of Article FOURTH, to the extent that provision obligates any person to provide to the Board the information such subsection authorizes the Board to demand, and the provision of Section C.7 of Article EIGHTH empowering the Board to determine the Fair Market Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette May 29, 1997 Page 2 Value of property offered or paid for the Company's stock by an Interested Stockholder, to the extent, if any, that a court applying Delaware law were to impose equitable limitations upon the authority of the directors of the Company under such provisions. (b) Article NINTH of the Certificate of Incorporation, which purports to permit the Board to consider the effect of any offer to acquire the Company on constituencies other than stock holders in evaluating any such offer. Very truly yours, /s/ MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT & TUNNELL ------------------------------------ EX-23.1 4 CONSENT OF GRANT THORNTON LLP EXHIBIT 23.1 INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' CONSENT We have issued our report dated February 8, 1996, (except for the "Earnings per Share" paragraph of Note 1, as to which the date is March 29, 1996) accompanying the financial statements of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank contained in the Registration Statement on Form S-1 and Prospectus included therein. We consent to the use of the aforementioned report in the Registration Statement on Form S-1 and Prospectus included therein, and to the use of our name as it appears under the captions "Experts" and "Changes in Accountants." /s/ Grant Thornton LLP GRANT THORNTON LLP Irvine, California May 29, 1997 EX-23.2 5 CONSENT OF PRICE WATERHOUSE LLP EXHIBIT 23.2 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS We hereby consent to the use in the Prospectus constituting part of this Registration Statement on Form S-1 of our report dated January 31, 1995, relating to the financial statements of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank for the year ended December 31, 1994, which appears in such Prospectus. We also consent to the references to us under the headings "Experts" and "Changes in Accountants" in such Prospectus. /s/ PRICE WATERHOUSE LLP PRICE WATERHOUSE LLP Los Angeles, California May 28, 1997 EX-23.3 6 CONSENT OF DELOITTE & TOUCHE, LLP EXHIBIT 23.3 INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' CONSENT We consent to the use in this Registration Statement of Life Financial Corp. on Form S-1 of our report dated February 7, 1997 (March 14, 1997 as to Note 16) on the financial statements of Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank, appearing in the Prospectus, which is part of this Registration Statement. We also consent to the reference to us under the headings "The Reorganization" and "Experts" in such Prospectus. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP - ------------------------------- Deloitte & Touche LLP Costa Mesa, California May 29, 1997 EX-23.4 7 CONSENT OF MULDOON, MURPHY & FAUCETTE Exhibit 23.4 CONSENT We hereby consent to the references to this firm and our opinions in the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed by Life Financial Corp. and all amendments thereto. /s/ Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette ------------------------------ MULDOON, MURPHY & FAUCETTE Dated this 29th day of May, 1997 EX-23.5 8 CONSENT OF MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT & TUNNELL EXHIBIT 23.5 [LETTERHEAD OF MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT & TUNNELL] May 27, 1997 Muldoon, Murphy & Faucette 5101 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20016 Ladies and Gentlemen: We hereby consent to the filing of our opinion to you concerning certain matters of Delaware law in connection with the public offering and the exchange share offering (together, the "Offerings") by Life Financial Corp., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), of shares of its common stock, par value $.01 per share, in draft or final form, as an exhibit to the Registration Statements on Form S-1 and Form S-4 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission by the Company in connection with the Offerings, and all amendments thereto, and to the reference to this firm in the "Legal Matters" section of the Prospectuses relating to the Offerings. Very truly yours, /s/ MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT & TUNNELL ------------------------------------ Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell EX-24.1 9 POWERS OF ATTORNEY Exhibit 24.1 POWERS OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENT, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Daniel L. Perl and L. Bruce Mills, Jr. as the true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities to sign any or all amendments to the Form S-1 Registration Statement, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and things requisite and necessary to be done as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, the foregoing Powers of Attorney prepared in conjunction with the Form S-1 Registration Statement have been duly signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated. NAME DATE ---- ---- /s/ Daniel L. Perl May 29, 1997 - ----------------------------- ---------------------- Daniel L. Perl Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) Life Financial Corp. Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank /s/ L. Bruce Mills, Jr. May 29, 1997 - ----------------------------- --------------------- L. Bruce Mills, Jr. Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary (principal accounting and financial officer) Life Financial Corp. Executive Vice President, Treasurer and Secretary (principal accounting and financial officer) Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank /s/ Ronald G. Skipper May 29, 1997 - ----------------------------- ---------------------- Ronald G. Skipper Chairman of the Board Life Financial Corp. Director Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank /s/ Richard C. Caldwell May 29, 1997 - ----------------------------- ---------------------- Richard C. Caldwell Director Life Financial Corp. Chairman of the Board Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank /s/ John D. Goddard May 29, 1997 - ----------------------------- ----------------------- John D. Goddard Director Life Financial Corp. Director Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank /s/ Milton E. Johnson May 29, 1997 - ----------------------------- ----------------------- Milton E. Johnson Director Life Financial Corp. Director Life Savings Bank, Federal Savings Bank -----END PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE-----